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Zubeen Garg discography

2026-06-01T13:03:55Z

FionaLaflamme: adding new article - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox artist discography
|Artist=[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Image=Zubeen Garg in Audio Release of "Zindagi".jpg
|image caption=Zubeen Garg at the audio release of Zindagi in 2007
|Studio=30|EPs=2|Compilation =200|Soundtrack=18|Music video=80|Single=700|Tribute=2|Live=6|Demo=1|Option name=Lyricist|Option=1600|2Option name=No. of Songs Composed|2Option=2000 (Registered number in IPRS)|3Option name=No. of Folk Songs Recorded|3Option=7000 (Including Bihu, Borgeet, Lokgeet, Bongeet etc)|4Option name=No. of Total Songs Recorded|4Option=40000|5Option name=No. of Languages Recorded|5Option=40|6Option name=No. of film songs recorded|6Option=4000}}

[[Zubeen Garg]] (1972–2025) was an Indian singer-songwriter whose work was primarily in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]] films and music.
Over a career spanning 33 years, He sang more than 40,000 songs in an estimated 40 languages and [[dialect]]s, including- Adi, Assamese, Barpetia (Goalpariya dialect), Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Bodo/Boro, Chakma, Chhattisgarhi, Deori, Dimasa, English, Goalpariya,Garo, Hindi, Kachari, Karbi, Kannada, Khamti, Khasi, Kokborok, Lalung (Tiwa), Magahi, Malayalam, Marathi, Mising (Miri), Mizo, Nepali, Nishi, Odia (Oriya), Punjabi, Rabha, Rongmei, Sadri (Nagpuri), Sambalpuri, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Zubeen's arrived|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/zubeens-arrived.html|access-date=10 January 2021|work=The Pioneer|language=en|date=26 May 2013|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404000432/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/zubeens-arrived.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday to Zubeen Garg, Assam's singing Legend and heartthrob of millions of fans turns 50 today |url=https://pragnews.com/Happy-Birthday-to-Zubeen-Garg-Assam-s-singing-Legend-and-heartthrob-of-millions-of-fans-turns-fifty-today |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=pragnews.com |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327154132/https://pragnews.com/Happy-Birthday-to-Zubeen-Garg-Assam-s-singing-Legend-and-heartthrob-of-millions-of-fans-turns-fifty-today |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news |title=Singer Zubeen Garg hospitalised after head injury |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-garg-hospitalised-in-assam-after-head-injury-8041184/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 July 2022 |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327154132/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-zubeen-garg-hospitalised-in-assam-after-head-injury-8041184/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He often recorded more than 800 songs in a single year<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=I am a super-confident person: Zubeen Garg |date=22 April 2008 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/04/22/i-am-a-super-confident-person-zubeen-garg-1208849715.html}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |title=Zubeen is a born singer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-is-a-born-singer/articleshow/2480292.cms |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Times of India |date=23 October 2007 |language=en}}</ref> and once recorded 36 songs in a single night.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=For the sound of music |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/03/stories/2007110351381400.htm |access-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106061809/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/03/stories/2007110351381400.htm |archive-date=6 November 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=NKTV - জুবিন গাৰ্গ - য'ত শেষ তাৰ পৰাই আৰম্ভ, 'জনসাধাৰণ' LIVE {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/nktvNE/videos/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3-live/528448252064550/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |language=en}}</ref>

==Assamese film songs==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Music director(s)
! scope="col" | Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
!''Joubone Amoni Kore''
|"Buku Duru Duru"
|Bhupen Uzir
|[[Hemanta Dutta]]
|Solo
|<ref name=":19">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1HPlusOJxQ |title=Silo Mopin Aduku (O Mur Lorar Mak)-Zubeen Garg Galo Song Arunachal Pradesh |date=2021-02-25 |last=GaloSong 4U Galo Song Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=2025-12-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Ritu album |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/a516a404-a74b-404f-8ddd-3f427140ac3b }}</ref>
|-
!''Bukur Majot Jole''
|"Tumiei Dilahi Mithakoi"
|Jayanta Das
|Charu Gohain
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Film : Bukur Majot Jole_(1999) {{!}} Assamese Film Song | date=23 May 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhLoA5BsorQ |language=en |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Aximot Heral Xima |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Va8CLteD-fM&list=RDVa8CLteD-fM&start_radio=1 |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boruah |first=Pallab Saikia, Kulendra Bora, Tinkumoni |title=Assamese Songs with Lyrics : Collection of Old and New Assamese Songs |url=https://geetsankalan.com/lyrics/Tumie_Dilahi_Mitha_Koi |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=geetsankalan.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="20" |1999
!''Maharathi''
|"Xun Nelage Rup Nelage"
|Manash Hazarika
|
|Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Morom Nodir Gabharu Ghat''
|"Morom Nodir Gabhoru Ghat"
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Morom Nodir Gabharu Ghat (1999) // Title song // Sung by Zubeen Garg & Mahalakshmi Iyer | date=28 July 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9Kc6sjIx7s |language=en |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|"Bukure Bhakha Mor Nopowane"
| rowspan="2" | Atul Medhi
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bukure Bhaxa Mor Buji Nopowane // Hits of Zubeen & Mahalakshmi Iyer // Morom Nodir Gabharu Ghat (1999) | date=21 March 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I298ue_FAew |language=en |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|"Ki Koru Ki Koru Nejano"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ki Koru Ki Koru Nejano // Best of Zubeen Garg & Bikram Hazarika // Morom Nodir Gabharu Ghat (1999) | date=20 July 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcVQCQCikBI |language=en |access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref>
|-
!''Priya O Priya''
|"Tumi Moromore"
|[[Manas Robin]]
|Diganta Bharati
|Santa Uzir
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tumi Moromore |date=2019-09-26 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/04YV5Y7uanWMwlgovxnnyz |language=en |access-date=2022-11-05}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" |''[[Hiya Diya Niya]]''
|"Nohole Porisoy"

| rowspan="15" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="6" |Hemanta Dutta, Diganta Bharati, Jimoni Choudhury
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Nohole Parichoi Hiyare - Original |date=2021-10-05 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2QLoE6D5or50kzCe7O3nXQ |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|"Moloyar Dupakhit"
|[[Tarali Sarma]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Malayar Pakhi - Original |date=2021-10-05 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3Opgmr8QMJH7HIZdDMlzLA |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|"Kothati Bujilu"
|[[Tarali Sarma]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kothati Bhujila - Original |date=2021-10-05 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6gtZ992bJV9wWfydsMyC75 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|"Misate Misate"
|Diganta Bharati, [[Chetana Das]], Hiranya Deka
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Misate Misate - Original |date=2021-10-05 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3rimAAGopr69uTibYQCBqc |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|"Hiya Diya Niya (Theme)"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hiya Diya Niya - Theme - Original |date=2021-10-05 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5fJyqS35hbmi7QYFlKhBYM |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|"Mitha Mitha"
|Debojit Chowdhury, Santa Uzir, Malobika Bora
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mitha Mitha - Original |date=2021-10-05 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/18ZTyTiIMO7N0pFk7TZ7hB |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|“Buku Bhora”
|Jimoni Choudhury
|Malabika Bora
|
|-
! rowspan="8" |[[Tumi Mor Matho Mor]]
|"Mayabi Ei Rati"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Unknown
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Citation|title=Tumi Mur Mathu Mur (2000) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt8561732/soundtrack|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|"Gun Gun"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Luna Sonowal
|-
|"Puhorore Saki"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Luna Sonowal
|-
|"Ki Je Paalu Tumak"
|Diganta Bharati
|Malobika Bora
|-
|"Etiya Hiya Mur"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|-
|"Kune Ringiyai"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|-
|"Soku Meli Saute"
| rowspan="2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|-
|"Rod Aji Keni Pau"
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |2000
! rowspan="4" |''Asene Konoba Hiyaat''
|"Mouhona Kothare"
| rowspan="3" |Manoj Sarma
|Manoj Sarma
|Unknown
|
|-
|"Jumi Jumi"
| Hemanta Dutta
|rowspan ="2" |[[Kalpana Patowary]]
|
|-
| "Soku Lutokere"
| Manoj Sarma
|
|-
|"Dip Lip Suwaliye"
|
|Manoj Sarma
|
|-
!''Bhumiputra''
|"Morome Bhora"
| rowspan="3" |Jayanta Das
|Rubul Bora
|Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Jon Jole Kopalot''
|"Kua Sun Kuana"
|Rubul Bora
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Babul Supriyo]], Jayanta Das, Krishnamoni Nath, Anupam Saikia
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kuasun Kuana (Music Video)|url=https://vimeo.com/719855547/|website=Vimeo|language=en-US|access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref>
|-
|"Rupahi Rongedoi"
|Rubul Bora
|Tarali Sarma
|
|-
!''Morome Morom Jaane''
|"Tamul"
| rowspan="6" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Dr. Biren Gohain
|Mili
|
|-
! rowspan="7" |''Daag''
|"[[Mayabini Ratir Bukut]]"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Solo
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Citation|title=Daag (2001) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt8228424/soundtrack|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|"Botahe Botahe"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|-
|"Monole Ubhoti Ahe"
|Diganta Bharati
|Diganta Bharati
|-
|"Bisarisu Kakhorote"
|Diganta Bharati
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|-
|"Daag Daag"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Solo
|-
|"Jeni Jaba Xun"
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|
|Mahalaxmi Iyer
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4puEvZFZNU |title=Jeni Jaba Xon |date=2025-10-23 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Kino Bhaba Imankoi"
|Diganta bharati
|Zubeen Garg,Utpal Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kiyo Bhaba Emankoi (Full Song) - Zubeen Garg - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2001-10-04 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/kiyo-bhaba-emankoi/ExBdfRtaT2Q |access-date=2025-12-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Sesh Upahar''
|"Sesh Upahar"
|colspan="2"; style="text-align:center;|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|
|-
|"Hiyare Morom"
|J.P. Das
|Bijoy Bardoloi
|Sangeeta Borthakur
|
|-
|
!''Seuji Dharani Dhuniya''
|"O Gose Kobo Hudhile"
|Zubeen Garg
|Anandiram Das
|Solo
|
|-
|
! rowspan="5" |''Anya Ek Jatra''
|"Mone Mur Bisare"
|rowspan="2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Tarali Sarma]]
|rowspan="3" |
|-
|
|"Dukhor Hagar"
|Solo
|-
|
|"Enekoi Nasa Tumi"
|rowspan="3" |Rishi Raj Duarah
|rowspan="3" |Unknown
|[[Kalpana Patowary]]
|-
|
|"Phagune Phulare Phool"
|rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|-
|
|"Kaale Kaarhi Nile"
|
|-
|
!rowspan="4" |''Garam Botah''
|"Tenekoi Nasaba"
|Jatin Sharma
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Sagarika Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Tenekoi Nasaba" - Sagarika and Zubeen|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_q6V3iDmqM|website=YouTube|language=en-US|access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tenekoi Nasaba" (With Lyrics)|url=https://geetsankalan.com/lyrics/Tenekoi_Nesaba_Laj_Lagi_Jai|access-date=2021-08-10|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|"Phool Phule Bone Bone"
|Manoj Sarma
|[[Hemanta Dutta]]
|Shanta Uzir
|
|-
|
|"Mon Sohoror"
|rowspan="2" |Jatin Sharma
|Zubeen Garg, Garima Saikia Garg
|Solo
|
|-
|
|"Bohag Mahot Gosor Dalot"
|[[Manas Robin]]
|Kumar Bhabesh, Dilip Fernandez, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sagarika Mukherjee]] and many others.
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bohag Mahot Gosor Dalot (Assamese 12 months song) - Assamese Lyrical Video Song|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZDQwWRrRVQ|website=YouTube| date=21 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2001
! rowspan="7" |''[[Nayak (2001 Assamese film)|Nayak]]''
|"Motoliya Botahe"
| rowspan="7" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="7" |Zubeen Garg, Hemanta Dutta, Diganta Kalita
|[[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|"Lahe Lahe"
|[[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]
|-
|"Monote Nu Aaji"
|Solo
|-
|"Kinu Huriya"
|[[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]
|-
|"Nayak Hobo"
|Solo
|-
|"Mon Ghanot"
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]], Pamela Jain, [[Sagarika]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mon Ghonot on JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/mon-ghonot/FgUAcjNVcmA|access-date=2021-08-10|website=JioSaavn|date=18 July 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mon Ghonot (Music Video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BzeWWVox3U&t|access-date=2021-08-14|website=YouTube| date=22 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Nayak- Theme Song"
|rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|-
!''Zakham''
|"Zakham"

|Bhupen Uzir
|
|
|-
| rowspan="36" |2002
! rowspan="3" |''Iman Morom Kio Lage''
|"Nibir Morome"
|rowspan="3" |Manoj Sarma
|rowspan="3" |
|rowspan="2" |Mahalakshmi Iyer
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Iman Morom Kiyo Lage (2002) // Nibir Morome নিবিড় মৰমে // Hits of Ravi Sarma & Luna Lahkar | date=14 November 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcZXyiHia1s |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Nilim Aakahe | date=24 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILmg4EfC0wI |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
|-
|"Nai Buja Kionu"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Nai Bujhay Kiono | date=9 February 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yq30IgAj7Fw |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
|-
|"Turei Sobi"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boruah |first=Pallab Saikia, Kulendra Bora, Tinkumoni |title=Assamese Songs with Lyrics : Collection of Old and New Assamese Songs |url=https://geetsankalan.com/lyrics/Turei_Sobi_Janambhumi |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=geetsankalan.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" |''[[Kanyadaan (2002 film)|Kanyadaan]]''
|"Ui Guthibo Jaanene"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Manas Robin]]
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], Shaswati Phukan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=UL GUTHIBO |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TX-kewH7R0k&list=RDTX-kewH7R0k&start_radio=1 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=}}</ref>
|-
|"Bandhoi Oi"
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BANDHOI OI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Ia7y6Z6JgH8&list=RDIa7y6Z6JgH8&start_radio=1 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=}}</ref>
|-
|"Choua Choua"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Mitali Borkotoki
|
|-
|"Xun Rupere"
|Diganta Bharati
|[[Manas Robin]], Jonkey Borthakur
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6qeehIj2cs&list=RDJ6qeehIj2cs |title=HUN RUPEREU {{!}} KANYADAN {{!}} ASSAMESE LYRICAL VIDEO |date=2019-01-25 |last=LUIT MANAS ROBIN'S PRODUCTION |access-date=2025-12-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Lohiale Ronga Beli"
|[[Manas Robin]]
|Nirmali Das
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=LOHIYALE RONGA BELI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=SatnfFE1RYE&list=RDSatnfFE1RYE&start_radio=1 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=}}</ref>
|-
|"Neela Neela"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Kalpana Patowary]]
|
|-
!''[[Jonaki Mon]]''
|"Phule Phule Aji Huoni"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sagarika Mukherjee]], Arnab Bhattarcharya, Pamela Jain
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Phule Phule Aji Huoni" (Music Video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wugag9CDvaI|website=YouTube| date=18 April 2013 |language=en-US|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Phule Phule Aji Huoni" (With Lyrics)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRMU77oSp4k|website=YouTube| date=20 April 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" |''[[:as:জীৱন নদীৰ দুটি পাৰ|Jibon Nadir Duti Par]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release "Jibon Nodir Duti Paar" by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/5497fc83-571b-4c13-b619-1577e1161648 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|"Kiyonu Joli Asa Mur Hun"
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kiya Nu Jali Aasa |date=2019-09-26 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3nsHX1ce8BMVKjD2sdRegc |language=en |access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kiyanu Joli Aasa (High Pitch)| date=2 October 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EC-J1aSdhes|publisher=YouTube|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|"Jibon Nodir Duti Paar"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|
|-
|"Bivaboriya"
|Zubeen Garg
| Diganta Bharati
|Zubeen Garg, Kashmiri Saikia
|
|-
|"Ei Ghor Aamar "
|Zubeen Garg
|
|Zubeen Garg, Jonkey Barthakur
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UD6FMd_SIww |title=Ei Ghor Amar - Zubeen Garg {{!}} Jonkey Barthakur {{!}} Assamese Song {{!}} Jibon Nodir Paar {{!}} Old Song |date=2024-07-30 |last=Mon Dip Assam |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Umi Umi Jolisa"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OJ66i1IMAk |title=Umi Umi Jolisa - Zubeen Garg {{!}} Mahalakshmi Iyer {{!}} Jibon Nodir Duti Paar {{!}} Assamese Song 2025 |date=2025-11-18 |last=Mon Dip Assam |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Pritire jori"
|Zubeen Garg
|Diganta Bharati
|Zubeen Garg, Papori Sharma
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5T1xV5MdmEc |title=Pritire jori by Zubeen garg n Papari Sarma (Rupankita papari)। Jiwan Nodir Duti Paar |date=2021-08-23 |last=Ruppankita Papari |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Kokal Khamusia"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
! rowspan="7" |<bdi>Agnisakshi</bdi><ref>{{Cite web |title=Release "Agnisakshi" by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/466aa68a-9114-402a-b047-42d53e6ebad4 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|"<bdi>Om Prajapataye</bdi>"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Asati Pronoyor</bdi>"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Jibone Proti Khuje</bdi>"
| rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|solo
|
|-
|"<bdi>Karubar Sokuwe</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Mahadev Keni Gol</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg, <bdi>Manas Robin</bdi>
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Tumi Xun Amare</bdi>"
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Jibone Proti Pole</bdi>"
|
|
|-
!''Moromi Hobane Logori''
|"Atupi Dutupi Pore"
|Manash Hazarika, Bhupen Uzir
|Unknown
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atupi Dtupi Pore (With Lyrics)|url=https://geetsankalan.com/lyrics/Atupi_Ditupi_Pore|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''Premgeet''
|"Nila Nila Dusakute"
|Manash Hazarika
|Unknown
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Koka Deutar Ghar Juwai''
|"Koka Deutar Ghar Juwai"
| rowspan="2" |Prabhat Sharma, Manas Robin, Biju Prabha & Monti Baishya
|
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boruah |first=Pallab Saikia, Kulendra Bora, Tinkumoni |title=Assamese Songs with Lyrics : Collection of Old and New Assamese Songs |url=https://geetsankalan.com/lyrics/Kokadeuta_Suasun |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=geetsankalan.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Mon Kio Nu Mur Abujon"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boruah |first=Pallab Saikia, Kulendra Bora, Tinkumoni |title=Assamese Songs with Lyrics : Collection of Old and New Assamese Songs |url=https://geetsankalan.com/lyrics/Mon_Kionu_Mur_Obujon |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=geetsankalan.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" |[[:as:প্ৰেম আৰু প্ৰেম|Prem Aru Prem]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release "Prem Aru Prem" by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/b9ad2e84-2d06-4f63-b6a1-55fd436bca46 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|"<bdi>Sokuwe Sokuwe Sinaki</bdi>"
| rowspan="6" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Babita Sarma
|
|-
|"<bdi>Biyopi Biyopi</bdi>"
|Jonkey Borthakur
|
|-
|"<bdi>Prem Aru Prem</bdi>"
|
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Mukoli Mon</bdi>"
|
|Arnab Chakrabarty, Shashwati Phukan & Sagarika
|
|-
|"<bdi>Momor Sikati</bdi>"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Bor Moja Nohoi</bdi>"
|
|Kashmiri Saikia Baruah
|
|-
|"<bdi>Morom Edhani Morom</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg
|Diganta Bharati
|Anindita Paul
|
|-
|"<bdi>Morom Shikati Je Jole</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
! rowspan="4" |Piya Milan
|"Sopunor Moromi"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref name=":18" />
|-
|"Monore Priya Mur"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Saswati Phukan
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bjnhT1OPAc |title=MONORE PRIYA MUR |date=2023-10-22 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Mora Soraye Pakhi Guji"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Kalpana Patowary
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2003
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |'''''Bidhata'''''
|"Alphule Haboti"
| rowspan="6" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"Atori Atori"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Saswati Phukan
|
|-
|"Akakhor Thikona"
|[[Manas Robin]]
|
|
|-
|"Ja ja Atori Ja"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"Mama O Mami O"
|[[Manas Robin]]
|
|
|-
|"Tetera Tetera"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
! rowspan="2" |''Satyam Shivam Sundaram''
|"Ahise Kore Pora"
| rowspan="2" |Bhupen Uzir
|
|Solo
|
|-
|"Bone Bone"
|
|Santa Uzir
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2003
! rowspan="5" |''Juman Suman''
|"Xapune Dithoke"
| rowspan="5" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="5" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="5" |Solo
|
|-
|"Nas Nasone"
|
|-
|"Nai Eko Nai"
|
|-
|"Kola Kola Hoi Andhare"
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kola Kola Hoi Endhare (With Lyrics)|url=https://geetsankalan.com/lyrics/Kola_Kola_Hoi_Endhare|access-date=2021-08-10|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Janene"
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |2004
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |'''''Hridoy Kopowa Gaan'''''
|"Gun-Gun Gun-Gun Koi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jayanta Nath]]
|Jeetban Baruah
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|Xarodhiya Phule Aaji
|Jeetban Baruah
|Shashawati Phukan
|
|-
!''Tumar Babe - Love, Passion, Obsession''
|(Score)
|Manash Hazarika
|
|Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[:as:দীনবন্ধু (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|Dinabandhu]]
|"Kor Ejak Borokhun"
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Bhabendra Nath Saikia
|Anindita Paul
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinabandhu |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8188888/ |website=IMDB}}</ref>
|-
|"Diya Muk Diya"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Anindita Paul
|-
!''Kadambari''
|"Aaji Xanibar"
|[[Manas Robin]]
|[[Manas Robin]]
|Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="9" scooe="row" |''Rong''
|"Rong Tumi Huane"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Borokha Jetia Naame"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"Xeujiya Mon"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"Atiya Kakhot"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"Aaji Tumi Nohole"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"Tumi Dur Atitor"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"Muru Je Mone"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"Jun Beli Tora"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|-
|"Sayar Dore"
|Zubeen Garg
|Mrinal Kanti
|
|
|-
|rowspan ="4"|2005
! scope ="row" rowspan =3| '''''Jonbai'''''
|"Jonbai Ae"
| rowspan ="3" |Manas Robin
|Manas Robin
|Bhitali Das
|
|-
| "Tumi Moi Edin Jana"
|Manas Robin
|Subasana Dutta
|
|-
| "Boroiin Aspolin"
|Manas Robin
| Various
|
|-
! scope ="row" rowspan =1|'''''[[Suren Suror Putek]]'''''
|"Ei Jaadur Nikha"
|Hitesh Baruah
|Hitesh Baruah
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2006
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |'''''[[Adhinayak]]'''''
|"Asianki Duti Mone"
|rowspan =3|Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg
|Navanita Sharma
|rowspan =3|
|-
|"Sopunar Pahe Pahe"
|[[Anindita Paul]]
|-
|"Posuwa Bolise"
|Vitali Das
|-
|"<bdi>Aji Ene Ghotona</bdi>"
| rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="3" |<bdi>Diganta Bharati</bdi>
<bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
|
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release "Adhinayak" by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/da690538-b281-49ed-aacb-c1f21280f996 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Apon Buli Jakei</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Kinu Akhat</bdi>"
|
|-
!''Snehabandhan''
|"Rode Pore Sutalot" (Male Version)
|Nanda Banerjee
|Unknown
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Rod Pore Sutlot" (Male Version)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTIo33KCTcI|website=YouTube|language=en-US|access-date=2009-05-30}}</ref>
|-
! scope=="row" |'''''Tumar Moromere'''''
| "Moromere Matisu"
| Bubul
|
|[[Gayatri Iyer]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |'''''Aami Axomiya'''''
|"Kar Babe"
| Zubeen Garg
| Zubeen Garg, Sasanka Samir
| Solo
|-
! scope="row" |'''''Dipali'''''
|"Du Paharor"
|Biman Baruah
|Biman Baruah
|Vitali Das
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |'''''[[Jonda Iman Gunda]]'''''
|"Xirote Hendur Loba"
| rowspan="2" |Hitesh Baruah
|Hitesh Baruah
|Mousumi, Jinti, Zublee
|
|-
|"Gawore Horu Horu Paduli"
| Hitesh Baruah
|Jinti, Zublee, Neha, Gargi
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2008
! rowspan="7" |''[[Mon Jaai]]''
|<nowiki>''</nowiki>Mon Jaai"
| rowspan="7" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="4" |Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|
|-
|"Dheere Dheere"
|Solo
|
|-
|"Anurag Etiya"
|Solo
|
|-
|"Hahi Heruwai"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|-
|"Morom Dila Tumak"
|Zubeen Garg
|Simanta Shekhar
|
|-
|"Bohag"
| rowspan="2" |Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|
|-
|"Mon Jaai" (Extended Version)
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
! rowspan="4" |''[[Jeevan Baator Logori|Jibon Bator Logori]]''
|"Jibon Bator Logori"

| rowspan="4" |Arup Dutta, Biman Baruah and
Timothy Das Hanche
| rowspan="4" |Timothy Das Hanse
|
|-
|"Mur Mon Tulokhir Tolote"
|
|
|-
|"Jodi Jibonor Rong"
|
|
|-
|"Tumi Tu Nubuja"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2009
! rowspan="8" |''Abhimani Mon (film)''
|"Naw Loi Aanim Goi"
| rowspan="2" |Diganta Bharati
|Dhruba Rajkhowa
|
|
|-
|"Dhin Dhin"
|[[Diganta Bharati]]
|
|
|-
|"Kolia Meghe"
|Rekibul, Babu, Chandan
|[[Diganta Bharati]]
|
|
|-
|"Lahe Doi"
|Rekibul
|[[Diganta Bharati]]
|
|
|-
|"Masare Bhale Paw"
|[[Manas Robin]]
|[[Manas Robin]]
|
|
|-
|"Pogola Pogola"
|Babu, Rekibul
|[[Diganta Bharati]]
|
|
|-
|"Sokulore Mala"
|Diganta Bharati
|[[Diganta Bharati]]
|
|
|-
|"Sui Sabo de"
|Diganta Bharati
|[[Diganta Bharati]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |'''''[[Raamdhenu]]'''''
|"Tupi Tupi"
| rowspan="2" |Jatin Sharma
| Ibson Lal Baruah
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| "Rang Diya Morom"
| Diganta Bharati
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
! rowspan="3" |''[[Jetuka Pator Dore]]''
|"Puwar Hahit"
| rowspan="3" |Palash Surya Gogoi
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|
|-
|"Puwar Hahit (Duet)"
|Diganta Bharati
|Santa Uzir
|
|-
|"Pokhila Porise"
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | '''''Pole Pole Ure Mon'''''
|"Poita Bhaat"
| rowspan="2" |Biman Baruah, Arup Dutta
|[[Timothy Das Hanse]]
|Solo
|
|-
|"Proti Poley"
| Biman Baruah
|Subasana Dutta
|
|-
|2012
!''Me And My Sister''
|"Thunuk Thanak"
|Bapi
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|
|-
|2013
!''[[Tumi Jodi Kuwa]]''
|"Mon Akakhi"
|Chandan Bezbarua
|
|Nabanita
|
|-
|2013
!''Shinyor''
|"Kaalor Aasur"
|[[Anurag Saikia]]
|
|Bornalee
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
! rowspan="4" |''[[Rodor Sithi]]''
|"Rodor Sithi"
| rowspan="4" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Sasanka Samir
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|
|-
|"Akakhe Diya"
|
|-
|"Endhare"
|[[Hiren Bhattacharyya]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|"Protidine"
|Diganta Bharati
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |'''''[[Ahetuk]]'''''
| "Ahetuk"
| rowspan="3" |Poran Barkatoky
| rowspan="2" |Ibson lal Baruah
| rowspan="3" |Solo
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|"Ahetuk" (Dub Mix)
|-
| "Lahe Lahe"
|Bani das
|-
|2015
![[Anuradha (2015 film)|''Anuradha'']]
|"Esherenga Puhor"
|Geet Priyam
|Geet Priyam
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |'''''[[Paglee]]'''''
| "Tumar Hiyat"
| rowspan="2" |Arup Dutta, Anupam Saikia
|
| Subasana Dutta
| rowspan="6" |
|-
| "Lajuki Lajuki Khujote"
|
|Priyanka Bharali
|-
| rowspan="7" |2016
! rowspan="7" scope="row" |'''''[[Gaane Ki Aane]]'''''
| "Janu Janu"
| colspan="2"|[[Zubeen Garg]]
| [[Parineeta Borthakur]]
|-
| "Gaanore Potharote"
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
| Sasanka Samir
|
|-
| "Dancing Tonight"
| colspan="2"|[[Zubeen Garg]]
| Anindita Paul
|-
| "Gaane Ki Aane"
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
| [[Hiren Bhattacharya]]
|[[Parineeta Borthakur]]
|-
|"Xaliki Puwar"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Mahalaxmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Tumi rodali"
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oC2TRB-guU |title=Tumi Rodali {{!}} Zublee Baruah {{!}} Gaane Ki Aane {{!}} Assamese Movie Song {{!}} Full Audio {{!}} Best Assamese Song |date=2024-07-24 |last=Times Music Axom |access-date=2025-12-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Aaho Nahu"
|Madhusmita Borthakur
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCv6oFphGnE |title='AAHO NAHU ' Full AUDIO song {{!}} Gaane Ki Aane {{!}} Zubeen Garg & Parineeta {{!}} Madhusmita Borthakur |date=2015-12-31 |last=Gaane Ki Aane |access-date=2025-12-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2017
!''Dur''
|"Xekh Hoi Kio"
|Siddharth Hazarika and Rahul Dev Nath
|
|Barnalee Deuri
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
! rowspan="5" |''[[Mission China]]''
| "Mission China"
| rowspan="5" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg
| Siddharth Hazarika, Rohit Sonar, [[Amit Paul]]
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|"Din Jwole Raati Jwole"
| Zublee Baruah
|-
| "Every Morning Comes"
| [[Joi Barua]]
|-
| "Mero Mayalaai"
| Sasanka Samir
| Satabdi Borah
|-
| "Naino Se Nikalte (Reprise)"
| Sumit Acharya
| Turi
|-
|2017
!''Konwarpurar Konwar''
|"Kobita Kenekoi Likhe"
|Partha Pratim
|Ibson Lal Baruah
|Subasana Dutta
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
! rowspan="4" |''[[Priyaar Priyo|Priyar Priyo]]''
|"Priyar Priyo"
| rowspan="4" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Diganta Bharati
|Neel Akash, Kumar Bhabesh
|
|-
|"O Priya"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Siddharth Hazarika, Bornali Kalita, Ritrisha Sarma
|
|-
|"Akuli Bikuli"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Nahid Afrin]]
|
|-
|"Priyar Bosono"
|Sasanka Samir
|Mayurpankhi
|
|-
|2018
! scope="row"|'''''[[Hosa Prem]]'''''
| "Hosa Prem-Disco song"
| Babli Haque
| Rekibul Hassan
| Ananya Mukharjee
|
|-
|2018
!''Raktabeez''
|"Dhire Dhire"
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|Deeplina Deka
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Dhire Dhire (Full Song) - Raktabeez - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=10 April 2018|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dhire-dhire/RF8heTZEf2E|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-15|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712103120/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dhire-dhire/RF8heTZEf2E|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
! rowspan="6" |''[[The Underworld (film)|The Underworld]]''
| "The Underworld"
| rowspan="6" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Rahul Gautam Sharma
| Rahul Gautam Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to The Underworld Theme Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/the-underworld-theme|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Ulahe Abore"
| Goldie Sohel, Kaveri Singh, [[Parineeta Borthakur]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Ulahe Abore Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/ulahe-abore|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Jatonare"
| rowspan="2" |Sasanka Samir
| Ananya Dutt
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Jatonare Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/jatonare|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Superman"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Superman Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/superman-688|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
|"Thora Sa Theher Ja"
|Goldie Sohel
|[[Parineeta Borthakur]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Thoda Sa Theher Ja Song by Parineeta Borthakur on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/thoda-sa-theher-ja|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
|"Tupa Tupe"
|Mausam Gogoi
|Mausam Gogoi, Satabdi Borah
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Tupa Tupe Song by Mausam Gogoi on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/tupa-tupe-1|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
! rowspan="2" |''Nijanor Gaan''
|"Nijanor Gaan"
| rowspan="2" |Jatin Sharma
|Sasanka Samir
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Nijanor Gaan Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/nijanor-gaan|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
|Neelate Luka Bhaku
|[[Rajdweep]]
|Rupjyoti
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Neelate Luka Bhaku Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/neelate-luka-bhaku|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" |2019
!''[[Kokaideu Bindaas]]''
|"Moina Bakhor"
| colspan="2" |[[Manas Robin]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=MOINA BAKHOR {{!}} KOKAIDEU BINDAAS {{!}} NEW SONG 2019 {{!}} ZUBEEN MANAS {{!}} Manas Robin | date=8 January 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJK1k0RQobQ |language=en |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" |''[[Ratnakar (film)|Ratnakar]]''
|"Ratnakar"
| rowspan="12" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Sasanka Samir
|Joshua Queah, Synicah
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Ratnakar Song by Joshua Queah on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/ratnakar-1|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Eta Kotha"
|Harchita Bhattacharya
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Eta Kotha Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/eta-kotha|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Bhal Puware"
| rowspan="2" |Rahul Gautam Sharma
| Satabdi Borah
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Bhal Puware Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/bhal-puware|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Koli meliley"
|Navanita Sharma Bora
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Koli Meliley Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/koli-meliley|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Rati Rati"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
| Gayatri Hazarika
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Rati Rati Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/rati-rati-3|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" |''[[Kanchanjangha]]''
|"Kanchanjangha"
|[[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala|Jyoti Prasad Agarawala]]
| Rahul Gautam, Aum S. Varenyam
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kanchanjangha (Full Song & Lyrics) - Kanchanjangha - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=20 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/kanchanjangha/HgAufkx5eXA|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Dhulikona"
| rowspan="3" |Sasanka Samir
| Zublee Baruah, Panchana Rabha
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Dhulikona (Full Song & Lyrics) - Kanchanjangha - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=20 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dhulikona/Mg0EfAJndFU|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
|"Priti bhora"
| Gayatri Hazarika
| <ref>{{Citation|title=Priti Bhora (Full Song & Lyrics) - Kanchanjangha - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=2019-06-20|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/Priti-Bhora/NQUbBix7VAA?autoplay=enabled|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
|"Priti bhora 2"
|Mansi
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Priti Bhora (Full Song & Lyrics) - Kanchanjangha - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=20 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/priti-bhora/HAcdQTxDVQY|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Panchana"
|Sasanka Samir & tradational
| Panchana Rabha
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Panchana (Full Song & Lyrics) - Kanchanjangha - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=20 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/panchana/E1sbRDFjc3U|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
| "Rikto Xikto"
| Punam Nath
| Rahul Gautam Sharma, Gauranga
| <ref>{{Citation|title=Rikto Xikto (Full Song) - Kanchanjangha - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=20 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/rikto-xikto/Bz00CANiXXU|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>
|-
! scop="row" "rowspan "="1" |[[Pratighaat (2019 film)|''Pratighaat'']]
|"Pratighaat"
|Sasanka Samir
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Pratighaat Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/pratighaat|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref>
|-
!''Janaknandini''
|"Duru Duru"
|Nanda Banerjee
|Apurba Jyoti Bhuyan
|Zublee
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Duru Duru |date=2019-12-01 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3ecWDrxk66EMqgf8yVz9P1 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
!''Bandhu''
|"Bandhu"
|Partha
|Ibson Lal Baruah
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Bandhu Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/bandhu-19|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref>
|-
|2020
!''Raajneeti''
|"Inquilab"
|Jayanta Kakati
|Rahul Gautam Sharma, Miniminimi
|Minmi
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Inquilab Songs: Inquilab MP3 Assamese Songs by Online Free on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/album/inquilab-assamese|access-date=2020-12-27}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
! rowspan="2" |''Chandrawali''
|"Aserenga Senehi (Title Track)"
| rowspan="2" |Ajoy Phukan
|Ajoy Phukan
|Prakriti Sarma
|
|-
|"Xopun Xopun"
|
|Subasana Dutta
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
! rowspan="2" |''Lankakanda''
|"Vande"
|Rahul Gautam Sharma
|Rahul Gautam Sharma
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Vande|date=2021-10-17|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6SEeAtEsuYtXlrKowkFzfz|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>
|-
|"Regez Gez"
|Mrinal Baishnab
|Mrinal Baishnab
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Regez Gez|date=2021-10-17|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0BDxNzkqQddo7aM5AZDXEf|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>
|-
|2022
!''Dada Tumi Dusta Bor''
|"Kuwana"
|Alaap Dudul Saikia
|Rahul Gautam Sharma
|Gayatri Hazarika
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kuwana |date=2022-05-29 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1H0PUuwh8wkDAQ9RYQvC4R |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
! rowspan="5" |''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]''
|"Jiliki Jilika"
| rowspan="6" |Zubeen Garg
|[[Brojen Barua]]
|Synicha
|
|-
|"Ki Naam Di Maatim"
|Diganta Bharati
|Bhaswati Bharati
|
|-
|"Phool Phool"
|[[Eli Ahmed]]
|Zublee Baruah
|
|-
|"Moina Kun Bidhatai"
|[[Brojen Barua]]
|Indrani Talukdar
|
|-
|"Dr. Bezbaruah (Title Track)"
|Rahul Gautam Sharma
|Zublee Baruah
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2023
!''Joddha''
|"Ei Mayabi Raati"
|Rahul Gautam Sharma
|Synicha
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ei Mayabi Raati (From "Joddha: The Warrior of Life") |date=2023-01-10 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6JQcDTwGmKNqiLV3OQ2awK |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Sri Raghupati]]''
|"Tumi Aru Moi"
|Pranoy Dutta
|Diganta Bharati
|Deeplina Deka
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Raghav (2023 film)|Raghav]]''
|"Maa"
|Zubeen Garg
|Diganta Bharati
|Shanta Uzir
|
|-
|"Silmil Tupanite"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ihoX0rgpQo |title=SILMIL TUPANITE - RAGHAV {{!}} Jatin Bora {{!}} Nishita {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Mahalakshmi Iyer {{!}} Deepak Dey |date=2023-09-01 |last=Dhwani Records |access-date=2025-12-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
!''Mahabahu''
|"Xaturongi"
|Savvi Sabarwal
|Sameer Dutta
|Deeplina Deka
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Slam Book<ref>{{Citation |title=The Slam Book |date=2023-06-30 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13755070/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |publisher=NK Production}}</ref>
|"Jibone Ki Dile"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4A0PN5TBA_4 |title=Jibone Ki Dile (Lyrical Video) {{!}} The Slam Book {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Nirupom Saikia {{!}} NK Production |date=2023-05-02 |last=DIGI Music |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Paltora"
|Zubeen Garg
|Sasanka Samir
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeSspRxG6Hk |title=Paltora (Official Video) {{!}} The Slam Book {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Sasanka Samir {{!}} Minarbha B. {{!}} NK Production |date=2023-04-08 |last=N.K. Production |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Anumoti Dilu"
|Zubeen Garg
|Diganta bharati
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMT5ngrdxqg |title=Anumoti Dilu (Official Video) {{!}} The Slam Book {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Diganta Bharati {{!}} Arundhati Bhanupriya |date=2023-04-15 |last=DIGI Music |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Kinu Hepahe"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOOA4lKYjBE |title=Kinu Hepahe (Lyrical Video) {{!}} The Slam Book {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Rohit Sonar {{!}} Prabin Borah |date=2023-03-25 |last=N.K. Production |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
! rowspan="5" |''[[:simple:Sikaar (2024 movie)|Sikaar]]''
|"Xaturongi "
| rowspan="5" |Zubeen Garg
|Sasanka Samir
|Zubeen Garg & Parishmita Phukan
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eq9upvHiPpE |title=XATURANGI Official Music Video {{!}} Zubeen Garg & Parishmita Phukan {{!}} from the feature film 'SIKAAR' |date=2024-08-26 |last=Big Films Media |access-date=2025-12-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Ekadoshi Ratiya"
|
|Zubeen Garg, Achurjya Borpatra
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFIOs1ropGM |title=Ekadoshi Ratiya |date=2024-09-02 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Kia Bukute"
|
|
|
|-
|"London Dreams"
|
|Apache Indian, Usha Uthup
|
|-
|"Sikaar"
|
|Zubeen Garg, Gitanjali Das
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2025
!''[[Bhaimon Da]]''
|"Era Eri"
|rowspan="10" |Zubeen Garg
|[[Diganta Bharati]]
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|
|-
!''Homework''
|"Jantra"
|rowspan="10" |Zubeen Garg
|{{N/A}}
|
|-
! rowspan="10" |''[[Roi Roi Binale]]''
|"Roi Roi Binale" (Title Track)
|{{N/A}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/roi-roi-binale-zubeen-gargs-last-film-set-for-nationwide-release-on-october-31-confirms-rajesh-bhuyan/articleshow/124320754.cms|title='Roi Roi Binale': Zubeen Garg's last film set for nationwide|date=2025-10-05|access-date=2025-10-14|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|"Mur Mon"
|Sweety Das
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hubnetwork.in/zubeen-gargs-last-song-mur-mon-from-roi-roi-binale-released/|title=Zubeen Garg's last song 'Mur Mon' from Roi Roi Binale released|date=2025-10-05|access-date=2025-10-13|website=Hub Network}}</ref>
|-
|"Xopun Xopun"
|Moromi Sharma
|
|-
|"Mon Gole Mur Kakhole"
|
|
|-
| valign="top" |"Jun Jwoli"
| {{N/A}}
|
|-
| valign="top" |"Sokulure Roi Roi Binale"
| valign="top" |Achurjya Borpatra
|
|-
| valign="top" |"Belipua"
| valign="top" |Papon
|
|-
| valign="top" |"Tumar Nilim Kothar Dore"
| {{N/A}}
|
|-
| valign="top" |"Dusokur Kajolere"
| valign="top" |[[Zubeen Garg]], Dipkesh Borgohain
| valign="top" |Sabita Sharma Goswami, Arundhati Bhanu Priya
|
|-
| valign="top" |"Free bird"
| valign="top" |Zubeen Garg
|Sasanka Samir
| valign="top" |Papon Joi Barua
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9voVySyKel0 |title=FREE BIRD {{!}} ZUBEEN GARG {{!}} PAPON {{!}} JOI BARUA {{!}} ROI ROI BINALE {{!}} ZEAL CREATIONS {{!}} EYE CREATIONS |date=2025-12-22 |last=Zeal Creations |access-date=2025-12-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2026
!''Bihu Attack'' (Dubbed)
|"Hahitire Tur Pora"
|Biswajit Bhattacherjee
|
|Farheena Nasrin
|
|}

==Assamese album songs==
{{Incomplete list|date = October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="21" |'''1992'''
! rowspan="8" |''[[:as:অনামিকা (শ্ৰব্য এলবাম)|Anamika]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrQxbbNPgg8&list=RDFrQxbbNPgg8 |title=Anamika - Full Album Songs {{!}} Audio Jukebox {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Assamese Song |date=2024-02-18 |last=RDC Assamese Official |access-date=2025-12-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|"Hahile Tumi (Anamika)"
| rowspan="7" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Aanimika |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1jNvx0JDToJd3w7UuC5T6O |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Hiya Dohe"
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hiya Dohe {{!}} Lyrical Video {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Anamika {{!}} Assamese Evergreen Song {{!}} 1992 | date=28 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjHr-Ep04II |language=en |access-date=2022-12-06}}</ref>
|-
| "Pritir Hkhubakhe"
|Renu Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Piritir Hubakhe |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3Ak1p03MoRmpRwivzP7I7m |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Monor Nijanot"
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Monor Nijanot |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/27OOy5h0p02ZwsdN7Oh2Yh |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Kio Janu Aaji"
|Kavita Krishnamurti
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kiyo Janu {{!}} Lyrical Video {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Kavita Krishnamurthi {{!}} Anamika {{!}} Assamese Modern Song | date=25 November 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26BZwLojCYc |language=en |access-date=2022-12-06}}</ref>
|-
|"Gaane Ki Aane"
|[[Hiren Bhattacharyya]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Gane Ki Aane |date=2018-09-01 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6RV9hwDaJuaP81WPVF07QR |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Huna Huna"
|Zubeen Garg
|Kavita Krishnamurti
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Huna Huna |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2sX9cI5oHXYyMfSA01jo63 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Pothe Pothe"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Sabita Sharma
|Kavita Krishnamurthy
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pothe Pothe Junake |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZNWDxrkZFk |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" |''Sopunor Sur''
|"Nibir Junaki Rati"
| colspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nibir Junaki Rati |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/58wgorU83LoOsroIP7tPBO |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Mousumi"
|Zubeen Garg
|Gautom Hazarika
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Hungama |title=Moushumi |url=https://www.hungama.com/song/moushumi/2391267/ |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Sopunore Pokhi"
| colspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Sabita Sharma
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sopunore Pokhi |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1XacVfJzBHZCZe56o4QSZc |access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Aajir Pora"
|Zubeen Garg, Nripen Sharma
|Nripen Sharma
|Koustav Shama
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCkQf_EWA60 |title=Saponar Sur Full Album Jukebox । সপোনৰ সুৰ । Zubeen Garg Old Album । Best of 90's of Zubeen Garg । |date=2021-05-22 |last=Rumal Hitz |access-date=2025-12-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Bihure Boliya Mon"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Swaswati Phukan
|-
|"Imaan Moromore Jonaki"
|Koustav Shama
|Zubeen Garg
|Koustav Shama
|-
|"Jetiya Torali Phule"
|Zubeen Garg, Diganta Sarma
|Zubeen Garg
|Koustav Shama
|-
|" Etiya Padulite Ase Roi Konoba"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Sabita Sarma and Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rer_cLf-xLs&list=RDRer_cLf-xLs |title=Etia Podulite Ase Roi Kunuba {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Sabita Sharma {{!}} Saponor Sur Album Old Assamese Song |date=2021-08-18 |last=Rumal Hitz |access-date=2025-12-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" |Anuradha
|"Mon Boi Jai "
| rowspan="5" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Anuradha Paudwal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mon Boi Jai |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3ZWl4j4VR7R244loiP5j9E |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Jun Gola"
| rowspan="2" | Utpal Sharma &
Anuradha Paudwal
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jun Gola Rati |url=https://gaana.com/song/jun-gola-rati |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Jonome Jonome"
|<ref name=":13" />
|-
|"kune Jane"
|Utpal Sharma
|
|-
|"Tumi Diya Morome"
|Utpal Sharma &
Anuradha Paudwal
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |'''1993'''
! rowspan="5" | Mur Xuria Geet
|"Alakananda"
"Achina Dekhote"
|Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify – Web Player |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0ZQsKO48rbZGHRcrw2o3Ow |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Xomoyo Jen"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obzwfdNsxQQ |title=Xmoye Jen |date=2021-07-16 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Jajabor Hoi"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Amar Jyoti Choudhary
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BVeWRNBINg |title=Jajabor Hoi |date=2021-07-16 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Xuriya"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAjTl_chwwI |title=Tumi Suria |date=2021-07-16 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Nilm Akash"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Amar Jyoti Choudhary
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zoul-hfWwQ |title=Nilim Aakash Tir Bir -Zubeen Garg ॥ নীলিম আকাশ তিৰ বিৰ - জুবিন গাৰ্গ ॥ |date=2021-05-23 |last=HD Music |access-date=2025-12-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" |''Ritu''
|"Duroni Duroni"
| rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg<ref name=":17" />
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duroni Duroni |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3WkystBaas0l2w8nhbPuKm |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Jonaki Xubakh"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumi Jonaki Xubakh |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1AIUngVlffnvoYp3Hloknh |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Janu Pariba Xun"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Leena Bezbora
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumi Janu Pariba Xun |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/35nagGzJzO5bzhPdVVYLjF |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Mone Mur Kiyo Aji"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Leena Bezbora
|
|-
|"Duru duru kopise "
|Zubeen Garg
|Utpal
|Riba Das
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Junaki Mon''
|"Junaki Mon"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Junaki Mon|date=2021-05-19|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3pzoVibzKPg568XUt9W5xD|language=en|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref>
|-
|"Sokulore Bhora"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sokulore Bhora |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5UDcG7n64uOHA3oFCjcBbD |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Nisatiye Kinu"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nisatiye Kinu |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0CmJENtennSNduSTlt8wJc |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |'''1994'''
! rowspan="8" | ''[[:as:মায়া (শ্ৰব্য এলবাম)|Maya]]''
|"Maya"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Maya |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4sVALJRvgpuUzfcptODdQK |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Niribili Godhuli"
|Kavita Krishnamurti
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Niribili Godhuli (Original) by Zubeen Garg |date=2022-04-12 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/niribili-godhuli-original/1618986227?i=1618986228 |language=en-GB |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Jonake"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Junake Kane Kane |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3BZSzyK7NVnP2RNzFg9B66 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Dure Dure"
|Zubeen Garg,
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dure Dure |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3urXailCNfOmvsEkqAK7pR |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Ujagori"
|Zubeen Garg,
|Kavita Krishnamurti
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ujagori Bukute - Original |date=2022-04-12 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3rzUuxGyOlQGCHd4fAkgru |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Jonak Gola"
|Kapil Thakur,
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Junak Gola - Original |date=2022-04-12 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2s1BL3tnK5peQgR44J4oYn |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Unmmona"
|Zubeen Garg,
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Unmona Mone Mathu |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/72WEi7Ut9yj890HyZ9KCJa |language=en |access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|"Phulere Xojalu"
|Hiren Bhattacharya
|Kavita Krishnamurti
|<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Phulere Xojalu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRU2KmKCBXI|date=2024-09-21|access-date=2025-12-01|via=YouTube|last=Zubeen Garg - Topic}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" |'''1995'''
! rowspan="7" |''[[:as:আশা (শ্ৰব্য এলবাম)|Asha]]''
|"Asha"
| rowspan="7" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Aasha |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7lEuFFRto17aHBsmBPVX04 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Jodi Kuwa"
|Sabita Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tumi Jodi Kuwa |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3NhKrnFt47iGcGHGhRkVSh |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>
|-
|"Jolila Purila"
| rowspan="5" |Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jolila Purila |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5OZ5I3EpWvanQca2MWhn4Q |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>
|-
|"Aami Jen"
|Sabita Sharma
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aami Jen |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7oFUAS00qw4iMr4IbGgMxj |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Janane"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tumi Janane |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6s8d1JqJUyt9DANFy0KRpX |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>
|-
|"Mor Mon"
|Sabita Sharma
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mor Mon |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3F2RHhOjHNoDhikk6xkcE5 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Abhimani Mon"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhimani Mon |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4GdXSiRdA5xHKRAdPmyZEI |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" |''[[:as:জুবিনৰ গান|Zubeenor Gaan]]''
|"Endhar Hobo Nuwaru"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="5" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endhar Hobo Nuwaru |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0hh5zI8z86MFE4B0RxUdCb |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Aetia Aase Mathu"
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aetia Aase Mathu |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0Cqldw5mAAgqbjS0Ou6Gmp |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Laahe Laahe Osinaki"
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laahe Laahe Osinaki |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5mzo5WxdQaMehuRnx0Ywbh |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Etiau Hkhaare Aasu"
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etiau Hkhaare Aasu |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/15bTrtlnoinoVON2FCAXHb |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Nidiya"
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumi Nidiya |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4MFPkbrsfRs3WONOf5dD3O |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Umi Umi Jwole"
|Zubeen Garg
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Hema Sardesai]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umi Umi Jwole |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0bhy5XfqL7GMGkRtMZOSjl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Ujagori Nikhaar"
|Bijay Duwarah
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ujagori Nikhaar |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/ujagori-nikhaar/CjgCQD5TfwQ |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Aakilu Sobikhon"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakilu Sobikhon |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3uNziDxxgIaWJUyN95hwjk |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1996
! rowspan="9" |''[[:as:ৰং (শ্ৰব্য এলবাম)|Rong]]''
|"Rong Tumi"
| rowspan="8" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="8" |Zubeen Garg
|rowspan="2" |[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Rong Tumi Hobane |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5ZXDqK2YKc2DFYIudXymq7 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>
|-
|"Aaji Tumi Nohole"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaji Tumi Nohole |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0PDP03nmMDkopga8KDFUD3 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Atiya Kakhot"
| rowspan="6" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atiya Kakhot |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5EB2hwfIMQgQe2ZOR3hRwy |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Dur"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumi Dur |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=sHKF7-pgKWs&list=RDsHKF7-pgKWs&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Joon Beli Xokolu"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joon Beli Xokolu |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0tmiK0NImxPAJHjF0swwFa |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Borokha Jetiya Naame"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Borokha Jetiya Naame |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3rSpPjuoNoGD7t5zK5lFLt |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Muru Je"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muru Je |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/41Io7sSqJdzMw39Yvv2jh7 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Xeujiya Mon"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xeujiya Mon |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/07cRXyynfHJaaICNsQbbPI |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!''Jan Moni''
|"Jaanmoni O Posuwa"
|Biman Baruah
|Zubeen Garg
|Santa Uzir
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1997
! rowspan="8" |''[[:as:মুক্তি (শ্ৰব্য এলবাম)|Mukti]]''
|"Mukti"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukti |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GguNEoQxvKM&list=PLW52VGOoHEfSQk_w_qFNuyRboxsJRWGax&index=2 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Phool Phulok"
|[[Dwijendra Mohan Sharma]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phool Phulok |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zV1gvlC8AcM |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Sokuwe Sokuwe"
|Zubeen Garg
|Jonkey Borthakur
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sokuwe Sokuwe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iY16SGAIu0U |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Hkhunere Hkhojuwa"
|Zubeen Garg
|rowspan="4" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hkhunere Hkhojuwa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_H126z-x9c |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Meghor Boron"
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{citation |title=Meghor Boron (With Lyrics) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=KIFv7ITzglY&list=RDKIFv7ITzglY&start_radio=1 |access-date=2021-09-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Obaak Obaak"
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{citation |title=Obak Obak (With Lyrics) |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/79U9G1Ow0lJ73Ni1eB8qen |access-date=2021-09-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Pratitu Prahar"
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref>{{citation |title=Pratitu Prahar (With Lyrics) |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/070ZARqeZAXtqsRaN9fRLT |access-date=2021-09-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Ujalai Rakhisu"
|Zubeen Garg
|Jonkey Borthakur
|<ref>{{citation |title=Ujolai Rakhisu Moi (With Lyrics) |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5CoBWGo42tQ1PTtF56rfAd |access-date=2021-09-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="13" |1998
! rowspan="3" |''Snigdha Junak''
|"Nasaba Sokule"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASABA SOKULE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=mGUmnRZpZzs&list=RDmGUmnRZpZzs&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Jolila Jetiya "
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jolila Jetia |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=y2EM7JzgSrY&list=RDy2EM7JzgSrY&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Mur Eyatu Rati"
|Diganta Bharati, Zubeen Garg
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mur Eyatu Rati |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6ZHVQy6mbfUfUUGS9XvHhL |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Pansoi''
|"Door Duronire Mon Junaki Mon"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Sagarika|Sagarika Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Door Duronire Mon Junaki Mon on JioSaavn|date=19 May 2021|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/junaki-mon/JB89BAVCYQM|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Door Duronire Mon Junaki Mon by Zubeen Garg and Sagarika on YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLxGUXd8wWw|language=en-US|access-date=2021-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|"Nikhatiye Kinu Koi"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="8" |''Xabda''
|"Xobdo"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Zubben Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xobdo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=3cHJ87w5eSM&list=RD3cHJ87w5eSM&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=youtube}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roi Roi Binale|"Roi Roi Binaale"]]
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roi Roi Binale |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1ZVdPkrBuirjOhLvuy5YbE |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Atiya Jonake"
|Zubeen Garg
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atiya Jonake |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H03CwmtprAE |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Nokoba Nokoba"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nokoba Nokoba |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEeCJpt_mok |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Jogot Puhor Kori"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jogot Puhor Kori |url=http://youtube.com/watch?v=JYAAFZcEHQQ |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Kokaal Khamusiya"
|Zubeen Garg
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kokaal Khamusiya |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4faep0AH1k |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Kunubai Ringiyai"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunubai Ringiyai |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4nco91kSqRxfdNvFmCK81y |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Mon Herua"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mon Heruwa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vJQc5iMEU7o&list=RDvJQc5iMEU7o&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="23" |1999
! ''Hunaru '99''
|"Aparajita"
|Jayanta Patra
|Jayanta Patra
|Julika
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |''Meghor Boron''
|"Jodihe Jun Tora" (Version 1)
| rowspan="6" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Citation |title=Jodihe Jun Tora Nethake (Version 1) on JioSaavn |date=8 October 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=fOlA6lKE79Y&list=RDfOlA6lKE79Y&start_radio=1 |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Meghor Boron (1999) - Assamese Album, Tracklist, Full Album Details and more|url=http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/4700118663098219250.html|access-date=2021-09-05|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904190836/http://www.zubeendiscography.com/2021/09/4700118663098219250.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Jodihe Jun Tora" (Version 2)
|Sagarika
|-
|"Tumi Suwa Jetiya"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title="Tumi Sua Jetiya" (Original Version) on JioSaavn|date=8 October 2015|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/tumi-suwa-jetia/PiUoZiRHe3E|access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title="Tumi Sua Jetiya" (Bengali Version) on JioSaavn|date=31 October 2007|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/tumi/HixdSRNeX2c|access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref>
|-
|"Joluwa Hiya Mur"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joluwa Hiya Mur |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=3RESWlNg6nw&list=RD3RESWlNg6nw&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Jwoli Utha"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=JWOLI UTHA |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=VoZpjACu7fY&list=RDVoZpjACu7fY&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Agoli Kolapat"
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agoli Kolapat |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=A4rO6WxRl2g&list=RDA4rO6WxRl2g&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="7" |''Dilruba''
|"Hiya Diya Lowa"
|rowspan="7" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|rowspan="7" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|rowspan="7" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Solo
|-
|"Sowa Jumi Sowa"
|Solo
|-
|"Aaina Bhongadi"
|Solo
|-
|"Bedardi Duniya"
|Solo
|-
|"Dillagi Koru Edhani"
|Solo
|-
|"Karbala"
|Solo
|-
|"Tumi Mur Dilore"
|Solo
|-
! rowspan="8" scope="row" | '''''[[:as:পাখি (শ্ৰব্য এলবাম)|Pakhi]]'''''
|"Pakhi Meli Diye"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Diganta Bharati
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakhi Meli Diye |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=5cYhlNq3y4E&list=RD5cYhlNq3y4E&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Bukute Gupute"
| rowspan="2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BUKUTE GUPUTE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=wg6WMucbfuI&list=RDwg6WMucbfuI&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Pakhi Pakhi Ai Mon"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAKHI PAKHI EI MON |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=0n2iHAqYLGc&list=RD0n2iHAqYLGc&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Ahe Ba Nahe"
|Diganta Bharati
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAHE BA NAHE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=DjRESrcZ2dQ&list=RDDjRESrcZ2dQ&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Xikoli"
| rowspan="3" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Mandakini Bora
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hikoli হিকলি |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=fg08HI2mZis&list=RDfg08HI2mZis&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Dugalote Jen"
|Pranita Baishya Medhi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dugalote Jen |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5qMRPfH8JfsagOlWzIuDrL |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Dinor"
| rowspan="2"|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumi Dinor |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2z9GGEQX0go1cHRZmVizuB |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Anguli Katilu"
|Diganta Bharati
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anguli Katilu |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0Vf5VFUL8QVpcT3UCndIAU |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
!''Remix 99''
|"Pub Akasher (Remix)"
|Remixed by Jatin Sharma
|Anupam Saikia
|Anupam Saikia, Santa Uzir
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Pub Akashor - Remix |date=1999-08-10 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/15TwxbvnUQPAPQBcRQnd4A |language=en |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
! rowspan="2" |Sapun
|"Nilim Akash Tirbir"
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Amarjyoti Chaudhary
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|
|-
|"Kola Soku Juri"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
!''Nahor''
|"Pahi Meli Ulale"
|Manas Robin
|Manas Robin
|
|-
!''Bhoomi''
|"Khuno Khuno"
|[[Salim-Sulaiman]]
|Srimanta Sankardev
|
|-
| rowspan="20" |2001
!rowspan="2" |''[[Borosha Bohu Asha]]''
|"Jutuli Putuli"
|rowspan="2" |Jatin Sharma
|Shantu Sharma
|Upasana
|
|-
|"Jurimoni O Jurimoni"
|Debeswar Saikia
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
!''Posuwa''
|"Di Goisu Mur Thikona"
|Krishnamoni Chutia
|Krishnamoni Chutia
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |''Jaanmoni 2001''
|"Dora Basi Basi"
|rowspan="2" |Biman Baruah
|Zubeen Garg
|Bhitali Das, Mili Baruah, Nirmali Das
|
|-
|"Hoi Ne Dhulia"
|Biman Baruah
|Krishnamoni Nath
|-
!rowspan="2" |''Rongamoni''
|"Tinisukia Tilinga Mandir"
|rowspan="2" |Krishnamoni Chutia
|rowspan="2" |Krishnamoni Chutia
|rowspan="2" |Bhitali Das
|
|-
|"Mati Kolohor"
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Panchoi''
|"Fagunor Posuwa"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="3" |Barnali Das
|
|-
|"Dukhor Bahi"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Hemeka Ei"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
! rowspan="10" |Hiyamon
|"Keufale Gujor Gumori"
|<bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keufale Gujori Gumori |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=uGoFgxSXunw |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Bhal paune"
|<bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
|Manas Rabin
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1yBtLuTwSY&list=RDA1yBtLuTwSY |title=BHAL PAUNE {{!}} GOLDEN COLLECTION OF ZUBEEN GARG {{!}} ASSAMESE LYRICAL VIDEO SONG {{!}} HIYAMON |date=2021-08-27 |last=NK Production |access-date=2025-12-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|" O Mure Lorar Maak"
|<bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yegUb4q4j1o |title=O MURE LORAR MAAK {{!}} GOLDEN COLLECTION OF ZUBEEN GARG {{!}} ASSAMESE LYRICAL VIDEO SONG {{!}} HIYAMON |date=2023-06-14 |last=RDC Assamese Official |access-date=2025-12-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Nokola kothati"
| rowspan="2" |<bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
| rowspan="2" |Anup Baruah
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wsEvatWCzY |title=NOKOLA KOTHATI {{!}} GOLDEN COLLECTION OF ZUBEEN GARG {{!}} ASSAMESE LYRICAL VIDEO SONG {{!}} HIYAMON |date=2020-09-20 |last=DIGI Music |access-date=2025-12-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Kunenu Jane"
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDXWK4nR_ro |title=Kunenu Jane |date=2025-12-20 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Bisora Morom</bdi>"
|<bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
|Diganta Bharati
|
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release “Hiyamon” by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/f31bef5f-6f42-447a-8032-73af27fb1866 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Owfuliya</bdi>"
| <bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|-
|"<bdi>Bongohor Deu</bdi>"
| <bdi>[[Zubeen Garg]]</bdi>
|<bdi>Diganta Bharati</bdi>
|
|-
|"<bdi>O Nobou O</bdi>"
| <bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
|<bdi>Manas Robin</bdi>
|
|-
|"<bdi>Monore Dapunote</bdi>"
| <bdi>Zubeen Garg</bdi>
|<bdi>Manas Robin</bdi>
|
|-
| rowspan="32" |2002
! rowspan="8" |''Shishu''
|"Mugdho Hiya Mor"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="" |Zubeen Garg
|Jonkey
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mugdho Hiya Mur by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/mugdho-hiya-mur/1435384706 |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|"Diya Ghurai Diya"
| rowspan="6" |Zubeen Garg
|rowspan =4|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Diya Ghurai Diya by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/diya-ghurai-diya/1048580230 |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|"Bhoba Kotha"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bhoba Kotha by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/bhoba-kotha/1048579191 |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Kar Porosh"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kar Porokh by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/kar-porokh/1048580749 |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|"Xanti Diya"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Shanti Diya by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/shanti-diya/1048577743 |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|"Awushire Jon Mur'
|Jonkey
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Aaukhir Jun Mur by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/aaukhir-jun-mur/1048580241 |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|"Kahi Bati'
|rowspan =2|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kahi-Bati by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/kahi-bati/1048577755 |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|"Nidiya Nidiya"
|Manas Rabin
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Nidiya Nidiya by Zubeen Garg on Apple Music |date=2015-10-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/nidiya-nidiya/1048577758 |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
!''Indradhanu''
|"Mur Jibonor Akashote"
|Bijoy Talukdar
|[[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]]
|[[Sagarika]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Mur Jibonor Akashote (Original Version)|url=https://vimeo.com/581746571|website=Vimeo|language=en-US|access-date=2021-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Mur Jibonor Akashote (Reprise Version)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFMkwPfi4Uw|website=YouTube| date=15 October 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref>
|-
!''Bihuwan''
|"Bare Kisim Bhabonai"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Bhitali Das
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |Sandhya
|"Nital Nixar Aji"
| rowspan="6" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="6" |Ambikagiri Raichoudhary
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nital Nixar |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3GZBT2UQgb4UESx89NGq7j |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Baje Kar Kinu"
|Solo
|
|-
|"Mur Kalpana Mondito"
|Solo
|
|-
|"Pranor Madhuri"
|Solo
|
|-
|"Ki Sukh Lobhisa"
|Solo
|
|-
|"Riniki Rinniki"
|Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="8" |<bdi>Akou Hiyamon</bdi>
|"<bdi>Sup Thak Sup Thak</bdi>"
| rowspan="8" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="8" |Anup Baruah, Diganta Bharati,Manas Rabin
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Ni Nilikhu</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Soklong Pale Aahi</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Aghuna Bapur</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Aage Pase Dekha Nai</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Karbala</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Kokaideo</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Kunenu Jane</bdi>"
|
|
|-
! rowspan="8" |<bdi>Sinaki Mon</bdi>
|"Bhal Pau Ne"
| rowspan="8" |Zubeen Garg, Biman Baruah, Arup Dutta
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release “Sinaki Mon” by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/cb3b9372-42f8-4be4-8227-65d811a86201 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Aijow Makoon</bdi>"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|-
|"<bdi>Tir Kope</bdi>"
|<bdi>Manas Robin</bdi>
|
|-
|"<bdi>Uki Mari</bdi>"
|<bdi>Diganta Bharati</bdi>
|
|-
|"<bdi>Bogi Jamu Kore</bdi>"
| rowspan="4" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|-
|"<bdi>Debotaiu Nubujile</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Renu</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Moi Morim Jidina</bdi>"
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
! rowspan="3" |''Keteki''
| "Sang Ghor Dhuniya"
| rowspan="4" |Manas Robin
| rowspan="3" |Manas Robin
| Solo
|
|-
| "Botah Borokhun"
| rowspan="2" | Tarali Sarma
|
|-
| "Pori Bisonate"
|
|-
! ''Poka Dhane Ringiyai''
| "Poka Dhane Ringiyai" (Title Track)
| Anandiram Das
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="24" |2004
! rowspan="9" |''Jantra''
|"Jantra"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Zubeen Garg]],
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jantra |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0kgspyI2VWKcu9AjMJn8fH |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025 |website=}}</ref>
|-
|"Aei Mayar Dhorat"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aei Mayar Dhorat |url=https://music.apple.com/sg/song/aei-mayar-dharat/1048580231 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"I Love You"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Love You |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4TfurSQb69JH6S1g3iykiB |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Maina Maina"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maina Maina |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3CTLgDOJ70D44CF0FqdFUb |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Majulir Aejoni"
|[[Manas Robin]],
|Rupa Mili
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majulir Aejoni |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/majulir-ejoni-original/1618985562 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Nejanu Mon Dole"
|Prasanta Bordoloi,
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nejanu Mon Dole |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/mon-dole/1048581517 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"O Mor Apunar Dekh"
|[[Lakshminath Bezbarua]],
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=O Mor Apunar Dekh |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5HCziM8wDYnDmm2JEDgBPF |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumar Mitha Ei Saoni"
|[[Pankaj Sarmah]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumar Mitha Ei Saon |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7a5LTHoofL7W0nmHj9cxtw |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Olop xanti diya"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olop xanti diya |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/alop-hanti-diya/1048580896 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" |Lajuki Mon
|"Sip Sip Borokhunot"
| rowspan="3" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Manas Rabin
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sip Sip Borokhunot |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/sip-sip-borokhunot/HF8JfzIDf0Q |website=jiosaavn |date=8 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|"Dhinki Dhin Dao"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=DHINIKI DHIN DAO |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=ncTy7UFVFEk&list=RDncTy7UFVFEk&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Janilu Bujilu</bdi>"
|<bdi>Diganta Sharma</bdi>
|
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release “Lajuki Mon” by Zubeen Garg & Subasana Dutta - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/47c57d7f-602e-46f8-8ed8-d2232025ff98 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Ejaru Nuphule</bdi>"
|<bdi>Zubeen Garg, Manas Robin</bdi>
|<bdi>Manas Robin</bdi>
|
|-
|"<bdi>Gaa Bhora Boyokhor</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Kali Rati</bdi>"
| rowspan="3" |<bdi>Zubeen Garg, Manas Robin</bdi>
|<bdi>Manas Robin</bdi>
|
|-
|"<bdi>Nongola Mukhote</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Patoliya Morome</bdi>"
|
|
|-
! rowspan="7" |Rongmon
|"Mur morom"
| rowspan="7" |[[Zubeen Garg]] , Arup Baruah,
Diganta Bharati
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"Rongmon kokaye"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Rongmon - Montu Moni Saikia, Gitumoni Das - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2019-09-16 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rongmon/6SA12llYekM_ |access-date=2026-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|"Monore bhitorot"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"Toi rupohi"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"Gagori kokalot"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"Kinu bandhonore"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"Dihingor gora"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2005
!''Bishnu''
|"Morilu Morilu"
|Manas Robin
|Manas Robin
|Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="10" |<bdi>Ringa Ringa Mon</bdi>
|"<bdi>Pakhi Loga Mone</bdi>"
| rowspan="10" |Zubeen Garg, Arup Baruah
| rowspan="10" |Arup Baruah, Diganta Bharati
|
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release “Ringa Ringa Mon” by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/fd3f07e9-7045-4dbd-ba67-f64f7e90b94b |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Bhulotu Nasaba Tumi</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Mori Jam Mori Jam</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Juwa Bosorei</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Iman Morom</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>O Panoi Oi</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Monore Majote</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Nubuju Nubuju</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Ringa Ringa Mon</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Money Bagot Kunu Eijoni</bdi>"
|
|-
| rowspan="28" |2006
! rowspan="10" |''Mukha''
|"Mukha Mukha"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]],
| rowspan="8" |Solo
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=mukha |url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/1Y4VoBK0nCElpEUOgT2XDA |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Sweet Love"
|[[Zubeen Garg]],
|-
|"Paamne Moi Ghurai"
|[[Zubeen Garg]],
|-
|"Baby Buli"
|Diganta Bharati,
|-
|"Niyorore Phool"
|[[Nabakanta Barua]]
|-
|"Dusokure Nilare"
|[[Zubeen Garg]],
|-
|"Niyore"
|[[Zubeen Garg]],
|-
|"Bukute Bukukhon"
|Diganta Bharati,
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="8" |Borokhun
|"Kor Ejak"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Bhabendra Nath Saikia
| rowspan="2" |Anindita Paul
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=Borokhun |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/borokhun/rSBHIyiz-1A_ |website=jiosaavn}}</ref>
|-
|"Diya Muk"
|-
|"Tupal Tupal "
|Nabakanta Baruah
|Solo
|-
|"O Mur Ronor Teji Ghora"
|Hiren Bhattacharyyan
|Solo
|-
|"Aepahi Bokule"
|Ananda Chandra Baruah
|Solo
|-
|"Aane Jua Bate"
|Keshab Mahanta
|Solo
|-
|"Beli Poru Poru"
|Ganesh Gogol
|Solo
|-
|"Aji Punya"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SONG |url=https://gaana.com/song/aaji-punya-probhate |website=gaana}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="10" |Unmona Mon
|"<bdi>Saal Singile</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="9" |Arup Baruah, Diganta Bharati
|
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release “Unmona Mon” by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/60b905b2-7f90-47a6-9311-3e874117d9a9 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Jaboloi Khujute</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg, Anup Baruah
|
|-
|"<bdi>Puwane Aabeli</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg, Anup Baruah
|
|-
|"<bdi>Joli Joli Sai Hua</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg, Anup Baruah
|
|-
|"<bdi>Bujiwu Nubujane</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"<bdi>Kakhot Kolokhi</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg, Diganta Bharati
|
|-
|"<bdi>Kumol Sawul</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"<bdi>Ukhol Makhol</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"<bdi>Naar Neiya Re</bdi>"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007
!''Dakku Daddy''
|"My World"
|Ishq Bector
|
|Ishq Bector
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Unmona Mon
|"Saal Singile"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"Kakhot Kolosi"
|Diganta Bharati,Zubeen Garg
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|
|-
|"Ujonire Rail Khoni"
| Zubeen Garg, Prasenjit Lahon
|Diganta Bharati
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zefB_05LiAU&list=RDzefB_05LiAU |title=Ujonire Rail Khoni [Remix] |date=2024-09-09 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2026-01-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Thetatre 2007
|"Tumi Janane Xagor Gabhir Kiman "
|Zubeen Garg
|Anup Baruah
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumi Janane |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVhSomzpclg&list=RDEVhSomzpclg&index=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Aji Mon Uru Uru "
|Zubeen Garg
|Anup Baruah
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDBEYJukLz8 |title=AJI MON URU URU |date=2025-10-17 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="19" |2008
! rowspan="8" |''Rumaal''
|"Duporor Muhonat”
| rowspan="9" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Diganta Bharati]],
| rowspan="9" |Solo
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumaal |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5Af8KOyszn6Bz06u60qCro |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Rumaal Rumaal"
|Zubeen Garg,
|-
|"Aai Mur Oi"
|Zubeen Garg,
|-
|"Amanikha"
|Ibson Lal Baruah
|-
|"Tumi Hkhubakh"
|Zubeen Garg,
|-
|"Hai Hai Mari Dila"
|Zubeen Garg,
|-
|"Ki Dore"
|[[Diganta Bharati]],
|-
|"Swargodeu Sukafa"
|[[Diganta Bharati|Manas Robin]],
|-
! rowspan="10" |Jonaki Mon
| rowspan="3" |"Bogakoi Bogoli"
|
|-
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="9" |Diganta Bharati
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bogakoi Bogoli |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/bogakoi-bogoli/JSsnZgxhY1I |website=jiosaavn |date=8 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=AGOLI BAHORE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=1-ZZDoGz0y0&list=RD1-ZZDoGz0y0&start_radio=1 |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Agoli Bahore "
|-
|"Janilu Janilu"
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8duss1sZ-kk&list=RD8duss1sZ-kk |title=Janilu Janilu |date=2025-12-20 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Pakhite Pakhi Logai</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Ulomi Ulomi Thake</bdi>"
| rowspan="4" |Zubeen Garg, Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Aeri Najabi</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Hur Hur Hur</bdi>"
|
|
|-
|"<bdi>Ghila Ghuradi</bdi>"
|
|
|-
!Aximot Heral Xima
|"Aximot Heral Xima "
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|
|<ref name=":20" />
|-
| rowspan="10" |2009
! rowspan="2" |Aloxua mon
|"Nao Loi Anim Goi"
|Diganta Bharati, Zubeen Garg
|Anup Baruah
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RP3j_gSceyA |title=NAO LOI ANIMGOI {{!}} ALOXUWA MON {{!}} ASSAMESE VIDEO SONG {{!}} ZUBEEN GARG {{!}} SAURAV HAZARIKA |date=2022-08-21 |last=NK Production |access-date=2025-12-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Sokulore Mala "
|Diganta Bharati, Zubeen Garg
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNSLZvl17bs |title=SOKULURE MALA {{!}} GOLDEN COLLECTION OF ZUBEEN GARG {{!}} ASSAMESE LYRICAL VIDEO SONG {{!}} ALOXUWA MON |date=2023-05-12 |last=RDC Assamese Official |access-date=2025-12-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" |<bdi>Abhimani Mon</bdi>
|"<bdi>Pogola Pogola</bdi>"
| rowspan="8" |Zubeen Garg, Diganta Bharati
| rowspan="8" | Diganta Bharati
|
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release “Abhimani Mon” by Zubeen Garg - MusicBrainz |url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/3708c3e0-eb94-4513-a45c-d44bbf700365 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=musicbrainz.org}}</ref>
|-
|"<bdi>Lahe Dei</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Kolia Meghe</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Sui Sabo De</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Sukolure Mela</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Masor Bhale Paw</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Nao Loi Aahim</bdi>"
|
|-
|"<bdi>Dhin Dhin Dhin</bdi>"
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2010
! rowspan="8" |Abujon Mon
|"Dhori Thuwa Abujon Mon "
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="8" |Diganta Bharati
|
|
|-
|"Phati Goli Phuti Gol"
|
|
|-
|"Gun Gun"
|
|
|-
|"Duti Uthe Ebar"
|
|
|-
|"Heshi Theli"
|
|
|-
|"Rimjhim"
|
|
|-
|"Dora Koina Khel"
|
|
|-
|"Puhoror Dhol"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2011
! rowspan="10" |''Baahi''
|"Hkhopun Rongor"
| rowspan="10" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="4" |Zubeen Garg,
| rowspan="10" |Solo
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=baahi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/baahi/oWe256b4LAU_ |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Loiya Hari Naam"
|-
|"Bahi(Mix)"
|-
|"Sloka"
|-
|"Dhuli Uruwai"
|Diganta Bharati,
|-
|"Bahi Tumi"
| rowspan="4" |Zubeen Garg,
|-
|"Anuradha"
|-
|"Tumi Kun"
|-
|"Ghuri Suwasun"
|-
|"Herou Baahi"
|[[Hiren Bhattacharyya]]
|-
!Brahmaputra Theater
|"Diu Nidiu Koi"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIU NIDIU KOI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv8K8BLrNiQ |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="22" |2012
! rowspan="14" |''Rock''
|"Rock Rock"
| rowspan="21" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
| rowspan="14" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rock |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rock/e23-K1coDqQ_ |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Ejak Borokhune"
|Zubern Garg
|Solo
|-
|"Bokul Phulor Dore"
|[[Hiren Bhattacharyya]]
|Solo
|-
|"Kajol Kajol"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Solo
|-
|"Tip Tip"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|-
|"Senorita"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|-
|"Gaan Diya"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|-
|"Jiu Tumi"
|Zubern Garg
|Solo
|-
|"Bismillah"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|-
|"Dusokure Nilimate"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zublee
|-
|"Guri Guri hom"
|Diganta Bharati
|Solo
|-
|"Rajani Dhukhor"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|-
|"Swadhinataa"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|-
|"Tumi Prajaapati"
|Zubeen Garg
|Solo
|-
! rowspan="7" |Runjun
|"Runjun Nupure Mate"
|Kailash Nath Sharma
|Solo
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Runjun Album |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/runjun/27OsTwc9j8U_ |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2025 |website=}}</ref>
|-
|"Polaxor Rang"
|Kailash Nath Sharma
|Treen
|-
|"Jibon Dinga"
|Kailash Nath Sharma
|Solo
|-
|"Uduli Muduli"
|Kailash Nath Sharma
|Solo
|-
|"Xubhra Bolakai"
|Kailash Nath Sharma
|Anindita Paul
|-
|"Xunil gagan Juri"
|Kailash Nath Sharma
|Solo
|-
|"Nikha Tuponi"
|Kailash Nath Sharma
|Solo
|-
!Canvas
|"Nupur Priya"
|Zubeen Garg
|Diganta Bharati
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBfruNgBugU |title=Nupur Priya More |date=2025-12-26 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
! rowspan="2" |Xaratar Pratham Nixa
|"Soku Meli Suwana"
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Priyanka Bharali
|
|-
|"More Priya "
|
|-
|2014
!Nahor
|"Nahor"
|Zubeen Garg
|Manas Rabin
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwzSN77dwQ4 |title=Nahor: Zubeen Garg {{!}} Zublee - Ft. Utpal Das {{!}} Barbie {{!}} Uday Shankar {{!}} Latest Assamese Song 2022 |date=2021-12-29 |last=Times Music Axom |access-date=2026-01-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2015
!Junuka
|"Junuka"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|Ritrisha
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
! rowspan="8" scope=" row" |''Maa''
|"Mur Monore Kalpanat"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="8" |Solo
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/maa/47118687/|title=Maa Songs Download {{!}} Maa Songs MP3 Free Online: Movie Songs – Hungama|website=www.hungama.com|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|"Ketiyaba"
|-
|"Nisukoni Geet"
|-
|"Popiya Tora"
|Rahul Gautam Sharma
|-
|"Hkheuji Pakhire"
|[[Sasanka Samir]]
|-
|"Aakhore"
|Rahul Gautam Sharma
|-
|"Mur Maa"
|[[Sasanka Samir]]
|-
|"Politics Nokoriba Bondhu"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|-
| rowspan="7l6" |2020 - 23
! rowspan="6" |''Silaa''
|"Silaa"
| rowspan="6" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="6" |Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Silaa Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/silaa|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref>
|-
|"Ubhoti Suwa"
|Rahul Gautam Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Ubhoti Suwa Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/ubhoti-suwa|access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref>
|-
|"Agnibinar Taan"
|[[Ambikagiri Raichoudhury]]
|
|-
|"Eku Je Nai"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|-
|"Monore Koina"
|[[Zubeen Garg]], Rahul Gautam Sharma
|
|-
|"Bihogi Kobitar Raati"
![[Garima Saikia Garg]]
|
|-
|}

==Assamese theatre songs==
{|class ="wikitable plainrow headers"
|-
! scope ="col" |Year
! scope ="col" |Theatre
! scope ="col" |Drama
! scope ="col" |Song
! scope ="col" |Music Director
! scope ="col" |Lyricist(s)
! scope ="col" |Co-signer (s)
! scope ="col" |Ref
|-
|2008-09
! rowspan="2" |''Hengool Theatre''
|Soku
|"Tumi Dusokute"
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tumi Dusokute | date=12 September 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJWE49x3JY4 |access-date=2023-01-15 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2009-10
|Jonakor Boroxun
|"Sokule Sai"
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|Chayanika Bhuyan
|
|-
|2010-11
!''Kohinoor Theatre''
|Rumaal
|"Aasu Xutare Epahi"
|Biman Bora
|Biman Bora
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011-12
!''Theatre Bhagyadevi''
|Malabika Mur Bandhobi
|"Kolija Kolija"
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|Palash Surya Gogoi
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|
|-
!''Hengool Theatre''
|Somok
|"Dum Dum"
|Papu
|Palash Surya Gogoi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dum Dum | date=14 June 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G__zymIQoIA |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''Srimanta Shankardev Theatre''
|Luka Bhaku
|"Luka Bhaku"
|Arup Dutta
|Mausam Gogoi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Luka Bhaku | date=29 October 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaIOJ8oD_r8 |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2012-13
!''Kohinoor Theatre''
|Hiyat Epahi Gulap
|"Hiyat Epahi Gulap"
|Diganta Bharati
|Diganta Bharati
|Priyanka Bharali
|
|-
|2013-14
!''Itihash Theatre''
|Dokait
|"Rongin Rongin"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ajoy Phukan
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017–18
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |''Theatre Bhagyadevi''
|Jonbailoi Sithi
|"Jonbailoi Sithi"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ritrisha Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Junbailoi Sithi | date=5 April 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhuR1lAB2IA |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope =" row"rowspan =2|''Abahan Theatre''
|rowspan =2|Moi Maar Suwali
|"Gaan Ati Guwa Nah"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ajoy Phukan
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Gaan Ati Guwa Nah | date=10 July 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZDCVEP-IAM |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Nilim Nilim Morom"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ajoy Phukan
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Nilim Nilim Morom | date=9 November 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFJaxAtcR4U |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2018–19
! scope=" row" rowsapn="1" |''Rajtilak Theatre''
|Mayabi Xontan
|"O Maya"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya, Ajoy Phukan
|Rakesh Riyan, Chayanika Bhuyan
|<ref>{{Citation |title=O Maya | date=6 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa9NDbh5lvU |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Bordoisila Theatre''
|Priyotoma
|"Priyotoma"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya, Ajoy Phukan
|Gayatri Mahanta
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Priyotoma |date=2018-12-03 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/45MVivAdxmbEIwEmeuODka |language=en |access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"rowspan =2|''Abahan Theatre''
|rowspan =2|Madhuri Mor Naam
|"Meghali Meghali"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ajoy Phukan
|Gitali
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Meghali Meghali | date=27 September 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BER8IciLens |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Kot Mur Maa"
|Ajoy Phukan, (Original 100 Miles song)
|Abhijit Bhattacharya, Ajoy Phukan (Ref. by 100 Miles song)
|Papori Gogoi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kot Mur Maa | date=13 July 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjjjRlI21fE |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope ="row" |''Chiranjib Theatre''
|Rajkumarir Biya
|"O Deuta"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=O Deuta | date=July 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zo6OyHqlVa0 |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''Hengool Theatre''
|Mahabir
|"Ki Hobo Ei Jibon"
|Sibabrat Sharma
|Parikshit Kalita
|Nabanita Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ki Hobo Ei Jibon | date=11 February 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeMMqr9rTrE |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope ="row" |''Itihash Theatre''
|Dokaitor Tez
|"Hello Majoni"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hello Majoni | date=4 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iWIpVIQVg8 |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''Theatre Bhagyadevi''
|Ajir Chanakya
|"Rodali Tumi"
|Palash Gogoi
|Hrituv Hazarika
|Rajshri Kalita
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Rodali Tumi | date=7 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVbQvzA5i7k |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019–20
! scope="row"rowspan =2|''Abahan Theatre''
|rowspan =2|Memsahab
|"Dekhibole Moi Dhuniya"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya
|rowspan =2|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dekhibole Moi Dhuniya | date=August 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CqYw19S4rY |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Jodihe Jibon Noi Parote"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jodihe Jibon Noi Parote | date=26 October 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67QyOLKHyKE |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope =" row" rowspan =2|''Bordoisila Theatre''
| Mahiyokhi
|"Koina Oi"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Koina Oi | date=10 September 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzwV-7zqLLA |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Moromor Bandhobi Bidai Diya
|"Moromor Bandhobi Bidai Diya"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya, Ajoy Phukan
|Parveen Hussain
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Moromor Bandhobi Bidai Diya | date=11 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fdD9kb_U4A |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope ="row'|''Theatre Surya''
|Iman Morom Kio Lage
|"Iman Morom Kio Lage"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharya
|Papori Gogoi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Iman Morom Kio Lage | date=5 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf6boRy3UX4 |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope=" row" |''Kohinoor Theatre''
|Boroxa Jetiya Name
|"Boroxa Jetiya Name"
|Paran Borkotoky
|Rajdweep
|Solo
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Boroxa Jetiya Name | date=14 August 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_BJ7a_CE4o |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Mur Tezot Tumare Naam
|"Mur Tezot Tumare Naam"
|Ajoy Phukon
|Ajoy Phukon
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mur Tezot Tumare Naam | date=23 April 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4khedBXGMXg |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Hengool Theatre''
|Bahadur
|"Bahadur"
|Arupjyoti Baruah
|Rajdweep
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bahadur | date=19 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REcetlsCUbA |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021-22
!''Udayan Theater''
|Sitar Agnipariksha
|"Satoboroniya"
|Jekib
|Nekib
|Rupali Kashyap
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Satoboroniya | date=7 November 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQiQAA5mfPs |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''Abahan Theatre''
|Joymoti
|"Joya Nai"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharjya
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Joya Nai | date=30 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eklmw80BQVI |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022-23
!''Brindaban Theater''
|Rajkannya
|"Boroxun"
|Jayanta Kakati
|Sasanka Samir
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Boroxun | date=5 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QomqmtfLycM |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''Itihash Theatre''
|Morom Bisari Jau Bola
|"Morom Bisari Jau Bola"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ajoy Phukan, Abhijit Bhattacharjya
|Papori Gogoi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Morom Bisari Jau Bola | date=10 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qx-6zg-QnC4 |access-date=2023-08-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025-26
! scope="row" |''Itihash Theatre''
|Drama not mentioned
|"Eti Gaan"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ajay Phukan, Abhijit Bhattacharja
|Solo
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Rajdhani Theatre''
|Bixorjan
|"Batore Hekhote"
|Jayanta Kakati
|Bijit
|Solo
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Bordoisila Theatre''
|Ravan
|"Boturuwa"
|Rajdweep
|Rajdweep
|Aasthajitaa Nanda
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Theatre Surjya''
|Mur Sokulure Ekap Sah
|"Tick Tock Tick Tock"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Abhijit Bhattacharjya
|Papori Gogoi
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Kalaguru Theatre''
|Moi Bastab Phukanor Preyaxi
|"Dusoku Tuli"
|Jayanta Kakati
|Bijit
|Arundhati Bhanupriya
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Theatre Kolaguru''
|Drama not mentioned
|"Kothati Kuwa"
|Ajoy Phukan
|Ajoy Phukan
|Sarodee Borah
|
|}

==Assamese television songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Year
! scope="col" | Serial/show
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|2011
! ''Anuradha''
| "Anuradha"
| Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
| Trin Sarma
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Anuradha | date=9 January 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWWE4WbAO2g |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2012
!''Meghranjani''
|"Meghranjani"
|Porikshit Kalita
|Porikshit Kalita
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Meghranjani | date=28 April 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gI4st3TU2LE |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''Junakor Borokhun''
|"Junakor Borokhun"
|[[Fourplay]]
|
|Solo
|
|-
|2022
!''Hridoyor Gaan''
|"Hridoyor Gaan"
|Dikshu Sharma
|Bijiyeta Patgiri
|Solo
|
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Writer
!Co-Singer
!Remarks
|-
|2017
|Aji Sadiyar
|
|
|
|Theme Song of Sadiya Festival
|-
|
|Abhi Bhi
|
|
|
|75th Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav Independence Day Special
|-
|
|Alive India in Concert Theme Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|2018
|Amar Asom
|
|
|Joi Borua, Neel Akashm Bornali
|
|-
|2024
|Ami Navodaya
|
|
|
|JNV Dibrugarh Silver Jubilee
Alumni Song
|-
|2019
|Anamika Theme Song Season 4
|
|
|Babu Baruah
|
|-
|2023
|Assam Vidyapith HS School Theme Song
|
|
|Babu Baruah, Rakesh Reeyan, Nekib Hussain, Pompi Gogoi, Ajoy Phukan
|
|-
|
|BJP Theme Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|2023
|Borthakur's IAS Academy
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|Brindaban Supermarket
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|Chabua Idol Theme Song
|
|
|Babu, Diksu, Rakesh Reeyan, Ajoy Phukan
|
|-
|2022
|Chandubi Festival
|
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|COVID-19 Vaccine
|
|
|
|
|-
|2017
|Diganta's Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation Centre Theme Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|Durdinor Bukut
|
|
|Dimpi Sonowal, Diganta Bharati, Bhaswati Bharati, Skd, Chandan Das, Meenakshi, Arupjyoti Baruah
|
|-
|2014
|Election Theme Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|2018
|Fire & Emergency Service, Assam
|
|
|Dr. Mausumi Saharia
|
|-
|2018
|Football Theme Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|2023
|GMC Hostel 4 Theme Song
|
|
|Dr. Hitesh Baruah
|
|-
|
|GMC Theme Song
|
|
|Deashish Sharma, Joydeep Paul
|
|-
|
|Zubeen Garg Festival Song
|
|
|Ajoy Phukan, Swaraj Das
|
|-
|
|HS and HSLC Theme Song
|
|
|Rakesj Reeyan, Babu
|
|-
|
|Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
|
|
|Supratiek Shyamal Ghosh, Ankita Kundu
|
|-
|2011
|Jeevan Kite Festival Theme Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|Kaziranga
|
|
|Pallavi Bhargav
|World Environment Day
|-
|2023
|Khel Maharan
|
|
|
|
|-
|2015
|Micromax Unite Cricket Anthem
|
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|Mur Dekh
|Hiren Bhattacharyya
|
|
|Republic Day
|-
|
|Namami Barak
|
|
|Debojit Saha
|
|-
|
|Namami Brahmaputra
|
|
|Papon
|
|-
|2022
|Jilikabo Dapun
|
|
|
|ND24
|-
|2019
|NE Star Studo Theme
|
|
|Kumar Bhabesh
|
|-
|
|NRC Theme Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|2023
|Nuclear Academy
|
|
|Sekher Jyoti, Dhurba jyoti
|
|-
|
|Ooo La La 91.9 Fm Title Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|Otut Axom
|
|
|
|Assam Day
|-
|
|Parg Cine Awards Theme Song
|
|
|
|
|-
|2025
|Sainik School Goalpara Golden Jublee Theme Song
|
|
|Zublee Baruah
|
|-
|
|Startup Assam
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|Sur Sangam Theme Song
|
|
|Sabika Jsan
|
|-
|
|Zubeen Artist Eleven
|
|
|Ajoy Phukan, Babu Baruah
|
|-
|2022
|Ami jujim, Ami Jikim
|
|
|
|National Games Gujarat
|-
|2022
|Bir Lachit Borphukan
|
|
|
|
|}

==Assamese singles==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:23%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:45%;" | Song
! scope="col" style="width:40%;" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:38%;" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:35%;" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col"style="width:30%;" | Notes/Ref.
|-
! colspan="6" |Pop single songs
|-
!1997
|"Phool Phulok Rodore Phool"
|Zubeen Garg
|Dwijendra Mohan Sharma
|Solo
|His first Assamese single dedicated in memory of Boikuntha Nath Gogoi While this single aired in All India Radio in April 1997, the music video does not exist. Later, it was released as a part of his album ''Mukti''.
|-
! rowspan="2" |2021
|"Maa"
| colspan="2" |Jayanta Kakati
| rowspan |Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Maa | date=27 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCsJL0JvXjg |access-date=2021-10-27 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Runjun"
| colspan="2" |Kritiman Red
|Kashmiri deka
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Runjun | date=13 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-R7t5SmyuM |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="14" |2022
|"Loi Jaa"
| colspan="2" |Debesh Roy
|Dorothy Bordoloi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Loi Ja | date=21 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KyIkk7zZvs |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Tuk Sai Thakile"
| colspan="2" |Dr. Lohit Rohit
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tuk Sai Thakile | date=16 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oBGnyKIZmE |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Emuthi Aabir"
|Jayanta Kakati
|Sasanka Samir
|Rituraani Mousumi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Emuthi Aabir | date=4 February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khIIuIDK6bU |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Saati"
| colspan="2" |Rahul Gautam Sharma
|Zublee Baruah
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Saati | date=15 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blC7CCTYicY |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Mur Boxonto"
|Mrinmoy Sarmah & Ashwin Sarmah
|Kukil Pratim
|Solo
|
|-
|"Ebar Jodi Kuwa"
| colspan="2" |Ikram H Juwel
|Shatabdi Borah
|
|-
|"Rode Boroxune"
|Prasenjit Lahon
|Dhrubajyoti Rajkhowa
|Dr Anjali Chutia Saikia
|
|-
|"Kothiyadora"
|Abhi Saikia
|Prasanta Das
|Solo
|
|-
|"Itihakhu Usupi Roi"
| colspan="2" |Rupam Raaz Pathak
|Solo
|
|-
|"Kajoli"
| colspan="2" |Rekibul
|Solo
|
|-
|"Dada"
| colspan="2" |Kumaresh Kaushik
|Nirbhita Borah
|
|-
|"Prem Lipir Aakhor"
|Sumon Kashyap, Shibananda Baruah
|Bikas Bora
|Manashee Devi
|
|-
|"Asune Kuxole"
|Sumit Gogoi, Bijoy Sankar
|Sumit Gogoi
|Priyanka Bharali
|
|-
|"Boroxare Sesa Tupal"
|Kritiman Red
|Chayanika Nath & Arindam Das
|Rimzim Kalita
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |2023
|"Balimahi"
|Bozropat Music
|Maitrayee Patar
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Balimahi | date=21 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dqd08xpuv4s |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Jaan Buli Nematiba"
| colspan="2" |Keshab Nayan
|Dibya Das
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jaan Buli Nematiba | date=11 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9vu2-9vVKQ |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Lahi Lahi"
|Sibabrata Sharma
|Zubeen Garg
|Dr. Aditi Das
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Lahi Lahi | date=14 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-qmEO99FZU |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Jai Bhole
| colspan="2" |Swarup Kakati
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jai Bhole | date=15 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqqjEgHg2gc |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Bihogi Kobita
|Zubeen Garg
|Garima Saikia Garg
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bihogi Kobita | date=2 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKZsuMvaht8 |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Nishigandha
|Aarxslan
|Rajib Bhuyan
|Sanidhya Bhuyan
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Nishigandha |url=https://baahi.xomoy.com/song/Nishigandha/18767/0 |access-date=2023-12-14 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006153421/https://baahi.xomoy.com/song/Nishigandha/18767/0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!2024
|"Tupa Tupe"
|Atonu Gautam
|Sasanka Samir
|Solo
|
|-
!2025
|"Osinaki Kun Tumi"
|Pradyut Baruah
|Pradyut Baruah
|Solo
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Bihu single songs
|-
!1999
|"Brahmaputra Khoni"
|rowspan="2" |Biman Baruah
|Biman Baruah, Khagen Gogoi
|Bhitali Das, Julika
|First Assamese Bihu single Originally supposed to appear as a part of Assamese bihu album ''Mamoni '99'', it went unreleased.
|-
!2001
|"Morom Dilu Sithi Dilu"
|Biman Baruah
|Bhitali Das
|
|-
!2022
|"Bihure Boliya"
|Abhinob Borah
|Traditional Folk
|Nistha Priya
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bihure Boliya |date=2022-11-29 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5fxyuA7VpBYnr6BiqDWKCT |language=en |access-date=2023-02-18}}</ref>
|-
!2023
|"Tulung Vutung Naau"
|Swarup Kakati
|Swarup Kakati
|Krishnaa Devi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tulung Vutung Naau |date=2023-02-13 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6Rx6Iz6CL6kj6Q4iVp2641 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-18}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Hindi film songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|-
!Year
!scope="col" style="width:25%;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:30%;"|
Song
!scope="col" style="width:40%;"| Music director(s)
!scope="col" style="width:25%;"| Writer(s)
!scope="col" style="width:20%;"| Co-singer(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;"| Notes/Ref.
|-
|1995
!''[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar]]''
|"Beta Apni Maa Se"
|[[Nadeem–Shravan]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan]]
|Solo
|
|-
|1996
!''[[Rakshak]]''
|(Score)
|[[Anand-Milind]]
|
|rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
! rowspan="2" |''[[Purani Kabar]]''
|"Kuch To Kahon"
| rowspan="2" |Isfaquel
| rowspan="2" |Vishu Raj
|
|-
|"Dil Mera Churaya Ek Hasina"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
!''[[Dil Se..|Dil Se]]''
|"Pokhi Pokhi Bidekhi" (Score)
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2004-12-30 |title=The Week |url=http://www.the-week.com/25jan02/currentevents_article10.htm |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230013855/http://www.the-week.com/25jan02/currentevents_article10.htm |archive-date=30 December 2004 }}</ref>
|-
!''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|(Score)
|
|
|-
|1999
!''[[Vaastav: The Reality|Vaastav]]''
|(Score)
|[[Sandeep Chowta]]
|
|
|-
|2000
!''[[Fiza]]''
|"Mere Watan : Amaan's Fury"
|[[Ranjit Barot]]
|[[Gulzar]]
|<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Fiza (July 2000, Cassette) |date= July 2000|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/13462031-Anu-Malik-Fiza-In-Search-Of-Her-Brother |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Mere Watan: Amaan's Fury |date= |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7xNesrcsdqTOh3S4o8vUTF |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
!''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]''
|"Guncha Hai Gul Hai"
| rowspan="2" |[[Anu Malik]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Raageshwari Loomba]]
|Background vocal only; Not featured in the theattrical film Uncredited role <ref name=":5">{{Citation |title=Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai (Apr 2001, Cassette) |date=April 2001 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/14588553-Anu-Malik-Sameer-Mujhe-Kucch-Kehna-Hai |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Guncha Hai Gul Hai |date= |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4ir5QTK8PUY08ROWc4Aary |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Aśoka (film)|Asoka]]''
|"Roshni Se"
|Gulzar
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], Alka Yagnik
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
| rowspan="8" |2002
!''[[Yeh Hai Jalwa]]''
|"Dhire Dhire"
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|Sudhakar Sharma
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Yeh Hai Jalwa (Feb 2002, Cassette) |date=February 2002 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/17834350-Himesh-Reshammiya-Sudhakar-Sharma-Yeh-Hai-Jalwa |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Dhire Dhire |date= |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5rrkmXZG3l5Dwjllpw1Fua |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |''[[Kaante]]''
|"Rama Re"
| rowspan="6" | [[Anand Raj Anand|Anand Raaj Anand]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Dev Kohli]]
|[[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Anand Raaj Anand]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaante (June 2002, Cassette) |date=June 2002 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/13675746-Anand-Raaj-Anand-Lucky-Ali-VishalShekhar-Kaante |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rama Re |date=2002-06-28 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7c1m5A039cjQHzZa9Lw3xh |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|"Socha Nahin Tha"
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Socha Nahin Tha |date=2002-06-28 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1HwRA6ut0fQ8cfPNi7Jjw7 |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|"Rama Re (Thums Up Remix)"
|[[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Anand Raaj Anand]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Rama Re (Thums Up Remix) |date=2002-06-28 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5iYyWMsnTnzR7vWMA0hchY |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|"Maahi Ve"
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Maahi Ve |date=2002-06-28 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1wqdo6IYGnS4NYx98cWk1d |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Jaal: The Trap|Jaal]]''
|"Jo Pyar Tumne"
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|[[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]], [[Anand Raaj Anand|Anand Raj Anand]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaal (Aug 2002, CD) |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/304278887958?_ul=IN |access-date= |website= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Jo Pyar Tumne |date= |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/27ux7hlhATIJGTpvY8qQL1 |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!''Sandhya''
|"Sandhya"
|Shaheen Iqbal
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sandhya (Sept 2002, CD) |date=September 2002 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/12459484-Anand-Raj-Anand-Sandhya-The-Fear-Within |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
![[Hathyar (2002 film)|''Hathyar'']]
|"Sanjay Dutt's Theme" (score)
|Anand Raaj Anand
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sanjay Dutt & Shilpa Shetty get Married (Hathyar) | date=19 April 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1jkYt564cw |access-date=2023-06-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sanjay Dutt shoots himself (Hathyar) | date=19 April 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CaIS_SNKM8E |access-date=2023-06-24 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |2003
! rowspan="3" |''Valentine Days''
|"Jeena Jeena - English"
| rowspan="3" |Jayanta Pathak
| rowspan="3" |Roop Johari
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Mehnaz Hoosein|Mehnaaz]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jeena Jeena - English |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2V4gStjlZCMkV5EmG2HyCE |access-date=2023-06-21 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Jeena Jeena - Hindi"
|[[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Leslie Lewis]], [[Sanjeevani (singer)|Sanjeevani]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jeena Jeena - Hindi |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0AHote7fqLKWWhJF3JXOqn |access-date=2023-06-21 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Chahte Hain Pyaar"
|Swastika
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Chahate Hain Pyar |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6NmYF14cTBglUByGGLvpxy |access-date=2023-06-21 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost]]''
|"Koi Bheega He Rang Se"
|[[Anu Malik]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost |date=2003 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/12466223-Anu-Malik-Sameer-Mumbai-Se-Aaya-Mera-Dost |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Koi Bheege Hai Rang Se |date=2003-04-14 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7maVfE3mYseTVjfJKs2SGA |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]''
|"Bani Bani"
|Anu Malik
|[[Dev Kohli]]
|Chithra
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bani Bani |date=2003-01-01 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3D8ft7ZiUhIPojGw0knOlx |access-date=2023-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Chupke Se]]''
|"Dildara"
|[[Ranjit Barot]]
|[[Abbas Tyrewala]]
|[[Gayatri Ganjawala]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Chupke Se (...One More Reason To Smile!) |date=2003 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/12300780-Vishal-Bhardwaj-Gulzar-Chupke-Se-One-More-Reason-To-Smile |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Dildara |date=2003-05-27 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4zNGb7WyuvzdoTH5vUx07o |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="3"|''[[Mudda – The Issue|Mudda]]''
|"Sapne Saare"
|rowspan="3"|[[Jeet Gannguli|Jeet]]-[[Pritam]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Saurabh Shukla]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mudda (The Issue) |date=2003 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/12466287-Jeet-Pritam-Mudda-The-Issue |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|"Khwabon Ki (Male Version)"
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|
|-
|"Khwabon Ki (Female Version)"
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti]]
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Plan (film)|Plan]]''
|"Aane Wala Pal (2nd Version)"
|rowspan="2"|[[Anand Raaj Anand|Anand Raj Anand]]
|rowspan="2"|Dev Kohli
|rowspan="2"|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Anand Raaj Anand|Anand Raj Anand]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Babul Supriyo]]
|
|-
|"Aane Wala Pal"
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2004
! rowspan="2" |''[[Agnipankh]]''
|"Ishq Ishq Mein"
| rowspan="2" | [[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" | Ravi Basnet
|[[Kailash Kher]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Salim Merchant]]
|
|-
|"Rabba"
|[[Kailash Kher]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
|
|-
![[Aan: Men at Work|''Aan'']]
|"Jugnu Ki Payal"
|Anu Malik
| Tejpal Kaur
| Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
!''[[Garv]]''
|"Marhaba"
|[[Anu Malik]]
|Dev Kohli
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
!''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
|"Ek Hasina Thi"
| rowspan="2" |[[Amar Mohile]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Dominique
|
|-
!''[[Gayab]]''
| "Ek Hasina Thi (Remix)"
|
|-
!''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]''
|"Rama Re (The Boys Are Back Mix)"
|[[Anand Raj Anand]]
|Dev Kohli
|[[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
![[Fareb (2005 film)|''Fareb'']]
|"Jaaoon Kahan"
|Anu Malik
|[[Sayeed Quadri]]
|Udit Narayan, Shraddha Pandit
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Fareb |date=May 2005 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/13470365-Anu-Malik-Sayeed-Quadri-Fareb |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Jaoon Kahan |date=2005-07-05 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0TgenblkncPvhPvajUe2pC |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!''Brides Wanted'' (Unreleased film)
|"Payal Ki Cham Cham"
|[[Ranjit Barot]]
|Dev Kohli
|[[Shibani Kashyap]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ranjit Barot - Brides Wanted |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/24965035-Ranjit-Barot-Brides-Wanted- |language=en |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" |2006
!rowspan="2"|''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]''
|"Ya Ali"
|rowspan="2"|[[Pritam]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sayeed Quadri]]
|rowspan="2"|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Gangster - A Love Story |date=2006 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/11567792-Pritam-Sayeed-Quadri-Gangster-A-Love-Story |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ya Ali |date=2006-12-01 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1LJRNbwOZ9TopITPaWDbsr |language=en |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|"Ya Ali (Remix)"
|
|-
!rowspan="6"|''Strings''
|"Piya Milan Ko Jaana"
|rowspan="6"|[[Zubeen Garg]]

| Deepak Sneh
|Solo
|
|-
|"Kaise Kahoon"
|Ajay Jhingran, Zubeen Garg
|Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Ishq Namazi"
|Minu Singh
|rowspan="2"|Solo
|
|-
|"Ramo Ramo"
|Ajay Jhingran
|
|-
|"Rimjhim Rimjhim"
|Sumeet Acharya
|[[Anindita Paul]], Brishti Saikia
|
|-
|"Mantra (Om)"
|Baba Nagarjuna
|[[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], Sourain Roy Choudhuri
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Bas Ek Pal]]''
|"Zindagi Hosh Mein"
| rowspan="2" |Vivek Philip
| rowspan="2" |Amitabh Verma
|[[KK (singer)|KK]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bas Ek Pal |date=15 September 2006 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/21271087-Pritam-Mithoon-Vivek-Philip-Bas-Ek-Pal-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack |language=en |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Zindagi Hosh Mein (From "Bas Ek Pal") |date=2006-09-15 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/52noDYPxsTMJ4o8vWHWDXu |language=en |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref>
|-
|"Zindagi Hosh Mein (Remix)"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Zindagi Hosh Main - Remix |date=2006-09-15 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6HbUZf0WGodbagJiYU74ek |language=en |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]''
|"Jaane Kya"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Mayur Puri]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Pritam, Mayur Puri - Pyaar Ke Side/Effects |date=November 2006 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/17942224-Pritam-Mayur-Puri-Pyaar-Ke-SideEffects |language=en |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Jaane Kya |date=2006-06-20 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/56iHSxAZ2jKlUSDvIOcFxm |language=en |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Zindaggi Rocks]]''
|"Rabbi"
|rowspan="2"|[[Anu Malik]]
|rowspan="2"|Mudassar Aziz
|rowspan="2"|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Krishna Beura]]
|
|-
|"Rabbi (Remix)"
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]''
|"Subah Subah"
|rowspan="2"|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|rowspan="2"|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Subah Subah song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/subah-subah-4|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501064222/http://gaana.com/song/subah-subah-4|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Subah Subah (Remix)"
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Subah Subah Remix song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/subah-subah-remix|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508162148/http://gaana.com/song/subah-subah-remix|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="22" |2007
!''[[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]] ''
|"Hoga Hoga Khuda Gawa"
|[[Anand Raj Anand]]
|Sameer
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoga Hoga Khuda Gawa song info |url=http://gaana.com/song/hoga-hoga-khuda-gawah|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Kya Love Story Hai]]''
|"Jeena Kya Tere Bina"
|rowspan="2"|[[Pritam]]
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Jeena Kya Tere Bina song info|url=https://gaana.com/song/jeena-kya-tere-bina|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref>
|-
|"Jeena Kya Tere Bina (Remix)"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Jeena Kya Tere Bina Remix |url=https://gaana.com/song/jeena-kya-tere-bina-remix|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref>
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Namastey London]]''
|"Dilruba"
|rowspan="2"|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Alisha Chinai]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilruba song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/dilruba-25|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=10 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205855/http://gaana.com/song/dilruba-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Dilruba (Remix)"
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilruba Remix|url=http://gaana.com/song/dilruba-remix|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=10 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810191731/http://gaana.com/song/dilruba-remix|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Big Brother (2007 film)|Big Brother]] ''
|"Jag Lal Lal Lal"
|rowspan="2"|[[Sandesh Shandilya]]
|rowspan="2"| Anil Pandey
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jag Lal Lal song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Big-Brother/Jag-Lal-Lal-Lal-Lal-Ii/MSZbBxdyUlU|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Jag Lal Lal Lal (Version 3)"
|[[Ustad Sultan Khan]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jag Lal Lal III song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Big-Brother/Jag-Lal-Lal-Lal-Lal-Ii/MSZbBxdyUlU|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[Life Mein Kabhie Kabhiee]]''
|"Hum Khushi Ki Chah Mein"
|rowspan="2"|[[Lalit Pandit]]
|rowspan="2"|Sameer
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hum Khushi Ki Chah Mein song info|date=13 April 2007 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Life-Mein-Kabhie-Kabhiee/Hum-Khushi-Ki-Chah-Mein/Iy4hUDwHTkc|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Hum Khushi Ki Chah Mein (Duet)"
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hum Khushi Ki Chah Mein (Rock mix) song info|date=13 April 2007 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Life-Mein-Kabhie-Kabhiee/Hum-Khushi-Ki-Chah-Rock-Remix/OF45fDVyRUU|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Good Boy, Bad Boy]]''
|"Dard-E-Dil"
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|Sameer
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dard-E-Dil |date= 11 April 2007|url= http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Good-Boy-Bad-Boy/Dard-E-Dil/XT9YYj9ZQ2Q|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Raqeeb]]''
|"Tum Ho"
|[[Pritam]]
|Sameer
|[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tum Ho Meri Sadaa song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Raqeeb---Rival-In-Love/Tum-Ho-Meri-Duwa/JiwDUBtHQ2A|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Apne]]''
|"Ankh Vich" (Film Version)
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|Sameer
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Amrita Kak]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]''
|"Teri Tamanna"
|rowspan="3"|[[Mithoon]]
|rowspan="3"|Sayeed Quadri
|rowspan="3"|[[Shilpa Rao]], [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Teri Tamanna song info |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/teri-tamanna/id510344093?i=510344156|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208013132/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/teri-tamanna/id510344093?i=510344156|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2014|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|"Teri Tamanna (Euro Mix)"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Teri Tamanna (Euro Mix) song info |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/teri-tamanna-euro-mix-goldeyy/id510344093?i=510344169|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208013136/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/teri-tamanna-euro-mix-goldeyy/id510344093?i=510344169|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2014|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|"Teri Tamanna (Club Mix)"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Teri Tamanna (Club Mix) song info |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/teri-tamanna-club-mix-ak|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=18 September 2014}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]''
|"J-B-J"
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|[[Gulzar]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title= J-B-J Song Info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Jhoom-Barabar-Jhoom/Jbj/MTBGfTVFX1Q|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Bombay to Goa (2007 film)|Bombay to Goa]]''
|"Let's Enjoy"
|Nitin Shankar
|Shabbir Ahmed
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Enjoy song info|date=6 June 2007 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Journey-Bombay-to-Goa:-Laughter-Unlimited/Lets-Enjoy/BCwFWkJUeVk|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[My Friend Ganesha]]''
|"Shael Sutta Ki Aankhon"
|P. Shankar, Ahsan Ahmed, Nirmal-Shekar, R. Roy, Laxmi-Vasant
|Ravi Verma
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Shael Sutta Ki Aankhon song info|url=http://myswar.com/song_details/my-friend-ganesha-2007-shael-sutha-ke-ankhon-1|publisher=myswar|access-date=26 July 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
!''[[Naqaab (2007 film)|Naqaab]] ''
|"Ek Din Teri Rahoon (Remix)"
|Pritam
|Sameer
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Din Teri Rahoon (remix) song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Naqaab/Ek-Din-Teri-Raahon-Remix/JwwJeRNEU0I|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Victoria No. 203 (2007 film)|Victoria No. 203]]''
|"Zindagi Aa Gayi"
|[[Viju Shah]]
|[[Verma Malik]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Zindagi Aa Gayi song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/zindagi-aa-gayi|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''Kaisay Kahein''
|"Kee Kasoor"
|Pritam
|Kunwar Juneja
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kee Kasoor song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/kee-kasoor|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Manorama Six Feet Under]]''
|"Woh Bheege Pal"
|Jayesh Gandhi
|Surendra Mishra, Jayesh Gandhi
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Woh Bheege Pal Song Info|date=10 December 2007|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Manorama-Six-Feet-Under/Woh-Bheege-Pal-Zubeen-Garg/AhgzQy0FQUo|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="11" |2008
!scope="row" rowspan="4"|''[[Deshdrohi]]''
|"Tu Jaan Se Pyara"
|rowspan="4"|[[Nikhil-Vinay]]
|rowspan="4"|Kamal Rashid Khan
|rowspan="2"|[[Shweta Pandit]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Tu Jaan Se Pyara song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/tu-jaan-se-pyara|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Tu Jaan Se Pyara" (Remix)
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Tu Jaan Se Pyara Remix song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/tu-jaan-se-pyara-remix|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Mere Halaat Yeh"
|rowspan=2|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Mere Halaat Yeh song info |url=http://gaana.com/song/mere-halaat-ye|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Mere Halaat Yeh (Version 2)"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Mere Halaat Yeh Part 1 song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/mere-halaat-ye-1|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''Tera Naam''
|"Chashme baddoor"
|Vishnu Narayan
|Rishi Azad
|Solo
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]''
|"Rab Ka Banda"
|[[Sajid–Wajid]]
|Jalees Sherwani
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rab Ka Banda song info|date=January 2008 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Hello/Rab-Ka-Banda/Mh4mVzFmcHI|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Mission Istaanbul]] ''
|"Dildara"
|[[Anu Malik]]
|Sameer
|Sunidhi Chauhan
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Yaar Mera Dildara song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Mission-Istaanbul/Yaar-Mera-Dildaara/BDsGBzEHfmU|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Hastey Hastey]]''
|"Almaada Sere Khuda"
|[[Anu Malik]]
|Sameer
|rowspan=5|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Almaad Sere Khuda Song Info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Hastey-Hastey-Follow-Your-Heart/Almadad/JTAjAExHc0k|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3"|''[[Bombay to Bangkok]]''
|"Dheere Dheere"
|rowspan="3"|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|rowspan="3"|Mir Ali Husain
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dheere Dheere song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/dheere-dheere-7|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Dheere Dheere" (Remix)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dheere Dheere (remix) song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/dheere-dheere-remix|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Chahe Juda Ho" (Movie Version)
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
!''Key Club''
|"Ek Pal Tere Bina"
|Sagar Desai
|
|Solo
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Yeh Mera India|Y.M.I. Yeh Mera India]]''
|"Bansuri"
|Suhas, Siddharth, [[Kavita Seth]]
|Kavita Seth, Aasrif Dehlvi, N. Chandra
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Bansuri song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Y.M.I.-Yeh-Mera-India/Bansuri/PEU4V0V9WFo|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''Fast Forward''
|"Dil Mein Junoon Hai"
|Dj Akbar Sami
|Irshad Kamil, Shabbir Ahmed
|rowspan="3"|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Dil Mein Junoon Hai song info|date=27 November 2012|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Fast-Forward/Dil-Mein-Junoon/Nz8yWQB8A2Y|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[London Dreams]]''
|"Shola Shola"
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|[[Prasoon Joshi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Shola Shola song info|date=16 September 2009 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/London-Dreams/Shola-Shola-Hai-Tu/F1A5WhMCVVU|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="9"|2010
|''[[Daayen Ya Baayen]]''
|"Bhor Ka Saaj"
|Vivek Philip
|
|rowspan=3|Solo
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|''Musaa-The Most Wanted''
|"Waqt Bada Baimaan"
|rowspan="2"|Illyas, Jaideep, Santosh Sharma
|rowspan="2"|Ibrahim Ashiq
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Waqt Bada Baimaan O Rabba song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Musaa-The-Most-Wanted/Waqt-Bada-Baimaan-O-Rabba/ElsBVTkFXkY|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Dil Ne Jise Apna Kaha"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dil Ne Jise Apna Kaha song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Musaa-The-Most-Wanted/Dil-Ne-Jise-Apna-Kaha/SAsYQRleQn0|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|''[[Aashayein]]''
|"Ab Mujhko Jeena"
|rowspan="2"|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|rowspan="2"|Mir Ali Husain
|rowspan="2"|Samishka Chandra
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ab Mujko Jeena song info |url=http://gaana.com/song/ab-mujhko-jeena|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Ab Mujhko Jeena" (Remix)
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Ab Mujko Jeena (Remix) song info |url=http://gaana.com/song/ab-mujhko-jeena-remix|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Kuchh Kariye]]''
|"Wajood Ki Talash Hai"
|Onkar, Sumitra Iyyer
|Salim Bijnori
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], Navraj
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Wajood Ki Talash Hai song info|url=http://myswar.com/song_details/kuchh-kariye-2010-wajood-ki-talash-hai-9|publisher=myswar|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085347/http://myswar.com/song_details/kuchh-kariye-2010-wajood-ki-talash-hai-9|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|''[[Aakhari Decision]]''
|"Maula Mere Maula"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Hanif Sheikh
|rowspan="3"|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Maula Mere Maula song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Aakhari-Decision/Maula-Mere-Maula-Mere/QRkgHEcCDwo|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Maula Mere Maula" (Remix)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Maula Mere Maula (Remix) song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Aakhari-Decision/Maula-Mere-Maula-Mere-Remix/JQZfVCF9bl8|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''Mission 11 july''
|"Maula Reham Kar"
|Afsar – Sajid
|Shahab Allahabadi
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|''Pal Pal Doley Mann''
|"Dil Doley"
|rowspan="2"|Timothi Hanche Das, Biman Baruah, Arup Dutta
|rowspan="2"|Pawan Mishra
|rowspan="2"|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Doley song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/dil-doley|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
|"Poitha Bhat"
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Poitha Bhat song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/paita-bhaat|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319113236/http://gaana.com/song/paita-bhaat|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]''
|"Jaana Hai"
|[[Pritam]]
|Jaideep Sahni
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaana Hai song info |url=http://gaana.com/song/jaana-hai-5|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|2012
!scope="row"|''Its Rocking Dard-e-Disco''
|"Mohabbat"
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|Virag Mishra
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Mohabbat song info|date=15 October 2012|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Its-Rocking-Dard-E-Disco/Mohabat/AhABay5KBHU|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''
| "Oh My God (Soundtrack)"
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Oh My God (Soundtrack) song info|date=24 August 2012|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/OMG-Oh-My-God!/Oh-My-God-Sound-Track/EQQfWjl3T3Q|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Raaz 3D]]''
|"Kya Raaz Hai"
|[[Jeet Ganguly]]
|Kumaar
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kya Raaz Hai song info|date=24 August 2012|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/OMG-Oh-My-God!/Oh-My-God-Sound-Track/EQQfWjl3T3Q|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|''Umang''
|"Akela Hoon Mein"
|rowspan="2"|[[Jagdish Lalwani]]
|rowspan="2"|Shadab Akhtar
|rowspan="2"|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Akela Hoon Mein song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/akela-hoon-main-3|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Akela Hoon Mein" (Remix)
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Akela Hoon Mein Remix song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/akela-hoon-main-remix|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2013
!scope="row"|''[[Mahabharat (2013 film)|Mahabharat]]''
|"Kaal Kyon"
|Rajendra Shiv
|Asad Ajmeri
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaal Kyon Song Info|date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Mahabharat/Kaal-Kyon/RFgyQgNWBVg|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|''[[Krrish 3]]''
|"Dil Tu Hi Bataa"
|rowspan="2"|[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|rowspan="2"|Sameer
|rowspan="2"|[[Alisha Chinai]]
|<ref name="gaana1">{{cite web |title= Dil Tu Hi Bataa song info |url=http://gaana.com/song/03-dil-tu-hi-bataamp3|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Dil Tu Hi Bataa" (Remix)
|<ref name="gaana1"/>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Bloody Isshq]]''
|"Kill Me"
|[[Ashok Bhadra]]
|Kumaar
|[[Usha Uthup]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kill Me song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/kill-me|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319224941/http://gaana.com/song/kill-me|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2014
!scope="row"|''[[Mumbai 125 KM 3D]]''
|"Tere Bina"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Harshit Tomar
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tere Bina Song info|date=20 December 2013 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Mahabharat/Kaal-Kyon/RFgyQgNWBVg|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015
!scope="row"|''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]''
|"Yeh Kaisi Jagah"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|[[Rashmi Virag]]
|Deepali Sathe
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Chinar Daastaan-E-Ishq]]''
|"Alvida"
|Salim Sen, Siddique Sen
|Jamil Ahmed
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Alvida song info |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/alvida/id1126338814?i=1126339386|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921201910/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/alvida/id1126338814?i=1126339386|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2016|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Meeruthiya Gangster]]s''
|"Title Song"
|[[Vivek Kar]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Dev Negi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Title Song Info |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/meeruthiya-gangsters-from/id1033840830?i=1033840978|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000536/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/meeruthiya-gangsters-from/id1033840830?i=1033840978|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2016|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/meeruthiya-gangsters-music-review-title-track-has-smart-but-noisy/article_f1a25e28-4dd3-11e5-b381-23b2dc93335e.html|title='Meeruthiya Gangsters' Music Review: Title Track Has Smart but Noisy Lyrics|date=29 August 2015|work=IndiaWest.com|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901100911/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/meeruthiya-gangsters-music-review-title-track-has-smart-but-noisy/article_f1a25e28-4dd3-11e5-b381-23b2dc93335e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[One Last Question]]''
|"Chalte Chalte"
|[[Anurag Saikia]]
|Rohit Nikam
|Solo
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|''[[Dil Toh Deewana Hai]]''
|"Dil Toh Deewana Hai (Title Track)"
|rowspan="2"|[[Zubeen Garg]], [[Anand Raj Anand]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Kumar Vishwas]]
|rowspan="2"|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dil Toh Deewana Hai Song Info |date = 24 February 2016|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dil-toh-deewana-hai/id1118904686?i=1118904824|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921205013/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dil-toh-deewana-hai/id1118904686?i=1118904824|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2016|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=5 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|"Dhoop Khile Jab Tum Muskarao"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhoop Khile Jab Tum Muskarao Song Info |date = 24 February 2016|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dhoop-khile-jab-tum-muskarao/id1118904686?i=1118904887|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921204956/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dhoop-khile-jab-tum-muskarao/id1118904686?i=1118904887|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2016|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=5 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2017
!scope="row"|''Galti Sirf Tumhari''
|"Tera Chehara"
|Sahil Rayyan
|Salim Ashfee
|Salim Ashfee
|rowspan=2|Solo
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Gangs Of North East]]''
|"Dhire Dhire"
|rowspan = "2" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Benjamin
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Mission China]]''
|"Naino Se Nikalte"
|Sumit Acharjya
|Tori
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Love You Family]]''
|"Tune Chhua – Baras Jaa"
|Naresh Karwala
|Naresh Karwala
|Megna Yagnik
|
|-
|2021
![[Murder at Teesri Manzil 302|''Murder At Teesri Manzil 302'']]
|"Ishq Nayo Karna"
|[[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid-Wajid]]
|Jalees Sherwani
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ishq Nayo Karna {{!}} Murder At Teesri Manzil 302 {{!}} Music Video {{!}} Watch Now on ZEE5 | date=10 January 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTi-FMrFF0Y |language=en |access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
|2022
!''[[Shadow Assassins]]''
|"Kabhi Dhoop Kabhi Chaon"
|Ashu Chakraborty
|Raajhorshee De
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kabhi Dhoop Kabhi Chaon (From "Shadow Assassins") | date=19 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khvdH0SLqVk |language=en |access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref>
|-
|2024
!''[[Woh Bhi Din The]]''
|"Roothoon"
|[[Joi Barua]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Monali Thakur]]
|
|-
|}

==Hindi webseries songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:23%;"| Webseries
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:21%;"| Song
! scope="col" style="width:17%;"| Composer(s)
!Writer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:18%;"| Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"| Ref.
|-
! ''[[TVF Tripling]]:(Season 2)''
| 2019
|"Tu Kahaan Hai"
| Nilotpal Bora
| Hussain Haidry
| Solo
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Tu Kahaan Hai |date=2019-04-03 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3JW9ymWCxaI4DZuu1sSqmI |language=en |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Hindi album songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Album
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col"| Composer(s)
!Writer(s)
! scope="col"| Co-singer(s)
! scope="col"| Ref.
!Notes
|-
! colspan="8" |Indipop album songs
|-
| rowspan="8" |'''1995'''
! rowspan="8" |''Chandni Raat''
|"Chandni Raat Hai Sanam"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="5" |Solo
|
| Hindi version of "Hahaile Tumi".
|-
|"Asha Meri Asha"
|
|Hindi Version of "Asha Mur Asha".
|-
|"Maya Kaisi Hai Yeh Maya"
|
|Hindi version of "Maya Mathu Maya".
|-
|"Akhiyan Hain Ya Koi"
|
|
|-
|"Come On Sweet Girl"
|
|Hindi version of "Tumi Janane".
|-
|"Kaise Kahon Kab Se Mein"
|Kavita Krishnamurthy
|
|
|-
|"Mehbooba O Mehbooba"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web|title="Mehbooba O Mehbooba" (Zubeen's First Animation Video)|url=https://vimeo.com/594234827|access-date=2020-08-30|website=Vimeo|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Anjana O Neelanjana"
|Kavita Krishnamurthy
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |'''1996'''
! rowspan="8" |''Chanda''
|"Chanda"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="2" |Jonkey Borthakur
|
|
|-
|"Pyar Se"
|
|
|-
|"Kal Ko"
|rowspan="10" |Solo
|
|
|-
|"Jeevan Hai"
|
|
|-
|"Geet Gane"
|
|
|-
|"Ye Sach Hai"
|
|
|-
|"Jeena"
|
|
|-
|"Door"
|
|Hindi version of "Dur Duronire Mon Jonaki Mon".
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''1998'''
! rowspan="4" |''Yuhi Kabhi''
|"Yuhi Kabhi"
| rowspan="3" |Miko
|Anant Joshi
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Citation |title=Zubeen Garg, Jojo, Ajay Singha Miko - Yuhi Kabhi |date=1998 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/15323196-Zubeen-Garg-Jojo-Ajay-Singha-Miko-Yuhi-Kabhi |language=en |access-date=2022-07-28}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Tum Aur Tumhara Khayal"
| rowspan="2" |Miko
|
|-
|"Kya Yeh Pyar Hein"
|
|-
|"I Need Your Love Today"
|Zubeen Garg
|Sumeet Achariya
|Hindi version of "Tumi Nidiya".
|-
| rowspan="7" |'''2000'''
! rowspan="5" |''Sparsh''
|"Iss Duniya Ki Raahon Mein"
| rowspan="5" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title="Iss Duniya Ki Raahon Mein"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NvulTi4wqM|access-date=2020-08-17|website=YouTube| date=31 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Naam Apna"
|<ref>{{Citation|title="Naam Apna Likh Gaya Hai" by Zubeen Garg and Sagarika|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgyFxF0QDGo|access-date=2018-06-17|website=YouTube| date=27 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Sunoh Yeh Aasman"
|<ref>{{Citation|title="Sunoh Yeh Aasman" (Cover Song)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQ9NXN_DhVA|access-date=2010-12-12|website=YouTube| date=11 November 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title="Sunoh Yeh Aasman" (Original Version)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C86unXVIcY|access-date=2020-08-12|website=YouTube| date=16 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Kabhi Socha"
|[[Sagarika|Sagarika Mukherjee Da Costa]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title="Kabhi Socha (Cover Song)"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6cNCWnj-Lk|access-date=2011-11-27|website=YouTube| date=10 November 2011 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Kya Hone Laga Mujhe"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|[[Mahalaxmi Iyer]], [[Sagarika|Sagarika Mukherjee Da Costa]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title="Kya Hone Laga Mujhe" - Zubeen Garg, Mahalaxmi Iyer and Sagarika| date=9 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQwkGbsx7dE|publisher=YouTube|access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Syndrome Of Love''
|"Yeh Leheren"
| rowspan="2" |Saba
| rowspan="2" |Saba
|Padmini
|
|
|-
|"Kuch Lamhe"
|Solo
|
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |'''2007'''
![[Ustad Sultan Khan & Friends: Yaad Piya Ki Aayi|''Ustad Sultan Khan & Friends'']]
| "Chand Taare"
|Suhel Rais Khan
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Chand taare Song Info|url=http://myswar.com/song_details/ustad-sultan-khan-friends-yaad-piya-ki-aayi-2007-chand-taare-7|publisher=myswar|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085351/http://myswar.com/song_details/ustad-sultan-khan-friends-yaad-piya-ki-aayi-2007-chand-taare-7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Rasiya Saajan''
|"Rasiya Saajan"
| rowspan="3" | [[Ismail Darbar]]
|
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rasiya Saajan song info|url=https://mio.to/album/Rasiya+Saajan|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=8 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608084521/http://mio.to/album/Rasiya+Saajan|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Ranaiya"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranaiya song info|url=https://mio.to/album/Rasiya+Saajan|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=8 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608084521/http://mio.to/album/Rasiya+Saajan|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Rasiya Saajan (Dance Mix)"
|
|
|
|-
!''Indian Brothers''
|"Maula"
| colspan="2" |Hanif Shaikh
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Maula (Full Song) - Zubeen Garg - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2007-07-26 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/maula/NlwbZT5-eXU |language=en-US |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref>
|
|-
! rowspan="10" |'' [[Zindagi (album)|Zindagi]]''
|"Jia Lage Na"
| rowspan="10" |Alaap Dudul
|
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jia Lage Na Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/jia-lage-na-1|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Jia Re Jia"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jia Re Jia Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/jia-re-jia-re|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915125623/http://gaana.com/song/jia-re-jia-re|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Nazaren Karam Ho"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nazaren Karam Ho Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/shaam-dhal-jaye|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Pal Pal Bekal"
|
|rowspan=2|[[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pal Pal Bekal Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/pal-pal-bekal|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Shaam Dhal Jaye"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaam Dhal Jaye Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/shaam-dhal-jaye|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Tu Hi Tu Hai"
|
|[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tu Hi Tu Hai Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/tu-hi-tu-hai-3|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Udte Parindon Ke"
|
|rowspan=4|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Udte Parindon Ke Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/udte-parindon-ke|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Udte Parindon Ke (House Mix)"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Udte Parindon Ke song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Zubeen+Garg/Zindagi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019214429/https://mio.to/album/Zubeen+Garg/Zindagi|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2021|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/zindagi-kahin-gum-hai|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai (Remix)"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai (Remix) Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/zindagi-kahin-gum-hai|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''2008'''
! rowspan="4" |''Deewangi Bole Log''
|"Allah Allah Mere Maula"
| rowspan="4" |Nayab Raja
|
|Rubina
| rowspan="4" |
|
|-
|"Tera Sayan Nahin"
|
|rowspan=3|Solo
|
|-
|"Ishq Hua"
|
|
|-
|"Qurbaan Meri Zindagi"
|
|
|-
!''Aye! Hip Hopper – IshQ Bector ''
|"My World- O June Junali"
|Ishq Bector
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=My World- O June Junali song Info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Junglee-Mirchi-Mix/Aye-Hip-Hoppers---Ishq-Bector/HQ8kAg5ncnk|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
! rowspan="2" | ''Phir Aaya Bihu Jhum ke 1''
| "Dil Mein Tu Hai"
| rowspan="2" |
|
| rowspan="2" |Sumedha
|
|
|-
| "Neend Uri Mera Chain"
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''2009'''
! rowspan="4" |''Phir Aaya Bihu Jhum Ke 2''
|"Dil Diwana"
|rowspan=4|
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dil Diwana song Info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Phir-Bhiu-Aaya-Jhoom-Ke/Dil-Diwana/NiYzUjBJflc|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| "Dilruba"
|
|rowspan=2|Sumadha
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dilruba song Info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Phir-Bhiu-Aaya-Jhoom-Ke/Dilruba/XT8YeiRmZkA|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| "Gori Jara"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gori Jara song Info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Phir-Bhiu-Aaya-Jhoom-Ke/Gori-Jara/KT8bUh5kfnA|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| "Bihu – Alop Morom"
|
| Jonki
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihu – Alop Morom song Info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Phir-Bhiu-Aaya-Jhoom-Ke/Bihu---Alop-Morom/XREIbgBAfGw|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2009'''
!''Humm – Towards Nirvana''
| "Titliyon Jaisa Mann"
|Kamlesh Shaamaniya
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Titliyon Jaisa Mann Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/titliyon-jaisa-mann|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510023748/http://gaana.com/song/titliyon-jaisa-mann|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
!''A.R. Rahman – Signature Collection (CD 3)''
| "Main Ramta Jogi"
|[[A.R. Rahman]]
|
| [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramta Jogi |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/A.R.-Rahman-Signature-Collection/Main-Ramta-Jogi/BQcnBANGYGQ|publisher= |access-date=17 August 2015 |website=}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''2010'''
! rowspan="2" |''Azadi – Voice of the People (Sampler)''
| "Abhi Abhi"
| rowspan="2" |
|
| rowspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|"Azadi"
|
|
|
|-
!''ARRK ''
|"Sunle Rahi"
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|
|-
|'''2011'''
!''Teri Aankhein''
| "Ya Khuda"
|Raaj Ashoo
|Murli Agarwal
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ya Khuda Song Info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Teri-Aankhein/Ya-Khuda/RykmBiRAZkM|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="15" | '''2013'''
! rowspan="8" | ''[[Pakeeza (album)|Pakeeza]]''
|"Pakeeza"
| rowspan="8" | [[Zubeen Garg]]
|rowspan="8" | Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="8" | Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakeeza Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/pakeeza|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|rowspan="8" |First album composed, sung, and written solely by him.
|-
|"Piya"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Piya Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/piya-3|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Kehkasha"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Kehkasha Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/kehkasha|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Piya More"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Piya More Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/piya-more |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Chalte Chalo Re"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Chalte Chalo Re Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/chalte-chalo-re|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Rama Rama"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Rama Rama Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/pakeeza|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"I Can Live For You"
|
|-
|"Kafur"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kafur Song Info |url=http://gaana.com/song/kafur|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''Bahon Mein''
|"Hai Badtameez"
|
|
|
|
|Recorded the song in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#Tbt the recording session with Zubeen... - Staccato Records |url=https://www.facebook.com/795742413822775/posts/tbt-the-recording-session-with-zubeen-garg-for-the-album-baahon-meinreminiscence/3135306846532975/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Dil Ki Zubaan''
|"Karam Kar Aie Elahi"
| rowspan="2" | Yasin Darbar
|
| rowspan="2" |
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Karam Kar Aie Elahi Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/karam-kar-aie-elahii|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Naina To Naina"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Naina To Naina Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/naina-to-naina|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |''Ishq Forever''
|"Farog Zindgi Main"
| rowspan="4" | Amit Sharad Trivedi
|
| rowspan="4" | Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Farog Zindgi Main Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/farog-zindgi-main|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209231535/http://gaana.com/song/farog-zindgi-main|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Mera Yaar Mila De Rabba"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mera Yaar Mila De Rabba Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/mera-yaar-mila-de-rabba|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209231745/http://gaana.com/song/mera-yaar-mila-de-rabba|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Teri Talash"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Teri Talash Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/teri-talash-hai|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717141410/http://gaana.com/song/teri-talash-hai|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Teri Talash (Remix)"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Teri Talash (Remix)|url=http://gaana.com/song/teri-talash-hai-remix|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717141416/http://gaana.com/song/teri-talash-hai-remix|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''2017'''
! rowspan="5" |''Sufi Ishq''
|"Ishq Hua"
| rowspan="5" |Nayab Raja
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Ishq Hua Song Info |date=30 September 2017|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Sufi-Ishq/Ishq-Hua/GxlfRQwdBFU|publisher=Saavn.com|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Allah Allah"
|
|Shabina, Rubina
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Allah Allah Song Info |date=30 September 2017|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Sufi-Ishq/Allah-Allah/JCUqQTgGcmQ|publisher=Saavn.com|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Qurban Meri Zindagi"
|
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Qurban Meri Zindagi Song Info |date=30 September 2017|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Sufi-Ishq/Qurban-Meri-Zindagi/RT4eCAx5QHw|publisher=Saavn.com|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|-
|"Tu Hi Tu"
|
|
|
|-
|"Tu Meri Aashiqui"
|
|Shabina
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Tu Meri Aashiqui Song Info |date=30 September 2017|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Sufi-Ishq/Tu-Meri-Aashiqui/OSZSYQN3Z1c|publisher=Saavn.com|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
! colspan="8" |Cover/Tribute Album Songs
|-
| rowspan="12" |'''1996'''
! rowspan="12" |''Shraddhanjali Vol-1''
|"Hume Tum Se Pyar"
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hume Tumse Pyar Kitna/(Shraddhanjali) Audio cassette by Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/53udyrVfxJM |access-date=2023-07-05 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Roop Tera Mastana"
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Roop Tera {{!}} Cover By Zubeen Garg {{!}} Shraddhanjali {{!}} Kishore Kumar {{!}} Aradhana |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2ATzHKrG9U |language=en |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Karvate Badalte"
| rowspan="24" |
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Karvaten Badalte Rahe song {{!}}{{!}} Zubeen garg & priyanka Bharali {{!}}{{!}} Hindi old song {{!}}{{!}} Kishore kumer {{!}}{{!}} | date=22 August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbU9ZMkNAx4 |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Dil Kya Kare"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dil Kya Kare Jab Kisi Se {{!}} Cover By Zubeen Garg {{!}} Kishore Kumar {{!}} Julie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hm8aDkgIlmI |language=en |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Pal Pal Dil Ke"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Chandni Raat Mein"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"O Mere Dil Ke"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Ghungroo"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Kora Kagaz"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kora Kagaz Tha Yeh Man Mera {{!}} Cover By Zubeen Garg & Anupama Deshpande {{!}} Aradhana |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WedywqtUPs |language=en |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>
|
|-
|"O Majhi Re"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=O Majhi Re Apna Kinara {{!}} Cover By Zubeen Garg {{!}} Shraddhanjali {{!}} Khushboo {{!}} Kishore Kumar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4Uz_Qbuin4 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Hum Dono"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Chalte "Chalte"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Chalte Chalte by Zubeen Garg | date=31 January 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQUZR6LgIYw |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |'''1997'''
! rowspan="12" |''Shraddanjali Vol-2''
|"Main Hoon"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Din Mahine"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=remake hindi song by zubeen garg, origin kishur kumar lata mangeshkar | date=30 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHWCSQ5xwtc |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"O Sathi Re"
|
|Anupama Deshpande
|<ref>{{Citation |title=O Sathi Re {{!}} Cover By Zubeen Garg {{!}} Shraddhanjali {{!}} Muqaddar Ka Sikandar {{!}} Rekha, Amitabh Bachan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MROi0k8Vid8 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Kitne Khoob"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Chingaree"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Pardeshi"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Tujh Sang"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Gum Hai"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Mere Naina"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Remake hindi song by zubeen garg mere naina origin kishur kumar | date=30 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt9X1viSqjs |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Yeh Jeevan"
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Musafir Hoon"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Musafir by zubeen garg | date=21 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkuDy1jB3RY |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Tere Bina"
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |''Shraddanjali Vol-3''
|"Ankhon Mein Humne Aapke"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ankhon Mein Humne Aapke {{!}} आँखों में हमने {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Shraddhanjali {{!}} Kishore {{!}} Thodi Si Bewafai |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCBL0b2oQLQ |language=en |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Meet Na Mila"
|
|Saswati
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Meet na mila re mon kaa by zubeen garg (cover) | date=10 March 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kO6vDqiNii0 |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Gore Rang Pe Na"
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Zubeen Garg-Gore Rang Pe Na Itna Gumaan Kar (HINDI) | date=24 June 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzULdR3zQaE |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Aakhon Mein Kajal Hai"
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Aankhon Mein Kajal Hai {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Shraddhanjali {{!}} Kishore K., Lata M. {{!}} Doosara Aadmi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avnhB_hsmjM |access-date=2023-07-05 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Phoolon Ka Taaron Ka"
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Phoolon Ka Taron Ka {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Shraddhanjali {{!}} Kishore Kumar {{!}} Hare Ram Hare Krishna |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La7rxJZiKxw |access-date=2023-07-05 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|'''2000'''
!''Bhoomi''
|"Xuno Xuno Re Xuro" ''(Assamese song)''
|[[Sankardev]]
|[[Sankardev]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen & Download Latest MP3 Hindi, English, Bollywood Songs Online|url=https://wynk.in/music|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Wynk Music|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| '''2002'''
!''Mur Sapunare Katha''
|"Hindustan Hindustan"
|[[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]]
|[[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]]
|Solo
|
|
|-
| '''2003'''
! ''Desh''
|"Bande Shubhu"
|
|
|Ranju, Basanta, [[Shibani Kashyap]], Bandana, Amrina
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2006'''
! rowspan="2" |''Bollywood Unplugged''
|"Lakhoon Hain Nighan Mein (Unplugged)"
|
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Lakhoon Hain Nighan Mein |date=2006-09-07 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7hBVUkZGu9pbMBvlfbfE0v |language=en |access-date=2023-02-17}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Ruk Jaana Nahin (Unplugged)"
|
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ruk Jana Nahin (Unplugged) |date=2006-09-07 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3oFPMs5p6A6GYO1jepv46I |language=en |access-date=2023-02-17}}</ref>
|
|-
! colspan="8" |Remix Album Songs
|-
|'''1998'''
!''Jalwa''
|"Hum Kisi Se Kam Nahin (Tribal Medley Mix)"
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jalwa Dance Hungama - Vol. 1 Part 1 | date=21 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t40bI8oFWcA |language=en |access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''1999'''
! rowspan="3" |''Jadoo''
|"Saara Zamana (Savage lovers mix)"
|
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Saara Zamana (Savage Lovers Mix) - DJ Akbar Sami - Jadoo Remix - Hindi Bollywood Remix - Yaarana | date=23 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci8S0kgvtYo |language=en |access-date=2022-07-28}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Ek Ladki Ko Dekha" (Plugs out mix)"
|
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jadoo Remix: DJ Akbar Sami |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00KE8ESEW/ref=cm_sw_r_awdo_G4S4NR2XMYERXHAG2Y4D_0 |access-date=2022-07-28}}</ref>
|
|-
|"The Jadoo Medley"
|
|
|Kunal Ganjawala,
|<ref>{{Citation |title=09 The Jadoo Medley (The Heart Attack Mix) | date=17 September 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yNtkbbLdYs |language=en |access-date=2022-07-28}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2000'''
! rowspan="2" |''Jalwa 2''
|"Raat Baaki (A Mood For Love)"
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|"Dil Lena Khel Hai (Play It Again Baby)"
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |'''2001'''
! rowspan="5" |''Desivoice.com''
|"Shola Jo Bhadke"
|
|
|Padmini Iyer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=DESI BOYZ ~ DESIVOICE.COM ~ not Bollywood / Indipop Hindi CD ~ 2001 ~ new |url=https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/393894683666 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=eBay |language=en-gb |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728180001/https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/393894683666 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|-
|"Chingadi Koi Bhadke
|
|
|Solo
|
|
|-
|"Yeh Ladka Hai Allah"
|
|
|Mahalaxmi Iyer
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Yeh Ladka Hai Allah ( The Desi Boyz Mix) {{!}} Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer {{!}} Trend no. 1 album song | date=9 December 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLLE-TbVN8g |language=en |access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Rote Hue"
|
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Rote Hue / Hindi Song By Zubeen Garg / Desi boys 2002 | date=4 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGQqoZJ8PtA |language=en |access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai"
|
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ye Jo Mohabbat Hai {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Desi Boyz - 2001 |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nVHvNQs8wSI |language=en |access-date=2022-10-12}}</ref>
|
|-
!''Smash Hits (Vol 1)''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!''Dance Dhamaka (Vol 1)''
|"Roop Tera Mastana"
|
|
|Solo
|
|Reused from "Shraddhanjali Vol 1".
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2002'''
! rowspan="2" |''Dance Masti Again''
|"Gum Hai Kisi Ke Pyar Mein - The 'Lost Inside Your Love' Mix"
|[[R. D. Burman]] ''(Remix by [[Instant Karma (band)|Instant Karma]])''
|
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Caralisa Monteiro]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghum Hai Kisi Ki song info |url=http://play.raaga.com/hindi/album/Dance-Masti-Again-songs-v000658|publisher=raaga|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Pardesia - The 'Euro' Mix"
|[[Rajesh Roshan]] ''(Remix by Instant Karma)''
|
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''2003'''
!''Aur Ek Haseena Thi''
|"Chadhti Jawaani"
|
|
|Shaswati Phukan
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Jaa Re Jaa''
|"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas"
| rowspan="3" |
|
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pal Pal song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Jaa-Re-Jaa---Desi-Boyz/Pal-Pal/JQQRfzJVRlU|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Zindagi Ka Safar"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Zindagi Ka Safar song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Jaa-Re-Jaa---Desi-Boyz/Zindagi-Ka-Safar/NjJdc0VCZ1o|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Ek Haseena Thi"
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Hasina Thi song info|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Jaa-Re-Jaa---Desi-Boyz/Zindagi-Ka-Safar/NjJdc0VCZ1o|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''2004'''
!''AK-47 & other hits''
|"Jhooth Bole Kauwa Kante"
|
|
|Shashwati
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sajid-Wajid - AK- 47 & Other Hits |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/25151275-Sajid-Wajid-AK-47-Other-Hits |language=en |access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Yeh Parda Hata Do''
|"Yeh Teri Aankhen Jhuki Jhuki - Remix"
|
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Yeh Teri Aankhen Jhuki Jhuki - Remix|date=January 2004|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3cqodUSE9UGdwhDnGV4BtL|language=en|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Naino Mein Sapna - Remix"
|
|
|Deepali Joshi
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Naino Mein Sapna - Remix|date=January 2004|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2P1al8I9ONjjips4DlOLVi|language=en|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''2005'''
! ''Power Play Version 1.0''
| "Ishq Mera Bandagi"
|''(Remix by [[DJ Aqeel]])''
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishq Mera Bandagi Song Info |url=http://play.raaga.com/hindi/album/Power-Play-Version-10-songs-v000571|publisher=raaga|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Dance Attack
|"Bachna Ae Hasinon"
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bachna Ae Hasinon |date=2005-06-30 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/27LvTwj3AtFOg7wWq7IzE9 |language=en |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Janu Meri Jaan"
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Janu Meri Jaan |date=2005-06-30 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2G6ZkytkY1TVmRITx9j46F |language=en |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
|
|-
|"Lekar Hum Deewana Dil"
|
|
|Pamela Jain
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Lekar Hum Diwana Dil (Remix) (Full Song) - Zubeen Garg, Pamela Jain - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2006-12-31 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/lekar-hum-diwana-dil-remix/GD0vczh8Q0o |language=en-US |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''2006'''
! rowspan="2" |''Dance Masti Forever''
|"Raat Kali - The 'Midnight Lady' Mix"
|[[R. D. Burman]] ''(Remix by Instant Karma)''
|
|Pervez Quadir, Caralisa Monteiro
|
|
|-
|"Mere Dil Mein Aaj Kya Hai - The 'Amorous Lover' Mix"
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] ''(Remix by Instant Karma)''
|
|Solo
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Sanober & The Masti Express''
| "Dil Nahi Lagda"
|
|
|Sanober
|
|
|-
|"Chadhti Jawaani" ''(Aur Ek Haseena Thi-2003)''
|
|
|Shaswati Phukan
|
|
|-
|2007
!Audiograph
|"Madhoshiyan"
|DJ Vkey
|
|Rupjyoti
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=3J38XGAzjmMvPBA7&v=nMNmig9LLUE&feature=youtu.be |title=Audiograph : Full Album {{!}} Audio Jukebox {{!}} DJ Vkey |date=2024-12-30 |last=Hit Gaane Station |access-date=2025-05-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|
|-
|'''2008'''
!''Jalwa Returns''
|"Om Shanti Om"
|''(Remix by DJ Akbar Sami)''
|
|Solo
|
|
|-
|}

==Hindi singles==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|-
!Year
!scope="col" style="width:30%;"|
Song
!scope="col" style="width:40%;"| Composer(s)
!scope="col" style="width:25%;"| Writer(s)
!scope="col" style="width:20%;"| Co-singer(s)
!scope="col" style="width:1%;"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|"Tere Bina"
|Nanda Banerjee
|Chitra Dudhoria
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Tere Bina Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/tere-bina-177|access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>
|-
|"Chalte Chalte"
|Nanda Banerjee
|Chitra Dudhoria
|Solo
|
|-
|2018
|"Rang De Chunariya"
|Tabun
|Meerabai
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|"Ek Nazar"
|Abhinov borah
|Rita Rai
|Angel Rai
|
|-
|"Sajna"
|Angel Borthakur
|Angel Borthakur, Abhinav Majumdar
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Sajna Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/sajna-132|access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>
|-
|"Aane Wala Pal"
|Abhinov Borah
|Rita Rai
|Angel Rai
|
|-
|"Ranjhana"
|Abhinov Borah
|Rita Rai
|Angel Rai
|
|-
|2020
|"Vande Mataram"
|Jadunath Bhattacharya (Recreated by Shekharjyoti Goswami)
|Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|"Aye Khuda"
|Arbind / Lyton
|Moied Elhaam
|Angel Rai
|
|-
|"Kangan"
|Angel Borthakur
|Abhinav Majumdar, Angel Borthakur
|Ritrisha Sharma
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kangan|date=17 November 2021|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1h5vfpX2okpiuZCvTiWjmz}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|"Aya Eid Ka Din"
|Ritu Zeid
|Bilkis Inam, Babul
|Bilkis Inam
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen to Aya Eid Ka Din on Spotify | website=[[Spotify]] |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5FsQvTyXa8IcbhF2ETOBWO?si=1rTeqPClSKG0tI6JSSJofA |date=2022 |access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>
|-
|"Yeh Dil"
|Priyanku Bordoloi
|Anupam Nath
|Nitumoni Kalita
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025
|"Bajti Guitar Pe Raatain"
|Pulak Das
|Chitra Dudhoria
|Solo
|
|-
| "Beetein Saare Pal"
| Bishwajeet Chauhan
| Bishwajeet Chauhan
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen to Beetein Satre Pal on Spotify | website=[[Spotify]] |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/13CaDFkkjzV3SYGh3ERPZS |date=2025 |access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>
|}

==Hindi replaced songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Replaced By
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" |Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|1998
!''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|"Taram Pum"
|[[Babul Supriyo]]
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|
|-
|1999
![[Taal (film)|''Taal'']]
|"Nahin Samne Tu"
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
![[Gangster: A Love Story|''Gangster'']]
|"Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai"
|[[KK (singer)|KK]]
|[[Pritam]]
|
|<ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Zubeen Garg Interview {{!}} Xakhyat with Ajit Kumar Bhuyan on Prag News | date=31 July 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT77SmzYLlY |language=en |access-date=2022-12-01}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Woh Lamhe...|Woh Lamhe]]''
|"Kya Mujhe Pyar Hai"
|[[KK (singer)|KK]]
|[[Pritam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=May 15, 2006 |title=Let's get vocal... {{!}} undefined News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/lets-get-vocal-/articleshow/1531588.cms |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: The voice behind Gangster's Ya Ali |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/07sd5.htm |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=specials.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|2016
!''[[Raaz: Reboot]]''
|"Lo Maan Liya"
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Zubeen at India Beats - India TV Part 2 | date=8 April 2007 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lA4U1BvtB9k |language=en |access-date=2022-12-23}}</ref>
|-
|2016
!''[[Kaabil]]''
|"Kaabil Hoon - Title Track"
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zubeen Garg - Singing for Hrithik Roshan's new movie... |url=https://www.facebook.com/ZUBEENsOFFICIAL/photos/a.441320525930993/1090522607677445/?type=3 |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last= |title=With The "Roshans"- #RakeshRoshan sir and #RajeshRoshan sir while recording a song for an upcoming movie! @iHrithik |url=https://twitter.com/palakmuchhal3/status/690147169442107392 |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
!''[[Milan Talkies]]''
|"Shart"
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|[[Rana Mazumder]]
|
|<ref name=":12">{{Citation |title=আকৌ বলীউদৰ ছবিত গীত গালে জুবিন গাৰ্গে {{!}}{{!}} Zubeen in Celebrity Northeast Festival | date=17 December 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1zAX8deJJc |language=en |access-date=2022-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Zubeen Garg in Bollywood again | date=17 December 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrXal1xVkQw |language=en |access-date=2022-11-27}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
|}

==Bengali film songs==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|''Year''
! scope="col" style="width:23%;"|Movie
! scope="col" style="width:21%;"|Song
! scope="col" style="width:18%;"|Composer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:18%;"|Writer(s)
!Co- singer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:1%;" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2003'''
! rowspan="2" | ''Mon (Dubbed)''
| "Mon Pakhi Hoye"
| rowspan="2" | Manash Hazarika & Dilip Nath
| rowspan="2" |Goutam Kumar Chakraborty
|[[Queen Hazarika]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mon Pakhi Hoye Ure Jabe {{!}} Mon {{!}} Bengali Movie Song {{!}} Zubeen Garg | date=12 April 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y37ZV0i8TPI |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|"O Mon Bolaka"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=O Mon Balaka Aaj Kothay Harale {{!}} Mon {{!}} Bengali Movie Song {{!}} Zubeen Garg | date=6 October 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaMYoWAtKtM |language=en |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''2004'''
! rowspan="3" |''[[Shudhu Tumi]]''
|"Ektuku Chhoan Lage"
| rowspan="3" | [[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="3" |Sumit Acharya
|Solo
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Shudhu Tumi songs info|date=January 2004 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shudhu-tumi/lEUdwOaxDZU_|publisher=JioSaavn|access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Bheja Bheja Smritir Pathor"
|Solo
|-
|"Piriti Kathaler Agatha"
|Pritha Mazumdar
|-
! ''[[Premi]]''
|"O Bondhu Re (Tor Khushi Te)"
| [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| Gautam Susmit
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=O Bondhu Re song info|date=July 2005 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/o-bondhu-re/HFA8fxleTmU|publisher=JioSaavn|access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''2008'''
! ''[[Golmaal (2008 film)|Golmaal]]''
| "Akashe Batashe"
| [[Ashok Bhadra]]
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Akashe Batashe song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/golmaal-song-aakashe-batase-khushir-galpo/20985/24742|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120516/http://www.gomolo.com/golmaal-song-aakashe-batase-khushir-galpo/20985/24742|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]''
| "Piya Re Piya Re"
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|Priyo Chattopadhyay
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Piya Re Piya Re song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Chirodini+Tumi+Je+Amar+%282008%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001055035/http://mio.to/album/Chirodini+Tumi+Je+Amar+%282008%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2014|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Hello Kolkata]]''
| "Alo Ar Adharer"
| Abhijeet Bose
|
|Solo
|
|-
! ''[[Love Story (2008 film)|Love Story]]''
| "Mon Jete Chay"
| Jolly Mukherjee
| Saran Dutta
|Janiva Roy
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Na]]''
| "Mon Mane Na"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|rowspan="2" |Priyo Chattopadhyay
|[[June Banerjee]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mon Mane Na song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Mon+Maane+Naa+%282008%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014100806/http://mio.to/album/Mon+Maane+Naa+%282008%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2014|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Subho Mangalam"
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Subho Mangalam song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Mon+Maane+Naa+%282008%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014100806/http://mio.to/album/Mon+Maane+Naa+%282008%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2014|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" | '''2009'''
! scope"row" |''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re]]''
| Aami Tomari Thakbo
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|Priyo Chattopadhyay
|
|
|-
!''[[Chaowa Pawa (2009 film)|Chaowa Pawa]]''
| "Bondhu Aaj Theke"
| [[Ashok Bhadra]]
|
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Friend''
| "Tomar Chobi"
| rowspan="3" |[[Akassh]]
| rowspan="3" |
|
|
|-
|"Tomay Bhebey"
|
|
|-
|"Deshi Murgi"
|
|
|-
! ''[[Prem Aamar]] ''
| "Bojhena Se Bojhena"
| Jeet Gannguli
| Gautam Sushmit
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bojhena Se Bojhena song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/prem-amar-song-bojhe-na-se-bojhe-na/22028/24481|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115837/http://www.gomolo.com/prem-amar-song-bojhe-na-se-bojhe-na/22028/24481|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! '' Krodh ''
| "Bhule Thaka Chilo Bhalo"
| Babul Bose
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhule Thaka Chilo song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/krodh-song-bhule-thaka-chhilo-bhalo/22102/24509|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Keno Kichhu Kotha Bolo Na''
|"Dooba Dooba"
| rowspan="2"|Jeet Gannguli
|
|[[Pamela Jain]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dooba Dooba song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/keno-kichhu-kotha-bolo-naa-song-dooba-dooba/21808/24410|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
|"Maula Re Maula"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Maula Re Maula song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/keno-kichhu-kotha-bolo-naa-song-maula-re-maula/21808/24411|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224633/http://www.gomolo.com/keno-kichhu-kotha-bolo-naa-song-maula-re-maula/21808/24411|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Dujone ''
|"Kar Chokhe"
| rowspan="3" |Jeet Gannguli
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Monali Thakur]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kar Chokhe song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/dujone-song-karo-chokhe-chokh-rekhe/21964/24449|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211005/http://www.gomolo.com/dujone-song-karo-chokhe-chokh-rekhe/21964/24449|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Badhua"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Badhua song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/dujone-song-badhua/21964/24446|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
|"Badhua (Sad)"
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Badhua (Sad) song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/dujone-song-badhua-sad/21964/24447|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210404/http://www.gomolo.com/dujone-song-badhua-sad/21964/24447|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Bolo Na Tumi Aamar]] ''
| "Bolo Na Tumi Aamar" (Reprise)
| rowspan="2" |Jeet Gannguli
|Gautam Sushmit
|Monali Thakur
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bolo Na Tumi Amar song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/bolo-na-tumi-aamar-song-bolo-na-tumi-aamar-title-song/22062/23480|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=7 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307103835/http://www.gomolo.com/bolo-na-tumi-aamar-song-bolo-na-tumi-aamar-title-song/22062/23480|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Aaina Mon Bhanga"
| Priyo Chattopadhyay
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Aaina song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/bolo-na-tumi-aamar-song-aaina-emon-bhanga-aaina/22062/23479|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130047/http://www.gomolo.com/bolo-na-tumi-aamar-song-aaina-emon-bhanga-aaina/22062/23479|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''Amar Sangee ''
| "Je Premete"
| Babul Bose
| Goutam Susmit
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Je Premete song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/amar-sangee-song-je-preme-swapno-dekhe-mon/21824/24473|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824072902/http://www.gomolo.com/amar-sangee-song-je-preme-swapno-dekhe-mon/21824/24473|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="19" |'''2010'''
! rowspan="2" | ''Mon Je Kore Uru Uru''
|"Na Jene Mon"
| rowspan="2" |Jeet Gannguli
|
|rowspan="2" | Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Na jene Mon song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-je-kore-uru-uru-song-na-jane-mon/39894/23407|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729233529/http://www.gomolo.com/mon-je-kore-uru-uru-song-na-jane-mon/39894/23407|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Tor Pirite"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tor Pirite song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-je-kore-uru-uru-song-tor-peerite/39894/23405|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729233534/http://www.gomolo.com/mon-je-kore-uru-uru-song-tor-peerite/39894/23405|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Love Circus]]''
| "Love Circus"
| Ashok Bhadra
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Circus song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/love-circus-song-love-circus-love-circus/22091/24311|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |''Mon Niye''
| "Mon Niye"
| rowspan="4" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mon Niye (Title song) song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-niye-song-mon-niye-title-song/22092/23361|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
|"Ki Je Holo"
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ki Je Holo song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-niye-song-ki-je-holo/22092/23362|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131418/http://www.gomolo.com/mon-niye-song-ki-je-holo/22092/23362|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Chena Chena"
|
|Anindita Paul
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Chena Chena song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-niye-song-chena-chena/22092/23363|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210343/http://www.gomolo.com/mon-niye-song-chena-chena/22092/23363|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Jonaki Mon"
|Diganta Bharati
|Anindita Paul, Soham Chakraborty
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jonaki Mon song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-niye-song-jonaki-mon/22092/23364|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=7 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407153434/http://www.gomolo.com/mon-niye-song-jonaki-mon/22092/23364|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Mon Aamar Shudhu Tomar''
|"Bho Katta"
| rowspan="3" | Shubhayu
| rowspan="3" |
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bho Katta song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-aamar-shudhu-tomar-song-bho-katta/22104/24316|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
|"Janina Ami Kichu"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Janina Ami Kichu song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-aamar-shudhu-tomar-song-jani-na-ami-kichhu/22104/24317|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195234/http://www.gomolo.com/mon-aamar-shudhu-tomar-song-jani-na-ami-kichhu/22104/24317|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Lage Na Lage Na Mon"
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Lage Na Lage Na Mon song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mon-aamar-shudhu-tomar-song-lage-na-lage-na/22104/24318|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121036/http://www.gomolo.com/mon-aamar-shudhu-tomar-song-lage-na-lage-na/22104/24318|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" |''Kachhe Achho Tumi''
|"Chokhe Chokhe"
| rowspan="7" | [[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|[[Anindita Paul]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Chokhe Chokhe song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/chokhe-chokhe|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Ei Rangeen"
|
|[[June Banerjee]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ei Rangeen song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/ei-rangin|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Chupi Chupi"
|
|Shaan, Zublee
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Chupi Chupi song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/chupi-chupi|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Kachhe Acho Tumi"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kachhe Acho Tumi song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/kachhe-aachho-original|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Prem Agune"
|
|Shaan, June Barerjee
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Prem Agune song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/kachhe-achho-tumi-song-prem-aagune/38966/23564|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222031543/http://www.gomolo.com/kachhe-achho-tumi-song-prem-aagune/38966/23564|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Keno Je"
|
|Kumar Sanu
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Keno Je song info |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/keno-je/ITdZVyVBQQM|publisher=JioSaavn|access-date=12 Feb 2025}}</ref>
|-
|"Kachhe Achho-Remix"
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kachhe Achho-Remix song info |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/kachhe-aachho-remix/ByENVTNgeWQ|publisher=JioSaavn|access-date=12 Feb 2025}}</ref>
|-
! ''Jor Jar Muluk Tar''
| "Bondhu Tin Din"
| Ashok Raaj
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bondhu Tin Din song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/jor-jar-muluk-tar-song-bondhu-tindin/22063/23223|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194859/http://www.gomolo.com/jor-jar-muluk-tar-song-bondhu-tindin/22063/23223|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Hangover (2010 film)|Hangover]]''
|"Made in India"
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Made in India song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/lattoo-song-bhabnar-tuli-diye/44174/29526|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528162151/http://www.gomolo.com/lattoo-song-bhabnar-tuli-diye/44174/29526|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14" |'''2011'''
! ''[[100% Love (2011 Bengali film)|100% Love]]''
| "Ek Mutho Swapno (Sad)"
| Jeet Gannguli
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Mutho Swapno song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/100-love-song-ek-mutho-swapno/43777/24896|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120401/http://www.gomolo.com/100-love-song-ek-mutho-swapno/43777/24896|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Khokababu]]''
| "Tore Niye Jai"
|rowspan="2" | Rishi Chanda
| rowspan="2" | Gautam Sushmit
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tore Niye Jai song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/khokababu-song-tore-niye-jai/42053/25085|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121325/http://www.gomolo.com/khokababu-song-tore-niye-jai/42053/25085|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Soniye Tu Janiye Tu"
|June Banerjee
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Soniye Tu Janiye Tu song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/khokababu-song-soniye-tu-janiye-tu/42053/25088|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200203/http://www.gomolo.com/khokababu-song-soniye-tu-janiye-tu/42053/25088|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''Baaz''
| "Du Chokhe"
| Debojit
|
|Solo
|
|-
! ''Bhalo Meye Mondo Meye''
| "Bhalobasha" | "Bhalobasha"
|Ashok Bhadra
|
|Solo
|
|-
! ''Best Friend''
|"Bhool Bojhatai Ei Jiboner"
| Ashok Bhadra
|
|Solo
|
|-
! ''[[Paglu]]''
| "Prem Ki Bujhini"
|Jeet Gannguli
| Prasenjit Mukherjee
|Akriti Kakkar
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Prem Ki Bujhini song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/paglu-song-prem-ki-bujhini/41111/23417|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
! ''Ogo Bideshini''
|"Du Chokher Oi Neel Aakashe"
| Ashok Bhadra
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Du Chokher Oi Neel Aakashe song info |date=6 May 2011 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/duchokher-oi-neel-akashe/XT8gBB9of10|publisher=JioSaavn|access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
! ''Love Me''
| "Firbena Firbena Ei Mon"
|
|
|Solo
|
|-
! ''Superstar – A Love Story ''
|"Keu Jane Na"
|Ashok Raaj
|
|[[Anweshaa]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Keu Jane Na song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Superstar+-+A+Love+Story+%282011%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305132410/http://mio.to/album/Superstar+-+A+Love+Story+(2011)|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! ''Unish Kurir Galpo''
| "Swapno Bhanga"
| Arup Pranay
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Swapno Bhanga song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/unish-kurir-galpo-song-swapno-bhanga-ei-andhakare/40877/23293|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120216/http://www.gomolo.com/unish-kurir-galpo-song-swapno-bhanga-ei-andhakare/40877/23293|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Romeo (2011 film)|Romeo]]''
| "Mon Toke Dilam"
| Jeet Gannguli
| Priyo Chattopadhyay
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mon Toke Dilam Song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Romeo+%282011%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014132057/http://mio.to/album/Romeo+%282011%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2014|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Piya Tumi''
|"Mahiya (Male)"
| rowspan="2" |Ashok Bhadra
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahiya song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/piya-tumi-song-mahiya/41278/23253|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111213/http://www.gomolo.com/piya-tumi-song-mahiya/41278/23253|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Mahiya Keno Mon"
|
|Nirupama Roy
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahiya Keno Mon song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/piya-tumi-song-mahiya-mon-je-mane-na/41278/23250|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224653/http://www.gomolo.com/piya-tumi-song-mahiya-mon-je-mane-na/41278/23250|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |'''2012'''
! rowspan="2" | Tor Naam
| "O Bondhu Re"
| Akaash
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=O Bondhu Re song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Tor+Naam+(2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731191509/http://mio.to/album/Tor+Naam+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2015|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Hare Hare Rama"
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|
|Neelakshi
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hare Hare Rama song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Tor+Naam+(2012)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731191509/http://mio.to/album/Tor+Naam+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2015|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |''[[Idiot (2012 film)|Idiot]]''
| "Pagli Toke Rakhbo"
| rowspan="4" |Shree Pritam
|
|[[Akriti Kakar|Akriti Kakkar]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pagli Toke Rakhbo song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Idiot+%282012%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204111347/http://mio.to/album/Idiot+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2015|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Jhor Othe Mone"
|
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jhor Othe Mone song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Idiot+%282012%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204111347/http://mio.to/album/Idiot+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2015|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Hori Din To Gelo"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hori Din To Gelo song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Idiot+%282012%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204111347/http://mio.to/album/Idiot+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2015|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Heavy Lagchhe"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Heavy Lagchhe song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Idiot+%282012%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204111347/http://mio.to/album/Idiot+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2015|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"|'' [[Paglu 2]]''
| "Khuda Jaane"
| rowspan="2" |Jeet Gannguli
|rowspan="2" |Prasen
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Shyam Bhatt
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Khuda Jaane song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Paglu+2+%282012%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012081806/http://mio.to/album/Paglu+2+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2014|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Habudubu Habudubu"
|[[Akriti Kakkar]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Habudubu Habudubu Song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Paglu+2+%282012%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012081806/http://mio.to/album/Paglu+2+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2014|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Phire Esho Tumi''
|"Kichu Chupi Chupi Kotha"
| rowspan="2" |Ashok Bhadra
|
| June Banerjee
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kichhu Chupi Chupi Kotha song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/phire-eso-tumi-song-kichhu-chupi-chupi-katha/44004/25517|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141444/http://www.gomolo.com/phire-eso-tumi-song-kichhu-chupi-chupi-katha/44004/25517|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Kichhu Kichhu Kotha"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kichhu Kichhu song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/phire-eso-tumi-song-kichhu-kichhu-katha-bola-jay-na/44004/25518|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210355/http://www.gomolo.com/phire-eso-tumi-song-kichhu-kichhu-katha-bola-jay-na/44004/25518|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Jaaneman (2012 film)|Jaaneman]] ''
|"Tomar Amar Prem"
| Jeet Gannguli
| Priyo Chattopadhyay
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomar Amar Prem song info |url=http://mio.to/album/Jaaneman+%282012%29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816142715/http://mio.to/album/Jaaneman+%282012%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2014|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" |'''2013'''
! ''Majnu''
| "Lonely Very Lonely"
| Savvy Gupta
|Prasen
| Solo
|-
! ''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]''
| "Love You Soniyo"
| Jeet Gannguli
| Prasen
|[[Monali Thakur]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Love You Soniyo song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/rongbaaz-song-love-you-soniyo/45666/29744|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121742/http://www.gomolo.com/rongbaaz-song-love-you-soniyo/45666/29744|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Khiladi (2013 film)|Khiladi]]''
| "Pagol Ami Already"
| rowspan="2" |Shree Pritam
|rowspan="2" |Shree Pritam
| [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pagol Ami Already Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/pagol-ami-already|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006153425/https://gaana.com/song/pagol-ami-already|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|"Ki Diya Banaise"
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ki Diya Banaise Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/ki-diya-banaiche-tore-bhogoban|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006153424/https://gaana.com/song/ki-diya-banaiche-tore-bhogoban|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Khoka 420]]''
|"Bin Tere Tere Bin"
| Shree Pritam
| Smarajit Bandyopadhyay
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bin Tere Tere Bin Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/song/bin-tere-tere-bin|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006153443/https://gaana.com/song/bin-tere-tere-bin|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''Latto''
| "Bhabnaar Tuli Diye"
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhabnaar Tuli Diye song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/lattoo-song-bhabnar-tuli-diye/44174/29526|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528162151/http://www.gomolo.com/lattoo-song-bhabnar-tuli-diye/44174/29526|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Kanamachi (film)|Kanamachi]]''
| "Dil Dorodiay"
| Rishi Chanda
| Prasen
|[[June Banerjee]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Dorodiay song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/kanamachhi-song-dil-darodiya/44000/29344|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201900/http://www.gomolo.com/kanamachhi-song-dil-darodiya/44000/29344|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Deewana (2013 film)|Deewana]]''
| "De Signal"
| Dev Sen
| Prasenjit Mallick
| June Banerjee, Dev Sen
|<ref>{{cite web |title=De Signal song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/de-signal-1|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Megh Roddur]]''
| "Aaj Abar Ami Eka"
| Rishi Chanda
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Aaj Abar Ami Eka song info|url=http://www.gomolo.com/megh-roddur-song-aaj-aabar-aami-eka/44715/29136|publisher=gomolo|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=18 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618000916/http://www.gomolo.com/megh-roddur-song-aaj-aabar-aami-eka/44715/29136|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[Nishwartha Bhalobasa]] ''
| "Dhakar Pola"
| rowspan="3" |Akassh
| rowspan="2" |Akassh
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|
|-
|"Dhakar Pola" (Remix Version)
|
|-
! ''Ak Tukro Tara''
| "Kande Re"
|Debangshu
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kande Re I কাঁদে রে I Zubeen Garg I Akassh I Ak Tukro Tara I 2013 Film Song info| website=[[YouTube]] | date=30 August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdJPZeZGtiY&ab_channel=Akassh |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |'''2014'''
! '' Action ''
| "Main Aashiq Hoon"
| Akassh
|Priyo Chattopadhyay
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Main Aashiq Hoon song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/main-aashiq-hoon|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506051602/http://gaana.com/song/main-aashiq-hoon|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Bindaas (2014 film)|Bindaas]]''
| "Ajke Ei Khushir Dine"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| Priyo Chattopadhay
|Solo
|
|-
! ''Mangrove''
| "Majhi Re Majhi Re"
| Barun & Subrata
|
| Solo
|
|-
! ''Rater Rajanigandha''
| "Jibon Re"
|Devjit Roy
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jibon Re song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/jibon-re-1|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=30 July 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
! ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar 2]]''
|"Maula"
|Jeet Gannguli
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Maula Song Info |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/maula-re-maula-from-chirodini/id848867678|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306231542/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/maula-re-maula-from-chirodini/id848867678|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Taan (2014 film)|Taan]] ''
|"Dure Kache Aar Kache Dure"
| rowspan="2" |[[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
|
|rowspan="2" | Solo
|
|-
|"Fagun" (Male)
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Fagun(Male) song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/fagun|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-date=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513010305/http://gaana.com/song/fagun|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Sare Chuattar Ghoshpara''
| "Bara Bare Ar Asa Hobena"
| rowspan="2" | Ashok Bhadra
|
| Solo
|
|-
|"Chol Jai Tor Hath Dhore"
|
| June Banerjee
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''2015'''
! ''[[Romeo vs Juliet]]''
|"Saiyaan"
| Savvy
|Prasen
|[[Akriti Kakkar]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Saiyaan Song Info|url=http://gaana.com/album/romeo-vs-juliet-original-motion-picture-soundtrack|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Miss Butterfly''
| "Sathiyaa"
| rowspan="2" |[[Shree Pritam]]
|
|Sirshaa Rakshit
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sathiyaa song info|date=26 September 2015 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/bengali/Miss-Butterfly/Sathiyaa/AjAPWTdeRUQ|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
|"Legeche Agun"
|
|Poornima Shrestha
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Legeche Agun song info|date=26 September 2015 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/bengali/Miss-Butterfly/Legecha-Agun/NVoAXS4EGnk|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
! ''Grohon''
| "O Priya"
|
|
|Sreeja Sengupta
|
|-
! ''Gurukripa''
| "E Kemon Prithibi"
|Ashok Bhadra
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= E Kemon Prithibi song info|url=http://gaana.com/song/e-kemon-prithibi|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|gaana]]|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
! ''Fakebook''
|"Mon"
| Dolaan Mainnakk
|
| Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''2016'''
! ''Don No 1''
| "Tor Thonte Lovely Smile"
| Ashok Bhadra
|
| June Banerjee
|
|-
! ''[[Prem Ki Bujhini]]''
| "Rang Dilo"
|[[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| Soumyadeb
| Solo
|
|-
! ''[[Sesh Sangbad]]''
| "Mahi Ve"
| Amit Sur
|
| Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Tui Je Amar''
| "Ektu Chowate"
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Bhadra]]
|
|[[Anweshaa|Anwesha Datta Gupta]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ektu Chowate song info|date=March 2016 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/bengali/Tui-Je-Amar/Ektu-Choyate/RB44eyV2YkE|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| "Swapno Sotti Holo"
|
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Swapna Sotti Holo song info|date=March 2016 |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/bengali/Tui-Je-Amar/Swapna-Sotti-Holo/IVBGYQVxRkc|publisher=[[saavn]]|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''2017'''
! ''[[Premi O Premi]]''
| "Onek Kotha Chilo"
| Akassh
|Robiul Islam Jibon
| Solo
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''Golir Messi''
|"E Parate Ekta Messi"
| rowspan="3" | Manas Kd. Madhyam
| rowspan="3" |Ran Samiran
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|
|-
|"Ebuker Agoone"
|
|-
|"Ekta Bhul Kije Jantrana"
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''2018'''
! ''Tobuo Basanta''
| "Chena Chena Pather Kuasa Soriye"
| Soumitra Chattopadhyay (Ramji)
| Priyo Chattopadhyay
| Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Chena Chena Pather Kuasa Soriye song info| date=27 August 2018 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5FpEBWb0PQE&feature=youtu.be|via=YouTube|access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
!''Tui Sudhu Amar''
| "Shanai Er Sur"
| Dolaan Mainnakk
|
| Mahalakshmi Iyer
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanai er Sur song info| date=22 August 2018 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_fVuJ0RoLwI|via=YouTube|access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
!''Wrong Route''
| "Bony Bony Bony"
| Dev Sen
|
| Vicky A Khan, Dev Sen
|
|-
!''Ami Toke Valobasi''
|"Ami Valo Nei"
|Kundan Saha
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ami Valo Nei (Full Song) - Zubeen Garg - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2018-05-23 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/ami-valo-nei/RAscRCRSQ3s |language=en-US |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''2019'''
!''The Nagarik''
| "Samayer Kotha Ar"
| Debanshu Chakraborty
|
| Moumita Ghosh
|
|-
!''Samsara''
| "Shomoy Er Mayajal"
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
| Sumit Acharya
| Bornali Kalita
|
|-
!''O Bandhu Amar''
|"O Bandhu Amar (Title Track)"
|Joy - Anjan
|Bethun Bera
|Solo
|
|-
| '''2021'''
! ''Kisalay''
| "Bhalo Thake Mon"
| Amit Mitra
| Sannoy Mitra
| Indrani Banerjee
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Bhalo Thake Mon|date=2021-11-08|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4F16cXoWM1l3k2piq6gbht|language=en|access-date=2021-11-13}}</ref>
|-
|'''2022'''
!''Reality Show''
|"Ichhe Manei Toh Swapno Dekha"
|Ashok Bhadra
|
|Solo
|
|}

==Bengali album songs==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:1%;"|''Year''
! scope="col" style="width:23%;"|Album
! scope="col" style="width:21%;"|Song
! scope="col" style="width:18%;"|Composer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:18%;"|Writer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:18%;"|Co- singer(s)
! scope="col" style="width:20%;"|Notes
! scope="col" style="width:1%;" |Ref.

|-
|rowspan="8" |1997
!rowspan="8" |''Surer Upahar''
|"Ken Je Tumi"
|rowspan="8" |Sudeep-Sumit
|rowspan="8" |Sumeet Acharya
|rowspan="4" |Mousumi Sahariya
|rowspan="8" |Debut Bengali album
|
|-
|"Je Kothati"
|
|-
|"Ek Din Nibire"
|
|-
|"Aaji Mon Shute"
|
|-
|"Ronge Howa Swapno"
|Mousumi Alifa
|
|-
|"O Amar Nilanjana"
|Mousumi Sahariya
|
|-
|"Tomar Premre Poresi"
|Mousumi Alifa, Mousumi Sahariya
|
|-
|"Romeo Bole Majno"
|Mousumi Sahariya
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | 1999
!rowspan="3" |
|"Jhiri Jhiri Ei Borosha"
|rowspan="3"|Unknown
|rowspan="3" |Unknown
|Sagarika
|rowspan="3" | Although these songs were initially recorded in 1999, originally as part of Zubeen's second Bengali album, they were never made available to the public. This was his only Bengali album featuring Sagarika, where they performed only duet song titled "Jhiri Jhiri Ei Borosha", and it stands as one of the few Zubeen songs that went unreleased. Subsequently, it has occasionally appeared in bootleg or demo tapes.
|<ref>{{cite web|title=JHIRI JHIRI AAI BOROSAI Bengali Song By Zubeen Garg #zubeengarg #zubeengargmusic #bengalisong |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whrUGqBmRrc|website=YouTube|accessdate=2026-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418194519/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whrUGqBmRrc|archivedate=2026-04-18}}</ref>
|-
|"Maas Kinte Jamu"
|rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|-
|"Chanderi Josona"
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2007
! rowspan="8" |''Tumi''
|"Aase Ki Na Aase"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="8" |Sumit Acharya
|Solo
| rowspan="8" |
|
|-
|"Mayabini"
|Kalpana
|
|-
|"Pakhi"
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|
|-
|"Naar Neiya Re"
|
|-
|"Tumi"
|
|-
|"Maya"
|
|-
|"Ke Sukhi Dharay"
|Kalpana
|
|-
|"Chokheri Tarate"
|Kalpana
|
|-
| rowspan="7" scope="row" | 2011
! rowspan="7" |''Prem ''
|"Amar Gaaner Kothay"
| colspan="2" rowspan="7" |Raju Saha
| rowspan="2" |Solo
| rowspan="7" |
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Amar Gaaner Kothay Song Info|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/amar-gaaner-kothay/581060056?i=581060110|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Majhi Re"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Majhi Re Song Info|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/majhi-re/581060056?i=581060119|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Swapno Gulo"
| Manisha
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Swapno Gulo Song Info|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/majhi-re/581060056?i=581060119|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Akash Neele"
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Oi Akash Neele Song Info|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/oi-akash-neele/581060056?i=581060126|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumi Keno Amake"
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Tumi Keno Amake Song Info|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tumi-keno-amake/581060056?i=581060127|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Bujhi Ni Ami"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bujhi Ni Ami Song Info|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bujhi-ni-ami/581060056?i=581060249|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|"Jare Jare Mon"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jare Jare Mon Song Info|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/jaare-jaare-mon/581060056?i=581060250|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2012
! rowspan="4" | ''More Priya ''
|"More Priya"
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Priyam Saha
| rowspan="4" |Solo
| rowspan="4" |
|<ref>{{Citation |title=More Priya |date=2022-12-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7KvdOhQU4DxHDdtiepjpCm |language=en |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zubeen Garg - Released... Bengali album "MORE PRIYA"... |url=https://www.facebook.com/ZUBEENsOFFICIAL/photos/a.441320525930993/456674737728905/?type=3 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Dil Dil"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Dil Dil |date=2022-12-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0zrQxyoHWvf8TRoJyugP7I |language=en |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref>
|-
| "Hiya Jole"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Hiya jole |date=2022-12-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3PuOQiCMAUoyVmnpfmPddu |language=en |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref>
|-
| "Ei Pagol Mon"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ei Pagol Mon |date=2022-12-09 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7IAzffijMxenSXXIrHkEMd |language=en |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref>
|-
|2013
! ''Bondhu Jodi''
| "Bondu Jodi (Title Track)"
| Abhijit Bhattacharjee
|Sumit Acharya
| Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bondhu Jodi |date=2025-05-19 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bondhu-jodi/tLK2,r8xsIQ_ |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2015
! rowspan="2" | ''Bondhu Aamar''
|"Bondhu Aamar"
|rowspan="2" | Samrat Bose
|rowspan="2" | Barnali
| Somchanda Bhattacharya
| rowspan="2" |
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bondhu Aamar|date=2025-05-19 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2WBddS2VELfIsZsFqMhBgi?si=3ee566a6e0e343e4 |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| "Toke Chhara"
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Toke Chhara |date=2025-05-19 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1b984Dp386tQY2xt2QdhUA?si=21ceacec25cb4137 |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
| ''Firbona Ar Bari (Bangladeshi Album)''
| "Firbona Bari (Title Track)"
| Palash Choudhury
|Palash Choudhury
| Solo
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
! ''O Kanye''
| "Konna Re Tui"
| Ashok Bhadra
|Ashok Bhadra
| Chhanda, Gargi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Konna Re Tui |date=2025-05-19 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0wgU14EsUWrRnt3wkvKRA7?si=91b9819e324a471a |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
! rowspan="2" | ''Bristi''
| "Jham Jhama Jham"
| rowspan="2" | Tapas Bhadury
| rowspan="2" | Priyo Chattopadhyay
| rowspan="2" |Solo
| rowspan="2" |
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jham Jhama Jham |date=2025-05-19 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0kiwoZXv8AxduIuS53IB70?si=d6a04dd5c7a1495b |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
|"Mon Jaa Chay"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Mon Jaa Chay |date=2025-05-19 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3VoPf5Act4FRz6UHoWCZMu?si=6ea644192dc24770 |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
!''Ehsaas''
|"Tor Jonye Swapno Dekhechi"
|colspan="2" | Lincon Roy Chowdhury
|Solo
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Tor Jonye Swapno Dekhechi | date=19 May 2025|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3ifRygrjLxdZVyo8mPmlyu?si=f75aae60596e4aac |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
! ''Aaj Baaja Tui Dhaak''
|"Aaj Baaja Tui Dhaak"
|Bickram Ghosh
|Sugata Guha
|Amit Kumar, Hariharan, Shaan, Sona Mohapatra, Mahalakshmi Iyer, Kaushiki Chakraborty
|His Last Bengali Pujo song recorded
|<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Aaj Baaja Tui Dhaak|date=2021-10-06|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/48Kj3jWFO94l4KX2cc1cwn|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>
|}

==Bengali singles==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2019
| "O Mon"
| colspan="2" | NeeL
| Solo
| <ref>{{Citation |title=O MON II A Bengali Sad song by Zubeen Garg II NEEL II 2019 |date=2025-05-19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqVVTWn3MCc&ab_channel=NeeLzEntertainment |language=en-US |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| "O Baby"
| rowspan="3" | Prasun Das
| rowspan="2" | Riddhi Barua
| rowspan="3" | Raisha
| <ref>{{Citation |title=O Baby {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Raisha {{!}} Official Music Video {{!}} Bangla New Song 2021 |date=6 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHfmvtaFefw |language=en |access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref>
|-
| "Kurban"
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Kurban (feat. Zubeen Garg) by Raisha Malik |date=2021-07-28 |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/kurban-feat-zubeen-garg/1578931536?i=1578931537 |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104062208/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/kurban-feat-zubeen-garg/1578931536?i=1578931537 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| "Paroto Hath Bariye Dao"
| Prasen
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Paroto Hat Bariye Dao by Raisha Malik |date=2021-07-28 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/paroto-hat-bariye-dao/1578649711?i=1578649715 |language=en-US |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104062207/https://music.apple.com/us/album/paroto-hat-bariye-dao/1578649711?i=1578649715 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022
| "Yarra Ve"
| colspan="2" | Lincon Roy Chowdhury
| Solo
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Yarra Ve song info |date=19 May 2025 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/04PMlrDiGyO4XDEHBZxKNS?si=0201fbf1693b4968 |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| "Maa - Zubeen"
| Juty Daimari
| Kandarpa Roy
| Solo
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Maa - Zubeen - Single {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Apon Records {{!}} Official Bengali Song |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0moUZsnUeD4yaDAD5ZDI4Z?si=I7tWPyohTgqSu7xfh1oXKg |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref>
|-
| "Kolongko Tomar Naame"
| Palash Chowdhury
| Ondho Gopal Goshai
| Solo
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Kolongko Tomar Naame {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Apon Records {{!}} Official Bengali Song 2021 |date=14 March 2022 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3RN5Icw04Umt31Ju2crCGY?si=E2w8BHA7Qp-RRAOnF8_Tww |language=en |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref>
|-
| "Tumar Kothai Bole"
| Purav Sinha
| Muhammad Shahidur Rahman
| Solo
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Tumar Kothai Bole on YouTube |date=19 May 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAHfpeQUIOk&ab_channel=ZeeMusicBangla |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| "Bajlo Madol"
| Bickram Ghosh
| Sugato Guha
| Various
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Bajlo Madol |date=19 May 2025 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0Vk0zPOz8Yrgit4O5sY6La?si=d637d48ff4fd4da7 |language=en |access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| "Tomari Achi"
| Mandeep Kumar
| Sahin Khan
| Solo
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Tomari Achi - Single {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Sahin Khan {{!}} Official Bengali Song |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2AveBVItgYd0QRVOiYD5nr?si=9b032ec2af5447a4 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref>
|}

==Telugu songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|1996
!''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]''
|(Score)
|[[Sandeep Chowta]]
|
|Solo
|
|-
|1998
!''[[Dil Se..|Premato]]''
|"Pokhi Pokhi Bidekhi"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|Solo
|
|-
|2004
!''Club Mix''
|"Sannajaji Padaka"
|
|
|Smita
|
|-
| 2007
!''[[Takkari]]''
| "Yele Yele"
| rowspan="3" |[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|[[Kandikonda]]
| Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Yele Yele (Full Song) - Takkari - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=11 April 2007|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/yele-yele/NjAjBT9CXn0|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-14|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712103120/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/yele-yele/NjAjBT9CXn0|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
!''[[Victory (2008 film)|Victory]]''
| "O Bachelor"
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| <ref>{{Citation|title=O Bachelor (Full Song) - Victory - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=13 May 2008|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/o-bachelor/PAQkdkZUaFs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|2009
!''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]''
|"Gunde Godarila"
|[[Kandikonda]]
|[[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Gunde Godarila (Full Song & Lyrics) - Maskaa - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/gunde-godarila/PioccANgVWw|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-14}}</ref>
|}

==Kannada songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2007
! scope="row" | ''[[Hudugaata]]''
| "Ommomme Heego"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jassie Gift]]
|[[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| [[Alisha Chinai]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Ommomme Heegu Song by Aisha Chennai on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/ommomme-heegu-1|access-date=2020-09-14}}</ref>
|-
|2009
! scope="row" | ''Parichaya''
|"Holihadu"
|[[Jayanth Kaikini]]
|H.G.Chaitra, [[Jassie Gift]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Holihadu (Full Song) - Parichaya - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=9 May 2008|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/holihadu/PwoSZAJncXQ|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-14|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712103532/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/holihadu/PwoSZAJncXQ|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2022
! scope="row" | ''Maha Roudram''
|"Amma Neene Thane"
|Aditya Aashish Singh
|
| Aditya Aashish Singh
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Amma Neene Thane - Maha Roudram Songs - Hungama|date=16 Feb 2022|url=https://www.hungama.com/amp/song/amma-neene-thane/82931337/|access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>
|}

==Tamil songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|1998
!''[[Dil Se..|Uyire]]''
|"Pokhi Pokhi Bidekhi"
|A. R. Rahman
|
|Solo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
!''Kalakkal''
|"Inji iduppazhagi"
|Ilaiyaraaja
|Vaali
|Smita
|
|-
!''[[Kuthu]]''
|"Asaanaa Asaanaa"
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|[[Snehan]]
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Assana Assana |date=2020-07-25 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7zMxZlsdnVy9UA6SQo0gHX |language=en |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref>
|-
|2007
! scope="row" | ''[[Urchagam]]''
| "Kangal Enkangalo"
| [[Ranjit Barot]]
|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kangal Enkangalo (Full Song) - Zubeen Garg - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=31 May 2001|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/kangal-enkangalo/JQE7VkRyeQE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-14}}</ref>
|}

==Sindhi songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2013
! ''Sindhi Rocks''
| "Jiye Sindhi Jiye"
| Nitin Gupta and Bhushan Gogad
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Jiye Sindhi Jiye (Full Song) - Zubeen Garg, Nitin Gupta, Bhushan Gogad - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=3 April 2015|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/jiye-sindhi-jiye/FCM4Uz9Sc1Y|language=en-US|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref>
|}

==Malayalam songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|1998
!''[[Dil Se..|Uyire]]''
|"Pokhi Pokhi Bidekhi"
|A. R. Rahman
|
|Solo
|
|-
|2011
!
|
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150311691440318&set=a.482482275317&type=3&app=fbl |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
|}

==Odia songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|
! ''Angna''
| "Moli Fulow Kaharo"
| Sajan Nayak
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Moli Fulow Kaharo (Full Song) - Zubeen Garg, Sajan Nayak - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2021-09-18 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/moli-fulow-kaharo/FlsiazloAUE |language=en-US |access-date=2023-01-04}}</ref>
|-
|2022
!
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==Punjabi songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==Bhojpuri Songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
! scope="row" |
| "Jabse Sayan Bhailu"
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
|
| Solo
|
|-
!''Sab Gol Maal Ha (film)''
|"Ho Jekara Ke Dil Chahe"
|Nikhil
|Phanindar Rav
|Priya Bhattacharya
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Ho Jekara Ke Dil Chahe (Full Song) - Nikhil, Priya Bhattacharya, Zubeen Garg - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=4 January 2020|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/ho-jekara-ke-dil-chahe/G1o9ZTtHDmo|language=en-US|access-date=2021-01-02}}</ref>
|}

==Marathi songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2004
! scope="row" | Yeh Parda Hata Do
| "Aushi Cha Gho"
| Paresh N Shah
|
| Shashwati Phukan
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Aushi Cha Gho (Original) - Remix|date=January 2004|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/60lv7rzqoM6ii8qD36gHIX|language=en|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref>
|}

==Bodo songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
! rowspan="2" |''Chiri Chiri Mwthw Mwthw''
|"Chiri Chiri Mwthw Mwthw"
|Mushukha
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Chiri Chiri Mwthw Mwthw|date=26 August 2004|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7equVqlwOBa0tNjErXilC3|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Monalisha"
|Kanu & Prabhu
|
|Sulekha Basumatary
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Monalisha|date=26 August 2004|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4Lgn4CdkJPRE4ETJqcFMLj|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
! rowspan="2" |''Chiri Chiri Sikhaway''
|"Onnai Ang"
| rowspan="2" |Laney
|
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Onnai Ang|date=29 October 2005|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7C0ZvVpYmWhtjQZFtuRudR|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Barfunai"
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Barfunai|date=29 October 2005|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1vWetaYx8BgyuJ5a24pNuv|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
! rowspan="4" |''Siri Siri Laswe Laswe''
|"Siri Siri Laswe Laswe"
| rowspan="4" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="4" |Phylaw Basumatory
| rowspan="4" |Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=SIRI SIRI LASWE LASWE {{!}}{{!}} ZUBEEN GARG {{!}}{{!}} BODO ROMANTIC SUPERHIT SONG | date=2 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMUm7XBrgAg |language=en |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>
|-
|"Rail Dabakhen"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=RAIL DABAKHEN {{!}}{{!}} ZUBEEN GARG {{!}}{{!}} BODO {{!}}{{!}} JUPITORA - UDAY | date=2 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97WRYaao_1w |language=en |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>
|-
|"Bara Khwlw Khwlw"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=BARA KHWLW KHWLW {{!}}{{!}} ZUBEEN GARG {{!}}{{!}} JG PRODUCTION | date=7 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6DQdJRxwu0 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>
|-
|"Nong Aang"
|<ref>{{Citation |title=NONG AANG {{!}}{{!}} ZUBEEN GARG {{!}}{{!}} SIRI SIRI LASWI LASWI | date=7 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaMNQwN7fiE |language=en |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2007
! rowspan="9" |''Chonathi Rufathi''
|"Jaharu Sorni Surmai Rijhamai"
|
|
| rowspan="9" |Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Jaharu Sorni Surmai Rijhamai|date=12 September 2007|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4ZIglK0qHY2jLCjVB6oLSU|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"O Chana No Aani Julia"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=O Chana No Aani Julia|date=12 September 2007|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/23htSWRklzRJSChm1ac6OI|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Diwana Anjli Chana"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Diwana Anjli Chana|date=12 September 2007|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/4M7dpDJr5pMZrfQKqX5bqM|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Ani Maithayau Gajnaindanblau"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Ani Maithayau Gajnainindanblau|date=12 September 2007|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7sQSta4OE7tPeRwfYSN9Ty|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Chana Habbai Poroje"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Chana Habbai Poroje|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3Fu56xqmm6gVJ0Y9y51kjc|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Kham Jotha Gom Khanbai"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Kham Jotha Gom Khanbai|date=12 September 2007|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/34RJFhD1feOzdUilJGRkWS|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Aayo Monmaarbai"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Aayo Monmaarbaai|date=12 September 2007|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0VM9c9fYQZEoRnoKIek38D|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Mini Naai Megan Jora"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Mini Naai Megan Jora|date=12 September 2007|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7IwEdmHOiuXuqDbM9VjCw2|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|"Chonathi Rufathi"
|
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Chonathi Ruphathi|date=12 September 2007|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6WFMuJe9xbDWNQgjv1WkQf|language=en|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2010
! rowspan="6" |''Khalao Khasao''
|"Khalao Khasao"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|Solo
|
|-
|"Dini Nwng Gwiyaba"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uxMxOJw5Xo |title=Dini Nwng Gwiyaba {{!}} Khalao Khasao {{!}} Bodo Song {{!}} NK Production |date=2024-05-31 |last=DIGI Music |access-date=2025-12-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Khamgli Khamgli"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLoAKysq_M4 |title=Khamgli Khamgli |date=2024-09-09 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|" Be Maya Songsar"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRRz_lgcls4 |title=Be Maya Songsar {{!}} Khalao Khasao {{!}} Bodo Song {{!}} NK Production |date=2024-05-23 |last=RDC Assamese Official |access-date=2025-12-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Arwbao Da Naiswi Sona"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIbnwjaqaok |title=Arwbao Da Naiswi Sona {{!}} Khalao Khasao {{!}} Bodo Song {{!}} NK Production |date=2024-06-10 |last=RDC Assamese Official |access-date=2025-12-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|"Basai Onnay"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yc4hg56VIxg |title=Basai Onnay {{!}} Khalao Khasao {{!}} Bodo Song {{!}} NK Production |date=2024-06-15 |last=DIGI Music |access-date=2025-12-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
!Jaro Pungni Sanao
|"Jaro Pungni Sanao"
|Zubeen Garg
|Zubeen Garg
|
|<ref name=":21" />
|-
|2010
!''Mijing''
|"Besaybagwbawni"
|Prakash
|
|Solo
|
|-
|2016
!''Khwina''
|"Khwina Nwng Angni"
|
|
|Gitashree Ramchiary
|
|}

==Karbi songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
!Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Music
!Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997
! rowspan="3" |''Manai''
|"Manai"
|Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="5" |Zubeen Garg
| rowspan="2" |Joysing Rongpi
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|-
|"Li Chetong Chot Pachu"
|
|
|-
|"Joi Joi Penle"
|
|
|Pokhila Lekthepi
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Kimo''
|"Piching Acharnam"
|Joyram Tisso
|Longsing Teron
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|-
|"Monit Monit"
|
|
|
|}

==Tiwa songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
!Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
! rowspan="2" |''Khumjil Kuwori''
| "Khumjil Kuwori" (Title Track)
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Dipen Madar Pator
| Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=KHUMJIL KHUWORI {{!}} খুমজীল খোৱৰি {{!}} VIDEO SONG {{!}} ZUBEEN GARG TIWA SONG {{!}} OLD COLLECTION |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAekY2EiFjg |language=en |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref>
|-
|"Khumjil Kuwori (Duet)"
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=KHUMJIL KHUWORI (DUET VERSION) {{!}} খুমজীল খোৱৰি {{!}} VIDEO SONG {{!}} OLD COLLECTION |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR4wHacNah8 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref>
|}

==Nepali songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album/Single
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer
!Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |''Pachhauri''
|"Makhmali
| rowspan="2" |
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Makhmali|date=2021-05-14|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3b2aDgB65lOJwJkcYidvEs|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>
|-
|"Farer Pari Pachhauri"
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Farer Pari Pachhauri|date=2021-05-14|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3BA22srCJnwTFUZOpU70LY|language=en|access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>
|-
|2011
!''Jhajhalko (VCD film)''
|"Jhajhalko timro maya ko"
|Manas Hazarika
|
|Solo
|
|-
|2011
!''Baduli (album)''
|"Siraima Sirbandi"
|Arjun Kaushal
|
|Solo
|
|-
|
! scope="row" | ''Saugat (album)''
| "Mere Nimto"
| rowspan="3" | Dharmaraj Upadhyay
| rowspan="3" |Dharmaraj Upadhyay
| Solo
|
|-
|
!''Meri Sannani (album)''
|"Hijo Aaja"
|Solo
|
|-
|
!''Sparsh'' ''(album)''
|"Chhodera Jadei Chheu"
|Solo
|
|-
|2017
!
|"Manma Kura Khelaudai"
|Bijoy Kattel
|Guru Bhotia
|Junu Rijal
|
|-
|2018
!
|"Nadi Badyo Hai"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|Krishna KC, Akhil Sharma
|Anju Panta
|
|}

==Bishnupriya Manipuri songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
!Lyricist
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
! rowspan="2" |''Lakhan (film)''
|"Jibone Morone"
| rowspan="2" |Parimal Sinha & Tarun Tonmoy
| rowspan="2" |Parimal Sinha
|Solo
|
|-
|"Jibone Morone" (Duet)
|Bithi Sinha
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jibone Morone song from Film Lakhan | date=24 April 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhtWZURxMww |language=en |access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" |''Coffee Ela Baaro Yaari (album)''
| "Nirole Khaani"
| Dilip Sinha
|Padmaja Sinha
| Doll Sinhaa
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Nirole Khaani Song by Doll Sinha on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/nirole-khaani|access-date=2020-10-01|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212075154/https://gaana.com/song/nirole-khaani|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doll Sinha debuts with an album in Bishnupriya Manipuri |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/mar/16/doll-sinha-debuts-with-an-album-in-bishnupriya-manipuri-6438.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=16 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Adi songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|
!
|"Kapena Piaang Koisi"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkxk56rvqyk |title=Kapena Apiang Koi Nogom Karbidun By ZUBEEN GARG SUPER HITS Arunachal Song |date=2023-06-05 |last=SJD CONTENT |access-date=2025-12-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|"Tena Polo Kardungku"
|
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHjMP2uJ2eU |title=Tena Polo Kardung Ku (Lyircs) {{!}} Zubeen Garg {{!}} Adi Song |date=2022-03-24 |last=TribalMusic |access-date=2025-12-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

==Nyishi songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|2005
! scope="row" |
|"Tudi Yami"
|zubeen Garg
|
| Solo
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0Gf0jrXs48wQtGYPPig9hV?si=z33aZp5RTbCha0KmdPBKTw |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref>
|}

==Galo songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Composer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
! scope="col" | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|"Yar na mana gamo goda"
| rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|
| rowspan="2" | Solo
|<ref>{{Citation |title=ZUBEEN GARG-ARUNACHALI SONG (GALO) | date=13 January 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe4vuhOLBGc |language=en |access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref>
|-
|2002
!
|"Silo Mopin Aduku"
|
|<ref name=":19" />
|}

==As a composer==
===Assamese songs===
{| class=wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
!Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="9" |1992
! rowspan="8" |''Anamika''
|"Anamika"
|[[Zubeen Garg]]
|
|-
|"Pothe Pothe"
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti]]
|
|-
|"Hiya Dohe"
| rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Pritir Hubakhe"
|
|-
|"Monor Nijanot"
|
|-
|"Kio Janu Aji"
|Zubeen Garg, Kavita Krishnamurti
|
|-
|"Gaane Ki Aane"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Huna Huna"
|Zubeen Garg, Kavita Krishnamurti
|
|-
!''Sapunor Sur''
|"Nibir Junaki Rati"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993
!rowspan="2" |''Rodali''
|"Janane Ajiu Tumak"
|Kavita Krishnamurty
|
|-
|"Rupahi Bijuli"
|Kumar Sanu
|
|-
!''Ritu''
|"Duroni Duroni"
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
!''Junaki Mon''
|"Dur Duronire"
|
|-
|rowspan="8" |1994
!rowspan="8" |''Maya''
|"Maya Mathu Maya"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Niribili Godhuli"
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|
|-
|"Ujagori Bukute"
|
|-
|"Dure Dure"
|rowspan="4" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Jonak Gola"
|
|-
|"Unmona"
|
|-
|"Jonake Kane Kane"
|
|-
|"Phulere Xojalu"
|Kavita Krishnamurthy
|
|-
|rowspan="7" |1995
!rowspan="7" |''Asha''
|"Asha Mur Asha"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Tumi Jodi Kuwa"
|Zubeen Garg, Sabita Sharma
|
|-
|"Jolila Puria"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Mur Mon"
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg, Sabita Sharma
|
|-
|"Aami Jen"
|
|-
|"Abhimani Mon"
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Tumi Janane"
|
|-
|rowspan="16" |1996
!rowspan="8" |''Zubeenor Gaan''
|"Atiya Ase Mathu"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Umi Umi"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|
|-
|"Lahe Lahe"
|rowspan="4" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Atiyaru Hare Asu"
|
|-
|"Akilu Sobikhoni"
|
|-
|"Tumi Nidiya"
|
|-
|"Ujagori Nikhati Utola Mon"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Hema Sardesai]], Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Endhar Hobo Nuwaru"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
!rowspan="8" |''Rong''
|"Rong Tumi Hobane"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Tumi Dur Otitor"
|rowspan="4" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Etiya Kakhot"
|
|-
|"Seujiya Mon"
|
|-
|"Jon Beli"
|
|-
|"Aji Tumi Nohole"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Borokha Jetiya Naame"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Muro Je"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|rowspan="8" |1997
!rowspan="8" |''Mukti''
|"Phool Phulok"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Sokuwe Sokuwe"
|Zubeen Garg, Jonkey Borthakur
|
|-
|"Sunere Sojuwa"
|rowspan="4" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Meghor Boron"
|
|-
|"Obak Obak"
|
|-
|"Pratitu Prahar"
|
|-
|"Ujolai Rakhisu"
|rowspan ="2" |Zubeen Garg, Jonkey Borthakur
|
|-
|"Mukti"
|
|-
|rowspan="12" |1998
!rowspan="4" |''Snigdha Jonak''
|"Nasaba Sokule"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|
|-
|"Ei Kinu Hoi Jai"
|rowspan="2" |Udit Narayan
|
|-
|"Collegiya"
|
|-
|"Fagun Ahile"
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|
|-
!rowspan="8" |''Hobdo''
|"Kokal Khamusiya"
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Etiya Junake"
|
|-
|"Kunuba Ringiyai"
|rowspan="6" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Nokoba Nokoba"
|
|-
|"Mon Herua"
|
|-
|"Jogot Puhor Kori"
|
|-
|"Roi Roi Binale"
|
|-
|"Hobdo"
|
|-
|rowspan="9" |1999
!rowspan="8" |''Meghor Boron''
|"Jodihe Jun Tora"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Tumi Suwa Jetiya"
|rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Joli Utha"
|
|-
|"Joluwa Hiya Mur"
|
|-
|"Pahari Gabhoru"
|Udit Narayan
|
|-
|"Agoli Kolapat"
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Purnima Jun Tumi"
|Zubeen Garg, Udit Narayan, Mahalakshmi Iyer, Sagarika
|
|-
|"Bukure Bhitorot"
|Udit Narayan
|
|-
!''Hunaru '99''
|"Joonma Mur Moromi"
|Zubeen Garg, Santa Uzir
|
|-
|rowspan="8" |2000
!rowspan="8" |''Pakhi''
|"Pakhi Pakhi"
|rowspan="6" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Aahe Ba Nahe"
|
|-
|"Tumi Dinor"
|
|-
|"Pakhi Meli Diye"
|
|-
|"Soku Mela"
|
|-
|"Aanguli Katilu"
|
|-
|"Dugalote Jen"
|Zubeen Garg, Pranita
|
|-
|"Hikoli"
|Zubeen Garg, Mandakini
|
|-
|rowspan="8" |2001
!rowspan="8" |''Panchoi''
|"Borokhunot Kotha"
|rowspan="2" |Diganta Bharati
|-
|"Hun Rodor Ahe Ahe"
|
|-
|"Hosa Morome"
|Diganta Bharati, Barnali Das
|
|-
|"Fagunor Posuwa"
|rowspan="5" |Barnali Das
|
|-
|"Phul Phula Botorote"
|
|-
|"Dukhor Bahi"
|
|-
|"Hemeka Ei"
|
|-
|"Botahot Hunilu"
|
|-
|rowspan="8" |2002
!rowspan="8" |''Shishu''
|"Bhoba Kotha"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Mughdo Hiya Mur"
|Zubeen Garg and Jonkey Borthakur
|
|-
|"Kaar Porokh"
|rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Nidiya Nidiya"
|
|-
|"Diya Ghurai Diya"
|
|-
|"Aaukhir Jun Mur"
|Jonkey Borthakur
|
|-
|"Shanti Diya"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Kahi Bati"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|
|-
|2003
!''Sinaki Mon''
|"Bhal Pau Ne"
|rowspan="11" |Zubeen Garg
|-
|rowspan="10" |2004
!''Lajuki Mon''
|"Dhiniki Dhin Dau"
|-
!rowspan="9" |''Jantra''
|"Maina Maina"
|-
|"Jantra"
|-
|"Aei Maya Dhorat"
|-
|"Nejanu Mon Dole"
|-
|"Aalop Hanti Diya"
|-
|"I Love You"
|-
|"Tumar Mitha Ei Sawoni"
|-
|"Majuli Eijoni"
|-
|"O Mur Aponar Desh"
|-
|rowspan="16" |2006
!rowspan="8" |''Borokhun''
|"Kor Ejak"
|[[Anindita Paul]]
|-
|"Diya Muk Diya"
|Zubeen Garg, Anindita Paul
|-
|"Tupal Tupal"
|rowspan="10" |Zubeen Garg
|-
|"O Mur Ronor Tejighura"
|-
|"Aepahi Bukute"
|-
|"Aane Jua Baate"
|-
|"Aaji Punya"
|-
|"Beli Poru Poru Hol"
|-
!rowspan="8" |''Mukha''
|"Mukha"
|-
|"Sweet Love"
|-
|"Pamne Moi Ghurai"
|-
|"Niyorore Phool"
|-
|"Dusakure Nilare"
|Zubeen Garg, Arunima Bhattacharya
|-
|"Niyore"
|rowspan="6" |Zubeen Garg
|-
|"Bukute Bukukhon"
|-
|"Baby Buli Lahekoi"
|-
|2007
!''Antara''
|All songs
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2008
!''Mur Priyo Geet''
|All songs
|
|-
!''Rumaal''
|All songs
|
|}

===Hindi songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Album
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="8" |1995
! rowspan="8" |''Chandni Raat''
|"Chandni Raat Hai Sanam"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Asha Meri Asha"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Maya Kaisi Hai Yeh Maya"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Akhiyan Hain Ya Koi"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Come On Sweet Girl"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Kaise Kahon Kab Se Mein"
|Zubeen Garg, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|
|-
|"Mehbooba O Mehboiba"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Anjana O Neelanjana"
|Zubeen Garg, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1998
! rowspan="8" |''Chanda''
|"Chanda"
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg, Jonkey Borthakur
|
|-
|"Pyar Se"
|
|-
|"Kal Ko"
|rowspan="6" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Jeevan Hai"
|
|-
|"Geet Gane"
|
|-
|"Ye Sach Hai"
|
|-
|"Jeena"
|
|-
|"Door"
|
|-
|1998
!''Yuhi Kabhi''
|"I Need Your Love Today"
|Zubeen Garg
|<ref name=":21">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qu1UKLVEypE&list=RDQu1UKLVEypE |title=Zarou Pungni Somao |date=2025-04-23 |last=Release - Topic |access-date=2025-12-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
! rowspan="3" |''Sparsh''
|"Is Duniya Ki"
|rowspan="3" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Naam Apna"
|
|-
|"Suno Yeh Asmaan"
|
|-
|2002
!''Channel V Jammin''
|"Mujhe Pyaar Ho Gaya"
|KK, [[Suneeta Rao]]
|-
|2007
!''Dhanyavad''
|"Chain Aur Sukoon"
|[[Prashant Tamang]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Chain Aur Sukoon |date=2007-10-19 |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/1SPKRsC2vA88KkC5e5g1MZ |language=en |access-date=2023-02-18}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtkSFUVlZiY |title=Sopunor Moromi |date=2021-05-21 |last=Zubeen Garg - Topic |access-date=2025-12-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2013
! rowspan="8" |''[[Pakeeza (album)|Pakeeza]]''
|"Pakeeza"
| rowspan="8" |[[Zubeen Garg]]
| rowspan="8" |
|-
|"Kafur"
|-
|"Piya More"
|-
|"I Can Live For You"
|-
|"Chalte Chalo Re"
|-
|"Rama Rama"
|-
|"Piya"
|-
|"Kehkasha"
|}

==As a music director==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
!Album
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="14" |2000
! rowspan="8" |''[[Tumi Mor Matho Mor|Tumi Mur Mathu Mur]]''
|"Puhorore Saki"
|[[Zubeen Garg]], Luna Sonowal
|
|-
|"Etiya Hiya Mur"
|rowspan="8" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Kije Palu"
|
|-
|"Kune Ringiyai"
|
|-
|"Soku Meli Saute"
|
|-
|"Mayabi Ei Raati"
|
|-
|"Gun Gun"
|
|-
|"Rod Aji Keni Pau"
|
|-
!rowspan="6" |''[[Hiya Diya Niya]]''
|"Nohole Porisoy"
|
|-
|"Buku Bhora"
|Malabika Bora
|
|-
|"Moloyar Dupakhit"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Tarali Sarma]]
|
|-
|"Kothati Bujilu"
|Zubeen Garg, Tarali Sarma
|
|-
|"Misate Misate"
|Zubeen Garg, Diganta Kalita, Hiranya Deka, [[Chetana Das]]
|
|-
|"Mitha Mitha"
|Zubeen Garg, Debajit Chaudhary, Shanta Uzir
|
|-
|rowspan="6" |2000
!rowspan="5" |''Morome Morom Jane''
|"Morome Morom Jane" (Title Song)
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|
|-
|"College Class Hole"
|[[Jojo (singer)|Jojo]], Mitali Choudhary
|
|-
|"Maa Kali Suwali Soku Meli"
|Shanta Uzir
|
|-
|"Tamul"
|Zubeen Garg, Mili
|
|-
|"Karma Amar Dharma"
|[[Vinod Rathod]], Mitali Chaudhary
|-
!''Daag''
|All Songs
|Zubeen Garg, Diganta Bharati, Utpal Sharma, Rupjyoti Devi, Jonkey Borthakur, Shashwati Phukan, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|rowspan="11" |2001
!rowspan="4" |''Sesh Upahar''
|"Porisoy Bihin"
|Jinti Das
|
|-
|"Amar Dusakute"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Pahare Ximona"
|Sangeeta Hazarika
|
|-
|"Mitha Mitha"
|Samson, [[Shibani Kashyap]]
|
|-
!''Anya Ek Jatra''
|Dukhor Hagar
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
!rowspan="6" |''[[Nayak (2001 Assamese film)|Nayak]]''
|Monote Nu Aaji
|Zubeen Garg, Arnab
|
|-
|Lahe Lahe Barhise
|Zubeen Garg, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|Kinu Suriya
|Zubeen Garg, Pamela
|
|-
|Mon Gohonot
|Zubeen Garg, Shaan, Pamela Jain, Sagarika
|
|-
|Nayak Hobo
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|Motoliya Botahe
|Zubeen Garg, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|
|-
|rowspan ="8" |2002
!rowspan="8" |''Prem Aru Prem''
|"Sokuwe Sokuwe"
|Zubeen Garg, Bobita Sharma
|
|-
|"Mukuta Mukuta"
|Shrutjay Das, Nirmali Das
|
|-
|"Prem Aru Prem"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Biyopi Biyopi"
|Zubeen Garg, Bristi
|
|-
|"Momor Sikati"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Mukuli Mon"
|Zubeen Garg and chorus
|
|-
|"Bor Moja Nohoi"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Kashmiri Saikia Baruah]]
|
|-
|"Morom Edhani Morom"
|Zubeen Garg, Anindita Paul
|
|-
|rowspan ="6" |2002
!rowspan="6" |''[[Kanyadaan (2002 film)|Kanyadaan]]''
|"Uth Gutibo Janane"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Bandhoi Oi"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Choua Choua"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Hun Rupereu"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Manas Robin]], Jonkey Bothakur
|
|-
|"Lahiyale Ronga Beli"
|Zubeen Garg, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Neela Neela"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Kalpana Patowary]]
|
|-
|rowspan ="7" |2002
!rowspan = "7" |''[[Jonaki Mon]]''
|"Osina Dekhot"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Boge Dhoke Dhoki"
|Zubeen Garg, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Tumi Suriya"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Kashmiri Saikia Baruah]]
|
|-
|"Phule Phule"
|Zubeen Garg, Arnab, Pamela Jain, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sagarika]]
|
|-
|"Tumi Janane"
|Pamela Jain and chorus
|
|-
|"Junake Junake"
|Pamela Jain and chorus
|
|-
|"Anguli Bulale"
|Zubeen Garg, Bobita Sharma
|
|-
|rowspan="7" |2002
!rowspan="7" |''Jibon Nadir Duti Paar''
|"Ei Ghar Amar"
|Zubeen Garg, Jonkey, Prem, Arnab
|
|-
|"Kokal Khamusiya"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Pritire Juri"
|Zubeen Garg, Rupankita Papori
|
|-
|"Jibon Nadir Duti Paar"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Bibabhoria Amare"
|Zubeen Garg, Kashmiri Saikia
|
|-
|"Umi Umi"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Kiyonu Joli"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|rowspan ="8" |2003
!rowspan = "8" |''Agnisakshi''
|"Mahadev Keni Gol"
|Zubeen Garg, Manas Robin, Mousumi Chahriya, Deepak
|
|-
|"Asati Pronoyor"
|Zubeen Garg, Mitali Chaudhary
|
|-
|"Jibone Proti Pole"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Tumi Xun Amare"
|Zubeen Garg, Mousumi Chahariya
|
|-
|"Karubar Sokuwe"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Tumi Xun Amare" (Sad Version)
|Utpal Sharma
|
|-
|"Jibone Proti Khuje"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Om Prajapataye"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|rowspan ="7" |2003
!rowspan ="7" |''Priya Milon''
|"Bhal Pau Buli"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Sapunor Moromi"
|rowspan="2" |Zubeen Garg, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Morai Sorai"
|
|-
|"Come Come"
|Zubeen Garg, Nivedita
|
|-
|"Phule Phule Koto Rang"
|Zubeen Garg, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Nai Eko Nai"
|Zubeen Garg, Nirmali Das
|
|-
|"Monore Priya Mur"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|rowspan ="8" |2003
!rowspan ="8" |''Bidhata''
|"Dhuniya Dhuniya"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Parineeta Borthakur]], Sourin, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Atori Atori"
|Zubeen Garg, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Tetera Tetera"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Alfule Haboti"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Bidhata" (Theme Song)
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Ja Ja Atori Ja"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Haribol"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Shyamkanu"
|Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|rowspan ="8" |2003
!rowspan ="8" |''Juman Suman''
|"Hopune Dithoke"
|Zubeen Garg, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|"Tumi Janene"
|Zubeen Garg, [[Bhitali Das]]
|
|-
|"Qawali"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Nas Nasone"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Hahi Hahi"
|Zubeen Garg, Kallol
|
|-
|"Moriye Ja"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Halodhi Mahere"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Kola Kola"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|rowspan ="6"|2004
!rowspan ="6"|''Barood''
|"Dekh Khon"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Khomajoke"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Dekho Je Sapno"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Monore"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Puju Aaha"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Ghomoke Pora"
|[[Padmini Kohlapure]]
|
|-
|rowspan ="5"|2004
!rowspan ="5"|''Rong''
|"Ethengiya Bogoli"
|Zubeen Garg, Subasana Dutta
|
|-
|"Sayar Dore"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Rong Tumi"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Ghar Amar"
|Shashwati Phukan, Mahalakshmi Iyer, Padmini Kohlapure
|
|-
|"Morubhou Tumi"
|Zubeen Garg, Shashwati Phukan
|
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2004
!rowspan ="2"|''Dinabandhu''
|"Kor Ejak"
|Anindita Paul
|
|-
|"Diya Muk Diya"
|Zubeen Garg, Anindita Paul
|
|-
|rowspan ="6"|2006
!rowspan ="6"|''[[Adhinayak]]''
|"Aji Ene Ghotona Hol"
|Zubeen Garg, Manas Robin
|
|-
|"Osinaki Duti"
|Zubeen Garg, Navanita Bora
|
|-
|"Sapunor Pahe Pahe"
|Zubeen Garg, Anindita Paul
|
|-
|"Posuwa Bolise"
|Zubeen Garg, Bhitali Das
|
|-
|"Apun Buli Jakei"
|rowspan="5" |Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Kinu Akhat Kinu Bhabi O"
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |2008
!rowspan="4" |[[Mon Jaai]]
|"Mon Jaai"
|
|-
|"Dhire Dhire Herai Jaai"
|
|-
|"Anurag Etiya"
|
|-
|"Hahi Heruwai"
|Diganta Bharati
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2019
! rowspan="5" |''[[Ratnakar (film)|Ratnakar]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="6" |''[[Kanchanjangha]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
!''[[Pratighaat (2019 film)|Pratighaat]]''
|"Pratighaat" (Title Track)
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
! rowspan="5" |''[[Dr. Bezbaruah 2]]''
|"Jiliki Jilika"
|Zubeen Garg, Synicha
|
|-
|"Ki Naam Di Maatim"
|Zubeen Garg,
|
|-
|"Phool Phool"
|Zubeen Garg, Zublee
|
|-
|"Moina Kun Bidhatai"
|Zubeen Garg,
|
|-
|"Title Track"
|Zubeen Garg,
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
!''Joddha''
|"Ei Mayabi Rati"
|Zubeen Garg, Synicah
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Raghav (2023 film)|''Raghav'']]
|"Maa"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Sari Soka"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Silmil Tuponite"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalaxmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Sari Soka" (Film Version)
|Zubeen Garg, Prabin Bora
|-
|rowspan="5" |2024
!rowspan="5" |''Sikaar''
|"Ekadosi Ratiya"
|Zubeen Garg, Achurjya Borpatra
|
|-
|"Xaturangi"
|Zubeen Garg, Parishmita Phukan
|
|-
|"London Dreams"
|Apache Indian, Usha Uthup
|
|-
|"Ekadosi Ratiya" (Remix)
|Zubeen Garg, Achurjya Borpatra
|
|-
|"Sikaar"
|Zubeen Garg, Gitanjali Das
|
|-
|rowspan="20" |2025
!rowspan="4" |''[[Bhaimon Da]]''
|"Era Eri"
|Zubeen Garg, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Era Eri" (Acoustic)
|Zubeen Garg, Amritprava Mahanta
|
|-
|"Beer Brandy Whiskey"
|Prabin Borah
|
|-
|"Hiya Diya Niya" (BGM)
|
|-
!rowspan="3" |''Joddha: The Warrior of Life''
|"Esati Xopune"
|Zubeen Garg, Meghna Borpuzari
|
|-
|"Misikiya Dusakure"
|Zubeen Garg, Sangita Hazarika
|
|-
|"Neelimoy Neela Hoy"
|Zubeen Garg, Synciah
|
|-
!''Homework''
|"Jantra"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
!rowspan="11" |''Roi Roi Binale''
|"Roi Roi Binale" (Title Track)
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Mur Mon"
|Zubeen Garg, Sweety Das
|
|-
|"Xopun Xopun"
|Zubeen Garg, Moromi Sharma
|
|-
|"Free Bird"
|Joi Barua, Papon
|
|-
|"Dusokur Kajolere"
|Sabita Sharma Goswami, Anurdhati Bhanupriya
|
|-
|"Tumar Nilim Kothar Dore"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Sokulure Roi Roi Binale"
|Zubeen Garg, Achurjya Borpatra
|
|-
|"Mon Gole"
|Zubeen Garg, Fency Rajkumari, Achurjya Borpatra
|
|-
|"Jun Jwoli"
|Zubeen Garg
|
|-
|"Kore Pora Aahi"
|Neel Akash
|
|-
|"Mukuta Mukuta"
|Zubeen Garg, Students of Abhinaya
|
|}

==As a lyricist==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! style="width:33px;" |Year
! Album
! Songs
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
|-
|rowspan="3" |1992
!rowspan="3"; scope="row"; |'''''Anamika'''''
|"Anamika"
|-
|"Hiya Dohe"
|-
|"Monor Nijanot"
|-
|rowspan="5" |1993
!scope="row" |'''''Sapunor Sur'''''
|"Nibir Junaki Rati"
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Junaki Mon'''''
|"Dur Duronire Mon Jonaki Mon"
|-
!rowspan="3"; scope="row"; |'''''Anuradha'''''
|"Mon Boi Jai"
|-
|"Jun Gola Rati"
|-
|"Kune Jane"
|-
|rowspan="5" |1994
!rowspan="5"; scope="row"; |'''''Maya'''''
|"Maya"
|-
|"Dure Dure"
|-
|"Unmona Mone"
|-
|"Niribili Godhuli"
|-
|"Junake Kane Kane"
|-
|rowspan="7" |1995
!rowspan="7"; scope="row"; |'''''Asha'''''
|"Asha"
|-
|"Jolila Puria"
|-
|"Abhimani Mon"
|-
|"Tumi Jodi Kuwa"
|-
|"Tumi Janane"
|-
|"Aami Jen"
|-
|"Mur Mon"
|-
| rowspan="7" |1996
!rowspan="7"; scope="row"; |'''''Zubeenor Gaan'''''
|"Atiya Ase Mathu"
|-
|"Umi Umi"
|-
|"Tumi Nidiya"
|-
|"Akilu Sobikhoni"
|-
|"Etiyaru Hare Aasu"
|-
|"Lahe Lahe"
|-
|"Endhare Hobo Nuwaru"
|-
|1996
!scope="row"|'''''Rong'''''
|All songs
|-
|rowspan="7" |1997
!rowspan="7"; scope="row"; |'''''Mukti'''''
|"Sokuwe Sokuwe"
|-
|"Sunere Sojuwa"
|-
|"Meghor Boron"
|-
|"Obak Obak"
|-
|"Pratitu Prahar"
|-
|"Ujolai Rakhisu"
|-
|"Mukti"
|-
| rowspan="5" |1998
!rowspan="2"; scope="row"; |'''''Snigdha Jonak'''''
|"Nasaba Sokule"
|-
|"Fagun Ahile Boi"
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Sabda'''''
|All songs
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Pansoi'''''
|
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Meghor Boron'''''
|All songs
|-
| rowspan="6" |1999
!scope="row" |'''''Megha'''''
|
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Bhor Dhuporiya'''''
|
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Rangdhali'''''
|
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Pakhi'''''
|All songs
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Hopun'''''
|"Xomoy Jen"
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Mann'''''
|"Jetuka Jetuka"
|-
|2000
!scope="row" |'''''Sparsh'''''
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2001
!scope="row" |'''''Mere Liye'''''
|
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Nupur'''''
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2002
!rowspan="7"; scope="row"; |'''''Shishu'''''
|"Bhoba Kotha"
|-
|"Mugdho Hiya Mur"
|-
|"Kaar Porokh"
|-
|"Diya Ghurai Diya"
|-
|"Aaukhir Jun Mur"
|-
|"Shanti Diya"
|-
|"Kaahi Baati"
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Bandhoi'''''
|
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Sandhya - A Tribute to Ambikagiri Rai Choudhry'''''
|"Nital Nikha"
|-
|2003
!scope="row" |'''''Sinaki Mon'''''
|"Bhal Pau Ne"
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004
!rowspan="5"; scope="row"; |'''''Jantra'''''
|"Maina Maina"
|-
|"Jantra"
|-
|"Aei Maya Dhorat"
|-
|"Alop Hanti Diya"
|-
|"I Love You Buli Kolu Moi"
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Tomar Akash'''''
|
|-
|rowspan="6" |2006
!rowspan="6"; scope="row"; |'''''Mukha'''''
|"Mukha Mukha"
|-
|"Sweet Love"
|-
|"Pamne Moi Ghurai"
|-
|"Baby Buli Lahekoi"
|-
|"Dusakure Nilare"
|-
|"Bukute Bukukhon"
|-
|2007
!scope="row" |'''''Tumi'''''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
!scope="row" |'''''Jonaki Mon'''''
|"Bogakoi Bogoli"
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Rumal'''''
|All songs
|-
|rowspan="8" |2011
!rowspan="8"; scope="row"; |'''''Baahi'''''
|"Baahi Tumi"
|-
|"Ghuri Suasun Ebar"
|-
|"Anuradha"
|-
|"Tumi Kun Kun"
|-
|"Sapun Rongor"
|-
|"Lora Hori Naam"
|-
|"Nodi Nodi"
|-
|"Heiro Baahi"
|-
| rowspan="17" |2012
!rowspan="5"; scope="row"; |'''''Runjun'''''
|"Runjun Nupur Mate"
|-
|"Polakhor Rong"
|-
|"Jibon Dinga"
|-
|"Subhra Bolakar"
|-
|"Xunil Gagan Juri"
|-
!scope="row" |'''''Sonali Mon'''''
|"Junakor Borokhun"
|-
!rowspan="11"; scope="row"; |'''''Rock'''''
|"Ejak Borokhune"
|-
|"Gaan Diya"
|-
|"Tumi Prajapati"
|-
|"Senorita"
|-
|"Jiu Tumi"
|-
|"Dusakure Nilimate"
|-
|"Rajani Dhuhkhor"
|-
|"Swadhinataa"
|-
|"Bismillah"
|-
|"Tip Tip"
|-
|"Rock Rock Rock"
|-
|2013
!scope="row" |'''''[[Pakeeza (album)|Pakeeza]]'''''
|All songs
|-
|rowspan="2" |2014
!rowspan="2"; scope="row"; |'''''Path'''''
|"Siki Miki"
|-
|"Mahadev"
|-
|rowspan="3" |2019
!rowspan="3"; scope="row"; |'''''Maa'''''
|"Politics Nokoriba Bondhu"
|-
|"Mur Monore Kolpona"
|-
|"Tumi Jen Popiya Tora"
|-
|2020
!scope="row" |'''''Silaa'''''
|"Silaa"
|}

==As a musical instrumentalist==
While most albums did not credit the names of many musicians, a selected few songs featured, which he remained uncredited. The following were provided below:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! style="width:33px;" |Year
! Album
! Song
! Guitar
! Tabla
! Mandolin
! Keyboard
! Flute
! Singer
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
|-
|rowspan="2" |1997
!''Duniya''
|"Maine Dekhe Hain Sabhi Rang Duniya Ke"
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Raageshwari
|-
!''Mukti''
|"Pratitu Prahar"
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|rowspan="3" |Himself
|-
|1998
!''Sobdo''
|"Jogot Puhor Kori"
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|-
|1999
!''Pakhi''
|"Bukute Gupute"
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|-
|2001
!''[[Only U (Shael Oswal album)|Only U]]''
|"Tum Ho Mere"
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Shikha
|-
|rowspan="3" |2002
!''Kuwoli''
|"Kinu Botah Khai Gabhoru Holi"
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Shaan
|-
!''Shishu''
|"Bhoba Kotha"
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Himself
|-
!''Mahalakshmi''
|"Judaa Ho"
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Mahalakshmi Iyer
|-
|2005
!''Astro Premor''
|"Tur Ronga Ronga"
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|Kollol Borthakur
|-
|2006
!''Mukha''
|"Pamne Moi Ghurai"
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Himself
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [https://fb.com/ZUBEENsOFFICIAL Zubeen Garg on Facebook]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Zubeen}}
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]
[[Category:Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers]]
[[Category:Zubeen Garg]]

Radhika Preethi

2026-05-05T05:57:59Z

FionaLaflamme: made new data

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|01|20}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's how actress Radhika Preeti celebrated her 27th birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-actress-radhika-preeti-celebrated-her-27th-birthday/articleshow/107056440.cms|website=The Times of India |access-date=4 March 2024 |language=en |date=22 January 2024}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| other_names = Monika
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017–present
}}

'''Radhika Preethi''' (born 20 January 1997) is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and television shows apart from [[Kannada]] films. She is known for '' [[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]]'', which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-13 |title=Poove Unakkaga fame Radhika Preethi to make her Tamil movie debut alongside actor Sasi Kumar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/poove-unakkaga-fame-radhika-preethi-to-make-her-tamil-movie-debut-alongside-actor-sasi-kumar/articleshow/100963047.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-13 |title=Varshini Azra to replace Radhika Preethi in 'Poove Unakkaga'|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/varshini-azra-to-replace-radhika-preethi-in-poove-unakkaga/articleshow/89520881.cms|access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Radhika Preeti made her debut in 2017 with the Kannada film ''[[Naa Panta Kano]]'' (2017) under the stage name of Rithiksha before starring in ''[[Raja Loves Radhe]]'' (2018).<ref name="U"/> She forayed into Tamil cinema through ''[[Embiran]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada actress Radhika Preeti debuts in Tamil Entertainment|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190618/kannada-actress-radhika-preeti-debuts-in-tamil.html|website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=4 March 2024 |language=en |date=19 June 2019}}</ref> She gained recognition for her role in the 2020 Tamil television series '' [[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]] '' before she left the series in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-13 |title=Actress Radhika Preethi shares an emotional thanks note as she quits 'Poove Unakkaga'|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-radhika-preethi-shares-an-emotional-thanks-note-as-she-quits-poove-unakkaga/articleshow/89350573.cms|access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2023, she acted opposite [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] in the comedy film ''[[80s Buildup]]'' playing the lead female role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poove Unakkaga fame Radhika Preethi to make her Tamil movie debut along with actor Santhanam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/poove-unakkaga-fame-radhika-preethi-to-make-her-tamil-movie-debut-along-with-actor-santhanam/articleshow/104687744.cms|website=Times of India |access-date=4 March 2024 |language=en |date=25 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-13 |title=Stunning photos of actress Radhika Preethi|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/tamil/stunning-photos-of-actress-radhika-preethi/photostory/100892058.cms|access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''[[Naa Panta Kano]]''
|
|rowspan="2"|[[Kannada]]
|credited as Ritiksha
|<ref name="U">{{cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/vijayaraghavendra-new-film-raja-loves-radhe|title=ವಿಜಯರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ ಹೊಸ ಚಿತ್ರ ರಾಜ ಲವ್ ರಾಧೆ|language=kn|work=[[Udayavani]]|date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''[[Raja Loves Radhe]]''
| Radha
|
|
|-
|2019
| '' [[Embiran]] ''
| Jeya
|rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embiran review: A romance without love |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Mar/23/a-romance-without-love-1954562.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=11 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || '' Naadhiru Dhinna '' || Pooja||
|
|-
|2023
| '' [[80s Buildup]]''
|Devi
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Network !! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2020-2022 || '' [[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]] '' || Poovarsi || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Radhika Preethi? All You Need to Know About Poove Unakkaga Actor
|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/who-is-radhika-preethi-all-you-need-to-know-about-poove-unakkaga-actor-4912265.html|website=News18 |access-date=4 March 2024 |language=en |date=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Poove Unakkaga' fame Radhika Preethi quits upcoming Tamil show after shooting for two days; deets inside
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/poove-unakkaga-fame-radhika-preethi-quits-upcoming-tamil-show-after-shooting-for-two-days-deets-inside/articleshow/94458546.cms|website=Times Of India |access-date=4 March 2024 |language=en |date=26 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2026-Present || '' [[Ayali (2025 TV series)|Ayali]] '' || Reshma || [[Zee Tamizh]] ||Extended Special Appearance<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayali - Episode 283 on Zee5|url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/ayali/0-6-4z5761653/reshmas-arrival-unsettles-ayali/0-1-6z5951868|language=ta | date=30 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm9813876|name=Radhika Preethi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Preethi, Radhika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]

Sachit Patil

2026-05-02T08:55:00Z

FionaLaflamme:

{{Short description|Indian actor, director, writer and theatre director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sachit Patil
| image =
| caption = Paisa Paisa poster
| spouse = {{marriage|Shilpa Pai|2009}}
| children =
| birth_name = Sachit Patil
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|09|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actor, director, writer, play director
| years active = 2002–present
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Sachit Patil''' is an Indian actor, director, writer and theatre director. He is known for his work in [[Marathi cinema]]. He made his debut in the [[Bollywood]] film ''Kyon?'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0483029/|title=Kyon? (2003)|author=Sherazade|date=13 August 2015|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> He made his [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] debut with [[Avdhoot Gupte]]'s ''[[Zenda (film)|Zenda]]'' (2010), which was a success at the box office.<ref name="bookmyshow.com">{{cite web|url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/person/sachit-patil/15576|title=Sachit Patil|work=bookmyshow.com}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the superhit ''[[Saade Maade Teen]]''.<ref name="imdb.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1287349/?ref_=nmbio_mbio|title=Saade Maade Teen (2007)|date=23 November 2007|publisher=IMDb}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/From-actors-to-directors/articleshow/6186930.cms|title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com1">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/Sachit-directed-Saade-Maade-Teen-with-Ankush/articleshow/45616689.cms?|title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==
Sachit began his film career with the 2003 Suspense thriller, ''Kyon?''. He then appeared in ''Sab Kuch Hai Kuch Bhi Nai'' (2005) and ''Raasta Roko'' (2006).<ref name="bookmyshow.com"/>

He made his directorial debut in 2007 with the superhit ''[[Saade Maade Teen]]''.<ref name="imdb.com"/><ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref name="indiatimes.com1"/> He then made his [[Marathi film]] debut in 2010 with [[Avdhoot Gupte]]'s ''[[Zenda (film)|Zenda]]'' (2010), which was a superhit at the box office. He then directed and also appeared in ''[[Kshanbhar Vishranti]]'', opposite [[Sonalee Kulkarni]], which became a superhit at the box office. He then appeared in the action thriller film ''[[Arjun (2011 film)|Arjun]]'', which also became a superhit at the box office. He was Nominated for [[MFK Award for Favourite Actor]] for his Performance in ''[[Arjun (2011 film)|Arjun]]''.

In 2015, he appeared in gray character in the blockbuster film ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'', directed by Aditya Sarpotdar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Ankush-and-Sachit-not-friends-anymore/articleshow/45790766.cms|title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2017, he got the role in ''Asa Mee Tashi Ti'' opposite to [[Pallavi Subhash]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pallavi Subhash to romance Sachit Patil on-screen - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sachit-patil-pallavi-subhash-asa-mee-ashi-tee-atul-kale-premsutra/articleshow/25715415.cms|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He was appearing on [[Colors Marathi]] TV show ''[[Radha Prem Rangi Rangali]]''.

==Personal life==
Sachit Patil Completed his education from [[Ruparel College]] in Mumbai. Sachit married his college friend Shilpa Pai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marathidhamaal.com/celebrities/sachit-patil|title=Marathi Dhamaal – Sachit Patil|work=Marathi Dhamaal}}</ref>
. He belongs to the Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare [[Panchkalshi]], an ethnic upper caste community of Hindu society in Maharashtra, India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/previews/Asa-Mee-Ashi-Tee-Sachit-Patil-Pallavi-Subhash-Manasi-Salvi-Usha-Satish-Salvi-Amitraj-Atul-Kamalakar-Kale/articleshow/26469319.cms | title=Asa Mee Ashi Tee - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Actor
!scope="col"| Director
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2003
! scope="row"| ''Kyon?''
| [[Hindi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
| Amar Mathur
|
|-
| 2005
! scope="row"| ''Sab Kuch Hai Kuch Bhi Nahi''
| [[Hindi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 2006
! scope="row"| ''Raasta Roko''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 2007
! scope="row"| ''[[Saade Maade Teen]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Directorial Debut Remake of [[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]
|-
|Rowspan="3"|2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Zenda (film)|Zenda]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
|Aditya Pradhan
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kshanbhar Vishranti]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| {{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| Hritvik
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Samudra]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
| Bhargav Ram
|
|-
| 2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Arjun (2011 film)|Arjun]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
| Arjun Pawar
|Nominated [[MFK Award for Favourite Actor]]
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"| ''Satya, Savitri ani Satyawan''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
| Inspector Gavaskar
|
|-
| 2013
! scope="row"| ''[[Asa Mee Ashi Tee]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
|Siddharth Kamat
|
|-
| 2015
! scope="row"| ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
| Rohit
|[[remake]] of the [[Classmates (2006 film)|2006 Malayalam film of the same name]]
|-
|Rowspan="3"|2016
! scope="row"| ''[[Friends (2016 film)|Friends]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
| Karan
|Remake of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Sangee]]'' (2003)
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Paisa Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa Paisa]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
| Ajay
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[One Way Ticket (2016 film)|One Way Ticket]]''
|Rowspan ="2"|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|
| Samar Raj
|
|-
|2022
!scope="row"|''[[Tamasha Live]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/marathi-cinemas-biggest-musical-drama-tamasha-live-trailer-out-now-23234460|title=Marathi cinema's biggest musical drama 'Tamasha Live' trailer out now|date=5 July 2022|website=Mid-day|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710072022/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/marathi-cinemas-biggest-musical-drama-tamasha-live-trailer-out-now-23234460|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025
!scope="row"|''[[Asambhav]]''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Aditya Deshmukh / Madhav
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Asambhav Movie (2025): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} असंभव {{!}} Exclusive 2024 |url=https://rangmarathi.com/asambhav-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=7 November 2024 |date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|Ravan Calling}}
|Marathi
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 September 2023|title=Abhishek Gunaji to make his directorial debut with Marathi film 'Ravan Calling'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/milind-gunajis-son-abhishek-gunaji-to-make-his-directorial-debut-with-marathi-film-ravan-calling/articleshow/103566375.cms|access-date=10 February 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''Aakrosh''
| Shishir Ahuja
| [[DD National]]
| Supporting Role
|-
| 2017–2019
| ''[[Radha Prem Rangi Rangli]]''
| Prem Deshmukh
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| rowspan = "3" | Lead Role
|-
| 2021
| ''Tu Chandane Shimpit Jashi''
| Satyajeet
| [[Sony Marathi]]
|-
| 2021–2025
| ''Aboli''
| Inspector Ankush Shinde
| [[Star Pravah]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=2055197|name=Sachit Patil }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Sachit}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]

Karakattakkaran

2026-04-29T14:49:25Z

FionaLaflamme:

{{Short description|1989 film by Gangai Amaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Karakattakkaran poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| producer = Karumari Kandasamy J. Durai
| writer = Gangai Amaran
| starring = [[Ramarajan]] [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = A. Sabapathy
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = Vijaya Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1989|06|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=124}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}2 million<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=18 June 1989 |title="''கரகாட்டக்காரன்'' பட்ஜெட்; எவ்ளோ செலவாச்சு தெரியுமா?"- கங்கைஅமரன் ஃப்ளாஷ்பேக் |trans-title=''Karakattakkaran'' budget; do you know how much it cost? – Gangai Amaran's flashback |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/34375-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820091851/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/34375--2.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 June 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

'''''Karakattakkaran''''' ({{translation|The [[Karakattam]] dancer}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[dance film]] written and directed by [[Gangai Amaran]]. The film stars [[Ramarajan]] and debutant [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], while [[Santhana Bharathi]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Shanmugasundaram]], Raja Bahadur, [[Gandhimathi]] and [[Kovai Sarala]] play supporting roles. It revolves around two karakattam dancers who fall in love with each other, but circumstances prevent them from confessing their love for one another. How they overcome these forms the rest of the story.

The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and all the songs were well-received, in particular, "Maanguyilae Poonguyile". The film was released on 16 June 1989 and was a major commercial success, running for over a year in theatres,<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=2 December 2021 |title=With Krishnaveni Cinemas, an iconic Chennai landmark gets a much needed image makeover |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/krishnaveni-cinemas-iconic-chennai-landmark-gets-a-makeover/article37801963.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209081959/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/krishnaveni-cinemas-iconic-chennai-landmark-gets-a-makeover/article37801963.ece |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and won two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]. It was also Goundamani and Senthil's 100th film as a combo. Goundamani and Senthil's banana comedy sequence from this film remains one of their most popular acts.

== Plot ==
Muthaiya is the lead performer of a [[karakattam]] troupe based out of a village. Muthaiya's mother was his dance guru. Similarly Kamakshi is also a karakattam dancer in the nearby village and she performs regularly during temple festival of that village. Chinnarasu is the village [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] board president and he sets an eye on Kamakshi. But Kamakshi hates Chinnarasu. To take revenge on her, Chinnarasu invites Muthaiya's dance troupe to perform during temple festival instead of Kamakshi's performance.

Muthaiya performs well and is widely appreciated by the villagers. Kamakshi also likes Muthaiya's performance. Kamakshi's father invites Muthaiya to his home. And to his shock, Kamakshi's father understands that Muthaiya is his nephew but does not reveal it to him. Muthaiya and Kamakshi fall in love with each other. Chinnarasu gets to know about Muthaiya and Kamakshi's love affair and plans to separate them.

Balaraman is Kamakshi's innocent brother-in-law who works for Chinnarasu. Chinnarasu persuades Balaraman to challenge a dance competition between Muthaiya and Kamakshi for which both accepts. In the meantime, Chinnarasu plans to kill Muthaiya during the dance program. His assassin, a butcher, throws a knife at Muthaiya, but Kamakshi saves him, thereby getting stabbed in her leg after the dance.

Muthaiya's mother gets furious upon realising that Kamakshi is her niece and takes Muthaiya along with her and also does not permit their wedding to happen. She reveals a flashback that Kamakshi's father is her own brother and he eloped with the jewels that were meant to be sold to meet the medical expenses of Muthaiya's father which led to his death. But Kamakshi's father arrives there and reveals the truth that while he went to sell the jewels, he was caught by the police suspecting him to be a smuggler following which he was jailed for a few years.

Now Muthaiya's mother realises her mistake and unites with her brother. Also she agrees for wedding between Muthaiya and Kamakshi. Chinnarasu accuses that Muthaiya and Kamakshi misbehaved in the temple and orders them to walk on fire in the temple to prove that they are pure. Muthaiya and Kamakshi successfully walk on fire while Balaraman exposes Chinnarasu's true identity before of the villagers. Balaraman pushes Chinnarasu on to the fire but Muthaiya saves him which makes Chinnarasu remorseful. Muthaiya and Kamakshi marry.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ramarajan]] as Muthaiya{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=124}}
* [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Kamakshi{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=125}}
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Chinnarasu{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=125}}
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Balaraman{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=125}}
* [[Goundamani]] as Thangavelu
* [[Senthil]] as Naadhas<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Praveen |date=15 June 2019 |title='My wife denies me biriyani inspired by 'Naadhas' Senthil' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/my-wife-denies-me-biriyani-inspired-by-naadhas-senthil/article27948489.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713065434/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/my-wife-denies-me-biriyani-inspired-by-naadhas-senthil/article27948489.ece |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Shanmugasundaram]] as Kamakshi's father{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=125}}
*Raja Bahadur as the butcher<ref name="kar" />
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Dhanalakshmi, Muthaiya's mother{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=125}}
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Thangam

* Pakkirisamy as a [[thavil]] player in Kamakshi's troupe<ref name="kar" />
* [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]

* [[Gangai Amaran]] (cameo appearance)

}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Gangai Amaran]] wanted to do a film on the life of [[Karakattam]] dancers and their art Karagam. When producers Karumari Kandaswamy and J. Durai approached Amaran to do a project for them they agreed to do the film titled ''Karakattakkaran''.<ref name="kar" /> Amaran admitted that his film was reversal of ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968) with a change of backdrop and it was [[Ramarajan]] who suggested the story idea for the film while Amaran revealed he "didn't plan anything for the movie and went on scene by scene".<ref name="kar" /><ref name="kat" />

=== Casting ===
After achieving back-to-back successful films like ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' (1987) and ''[[Shenbagamae Shenbagamae]]'' (1988), Ramarajan was the director's only choice for the lead character and it was his 18th project as actor.<ref name="kar" /><ref name="kat" /> For the lead actress, [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]], daughter of [[Devika]] made her acting debut with this film.<ref name="kar" /> It was Amaran's wife who suggested her for the role.<ref name="ie" /> [[Goundamani]] and [[Senthil]] were chosen to handle comic relief and this film became their 100th collaboration.<ref name="ie" /> [[S. S. Chandran]] was the original choice for Goundamani's role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Kalyani Pandiyan |date=24 May 2024 |title=Actor Ramarajan: கரகாட்டக்காரன் கட்ட பஞ்சாயத்து; சந்திரனை தூக்க வைத்த அரசியல்; கவுண்டமணிக்கு அடித்த ஜாக்பாட்!- ராமராஜன் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-ramarajan-latest-interview-about-why-he-was-cast-goundamani-in-that-role-instead-of-ss-chandran-in-karakattakaran-131716396816241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612174501/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-ramarajan-latest-interview-about-why-he-was-cast-goundamani-in-that-role-instead-of-ss-chandran-in-karakattakaran-131716396816241.html |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref> The comedy track was written by A. Veerappan.<ref name="kar" /> Since Amaran wanted a female dancer for Ramarajan's troupe, [[Kovai Sarala]] was cast.<ref name="kar" />

=== Filming ===
The filming was completed in 28 days. The crew found the village some distance off of Madurai Pandiyan hotel on the way to Alagar Kovil where the film was shot while the panchayat scene with the banyan tree and the climax were shot in Arunachalam Studios and Ambica Studios, respectively.<ref name="ie" />

== Music ==
The music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. All lyrics were written by Gangai Amaran except "Paattaalae Buddhi", which was written by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karagatakaran (1989) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000204 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223053856/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000204 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=13 February 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karagattakkaran Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/karagattakkaran-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713064114/https://mossymart.com/product/karagattakkaran-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Maanguyilae Poonguyile" is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Gourimanohari]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=142}} "Mariyamma" is set to [[Mayamalavagowla]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=143}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=11 November 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – The magic of Mayamalavagowla |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115170416/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-the-magic-of-mayamalavagowla/article2618199.ece |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and "Ooru Vittu Ooru Vandhu" is set to [[Shanmukhapriya]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=150}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – Sacred Shanmukhapriya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617075641/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Nandhavanathil Oru" was adapted by Ilaiyaraaja's son [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] as "Muttathu Pakkathile" in ''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=24 January 2009 |title=Music review: Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puraavum (Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja) |url=http://milliblog.com/2009/01/24/music-review-kunguma-poovum-konjum-puraavum-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617101623/http://milliblog.com/2009/01/24/music-review-kunguma-poovum-konjum-puraavum-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> "Ooru Vittu Ooru Vandhu" was remixed by [[Natarajan Sankaran]] in ''[[Kappal]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=25 December 2014 |title=This Kappal doesn't sink |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-this-kappal-doesnt-sink/article6725209.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113023122/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-this-kappal-doesnt-sink/article6725209.ece |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[S. Shankar]], the producer of that film, did not acquire permission to remix the song, leading to Ilaiyaraaja taking legal action against him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2015 |title=Ilayaraja sends legal notice on copyright to director Shankar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/blames-the-director-for-remixing-his-composition-without-permission/article6749679.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322004234/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/blames-the-director-for-remixing-his-composition-without-permission/article6749679.ece |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=18 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| title7 = Nandhavanathil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length9 = 04:37
| title9 = Paattaalae Buddhi
| length8 = 04:35
| title8 = Ooruvittu Ooruvanthu
| length7 = 01:05
| length6 = 03:20
| title1 = Indha Maan
| title6 = Mundhi Mundhi
| length5 = 04:31
| title5 = Mariyamma Mariyamma
| length4 = 04:25
| title4 = Maanguyilae
| note4 = Duet
| length3 = 04:37
| title3 = Maanguyilae
| note3 = Solo
| length2 = 04:31
| title2 = Kudagu Malai
| length1 = 04:35
| extra1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| extra5 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], K. S. Chithra
| extra6 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| extra7 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra8 = Malaysia Vasudevan, Gangai Amaran
| extra9 = Ilaiyaraaja
| total_length = 36:16 
}}

For the dubbed [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''Garagatta Gopaiah'', all lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajashri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garagatta Gopaiah |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/garagatta-gopaiah/hvz0TOOrgZI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628060140/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/garagatta-gopaiah/hvz0TOOrgZI_ |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Palikindi Kulikindi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:47
| title2 = Ragame Kotha Yogame
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 4:49
| title3 = Ooru Kani Oore Vachi
| extra3 = Mano
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Gunde Pagili
| extra4 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:37
| title5 = Desamlo Enno Pallelu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 3:36
| title6 = Oho Moola Vinayakuda
| extra6 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 3:38
| title7 = Palikindi Kulikindi
| note7 = Duet
| extra7 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 4:31
| title8 = Nandana Vanamuna
| extra8 = Mano
| length8 = 1:24
| title9 = Mokkenamma
| extra9 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length9 = 4:18
| total_length = 36:14
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Karakattakkaran'' was released on 16 June 1989.<ref name="kat" /> The film became a major commercial success, running for over a year in Nadana Theatre at Madurai.<ref name="kat" /> However, the producer made little profit because of the low price it was sold to distributors for.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-29 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: கரகாட்டக்காரனை கவிழ்த்த கங்கை அமரன் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/137742 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429133803/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/137742 |archive-date=2026-04-29 |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 44 out of 100, calling it a simple, realistic village love story without much grandeur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 1989 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: கரகாட்டக்காரன் |trans-title=Movie Review: Karakattakkaran |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/36637--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127124518/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/36637--2 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> At the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], ''Karakattakkaran'' won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize for Best Film]], and D. K. S. Babu won for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]].{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=126}}

== Legacy ==
''Karakattakkaran'' became a cult film for bringing the art of Karagam into prominence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=15 August 2019 |title=What happens when Lenin, Santhana Bharathi and Gangai Amaren meet? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gangai-amaren-santhana-bharathi-and-lenin-inaugurate-an-integrated-film-school-at-clusters-institute-of-media-and-technology-in-coimbatore/article29100554.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614190506/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gangai-amaren-santhana-bharathi-and-lenin-inaugurate-an-integrated-film-school-at-clusters-institute-of-media-and-technology-in-coimbatore/article29100554.ece |archive-date=14 June 2023 |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Soma |date=11 June 2014 |title=A care for Karagattam? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/A-care-for-Karagattam/article11642228.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617065750/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/A-care-for-Karagattam/article11642228.ece |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The car [[Chevrolet Impala]], 1960's model used in the film became popular after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frederick |first=Prince |date=24 December 2014 |title=Cars can be funny too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/man-and-machine-cars-can-be-funny-too/article6722752.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617070433/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/man-and-machine-cars-can-be-funny-too/article6722752.ece |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In an interview with ''The Hindu'' in 2002, Somasundaram, a real-life Karakattam dancer was critical of the film, stating that it was an "insult to the dance form".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandrasekar |first=Preethi |date=24 October 2002 |title=Bringing it to center stage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/10/24/stories/2002102405680200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617071057/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/10/24/stories/2002102405680200.htm |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In a 2012 interview, [[Venkat Prabhu]] was asked if he would ever remake ''Karakattakkaran'', and said "it would be extremely difficult to do justice to the original".<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2012 |title=Venkat on funny mode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-on-funny-mode/articleshow/17462890.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105092036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-on-funny-mode/articleshow/17462890.cms |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In May 2019, Amaran expressed interest in doing a sequel with the original cast,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=29 May 2019 |title=Karakattakaran to get a sequel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/29/karakattakaran-2-on-cards-11889.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713105945/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/29/karakattakaran-2-on-cards-11889.html |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> which Ramarajan opposed the following month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2019 |title=கரகாட்டக்காரன்-2 எடுக்கக்கூடாது – ராமராஜன் |trans-title=Karakattakkaran-2 should not be made – Ramarajan |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2019/06/22164113/1247661/ramarajan-says-dont-take-karakattakaran-2nd-part.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713105945/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2019/06/22164113/1247661/ramarajan-says-dont-take-karakattakaran-2nd-part.vpf |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In a comedy scene from ''[[Thangamana Raasa]]'' (1989), Goundamani who is jailed for a petty crime, dreams of singing under the music of Ilaiyaraja, he sings "Maanguyile" to [[Vinu Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thangamana Raasa |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Rekha Movies |year=1989}}{{time needed|date=June 2023}}</ref>

''[[Ooru Vittu Ooru Vanthu]]'' (1990) also directed by Gangai Amaran was named after a song from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=19 October 2020 |title=Goundamani in Singapore, Yogi Babu in London: 7 hilarious Tamil scenes in foreign lands |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/goundamani-singapore-yogi-babu-london-7-hilarious-tamil-scenes-foreign-lands-135691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713062554/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/goundamani-singapore-yogi-babu-london-7-hilarious-tamil-scenes-foreign-lands-135691 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

The comedy sequence involving the banana joke still remains a cult classic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=24 January 2019 |title=Comedy is God’s gift to me: Senthil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/senthil-on-his-association-with-goundamani-and-his-comedy-tracks/article26077055.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018063810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/senthil-on-his-association-with-goundamani-and-his-comedy-tracks/article26077055.ece |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=5 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> In the comedy sequence, Senthil goes to buy two bananas for one rupee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2020 |title=வாழைப்பழம் சாப்பிடச் சொன்னா ஏன் சிரிக்கிறீங்க? - மருத்துவர் சொல்லும் முக்கியத் தகவல் #MyVikatan |trans-title=Why do you laugh when I tell you to eat a banana? - Doctor gives important information |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/why-banana-is-important |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411140250/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/why-banana-is-important |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> When he returns to Goundamani with one of the two bananas after eating the other one, Goundamani asks him where the other banana is, and Senthil replies to him by saying that the other banana is the one Goundamani is holding in his hand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=Senthil – The Comedy Legend! |url=https://www.suryanfm.in/actor-senthil-birthday-special-article/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226130107/https://www.suryanfm.in/actor-senthil-birthday-special-article/ |archive-date=26 February 2025 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=[[Suryan FM]] |language=ta}}</ref> The sequence was referred to in the films ''[[Puthu Paatu]]'' (1990),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Puthu Paatu |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Ilaiyaraaja Creations}}{{time needed|date=October 2023}}</ref> ''[[Ponnuketha Purushan]]'' (1992),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Ponnuketha Purushan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Mars International}}{{time needed|date=October 2023}}</ref> ''[[Muthal Seethanam]]'' (1992),<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=479&v=ScxlKpwrfbI&feature=youtu.be |title=Mudhal Seedhanam Tamil Movie Full comedy {{!}} Goundamani senthil {{!}} Ciniclips |date=31 July 2024 |last=Cini Clips |access-date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218170046/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=479&v=ScxlKpwrfbI&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=18 December 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> ''[[Pudhayal]]'' (1997),<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgNh89pq6C4 |title=Puthaiyal Tamil Movie Full Comedy {{!}} Comedy Jukebox {{!}} Goundamani {{!}} Senthil {{!}} Thamizh Padam |date=7 March 2017 |language=ta |publisher=Thamizh Padam |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613100211/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgNh89pq6C4 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Seerivarum Kaalai |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Kanna Cine Arts}}{{time needed|date=October 2023}}</ref> and a [[deleted scene]] from ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012) where [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] recreates the dialogues in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay recreates the epic Goundamani-Senthil comedy in the 'Thuppakki' deleted scene |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijay-recreates-the-epic-goundamani-senthil-comedy-in-the-thuppakki-deleted-scene/articleshow/110835388.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613101456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-vijay-recreates-the-epic-goundamani-senthil-comedy-in-the-thuppakki-deleted-scene/articleshow/110835388.cms |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008), when the friends witness the car which they are going to travel, the theme music of ''Karagattakaran'' is used as background music for the scene.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Saroja |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Amma Creations |year=2008}}{{time needed|date=June 2023}}</ref>

In a comedy sequence in ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' (2013), Chitra Devi Priya's mother ([[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]]) tells her daughter ([[Kajal Aggarwal]]) that she cannot sing well and laments that she hit her head while listening to Chitra Devi Priya sing "Maanguyilae".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiNGnjU6xsk |title=Azhagu Raja - Back to Back Comedy Scenes 😂 {{!}} Part 2 {{!}} Karthi {{!}} Santhanam {{!}} Adithya TV |date=15 July 2025 |publisher=[[Adithya TV]] |time=26:04 to 26:22 |time-caption=From |access-date=20 February 2026 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=5 November 2013 |title=All in All Azhagu Raja: What a drag! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/all-in-all-azhagu-raja-what-a-drag/article5316798.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114004805/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/all-in-all-azhagu-raja-what-a-drag/article5316798.ece |archive-date=14 November 2025 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

The 2016 film ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' reveals who had kept Soppanasundari, the previous owner of the pink 1960 Chevrolet Impala according to the ''Karakattakkaran'' plot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=12 February 2016 |title=Jil Jung Juk: Quirky, but little else |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/jil-jung-juk-quirky-but-little-else/article8228272.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507153643/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/jil-jung-juk-quirky-but-little-else/article8228272.ece |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="kar">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=16 June 2019 |title=Celebrating 30 Years of Karagattakaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/celebrating-30-years-of-karagattakaran/articleshow/69812835.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820092247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/celebrating-30-years-of-karagattakaran/articleshow/69812835.cms |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kat">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=15 June 2019 |title=30 years of 'Karagattakaran': actor Ramarajan goes on rewind mode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karakattakaran-2-is-not-happening-says-actor-ramarajan/article27948457.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820092753/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karakattakaran-2-is-not-happening-says-actor-ramarajan/article27948457.ece |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="ie">{{Cite news |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=16 June 2019 |title=30 years of Karakattakaran – Gangai Amaren: The Vazhapazham comedy track was based on a similar sequence in an Adoor Bhasi film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/16/30-years-of-karagattakaran--gangai-amaren-ilaiyaraaja-ramarajan-kanaka-vazhapazham-comedy-12320.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820093932/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/16/30-years-of-karagattakaran--gangai-amaren-ilaiyaraaja-ramarajan-kanaka-vazhapazham-comedy-12320.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Gangai Amaran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1980s dance films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Theni]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Anil Chopra (air marshal)

2026-04-29T03:44:11Z

FionaLaflamme: creating a details

{{Short description|Indian air force air marshal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{for|the Indian Navy admiral|Anil Chopra (admiral)}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| name = Anil Chopra
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
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| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
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| rank = [[File:Air Marshal of IAF.png|20px|]] [[Air Marshal]]
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| spouse =
| children = [[Shaili Chopra], [Ruchi Chopra]]
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}}

[[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Anil Chopra''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[Indian Air Force]] officer. Until December 2017, he was an Administrative Member of the Regional Bench of the [[Armed Forces Tribunal]] at [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203234815/http://aftdelhi.nic.in/regional_benches1.html | archivedate=3 December 2017 | url=http://aftdelhi.nic.in/regional_benches1.html#Lucknow_Regional_Bench | title=Lucknow Regional Bench| publisher=Armed Forces Tribunal (Principal Bench) | accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref>

He is the father of journalist [[Shaili Chopra]] and his son-in-law is [[Shivnath Thukral]].<ref>[http://www.actresson.com/journalist/shaili-chopra.aspx Shaili Chopra] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029193843/http://www.actresson.com/journalist/shaili-chopra.aspx |date=29 October 2014 }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Born on 6 December 1952, [[Air Marshal]] Chopra is an alumnus of [[Sainik School, Kapurthala]], from the batch of 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sskapurthala.com/about/batch-1968.php |title=Batch of 1968 |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029184634/http://www.sskapurthala.com/about/batch-1968.php |url-status=live }}</ref> He passed out from [[National Defence Academy]] in 41 course. He was commissioned as a fighter pilot in the [[Indian Air Force]] on 2 June 1973. He retired from [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] on 31 December 2012 as Air Officer in charge Personal (AOP) in rank of [[air marshal]].{{cn|date=September 2021}}

Air Marshal Chopra safely ejected from a Mirage 2000 in February 2012, when the aircraft suffered an engine failure.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2014/10/time-to-go-ram-when-indian-air-marsha.html | title='Time to Go, Ram': When an Indian Air Marshal Punched Out of a Mirage 2000 | access-date=6 July 2018 | archive-date=6 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706104359/https://www.livefistdefence.com/2014/10/time-to-go-ram-when-indian-air-marsha.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

He had joined the [[Lucknow]] bench of the [[Armed Forces Tribunal]] on 7 October 2013. His term ended on 7 October 2017.<ref>[http://aftlko.up.nic.in/Ho'ble%20Members/Hon'ble%20Air%20Marshal.jpg.pdf Profile at Website of Armed Forces Tribunal, Regional Bench, Lucknow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029210729/http://aftlko.up.nic.in/Ho%27ble%20Members/Hon%27ble%20Air%20Marshal.jpg.pdf |date=29 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:India General Service Medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Siachen Glacier Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="1"| [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan= "2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="1"| [[Vayusena Medal]]
|-
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[General_Service_Medal_1947|General Service Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Anil}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]

S/O Satyamurthy

2026-04-27T03:08:53Z

FionaLaflamme: made a page

{{short description|2015 film by Trivikram Srinivas}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| italic_title =
| image = Son of Satyamurthy poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = Allu Arjun looks at the camera.
| writer = Trivikram Srinivas
| starring = [[Allu Arjun]] [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] [[Nithya Menen]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] [[Adah Sharma]]
| director = [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| producer = [[S. Radha Krishna]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = [[Haarika and Hassine Creations|Haarika & Hassine Creations]]
| distributor = Classic Entertainments (overseas)<ref name="Classic" /> [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] (Nizam){{cn|date=December 2024}}
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2015|04|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 163 minutes<ref name="BBFC S/O">{{Cite web |title=S/O Satyamurthy |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/so-satyamurthy-2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627114829/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/so-satyamurthy-2015 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref>
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times News Network |date=19 December 2013 |title=Devi Sri Prasad to compose tunes for Allu Arjun's next |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Devi-Sri-Prasad-to-compose-tunes-for-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/27650233.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031152802/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Devi-Sri-Prasad-to-compose-tunes-for-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/27650233.cms |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR}}40 crore
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}90.5 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Harichandran |date=1 July 2015 |title=Content over star power: Story of south cinema in first half of 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/content-over-star-power-story-of-south-cinema-in-first-half-of-2015/article1-1364817.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711120039/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/content-over-star-power-story-of-south-cinema-in-first-half-of-2015/article1-1364817.aspx |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=11 July 2015 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''S/O Satyamurthy''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[action comedy film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=S/O Satyamurthy (2015) - Trivikram Srinivas |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/s-o-satyamurthy-v628223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709195800/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/s-o-satyamurthy-v628223 |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]] and produced by S. Radha Krishna under [[Haarika and Hassine Creations|Haarika & Haasine Creations]]. The film stars an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble cast]] consisting of [[Allu Arjun]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], and [[Adah Sharma]] while [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], and [[Brahmanandam]] play supporting role.

The film revolves around three characters; the first follows his heart, the second uses his brain and the third uses his brawn. The first is Viraj Anand, the son of a businessman named Satyamurthy, who gives away his assets to creditors after his father's death. A creditor still owed money is Paida Sambasiva Rao (the second of the three), whose daughter Sameera falls in love with Anand. Sambasiva Rao informs Anand that he has to produce documentation of land sold by Satyamurthy to a landlord, Devaraj Naidu (the third of the three) to marry Sameera. The rest of the film focuses on the consequences faced by Anand and Sambasiva Rao's change in viewpoint toward Satyamurthy.

In addition to directing the film, Srinivas wrote its screenplay. Initially planned as a multilingual film shot in Telugu, Malayalam, and Tamil the producers filmed in Telugu and dubbed it into Malayalam with the same title. [[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed the score and [[Chota K. Naidu|Chota K Naidu]] was its cinematographer. Production began on 10 April 2014 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. [[Principal photography]] began on 22 September 2014 in Hyderabad, lasting until mid-March 2015. Except for three songs filmed in [[Europe]], the rest of the film was shot in and around Hyderabad.

The Telugu version was released worldwide on 1375 screens on 9 April 2015, and the Malayalam version was released on 24 April 2015. On a {{INRConvert|40|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} budget, ''S/O Satyamurthy'' earned a distributor share of {{INRConvert|51.9|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} and grossed {{INRConvert|90.5|c|year=2015|mode=historical}}.{{Efn|The average exchange rate in 2015 was 64.15 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="exchange2015">{{Cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) - India |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2021&locations=IN&start=1960&view=chart |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=World Bank}}</ref>|name=exchange2015}} The film was an above-average grosser based on the return on the distributors' investment of {{INRConvert|54|c|year=2015|mode=historical}}. With this film, Allu Arjun became the first Telugu actor with two consecutive films earning more than {{INR}}50 crore share worldwide.

== Plot ==

Viraj Anand is the son of an kind [[businessman]] Satyamurthy, who dies in an accident one day. Anand inherits {{INR}}300 [[crore]] ($46.7 million){{efn|name="exchange2015"}} worth of property and stock, but his father owes an equal amount of money. Paida Sambasiva Rao, one of Satyamurthy's creditors, suggests that Anand file for [[bankruptcy]] to protect his wealth, but Anand, wanting to preserve his father's image, writes it off. The entire debacle causes Anand's older brother to become mentally unstable and Anand's fiancée Pallavi to break up with him. Anand becomes the family's sole breadwinner. His friend Bhadram helps Anand by giving him a job in his [[event management|event-management]] company as a wedding planner, and Anand's assistant Param goes with him.

Anand is assigned to plan a destination wedding in [[Ooty]], which turns out to be Pallavi's. There, he meets her friend Sameera, and they fall in love. During the wedding, Anand foils a plan by Pallavi's uncle to ruin her wedding and later helps their family reconcile. Pallavi's father pays Anand double the money out of gratitude, solving Anand's financial problems temporarily.

Sameera turns out to be Sambasiva Rao's daughter and he objects to their relationship. He claims that Satyamurthy cheated him by selling him an {{convert|8000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} property illegally acquired by land mafia Devaraj Naidu. The current market value of the land is worth {{INR}}50 [[crore]] ($7.8 million).{{efn|name="exchange2015"}} Anand, furious at the accusation against his father, challenges Sambasiva Rao that he will bring the land documents to him in 4 weeks, with the condition being that Sambasiva Rao must apologize if he does.

Bhadram makes a plan to switch the original land documents with fake ones with the help of Devaraj's brother-in-law. When Anand and Param reach Devaraj's village, they end up in Devaraj's house, and not knowing its him, reveal their true intentions. Devaraj nearly kills them, but they are saved when Devaraj's wife Lakshmi appears, from whom he has hidden his true self, meaning he would not hurt anyone in front of her. Devaraj orders his men to Sambasiva Rao's family is kidnapped and bring them to his house.

The next day, Anand saves Devaraj from an assassination attempt by the brother of his rival Veerasamy Naidu, who had been masquerading as Devaraj's henchman. Impressed, Devaraj agrees to return the land documents if Anand marries his sister Valli, much to Sambasiva Rao's elation. Valli, however, wants to marry Lakshmi's brother Vinay - but rather than telling her brother, she tells Anand she plans to poison him after their marriage and then marry Vinay.

Devaraj's brother-in-law Koda Rambabu, a short-tempered and stubborn man, arrives for the engagement. He mistakes Param to be the groom and expresses his disappointment to Anand. Anand decides to use this to his advantage; he convinces Koda to meet Veeraswamy Naidu and make a deal with him - Koda would let Veeraswamy Naidu's men inside the house so that they can kill the groom. Anand hopes that this would stop the marriage and allow Valli to run away with Vinay. However, Veeraswamy Naidu's henchmen mistake Vinay to be the groom and attack him. Devaraj and Anand save Vinay. When one of Veeraswamy Naidu's men confess that Koda let them inside the house, Devaraj decides to kill him. Anand stops him and reveals that it was all his plan to stop the wedding.

A furious Devaraj attacks Anand with his men. In the middle of the fight, Anand's mother arrives. Devaraj and his family are shocked. It turns out that Anand's father Satyamurthy died when he saved Valli from an accident planned by Veeraswaamy. On this deathbed, he had still tried to help Sambasiva Rao with the land, but died before he could.

Devaraj and Sambasiva Rao are both overcome with remorse. Devaraj returns the land documents to Anand, who gives the papers to Sambasiva Rao seconds before the deadline of four weeks is over. Sambasiva Rao apologises for his behaviour and Sameera reunites with him. Veerasamy dies in an accident (caused by a warning sign that Anand had made earlier in the movie) and Koda Rambabu is spared.

Anand and Sambasiva Rao are on their way home with their families when Pallavi's father meets them with news that the market value of Anand's stock is now worth {{INR}}10 [[crore]] ($1.56 million){{efn|name="exchange2015"}} due to which their wealth of {{INR}}300 [[crore]] ($46.7 million) has increased by ten times more. An emotional Anand thanks his father at the spot where Satyamurthy saved Valli's life. Anand and his family recover their house and live happily while Sambasiva Rao plans for Sameera and Anand's wedding.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Viraj Anand
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Devaraj Naidu (voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] as Sameera/Subbalakshmi, Viraj’s love interest
* [[Nithya Menen]] as Valli, Devaraj's sister
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Lakshmi, Devaraj's wife
* [[Adah Sharma]] as Kolasani Pallavi, Anand's former fiancée
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Satyamoorthy, Anand’s father (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Paida Sambhashiva Rao, Sameera's father
* [[Pavithra Lokesh]] as Sharada, Anand's mother
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Pallavi's father
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Devaraj's father
* [[Sindhu Tolani]] as Anand's sister-in-law
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Anand's brother
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Paramdhamaiah a.k.a. Param
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Koda Rambabu, Devaraj's brother-in-law
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Pallavi's uncle
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Veeraswamy Naidu, Devaraj's arch-rival
* Baby Vernika as Sweety, Anand's niece
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]] as Sameera's mother
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Yogeshwar, Pallavi's husband
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Vinay, Valli's love interest
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Kumaraswamy Naidu, Veeraswamy's brother
* [[Sree Vishnu]] as Bhadram, Anand's friend
* [[Rajitha]] as Devaraj's elder sister and Koda Rammohan's wife
* Prabhu as Devaraj's brother-in-law
* Giridhar as Sameera's friend
* Surekha Vani as Sweety's school principal
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Lawyer
* [[Madhunandan]] as Company Manager
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Yogeshwar's uncle
* [[Gautam Raju]] as Police officer
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Thief
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Goon
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Pallavi's brother
* [[Jani Master]] (cameo)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Trivikram Srinivas]] planned to direct [[Allu Arjun]] in a film produced by S. Radha Krishna under [[Haarika and Hassine Creations|Haarika & Haasine Creations]] (who produced their 2012 collaboration ''[[Julai]]''), since Srinivas had committed to another film with them.<ref name="Arjun Trivikram film">{{Cite web |date=3 November 2013 |title=Trivikram's next is with Allu Arjun? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Trivikrams-next-is-with-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/25176762.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031164716/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Trivikrams-next-is-with-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/25176762.cms |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Allu Aravind]] was later rumoured to co-produce of the film as [[Geetha Arts]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film's ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' ceremony was held at Radha Krishna's office in early December 2013, and filming was expected to begin in February 2014.<ref name="AA TR shoot Feb">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2013 |title=Allu Arjun, Trivikram film to start soon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-Trivikram-film-to-start-soon/articleshow/26960910.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031164828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-Trivikram-film-to-start-soon/articleshow/26960910.cms |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Rumors that the film was shelved were denied by a film-unit source, who said that Srinivas' screenplay was nearly complete.<ref name="Trivikram ready">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2014 |title=Trivikram is ready for his next film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140328/entertainment-tollywood/article/trivikram-ready-his-next-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031164914/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140328/entertainment-tollywood/article/trivikram-ready-his-next-film |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Devi Sri Prasad]] was chosen to compose the score and [[Prawin Pudi]] was signed as the film editor, marking Pudi's fifth collaboration with Srinivas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=2 April 2014 |title=Devi Sri Prasad music for Allu Arjun's next |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Devi-Sri-Prasad-music-for-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/33141251.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031163909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Devi-Sri-Prasad-music-for-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/33141251.cms |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="prawin">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=3 March 2015 |title=The rise of Prawin Pudi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150303/entertainment-tollywood/article/rise-prawin-pudi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303015733/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150303/entertainment-tollywood/article/rise-prawin-pudi |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>{{efn|Prawin Pudi and Trivikram Srinivas collaborated for four films in the past : ''[[Jalsa]]'' (2008), ''[[Khaleja]]'' (2010), ''[[Julai]]'' (2012) and ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013).<ref name="prawin" />}}

The film was officially launched at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in Hyderabad on 10 April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2014 |title=Allu Arjun, Trivikram's film to be launched on April 10 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-Trivikrams-film-to-be-launched-on-April-10/articleshow/33406705.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408061308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-Trivikrams-film-to-be-launched-on-April-10/articleshow/33406705.cms |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="film launch hyd">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2014 |title=Samantha in Allu Arjun – Trivikram film, movie launch at 11:06 am on 10 April |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/samanthawithalluarjun-trivikramfilm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408064106/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/samanthawithalluarjun-trivikramfilm.html |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> In June, the film's title was rumoured to be ''Kavacham''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's new movie is Kavacham? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Allu-Arjuns-new-movie-is-Kavacham/articleshow/36935243.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101021251/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Allu-Arjuns-new-movie-is-Kavacham/articleshow/36935243.cms |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=21 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> After considerable discussion, the producers reportedly tentatively planned to name the film ''Trisulam'' (also the title of a [[Trisulam (film)|1982 Telugu film]] starring [[Krishnam Raju]] and [[Sridevi]]). Agreements between the principals of both films were reportedly signed in early November 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Vincent |date=2 November 2014 |title=Is it another Trisulam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141102/entertainment-tollywood/article/it-another-trisulam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102170341/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141102/entertainment-tollywood/article/it-another-trisulam |archive-date=2 November 2014 |access-date=2 November 2014 |publisher=Deecan Chronicle}}</ref> Radhakrishna denied the reports, saying that the film's title would be announced in early December 2014 with its preview.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's big plan for Valentine's Day |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/allu-arjun-s-big-plan-for-valentine-s-day-news-telugu-ol0plLedcgdea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127075350/http://www.sify.com/movies/allu-arjun-s-big-plan-for-valentine-s-day-news-telugu-ol0plLedcgdea.html |archive-date=27 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Trivikram reportedly considered the title ''Hushaaru'' in mid-January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=22 January 2015 |title=Husharu, the title? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150122/entertainment-tollywood/article/husharu-title |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122172328/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150122/entertainment-tollywood/article/husharu-title |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Another title under consideration was ''Jaadugar'', earlier used for a [[Jaadugar (1989 film)|1989 Hindi film]] starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Jaya Prada]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

The producers reportedly dropped the first two titles after poor feedback, and ''Jaadugar'' was expected to be chosen;{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''S/O Krishnamurthy'' was also considered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Allu Arjun's film is S/O Krishnamurthy? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-is-S/O-Krishnamurthy/articleshow/45987118.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123084707/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-is-S/O-Krishnamurthy/articleshow/45987118.cms |archive-date=23 January 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''S/O Satyamurthy'' (read as ''Son of Satyamurthy'') was confirmed as the film's title on 6 March 2015 in a press release from the producers.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film was initially planned for simultaneous release in Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King, Vincent |date=25 August 2014 |title=Trilingual film for Allu Arjun |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140825/entertainment-tollywood/article/trilingual-film-allu-arjun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072223/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140825/entertainment-tollywood/article/trilingual-film-allu-arjun |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> A dubbed Kannada version, along with Tamil and Malayalam, later was planned because of Upendra and Allu Arjun's popularity in Karnataka.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Although the dubbed Malayalam version was also entitled ''S/O Satyamurthy'', the dubbed Tamil and Kannada versions were scrapped for fiscal reasons and it was released in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with English subtitles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=S. S. |date=6 April 2015 |title=S/O Satyamurthy set for grand release |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/S/O-Satyamurthy-set-for-grand-release/articleshow/46828272.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407050917/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/S/O-Satyamurthy-set-for-grand-release/articleshow/46828272.cms |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> Arjun began [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] his role in early January,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2015 |title=Allu Arjun dubs for Trivikram's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-dubs-for-Trivikrams-film/articleshow/45741778.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103130406/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-dubs-for-Trivikrams-film/articleshow/45741778.cms |archive-date=3 January 2015 |access-date=3 January 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[post-production]] was scheduled to resume in late February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=S. S. |date=25 January 2015 |title=Prince wants the crown back |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Prince-wants-the-crown-back/articleshow/46014299.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126092008/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Prince-wants-the-crown-back/articleshow/46014299.cms |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=26 January 2015 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> The actor resumed dubbing on 7 March, after returning from [[Spain]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

=== Casting ===
{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer =[[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] (''left''), [[Adah Sharma]] (''middle'') and [[Nithya Menen]] (''right'') were signed for the female lead roles.
| width =

| image1 = Samantha Ruth Prabhu at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013.jpg
| width1 = 118
| alt1 = Smiling young woman at the Filmfare Awards
| caption1 =


| image2 = Adah Sharma at Riyaz & Reshma Gangji's bridal show.jpg
| width2 = 148
| alt2 = Smiling young woman in a pink-and-yellow sash
| caption2 =


| image3 = Nithya Menen Thalsamayam 2011.jpg
| width3 = 150
| alt3 = Pensive-looking young woman with plain earrings
| caption3 =
}}
[[Allu Arjun]] was part of the project since its initial stages in early November 2013.<ref name="Arjun Trivikram film" /> [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] was cast as one of the film's heroines, her first collaboration with Arjun.<ref name="Samantha">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=Allu Arjun to romance Samantha? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-to-romance-Samantha/articleshow/28851074.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116045936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-to-romance-Samantha/articleshow/28851074.cms |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''S/O Satyamurthy'' has three female leads; although Arjun initially denied this,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2014 |title=Three heroines for Allu Arjun? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Three-heroines-for-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/33138774.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403061221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Three-heroines-for-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/33138774.cms |archive-date=3 April 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Srinivas confirmed that the film has three heroines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2014 |title=Kriti Sanon in Allu Arjun's next? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Kriti-Sanon-in-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/35517991.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101021837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Kriti-Sanon-in-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/35517991.cms |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Kriti Sanon]] was rumoured to be one of the three female leads, although she later denied it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=2 May 2014 |title=Kriti Sanon clueless about Allu Arjun's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Kriti-Sanon-clueless-about-Allu-Arjuns-film/articleshow/34536994.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504051357/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Kriti-Sanon-clueless-about-Allu-Arjuns-film/articleshow/34536994.cms |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Adah Sharma]] and [[Pranitha Subhash]] were cast as the other two female leads,<ref name="Adah Sharma">{{Cite web |last=Kumar, Hemanth |date=6 September 2014 |title=Adah Sharma to romance Allu Arjun in Trivikram's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/adah-sharma-to-romance-allu-arjun-in-trivikrams-film/articleshow/41882931.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906225136/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Adah-Sharma-to-romance-Allu-Arjun-in-Trivikrams-film/articleshow/41882931.cms |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Pranitha">{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=27 September 2014 |title=Pranitha to now romance Allu Arjun |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Pranitha-to-now-romance-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/43628626.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928093838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Pranitha-to-now-romance-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/43628626.cms |archive-date=28 September 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> after [[Regina Cassandra]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=19 August 2014 |title=Regina may romance Allu Arjun |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140818/entertainment-tollywood/article/regina-may-romance-allu-arjun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819233811/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140818/entertainment-tollywood/article/regina-may-romance-allu-arjun |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=19 August 2014 |publisher=Deecan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2014 |title=Samantha Ruth and Pranitha Subhash together for third time? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140825/entertainment-tollywood/article/samantha-ruth-and-pranitha-subhash-together-third-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160757/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140825/entertainment-tollywood/article/samantha-ruth-and-pranitha-subhash-together-third-time |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |publisher=Deecan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Nayantara]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's film to release in three languages? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-to-release-in-three-languages/articleshow/40777168.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101022924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-to-release-in-three-languages/articleshow/40777168.cms |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[Rashi Khanna (actress)|Rashi Khanna]] were considered for Subhash's role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2014 |title=Who is Allu Arjun's third heroine? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Who-is-Allu-Arjuns-third-heroine/articleshow/42081647.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910034851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Who-is-Allu-Arjuns-third-heroine/articleshow/42081647.cms |archive-date=10 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Subhash was later replaced by [[Nithya Menen]] because of conceptual differences with Srinivas,<ref name="Nithya">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Nithya Menon keen to work with Allu Arjun |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nithya-Menon-keen-to-work-with-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/44934472.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026094038/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nithya-Menon-keen-to-work-with-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/44934472.cms |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=26 October 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A.S. |first=Sasidhar |date=29 October 2014 |title=Trivikram loses cool; Pranitha walks out |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Trivikram-loses-cool-Pranitha-walks-out/articleshow/44978890.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101023417/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Trivikram-loses-cool-Pranitha-walks-out/articleshow/44978890.cms |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=30 October 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> although she later said that she never signed for the film and reports that she had walked out were rumours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2014 |title=I have never shot for Trivikram's film, says Pranitha |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-have-never-shot-for-Trivikrams-film-says-Pranitha/articleshow/45049668.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106023637/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-have-never-shot-for-Trivikrams-film-says-Pranitha/articleshow/45049668.cms |archive-date=6 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Rao Ramesh was cast in a crucial role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2014 |title=A busy time for Rao Ramesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/busy-time-rao-ramesh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519034434/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/busy-time-rao-ramesh |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Deecan Chronicle}}</ref> Although [[Arjun Sarja]] was reported to be the film's antagonist in mid-August 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2014 |title=Arjun to play villain opposite Allu Arjun? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Arjun-to-play-villain-opposite-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/40200588.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814235922/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Arjun-to-play-villain-opposite-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/40200588.cms |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=13 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2014 |title=It's Arjun vs Arjun |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140813/entertainment-tollywood/article/it%E2%80%99s-arjun-vs-arjun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815002222/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140813/entertainment-tollywood/article/it%E2%80%99s-arjun-vs-arjun |archive-date=15 August 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=Deecan Chronicle}}</ref> Sarja later confirmed that he was not part of the project due to other commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2014 |title=Arjun isn't playing villain in Allu Arjun's next |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Arjun-isnt-playing-villain-in-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/43071500.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101024010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Arjun-isnt-playing-villain-in-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/43071500.cms |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |work=The Times of India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] confirmed in mid-September 2014 that she had an important role in the film.{{cn|date=December 2024}} [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] were said to play important roles in the film,{{cn|date=December 2024}} and Upendra later confirmed his inclusion.<ref name="Upendra">{{Cite web |last=A. |first=Sharadhaa |date=22 September 2014 |title=Upendra Graces Trivikram's Telugu Project |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Upendra-Graces-Trivikrams-Telugu-Project/2014/09/22/article2442723.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006212525/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Upendra-Graces-Trivikrams-Telugu-Project/2014/09/22/article2442723.ece |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Vennela Kishore]] and Surekha Vani were selected to play supporting roles.<ref name="shooting start" /> [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] was cast at the end of November 2014,<ref name="Kota Srinivasa Rao">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's next is a family drama |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-next-is-a-family-drama/articleshow/45270040.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126091156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-next-is-a-family-drama/articleshow/45270040.cms |archive-date=26 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]] was cast in a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2014 |title=Vanisri is my inspiration: Priya |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Vanisri-is-my-inspiration-Priya/articleshow/45513316.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217050306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Vanisri-is-my-inspiration-Priya/articleshow/45513316.cms |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Supporting character actor [[M. S. Narayana]] died after most of his portions in the film was completed. Although Srinivas decided not to delete any of his scenes, he faced a dilemma: whether to use a double or make do with what he had filmed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2015 |title=To dub or not to dub |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150201/entertainment-tollywood/article/dub-or-not-dub |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202022716/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150201/entertainment-tollywood/article/dub-or-not-dub |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=2 February 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> After evaluating many mimics, Srinivas and Arjun reportedly decided to use [[Siva Reddy]] to dub for Narayana's role.{{cn|date=December 2024}}<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Sampath Raj]] was cast in early February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=3 February 2015 |title=Sampath Raj is on a roll |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sampath-Raj-is-on-a-roll/articleshow/46087725.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203024702/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sampath-Raj-is-on-a-roll/articleshow/46087725.cms |archive-date=3 February 2015 |access-date=3 February 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Characters ===
''S/O Satyamurthy'' was considered an image makeover for Arjun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2014 |title=Allu Arjun set for image makeover |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-set-for-image-makeover/articleshow/35017688.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512234907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-set-for-image-makeover/articleshow/35017688.cms |archive-date=12 May 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Although his character's name (Viraj Anand) was intended for another role in the film, he requested Srinivas to use the name for the titular character's son.<ref name="BM Sam">{{Cite web |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |date=9 April 2015 |title=When Samantha puked listening to S/O Sathyamurthy storyline |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/When-Samantha-puked-listening-to-S/O-Sathyamurthy-storyline/articleshow/46867324.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413040901/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/When-Samantha-puked-listening-to-S/O-Sathyamurthy-storyline/articleshow/46867324.cms |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=13 April 2015 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Arjun learned flips, somersaults and other gymnastic skills to perform his stunts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2014 |title=Bunny learns flips and somersaults |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Bunnylearns-flips-and-somersaults/articleshow/34819544.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509093952/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Bunnylearns-flips-and-somersaults/articleshow/34819544.cms |archive-date=9 May 2014 |access-date=24 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He, his brother [[Allu Sirish]] and stylist Ashwin bought his costumes in [[Dubai]], and he lost {{convert|10|kg|lb}} with a customised diet and workout.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's on a shopping spree |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140909/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun%E2%80%99s-shopping-spree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930162440/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140909/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun%E2%80%99s-shopping-spree |archive-date=30 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2014 |title=Allu Arjun sheds 10 kgs [sic] for Trivikram's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-sheds-10-kgs-for-Trivikrams-film/articleshow/42464148.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101050925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-sheds-10-kgs-for-Trivikrams-film/articleshow/42464148.cms |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Sneha was rumoured to play Arjun's sister-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=18 September 2014 |title=Sneha to play Allu Arjun's Vadina? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sneha-to-play-Allu-Arjuns-Vadina/articleshow/42807985.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918145545/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sneha-to-play-Allu-Arjuns-Vadina/articleshow/42807985.cms |archive-date=18 September 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Upendra was confirmed in a role paralleling Arjun's in the film,{{cn|date=December 2024}} and Sharma reportedly wore a traditional attire to suit her role.<ref name="Adah Sharma" /> Sharma's character was revealed to be unstable, while Arjun's character was nuanced;{{cn|date=December 2024}} he was confirmed as an event manager in late October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Vincent |date=27 October 2014 |title=Allu Arjun sheds weight |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141026/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun-sheds-weight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027080332/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141026/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun-sheds-weight |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=27 October 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Nithya Menen would reportedly play a negative role as Upendra's sister in the film.{{cn|date=December 2024}} About Arjun's look, stylist Ashwin said it would reflect the current fashion trends in [[Milan]], [[Paris]] and [[London]] (incorporating pieces from the autumn-winter 2014 and spring-summer 2015 collections).<ref name="Ashwin">{{Cite web |last=A.S. |first=Sasidhar |date=7 November 2014 |title=Allu Arjun to sport a Brit Look |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-to-sport-a-Brit-Look/articleshow/45071291.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108152003/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-to-sport-a-Brit-Look/articleshow/45071291.cms |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=8 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Ashwin said that they shopped in Dubai because Arjun wanted to select his costumes, and the European capitals at that time had only winter collections. Arjun would have several hairstyles in the film.<ref name="Ashwin" /> Upendra's role was reported to be a Tamil living in [[Madurai]],<ref name="Madurai">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=29 November 2014 |title=Bunny's set gets a special house |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141129/entertainment-tollywood/article/bunny%E2%80%99s-set-gets-special-house |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130012231/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141129/entertainment-tollywood/article/bunny%E2%80%99s-set-gets-special-house |archive-date=30 November 2014 |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> and he was confirmed as the landlord at the end of January 2015.<ref name="Madurai set">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=30 January 2015 |title=Allu Arjun in action |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150130/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun-action |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130180523/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150130/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun-action |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He was not included in the film's promotional activities since Srinivas did not want to reveal what he considered a crucial character.<ref name="BM Sam" /> The way [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Wasim Akram]] handled [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] in real life inspired Srinivas to make Samantha's character diabetic in the film.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Samantha was comfortable in the role, since she too had been diagnosed with the disease two years earlier.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Prakash Raj had a limited role, since Srinivas wanted to tell the story of a father by not showing him but instead showing his son's love and his influence on his life.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The death of Sampath Raj's character was an accident because Srinivas did not believe in killing his antagonists directly, but to have them die as a result of their mistakes. Srinivas added that his death was planned so the film would have a good ending.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

=== Filming ===
[[File:Ramoji Film City.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=Ornate outdoor sign on pillars, reading "Ramoji Film City"|[[Ramoji Film City]] where Arjun's fight scenes were filmed under the supervision of Peter Hein]]
In early December 2013 it was announced that filming would begin the following February, after Arjun finished ''[[Race Gurram]]''.<ref name="AA TR shoot Feb" /> At the end of March 2014, shooting was postponed to the following month and it was later announced that filming would start during the third week of April.<ref name="Trivikram ready" /><ref name="film launch hyd" /> In June, filming was again postponed to the following month, when Arjun was scheduled to finish ''[[Rudramadevi (film)|Rudramadevi]]'';{{cn|date=December 2024}} he completed the film on 30 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2014 |title=Allu Arjun completes his part in Rudhramadevi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140730/entertainment-tollywood/article/bunny-completes-his-part-rudhramadevi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731020646/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140730/entertainment-tollywood/article/bunny-completes-his-part-rudhramadevi |archive-date=31 July 2014 |access-date=30 July 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Principal photography began on 19 September at a Hyderabad-based shopping mall.<ref name="shooting start">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's new film rolls out |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-new-film-rolls-out/articleshow/43241498.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031164522/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-new-film-rolls-out/articleshow/43241498.cms |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Samantha arrived at the set on 1 October 2014, after completing ''[[Kaththi]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Samantha's busy schedule |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140923/entertainment-tollywood/article/samantha%E2%80%99s-busy-schedule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140228/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140923/entertainment-tollywood/article/samantha%E2%80%99s-busy-schedule |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=23 September 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> and Sharma joined the production unit five days later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=7 October 2014 |title=Adah Sharma joins the sets of Trivikram-Allu Arjun's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Adah-Sharma-joins-the-sets-of-Trivikram-Allu-Arjuns-film/articleshow/44606282.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009194447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Adah-Sharma-joins-the-sets-of-Trivikram-Allu-Arjuns-film/articleshow/44606282.cms |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A week-long shooting schedule planned at [[Ooty]] for scenes with Arjun, Upendra, Samantha and Sneha was disrupted because of unrest in Tamil Nadu due to [[Disproportionate Asset case against Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa's conviction]], and the scenes were filmed near [[Shamshabad]] in Hyderabad.<ref name="Ooty">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's film shoot now shifts to Ooty |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140930/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun%E2%80%99s-film-shoot-now-shifts-ooty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002164509/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140930/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun%E2%80%99s-film-shoot-now-shifts-ooty |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2014 |title=Upendra Not Playing Villain in Allu Arjun's Film |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Upendra-Not-Playing-Villain-in-Allu-Arjuns-Film/2014/10/03/article2460225.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151900/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Upendra-Not-Playing-Villain-in-Allu-Arjuns-Film/2014/10/03/article2460225.ece |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=5 October 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Art director Ravinder built a large outdoor set for the destination-wedding scene, with flowers flown in from [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=10 October 2014 |title=Ooty, 'made' in city! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141009/entertainment-tollywood/article/ooty-%E2%80%98made%E2%80%99-city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011120517/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141009/entertainment-tollywood/article/ooty-%E2%80%98made%E2%80%99-city |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

A fight scene with Arjun was shot at [[Ramoji Film City]] under the supervision of [[Peter Hein]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=Allu Arjun gets into an action mode for Trivikram's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-gets-into-an-action-mode-for-Trivikrams-film/articleshow/44970214.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030173847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-gets-into-an-action-mode-for-Trivikrams-film/articleshow/44970214.cms |archive-date=30 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A residential set was built at a cost of {{INR}}3 crore by Ravinder in [[Kokapet]], where scenes with Brahmanandam and Srinivasa Rao were filmed in late November 2014.<ref name="Kota Srinivasa Rao" /> The Kokapet set, of a Tamil house in Madurai, required three truckloads of trees from a farmhouse in [[Kadiam]] (near [[Rajahmundry]]) and materials from [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai]].<ref name="Madurai" /> For the set, Srinivas and Ravinder travelled to a small city near Madurai and researched houses. By then, filming was nearly complete and the producers confirmed that the dialogue would be finished by the end of November and the songs shot the following month.<ref name="Sify" />

Filming was suspended because of a strike by Film Federation employees and the Memu Saitham [[Cyclone Hudhud]] relief fundraiser at Visakhapatnam.<ref name="Madurai" /> The strike was called off, and shooting resumed on 6 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2014 |title=AP Film workers calls off strike |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/AP-Film-workers-calls-off-strike/articleshow/45396153.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207053843/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/AP-Film-workers-calls-off-strike/articleshow/45396153.cms |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> When Upendra finished his first shooting schedule for the film, he returned to the set of ''[[Upendra 2|Uppi 2]]'' on 10 December.{{cn|date=December 2024}} In addition to Arjun's action sequences,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's film progressing in RFC |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-progressing-in-RFC/articleshow/45478490.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211150355/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-progressing-in-RFC/articleshow/45478490.cms |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=11 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Some more scenes were filmed at Ramoji Film City.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Comedy sequences featuring Arjun and Samantha were shot at Hyderabad in late December.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Arjun spent the New Year with his wife and son in [[South Africa]], and was scheduled to return to the set during the second week of January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2014 |title=Allu Arjun to ring in New Year at South Africa |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141227/entertainment-tollywood/article/new-year-safari-allu-arjun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229030631/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141227/entertainment-tollywood/article/new-year-safari-allu-arjun |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The final shooting schedule began on 6 January in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=6 January 2015 |title=Allu Arjun back from holiday |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150106/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun-back-holiday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107053310/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150106/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun-back-holiday |archive-date=7 January 2015 |access-date=7 January 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Additional filming of action and romantic scenes began on 20 January.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Vincent |date=18 January 2015 |title=Almost complete, but no name |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150118/entertainment-tollywood/article/almost-complete-no-name |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119034325/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150118/entertainment-tollywood/article/almost-complete-no-name |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''S/O Satyamurthy''{{'s}} climactic scenes were filmed on the Kokapet house set in late January.<ref name="Madurai set" />

Shooting was scheduled to continue there until the first week of February, when the dialogue would be completed.{{cn|date=December 2024}} A fight scene with Arjun and hundreds of other fighters was filmed in early February,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2015 |title=Allu Arjun fighting for Son of Satyamurthy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-fighting-for-Son-of-Satyamurthy/articleshow/46183063.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211025532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjun-fighting-for-Son-of-Satyamurthy/articleshow/46183063.cms |archive-date=11 February 2015 |access-date=11 February 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and Upendra returned to the Hyderabad set for his scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=12 February 2015 |title=Sampoornesh Babu is a big fan of Upendra! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sampoornesh-Babu-is-a-big-fan-of-Upendra/articleshow/46200465.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212092626/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sampoornesh-Babu-is-a-big-fan-of-Upendra/articleshow/46200465.cms |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A song, choreographed by [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Shekhar]] and featuring Arjun, Samantha and Menen, was filmed on the Kokapet house set in late February.<ref name="DSP song">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2015 |title=Allu Arjun's dancing days |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150220/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun%E2%80%99s-dancing-days |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221092844/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150220/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun%E2%80%99s-dancing-days |archive-date=21 February 2015 |access-date=21 February 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film unit then went to Spain to film three songs<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=Allu Arjun's film progressing in Spain |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-progressing-in-Spain/articleshow/46391539.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-progressing-in-Spain/articleshow/46391539.cms |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> also featuring Arjun, Samantha and Menen, returning on 6 March.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''S/O Satyamurthy''{{'s}} principal photography completed when the last song (choreographed by Jani and featuring Arjun, Samantha and Sharma) was filmed on 11 March 2015 in a specially erected set at [[Annapurna Studios]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== Themes and influences ==
Although ''S/O Satyamurthy'' was reportedly about a conflict between two families,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Christopher |first=Kavya |date=28 November 2014 |title=Top Sandalwood stars do the perfect balancing act with non-Kannada films |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Top-Sandalwood-stars-do-the-Perfect-balancing-act-with-non-Kannada-films/articleshow/45297901.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128022053/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Top-Sandalwood-stars-do-the-Perfect-balancing-act-with-non-Kannada-films/articleshow/45297901.cms |archive-date=28 November 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> according to Upendra it revolves around three characters: one who follows his heart, a second who uses his brain and a third who uses his brawn.<ref name="Upendra" /> The characters are a wedding planner (Arjun), a wealthy businessman (Prasad) and a [[Boss (crime)|boss]] (Upendra).{{cn|date=December 2024}} Srinivas told the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] that his film would highlight a father's role in a person's life, because more films dramatise relationships with mothers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2015 |title='S/O Satyamurthy' an ode to fathers: Trivikram |url=http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/S/O_Satyamurthy_an_ode_to_fathers_Trivikram-472242/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408082212/http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FS%2FO_Satyamurthy_an_ode_to_fathers_Trivikram-472242%2FENTERTAINMENT%2F15 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> ''S/O Satyamurthy'' has urban and rural settings similar to the director's previous film, ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013).{{cn|date=December 2024}}

The film refers to situations in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' in the lives of [[Rama]], [[Sita]], [[Ravana]], [[Yudhishthira]] and [[Karna]] and to the [[dowry system in India|dowry system]].<ref name="IANS Review" /><ref name="TOI Review" /> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote in her review that the film "attempts to break away from staid portrayal of women and notions of machismo in Telugu cinema". Upendra's character wants his wife to be happy, and hides his dark side from her; Samantha's character is diabetic, and the wall full of [[post-it note]]s in Rajendra Prasad's house illustrates marriages where communication has broken down. Dundoo notes lines of dialogue which "scoff" at people who call a girl unlucky if her engagement is broken.<ref name="TH Review" />

For the scenes between M. S. Narayana and Rao Ramesh, Srinivas was inspired by his mother's maternal uncles in the village of [[Tallapudi|Vegeswarapuram]] in [[West Godavari district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2015 |title=Trivikram Srinivas exclusive interview |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/trivikram-srinivas-exclusive-interview-229525 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413025601/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/trivikram-srinivas-exclusive-interview-229525 |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=13 April 2015 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref> In an interview, the director said that the screenplay was based on situations faced by people close to him and how they handled them.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== Music ==
{{Main|S/O Satyamurthy (soundtrack)}}
[[Devi Sri Prasad]] composed the soundtrack album and background score for ''S/O Satyamurthy''. The soundtrack was scheduled to be released on 18 March.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The complete album was released on 21 March 2015, coinciding with the Ugadi celebrations, on the [[Novotel|H. I. C. C. Novotel]] Hotel in [[Hyderabad]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
''S/O Satyamurthy''{{'s}} release date was originally scheduled for 20 February 2015 in late November 2014,{{cn|date=December 2024}} and was later postponed to 2 April (after the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]]) due to post-production delays.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=S. S. |date=22 January 2015 |title=Allu will come after World Cup |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Allu-will-come-after-World-Cup/articleshow/45981721.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126070030/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Allu-will-come-after-World-Cup/articleshow/45981721.cms |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=26 January 2015 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> After the film's review by the censors on 30 March 2015, its release date was rescheduled for 9 April.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

''S/O Satyamurthy'' was one of the rare Telugu films to be released in [[Tamil Nadu]] with English subtitles.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film was confirmed for release on 100 screens across Karnataka, at the same time as ''[[Rana Vikrama]]''.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Its global screen count was 1375, the largest Telugu film release of the year; however, it did not break the record 1450 screens set by 2014's ''[[Aagadu]]''.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''S/O Satyamurthy''{{'s}} dubbed [[Malayalam]] version was released on 24 April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2015 |title=Allu Arjun is back with a bang in Kerala! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/allu-arjun-is-back-with-a-bang-in-kerala-news-malayalam-peykSyeegdjai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424143819/http://www.sify.com/movies/allu-arjun-is-back-with-a-bang-in-kerala-news-malayalam-peykSyeegdjai.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=24 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In 2015, the Hindi dubbing rights of the film were bought by Goldmines Telefilms and premiered on YouTube in same year.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LU9ALgdM3GI |title=Son of Satyamurthy |date=2016 |type=motion picture |language=hi |publisher=Goldmine Telefilms |place=India |people=[[Trivikram Srinivas|Srinivas, Trivikram]] (director)}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
''S/O Satyamurthy''{{'s}} overseas theatrical rights were sold to Classics Entertainment for an undisclosed sum in late October 2014,<ref name="Classic">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's film overseas rights sold out |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-overseas-rights-sold-out/articleshow/44900655.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022020357/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-film-overseas-rights-sold-out/articleshow/44900655.cms |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and days later its Karnataka rights were also sold for an undisclosed price.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=Bunny's film Karnataka rights sold for a whopping |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Bunnys-film-Karnataka-rights-sold-for-a-whopping/articleshow/44982634.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101090133/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Bunnys-film-Karnataka-rights-sold-for-a-whopping/articleshow/44982634.cms |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=31 October 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Dil Raju]] acquired the Nizam regional rights for {{INR}}14 crore, one of the highest prices paid for Nizam rights to a film.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Bhopal Reddy acquired the Karnataka regional distribution rights for {{INR}}6 crore.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film's theatrical rights were sold for a total of {{INR}}54 crore.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

=== Marketing ===
Sai Gopal, who had assisted Srinivas since ''[[Swayamvaram (1999 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' (1999), orchestrated ''S/O Satyamurthy''{{'s}} promotion.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Although the film was expected to preview in December 2014,{{cn|date=December 2024}} its preliminary preview was released on 6 March 2015 (the night before [[Holi]]).{{cn|date=December 2024}} The preview featured sixteen actors, including the leads (whose faces were blurred), and the film's logo was muted. In a press release, the producers announced that the film's promotion would be in full swing at the soundtrack release party, with party passes awarded to those predicting the sixteen actors on the preview poster.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Its 45-second advance-preview video was released on 7 March,{{cn|date=December 2024}} receiving a good response on [[YouTube]] (where it was viewed by more than 300,000 people within 12 hours of its release).{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film's logo was disclosed the following day.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Thirty-one-second 2D and 3D motion posters featuring Arjun, created by Prawin Pudi and designed by Siva Kiran of Working Title, were released on 9 March and two preview posters of Arjun were distributed the following day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2015 |title=S/o Satyamurthy – Motion Poster – Allu Arjun, Upendra, Samantha, Trivikram |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFEMAMMk7oQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308210946/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFEMAMMk7oQ |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2015 |title=S/o Satyamurthy – 3D Motion Poster – Allu Arjun, Upendra, Samantha, Trivikram |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sm_6up72qgQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616125613/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sm_6up72qgQ |archive-date=16 June 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref>

''S/O Satyamurthy''{{'s}} 27-second trailer was released on 11 March;{{cn|date=December 2024}} two posters featuring Arjun, Samantha and Menen in Spain were distributed the following day,{{cn|date=December 2024}} and a poster of Arjun was released on 14 March.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The theatrical trailer had more than one million views on one YouTube channel in three and a half days, a record.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2015 |title=Allu Arjun's team thanks the audience |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-team-thanks-the-audience/articleshow/46629723.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330103711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-team-thanks-the-audience/articleshow/46629723.cms |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=30 March 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The trailer for a promotional song with Arjun and Prasad was released on 28 March,{{cn|date=December 2024}} and the song itself was released on 1 April at 11:00 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} Arjun promoted the film's dubbed Malayalam version at the [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|Lulu International Shopping Mall]] in [[Kochi|Cochin]] on 21 April.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

=== {{anchor|Home Media}}Home media ===
[[MAA TV]] acquired the film's broadcast-television rights for {{INR}}9.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2015 |title=MAA TV buys Allu Arjun's S/O Krishnamurthy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/MAA-TV-buys-Allu-Arjuns-S/O-Krishnamurthy/articleshow/46467410.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306095953/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/MAA-TV-buys-Allu-Arjuns-S/O-Krishnamurthy/articleshow/46467410.cms |archive-date=6 March 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''S/O Satyamurthy'' had its global television premiere on 19 July 2015 at 6 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2015 |title=S/O Satyamurthy Movie on MAA TV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/s/o-satyamurthy/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550054640/channelid-10000000001220000/starttime-201507191800 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719140803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/s/o-satyamurthy/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550054640/channelid-10000000001220000/starttime-201507191800 |archive-date=19 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''S/O Satyamurthy'' grossed {{INR}}20.5 crore on its first day at the global box office, the third-highest opening-day gross in the history of Telugu cinema.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film also had the best opening-day gross of Arjun's film career, breaking records set by 2014's ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (his previous film), ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' and ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Trade analyst Trinath told IANS that the film grossed {{INR}}33.5 crore in two days at the global box office, the biggest opening of the year to date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2015 |title='S/O Satyamurthy' strikes gold at the box office |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/so-satyamurthy-strikes-gold-at-the-box-office/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412141637/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/so-satyamurthy-strikes-gold-at-the-box-office/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=12 April 2015 |work=The Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> ''S/O Satyamurthy'' earned {{INR}}26.92 crore in three days at the global box office.{{cn|date=December 2024}} By the end of its first weekend, the film earned {{INR}}30.31 crore and was the highest-grossing Telugu film of the year to date.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Gross earnings for the film's first weekend were {{INR}}48.3 crore.{{cn|date=December 2024}}''S/O Satyamurthy'' netted about {{INR}}3.5 crore and grossed {{INR}}5 crore on its fifth day at the global box office, bringing its five-day global gross and net to {{INR}}49.24 crore and {{INR}}35.74 crore. By then, the film had recovered 60 per cent of its cost and was third on the list of Telugu films with all-time top first-week worldwide openings, behind ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013) and ''[[Yevadu]]'' (2014).{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''S/O Satyamurthy''{{'s}} earnings dropped sharply on its seventh day, and its seven-day global earnings stood at {{INR}}57.9 crore gross and {{INR}}36.94 crore net.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

The film crossed the {{INR}}40-[[crore]] (400-million) mark on its eighth day, netting {{INR}}43.24 crore and grossing more than {{INR}}60 crore in eight days (recouping over 80 per cent of its cost).{{cn|date=December 2024}} In eleven days, it netted a total of {{INR}}42.55 crore and grossed {{INR}}66.85 crore at the global box office.{{cn|date=December 2024}} With consistent weekday performance, the film's fifteen-day global total gross and net figures were {{INR}}71.35 crore and {{INR}}45.05 crore.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

During its third week, ''S/O Satyamurthy'' lost a large number of screens to new releases ''[[Dohchay]]'', ''Kai Raja Kai'', ''Aloukika'' and ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''. The film still performed decently, grossing {{INR}}5.05 crore and netting {{INR}}2.17 crore in three days for an eighteen-day global total gross and net of {{INR}}77.5 crore and {{INR}}46.92 crore (surpassing the lifetime records of ''[[Naayak]]'' (2013), ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' (2012), ''Temper'', ''[[Eega]]'' (2012), ''Govindudu Andarivadele'' and ''Gopala Gopala''). It was the tenth-highest-grossing Telugu film of all time at the global box office.{{cn|date=December 2024}} At the end of three weeks, ''S/O Satyamurthy'' grossed over {{INR}}80 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2015 |title=Allu Arjun on a three-week holiday |url=http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Allu_Arjun_on_a_three_week_holiday-475480/ENTERTAINMENT/15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507020743/http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news%2FAllu_Arjun_on_a_three_week_holiday-475480%2FENTERTAINMENT%2F15 |archive-date=7 May 2015 |access-date=7 May 2015 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> Trade analyst Trinath told IANS that the film's three-week global net was over {{INR}}50 crore, the seventh-highest-grossing Telugu film of all time at the global box office.<ref name="3 week">{{Cite web |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=8 May 2015 |title=Allu Arjun's 'S/O Satyamurthy' enters list of all-time top ten moneyspinners |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/allu-arjuns-so-satyamurthy-enters-list-of-alltime-top-ten-moneyspinners/544466-71-177.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508135826/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/allu-arjuns-so-satyamurthy-enters-list-of-alltime-top-ten-moneyspinners/544466-71-177.html |archive-date=8 May 2015 |access-date=8 May 2015 |publisher=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref>

''S/O Satyamurthy'' grossed {{INR}}90.5 crore and netted a total of {{INR}}51.9 crore at the global box office during its full run; of this, {{INR}}50.75 crore was earned by the Telugu version.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Arjun was the first Telugu actor with two consecutive films crossing the {{INR}}50-crore mark at the global box office.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' called ''S/O Satyamurthy'' a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]], grossing {{INR}}92 crore and netting over {{INR}}60 crore at the global box office during its run.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=17 June 2015 |title=Allu Arjun turns down Rs. 12 cr dance deal |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Allu-Arjun-turns-down-Rs-12-cr-dance-deal/articleshow/47709006.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618061959/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/south-masala/Allu-Arjun-turns-down-Rs-12-cr-dance-deal/articleshow/47709006.cms |archive-date=18 June 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

=== India ===
The film grossed {{INR}}11.89 crore at the [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] box office, {{INR}}4.35 crore in Karnataka and {{INR}}60 [[lakh]] in the rest of India on its first day.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Early trends suggested that ''S/O Satyamurthy'' would net {{INR}}8.5 crore in Andhra Pradesh,{{cn|date=December 2024}} and the official tally was {{INR}}9.37 crore; it was the fourth-highest opening-day grossing Telugu film in the state, behind ''Attarintiki Daredi'', ''[[Aagadu]]'' and ''Temper''.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film earned more than {{INR}}2.9 crore at the Bangalore box office, with an 80-percent occupancy for two days (the highest of Arjun's films to date). ''S/O Satyamurthy'' earned {{INR}}7.2 crore in two days at the Karnataka box office.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

It earned {{INR}}5.15 crore and {{INR}}4 crore on its second and third days in Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, bringing its three-day total to {{INR}}18.42 crore. It earned approximately {{INR}}2.5 crore in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and elsewhere in North India in three days.{{cn|date=December 2024}} By the end of its first weekend, ''S/O Satyamurthy'' netted {{INR}}20.71 crore, {{INR}}3.5 crore and {{INR}}1 crore in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and the rest of India respectively.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Its first-weekend gross in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana was {{INR}}31.5 crore and {{INR}}6.6 crore, {{INR}}1.2 crore, and {{INR}}60 lakh in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the rest of India respectively.

''S/O Satyamurthy'' performed well on its fifth day, earning {{INR}}2.16 crore in Andhra Pradesh for a five-day total of {{INR}}22.87 crore.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film's sixth-day Andhra Pradesh earnings were {{INR}}2.38 crore, bringing its six-day total in the state to {{INR}}25.25 crore.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''S/O Satyamurthy'' was the sixth-highest first-week earning Telugu film in Andhra Pradesh,{{cn|date=December 2024}} at {{INR}}26.24 crore. The film earned {{INR}}3.9 crore and {{INR}}1.2 crore in Karnataka and the rest of India in its first week.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Its Karnataka gross was {{INR}}4.75 crore, the highest ever for a Telugu film in the state.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

It was the fourth Arjun film to net {{INR}}1 crore in the Nizam region,{{efn|For film trade purpose, the Nizam region includes the three districts of [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]], [[Bidar district|Bidar]], and [[Raichur district|Raichur]] in [[Karnataka]] and seven districts in the [[Marathwada]] region including [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Nanded district|Nanded]], [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]], [[Beed district|Beed]], [[Jalna district|Jalna]] and [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]] apart from the state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2013 |title=Nizam territory will remain indispensable for Tollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nizam-territory-will-remain-indispensable-for-Tollywood/articleshow/21499426.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417014555/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nizam-territory-will-remain-indispensable-for-Tollywood/articleshow/21499426.cms |archive-date=17 April 2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>}} after ''Julai'', ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' (2013) and ''Race Gurram''.{{cn|date=December 2024}} In eighteen days, the film netted {{INR}}33.72 crore, {{INR}}5.45 crore, {{INR}}63 lakh and {{INR}}72 lakh in AP/Nizam, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the rest of India respectively.{{cn|date=December 2024}} During its run ''S/O Satyamurthy'' netted {{INR}}37.65 crore, {{INR}}5.8 crore, {{INR}}63 lakh and {{INR}}72 lakh in AP/Nizam, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the rest of India respectively, {{INR}}14.05 crore in the Nizam region alone.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

=== Overseas ===
''S/O Satyamurthy'' grossed {{INR}}3.75 crore on its first day at the overseas box office.{{cn|date=December 2024}} According to [[Taran Adarsh]], the film earned $347,267 on its Wednesday premiere in the United States and was the second-highest US premiere grosser (behind ''Aagadu''). It earned $136,168 on Thursday, bringing its two-day US box-office total to $483,435 (about {{INR}}3.01 crore).{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''S/O Satyamurthy'' earned $233,870 on Friday, bringing its three-day US box-office total to $720,984 (about {{INR}}4.49 crore).{{cn|date=December 2024}}

The film passed the million-dollar mark on Sunday, the second Telugu film of 2015 to do so (after ''Temper'').{{cn|date=December 2024}} Gross overseas receipts for the first weekend were {{INR}}8.46 crore,{{cn|date=December 2024}} with net earnings of {{INR}}5.1 crore.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film continued a good run on the international market despite a drop in collections in India, earning {{INR}}5.6 crore in eight days.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

''S/O Satyamurthy'' lost 60 per cent of its screens after the release of ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani|OK Bangaram]]'', but (according to Taran Adarsh) earned $1,235,073 by 19 April 2015. It broke the lifetime records of ''Temper'', ''Gopala Gopala'' and ''Govindudu Andarivadele'' in 11 days, and was the ninth-highest-grossing Telugu film of all time at the US box office.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The film earned a distributor share of {{INR}}5.2 crore in the US and {{INR}}70 lakh at the remaining overseas box offices during its run.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

=== Critical response ===
''S/O Satyamurthy'' received generally positive reviews from critics. According to Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'', "We've seen enough films with characters placed in the villain's den. Thankfully, the drama is lively and fun moments come through Ali and Brahmanandam. Allu Arjun shoulders the film with his remarkable performance and seems to be getting better with each film. The film's biggest undoing is its length. A trimmer version would be far more engaging".<ref name="TH Review">{{Cite web |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=10 April 2015 |title=S/O Satyamurthy: To keep up a father's honour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/so-satyamurthy-review/article7089242.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410162703/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/so-satyamurthy-review/article7089242.ece |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Pranitha Jonnalagedda of ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "No denying that there are moments of crazy laughter, witty remarks and some thought-provoking words, but Trivikram's benchmark is set so high that the writing of this film doesn't excite us enough. All said and done, if you are a lover of a Telugu cinema who enjoys watching the hero being the Good Samaritan and fancy a few tear-jerking moments, this film is definitely for you!"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranitha |date=10 April 2015 |title=Not very Alluring |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-04-10/Not-very-Alluring-143182 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410023617/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-04-10/Not-very-Alluring-143182 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |work=The Hans India}}</ref> Madhavi Tata of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars, writing that Trivikram's screenplay "has too many sub-plots, but the dialogues sparkle, especially when mouthed by veteran actors". Tata called the film's humour a "big draw", with the best saved for Brahmanandam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tata |first=Madhavi |date=17 April 2015 |title=S/O Satyamurthy Movie Review |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/SO-Satyamurthy/294050 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417115436/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/SO-Satyamurthy/294050 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook india]]}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave ''S/O Satyamurthy'' three out of five stars, writing that the film "works well as an idea, and leaves you with enough questions and thoughts to reflect upon your own life, but as a cinematic experience, it leaves a lot to be desired".<ref name="TOI Review">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=9 April 2015 |title=S/O Satyamurthy Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/S/O-Satyamurthy/movie-review/46867320.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411113049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/S/O-Satyamurthy/movie-review/46867320.cms |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave ''S/O Satyamurthy'' 2.5 out of five stars: "Trivikram has continued the ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' trend of rich-kid-giving-up-luxuries in this film too. But, the hallmark of the director is missing from this movie. The punch dialogues associated with his films are missing and the screenplay is so-so".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=9 April 2015 |title=Movie review 'S/o Satyamurthy': Missing the Trivikram touch |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150409/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-so-satyamurthy-missing-trivikram-touch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410021520/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150409/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-so-satyamurthy-missing-trivikram-touch |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of [[CNN-IBN]] also gave the film 2.5 out of five stars, calling it an "inconsistent drama with over-the-top action and a grand message" and adding: "If only the screenplay had matched the quality of Allu Arjun's style, which is impeccably taken care of, Trivikram would have won the ''S/O Satyamurthy'' lottery".<ref name="IBN Review">{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=10 April 2015 |title='S/O Satyamurthy' review: An inconsistent drama with over-the-top action and a grand message |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/so-satyamurthy-review-an-inconsistent-drama-with-overthetop-action-and-a-grand-message/538989-71-216.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410060516/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/so-satyamurthy-review-an-inconsistent-drama-with-overthetop-action-and-a-grand-message/538989-71-216.html |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave ''S/O Satyamurthy'' two out of five stars: "While all the quintessential Trivikram trademark moments can be found in ''S/O Satyamurthy'', what you miss is the magic he created in his career's best film ''[[Athadu]]''", adding that the film is a "predictable and sloppy family drama with a few high and mostly low moments".<ref name="IANS Review">{{Cite news |date=10 April 2015 |title=S/O Satyamurthy: Predictable and sloppy (Telugu Movie Review) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/s-o-satyamurthy-predictable-and-sloppy-telugu-movie-review-115041000743_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410163034/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/s-o-satyamurthy-predictable-and-sloppy-telugu-movie-review-115041000743_1.html |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Utsavam 2015]]
| Best Performance in a Leading Role – Male
| [[Allu Arjun]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |{{cn|date=December 2024}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]] (for the song "Super Machi")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Gulf Andhra Music Awards
| Best Commercial Song
| Devi Sri Prasad and [[Sravana Bhargavi]] (for the song "Super Machi")
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |{{cn|date=December 2024}}
|-
| Best Upcoming Singer – Male
| Yazin Nizar (for the song "Seethakalam")
| {{won}}
|}

;[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|63rd Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]] – [[Trivikram Srinivas]] – Nominated
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]] – [[Allu Arjun]] – Nominated

;[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th SIIMA]]
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu)|Best Actress (Telugu)]] – [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] – Nominated
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]] – [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] – Nominated
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actress (Telugu)]] – [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] – Nominated
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Best Comedian (Telugu)]] – [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] – Nominated
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]] – [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – Nominated
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)|Best Lyricist (Telugu)]] – Devi Sri Prasad (for "Super Machi") – Nominated

;2016 [[CineMAA Awards]]
*Best Music Director – [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – Won
*Special Appreciation – [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] – Won

== Legacy ==
A dialogue from the film, ''Maa nanna drushtilo, bharyante nacchi techukune badhyata, pillalu moyyalanipinche baruvu. Kani naa drushtilo nannante marchipoleni gnapakam'' ("According to my father, a wife is a voluntary duty and kids are the burden we love to bear. But for me, my father is an unforgettable memory") was spoofed by the producers of the film ''Kobbari Matta'' in its promotion.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' published a spoof of the film on 19 May 2015 in which Prakash Raj was replaced by Brahmanandam as the protagonist's father, who tells his son not to follow ethics and values but to give importance only to money.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G. R. |date=19 May 2015 |title=S/O Brahmimurthy {{mdash}} ''Asthe Viluva'' (Only wealth is important) |url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/apnews/Telangana-Main/19052015/Details.aspx?id=2769118&boxid=26313214 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519082257/http://epaper.sakshi.com/apnews/Telangana-Main/19052015/Details.aspx?id=2769118&boxid=26313214 |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=19 May 2015 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of films featuring diabetes]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4600412|S/O Satyamurthy}}

{{Trivikram Srinivas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S O Satyamurthy}}
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action drama films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films directed by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

The Adamant Girl

2026-04-26T09:48:29Z

FionaLaflamme: added stub

{{Short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = The Adamant Girl poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[PS Vinothraj|P. S. Vinothraj]]
| writer =
| screenplay = P. S. Vinothraj
| story =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
* Kalai Arasu}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
* [[Anna Ben]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = B. Sakthivel
| editing = Ganesh Siva
| music =
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan|Sivakarthikeyan Productions]]
* The Little Wave Productions}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|2|16|[[74th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlinale]]|2024|8|23|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kottukkaali''''' ([[English language|English]]: '''''The Adamant Girl''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[road film|road]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by [[PS Vinothraj|P. S. Vinothraj]] and produced by [[Sivakarthikeyan|Sivakarthikeyan Productions]]. The film, which revolves around Meena who loves a man from a lower caste but her family thinks she is possessed and that exorcism is the answer, stars [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and [[Anna Ben]] (in her Tamil debut).<ref name="lead:hr">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=Soori & Anna Ben's 'Kottukkaali' to premiere at Berlin International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soori-anna-bens-kottukkaali-to-premiere-at-berlin-international-film-festival/articleshow/105997347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223041356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/soori-anna-bens-kottukkaali-to-premiere-at-berlin-international-film-festival/articleshow/105997347.cms |archive-date=23 February 2024 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was selected in the Forum section at the [[74th Berlin International Film Festival]] and was screened on 16 February 2024.<ref name="lead:tel">{{Cite web |last=Agnivo Niyogi |date=14 December 2023 |title=Tamil filmmaker P.S. Vinothraj's The Adamant Girl makes it to Berlinale Forum 2024 line-up |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tamil-filmmaker-p-s-vinothrajs-the-adamant-girl-makes-it-to-berlinale-forum-2024-line-up/cid/1986817 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025237/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tamil-filmmaker-p-s-vinothrajs-the-adamant-girl-makes-it-to-berlinale-forum-2024-line-up/cid/1986817 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2024 |title=Express at Berlinale: Indian entries Kottukaali, The Fable make a splash, leave audience pondering |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kottukaal-the-fable-indian-entries-from-young-directors-leave-audience-pondering-9169088/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219125210/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kottukaal-the-fable-indian-entries-from-young-directors-leave-audience-pondering-9169088/ |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> It was released on 23 August 2024 to critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2024 |title=Soori's Kottukkaali to release worldwide on August 23 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/sooris-kottukkaali-to-release-worldwide-on-august-23-796366 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Paandi, Meena's maternal uncle, returns from abroad after several years, intending to marry her off. However, Meena is resolute in her love for a boy from an oppressed caste, which her family attributes to a spell.

To exorcise this perceived influence, Paandi, accompanied by his parents, relatives, and friends, embarks on a journey to consult a seer. Before meeting the seer, they visit their family deity to perform rituals.

En route, they face various challenges, including a malfunctioning autorickshaw, Karthi's need to use the restroom, and Rani's menstrual cramps. They also witness a puberty ceremony procession, which reminds Paandi of his past efforts, and the infuriated Paandi attacks and beats Meena for humming a song. He lashes out at his relatives, including Meena's mother, Shanti, and father, Murugan, as well as the auto driver, Suresh, and even physically assaults his father. However, he later apologizes to Murugan.

Meanwhile, Siva and Mani, who are following the group, divert to a wine shop, where they discuss Meena's fidelity and speculate that she might be pregnant, which they believe explains her adamant desire to marry the boy she loves. A bull crosses their path, only to be led away by a young girl who claims it as her sole companion. The rooster, destined for sacrifice, tries to escape but fails. Meena has a vision of herself walking freely with untied hair.

Upon arriving at the seer's residence in Palamedu, Paandi observes another girl, similar in age to Meena, being cured of a spell causing her infertility. The seer performs rituals, including stroking the girl's navel, and neck, and blowing air into her mouth, claiming to have removed tiny voodoo balls and freed her from the spell. Unable to bear witness to this, Paandi leaves the premises and, when called, unwillingly returns. The screen fades to black with the message "The end of this journey is in your hands."

==Cast==
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Paandi
* [[Anna Ben]] as Meena
* Jawahar Sakthi as Kumar, Paandi's friend
* Poobalam Pragatheeswaran as Paandi's father
* Sai Abinaya as Rani, Paandi's sister
* Mullaiyarasi as a girl being treated by the seer

==Production==
In January 2023, [[Sivakarthikeyan]] was announced to fund a new project under Sivakarthikeyan Productions, starring [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] in the lead role with [[PS Vinothraj]] directing it in his sophomore film after [[Pebbles (film)|''Pebbles'']] (2021).{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The following March, the company made a public announcement, confirming the project, and the film's official title, ''Kottukkaali'', was announced the same day.<ref name=":0" /> The film is jointly produced by Sivakarthikeyan Productions and The Little Wave Productions. The cinematography is handled by [[A. B. Sakthivel Mudaliar|B Sakthivel]], and editing by Ganesh Siva. Filming was completed in May 2023.<ref name="prod:Hindu">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Soori-Anna Ben's 'Kottukkaali' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-soori-anna-bens-kottukkaali/article66880136.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216180029/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-soori-anna-bens-kottukkaali/article66880136.ece |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
''The Adamant Girl'' had its world premiere on 16 February 2024, at the 74th [[Berlin International Film Festival]]. The film was presented in the Forum section of the festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janani |first=K |date=15 December 2023 |title=Soori, Anna Ben's 'Kottukkaali' to have world premiere at Berlin Film Festival |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soori-anna-ben-kottukkaali-to-have-world-premiere-at-berlin-film-festival-2476237-2023-12-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216170957/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soori-anna-ben-kottukkaali-to-have-world-premiere-at-berlin-film-festival-2476237-2023-12-15 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=The Adamant Girl |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2024/programme/202404155.html#screening_dates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206123952/https://www.berlinale.de/en/2024/programme/202404155.html#screening_dates |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Berlinale}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 23 August 2024. It also made it to the Alchemies section of the [[69th Valladolid International Film Festival]] and screened on 21 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Seminci: Alchemies, The Adamant Girl |url=https://www.seminci.com/en/peliculas/the-adamant-girl/ |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=Semana Internacional}}</ref> The film was selected to compete in the Southeast Asian Premiere section of the [[35th Singapore International Film Festival]] and was screened on 7 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2024 |title=Explore Films |url=https://sgiff.com/explore-films/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=Singapore International Film Festival}}</ref> The film was a big flop and received negative reviews during its theatrical release but it soon became a cult classic when it released on OTT platforms.

===Home media===
The film was premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 27 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2024 |title=Soori and Anna Ben's Kottukkaali gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/26/soori-and-anna-bens-kottukkaali-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
Praising the direction and the performances of the lead actors, Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote,"PS Vinothraj is a master storyteller, who has supreme control over his craft and the characters he presents to us on screen. [...] Caste plays a key role here as well as regressive beliefs that keep women in check. Unfortunately, the women also perpetuate these regressive beliefs because they don’t know any better or anything different. We see how the men think they are all-knowing and can’t get a simple thing done, like deal with the fly, and how the women are smarter by comparison."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=23 August 2024 |title=Kottukkaali movie review: Soori, Anna Ben bring alive PS Vinothraj's masterpiece |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kottukkaali-movie-review-soori-anna-ben-bring-alive-ps-vinothraj-masterpiece-101724481446563.html |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Gopinath Rajendran in his review for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Apart from an intriguing plot accented by a terrific supporting cast, it is Anna Ben and Soori’s career-best performances that elevate ''Kottukkaali'' into one of this year’s best films. [...] Without being pompous about its themes, ''Kottukkaali'' excels at showcasing a day in the life of a dysfunctional family doused with patriarchal norms. While the open-ended climax might feel divisive, it also opens a realm of possible outcomes that the filmmaker generously lets us pick one from. In an industry where directors suffer from the sophomore curse, Vinothraj delivers a more well-rounded second film, and proves that he's here to stay... and win."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2024-08-23 |title='Kottukkaali' movie review: Anna Ben, Soori bring PS Vinothraj's meticulously-crafted vision to life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kottukkaali-movie-review-anna-ben-soori-bring-ps-vinothrajs-meticulously-crafted-vision-to-life/article68558309.ece |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote,"This film is even without that most obvious tool of manipulation: Music. I loved the film for employing no music. In this film about the torment of Meena, music would have felt exploitative. It would have been an obvious directorial ploy to have you react one way or another, but in its present form, Kottukkaali simply takes your hand and walks you around for a few hours with the family of Pandi and Meena—without telling you how you ought to feel."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=2024-08-23 |title=Kottukkaali Movie Review: This groundbreaking, frightening film incites much reflection |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Aug/23/kottukkaali-movie-review-this-groundbreaking-frightening-film-incites-much-reflection |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave a positive review writing,"Apart from a few small hiccups, ''Kottukkaali'' takes audiences on a winding ride across the arid fields and dusty highways of Madurai towards another more pressing destination: introspection regarding words like ‘culture’ or ‘community’ and what they mean apart from power."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=2024-08-23 |title=Kottukkaali review: Soori and Anna Ben shine in this slow-burn road drama |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/kottukkaali-review-soori-and-anna-ben-shine-in-this-slow-burn-road-drama |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[India Today]]'',Janani K rated the film 4/5 mentioning,"''Kottukkaali'' is easily the film of the year and director PS Vinothraj is slowly turning out to be a filmmaker you cannot ignore."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title='Kottukkaali' Review: PS Vinothraj, Anna Ben, Soori's film is evocative and arresting |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kottukkaali-review-ps-vinothraj-anna-ben-soori-film-is-evocative-and-arresting-2585111-2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> However the movie did not score well with general audience with some calling it the worst movie of the year.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27080561/reviews/ |title=The Adamant Girl (2024) – User reviews – IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-08-07 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>

Sajesh Mohan of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' in his Cinema Analysis column, Cinemascape, wrote: Anna Ben's portrayal of Meena stands out, capturing the character's resilience and emotional depth. Moments of silent defiance, such as her contemplative gaze at a rooster symbolizing her lover's plight, powerfully underscore the film’s themes of love, honor, and societal hypocrisy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Sajesh |date=2024-10-06 |title='Kottukkaali': A bold statement on women's choices in a patriarchal society |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/10/06/kottukkaali-tamil-movie-analysis-anna-ben-soori-vinothraj.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 95%;"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Singapore International Film Festival]]
| [[35th Singapore International Film Festival|8 December 2024]]
| Special Mention for Best Performance: Ensemble cast and the nature
| ''The Adamant Girl''
| {{won}}
| align="center"| <ref name="awards:variety">{{Cite news |last=Naman Ramachandran |date=9 December 2024 |title='Mongrel' Takes Top Prize at Singapore International Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/singapore-international-film-festival-2024-winners-mongrel-1236244145/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.berlinale.de/en/2024/programme/202404155.html '' The Adamant Girl''] at Berlinale

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adamant Girl, The}}
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 independent films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sivakarthikeyan]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kriti Devi Debbarman

2026-04-24T20:18:31Z

FionaLaflamme: Starting a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox office holder
| image = [[File:Kriti Singh Debbarma 2024 (cropped).jpg|220px]]
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura East (ST) election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Kriti Devi Debbarman wins with 7,77,447 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/tripura-east-st-election-results-2024-tripura-tripura-east-st-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-kriti-devi-debbarman-bjp/articleshow/110673574.cms |access-date=4 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Rebati Tripura]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| constituency = [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|3 June 1971}}
| mother = [[Bibhu Kumari Devi]]
| relations = {{plainlist|
*[[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]] (brother)
*[[Jishnu Dev Varma]] (uncle)
}}
| alma_mater =
| education = [["Tribhuvan" Sahkari University]] ([[Diploma]])
| source = https://dspstg.sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5575?from=members
| committees = *Member, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Empowerment of Women (April 2025–present)
*Member, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers (September 2024–present)
}}

'''Kriti Devi Debbarman''' is a member of Tripura Royal family and [[Indian politician]] from [[Tripura]]. She was elected as an MP from [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency]]. She was the joint candidate of [[Tipra Motha Party]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Tripura East Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/tripura-east-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-counting-of-votes-on-8917220.html |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S232.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

== Early life ==

[[File:Kriti_Devi_Debbarma_Tripura_Lok_Sabha_MP.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|East Tripura Lok Sabha MP Kriti Devi Debbarma with her brother Pradyot Manikya in 2023]]

Kriti Devi Debbarman is the daughter of [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|Maharaja Kirit Bikram Kishore Debbarma]] and Bibhu Kumar Devi. She have two siblings namely Pragya Debbarma and Pradyot Bikram Deb Barma, the current titular king of Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Who is Kriti Singh Debbarma, the BJP candidate for Tripura East LS seat? |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/who-is-kriti-singh-debbarma-the-bjp-candidate-for-tripura-east-ls-seat/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Kriti_Devi_Debbarman_and_Tripura_Governor_N._Indrasena_Reddy_in_2024.jpg|thumb|250x210px|Kriti Devi Debbarman, the East Tripura 18th Lok Sabha Member of Parliament with Tripura Governor N. Indrasena Reddy on 5 June 2024.]]

Debbarma was elected as MP from the East Tripura constituency in the 18th Lok Sabha by a margin of 486,819 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Election Outcome: Northeast sends only 2 women MPs to ... |url=https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://m.nenow.in/sortd-service/imaginary/v22-01/jpg/large/high?url%3DbmVub3ctaW4tcHJvZC1zb3J0ZC9tZWRpYTE4Y2Q0MzkwLTIzM2MtMTFlZi1hYzMyLWRkMjViMjZhOWI2OC5qcGc%3D&tbnid=LZcjp7VCi7UxxM&vet=1&imgrefurl=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/lok-sabha-election-outcome-northeast-sends-only-2-women-mps-to-delhi.html&docid=pKfenU1_I2gVLM&w=800&h=428&itg=1&source=sh/x/im/can/1&kgs=e820bafde8a8e3e3&shem=abme,ssim,trie&sfr=vfe |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

She as involved in the 2023 Tripura state assembly campaign and could be seen alongside his brother Pradyot Manikya.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

After signing the Tiprasa Accord between Tipra Motha Party and Government of India for Constitutional Solution for Tiprasas; Debbarma was announced as the joint candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/kriti-devi-debbarman-files-nomination-for-tripura-east-ls-constituency/1389435 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

Upon her becoming the member of parliament Lok Sabha, Debbarma was appointed as member of the parliamentary Standing Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers on 26 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemicals and Fertilizers |url=https://prsindia.org/parliamentary-committees/chemicals-and-fertilizers |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarman, Kriti Devi}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tripura]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Santanu Bose

2026-04-22T09:54:51Z

FionaLaflamme: added entry - done

{{Short description|Indian director and drama teacher}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person 
| name = Santanu Bose
| image = File:Santanu Bose Portrait.jpg
| caption = Santanu Bose
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| occupation = Actor, director
| alma_mater = [[Drama Studio London]]
}}

'''Santanu Bose''' is an [[Theatre of India|Indian-theatre]] director and drama teacher. He has worked extensively on multicultural issues in collaborative process.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contemporary Theatre Practices|url=http://www.actorfactor.net/master-dope-series-workshops.php|website=www.actorfactor.net|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref> He is the dean of the academic affairs<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tribune News Service|title=Eminent poets to be part of art event|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/eminent-poets-to-be-part-of-art-event/535140.html|website=www.tribuneindia.com|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref> and associate professor, World Drama of [[National School of Drama]], (NSD) New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parshathy J. Nath|title=The function of theatre|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lit-for-life/the-function-of-theatre/article22472016.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2018 |accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Faculty Members|url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/faculty-members/|website=nsd.gov.in|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bose studied [[comparative literature]] at [[Jadavpur University]], [[Kolkata]] in 1992. He started his theatre career with an apprenticeship under [[Tripti Mitra]]. He further studied design and direction at [[National School of Drama]], [[New Delhi]] in 1992–1995. In 1996, he was awarded Charles Wallace Fellowship and went on to study acting at [[Drama Studio London]]. There he acted in the play ''Our Man'' with an international cast under the direction of Peter Layton.

==Career==
He came back to India and started working as a lecturer in [[Art director|art direction]] at [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]], [[Kolkata]] and later he joined the [[National School of Drama]] as assistant professor of World drama.<ref>{{cite web|title=Faculty Members|url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/faculty-members/|website=nsd.gov.in|accessdate=25 February 2018}}</ref> He has also taught as visiting faculty at [[Rabindra Bharati University]], [[University of Hyderabad]], [[Jamia Millia University|Jamia Milia University]], and [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|Indira Gandhi Nation Open University]].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Bose received critical acclaim as an actor in the [[short film]] ''Sunder Jeebon'', directed by Sandeep Chaterjee.<ref>{{cite web|title=They too have won the National Award...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2003/08/03/stories/2003080300180200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040109061810/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2003/08/03/stories/2003080300180200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2004|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-08-03|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref> He has done research and sections of dialogue for the Film "Name of a River" by Anup Singh<ref>{{cite web|last1=UNT News Desk|title=ICCR Jammu launching a new Series 'SAMVAAD' from 30th January, 2018|url=http://www.universalnewstimeline.com/iccr-jammu-launching-a-new-series-%E2%80%98samvaad%E2%80%99-from-30th-january-2018|website=www.universalnewstimeline.com|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ICCR Jammu launching a new series 'Samvaad' from Jan 30|url=http://www.journeyline.in/newsdet.aspx?q=146573|website=www.journeyline.in|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref> and done Art Direction for the film ''Reaching Silence'' by Jahar Kanungo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=BIFF Archive|title=Reaching Silence|url=http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history10_02.asp?mode=view&idx=10045&piff_code=2005|website=www.biff.kr|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>

He has also created over 60 theatre pieces in India, England, Australia, Germany, France and Belgium.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} In 2000, he founded Monirath Theatre Group, in Calcutta. The German-Indian theatre collaborations with the Goethe Institute Calcutta have been an important part in the work done by his group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monirath Theatre Group|url=https://culture360.asef.org/resources/monirath-theatre-group|website=culture360.asef.org|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref> Some of the notable works are:
* [[Sophocles]]'s [[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]]<ref>{{cite web|title=National Theatre Festival at Trivandrum|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/indiantheatreresearch/mazUceDvz3M|website=groups.google.com|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>
* Macbeth Question<ref>{{cite web|title=Works of William Shakespeare to be the theme for 25th UGC International Conference and Theater Festival|url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2015/03/12/works-of-william-shakespeare-to-be-the-theme-for-25th-ugc-international-conference-and-theater-festival/|website=sholoanabangaliana.in|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Goethe's Faust]]
* Widowed Pimp & House of Horrors<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kritika Dua|title=Mélange of Sickness, Fright and Demise|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=mlange-of-sickness-fright-and-demise&section_url_key=vivacity|website=www.dailypioneer.com|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Elisabeth Hauptmann|Elizabeth Hauptmann]]'s [[The Threepenny Opera|Threepenny Opera]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Brecht's Threepenny Opera in India – a relevant classic Art reflecting society|url=https://mediaindia.eu/art-culture/brechts-threepenny-opera-in-india-a-relevant-classic/|website=mediaindia.eu|date=November 2017 |accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Mahasweta Devi]]'s Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahasweta Devi: Voice of the Margins|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/mahasweta-devi-voice-of-the-margins-2941264/|website=indianexpress.com|date=29 July 2016 |accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>
* Raddi Bazaar<ref>{{cite web|title=Raddi Bazaar: On the importance of life and living|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/686681/raddi-bazaar-on-the-importance-of-life-and-living/|website=tribune.com|date=24 March 2014 |accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref>
* Kala Khatta Chuski Kholi Khokha Khopcha<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kavita Nagpal|title=Existentialist life unfolds outside theatre|url=http://archive.asianage.com/arts/existentialist-life-unfolds-outside-theatre-101|website=asianage.com|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Girish Karnad]]'s [[Taledanda|Raktkalyan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Theatre Festival Explore Myth, Abstract – review|url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20151016/282668981196815|via=PressReader|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>
* Sottor-Uttor<ref>{{cite web|title=The new wave|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20090209-the-new-wave-738883-2009-01-30|website=www.indiatoday.in|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>
* Roddur Wala Goli<ref>{{cite web|title=The Live Theatre|url=http://www.thelivetheatre.com/about/timeline/theatre/|website=www.thelivetheatre.com|accessdate=24 February 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Theatre of India]]
* [[Bengali theatre]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Santanu}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

List of Indian Nobel laureates

2026-04-19T23:13:03Z

FionaLaflamme: Creating New Data

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] was the first [[Indian people|Indian]] and also the first non-European and the first Asian to be awarded with the [[Nobel Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasturi |first=Charu Sudan |date=25 August 2013 |title=Nobel tribute to Tagore – Stockholm to Calcutta, Sweden lines up centenary events |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nobel-tribute-to-tagore-stockholm-to-calcutta-sweden-lines-up-centenary-events/cid/268409 |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[The Telegraph India]] |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103452/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nobel-tribute-to-tagore-stockholm-to-calcutta-sweden-lines-up-centenary-events/cid/268409 |url-status=live }}</ref> He received the prize for [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] in 1913.|alt=Picture of Rabindranath Tagore, the first Indian Nobel Laureate.]]
The [[Nobel Prize]] is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest benefit on humankind" in the fields of [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] and [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economic Sciences]],{{efn-ua|The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences is an additional prize that was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969. Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award and the winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.<ref name="encyclopaedia britannica" />}}<ref name="encyclopaedia britannica">{{Cite web |title=Nobel Prizes–Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Britannica|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |archive-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230820/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize |url-status=live }}</ref> instituted by [[Alfred Nobel]]'s last will, which specified that a part of his fortune be used to create the prizes. Each ''laureate'' (recipient) receives a gold medal, a [[diploma]] and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015012957/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel; the [[Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute]] awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; the [[Swedish Academy]] awards the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] awards the Nobel Peace Prize. They are widely recognised as one of the most prestigious honours awarded in the aforementioned fields.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=A short guide to the Nobel Prize |url=https://sweden.se/society/the-nobel-prize/ |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=Swedish Institute |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203541/https://sweden.se/society/the-nobel-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

First instituted in 1901, the [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded to a total of 989 individuals (930 men and 59 women) and 30 organisations {{as of|2022|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Nobel |date=22 November 2018 |title=Nobel Prize facts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106004028/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/nobel-prize-facts/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref> Among the recipients, 12 are [[Indian people|Indians]] of which 5 are Indian citizens and 7 are of Indian ancestry or residency. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was the first [[Indian people|Indian citizen]] to be awarded and also the first non-European and the first Asian to be awarded in 1913. [[Mother Teresa]] is the only woman among the list of recipients.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2014 |title=From 1913 to 2014: Indian Nobel Prize winners |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/from-1913-to-2014-indian-nobel-prize-winners/article6489283.ece?mstac=0#im-image-0 |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161050/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indian-Nobel-Prize-winners-In-pictures/article60649665.ece#im-image-0 |archive-date=21 September 2023}}</ref> [[Sri Aurobindo]], the Indian poet, philosopher, [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] and developer of [[Integral yoga]], was nominated unsuccessfully for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1943 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajinder Singh |date=Sep 2012 |title=Aurobindo Gosh's Nobel nomination |url=http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sep-oct-2012/10_Opinion_India_s_Literature_Nobel_Prize_Nominators_and_Nominees_and_Kolkata_s_Contribution_by_Rajinder_Singh_Pg.440.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808064120/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sep-oct-2012/10_Opinion_India_s_Literature_Nobel_Prize_Nominators_and_Nominees_and_Kolkata_s_Contribution_by_Rajinder_Singh_Pg.440.html |archive-date=8 August 2016 |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=Science and Culture |pages=442}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Nobel |date=22 November 2018 |title=Aurobindo Ghosh Nomination archive |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show_people.php&id=567 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122173710/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive%2Fshow_people.php&id=567 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref>

On 1 December 1999, the Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was nominated unsuccessfully for the Peace Prize five times (from 1937 to 1939, in 1947 and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin |title=The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years |publisher=Imperial College Press, London |year=2001 |isbn=9789810246655 |location=London |pages=181–186 |author-link=#Levinovitz69}}</ref> In 2006, [[Geir Lundestad]], the Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, cited it as "the greatest omission in our 106-year history".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tønnesson |first=Øyvind |date=1 December 1999 |title=Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/gandhi/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602181245/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/gandhi/index.html |archive-date=2 June 2017 |access-date=7 November 2018 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |date=17 October 2006 |title=We missed Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/We-missed-Mahatma-Gandhi/articleshow/2181375.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523225928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/we-missed-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/2181375.cms |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolchover |first=Natalie |date=10 May 2011 |title=No Peace for Gandhi |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44787416/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/top-nobel-prize-goof-ups/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207155937/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44787416/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/top-nobel-prize-goof-ups/ |archive-date=7 December 2018 |access-date=6 December 2018 |publisher=[[NBCNews]]}}</ref>

== Laureates ==
The following are the Nobel laureates who were residing in India at the time they were awarded the Nobel Prize.<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=P J |date=10 October 2014 |title=List of laureates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-nobel-prize-winners-in-pictures/article6489283.ece/photo/1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112182133/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/malala-kailash-satyarthi-win-nobel-peace-prize/article6488625.ece |archive-date=12 November 2017 |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Per [[Indian nationality law]], Article 9 of the Indian Constitution says that a person who voluntarily acquires citizenship of any other country is no longer an Indian citizen. Also, according to The Passports Act, a person has to surrender his Indian passport; it is a punishable offence under the act if he fails to surrender the passport. Hence, citizenship exclusively includes ''[[jus sanguinis]]'' (citizenship by right of blood).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Citizenship |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/p02.htm |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |archive-date=5 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605041213/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/p02.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="" width="200px" | Laureate
! scope="col" | Field
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Rationale
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| align="centre" | [[1913 Nobel Prize in Literature|1913]]
| [[File:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|100px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Rabindranath Tagore taken in 1909]]
! scope="row" | '''{{sort name|Rabindranath|Tagore}}'''
| Literature
| "Because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Tagore |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611070728/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" | 1930
| [[File:Sir CV Raman.JPG|100px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir CV Raman]]
! scope="row" | '''{{sort name|C. V.|Raman}}'''
| Physics
| "For his work on the [[Raman scattering|scattering of light]] and for the discovery of the effect named after him."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=C V Raman |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/raman-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=17 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917083216/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/raman-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" | 1979
| [[File:MotherTeresa 094.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Mother Teresa captured in 1994]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Mother Teresa]] {{efn-ua|Born in [[Skopje]], [[Ottoman Empire]]}}'''
| Peace
| "in recognition of [her] work in bringing help to suffering humanity"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mother Teresa Agnes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611070754/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 1979 |title=Press Release 1979 Peace |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1979/press-release/ |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814160055/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/press.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" | [[1989 Nobel Peace Prize|1989]]
| [[File:Dalailama1 20121014 4639.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Dalai Lama]]
! scope="row" | {{sort name|14th|Dalai Lama}}
| Peace
| "For his consistent [[Nonviolence|resistance to the use of violence]] in his people’s [[History of Tibet (1950–present)|struggle to regain their liberty]]."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalai Lama 14th |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/lama-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414100403/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/lama-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aarvik |first=Egil |title=Award ceremony speech |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/ceremony-speech/ |access-date=27 January 2019 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205727/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1989/ceremony-speech/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" |[[2014 Nobel Peace Prize|2014]]
| [[File:Kailash Satyarthi March 2015.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Kailash Satyarthi]]
! scope="row" | '''{{sort name|Kailash|Satyarthi}} {{efn-ua|shared with [[Malala Yousafzai]] of [[Pakistan]]}}'''
| Peace
| "For their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2014/ |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610150457/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2014/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Overseas citizens of Indian origin ===
The following are not Indians, but rather Nobel laureates born in British India or laureates who are of [[Indian diaspora|Indian origin]] but subsequently non-citizens of India; however, they are still often included in lists of Indian Nobel laureates.
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="" width="200px" | Laureate
! scope="col" | Country of residence
! scope="col" | Field
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Rationale
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| align="centre" | 1968
| [[File:Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg|100px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Har Gobind Khorana]]
! scope="row" | '''{{sort name|Har Gobind|Khorana}}{{efn-ua|Awarded along with [[Robert W. Holley]] and [[Marshall W. Nirenberg]]}}'''
| {{Flag|United States}} (born in [[Raipur, Pakistan|Raipur]], [[Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]], now [[Pakistan]])
| Physiology or Medicine
| "For his interpretation of the [[genetic code]] and its function in [[Protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]]."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=H. Gobind Khorana |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/khorana-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601162054/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/khorana-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" | 1983
| [[File:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.jpg|100px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
! scope="row" | '''{{sort name|Subrahmanyan|Chandrasekhar}}'''
| {{Flag|United States}} (born in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]], now [[Pakistan]])
| Physics
| "For his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the [[Stellar structure|structure]] and [[Stellar evolution|evolution of the stars]]."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subramanyan Chandrasekhar |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/chandrasekhar-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617071544/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/chandrasekhar-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" | 1998
| [[File:Amartya Sen , c2000 (4379246038).jpg|100px|alt=Picture of Amartya Sen]]
! scope="row" | '''{{sort name|Amartya|Sen}}'''
| {{Flag|United States}} (born in [[Santiniketan]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| Economic Sciences
| "For his contributions to [[welfare economics]]."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amartya Sen |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/sen/facts/ |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185330/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/sen/facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" | 2009
| [[File:Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-08.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]]
! scope="row" | '''{{sort name|Venkatraman|Ramakrishnan}}'''
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}} / {{Flag|United States}} (born in [[Chidambaram]], [[India]])
| Chemistry
| "For studies of the structure and function of the [[ribosome]]."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkatraman Ramakrishnan |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/ramakrishnan-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614113034/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/ramakrishnan-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2019
|[[File:FT Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award 2011 (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Abhijit Banerjee]]
! scope="row" |'''{{sort name|Abhijit|Banerjee}}'''
| {{Flag|United States}} (born in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| Economics
| "For his experimental approach to alleviating [[Globe|Global]] [[Poverty]]"
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhijit Banerjee|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/banerjee/facts/|access-date=4 July 2024|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608092317/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/banerjee/facts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Other ===
The following are Nobel laureates with Indian linkages – foreigners who were born in [[India]], those who are of Indian ancestry and those who were residents in India when they became recipients of the Nobel Prize.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="" width="200px" | Laureate
! scope="col" | Country of residence
! scope="col" | Field
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Rationale
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| align="centre" | 1902
| [[File:Ronald Ross.jpg|100px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Ronald Ross]]
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Ronald|Ross}}
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}} (born in [[Almora]], [[British Raj|British India]])
| Physiology or Medicine
| "For his work on [[malaria]], by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and [[Malaria prophylaxis|methods of combating it]]."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronald Ross |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615205458/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" | [[1907 Nobel Prize in Literature|1907]]
| [[File:Rudyard Kipling, by Elliott & Fry (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Rudyard Kipling]]
! scope="row" | {{sort name|Rudyard|Kipling}}
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}} (born in [[Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]])
| Literature
| "In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudyard Kipling |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1907/kipling-facts.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617154420/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1907/kipling-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="centre" | [[2001 Nobel Prize in Literature|2001]]
| [[File:VS Naipal 2016 Dhaka.jpg|100px|alt=Photograph of VS Naipal taken in 2016]]
! scope="row" | {{sort name|V. S.|Naipaul}}
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}} (born in [[Chaguanas]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]])
| Literature
| "For having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/index.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201013651/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates by country]]
* [[List of Asian Nobel laureates]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Nobel Prizes}}
{{Nobel laureates of Indian origin}}
{{Indian Nobel laureates}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Nobel laureates}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian people|Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Indian Nobel laureates| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Nobel laureates by nationality]]

Mantralayam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:53Z

FionaLaflamme: Creating A Details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mantralayam
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (145-Mantralayam highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Mantralayam Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Y. Balanagi Reddy]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 187,011
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 145
}}

'''Mantralayam Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Y. Balanagi Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 187,011 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=https://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

==Mandals==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Peda Kadubur
|-
| Mantralayam
|-
| Kosigi

|-
| Kowthalam
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Y. Balanagi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mantralayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Y. Balanagi Reddy]]
|votes = 52,431
|percentage = 46.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dalavai Ramaiah|votes=41,734|percentage=37.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=N. Rama Reddy|votes=10,176|percentage=9.09|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,697|percentage=9.55|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=111,957|percentage=69.96|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mantralayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Balanagi Reddy]]
|votes = 69,858
|percentage = 49.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=P. Thikka Reddy|votes=62,396|percentage=44.42|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,462|percentage=5.31|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=140,478|percentage=78.18|change=+8.22}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mantralayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Balanagi Reddy]]
|votes = 86896
|percentage = 54.53%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=P. Thikka Reddy|votes=63017|percentage=39.55%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,879|percentage=14.98|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=159345|percentage=85.19%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mantralayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. Balanagi Reddy]]
|votes = 87,662
|percentage = 49.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Nallagowni Raghavendra Reddy|votes= 74,857 |percentage=42.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. S. Murli Krishnaraju Dora|votes= 4,660 |percentage=2.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes= 3,674 |percentage=2.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 12,805 |percentage=6.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,76,324|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of villages of mandals of Mantralayam]]
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.94|77.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kurnool district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church, Prayagraj

2026-04-06T19:24:11Z

FionaLaflamme: added new data

{{Short description|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church
| fullname =
| image = Front St Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08492.jpg
| imagesize =
| landscape =
| caption = Front view in 2024
| mapframe = no 
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| previous denomination =
| tradition =
| churchmanship =
| membership = 17
| attendance = 40-50
| website = {{url|https://delhiorthodoxdiocese.com/directory/parish-directory/parishes-in-uttar-pradesh/st-thomas-orthodox-church-allahabad/}}
| former name = Garrison Church
| bull date =
| founded date =
| founder =
| dedication = Queen Victoria
| dedicated date = 1897 ({{ago|1897}})
| consecrated date = 8 February 1889 ({{ago|1889}})
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status = Known as St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church from 1948 ({{ago|1948}})
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style =
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| construction cost =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width nave =
| height =
| diameter =
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area =
| spire quantity = 1
| spire height =
| materials = Wood
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| diocese = [[Delhi Orthodox Diocese|Diocese of Delhi]]
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =
| language(s) = [[Malayalam]] and English
| archbishop =
| bishop =
| rector =
| vicar = Rev. Fr. Binu B. Thomas
| curate =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| minister =
| assistant =
| honpriest =
| deacon =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| logo =
| logosize =
}}

[[File:Right Side St Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08503.jpg|thumb|left|Right (south) facade]]
'''St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church''' is located in the Cantonment of [[Prayagraj]] (formerly Allahabad) in Uttar Pradesh in north India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Way: St. Thomas Church (918749867) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/918749867 |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> The wooden building was completed in 1889 as the Garrison Church. In 1948 it was renamed as the St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church. The church is a parish in the [[Delhi Orthodox Diocese|Diocese of Delhi, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].

== History ==
[[File:Info St Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08490.jpg|thumb|left|Historic information board]]
The church was built by [[Horace Barnet]], a military engineer. It was consecrated as the St. David's Garrison Church on 8 February 1889 by the Bishop of Calcutta [[Ralph Johnson (bishop)|Ralph Johnson]]. The church was dedicated to [[Queen Victoria]] in 1897.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2013 |title=Lecture on Churches of Allahabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/lecture-on-churches-of-allahabad/articleshow/17869365.cms |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2012 |title=Marvel of British military engineering |work=[[Hindustan Times]] (Lucknow)}}</ref> On 1st April 1948, after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] it was transferred to the Indian Church Trustees, Calcutta. Later, it was transferred to the Malankara Syrian Church and given its current name, St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

== Architecture ==
[[File:Rear St Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church Allahabad Dec23 A7C 08499.jpg|thumb|Rear of the church]]
The church is notable for its unique, entirely wooden construction, which is a rarity among the prominent colonial-era stone and brick religious buildings in Prayagraj. Designed by British military engineer Horace Barnet, the structure is often regarded as a marvel of British military engineering.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 21, 2012 |title=Marvel of British military engineering |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> It was originally erected as a Garrison Church to accommodate the British soldiers stationed in the Allahabad Cantonment. The building features a single spire, a raised wooden foundation, and an east-west orientation typical of traditional colonial church designs.

== Services ==
The parish has several activities for the parishioners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Allahabad |url=https://delhiorthodoxdiocese.com/directory/parish-directory/parishes-in-uttar-pradesh/st-thomas-orthodox-church-allahabad/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=[[Delhi Orthodox Diocese|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Delhi Diocese]]}}</ref>
* [[Holy Qurbana]] [[Eucharist|Eucharistic]] [[liturgy]] services are conducted in [[Malayalam]] every Sunday and on feast days
* Prayer services held weekly
* Sunday School
* Martha Mariam Samajam (women's wing)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Martha Mariam Vanitha Samajam (MMVS) |url=https://delhiorthodoxdiocese.com/spiritual-organizations/martha-mariam-samajam-mms/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=[[Delhi Orthodox Diocese]]}}</ref>
* [[Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement]] (MGOCSM)
* The Orthodox Christian Youth Movement of the East (OCYM)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=The Orthodox Christian Youth Movement of the East |url=https://www.ocym.org/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=The Orthodox Christian Youth Movement of the East}}</ref>
* Akhila Malankara Orthodox Shusrushaka Sangham (AMOSS)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Akhila Malankara Orthodox Shusrushaka Sangham (AMOSS) |url=https://mosc.in/spiritual/akhila-malankara-orthodox-shusrushaka-sangham-amoss/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |website=[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[All Saints Cathedral, Prayagraj]]
* [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Prayagraj]]
* [[Delhi Orthodox Diocese]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Church, Prayagraj}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
[[Category:19th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Prayagraj]]

Javed Akhtar

2026-03-27T20:37:32Z

FionaLaflamme: quick enhance formatting based on references further and corrected details for consistency

{{short description|Indian poet and lyricist (born 1945)}}
{{for|the Pakistani cricketer|Javed Akhtar (cricketer)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Javed Akhtar <big>{{Nastaliq}}</big>
| image = File:Javed Akhtar at Jaipur Literature Festival 2026.jpg
| caption = Javed Akhtar at Jaipur Literature Festival 2026
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 22 March 2010
| term_end = 21 March 2016
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
| nominator = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated (Arts)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|1|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Gwalior State]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Lyricist]]|[[political activist]]|[[poet]]|[[screenwriter]]}}
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Honey Irani]]|1972|1985|end=divorced}}; 2 children|{{marriage|[[Shabana Azmi]]|1984}}}}
| children = {{ubl|[[Zoya Akhtar]] (daughter)|[[Farhan Akhtar]] (son)}}
| father = [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]]
| relatives = [[Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi]] (great-great- grandfather) [[Muztar Khairabadi]] (grandfather) [[Hamida Salim]] (aunt) [[Ansar Harvani]] (uncle) [[Majaz]] (uncle) [[Salman Akhtar]] (brother)
| education = Colvin Taluqdars' College, [[Lucknow]], [[Saifiya College]], [[Bhopal]]
| awards = {{ubl|5 [[National Film Awards]]|16 [[Filmfare Awards]]<ref name="FilmfareAwards" /> | [[Padma Shri]] (1999)|[[Padma Bhushan]] (2007)|[[Richard Dawkins Award]] (2020)}}
| signature = Javed Akhtar Autograph.svg
| native_name_lang = hi
}}

'''Javed Akhtar'''{{efn|{{IPA|hns|d͡ʒɑː.ʋɛd̪ əxt̪əɾ|}}}} (born 17 January 1945) is an Indian [[screenwriter]], [[lyricist]], [[poet]], and [[political activist]]. Renowned for his extensive work in [[Hindi cinema]], he has won five [[National Film Awards]] and sixteen [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="FilmfareAwards" /> He was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]] in 1999 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2007,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> two of India's highest civilian honours. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest screenwriters and lyricists in the history of Indian cinema.

Akhtar first gained prominence as one half of the screenwriting duo [[Salim–Javed]], alongside [[Salim Khan]]. The pair achieved their breakthrough with ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973) and went on to pen several landmark films, including ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975) and ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975). These works achieved cult status and had a lasting influence on Indian popular culture, particularly through their portrayal of the "angry young man" archetype. Following the duo’s split in the early 1980s, Akhtar transitioned into lyric writing, earning acclaim for his poetic and socially conscious lyrics.

In addition to his film career, Akhtar has been an outspoken public intellectual and activist, known for his advocacy of secularism, freedom of expression, and gender equality. He has written and spoken extensively on issues of religion, human rights, and rationalism. Akhtar served as a nominated member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 2010 to 2016, representing the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/19/president-appoints-5-new-members-to-rajya-sabha.htm|title=Javed Akhtar, Aiyar among 5 nominated to RS|website=Rediff|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005173730/https://news.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/19/president-appoints-5-new-members-to-rajya-sabha.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He also publicly supported the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) during the [[2019 Indian general election]]. For his contributions to literature, film, and free thought, he became the first Indian to receive the [[Richard Dawkins Award]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/javed-akhtar-becomes-only-indian-to-win-richard-dawkins-award|title = Javed Akhtar Becomes Only Indian to Win Richard Dawkins Award|date = 7 June 2020|access-date = 7 June 2020|archive-date = 2 June 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240602163818/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/javed-akhtar-becomes-only-indian-to-win-richard-dawkins-award|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="centerforinquiry.org">{{Cite web|url=https://centerforinquiry.org/press_releases/javed-akhtar-wins-richard-dawkins-award/|title=Writer, Poet, Lyricist, and Atheist Activist Javed Akhtar Wins Richard Dawkins Award | Center for Inquiry|date=9 June 2020|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=2 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602163701/https://centerforinquiry.org/press_releases/javed-akhtar-wins-richard-dawkins-award/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fidalgo |first1=Paul |title=Richard Dawkins award goes to writer-lyricist Javed Akhtar |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |date=2020 |volume=45 |issue=5 |page=6}}</ref>

In 2024, [[Amazon Prime Video]] released a three-part documentary series titled ''[[Angry Young Men (miniseries)|Angry Young Men]]'', focusing on the partnership between Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar. The documentary explores their creative process, personal relationship, and the enduring impact of their films on Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=16 August 2024 |title='Angry Young Men': Inside Prime Video's Documentary Series on Bollywood Screenwriting Legends Salim-Javed (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/salim-javed-angry-young-men-prime-video-1236108804/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>

In December 2025, Akhtar participated in a public philosophical debate titled ''Does God Exist?'' at the [[Constitution Club of India]], New Delhi, where he discussed questions of faith, morality, and human suffering with Islamic scholar [[Shamail Nadwi]]. Approaching the issue from an atheist perspective, Akhtar questioned the idea of divine justice, particularly in the context of civilian suffering in conflict zones. The debate attracted wide media coverage and public discussion in India and abroad.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |title=In debate on existence of God, Javed Akhtar's 'PM Modi is better' retort |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/javed-akhtar-debate-mufti-shamail-nadwi-does-god-exist-gaza-violence-terrorism-majority-2839310-2025-12-21 |work=[[India Today]] |date=21 December 2025|access-date=25 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="IE1">{{cite news |title=In Capital, a debate on God spotlights importance of conversation, disagreements |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-capital-a-debate-on-god-spotlights-importance-of-conversation-disagreements-10431102/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 December 2025|access-date=25 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBCUrdu">{{cite news |title=خدا کے وجود پر مباحثہ اور غزہ میں بچوں کی اموات پر سوال: وہ مناظرہ جس کے بعد جاوید اختر کو تنقید کا سامنا کرنا پڑا|trans-title=Debate on the existence of God and question on the deaths of children in Gaza: The debate after which Javed Akhtar faced criticism|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/cwyg0gw1qeko |work=[[BBC Urdu]] |date=21 December 2025|access-date=25 December 2025|language=ur}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Javed Akhtar.jpg|thumb|Javed Akhtar in Dec 2014]]
Javed Akhtar was born in 1945 in [[Gwalior]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |page=204 }}</ref> His father [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]] was a songwriter in [[Hindi_cinema|Hindi films]] and an [[Urdu]] poet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/on-fathers-day-javed-akhtar-recalls-the-man-who-taught-him-poetry/article6117318.ece|title=On Father's Day, Javed Akhtar recalls the man who taught him poetry|date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620053117/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/on-fathers-day-javed-akhtar-recalls-the-man-who-taught-him-poetry/article6117318.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His paternal grandfather [[Muztar Khairabadi]] was a poet as was his grandfather's elder brother, Bismil Khairabadi, while his great great grandfather, [[Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi]], was a religious scholar of Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-16|title=Happy Birthday Javed Akhtar: 10 best quotes from the legendary lyricist and writer|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/happy-birthday-javed-akhtar-10-best-quotes-from-the-legendary-lyricist-and-writer/story-nMOML8p1DiO13gS1s5nraJ.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723075941/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/happy-birthday-javed-akhtar-10-best-quotes-from-the-legendary-lyricist-and-writer/story-nMOML8p1DiO13gS1s5nraJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Javed Akhtar's original name was Jadoo, taken from a line in a poem written by his father: "Lamha, lamha kisi jadoo ka fasana hoga". He was given the official name of Javed since it was close to the word ''jadoo''.<ref name="Chopra">{{cite book |title= [[Sholay: The Making of a Classic]] |last= Chopra |first= Anupama |year= 2000 |publisher= Penguin Books India|isbn= 0-14-02997-0X |page= 16 }}</ref> He spent most of his childhood and was schooled in [[Lucknow]]. He graduated from Saifiya College in [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=David John Matthews |title=Quiver: Poems and Ghazals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hN9jAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-81-7223-437-9}}</ref>

==Career as scriptwriter==
{{main|Salim-Javed}}

Initially, in the 1970s, there was generally no concept of having the same writer for the screenplay, story and dialogue, nor were the writers given any credits in the titles. [[Rajesh Khanna]] is credited with giving [[Salim Khan]] and Javed Akhtar their first chance to become screenplay writers by offering them work in ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/More-facts-about-Rajesh-Khanna/articleshow/15030591.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/news-interviews/32731341_1_rajesh-khanna-consecutive-solo-superhits-record-in-indian-film | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-12-02 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=More facts about Rajesh Khanna | date=19 July 2012 }}</ref> Javed Akhtar stated in an interview that one day, he went to [[Salim Khan|Salimsaab]] and said that Mr. Devar had given him a huge signing amount with which he could complete the payment for his bungalow, Aashirwad. But the film was a remake and the script of the original was far from being satisfactory. "He told us that if we could set right the script, he would make sure we got both money and credit."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3718/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720005307/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3718|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2012|title=The Magic of Haathi Mere Saathi - Latest Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>

Their first big success was the script for ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' (1971), followed by ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' (1971) and ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972). They also had hits with ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973), ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973), ''[[Haath Ki Safai]]'' (1974), ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), ''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'' (1977), ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978), ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978), ''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]'' (1980), ''[[Kranti]]'' (1981), ''[[Zamana (1985 film)|Zamana]]'' (1985) and ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987). They have worked together in 24 films including two [[Kannada]] films – ''[[Premada Kanike]]'' and ''[[Raja Nanna Raja]]''.

Of the 24 films they wrote, 20 were hits. The scripts they wrote, but which were not successful at box office include ''[[Adhikar (1971 film)|Adhikar]]'' (1971), ''[[Aakhri Daao|Aakhri Dao]]'' (1975), ''[[Immaan Dharam]]'' (1977) and ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' (1980). Though they split in 1982, due to ego issues, some of the scripts they wrote were made into hit films later, such as ''[[Zamaana Deewana|Zamana]]'' and ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''. Salim-Javed, many a time described as "the most successful scriptwriters of all-time",<ref>Sholay, through the eyes of Salim Khan, ''[http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-salim-khan/20120228.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406110656/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-salim-khan/20120228.htm|date=6 April 2019}}'', Rediff.com</ref> are also noted to be the first scriptwriters in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] to achieve star status.<ref>Ramesh Dawar (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111081518/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |date=11 January 2023 }}'', Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

== Personal life ==

{{Quote box|width=25%|align=right|quote=“There are certain things that I’d like to make clear at the very outset. Don’t get carried away by my name — Javed Akhtar. I am not revealing a secret, I am saying something that I have said many times, in writing or on TV, in public… I’m an atheist, I have no religious beliefs. And I don’t believe in spirituality of some kind".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Atheism is the religion for these filmi folk |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/atheism-is-the-religion-for-these-filmi-folk/atheism-is-the-religion-for-these-filmi-folk/photostory/45543752.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630162622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/atheism-is-the-religion-for-these-filmi-folk/photostory/45543752.cms |archive-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>}}
Akhtar was nominated to the Parliament upper house [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_javed-akhtar-dua-nominated-to-rajya-sabha_1312632 |title=Javed Akhtar, Dua nominated to Rajya Sabha – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=17 November 2009 |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602163811/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-javed-akhtar-dua-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-1312632 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Akhtar was married to [[Honey Irani]], with whom he had two children, [[Farhan Akhtar]], a film actor, producer, director<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farhan Akhtar|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1027719/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=IMDb|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012013703/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1027719/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Zoya Akhtar]], a film writer, director and producer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoya Akhtar|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0015295/|access-date=2020-08-29|website=IMDb|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921011734/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0015295/|url-status=live}}</ref> The father-and-son duo have worked together in films such as ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'', ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'', ''[[Rock On!!]]'' and ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' with [[Zoya Akhtar|Zoya]]. [[Farhan Akhtar|Farhan]] was previously married to hair stylist [[Adhuna Akhtar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/chat/javechat.htm |title=Transcript of the Javed Akhtar Chat |work=rediff.com |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024221735/http://www.rediff.com/chat/javechat.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>, they divorced in 2017, and he is currently married to actress and singer [[Shibani Dandekar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-javed-akhtar-confirms-farhan-akhtars-wedding-with-shibani-dandekar-on-feb-21-says-will-be-a-simple-affair/articleshow/89328047.cms |title=Exclusive! Javed Akhtar confirms Farhan Akhtar’s wedding with Shibani Dandekar on Feb 21; says it will be a simple affair |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=11 Feb 2026 |date=4 Feb 2022 }}</ref>.

Despite having an Islamic upbringing, Akhtar declared himself to be an "equal opportunity [[atheist]]" who is against all faiths,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120715/jsp/7days/story_15730121.jsp#.Uezxeo03D4w |title=Eye on England |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=15 July 2012 |archive-date=19 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719061237/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120715/jsp/7days/story_15730121.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=Javed Akhtar calls himself 'equal opportunity atheist who is against all faiths' after offending both sides|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/javed-akhtar-calls-himself-equal-opportunity-atheist-who-is-against-all-faiths-after-offending-both-sides/story-tqFPdtO3nXs03lWzuqHQWI.html|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004122414/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/javed-akhtar-calls-himself-equal-opportunity-atheist-who-is-against-all-faiths-after-offending-both-sides/story-tqFPdtO3nXs03lWzuqHQWI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and also brought up his children [[Farhan Akhtar|Farhan]] and [[Zoya Akhtar]] as atheists.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Self-Proclaimed Celebrity Atheists | Entertainment | iDiva.com | Page 4|url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/10-self-proclaimed-celebrity-atheists/21972/4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203026/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/10-self-proclaimed-celebrity-atheists/21972/4|archive-date=29 October 2013|access-date=16 December 2013|publisher=iDiva.com}}</ref> However, he continues to identify as a "[[Cultural Muslims|cultural Muslim]]" because of his heritage associated with the [[Islamic culture|Islamic civilization]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Saurav |date=18 March 2024 |title='Can't Change My Religion As…', Javed Akhtar's Big Revelation |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/cant-change-my-religion-as-javed-akhtars-big-revelation/239377/#:~:text=He%20is%20connected%20to%20the,Muslim%20is%20connected%20to%20him.&text=An%20atheist%20is%20an%20individual%20who%20does%20not%20believe%20in%20any%20religion. |website=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramaseshan |first=Radhika |date=7 July 2019 |title=Minority Report |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/leisure/minority-report/articleshow/70111776.cms |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref>

Akhtar married [[Shabana Azmi]], the daughter of Urdu poet, [[Kaifi Azmi]] and later divorced [[Honey Irani|Irani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/honey-irani-on-divorce-survival-shabana-azmi/13218 |title=Honey Irani on Divorce, Survival & Shabana Azmi |publisher=iDiva.com |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225152049/http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/honey-irani-on-divorce-survival-shabana-azmi/13218 |url-status=live }}</ref> Akhtar's uncle, Asrar-ul-Haq "[[Majaz]]" was also an Urdu poet. His uncle, [[Ansar Harvani]], was a member of the Indian independence movement and an elected Member of Parliament. Akhtar's aunt, [[Hamida Salim]], was an Indian author, economist and educator as well.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-08-17|title=Urdu author Hamida Salim passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/urdu-author-hamida-salim-passes-away/article7548543.ece|access-date=2021-07-19|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719053727/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/urdu-author-hamida-salim-passes-away/article7548543.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Bhushan to Shri Javed Akhtar, at an Investiture-II Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on April 05, 2007.jpg|thumb|Akhtar receiving [[Padma Bhushan]] by the then [[President of India|President]] [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] in 2007.]]
Javed was awarded the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India in 1999, followed by the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2007.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> In 2013, he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Urdu|Urdu]], India's second highest literary honour, for his poetry collection ''Lava''.<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002741/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf |date=19 December 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref> In 2019, he was conferred with an [[honorary doctorate]] ([[D.Litt|Doctor of Letters]]) by the [[Jamia Hamdard|Jamia Hamdard University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/javed-akhtar-conferred-with-honorary-doctorate-by-jamia-hamdard-university-2055183.html |title=Javed Akhtar Conferred With Honorary Doctorate by Jamia Hamdard University |date=2019-03-04 |website=[[News18 India]] |access-date=2019-04-30 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430091544/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/javed-akhtar-conferred-with-honorary-doctorate-by-jamia-hamdard-university-2055183.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020 he was awarded the [[Richard Dawkins Award]] for being a "powerful force for secularism, reason, and human rights, challenging superstition and intolerance through his work in poetry, screenwriting, and political activism".<ref name="dawkins">{{Citation |author= |title=Javed Akhtar Wins Richard Dawkins Award |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/javed-akhtar-wins-richard-dawkins-award-550966 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=2021-08-09 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083105/https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/javed-akhtar-wins-richard-dawkins-award-550966 |url-status=live}}.</ref><ref name="centerforinquiry.org"/> [[Lokmat]] [[Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards|Sur Jyotsna National Music Award]] - 2025 '''Legend Award''' for him contribution to Indian music.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-03-28 |title=सूर ज्योत्स्ना राष्ट्रीय संगीत पुरस्कारांचे वितरण आज; जावेद अख्तर, नितीन मुकेश यांचा सन्मान |url=https://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/sur-jyotsna-national-music-awards-to-be-held-today-lyricist-javed-akhtar-singer-nitin-mukesh-honoured-a-a747/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

===National Film Awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:15%;" | Year
! style="width:15%;" | Category
! style="width:25%;" | Outcome
! style="width:30%;" | Work
! style="width:15%;" | Notes
|-
| 1996 || rowspan="5" |[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]] || {{won}} || ''[[Saaz (film)|Saaz]]'' ||
|-
| 1997 || {{won}} || ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || {{won}} || ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]'' ||
|-
| 2000 || {{won}} || ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || {{won}} || ''[[Lagaan]]'' ||

|}

===Filmfare Awards===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:15%;" | Year
! style="width:15%;" | Category
! style="width:25%;" | Outcome
! style="width:30%;" | Work
! style="width:15%;" | Notes
|-
| 1974 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}} || ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' || rowspan=6 | As "[[Salim-Javed]]"
<ref name="FilmfareAwards">All Filmfare Awards Winners. https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners</ref>
|-
| 1974 || rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] || {{won}} || ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]''
|-
| 1976 || {{won}} || ''[[Deewaar|Deewar]]''
|-
|1976 || |[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] || {{won}} || ''[[Deewaar|Deewar]]''
|-
|1976 || rowspan=2 | [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || {{won}} || ''[[Deewaar|Deewar]]''
|-
|1983 || {{won}} || ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]''
|-
| 1984 || rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] || {{nominated}} || ''[[Betaab]]'' ||
|-
| 1985 || {{nominated}} || ''[[Mashaal]]'' ||
|-
| 1986 || {{nominated}} || ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' ||
|-
| 1989 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] || {{Nominated}} || "Ek Do Teen" from ''[[Tezaab]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] || {{won}} || ''[[Main Azaad Hoon]]'' || rowspan=4 | <ref name="FilmfareAwards"/>
|-
| 1995 || rowspan="10" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]|| {{won}} || "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha" from ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' ||
|-
| 1997 || {{won}} || "Ghar Se Nikalte" from ''[[Papa Kehte Hai]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || {{won}} || "Sandese Aate Hai" from ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || {{Nominated}} || "Chand Taare" from ''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]'' ||
|-
| 1999 || {{Nominated}} || "Mere Mehboob Mere Sanam" from ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || {{won}} || "Panchchi Nadiyaan" from ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' || rowspan=2 | <ref name="FilmfareAwards"/>
|-
| 2002 || {{won}} || "Mitwa" from ''[[Lagaan]]'' ||
|-
| 2002 || {{Nominated}} || "Radha Kaise Na Jale" from ''[[Lagaan]]'' ||
|-
|2004 || {{won}} || "Kal Ho Na Hoo" from ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' || rowspan=4 | <ref name="FilmfareAwards"/>
|-
|2005 || {{won}} || "Tere Liye" from ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' ||
|-
|2007 || [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|{{won|Honoured}}
|rowspan="1" {{n/a}} ||
|-
|2009 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] ||{{won}} || "Jashn-E-Bahaara" from ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''||

|}

===Mirchi Music Awards===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:15%;" | Year
! style="width:15%;" | Category
! style="width:25%;" | Outcome
! style="width:30%;" | Work
! style="width:15%;" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2011]] || [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]] || {{nom}} || ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' || rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/us-east|title=Mirchi Plus USA - Live Indian Radio | Listen Hindi Songs, Videos, Podcasts, Mirchi Murga|website=mirchi.in|access-date=2 June 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224014118/https://mirchi.in/us-east|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]] || {{won}} || "Khwabon Ke Parindey" from ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|-
| {{nom}} || "Senorita" from ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|-
| [[5th Mirchi Music Awards|2012]] || {{won}} || "Jee Le Zara" from ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|Talaash]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|title=Winners - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012|website=www.radiomirchi.com|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116015905/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]] || Lifetime Achievement Award || {{won}} || - || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/winners/|title=Winners - Mirchi Music Awards 2014|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-04-15|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526143822/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/winners/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]] || Album of The Year || {{nom}} || ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' || rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-date=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330062839/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Lyricist of The Year || {{nom}} || "Phir Bhi Yeh Zindagi" from ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==Filmography==

=== Work as part of [[Salim–Javed|Salim-Javed]] Partnership (1971-1982) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Cast !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1971 || ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'' || [[Hindi]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aḵẖtar|first1=Jāvīd|author-link1=Javed Akhtar|last2=Kabir|first2=Nasreen Munni|title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar|date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195664621|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=JA: I write dialogue in Urdu, but the action and descriptions are in English. Then an assistant transcribes the Urdu dialogue into Devnagari because most people read Hindi. But I write in Urdu.|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222062332/https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Simi Garewal]] || rowspan="24" | Written as "[[Salim–Javed|Salim-Javed]]"

Although the Salim–Javed partnership ended in 1982, two of their screenplays that had been completed earlier - ''[[Zamana (1985 film)|Zamana]]'' and ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'', were released after their split.

|-
| [[Adhikar (1971 film)|''Adhikar'']] || rowspan="10" | [[Hindi]] || S.M. Sagar || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Deb Mukherjee]]
|-
| ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' || [[M. A. Thirumugam|M. A. Thirumugham]] ||[[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Tanuja]]
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' ||[[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973 || ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' ||[[Nasir Hussain]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Vijay Arora]], [[Tariq Ali Khan|Tariq Khan]]
|-
| ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' ||[[Prakash Mehra]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1974 || ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]'' ||[[Ravi Tandon]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|-
| ''[[Haath Ki Safai]]'' ||[[Prakash Mehra]] || [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Simi Garewal]], Ranjeet
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1975 || ''[[Deewaar]]'' ||[[Yash Chopra]]|| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Neetu Singh]]
|-
| ''[[Sholay]]'' ||[[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]]
|-
| ''[[Aakhri Dao]]'' || A. Salaam ||[[Jeetendra]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Danny Denzongpa]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1976 || ''[[Premada Kanike]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Kannada]]|| [[V. Somashekhar]] || rowspan="2" | [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Aarathi]]
|-
| ''[[Raja Nanna Raja]]'' || [[A. V. Seshagiri Rao]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1977 || ''[[Immaan Dharam]]'' || rowspan="11" | [[Hindi]] || Desh Mukherjee || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Rekha]]
|-
| ''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'' ||[[Manmohan Desai]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978 || ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' ||[[Yash Chopra]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]]
|-
| ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' ||[[Chandra Barot]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' ||[[Yash Chopra]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Neetu Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980 || ''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]'' ||[[Raj Khosla]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Pran (actor)]], [[Amrish Puri]]
|-
| ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' ||[[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Kranti]]'' ||[[Manoj Kumar]] || [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Parveen Babi]]
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'' ||[[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raakhee]], [[Anil Kapoor]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Zamana (1985 film)|Zamana]]'' ||[[Ramesh Talwar]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' ||[[Shekhar Kapur]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sridevi]], [[Amrish Puri]]
|-
|}

=== Solo Work ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Cast !! Notes
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Betaab]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Urdu|Hindi]]||[[Rahul Rawail]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Amrita Singh]] || rowspan="14" | Written as "Javed Akhtar"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1984 || ''[[Duniya (1984 film)|Duniya]]'' ||[[Ramesh Talwar]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Amrita Singh]]
|-
| ''[[Mashaal]]'' || rowspan="8" | [[Hindi]] ||[[Yash Chopra]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Waheeda Rehman]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]'' ||[[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Dimple Kapadia]]
|-
| ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' ||[[Rahul Rawail]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Dimple Kapadia]]
|-
| ''[[Meri Jung]]'' ||[[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Dacait]]'' ||[[Rahul Rawail]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Main Azaad Hoon]]'' ||[[Tinnu Anand]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shabana Azmi]]
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Khel (film)|Khel]]'' ||[[Rakesh Roshan]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' || rowspan="2" |[[Satish Kaushik]]|| [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sridevi]]
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Prem (film)|Prem]]'' || rowspan="4" |[[Hindi]] ||[[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|-
|1998 ||''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi]]''||[[Priyadarshan]]||[[Anil Kapoor]], [[Jackie Shroff]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' || rowspan="2" |[[Farhan Akhtar]]|| [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Don: The Chase Begins Again]]'' || [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Priyanka Chopra]]
|-
|}

=== Work as Lyricist ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=25%}}
* ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Saath Saath (1982 film)|Saath-Saath]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Duniya (1984 film)|Duniya]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Mashaal]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Tezaab]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Jaadugar (1989 film)|Jaadugar]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Joshilaay]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Mil Gayee Manzil Mujhe]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Jamai Raja (film)|Jamai Raja]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Hafta Bandh]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Narsimha (film)|Narsimha]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Khel (1992 film)|Khel]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Drohi (1992 film)|Drohi]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' (1993)
* ''Yugandhar'' (1993)
* ''[[Gardish]]'' (1993)
* ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Papa Kehte Hai]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Dastak (1996 film)|Dastak]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Sardari Begum]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Diljale]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Minsara Kanavu|Sapnay]] (Partially Shot at Same time)'' (1997)
* ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' (1997)
* ‘’[[Daud (1997 film)|Daud]]’’ (1997)
* ''[[Mrityudand]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Saaz (film)|Saaz]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Darmiyaan: In Between]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Wajood (1998 film)|Wajood]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Bada Din]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Earth (1998 film)|1947 Earth]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Karobaar: The Business of Love|Karobaar]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Gang (2000 film)|Gang]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Zubeidaa]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Abhay (2001 film)|Abhay]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Moksha]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Pyar Ki Dhun]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Agni Varsha]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Badhaai Ho Badhaai]]'' (2002){{col-break|width=25%}}
* ''[[Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Love at Times Square]]'' (2003)
* ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003)
* ''[[LOC Kargil|L.O.C. Kargil]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Charas (2004 film)|Charas]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Dobara]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Swades]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero|Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Don: The Chase Begins Again|Don]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Namastey London]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' (2009)
* ''[[What's Your Raashee?]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' (2009)
* ''[[My Name is Khan]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Red Alert: The War Within]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Prem Kaa Game]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Don 2|Don 2: The King is Back]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Talaash (2012 film)|Talaash]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Vishwaroopam|Vishwaroop]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015)
*''[[Rock On 2]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]'' (2017) — Segment: Kudiyan Shehar Diyan
* ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' (2018)
*''[[Paltan (film)|Paltan]]'' (2018)
*''[[Namastey England]]'' (2018)
*''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'' (2019)
*''[[Panga (film)|Panga]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Toofaan]]'' (2021)
* ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Yudhra]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Border 2]]'' (2026) — Lyrics reused from ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Lahore 1947]]'' (2026)
{{col-end}}

=== Work as a dialogue writer only ===
* ''[[Yakeen (1969 film)|Yakeen]]'' (1969)

==Bibliography==
{{portal|Poetry
}}
* ''Tarkash'' (1995)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akhtar|first=Javed|title=Nine poems by the 'other' Javed Akhtar|url=http://scroll.in/article/699104/nine-poems-by-the-other-javed-akhtar|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Scroll.in|date=8 January 2015|language=en-US|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104085142/https://scroll.in/article/699104/nine-poems-by-the-other-javed-akhtar|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Lava'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2013-12-19|title=Javed Akhtar among Sahitya Akademi Award winners for 2013|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/javed-akhtar-among-sahitya-akademi-award-winners-for-2013-113121900760_1.html|access-date=2020-12-03|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227074647/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/javed-akhtar-among-sahitya-akademi-award-winners-for-2013-113121900760_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|title=[[Sholay: The Making of a Classic|Sholay – The Making of a Classic]]|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|year=2000|isbn=0-14-029970-X|author-link=Anupama Chopra}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kabir|first=Nasreen Munni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gmnwEACAAJ|title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-566462-1|author-link=Nasreen Munni Kabir}}
* {{cite book|author1=Kabir|first=Nasreen Munni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRYgf5qVYiIC|title=Talking Songs: Javed Akhtar in Conversation with Nasreen Munni Kabir|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-568712-5|author-link=Nasreen Munni Kabir}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011959/http://javedakhtar.bookchums.com/ Javed Akhtar Songs, Poetry, Biography]
* [http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0 Javed Akhtar at Kavita Kosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423100251/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0 |date=23 April 2009 }} (Hindi)
* {{IMDb name|id=0015287|name=Javed Akhtar}}
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/hardtalk/5312158.stm BBC's Noel Thompson interviews JavedAkhtar on 4 September 2006]

{{Salim-Javed}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Lyrics}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestLyricist}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDialogue}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhtar, Javed}}
[[Category:Akhtar-Azmi family|Javed Akhtar]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian former Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Cultural Muslims]]
[[Category:Critics of religions]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Writers from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Writers from Bhopal]]
[[Category:Writers from Gwalior]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed|*]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Best Lyrics National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century atheists]]
[[Category:21st-century atheists]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Urdu cinema]]

Muthina Kathirika

2026-03-27T19:49:48Z

FionaLaflamme: Creating A Data

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Venkat Raghavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Muthina Kathirika.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venkat Raghavan]]
| producer = [[Sundar C]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| screenplay = Venkat Raghavan
| story = Joji Thomas
| narrator = [[RJ Balaji]]
| based_on = ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' by [[Jibu Jacob]]
| starring = Sundar C [[Poonam Bajwa]]
| cinematography = Bhanu Murugan
| editing = [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| studio = [[Avni Cinemax]]
| distributor = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|06|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Muthina Kathirika''''' ({{translation|Overripe brinjal}}){{efn|Colloquially, the term refers to a man who has crossed his prime and is still unmarried.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=27 May 2016 |title=Sundar C plays a politician in Muthina Kathirikka |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270516/sundar-c-plays-a-politician-in-muthina-kathirikka.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327093451/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270516/sundar-c-plays-a-politician-in-muthina-kathirikka.html |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>}} is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Political fiction|political]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Venkat Raghavan]], in his directorial debut, and produced by [[Avni Cinemax]]. A remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' (2014), it stars [[Sundar C]] and [[Poonam Bajwa]]. The film was released on 17 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2016 |title='முத்தின கத்திரிக்கா' ஜூன் 17ல் வெளியீடு! |trans-title=''Muthina Kathirika'' to release on 17 June! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/muthina-kathirikai-movie-will-be-released-on-june-17th/articleshow/52585209.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/PDB1Y |archive-date=20 September 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 1996, a 18-year Muthupandi visits the local police station in Kovilur in [[Thenkasi]] for a small issue. He gets a good respect in station as his grandfather was an MLA from ADBD party, which is a national party. Muthupandi realises the worth of politics and foolishly joins the party, without realising that ADBD has no hold in [[Tamilnadu]]. He tries to woo his college senior Madhavi, but ends up in a scuffle with supr-senior Ravikumar, and drops all hopes of love.

20 years later, Muthupandi is still unmarried and is the State General Secretary of the meek party. His younger brother is married, has kids and works as Government employee and his younger sister is in college. Content from the family's income from ancestral properties, Muthupandi engages in tricks and tactics to keep his party's name alive with nil funding. His assistant Kumar also tags along with him in hopes of making it big.

Bullet Marudhupandi is the Vice-Chairman of Kovilur Municipality and has been vying for MLA seat for 10 years. Despite being an influential member of ruling MMSK party, he is upset that the seat is always given to coalition parties. He has placed a rubber stamp lady as Chairman as per women reservation, and runs the administration. Vanjinathan, the younger brother of Marudhu is a leading member of opposition MMKK party, and has twice lost from the same constituency. Despite being members of opposite groups they maintain a secret rapport and enjoy monopoly in civil contracts.

Muthupandi meets a young lady Maya and falls in love with her. He goes to meet her parents, and finds out that she is the daughter of his crush madhavi and Ravikumar. Ravikumar, now a Police [Inspector], vows not to marry off Maya to muthupandi. At the same time General elections are announced for the State. As a revenge for all the tricks pulled on by Muthupandi, Marudhupandi and Vanjinathan arrange for Sanjay, a rich london return NRI to marry Maya on the day of results of the election, as Ravikumar is their distant cousin.

Muthupandi meets the State President Gopi in Chennai, and they meet with Saamy, the PA of their National President Sharma. Saamy tells the duo that, Sharma wants to improve the party in the South after the General elections. He offers Muthupandi the option to become an [[Member of parliament|MP]] of [[Rajya sabha]] from [[Assam]] and then a central deputy-minister, as Muthupandi knows Hindi. Muthupandi offers to get Gopi's home-seat [[Tambaram]] from ruling MMKK party and let him become MLA. Gopi, with desire to become an MP, double-crosses Muthupandi, and meets with the [[Chief Minister]], who is also MMKK President, and gets Kovilur allocated to their party. Muthupandi is shocked at the change, and devises a plan.

Muthupandi challenges to Gopi that he will lose the election, and then go on to become an MP. Gopi convinces a distraught Marudhupandi to work for Muthupandi, and tells him about the MP option and pays him heavily. Despite all of Muthupandi's attempts to lose, the campaign goes on well. Vanjinathan contests for the opponent MMKK party and he also campaigns strongly.

On day of election, Muthupandi wins by 2000 votes and becomes an MLA. Muthupandi reveals to Kumar that the "MP and deputy-minister" plan was a drama arranged by him, to win. At the end of the day, MMKK and MMSK win 117 and 116 seats respectively in 234-member assembly, making muthupandi the decider as he contested from his party's symbol. Meanwhile, Sanjay absconds from the wedding, and Ravikumar is cajoled by his relatives to marry off maya to MLA muthupandi. Ravi agrees without will, and Muthupandi finally marries Maya. MMKK offers Muthupandi [[Khadi]] Minister post in the new Cabinet, in exchange for his support to form government. Muthupandi rejects the offer to become [[Khadi]] Minister, and offers MMKK his support. He tells a surprised Maruthupandi that he has eyes on Revenue Dept, the wealthiest one.

3 days later Muthupandi, Maya and Kumar leave for Chennai to attend govt functions. Muthupandi has arranged for his brother and sister-in-law to be transferred back to Kovilur, to be with their mother. Sanjay meets Muthupandi and maya when they are going to Madurai airport. He reveals that he was also a hoax planted by muthupandi to marry maya. Muthupandi opens up to Maya and Maya forgives Muthupandi, and they reconcile. Kumar gets a call from the CM office, informing them that Muthupandi has been the given post as Revenue Department Minister.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sundar C]] as Muthupandi, Minister for Revenue, Government of Tamil Nadu
* [[Poonam Bajwa]] as Maya, Spouse of the Minister
* [[Kiran Rathod]] as Madhavi, Muthupandi's former love interest and Maya's Mother
* [[Sathish]] as Saravanan
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as 'Bullet' Marudhu
* [[Singampuli]] as 'Theenja Vaai' Vanjinathan
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Ravikumar
* [[Yogi Babu]] as "Paavi" Babu
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Muthupandi's mother
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Gopi
* Singapore Deepan as Marudhu's Assistant
* [[George Vishnu]] as Muthupandi's brother
* Tamilselvi as Muthupandi's sister-in-law
* Krithika Laddu as Saravanan's cousin
* Archana Harish as Valli, Saravanan's sister
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Saamy
* Sivan Srinivasan as Rathnavel
* "Hello" Kandasaamy as Astrologer
* [[Rahul Thatha]] as a beggar
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as Sanjay (Guest Appearance)
}}

== Production ==
In February 2015, [[Sundar C]] announced that he had purchased the remake rights of two Malayalam films, ''[[Pandippada]]'' (2005) and ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' (2014) and stated he would act in the latter venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2015 |title=Sundar C to act in the remake of Vellimoonga |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sundar-C-to-act-in-the-remake-of-Vellimoonga/articleshow/46355181.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828033145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sundar-C-to-act-in-the-remake-of-Vellimoonga/articleshow/46355181.cms |archive-date=28 August 2015 |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2015 |title=Sundar C in 'Vellimoonga' remake |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-c-in-vellimoonga-remake-news-malayalam-pc0pfCbjecjbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227115647/http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-c-in-vellimoonga-remake-news-malayalam-pc0pfCbjecjbi.html |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The team began filming in mid-February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Sundar C's next goes on floors |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-c-s-next-goes-on-floors-news-tamil-qcpt40aahjjci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216060439/http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-c-s-next-goes-on-floors-news-tamil-qcpt40aahjjci.html |archive-date=16 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> By May 2016, filming was complete.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2016 |title=Sundar C's next as hero is complete |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-sundar-cs-next-as-hero-is-complete-sundar-c-15-05-1615947.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518022839/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-sundar-cs-next-as-hero-is-complete-sundar-c-15-05-1615947.htm |archive-date=18 May 2016 |access-date=15 May 2016 |website=Tamilstar.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Muthina Kathirika
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| cover =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|5|30}}
| recorded = 2016
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 16:15
| label = [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = Siddharth Vipin
| prev_title = [[Hello Naan Pei Pesuren]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Brahma.com]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

Music is composed by [[Siddharth Vipin]] and released by [[Divo (record label)|Divo]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 16:15
|headline= Track-List
| title1= Aacha Pocha
|note1=| length1 =3:34
| lyrics1 =[[Mohan Rajan]]
|writer1=| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| title2 = Summa Sollakoodathu
|note2=| length2 =3:32
| lyrics2 =[[Mohan Rajan]]
|writer2=| extra2 = [[Jagadeesh Kumar]]
| title3 = Enakkenna Aacho
|note3=| length3 =4:20
| lyrics3 =[[Mohan Rajan]]
|writer3=| extra3 = Aandhi Joshi
| title4 = Aahaa Ohoo Electionee
|note4=| length4 =4:49
| lyrics4 =[[Mohan Rajan]]
|writer4=| extra4 = Guru
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "''Muthina Kathirika'' is unapologetic about being a lowest common denominator movie. It is loud, it is crass, and it is somewhat fun, especially in the first half. Director Venkatt keeps things fairly low-key and the small-town setting helps. There is hardly anything at stake, but Venkat keeps the scenes moving, and though the comedy is hardly memorable or new, we are entertained."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=17 June 2016 |title=Muthina Kathirika Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Muthina-Kathirika/movie-review/52795221.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621111059/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Muthina-Kathirika/movie-review/52795221.cms |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=2 July 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "The Malayalam version of the film may have worked but debutant director Venkat’s Muthina Kathirikai is an ordinary attempt with lackluster performances, weak screenplay and an overly enthusiastic cast."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=17 June 2016 |title=Review: Muthina Kathirikai is a tedious watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-muthina-kathirikai-is-a-tedious-watch/20160617.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705212919/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-muthina-kathirikai-is-a-tedious-watch/20160617.htm |archive-date=5 July 2016 |access-date=2 July 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "Frankly, there isn’t much to talk about. A few scattered laughs, maybe."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 June 2016 |title=Muthina Kathirikka: Vegging out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Muthina-Kathirikka-Vegging-out/article14428093.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012040045/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Muthina-Kathirikka-Vegging-out/article14428093.ece |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Vision'' wrote, "N Srikanth’s editing, Bhanu Murugan’s cinematography and Siddharth Vipin’s music— all are strictly average. But still, you can watch Muthina Kathirika once for the ‘time pass’ it provides".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2016 |title=Muthina Kathirikai Tamil Movie Review |url=http://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/muthina-kathirikai-tamil-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811210015/http://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/muthina-kathirikai-tamil-movie-review/ |archive-date=11 August 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |website=Chennai Vision |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "The screenplay could have been paced a lot better and some of the visuals look really dated and not of this time and age. Go for it for the comedy and Sundar C’s showcase".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Subramanian |first1=Anupama |date=17 June 2016 |title=Muthina Kathirikai movie review: Sunder C steals the show |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/170616/muthina-kathirikai-movie-review-sunder-c-steals-the-show.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016203211/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/170616/muthina-kathirikai-movie-review-sunder-c-steals-the-show.html |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s political comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venkat Raghavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Siddharth Vipin]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Venkat Raghavan]]
[[Category:Indian political comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political comedy films]]

Pankaj Kumar Singh (politician)

2026-03-21T16:44:32Z

FionaLaflamme: made a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Rekha Gupta ministry|Cabinet Minister, Government of Delhi]]
| lieutenant_governor = [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Rekha Gupta]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Health & Family Welfare
* Transport
* Information Technology
| predecessor = [[Saurabh Bharadwaj]]
| term_start = 20 February 2025
| term_start1 = 8 February 2025
| constituency1 = [[Vikaspuri Assembly constituency|Vikaspuri]]
| office1 = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mahinder Yadav]]
| birth_name = Pankaj Kumar Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth_date and age|1977|11|06|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| education = Bachelor in Dental Surgery
| alma_mater = [[Magadh University]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20|title=Pankaj Singh takes oath as Delhi cabinet minister: 5 things to know about him|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pankaj-singh-takes-oath-as-delhi-cabinet-minister-5-things-to-know-about-him-101740035936242-amp.html |access-date=2025-02-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Pankaj Kumar Singh''' (born 6 November 1977)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=RBE |date=20 February 2025 |title=From dentist to law maker Pankaj Kumar Singh takes oath as Delhi minister |url=https://www.uniindia.com/from-dentist-to-law-maker-pankaj-kumar-singh-takes-oath-as-delhi-minister/india/news/3395034.html |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=United News of India}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He is currently serving as the heath and family welfare, transport and information technology minister of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-20 |title=Pankaj Singh takes oath as Delhi cabinet minister: 5 things to know about him |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pankaj-singh-takes-oath-as-delhi-cabinet-minister-5-things-to-know-about-him-101740035936242.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220093556/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pankaj-singh-takes-oath-as-delhi-cabinet-minister-5-things-to-know-about-him-101740035936242.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Vikaspuri Assembly constituency]] in [[South West Delhi district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pankaj Kumar Singh, Vikaspuri BJP Election Results 2025: Pankaj Kumar Singh Political Career, Age, Education, News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/delhi/candidate-pankaj-kumar-singh-110 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikaspuri Election Result 2025: Pankaj Kumar Singh of BJP Wins, Defeats Mahinder Yadav of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/vikaspuri-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218838.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born in Buxar, Bihar and is a resident of [[Vikaspuri]], South West Delhi district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Zainab |title=Pankaj Kumar Singh: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/pankaj-kumar-singh-77173.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He is the son of late Raj Mohan Singh, who was a former additional commissioner in MCD. He is a dentist. He completed his bachelor's degree in dental surgery at [[Magadh University]], Bodh Gaya, Bihar in 1998. His wife, Rashmi Kumari, is also a dentist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pankaj Kumar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- VIKASPURI(SOUTH-WEST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=124 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> Together they have two daughters, Bhavya Singh and Pragyata Singh.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Singh won from Vikaspuri Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 135,564 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Mahinder Yadav]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 12,876 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Vikaspuri Election Results 2025 Live: BJP's Pankaj Kumar Singh wins as against AAP's Mahinder Yadav |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/vikaspuri-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9822989/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Vikaspuri Election Results 2025: BJP's Pankaj Kumar Singh wins against AAP's Mahinder Yadav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/vikaspuri-election-results-2025-highlights-mahinder-yadav-pankaj-kumar-singh-jitender-solanki-vote-counting-updates/articleshow/118049548.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikaspuri Election Results 2025: How Pankaj Kumar Singh, Mahinder Yadav performed in Vikaspuri constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/delhi/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-results-how-pankaj-kumar-singh-mahinder-yadav-performed-in-vikaspuri-constituency-3396566 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he served as a councillor in the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=From dentistry to Delhi cabinet: Pankaj Singh rises as BJP's Poorvanchali leader |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/from-dentistry-to-delhi-cabinet-pankaj-singh-rises-as-bjps-poorvanchali-leader-465384-2025-02-20 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pankaj Kumar}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:People from South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Delhi]]

Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan

2026-03-17T08:29:18Z

FionaLaflamme: expanded content

{{short description|2020 Indian romantic comedy film directed by Hitesh Kewalya}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan
| image = Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Hitesh Kewalya
| producer = {{ubl|[[Aanand L. Rai]]|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Himanshu Sharma]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]}}
| writer = Hitesh Kewalya
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]|[[Jitendra Kumar]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Vayu Shrivastav]] [[Tony Kakkar]] '''Score:''' Karan Kulkarni
| cinematography = [[Chirantan Das]]
| editing = Ninad Khanolkar
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Colour Yellow Productions]]}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|02|21}}
| runtime = 117 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218034902/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2020 |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan (2020) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}30 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5751 |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan (2020) |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929230117/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5751 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}87 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan/box-office/ |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 February 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509060908/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan''''' ({{translation| Be extra careful of marriage}}) is a 2020 [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Hitesh Kewalya. It is a [[spiritual successor]] to ''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-homosexuality-5718578/ |title=Ayushmann Khurrana announces gay love story Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan with a quirky video |website=The Indian Express |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101123949/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-homosexuality-5718578/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/ayushmann-khurrana-roped-in-for-shubh-mangal-saavdhan-sequel/videoshow/69249671.cms |title=Ayushmann Khurrana roped in for 'Shubh Mangal Saavdhan' sequel |website=The Times of India |date=9 May 2019 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511023943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/ayushmann-khurrana-roped-in-for-shubh-mangal-saavdhan-sequel/videoshow/69249671.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Jitendra Kumar]], with [[Gajraj Rao]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Pankhuri Awasthy]], [[Maanvi Gagroo]] and [[Manu Rishi]] in supporting roles. The film tells the story of a gay man and his partner, who have trouble convincing the former's parents of their relationship.

''Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan'' was released worldwide on 21 February 2020, and became a commercial success.<ref name="rd">{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ayushmann-khurranas-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-to-now-release-on-february-21/articleshow/72060044.cms |title=AYUSHMANN KHURRANA'S SHUBH MANGAL ZYADA SAAVDHAN TO NOW RELEASE ON FEBRUARY 21 |website=Mumbai Mirror |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-release-date-anurag-basu-563867 |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan swaps release date with Anurag Basu's film |website=India Tv |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> At the [[66th Filmfare Awards]], it received nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khurrana), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Rao), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Gagroo and Gupta).

== Plot ==
Aman Tripathi is an advertiser from an orthodox middle-class family in Allahabad. His family consists of his mother Sunaina, a housewife, father Shankar, a conservative agricultural scientist who recently created a new variety of black [[Cauliflower|cauliflowers]]; aunt, uncle and cousins. Aman lives with his boyfriend, Kartik Singh, in [[Delhi]]. One day, Sunaina asks him to attend her niece Goggle's wedding. Sunaina and Shankar intend to have Aman marry a family friend's daughter, Kusum Nigam, and are planning on having Aman meet Kusum at Goggle's wedding. Aman and Kartik board the train "Vivah Express", on which Aman's family is already present. On the train, Aman and Kartik share a kiss, and are caught by Shankar. Kartik suggests that Aman should come out to his father while Shankar asks Aman to stay away from Kartik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan Movie Review: Ayushmann Khurrana and Jitendra Kumar recreate DDLJ. And win |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-movie-review-ayushmann-khurrana-and-jitendra-kumar-recreate-ddlj-and-win-1648705-2020-02-21 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=India Today |date=21 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222132912/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-movie-review-ayushmann-khurrana-and-jitendra-kumar-recreate-ddlj-and-win-1648705-2020-02-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At Goggle's wedding, Shankar tries to keep Kartik and Aman away from each other but fails. Kartik and Aman share a kiss publicly, leaving everyone shocked. Shankar and Sunaina confront Aman, who in turn confronts them but they remain unaccepting of his sexuality. Meanwhile, Ashok refuses to marry Goggle due to Aman's sexuality. Kartik is whisked away by Chaman (Aman's paternal uncle) to the railway station to make him leave while Shankar blackmails Aman into agreeing to marry Kusum. Goggle runs away to the railway station and attempts suicide there, but Kartik stops her. Kartik convinces Goggle that marriage is not the most important thing in the world, and that she has a family who supports her. Goggle, in turn, convinces Kartik to win back Aman and reveals that she knew since childhood that Aman was gay.

While returning to [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], Kusum tells Aman that she is already in love with another man called Rakesh. She proposes that they will marry per their family's wishes, but continue to live with their respective lovers in [[Delhi]]. Shankar and Sunaina decide to rechristen Aman in order to cleanse him of his "sins". Returning to Allahabad, the family is in the middle of rechristening when Goggle and Kartik appear at their home. Shankar beats Kartik up with a stick, rendering him unconscious. Goggle at the same time fights with her parents and protests that she does not want to marry. Finally, Aman agrees to marry Kusum in order to save Kartik. The family starts the wedding preparations. Kartik tries to convince Aman to not marry Kusum, but Aman is unable to fight against his family.

On the day of the wedding, Shankar and Sunaina learn that the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] is going to deliver its judgment on the [[decriminalization]] of [[homosexuality]] the next day. They fight over their past lovers and realize that they have been living with each other half-heartedly. They feel that they do not want the same for their son, but decide to proceed with the wedding anyway, thinking that everything will be fine after the wedding. Kartik opens up one of Shankar's black cauliflowers and shows him that it is full of worms. He personifies the cauliflower as Shankar and the worms as his nature. Meanwhile, Kusum steals all of Sunaina's jewelry and runs away, leaving behind a letter in Aman's room. Kartik reads the letter and disguises as the 'bride'. Goggle finds this out and decides to help Aman and Kartik.

During the ceremony, Shankar suspects something is wrong, and inadvertently chases the "bride", when Kartik suddenly reveals himself to everyone's surprise. Goggle then hands over Kusum's note to Sunaina, shocking everyone. Aman confesses his love for Kartik in front of his family, and says that he knew his family were never going to understand him. He asks Shankar if their father-son relationship will change in any way just because he loves Kartik. He tells Sunaina that she had lost her son long before she lost her jewellery. At that moment, the police arrive to arrest Aman and Kartik, they caught Kusum trying to board a bus with the stolen jewellery, who in turn revealed to the police that Aman and Kartik are gay. Chaman steps up and gives a powerful statement supporting Aman and Kartik to the police, it also makes Shankar and Sunaina start reconsidering their beliefs. However the police refuse to leave that night as they are duty-bound to follow the law. Kusum returns the jewellery to Sunaina, who realizes that her son's happiness is more important and gives all of the jewellery to Kusum. Goggle's parents realize that marriage is not the most important thing in the world and give her their approval to stay single if she wants to. Shankar opens up more of his black cauliflowers and realizes that all of them are full of worms, which in turn makes him realize that his beliefs need to change.

The next day, the Supreme Court in its [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|landmark judgement]], decriminalizes homosexuality. Aman and Kartik reconcile with the family, and decide to leave for Delhi. Shankar burns all of his black cauliflowers and drops Aman and Kartik at the railway station and tells them that even if he may not understand their love, he does not want Aman to stop living his life to its fullest. The final scene shows that Aman and Kartik will run until they can live their life happily.

== Cast ==
*[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] as Kartik Singh
*[[Jitendra Kumar]] as Aman Tripathi
*[[Gajraj Rao]] as Shankar Tripathi, Aman's father
*[[Neena Gupta]] as Sunaina Tripathi, Aman's mother
*[[Manu Rishi]] as Chaman Tripathi, Aman's uncle and Goggle's father
*[[Sunita Rajwar]] as Champa Tripathi, Aman's aunt and Goggle's mother
*[[Maanvi Gagroo]] as Rajni "Goggle" Tripathi, Aman's cousin
*[[Pankhuri Awasthy]] as Kusum Nigam, Aman's former fiancée
* Neeraj Singh as Keshav Tripathi, Aman's cousin
*[[Bhumi Pednekar]] as Devika Bhatt, Kartik and Aman's friend in Delhi
* Haardik Gabbi as Pintu
* Mahesh Seth as Suryakant Bhatt, Devika's father
* Brij Kumar Pandey as Pandit
* Ajit Singh Palawat as Police Officer
* [[Bappi Lahiri]] in a special appearance in the song ''Arey Pyaar Kar Le'' as himself

==Release==
The film was released on 21 February 2020. After Indian theatres shut down mid-March due to [[COVID-19]], the film released on [[Amazon Prime Video]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]] and [[Tony Kakkar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 February 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan/Jglp6EslSwo_ |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=24 February 2020 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
|language = [[Hindi]]
| length = 19:34
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|dm58Suwf9Bc|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

The film's songs are composed and written by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]] and [[Tony Kakkar]].

The song "Gabru" was originally composed by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]. The song was released in 2011 in the album ''[[International Villager]]''. The song is sung by Romy & music was recreated by Tanishk Bagchi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=newindianexpress |first1=The |title=Ayushmann Khurrana shares glimpse of 'Gabru' from 'Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/jan/26/watch--ayushmann-khurrana-shares-glimpse-of-gabru-from-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-2094876.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=26 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226194824/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/jan/26/watch--ayushmann-khurrana-shares-glimpse-of-gabru-from-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-2094876.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song "Arey Pyaar Kar Le" is a remix of the song "Yaar Bina Chain Kahan Re" from the 1985 film [[Saaheb]], was originally composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]], lyrics by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and sung by Bappi Lahiri and [[S. Janaki]] then was recreated by Tanishk Bagchi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hindu |first1=The |title=Bappi Lahiri's 'Yaar Bina Chain Kahan Re' recreated for 'Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bappi-lahiris-yaar-bina-chain-kahan-re-recreated-for-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan/article30607699.ece/ |website=The Hindu |date=20 January 2020}}</ref>

The song "Kya Karte Thay Sajna" was originally sung by [[Anuradha Paudwal]] and Udit Narayan, composed by [[Anand–Milind]] and written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] from the [[Television film|made-for-television]] film [[Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka]]. It is recreated by Tanishk Bagchi, voiced by Zara Khan and written by Vayu.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 19:34
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gabru
| extra1 = Romy, J Star '''Rap:''' [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics1 = Vayu, [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
| length1 = 2:45
| title2 = Mere Liye Tum Kaafi Ho
| extra2 = [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
| music2 = Tanishk Bagchi, [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
| lyrics2 = Vayu
| length2 = 2:12
| title3 = Arey Pyaar Kar Le
| extra3 = [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] '''Rap:''' [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
| music3 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics3 = Vayu
| length3 = 2:44
| title4 = Ooh La La
| extra4 = [[Sonu Kakkar]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Tony Kakkar]]
| music4 = Tanishk Bagchi, Tony Kakkar
| lyrics4 = Tony Kakkar
| length4 = 3:19
| title5 = Aisi Taisi
| music5 = Tanishk Bagchi, Vayu
| lyrics5 = Vayu
| extra5 = [[Mika Singh]]
| length5 = 2:42
| title6 = Raakh
| music6 = Tanishk Bagchi, [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
| lyrics6 = Vayu
| length6 = 3:04
| extra6 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title7 = Kya Karte Thay
| extra7 = Zara Khan
| lyrics7 = Vayu
| music7 = Tanishk Bagchi
| length7 = 2:48
}}

==Box office==
''Shubh Mangal Zyada Savdhaan'' earned {{INR}}95.5 million net at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected ₹110.8 million. On the third day, the film collected ₹120.3 million taking total opening weekend collection to ₹326.6 million.<ref name="bo" />

{{As of|2020|3|20}}, with a gross of {{INR}}72.36 crore in India and {{INR}}14.03 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of {{INR}}870 million.<ref name="bo" />

== Reception ==
The film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 16 reviews on the review aggregator website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}.<ref name="rt">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shubh_mangal_zyada_saavdhan |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]] |access-date={{RT data|access date }}}}</ref>

Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the cast, writing that "if Ayushmann highjacks the film with his infectious energy, a mellow Jitendra balances it out with his poker-faced humour and the relatability factor that he maintains throughout the film" and "it is noteworthy as to how well the supporting cast renders its complete (and able) support to the lead pair," while critiquing that "since the film is primarily invested in the small-town drama pertaining to the taboo around same-sex relationships, the writer-director fails to tap on the elements exclusive to small cities like Allahabad" and that "while the first half is engaging, the second half loses its sheen pretty early on and could have been trimmed down by a good 20 minutes."<ref name="toi">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan/movie-review/74239047.cms |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan Movie Review : Ayushmann and Jitendra steal the show |first=Pallabi |last=Dey Purkayastha |date=21 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Anupama Chopra]] of ''Film Companion'' noted that, "''Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan'' wants to be both – an impassioned defense of same-sex love as well as a family entertainer. But the writing can't seamlessly blend the disparate elements."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/FilmCompanion/status/1230759416208605185 |title=#REVIEW: #ShubhMangalZyadaSaavdhan wants to be both – an impassioned defense of same-sex love as well as a family entertainer. But the writing can't seamlessly blend the disparate elements. Here's @anupamachopra's take:http://bit.ly/3bVev2a pic.twitter.com/98H7nB55Bz |last=Companion |first=Film |date=20 February 2020 |website=@FilmCompanion |language=en |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2025}}

Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' proclaimed that "The comic flights of fancy do not always take off in the right direction or land smoothly, but with the actors going all out to make the film work, some parts of ''Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan'' are genuinely funny and quirky. The film may be erratic in parts, but its entertainment quotient is delightfully high for a film tackling a clash between conservatism and freedom, between tradition and modernity."<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-movie-review-ayushmann-khurrana-jitendra-kumar-carry-the-film-2-5-stars-2183647 |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan Movie Review: Ayushmann Khurrana, Jitendra Kumar Carry The Film |first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |date=21 February 2020 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>

Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' commented that "''Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan'' is an important film that talks about an important subject conveyed in the simplest manner without sounding preachy at any given point. It touches your heart, makes you laugh and stays with you for a long time."<ref name="hindustan times">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-movie-review-ayushmann-khurrana-jabs-at-homophobia-in-delightful-film/story-uOCb3ZfnwHHVkqO0DHqQMM.html |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan movie review: Ayushmann Khurrana jabs at homophobia in delightful film |first=Monika Rawal |last=Kukreja |date=21 February 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and urged the audience to "Watch the film for its hilarious comedy, slick all around performances and ultimately for its powerful message of love and acceptance."<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhanshubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-movie-review-39164.html |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan Movie Review |first=Devesh |last=Sharma |date=22 February 2020 |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[AACTA Awards]]
|[[10th AACTA Awards|30 November 2020]]
|Best Asian Film
|Hitesh Kewalya, [[Aanand L. Rai]], [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Himanshu Sharma]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners & Nominees |url=https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/winners-and-nominees/ |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=Aacta.org |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701175952/https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/winners-and-nominees/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="6"| [[66th Filmfare Awards|27 March 2021]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |title=Nominations For The 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021 |website=Filmfare |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329154547/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Gajraj Rao]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Maanvi Gagroo]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Neena Gupta]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Vayu Shrivastav]] – ({{small|"Mere Liye Tum Kaafi Ho"}})
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] – ({{small|"Mere Liye Tum Kaafi Ho"}})
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|10309906}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan}}

{{LGBT in India |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan}}
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:2020 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films about same-sex marriage]]
[[Category:Films about same-sex weddings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Colour Yellow Productions films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Malayalam

2026-03-17T03:57:47Z

FionaLaflamme: small enhanced lead for consistency additionally per standard format

{{Short description|Dravidian language}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Malay language|Malay]], an Austronesian language}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Malayalam
| nativename = {{langx|ml|മലയാളം|malayāḷaṁ|label=none}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|ml|mɐlɐjaːɭɐm|}}; {{Audio|Malayalam.ogg|pronunciation|help=}}
| states = [[Languages of India|India]]
| region = [[Southern India]]
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] and other Kerala border districts)
* [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[Mahé district|Mahé]])
*[[Lakshadweep]]
* [[Karnataka]] ([[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] districts)<ref name="Offlang">{{cite report|url=http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|page=124|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|date=9 August 2021|access-date=6 November 2021|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807223707/http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2023 }}</ref><ref name="kerala.gov.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2877&Itemid=2330 |title=Official Language (Legislative) Commission |access-date=5 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325003422/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2877&Itemid=2330 |archive-date=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="P&ARD Official Languages">{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1337&Itemid=3311 |title=P&ARD Official Languages |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401153821/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1337&Itemid=3311 |archive-date=1 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| ethnicity = [[Malayali]]
| speakers_label = Speakers
| speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{sigfig|37.367500|2}} million
| date = 2011
| ref = <ref name="e28|mal">{{e28|mal}}</ref><ref name="mw">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |date=14 November 2018 }}</ref>
| speakers2 = [[L2 speakers|L2]]: {{sigfig|812,700|2}} (2011)<ref name="e28|mal"/> Total: {{sigfig|38.120200|2}} million (2011)<ref name="e28|mal"/>
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
| ancestor3 = [[Old Malayalam]]
| ancestor4 = [[Middle Malayalam]]
| dialects = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] [[North Malabar]] [[Wayanad]] [[Kozhikode]] [[Eranad]] [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]] ([[South Malabar]]) [[Palakkad]] [[Thrissur]]-[[Kochi]] North [[Travancore]] West [[Vembanad]] Central [[Travancore]] South [[Travancore]] [[Lakshadweep]] [[Byari dialect|Beary]] [[Ravula language|Ravula]]<ref name="Dravidian Encyclopedia">Subramoniam, V. I. (1997). Dravidian encyclopaedia. vol. 3, Language and literature. Thiruvananthapuram: International School of Dravidian Linguistics.
Cit-P-487. [http://worldcat.org/isbn/818569222X Dravidian Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131000/http://worldcat.org/isbn/818569222X |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Jeseri]] [[Arabi Malayalam|Arabi]] [[Suriyani Malayalam|Suriyani]] [[Judeo-Malayalam]] 
| script = *[[Malayalam script]] ([[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]])
*[[Malayalam Braille]]
*[[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vatteluttu]] (historical)
*[[Kolezhuthu|Koleluttu]] (historical)
*[[Malayanma]] (historical)
*[[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]] (historical)
*[[Arabi Malayalam script]] (mostly historical)
*[[Suriyani Malayalam]] (historical)
*[[Hebrew script]]
*[[Latin script]] (informal)
| nation = *[[Official languages of India|India]]
** [[Kerala]]<ref>{{Citation |url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=22495&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20050928184458/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=22495&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2005 |title=Official languages |access-date=10 May 2007 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
** [[Lakshadweep]] (additional)
** [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]])
| agency = *[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]
*[[Government of Kerala]]
| iso1 = ml
| iso2 = mal
| iso3 = mal
| imagecaption = ''Malayalam'' in [[Malayalam script]]
| image = Word Malayalam.svg
| imagescale =
| imageheader =
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| lingua = 49-EBE-ba
| map = Malayalam_language_(ml,_Q36236)_distribution.svg
| mapcaption = {{if dark|Light|Dark}} blue = majority or plurality speak Malayalam {{if dark|Dark|Light}} blue = A significant minority speak Malayalam or Malayalam languages are spoken alongside other languages
| map_class = skin-invert-image
| glotto = mala1464
| glottorefname = Malayalam
| notice = IPA
| notice2 = Indic
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
|person=Malayāḷi
|people=Malayāḷikaḷ
|language=Malayāḷam
|country=Malayāḷa Nāṭu
}}
{{Malayalam transliteration}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Netha speaking Malayalam.webm|thumb|A Malayalam speaker, recorded in [[South Africa]]]]
'''Malayalam''' ({{indic|lang=ml|indic=മലയാളം|trans=Malayāḷam|showlang=false}}, {{IPA|ml|mɐlɐjaːɭɐm||Malayalam.ogg}}){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|æ|l|ə|ˈ|j|ɑː|l|ə|m}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh, p. 300.</ref>}} is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]], primarily spoken by the [[Malayalis|Malayali people]], native to the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]] and the union territories of [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[Mahé district]]). It is one of 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages]], as well as one of 11 [[Classical Languages of India|classical languages]], of India.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2013|title='Classical' status for Malayalam|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece|url-status=live|access-date=25 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-05-24|title=Malayalam gets classical language status|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/malayalam-gets-classical-language-status/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907130207/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/malayalam-gets-classical-language-status/|url-status=live}}</ref> Malayalam has [[official language]] status in Kerala, Lakshadweep and Puducherry ([[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]]).<ref name="kerala.gov.in"/><ref name="P&ARD Official Languages"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/lakshadweep/languages.html |title=Languages in Lakshadweep |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411215005/http://www.mapsofindia.com/lakshadweep/languages.html |archive-date=11 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Malayalam is spoken by significant numbers of people in India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/lannnnnguage/mal/| title=Malayalam| publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=3 March 2024}}</ref> and is the majority language in the state of Kerala. Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states; with a significant number of speakers in the [[Kodagu]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts of [[Karnataka]], and [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] and [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] district of Tamil Nadu. It is also spoken by the [[Malayali diaspora|Malayali Diaspora]] worldwide, especially in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]], due to the large populations of [[Malayali]] expatriates there. They are a significant population in each city in [[India]] including [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region|Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]] etc.

The origin of Malayalam remains a matter of dispute among scholars. The mainstream view holds that Malayalam descends from a western coastal dialect of early [[Middle Tamil]] and separated from it sometime between the 9th and 13th centuries,<ref name="ayyar-1936">{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=Ramaswami |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology|pages=1–37 | title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology|year=1936 |publisher=Cochin government press |location=Cochin, Kerala |edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="krishnamurti-2003" /> although this medieval western dialect also preserved some archaisms suggesting an earlier divergence of the spoken dialects in the prehistoric period. A second view argues for the development of the two languages out of "Proto-Dravidian" or "Proto-Tamil-Malayalam" either in the prehistoric period or in the middle of the first millennium A.D.,{{sfn|Asher|Kumari|1997|p=xxiv}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shulman |first=David |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1g69zdt |title=Tamil: A Biography |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1g69zdt |jstor=j.ctt1g69zdt |isbn=978-0-674-05992-4}}"There has been a tendency among historical linguists to think of Malayalam as having diverged
directly from Tamil (the Tamil spoken from ancient times in what is today
Kerala), perhaps as late as the thirteenth century. But this view is almost
certainly wrong. Tamil and Malayalam must have separated from one another at
a much earlier stage, perhaps around the middle of the first millennium A.D., as
we can see from several surviving archaic features of Malayalam."</ref>{{sfn|Karashima|2014|loc=p. 6|ps=: Other sources date this split to the 7th and 8th centuries.}} although this is generally rejected by historical linguists.<ref>S.V. Shanmugam (1976). "Formation and Development of Malayalam", ''Indian Literature'', Vol. 19, No. 3 (May–June 1976), pp. 5–30. {{JSTOR|24157306}} "Yet, some scholars of Malayalam still believe that Malayalam should have originated independently from the Proto-Dravidian at a very early stage [...] The native scholars are unwilling to accept Malayalam as an ''ausbau'' language; instead they take it to be an ''abstand'' language 'language by distance' contrary to historical evidence (pp.9–10)".</ref> The [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] of 849/850 CE are considered by some to be the oldest available inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]]. However, the existence of Old Malayalam is sometimes disputed by scholars.<ref name="freeman-2003">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|editor-last=Sheldon|editor-first=Pollock|location=|pages=445–46|chapter=The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala}}</ref> They regard the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] inscriptional language as a diverging dialect or variety of contemporary [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="freeman-2003" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tintu |first=K.J. |date=2019 |title=The Syrian Christian Copper Plate of Tarisāppaḷḷy, and the Jewish and Muslim Merchants of Early Malabar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27192872 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=80 |pages=184–191 |jstor=27192872 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The oldest extant literary work in Malayalam distinct from the Tamil tradition is ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' (late 12th or early 13th century).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam literature {{!}} Facts, Writers, Poetry, & Examples |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Malayalam-literature |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321055126/https://www.britannica.com/art/Malayalam-literature |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest script used to write Malayalam was the [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vatteluttu script]].<ref name="krishnamurti-2003" /> The current [[Malayalam script]] is based on the Vatteluttu script, which was extended with [[Grantha script]] letters to adopt [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] loanwords.<ref name="krishnamurti-2003">{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&q=grantha+script|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729185642/https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&q=grantha+script|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Guide to OCR for Indic Scripts: Document Recognition and Retrieval – Advances in Pattern Recognition |author=Venu Govindaraju |author2=Srirangaraj Setlur |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdSR9OJ0kxYC |page=126 |isbn=978-1-84800-329-3 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429090130/https://books.google.com/books?id=WdSR9OJ0kxYC |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=live|author-link=Venu Govindaraju }}</ref> It bears high similarity with the [[Tigalari script]], a historical script that was used to write the [[Tulu language]] in [[South Canara]], and [[Sanskrit]] in the adjacent [[Malabar District|Malabar region]].<ref name="vinodh rajan">{{cite web|author1=Vaishnavi Murthy K Y|author2=Vinodh Rajan|title=L2/17-378 Preliminary proposal to encode Tigalari script in Unicode|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17378-tigalari.pdf|access-date=28 June 2018|website=unicode.org|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208134202/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17378-tigalari.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in late 19th century CE.<ref name="Chandran 2018">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|page=454|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}}|edition=Malayalam}}</ref> The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'', written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] in 1785.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=The legacy of Kerala |year=2008 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam, Kerala |isbn=978-81-264-2157-2 |edition=1st DCB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |title=August 23, 2010 Archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427073541/http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/ |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref>

[[Robert Caldwell]] describes the extent of Malayalam in the 19th century as extending from the vicinity of [[Kumbla]] in the north where it supersedes with [[Tulu language|Tulu]] to [[Kanyakumari]] in the south, where it begins to be superseded by [[Tamil language|Tamil]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-206-0117-8 |pages=6, 16, 17–19, 20, 21–25 |language=en |quote=Malayalam is spoken along the Malabar coast, on the western side of the Ghauts, or Malaya range of mountains, from the vicinity of Kumbla near Mangalore, where it supersedes Tuļu, to Kanyakumari, where it begins to be superseded by Tamil. (Pages 6, 16, 20, 31)}}</ref> beside the inhabited islands of [[Lakshadweep]] in the [[Arabian Sea]].

== Etymology ==
In a 7th-century poem written by the Tamil poet [[Sambandar]] the people of Kerala are referred to as ''malaiyāḷar'' (mountain people).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chevillard |first=Jean-Luc |date=2008-01-01 |title=The concept of ticai-c-col in Tamil grammatical literature and the regional diversity of Tamil classical literature |url=https://www.academia.edu/4045264 |journal=Streams of Language: Dialects in Tamil |editor-first=M. |editor-last=Kannan |publisher=French Institute of Pondicherry |page=12}} (p.21-50 of journal)</ref> The word {{transliteration|ml|Malayalam}} is also said to originate from the words {{transliteration|ml|mala}}, meaning '[[mountain]]', and {{transliteration|ml|alam}}, meaning '[[region]]' or '-ship' (as in "township"); {{transliteration|ml|Malayalam}} thus translates directly as 'the [[mountain]] region'. The term ''[[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]'' was used as an alternative term for ''Malayalam'' in foreign trade circles to denote the southwestern coast of the Indian peninsula, which also means ''The land of hills''.<ref>{{cite book
| author = V. Nagam Aiya | year=1906
| title=The Travancore State Manual | publisher=Travancore Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up
}}</ref><ref>C. A. Innes and F. B. Evans, ''Malabar and Anjengo, volume 1'', Madras District Gazetteers (Madras: Government Press, 1915), p. 2.</ref><ref>M. T. Narayanan, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kHtbkuXruzwC Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503225405/https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=kHtbkuXruzwC& |date=3 May 2022 }}'' (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003), xvi–xvii.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sreedhara Menon|first1=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82|title=''Kerala Charitram''|date=January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415885|edition=2007|location=Kottayam|access-date=19 July 2020|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141403/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82|url-status=live}}</ref> The term originally referred to the western hilly [[land]] of the [[Chera dynasty]] (later [[Zamorin]]s and the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]), [[Mushika dynasty|Kingdom of Ezhimala]] (later [[Kolathunadu]]), and [[Ay kingdom]] (later [[Travancore]]), and only later became the name of its language.<ref name="caldwell" /> The language Malayalam was alternatively called {{transliteration|ml|Alealum}}, {{transliteration|ml|Malayalani}}, {{transliteration|ml|Malayali}}, {{transliteration|ml|Malabari}}, {{transliteration|ml|Malean}}, {{transliteration|ml|Maliyad}}, {{transliteration|ml|Mallealle}}, and {{transliteration|ml|Kerala Bhasha}} until the early 19th century CE.<ref name="ethnologuecom">{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mal |title=Ethnologue report for language code: mal |work=Ethnologue (Free All) |publisher=Ethnologue.com |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628195627/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mal |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sreedhara menon-2007">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-1588-5 |page=27 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141403/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Malabar Manual (1887), William Logan, Calicut</ref>

The earliest extant [[literary]] works in the regional [[language]] of present-day [[Kerala]] probably date back to as early as the [[12th century]]. At that time, the language was differentiated by the name ''Kerala Bhasha''. The earliest mention of Malayalam as a language is found outside of Kerala in the 15th century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] work Śrībhīmēśvarapurāṇamu by Śrīnātha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |date=2018|title=History and historiography in constituting a region: The case of Kerala |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448918759852 |journal=Studies in People's History |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=13–31 |doi=10.1177/2348448918759852 |issn=2348-4489|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The distinctive "Malayalam" named identity of this [[language]] appears to have come into existence in Kerala only around the [[16th century]], when it was known as "Malayayma" or "Malayanma"; the words were also used to refer to the [[Writing system|script]] and the [[region]].<ref name="Raghunathan 2003">{{cite book |author1=Sheldon Pollock |author2=Arvind Raghunathan Professor of South Asian Studies Sheldon Pollock |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA442 |date=19 May 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |pages=441–442 |access-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226111650/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA442 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Duarte Barbosa]], a Portuguese visitor who visited Kerala in the early 16th century CE, the people in the southwestern [[Malabar coast]] of India from [[Kumbla]] in north to [[Kanyakumari]] in south had a unique language, which was called "Maliama" by them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barbosa |first=Duarte |title=The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants (Volume 2) |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1989 |isbn=9788120604513 |pages=1–7 |quote=Per Barbosa, Malabar begins at the point where the kingdom of Narasyngua or Vijayanagar ends, that is at Cumbola (Cambola) on the Chandragiri river.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barbosa |first1=Duarte |last2=Dames |first2=Mansel Longworth |year=1918 |title=PDF.js viewer |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Findianculture.gov.in%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FdigitalFilesICWeb%2Fnlirepository%2F23567%2F61%2520B%2520275%2520%2528ii%2529%252021.pdf#page=301&zoom=60,0,1344 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=indianculture.gov.in |publisher=Asian Educational Services |pages=194–198 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424123531/https://indianculture.gov.in/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Findianculture.gov.in%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FdigitalFilesICWeb%2Fnlirepository%2F23567%2F61%2520B%2520275%2520%2528ii%2529%252021.pdf#page=301&zoom=60,0,1344 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to this [[Early modern period|period]], the people of Kerala usually referred to their language as "Tamil", and both terms overlapped into the [[British Raj|colonial period]].{{refn|group=note|"Prior to this relatively modern coining of "Malayalam", the identity is even more fraught, for Kerala folk more usually referred to their language as "Tamil", just as those in the dominant kingdoms of Tamilnadu, east of the Western Ghats, had from the early centuries C.E. Use of the label "Tamil" continued to overlap with that of "Malayalam" into the colonial period".<ref name="Raghunathan 2003" />}}

== History ==
[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD).jpg|thumbnail|The [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (849/850 CE) are considered as the oldest available inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|orig-date=1972|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607091744/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|url-status=live}}</ref> Besides [[Old Malayalam]], the copper plate also contains signatures in [[Arabic]] (Kufic script), [[Middle Persian]] (cursive Pahlavi script) and [[Judeo-Persian]] (standard square [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) scripts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cereti|first=C. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&q=Exegisti+Monumenta:+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-+Williams|title=Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=978-3-447-05937-4|editor-last=Sundermann|editor-first=W.|location=Wiesbaden|chapter=The Pahlavi Signatures on the Quilon Copper Plates|editor-last2=Hintze|editor-first2=A.|editor-last3=de Blois|editor-first3=F.|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505085830/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&q=Exegisti+Monumenta:+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-+Williams|url-status=live}}</ref>]]Due to the geographical isolation of the [[Malabar Coast]] from the rest of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian peninsula]] due to the presence of the [[Western Ghats]] mountain ranges which lie parallel to the coast, the dialect of [[Old Tamil]] spoken in [[Kerala]] was different from that spoken in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The mainstream view holds that Malayalam began to grow as a distinct literary language from the western coastal dialect of [[Middle Tamil]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |title=Dravidian languages – History, Grammar, Map, & Facts |access-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709173402/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the linguistic separation completed sometime between the 9th and 13th centuries.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|loc=p. 6|ps=: Other sources date this split to the 7th and 8th centuries.}}{{sfnp|Gopinathan Nair|2009|p=682|ps=: "[...] Malayalam emerged from Proto-Tamil–Malayalam; divergence occurred over a period of four or five centuries, from the 8th century onward".}} The renowned poets of [[Old Tamil|Classical Tamil]] such as [[Paranar]] (1st century CE), [[Ilango Adigal]] (2nd–3rd century CE), and [[Kulasekhara Alvar]] (9th century CE) were [[Malayali|Keralites]].<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The [[Sangam literature|Sangam works]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam.<ref name="Chandran 2018a"/>

According to Govindankutty, both [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and Malayalam developed during the prehistoric period from a common ancestor, "Proto-Tamil-Malayalam", and that the notion of Malayalam being a "daughter" of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is misplaced.{{sfn|Asher|Kumari|1997|p=xxiv}} This is based on the fact that Malayalam and several [[Dravidian languages]] on the [[Western Coastal Plains|Western Coast]] have common archaic features which are not found even in the oldest historical forms of literary Tamil.<ref>A. Govindankutty (1972) – From proto-Tamil-Malayalam to West Coast dialects. Indo-Iranian Journal, Vol. 14 No. (1/2), pp. 52–60</ref> Despite this, Malayalam shares many common innovations with Tamil that emerged during the early [[Middle Tamil]] period, thus making independent descent untenable.<ref name="ayyar-1936" />{{refn|group=note|Linguist K.M Prabhakar Variar further adds: "It is an accepted principle in comparative linguistics that 'innovations' rather than 'retentions' or 'losses' are to be relied on for sub-grouping of genetically related language. Every member of a language family has a stock of 'retentions of a few proto-features' together with a stock 'innovations'. It is the later that would show the relative distances among the member languages. Therefore, retention of a few proto-features in a particular language does not prove the earlier branching of the same from the proto-language. Malayalam, of course, has retained certain phonological and morphological features which can be reconstructed as belonging to the Proto-Dravidian and which have been lost or have suffered shape changes in the other member-languages. Which language in the Dravidian family doesn't have such retentions? Has anyone measured the relative percentages of retentions of archaic features in the twenty and odd Dravidian languages?".<ref>{{cite book |last=Variar |first=K. M. Prabhakara |date=1980|editor-last=S.V.|editor-first=Subramanian|title=Heritage of the Tamils - Language and Grammar |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|pages=382–392 |chapter=Early Malayalam and ancient Tamil works|isbn=}}</ref>}}
Indeed, most features of Malayalam morphology are derivable from a form of speech corresponding to early Middle Tamil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=Ramaswami |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology|page=2 | title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology|year=1936 |publisher=Cochin government press |location=Cochin, Kerala |edition=1st}}</ref>

[[Robert Caldwell]], in his 1856 book "''A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages"'', opined that literary Malayalam branched from ''Classical Tamil'' and over time gained a large amount of [[Sanskrit]] vocabulary and lost the personal terminations of verbs.<ref name="caldwell">Caldwell, Robert (1875). [https://archive.org/stream/comparativegramm00caldrich#page/ii/mode/2up ''A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316104706/https://archive.org/stream/comparativegramm00caldrich#page/ii/mode/2up |date=16 March 2016 }}, second edition. London: Trübner & Co.</ref> As the language of scholarship and administration, Old-Tamil, which was written in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] and the Vatteluttu alphabet later, greatly influenced the early development of Malayalam as a literary language. The [[Malayalam script]] began to diverge from the ''[[Vatteluttu]]'' and the Western [[Grantha script|Grantha]] scripts in the 8th and 9th centuries of [[Common Era]]. By the end of the 13th century, a written form of the language emerged which was unique from the ''[[Vatteluttu]]'' script that was used to write Tamil on the eastern coast.{{sfn|Mahapatra|1989|p=307}}

=== Old Malayalam ===
[[Old Malayalam]] ({{Transliteration|ml|ISO|Paḻaya Malayāḷam}}), an inscriptional language found in [[Kerala]] from the 9th to the 13th century CE,<ref>M. G. S. Narayanan. "Kozhikkodinte Katha". Malayalam/Essays. Mathrubhumi Books. Second Edition (2017) {{ISBN|978-81-8267-114-0}}</ref> is the earliest attested form of Malayalam.<ref name="narayanan-2013">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first= M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur|pages=380–82 |access-date= 7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607091744/https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ayyar|first=L. V. Ramaswami|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology|title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology |publisher=Rama Varma Research Institute|year=1936|edition=1st|location=Trichur|page=3}}</ref> The development of [[Old Malayalam]] from a western coastal dialect of [[Middle Tamil]] began around the 8th century CE.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=152–153}}<ref name="krishnamurti-2003" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=Malayalam language|url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Malayalam-language|url-status=live|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116043910/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Malayalam-language}}</ref> It remained a west coast dialect until circa 9th century CE or a little later.<ref name= "krishnamurti">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages/Literary-languages#ref279622|url-status=live |archive-date =7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607095036/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-languages/Literary-languages#ref279622|title = Dravidian Languages}}</ref>{{sfn |Karashima|2014|pp=152–153}} The origin of [[Malayalam calendar]] dates back to year 825 CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |title= Kollam Era |publisher=Indian Journal History of Science |access-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163650/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5f_93.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Time measurement and calendar construction|author=Broughton Richmond|year= 1956 |page=218|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609032538/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUlmAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Kerala|author=R. Leela Devi|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|year=1986|page=408|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609032523/https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is generally agreed that the western coastal dialect of Tamil began to separate, diverge, and grow as a distinct language due to geographical separation of Kerala from the Tamil country<ref name="krishnamurti" /> and the influence of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] from the [[Nambudiri]] [[Brahmin]]s of the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="narayanan-2013" /><ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" />

The [[Old Malayalam]] language was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] kings, as well as the [[Caste|upper-caste]] ([[Nambudiri]]) village temples).<ref name="narayanan-2013" /> Most of the inscriptions in [[Old Malayalam]] were found from the [[List of districts of Kerala|northern districts of Kerala]], which lie adjacent to [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref name="narayanan-2013" /> [[Old Malayalam]] was mostly written in [[Vatteluttu]] script (with [[Grantha script|Pallava/Southern Grantha]] characters).<ref name="narayanan-2013" /> [[Old Malayalam]] had several features distinct from the contemporary Tamil, including the nasalisation of adjoining sounds, substitution of palatal sounds for dental sounds, contraction of vowels, and the rejection of gender verbs.<ref name="narayanan-2013" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|date=2018|title=History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448918759852|journal=Studies in People's History|volume=5|issue=1|pages=13–31|doi=10.1177/2348448918759852|s2cid=166060066|issn=2348-4489|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913063330/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448918759852|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala|publisher=Kerala Historical Society|year=1972|location=Kerala|page=18}}</ref> ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]'' are the possible literary works of [[Old Malayalam]] found so far.

=== Middle Malayalam ===
[[Old Malayalam]] gradually developed into [[Middle Malayalam]] (''Madhyakaala Malayalam'') by the 13th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC&q=%22middle+malayalam%22&pg=PA14|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|first=T. K. Krishna|last=Menon|orig-date=Originally published 1939|date=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120606036|via=Google Books|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607091742/https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC&q=%22middle+malayalam%22&pg=PA14|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Malayalam literature]] also completely diverged from [[Tamil literature]] during this period. Works including ''Unniyachi Charitham'', ''Unnichiruthevi Charitham'', and ''Unniyadi Charitham'', are written in [[Middle Malayalam]], and date back to the 13th and 14th centuries of the [[Common Era]].<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006">{{cite book|author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker|url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE|title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala|year=2006|location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref><ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The ''Sandesha Kavya''s of 14th century CE written in [[Manipravalam]] language include ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]''.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /><ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> ''Kannassa Ramayanam'' and ''Kannassa Bharatham'' by ''Rama Panikkar'' of the [[Niranam poets]] who lived between 1350 and 1450, are representative of this language.<ref name="kerala india-2003" /> [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|Ulloor]] has opined that Rama Panikkar holds the same position in [[Malayalam literature]] that [[Edmund Spenser]] does in [[English literature]].<ref name="kerala india-2003">{{Citation|last=Kerala (India)|first=Dept. of Public Relations|title=District Handbooks of Kerala: Pathanamthitta (Volume 7 of District Handbooks of Kerala, Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations|year=2003}}</ref> The ''[[Champu]] Kavyas'' written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the ''Pathinettara Kavikal'' (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], also belong to Middle Malayalam.<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /><ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The literary works of this period were heavily influenced by [[Manipravalam]], which was a combination of contemporary [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The word ''Mani-Pravalam'' literally means ''Diamond-Coral'' or ''Ruby-Coral''. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Dravida and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="arvind raghunathan-2003">{{cite book|author1=Sheldon Pollock|author2=Arvind Raghunathan|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC|date=19 May 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|pages=449, 455–472|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227041301/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ke rāmacandr̲an nāyar">Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78</ref> The scripts of ''[[Kolezhuthu]]'' and ''[[Malayanma]]'' were also used to write [[Middle Malayalam]]. In addition to ''Vatteluthu'' and [[Grantha script]], those were used to write [[Old Malayalam]].<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The literary works written in [[Middle Malayalam]] were heavily influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], while comparing them with the modern [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /><ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" />
[[File:Copy of Ezhuthachan's Adhyathma ramayanam Kilippattu.jpg|thumb|Copy of Ezhuthachan's [[stylus]] and ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam|Adhyatma Ramayanam]]'' preserved at [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur]]|251x251px]]

=== Modern Malayalam ===
The [[Middle Malayalam]] was succeeded by Modern Malayalam (''Aadhunika Malayalam'') by 15th century CE.<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The poem ''[[Krishnagatha]]'' written by [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]], who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446–1475) of [[Kolathunadu]], is written in modern Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The language used in ''Krishnagatha'' is the modern spoken form of Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> During the 16th century CE, [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] from the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] from the [[Kingdom of Valluvanad]], followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu]]'' and ''Mahabharatham [[Kilippattu]],'' written by Ezhuthachan, and ''[[Jnanappana]],'' written by Poonthanam, are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:2em"
|+ Comparison of [[Grantha script|Grantha]], [[Tigalari script|Tigalari]], and [[Malayalam script]]s
|-
! || ! colspan=5 | Letter
|-
! Script !! ka !! kha !! ga !! gha !! ṅa
|-
| Malayalam || ക || ഖ || ഗ || ഘ || ങ
|-
| Grantha || 𑌕 || 𑌖 || 𑌗 || 𑌘 || 𑌙
|-
| Tigalari|| 𑎒 || 𑎓 || 𑎔 || 𑎕 || 𑎖
|-
| Tamil || க || || || || ங
|-
| Sinhala || ක්|| ඛ || ග || ඝ || ණ
|-
| Kannada || ಕ || ಖ || ಗ || ಘ || ಙ
|}
[[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] is also credited with developing the [[Malayalam script]] into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of ''[[Vatteluttu]]'', ''[[Kolezhuthu]]'', and [[Grantha script]], which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as ''The Father of modern Malayalam''.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The development of modern [[Malayalam script]] was also heavily influenced by the [[Tigalari script]], which was used to write [[Sanskrit]], due to the influence of [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s in Kerala.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The language used in the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works of the 16th–17th century CE is a mixture of Modern Malayalam and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> They follow the syntax of modern Malayalam, though written in a modified form of [[Arabic script]], which is known as [[Arabi Malayalam script]].<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> P. Shangunny Menon ascribes the authorship of the medieval work ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', which describes the [[Parashurama]] legend and the departure of the final Cheraman Perumal king to [[Mecca]], to Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan.<ref name="history of travancore by shungunny menon">History of Travancore by Shungunny Menon, page 28</ref>

[[Kunchan Nambiar]] introduced a new literary form called ''Thullal'', and [[Unnayi Variyar]] introduced reforms in ''[[Kathakali|Attakkatha literature]]''.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The printing, prose literature, and [[Malayalam journalism]], developed after the latter-half of the 18th century CE. Modern literary movements in Malayalam literature began in the late 19th century with the rise of the famous Modern Triumvirate consisting of [[Kumaran Asan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/kumaran-asan/|title=Kumaran Asan – Kumaran Asan Poems – Poem Hunter|website=poemhunter.com|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729045813/https://www.poemhunter.com/kumaran-asan/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/ulloor-s-parameswara-iyer/|title=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer – Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer Poems – Poem Hunter|website=poemhunter.com|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729044216/https://www.poemhunter.com/ulloor-s-parameswara-iyer/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/vallathol-narayana-menon/|title=Vallathol Narayana Menon – Vallathol Narayana Menon Poems – Poem Hunter|website=poemhunter.com|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729044157/https://www.poemhunter.com/vallathol-narayana-menon/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name="subodh kapoor-2002" /><ref name="E.G. Smith 1994" /><ref name="nirmala sadanand publishers-1967" /><ref name="sahitya akademi-1987" /><ref name="kerala sahitya akademi-1993" /> The life and works of [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]] have assumed greater socio-literary significance after his death and Edasseri is now recognised as an important poet of Malayalam.<ref>[https://www.edasseri.org/ "Edasseri Govindan Nair"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301220347/https://edasseri.org/ |date=1 March 2023 }}. Edasseri.org. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</ref> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], and [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.<ref name="c gopinathan pillai-2004" /><ref name="ed vinod kumar maheshwari-2002" /><ref name="amit chaudhuri-2008" /> Malayalam has also borrowed a lot of its words from various foreign languages: mainly from the [[Semitic languages]] including [[Arabic]], and the [[Languages of Europe|European languages]] including [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], due to the long heritage of [[Indian Ocean trade]] and the Portuguese-Dutch colonization of the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /><ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

Malayalam is taught in public schools of [[Kerala]],Lakshadweep and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[Mahé district|Mahé]]) (India).The language is also taught in Indian schools in the Middle East.

== Dialects ==
Variations in [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and [[phonology|phonological]] elements are observable along the parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register.

According to the Dravidian Encyclopedia, the regional [[dialect]]s of Malayalam can be divided into fifteen dialect areas.<ref name="Dravidian Encyclopedia"/> They are as follows:
{{div col}}
* [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
* [[North Malabar]]
* [[Wayanad]]
* [[Kozhikode]]
* [[Eranad]]
* [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]] ([[South Malabar]])
* [[Palakkad]]
* [[Thrissur]]-[[Kochi]]
* North Travancore
* West [[Vembanad]]
* Central [[Travancore]]
* South [[Travancore]]
* [[Lakshadweep]]
* [[Beary language|Beary]]
* [[Ravula language|Ravula]]
{{div col end}}

According to Ethnologue, the dialects are:<ref name="ethnologuecom" /> Malabar, Nagari-Malayalam, North Kerala, Central Kerala, South Kerala, Kayavar, [[Namboodiri]], [[Nair]], [[Arabi Malayalam|Mappila]], [[Beary language|Beary]], [[Jeseri]], [[Ravula language|Yerava]], Pulaya, [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani]], and [[Kasargod]]. The community dialects are: [[Nambudiri|Namboodiri]], [[Nair]], [[Arabi Malayalam]], Pulaya, and [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani]].<ref name="ethnologuecom" /> Whereas both the [[Nambudiri|Namboothiri]] and Nair dialects have a common nature, the [[Arabi Malayalam]] is among the most divergent of dialects, differing considerably from literary Malayalam.<ref name="ethnologuecom" /> [[Jeseri]] is a dialect of Malayalam spoken mainly in the Union territory of [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Beary language|Beary]] is spoken in [[Tulu Nadu]] which are nearer to Kerala. Of the total 33,066,392 Malayalam speakers in India in 2001, 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the [[Ravula language|''Yerava'']] dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like ''[[Aranadan language|Eranadan]]''.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/data_on_language.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110230245/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/data_on_language.html|date=10 January 2012}}, ''censusindia.net''</ref>

The dialects of Malayalam spoken in the districts like [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Wayanad]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] in the former [[Malabar District]] have few influences from [[Kannada]].<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> For example, the words those start with the sound "V" in Malayalam become "B" in these districts as in [[Kannada]].<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> Also the [[Voiced retroflex approximant]] (/ɻ/) which is seen in both Tamil and the standard form of Malayalam, are not seen in the northern dialects of Malayalam, as in [[Kannada]].<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> For example, the words ''Vazhi'' (Path), ''Vili'' (Call), ''Vere'' (Another), and ''Vaa'' (Come/Mouth), become ''Bayi'', ''Bili'', ''Bere'', and ''Baa'' in the northern dialects of Malayalam.<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> Similarly the Malayalam spoken in the southern districts of Kerala, i.e., [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]-[[Kollam district|Kollam]]-[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] area is influenced by Tamil.<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" />

Labels such as "Nampoothiri Dialect", "Mappila Dialect", and "Nasrani Dialect" refer to overall patterns constituted by the sub-dialects spoken by the subcastes or sub-groups of each such caste. The most outstanding features of the major communal dialects of Malayalam are summarized below:
* Lexical items with phonological features reminiscent of Sanskrit (e.g., {{transliteration|ml|viddhi}} meaning 'fool'), {{transliteration|ml|bhosku}} 'lie', {{transliteration|ml|musku}} 'impudence', {{transliteration|ml|dustu}} 'impurity', and {{transliteration|ml|eebhyan}} and {{transliteration|ml|sumbhan}} (both meaning 'good-for-nothing fellow') abound in Nampoothiri dialect.<ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/ Malayalam (Namboodiri Dialect)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028234446/https://www.cambridge.org/ |date=28 October 2020 }} – Cambridge University Press</ref>
* The Muslim dialect, also known as [[Arabi Malayalam]], shows maximum divergence from the literary Standard Dialect of Malayalam. It is very much influenced by [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] rather than by Sanskrit or by English. The retroflex continuant {{transliteration|ml|zha}} of the literary dialect is realised in the Muslim dialect as the palatal {{transliteration|ml|ya}}. In some other dialects of Northern Kerala too, {{transliteration|ml|zha}} of the literary dialect is realised as {{transliteration|ml|ya}}.
* The Syrian Christian or Nasrani dialect of Malayalam is quite close to the [[Nair]] dialect, especially in [[phonology]]. The speech of the educated section among Syrian Christians and that of those who are close to the church are peculiar in having a number of assimilated as well as unassimilated loan words from [[English language|English]] and [[Syriac language|Syriac]]. The few loan words which have found their way into the Christian dialect are assimilated in many cases through the process of de-aspiration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525143336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|url-status=dead|title=US News: US News, Top News in India, US election news, Business news, Sports & International News | Times of India|archivedate=25 May 2019|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="A sacred language is vanishing" />
* The [[Ravula language|Ravula]] is a tribal dialect of Malayalam spoken by the members of [[Ravula]], an indigenous people's tribe who are primarily inhabitants of the [[Kodagu district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/yea |title=Ravula |author= |work=Ethnologue (Free All) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921063850/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/yea |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Tamil spoken in the [[Kanyakumari district]] has influences from Malayalam language.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 January 2017|title=Nagercoil slang was my biggest challenge: Vijay Sethupathi|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nagercoil-slang-was-my-biggest-challenge-Vijay-Sethupathi/articleshow/45005117.cms|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117191951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nagercoil-slang-was-my-biggest-challenge-Vijay-Sethupathi/articleshow/45005117.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== External influences and loanwords ===
Malayalam has incorporated many elements from other languages over the years, the most notable of these being [[Sanskrit]] and later, English.{{sfn|Asher|Kumari|1997|pp=xxiv, xxv}} According to [[Sooranad Kunjan Pillai]] who compiled the authoritative Malayalam lexicon, the other principal languages whose vocabulary was incorporated over the ages were [[Arabic]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Pali]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Prakrit]], and [[Syriac language|Syriac]].<ref>S. Kunjan Pillai (1965) – Malayalam Lexicon, pg xxii–xxiv</ref>

* Many medieval [[liturgical]] texts were written in an admixture of [[Sanskrit]] and early Malayalam, called [[Manipravalam]].<ref>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/manipravalam.htm ''Manipravalam''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610042443/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/manipravalam.htm |date=10 June 2011 }} The Information & Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]].</ref> The influence of [[Sanskrit]] was very prominent in formal Malayalam used in the medieval literature. Malayalam has a substantially high number of Sanskrit loanwords but these are seldom used.<ref>"Dravidian languages." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>
* Some [[Arabic]] loanwords like ''adālattŭ'' (court of justice), ''jāmyaṃ'' (bail), ''japti'' (foreclosure), ''jilla'' (district), ''tālukkŭ'' (subdistrict), etc., are used in the formal literary Malayalam for administrative purposes.
* Loanwords and influences also from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], and [[Ladino language|Ladino]] abound in the [[Judeo-Malayalam|Jewish Malayalam dialects]], as well as [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], and [[Greek language|Greek]] in the Christian dialects, while [[Arabic]] and Persian elements predominate in the [[Muslim]] dialects.
* The Muslim dialect known as [[Mappila Malayalam]] is predominantly in the northern districts of Kerala. Another Muslim dialect called [[Beary bashe]] is used in the extreme northern part of Kerala along with the southern part of Karnataka in a former region called [[Tulu Nadu]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of vocabulary from various origins

! scope="col" {{ shade|100|color=green| Malayalam word}}
! scope="col" {{ shade|100|color=green| Source }}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|ഉമ്മ|translit=u=amma|en=mother|ar|أُمّ|fxlit=ʔumm}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|മാമോദീസ|xlit=māmōdīsa|english=baptism|syc|ܡܥܡܘܕܝܬܐ|fxlit=maʿmōdīṯā}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|തപാല്‍|xlit=tapāl|en=post or mail|nl|de paal}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|ആപ്പിൾ|xlit=āppiḷ|en=apple|en|apple}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|നങ്കൂരം|xlit=naṅkūraṁ|en=anchor|grc|ἄγκῡρα|fxlit=ánkūra}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|മിനിയാൻ|xlit=miniyāṉ|en=quorum|he|מניין|fxlit=minyán}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|പഞ്ചായത്ത്|xlit=pañcāyattŭ|english=[[panchayat]]|hi|पंचायत|fxlit=pañcāyat}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|അച്ഛൻ|xlit=acchaṉ|en=father|pmh|𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀚|fxlit=ajja|label=[[Maharashtri Prakrit]]}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|പടക്|xlit=paṭakŭ|en=boat|label=[[Malayo-Polynesian]]|poz|<nowiki>*</nowiki>paʀaqu}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|പത്തേമാരി|xlit=pattēmāri|en=a type of boat|mr|पतेमारी|fxlit=patemārī}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|വാത്ത|xlit=vātta|en=duck|fa|بط|fxlit=baṭ}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|ജനാല|xlit=jaṉāla|pt|janela|en=window}}
{{loan words row|color=green|ml|ലക്ഷം|xlit=lakṣam|en=[[lakh]]|sa|लक्ष|fxlit=lakṣa}}
|}

== Geographic distribution and population ==
{{See also|Kerala Gulf diaspora|States of India by Malayalam speakers}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | State/Union Territory
! scope="col" | Malayalam speakers 2011<ref name="mw" />
! scope="col" | Proportion
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#fde"| [[Kerala]]
|style="background:#fde"| 32,413,213
|style="background:#fde"| 97.03%
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#fde"| [[Lakshadweep]]
|style="background:#fde"| 54,264
|style="background:#fde"| 84.17%
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#fde"| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|style="background:#fde"| 27,475
|style="background:#fde"| 7.22%
|-
!scope="row"style="background:#fde"| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|style="background:#fde"| 47,973
|style="background:#fde"| 3.84%
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#fde"| [[Karnataka]]
|style="background:#fde"| 7,74,057
|style="background:#fde"| 2.22%
|-
!scope="row"style="background:#fde"| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|style="background:#fde"| 7,26,096
|style="background:#fde"| 2.08%
|-
!scope="row" style="background:#fde"| '''[[India]]'''
|style="background:#fde"| '''34,838,819'''
|style="background:#fde"| '''2.88%'''
|}
Malayalam is a language spoken by the native people of southwestern India and the islands of [[Lakshadweep]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. According to the Indian census of 2011, there were 32,413,213 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India, and 97.03% of the total population of the state. There were a further 7,74,057 (2.22% of the total number) in [[Karnataka]], 7,26,096 (2.05%) in [[Tamil Nadu]], and 406,358 (1.2%) in [[Maharashtra]].

The number of Malayalam speakers in [[Lakshadweep]] is 51,100, which is only 0.15% of the total number, but is as much as about 84% of the population of Lakshadweep. Malayalam was the most spoken language in erstwhile [[Gudalur taluk]] (now Gudalur and Panthalur taluks) of [[Nilgiris district]] in Tamil Nadu which accounts for 48.8% population and it was the second most spoken language in [[Mangalore]] and Puttur taluks of [[South Canara]] accounting for 21.2% and 15.4% respectively according to 1951 census report.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://lsi.gov.in/| title = South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbators Districts| access-date = 29 April 2021| archive-date = 2 October 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221002110639/http://lsi.gov.in/MTSI_APP/(S(d5i44a45mqlxje45spluigat))/default.aspx| url-status = live}}</ref> 25.57% of the total population in the [[Kodagu district]] of [[Karnataka]] are [[Malayali]]s, and they form the single largest linguistic group accounting for 35.5% in the [[Virajpet]] Taluk.<ref name="censusindiagovin">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Language |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101020704/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Around one-third of the [[Malayali]]s in [[Kodagu district]] speak the [[Ravula language|Yerava dialect]] according to the 2011 census, which is native to Kodagu and [[Wayanad]].<ref name="censusindiagovin" />

In all, Malayalis made up 3.22% of the total Indian population in 2011. Of the total 34,713,130 Malayalam speakers in India in 2011, 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the ''Yerava'' dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like ''Eranadan''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/data_on_language.html |title=Census of India – Data on Language |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110230245/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/data_on_language.html |archive-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 1991 census data, 28.85% of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke a second language and 19.64% of the total knew three or more languages.

Just before independence, [[British Malaya|Malaya]] attracted many Malayalis. Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Mysuru]] and [[Delhi]]. Many Malayalis have also emigrated to the [[Middle East]], the United States, and Europe. There were 179,860 speakers of Malayalam in the United States, according to the 2000 census, with the highest concentrations in [[Bergen County, New Jersey]], and [[Rockland County, New York]].<ref>[http://40days.homestead.com/Day_22_-_People.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073622/http://40days.homestead.com/Day_22_-_People.pdf|date=4 March 2016}}. Retrieved 22 November 2014.</ref> There are 144,000 of Malayalam speakers in [[Malaysia]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} There were 11,687 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/census/ |title=Census 2011 Australia – ABS Population Income |publisher=Sbs.com.au |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717085953/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/census/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2001 [[Canadian census]] reported 7,070 people who listed Malayalam as their mother tongue, mainly in [[Toronto]]. The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2,139 speakers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090810095915/http://www.stats.govt.nz/ServicePages/NotFound.aspx Statistics New Zealand:Language spoken (total responses) for the 1996–2006 censuses (Table 16)], ''stats.govt.nz''</ref> 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in [[Fiji]]. There is also a considerable [[Malayali]] population in the [[Persian Gulf]] regions, especially in [[Dubai]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Doha]].

== Phonology ==
{{main|Malayalam phonology}}
[[File:Malayalam vowels.png|upright=1.13|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|[[Monophthong]]s of Malayalam, from Namboodiripad, Savithry (2016)<ref name="namboodiripad-2016">{{cite thesis |first=Savithry |last=Namboodiripad |year=2016 |title=Malayalam (Namboodiri Dialect) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/malayalam-namboodiri-dialect/19CBF6E9E1CE65A84928F7C9C2286A9B |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302184525/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/malayalam-namboodiri-dialect/19CBF6E9E1CE65A84928F7C9C2286A9B |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Ken.ogg|thumb|Literary Malayalam]]

For the consonants and vowels, the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) symbol is given, followed by the Malayalam character and the [[ISO 15919]] transliteration.<ref name="haowen jiang-2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf |title=Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text |author=Haowen Jiang |website=Department of Linguistics, [[Rice University]] |date=April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911225521/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf |access-date=2022-01-08|archive-date=11 September 2012 }}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
[[File:malayalam.svg|thumb|The first letter in Malayalam|class=skin-invert-image]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|
!scope="col" colspan=3 | [[Vowel length|Short]]
!scope="col" colspan=3 | Long
|-
!scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
!scope="col" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
!scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
!scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
!scope="col" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
!scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|i}} '''{{lang|ml|ഇ}}''' i
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|u}} '''{{lang|ml|ഉ}}''' u
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|iː}} '''{{lang|ml|ഈ}}''' ī
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|uː}} '''{{lang|ml|ഊ}}''' ū
|-
!scope="row" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|e}}'''{{lang|ml|എ}}''' e
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|ə̆}} '''്''' ŭ
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|o}} '''{{lang|ml|ഒ}}''' o
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|eː}} '''{{lang|ml|ഏ}}''' ē
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|oː}} '''{{lang|ml|ഓ}}''' ō
|-
!scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|a}} '''{{lang|ml|അ}}''' a
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|aː}} '''{{lang|ml|ആ}}''' ā
|
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=2|
! scope="col" |[[Bilabial consonant|Labial]]
! scope="col" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! scope="col" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! scope="col" |[[Retroflex]]
! scope="col" |[[Postalveolar]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! scope="col" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!scope="col" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!scope="row" colspan=2|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} '''{{lang|ml|മ}}''' {{angbr|m}}
|{{IPA link|n̪}} '''{{lang|ml|ന}}''' {{angbr|n}}
|{{IPA link|n}} '''{{lang|ml|ന}}''' / '''{{lang|ml|ഩ}}'''{{Efn|Obsolete}} {{angbr|ṉ}}
|{{IPA link|ɳ}} '''{{lang|ml|ണ}}''' {{angbr|ṇ}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഞ}}''' {{angbr|ñ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}, ({{IPA link|ŋʲ}}) '''{{lang|ml|ങ}}''' {{angbr|ṅ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
!scope=row| [[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA link|p}} '''{{lang|ml|പ}}''' {{angbr|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪}} '''{{lang|ml|ത}}''' {{angbr|t}}
|{{IPA link|t}} '''{{lang|ml|റ്റ}}''' {{angbr|ṟṟ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} '''{{lang|ml|ട}}''' {{angbr|ṭ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} '''{{lang|ml|ച}}''' {{angbr|c}}
|{{IPA link|k}}, ({{IPA link|kʲ}}) '''{{lang|ml|ക}}''' {{angbr|k}}
|
|-
!scope=row| [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഫ}}''' {{angbr|ph}}
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഥ}}''' {{angbr|th}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഠ}}''' {{angbr|ṭh}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഛ}}''' {{angbr|ch}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഖ}}''' {{angbr|kh}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}} '''{{lang|ml|ബ}}''' {{angbr|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}} '''{{lang|ml|ദ}}''' {{angbr|d}}
|({{IPA link|d}}){{efn|Only occurs after ṉ.}} '''{{lang|ml|ന്റ}}''' {{angbr|nṟ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഡ}}''' {{angbr|ḍ}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}~{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} '''{{lang|ml|ജ}}''' {{angbr|j}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഗ}}''' {{angbr|g}}
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|breathy]]
|{{IPA link|bʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഭ}}''' {{angbr|bh}}
|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ധ}}''' {{angbr|dh}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഢ}}''' {{angbr|ḍh}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʑʱ}}~{{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഝ}}''' {{angbr|jh}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഘ}}''' {{angbr|gh}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|f}} '''{{lang|ml|ഫ}}''' {{angbr|f}}
|
|{{IPA link|s}}, ({{IPA link|z}}) '''{{lang|ml|സ}}''' {{angbr|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʂ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഷ}}''' {{angbr|ṣ}}
|{{IPA link|ɕ}}~{{IPA link|ʃ}} '''{{lang|ml|ശ}}''' {{angbr|ś}}
|
|{{IPA link|h}} '''{{lang|ml|ഹ}}''' {{angbr|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Approximant consonant|Approx.]]
! scope="row" | {{small|central}}
|{{IPA link|ʋ}} '''{{lang|ml|വ}}''' {{angbr|v}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɻ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഴ}}''' {{angbr|ḻ}}{{efn|Often transliterated as {{transliteration|ml|zh}} by Malayalis and Tamils, may also be transliterated as {{transliteration|ml|ẓ}} or {{transliteration|ml|r̤}} by some others.}}
|{{IPA link|j}} '''{{lang|ml|യ}}''' {{angbr|y}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}} '''{{lang|ml|ല}}''' {{angbr|l}}
|{{IPA link|ɭ}} '''{{lang|ml|ള}}''' {{angbr|ḷ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}} '''{{lang|ml|ര}}''' {{angbr|r}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}} '''{{lang|ml|റ}}''' {{angbr|ṟ}}
|
|
|
|
|}

== Sample text ==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].

=== English ===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

=== Malayalam ===
{{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരെല്ലാവരും തുല്യാവകാശങ്ങളോടും അന്തസ്സോടും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തോടുംകൂടി ജനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളവരാണ്‌. അന്യോന്യം ഭ്രാതൃഭാവത്തോടെ പെരുമാറുവാനാണ്‌ മനുഷ്യന് വിവേകബുദ്ധിയും മനസാക്ഷിയും സിദ്ധമായിരിക്കുന്നത്‌.}}

=== Romanisation (ISO 15919) ===
manuṣyarellāvaruṁ tulyāvakāśaṅṅaḷōṭuṁ antassōṭuṁ svātantryattōṭuṅkūṭi janicciṭṭuḷḷavarāṇ‌ŭ. anyōnyaṁ bhrātr̥bhāvattōṭe perumāṟuvānāṇ‌ŭ manuṣyanŭ vivēkabuddhiyuṁ manasākṣiyuṁ siddhamāyirikkunnat‌ŭ.

=== IPA ===
/manuʂjaɾellaːʋaɾum t̪uljaːʋakaːʃaŋŋaɭoːʈum an̪t̪assoːʈum sʋaːt̪an̪t̪rjat̪t̪oːʈuŋkuːʈi d͡ʒanit͡ʃt͡ʃiʈʈuɭɭaʋaɾaːɳɨ̆ ǁ anjoːnjam bʱraːt̪rɨ̆bʱaːʋat̪t̪oːʈe peɾumaːruʋaːnaːɳɨ̆ manuʂjanɨ̆ ʋiʋeːkabud̪d̪ʱijum manasaːkʂijum sid̪d̪ʱamaːjiɾikkun̪ːat̪ɨ̆ ǁ/

== Grammar ==
{{Main|Malayalam grammar}}

Malayalam has a canonical word order of [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb), as do other [[Dravidian languages]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_mym |title=Wals.info |publisher=Wals.info |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520015202/http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_mym |archive-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> A rare [[subject–object–verb|OSV]] word order occurs in interrogative clauses when the interrogative word is the subject.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jayaseelan |first1=Karattuparambil |title=IP-internal topic and focus phrases |date=2001 |page=40}}</ref> Both [[adjective]]s and [[possessive adjective]]s precede the [[noun]]s they modify. Malayalam has 6<ref>Asher, R. E. and Kumari, T. C. (1997). Malayalam. Routledge Pub.: London.</ref> or 7<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaimalayalam.com/papers/socialCaseMalayalam05.pdf |title=The Samyojika Vibhakthi and Its Unique Application in Malayalam Grammar |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731141301/http://www.jaimalayalam.com/papers/socialCaseMalayalam05.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=June 2017}} [[grammatical case]]s. Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood and aspect, but not for person, gender nor number except in archaic or poetic language. The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in late 19th century CE.<ref name="Chandran 2018"/>

=== Nouns ===
The [[declension]]al paradigms for some common nouns and pronouns are given below. As Malayalam is an agglutinative language, it is difficult to delineate the cases strictly and determine how many there are, although seven or eight is the generally accepted number. [[Alveolar plosive]]s and [[Alveolar nasal|nasals]] (although the modern [[Malayalam script]] does not distinguish the latter from the [[dental nasal]]) are underlined for clarity, following the convention of the [[National Library at Kolkata romanization]].

=== Personal pronouns ===
[[Vocative case|Vocative]] forms are given in parentheses after the [[nominative]], as the only pronominal vocatives that are used are the third person ones, which only occur in compounds.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Singular
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
വിഭക്തി
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person informal{{efn-lr|2nd person singular formal is similar to 2nd person plural.}}
! colspan="3" | 3rd person (distal){{efn-lr|For proximal form, replace the initial 'a' with an 'i'.}}
|-
! masculine || feminine || neutral
|-
! Nominative
സംബോധന
| ñāṉ || nī || avaṉ (voc. avaṉē) || avaḷ (voc. avaḷē) || adŭ (voc. athinē)
|-
! [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
പ്രതിഗ്രാഹിക
| eṉṉe || niṉṉe || avaṉe || avaḷe || atiṉe
|-
! [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
സംബന്ധിക
| eṉte (also eṉ, eṉṉute)|| niṉte (also niṉ, niṉṉute) || avaṉte (also avaṉute) || avaḷute || atiṉte
|-
! [[Dative case|Dative]]
ഉദ്ദേശിക
| eṉikkŭ || niṉakkŭ || avaṉŭ || avaḷkkŭ || atiṉŭ
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
പ്രായോജിക
| eṉṉāl || niṉṉāl || avaṉāl || avaḷāl || atiṉāl
|-
! [[Locative case|Locative]]
ആധാരിക
| eṉṉil || niṉṉil || avaṉil || avaḷil || atil
|-
! [[Sociative case|Sociative]]
സംയോജിക
| eṉṉōḍŭ || niṉṉōḍŭ || avaṉōḍŭ || avaḷōḍŭ || adinōḍŭ
|-
! colspan="7" | Notes:
{{notelist-lr}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
വിഭക്തി
! colspan="2" | 1st person
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
|-
! [[Clusivity|exclusive]]
! inclusive
|-
! Nominative
സംബോധന
| ñaṅṅaḷ || nām/ nammaḷ || niṅṅaḷ || avar̠ (voc. avarē)
|-
! [[Accusative case|Accusative]]
പ്രതിഗ്രാഹിക
| ñaṅṅaḷe || nammaḷe || niṅṅaḷe || avare
|-
! [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
സംബന്ധിക
| ñaṅṅaḷuḍe (also ñaṅṅuḍe) || nammuḍe || niṅṅaḷuḍe || avaruḍe
|-
! [[Dative case|Dative]]
ഉദ്ദേശിക
| ñaṅṅaḷkkŭ || nammaḷkkŭ (also namukkŭ) || niṅṅaḷkkŭ || avar̠kkŭ
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
പ്രായോജിക
| ñaṅṅaḷāl (also ñaṅṅāl) || nammāl || niṅṅaḷāl || avarāl
|-
! [[Locative case|Locative]]
ആധാരിക
| ñaṅṅaḷil || nammil || niṅṅaḷil || avaril (also avaṟkal)
|-
! [[Sociative case|Sociative]]
സംയോജിക
| ñaṅṅaḷōḍŭ || nammōḍŭ || niṅṅaḷōḍŭ || avarōḍŭ
|}

=== Other nouns ===
The following are examples of some of the most common declension patterns.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row" | Word (translated)
! colspan="2" scope="col" | "Tree"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | "Elephant"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | "Human"
! colspan="2" scope="col" | "Dog"
|-
! scope="col" | Case
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|-
! scope="row" | Nominative
| {{lang|ml|മരം}} {{transliteration|ml|maram}}
| {{lang|ml|മരങ്ങൾ}} {{transliteration|ml|maraṅṅaḷ}}
| {{lang|ml|ആന}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉa}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനകൾ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉakaḷ}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യൻ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṉ}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യർ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṟ}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടി}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭi}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടികൾ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭigaḷ}}
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| {{lang|ml|മരമേ}} {{transliteration|ml|maramē}}
| {{lang|ml|മരങ്ങളേ}} {{transliteration|ml|maraṅṅaḷē}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനേ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉē}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനകളേ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉakaḷē}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യാ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyā}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരേ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyarē}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടീ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭī}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടികളേ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭikaḷē}}
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| {{lang|ml|മരത്തെ}} {{transliteration|ml|maratte}}
| {{lang|ml|മരങ്ങളെ}} {{transliteration|ml|maraṅṅaḷe}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനയെ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉaye}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനകളെ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉakaḷe}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യനെ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṉe}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരെ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyare}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടിയെ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭiye}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടികളെ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭikaḷe}}
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| {{lang|ml|മരത്തിൻ്റെ}} {{transliteration|ml|marattiṉd̠e}}
| {{lang|ml|മരങ്ങളുടെ}} {{transliteration|ml|maraṅṅaḷuḍe}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനയുടെ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉayuḍe}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനകളുടെ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉagaḷuḍe}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യൻ്റെ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṉd̠e}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരുടെ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaruḍe}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടിയുടെ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭiyuḍe}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടികളുടെ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭikaḷuḍe}}
|-
! scope="row" | Dative
| {{lang|ml|മരത്തിന്}} {{transliteration|ml|marattiṉŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|മരങ്ങൾക്ക്}} {{transliteration|ml|maraṅṅaḷkkŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനയ്ക്ക്}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉaykkŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനകൾക്ക്}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉakaḷkkŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യന്}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṉŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യർക്ക്}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṟkkŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടിയ്ക്ക്}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭiykkŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടികൾക്ക്}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭikaḷkkŭ}}
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| {{lang|ml|മരത്താൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|marattāl}}
| {{lang|ml|മരങ്ങളാൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|maraṅṅaḷāl}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനയാൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉayāl}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനകളാൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉakaḷāl}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യനാൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṉāl}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരാൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyarāl}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടിയാൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭiyāl}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടികളാൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭikaḷāl}}
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| {{lang|ml|മരത്തിൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|marattil}}
| {{lang|ml|മരങ്ങളിൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|maraṅṅaḷil}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനയിൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉayil}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനകളിൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉakaḷil}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യനിൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṉil}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരിൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaril}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടിയിൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭiyil}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടികളിൽ}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭikaḷil}}
|-
! scope="row" | Sociative
| {{lang|ml|മരത്തോട്}} {{transliteration|ml|marattōḍŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|മരങ്ങളോട്}} {{transliteration|ml|maraṅṅaḷōḍŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനയോട്}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉayōḍŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|ആനകളോട്}} {{transliteration|ml|āṉakaḷōḍŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യനോട്}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyaṉōḍŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരോട്}} {{transliteration|ml|maṉuṣyarōḍŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടിയോട്}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭiyōḍŭ}}
| {{lang|ml|പട്ടികളോട്}} {{transliteration|ml|paṭṭikaḷōḍŭ}}
|}

=== Words adopted from Sanskrit ===
When words are adopted from Sanskrit, their endings are usually changed to conform to Malayalam norms:

==== Nouns ====
* Masculine [[Sanskrit]] nouns with a [[word stem]] ending in a short /a/ take the ending /an/ in the nominative singular. For example, [[Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa]] → Kr̥ṣṇan. The final /n/ is dropped before masculine surnames, honorifics, or titles ending in /an/ and beginning with a consonant other than /n/ – e.g., "Krishna Menon", "Krishna Kaniyaan" etc., but "Krishnan Ezhutthachan". Surnames ending with /ar/ or /aḷ/ (where these are plural forms of "an" denoting respect) are treated similarly – "Krishna Pothuval", "Krishna Chakyar", but "Krishnan Nair", "Krishnan Nambiar", as are Sanskrit surnames such "Varma(n)", "Sharma(n)", or "Gupta(n)" (rare) – e.g., "Krishna Varma", "Krishna Sharman". If a name is a compound, only the last element undergoes this transformation – e.g., "Kr̥ṣṇa" + "dēva" = "Kr̥ṣṇadēvan", not "Kr̥ṣṇandēvan".
* Feminine words ending in a long /ā/ or /ī/ are changed to end in a short /a/ or /i/, for example "[[Sita|Sītā]]" → "Sīta" and "[[Lakshmi|Lakṣmī]]" → "Lakṣmi". However, the long vowel still appears in compound words, such as "Sītādēvi" or" Lakṣmīdēvi". The long ī is generally reserved for the [[vocative case|vocative]] forms of these names, although in Sanskrit the vocative actually takes a short /i/. There are also a small number of nominative /ī/ endings that have not been shortened – a prominent example being the word "strī" for "woman".
* Nouns that have a stem in /-an/ and which end with a long /ā/ in the masculine nominative singular have /vŭ/ added to them, for example "[[Brahmā]]" (stem "Brahman") → "Brahmāvŭ". When the same nouns are declined in the neuter and take a short /a/ ending in Sanskrit, Malayalam adds an additional /m/, e.g. "Brahma" (neuter nominative singular of "[[Brahman]]") becomes "Brahmam". This is again omitted when forming compounds.
* Words whose roots end in /-an/ but whose nominative singular ending is /-a-/ (for example, the Sanskrit root of "[[karma]]" is actually "karman") are also changed. The original root is ignored and "karma" (the form in Malayalam being "karmam" because it ends in a short /a/) is taken as the basic form of the noun when declining.<ref>{{cite book |last=Varma |first=A.R. Rajaraja |title=Keralapanineeyam |publisher=D C Books |year=2005 |location=Kottayam |page=303 |isbn=978-81-7130-672-5}}</ref> However, this does not apply to all consonant stems, as "unchangeable" stems such as "manas" ("mind") and "suhr̥t" ("friend") are identical to the Malayalam nominative singular forms (although the regularly derived "manam" sometimes occurs as an alternative to "manas").
* Sanskrit words describing things or animals rather than people with a stem in short /a/ end with an /m/ in Malayalam. For example, "[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]]" → "Rāmāyaṇam". In most cases, this is actually the same as the Sanskrit accusative case ending, which is also /m/ (or, allophonically, anusvara due to the requirements of the [[sandhi]] word-combining rules) in the neuter nominative. However, "things and animals" and "people" are not always differentiated based on whether or not they are sentient beings; for example, "[[Narasimha]]" becomes "Narasiṃham" and not "Narasiṃhan", whereas "[[Ananta Shesha|Ananta]]" becomes "Anantan" even though both are sentient. This does not strictly correspond to the Sanskrit neuter gender, as both "Narasiṃha" and "Ananta" are masculine nouns in the original Sanskrit.
* Nouns with short vowel stems other than /a/, such as "[[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]]", "[[Prajapati|Prajāpati]]" etc. are declined with the Sanskrit stem acting as the Malayalam nominative singular (the Sanskrit nominative singular is formed by adding a visarga, e.g., as in "Viṣṇuḥ")
* The original Sanskrit vocative is often used in formal or poetic Malayalam, e.g. "Harē" (for "[[Hari]]") or "Prabhō" (for "Prabhu" – "Lord"). This is restricted to certain contexts – mainly when addressing deities or other exalted individuals, so a normal man named Hari would usually be addressed using a Malayalam vocative such as "Harī". The Sanskrit genitive is also occasionally found in Malayalam poetry, especially the personal pronouns "mama" ("my" or "mine") and "tava" ("thy" or "thine"). Other cases are less common and generally restricted to the realm of Maṇipravāḷam.
* Along with these [[tatsama]] borrowings, there are also many [[tadbhava]] words in common use. These were incorporated via borrowing before the separation of Malayalam and Tamil. As the language did not then accommodate Sanskrit phonology as it now does, words were changed to conform to the Old Tamil phonological system, for example "Kr̥ṣṇa" → "Kaṇṇan".<ref>{{cite book |last=Varma |first=A.R. Rajaraja |title=Keralapanineeyam |publisher=D C Books |year=2005 |location=Kottayam |pages=301–302 |isbn=978-81-7130-672-5}}</ref> Most of his works are oriented on the basic Malayalam family and cultures and many of them were path-breaking in the history of Malayalam literature

== Writing system ==
{{Main|Malayalam script|Malayalam braille}}

Aside from the Malayalam script, the Malayalam language has been written in other scripts like [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Suriyani Malayalam|Syriac]]<ref name="Suriyani Malayalam Archived 11 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine">[http://www.nasranifoundation.org/articles/SyriacMalayalam.html Suriyani Malayalam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611020933/http://www.nasranifoundation.org/articles/SyriacMalayalam.html |date=11 June 2014 }}, Nasrani Foundation</ref><ref name="A sacred language is vanishing">[http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/11/stories/2008081164350500.htm A sacred language is vanishing from State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710100809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/11/stories/2008081164350500.htm |date=10 July 2013 }}, The Hindu</ref><ref name="Prayer from the Past Archived 4 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine">[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19970804-tiny-village-in-kerala-one-of-the-last-bastions-of-syriac-in-the-world-831835-1997-08-03 Prayer from the Past] , India Today</ref> and [[Arabi Malayalam|Arabic]]. [[Suriyani Malayalam]] was used by [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (also known as Nasranis) until the 19th century.<ref name="Suriyani Malayalam Archived 11 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine" /><ref name="A sacred language is vanishing" /> Arabic scripts particularly were taught in [[madrasah]]s in Kerala and the [[Lakshadweep Islands]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gaṅgopādhyāẏa |first=Subrata |title=Symbol, Script, and Writing: From Petrogram to Printing and Further |publisher=Sharada Pub. House |year=2004 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books? |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108170235/https://books.google.com/books |archive-date=8 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/depts/education/profile.htm |title=Education in Lakshadweep – Discovering the past chapters |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005155923/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/depts/education/profile.htm |archive-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Malayalam script ===
[[File:St angelo fort Arakkal Museum.JPG|thumbnail|A Malayalam signboard from [[Kannur]], Kerala. Malayalam is official language in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]] and the union territories of [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puduchery]]]]
[[File:Malayalam board with old style Malayalam letter (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Board in Malayalam which uses the complex letters in traditional script]]
Historically, several scripts were used to write Malayalam. Among these were the Vatteluttu, [[Kolezhuthu]] and [[Malayanma]] scripts. But it was the [[Grantha script]], another [[Southern Brahmi]] variation, which gave rise to the modern [[Malayalam script]]. The modern Malayalam script bears high similarity to [[Tigalari script]], which was used for writing [[Tulu language]] in [[South Canara|Coastal Karnataka]] ([[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district|Udupi]] districts) and the northernmost [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala.<ref name="vinodh rajan" /> It is syllabic in the sense that the sequence of graphic elements means that syllables have to be read as units, though in this system the elements representing individual vowels and consonants are for the most part readily identifiable. In the 1960s Malayalam dispensed with many special letters representing less frequent conjunct consonants and combinations of the vowel /u, u:/ with different consonants.

Malayalam script consists of a total of 578 characters. The script contains 52 letters including 16 vowels and 36 consonants, which forms 576 syllabic characters, and contains two additional diacritic characters named [[anusvāra]] and [[visarga]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Malayalam Self-Taught |author=Don M. de Z. Wickremasinghe |author2=T.N. Menon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vX9Vk95OqNoC |page=7 |year=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1903-6 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528191159/https://books.google.com/books?id=vX9Vk95OqNoC |archive-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerala.gov.in/language%20&%20literature/language.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011052626/http://kerala.gov.in/language%20%26%20literature/language.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=Language |work=kerala.gov.in |access-date=28 May 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The earlier style of writing has been superseded by a new style as of 1981. This new script reduces the different letters for typesetting from 900 to fewer than 90. This was mainly done to include Malayalam in the keyboards of typewriters and computers.

In 1999 a group named "Rachana Akshara Vedi" produced a set of free [[typeface|fonts]] containing the entire character repertoire of more than 900 [[glyph]]s. This was announced and released along with a [[text editor]] in the same year at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of [[Kerala]]. In 2004, the fonts were released under the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] license by [[Richard Stallman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |first=Aiswarya |last=Venugopal |title=Exclusive Part II: 'I saw Thallumaala first cut a year before release' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/inspiration-feedback-typography-software-development-4db1e303 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> A dedicated Malayalam operating system was released in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam gets its own operating system |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/15/stories/2006021521570200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105175030/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/15/stories/2006021521570200.htm |date=2006-02-15 |archive-date=2007-01-05 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Chillu letters ===
A ''chillu'' ({{lang|ml|ചില്ല്}}, {{transliteration|ml|cillŭ}}), or a ''chillaksharam'' ({{lang|ml|ചില്ലക്ഷരം}}, {{transliteration|ml|cillakṣaram}}), is a special consonant letter that represents a pure consonant independently, without help of a [[virama]]. Unlike a consonant represented by an ordinary consonant letter, this consonant is never followed by an inherent vowel. [[#Anusvaram|Anusvara]] and [[#Visargam|visarga]] fit this definition but are not usually included. ISCII and Unicode 5.0 treat a ''chillu'' as a glyph variant of a normal ("base") consonant letter.<ref>{{cite web |year=1991–2007 |title=South Asian Scripts-I |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch09.pdf |access-date=2009-09-08 |work=The Unicode Standard 5.0 – Electronic Edition |publisher=Unicode, Inc |pages=42–44 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225042158/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Unicode 5.1 and later, ''chillu'' letters are treated as independent characters, encoded atomically.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"
|+''Chillu'' letters
! scope="col" | Letter
! scope="col" | Unicode name
! scope="col" | Base
! scope="col" | Remarks
! scope="col" | Examples
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ൺ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU NN}} || {{transliteration|ml|ṇa}} '''{{lang|ml|ണ}}'''|| || {{lang|ml|കൂൺ}} (kūṇ, "mushroom")
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ൻ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU N}} || {{transliteration|ml|ṉa}} '''{{lang|ml|ന}}'''|| Chillu of dental – alveolar nasal ''ṉa''.|| {{lang|ml|അവൻ}} (avaṉ, "he")
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ർ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU RR}} || {{transliteration|ml|ṟa}} '''{{lang|ml|റ}}'''|| Historically stood for {{transliteration|ml|ra}} {{lang|ml|ര}}, not {{transliteration|ml|ṟa}} {{lang|ml|റ}}. || {{lang|ml|അവർ}} (avar̠, "they")
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ൽ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU L}} || {{transliteration|ml|la}} '''{{lang|ml|ല}}'''|| || {{lang|ml|കാൽ}} (kāl, "foot")
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ൾ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU LL}} || {{transliteration|ml|ḷa}} '''{{lang|ml|ള}}'''|| || {{lang|ml|അവൾ}} (avaḷ, "she")
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ൿ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU K}} || {{transliteration|ml|ka}} '''{{lang|ml|ക}}'''|| Not in modern use || {{lang|ml|വാൿചാതുരി}} (doesn't occur word finally.)
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ൔ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU M}} || {{transliteration|ml|ma}} '''{{lang|ml|മ}}'''|| Not in modern use ||
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ൕ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU Y}} || {{transliteration|ml|ya}} '''{{lang|ml|യ}}'''|| Not in modern use ||
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|ml|ൖ}}
| {{mono|CHILLU LLL}} || {{transliteration|ml|ḻa}} '''{{lang|ml|ഴ}}'''|| Not in modern use ||
|}

=== Number system and other symbols ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%;margin-left:30px;"
|-
! scope="row" | Praślēṣam
| {{lang|ml|ഽ}} || Corresponds to [[Devanagari]] [[avagraha]], used when a Sanskrit phrase containing an {{transliteration|ml|avagraha}} is written in Malayalam script. The symbol indicates the [[elision]] of the word-initial vowel ''a'' after a word that ends in ''ā'', ''ē'', or ''ō'', and is transliterated as an apostrophe ('), or sometimes as a colon + an apostrophe (:'). ({{indic|lang=ml|indic=പ്രശ്ലേഷം|trans=praślēṣam}})
|-
! scope="col" | Malayalam date mark
| {{lang|ml|൹}}
| Used in an abbreviation of a date.
|-
! scope="col" | [[Danda]]
| {{lang|ml|।}}
| rowspan="2" | Archaic punctuation marks.
|-
! scope="col" | Double danda
| {{lang|ml|॥}}
|}

=== Numerals ===
{{Main|Malayalam numerals}}
Malayalam numbers and fractions are written as follows. These are archaic and no longer used. Instead, the common [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] is followed. There is a confusion about the glyph of Malayalam digit zero. The correct form is oval-shaped, but occasionally the glyph for {{frac|1|4}} ({{lang|ml|൳}}) is erroneously shown as the glyph for 0.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px;"
|-
! scope="col" | 0
! scope="col" | 1
! scope="col" | 2
! scope="col" | 3
! scope="col" | 4
! scope="col" | 5
! scope="col" | 6
! scope="col" | 7
! scope="col" | 8
! scope="col" | 9
! scope="col" | 10
! scope="col" | 100
! scope="col" | 1000
! scope="col" | {{frac|1|4}}
! scope="col" | {{frac|1|2}}
! scope="col" | {{frac|3|4}}
|- style="font-size:medium;" lang="ml"
| ൦ || ൧ || ൨ || ൩ || ൪ || ൫ || ൬ || ൭ || ൮ || ൯ || ൰ || ൱ || ൲ || ൳ || ൴ || ൵
|}

Number "11" is written as "൰൧" and not "൧൧". "32" is written as "൩൰൨" similar to the [[Tamil numerals|Tamil numeral system]].

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:30px"
|-
! scope="col" | 11
! scope="col" | 20
! scope="col" | 21
! scope="col" | 30
! scope="col" | 110
! scope="col" | 10,099
|- style="font-size:medium" lang="ml"
| {{lang|ml|൰൧}} || {{lang|ml|൨൰}}
| {{lang|ml|൨൰൧}} || {{lang|ml|൩൰}}
| {{lang|ml|൱൰}} || {{lang|ml|൰൲൯൰൯}}
|}
For example, the number "2013" is read in Malayalam as {{lang|ml|രണ്ടായിരത്തി പതിമൂന്ന്}} ({{transliteration|ml|raṇḍāyiratti padimūnnŭ}}). It is split into:

* {{lang|ml|രണ്ട്}} ({{transliteration|ml|raṇḍŭ}}): 2 – '''{{lang|ml|൨}}'''
* {{lang|ml|ആയിരം}} ({{transliteration|ml|āyiram}}): 1000 – '''{{lang|ml|൲}}'''
* {{lang|ml|പത്ത്}} ({{transliteration|ml|pattŭ}}): 10 – '''{{lang|ml|൰}}'''
* {{lang|ml|മൂന്ന്}} ({{transliteration|ml|mūnnŭ}}): 3 – '''{{lang|ml|൩}}'''

Combine them together to get the Malayalam number '''{{lang|ml|൨൲൰൩}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alex |first=Shiju |date=2013-08-22 |title=മലയാള അക്കങ്ങൾ |url=https://shijualex.in/malayalam-numerals-old-system/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=ഗ്രന്ഥപ്പുര |language=ml |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202175239/https://shijualex.in/malayalam-numerals-old-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref>'''

And 1,00,000 as "{{lang|ml|൱൲}}" = hundred({{lang|ml|൱}}), thousand({{lang|ml|൲}}) (100×1000), 10,00,000 as "{{lang|ml|൰൱൲}}" = ten({{lang|ml|൰}}), hundred({{lang|ml|൱}}), thousand({{lang|ml|൲}}) (10×100×1000) and 1,00,00,000 as "{{lang|ml|൱൱൲}}" = hundred({{lang|ml|൱}}), hundred({{lang|ml|൱}}), thousand({{lang|ml|൲}}) (100×100×1000).

Later on this system got reformed to be more similar to the Hindu-Arabic numerals so 10,00,000 in the reformed numerals it would be {{lang|ml|൧൦൦൦൦൦൦}}.<ref name="alex-2013">{{cite web |last=Alex |first=Shiju |date=2013-08-22 |title=മലയാള അക്കങ്ങൾ |url=https://shijualex.in/malayalam-numerals-old-system/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=ഗ്രന്ഥപ്പുര |language=en-US |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202175239/https://shijualex.in/malayalam-numerals-old-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Fractions ===
In Malayalam you can transcribe any fraction by affixing ({{transliteration|ml|-il}}) after the denominator followed by the numerator, so a fraction like {{frac|7|10}} would be read as '''{{lang|ml|പത്തിൽ ഏഴ്}}''' ({{transliteration|ml|pattil ēḻŭ}}) 'out of ten, seven' but fractions like {{frac|1|2}} {{frac|1|4}} and {{frac|3|4}} have distinct names ({{transliteration|ml|ara}}, {{transliteration|ml|kāl}}, {{transliteration|ml|mukkāl}}) and {{frac|1|8}} ({{transliteration|ml|arakkāl}}) 'half quarter'.<ref name="alex-2013" />

=== Vattezhuthu alphabet ===
{{further|Vatteluttu}}
[[File:Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg|thumbnail|A medieval [[Tigalari script|Tigalari]] manuscript (Bears high similarity with modern Malayalam script)]]
Vatteluttu ({{indic|lang=ml|indic=വട്ടെഴുത്ത്|trans=Vaṭṭezhuthŭ}}, "round writing") is a script that had evolved from [[Tamil-Brahmi]] and was once used extensively in the southern part of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] and in [[Kerala]].

Malayalam was first written in Vattezhuthu. The [[Vazhappally]] inscription issued by [[Rajashekhara Varman]] is the earliest example, dating from about 830 CE.<ref name="ager-1998">{{cite web|title=Malayalam alphabet, pronunciation and language|first=Simon|last=Ager|work=Omniglot|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm|year=1998|access-date=2009-09-08|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510202326/https://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vazhapally Temple|url=http://www.vazhappallytemple.org/history.html|publisher=Vazhappally Sree Mahadeva Temple|access-date=2009-10-31|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109014543/http://www.vazhappallytemple.org/history.html|archive-date=2011-01-09}}</ref> During the medieval period, the [[Tigalari script]] that was used for writing [[Tulu language|Tulu]] in [[South Canara]], and [[Sanskrit]] in the adjacent [[Malabar District|Malabar region]], had a close similarity to the modern Malayalam script.<ref name="vinodh rajan" /> In the Tamil country, the modern [[Tamil script]] had supplanted Vattezhuthu by the 15th century, but in the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region, Vattezhuthu remained in general use up to the 17th century,<ref>Burnell (1874), p. 39.</ref> or the 18th century.<ref name="malayalam resource centre">{{cite web|title=The Script|url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/evol_lang.htm#The%20Script|access-date=2009-11-20|publisher=Malayalam Resource Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725044626/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/evol_lang.htm#The%20Script|archive-date=2011-07-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> A variant form of this script, [[Kolezhuthu]], was used until about the 19th century mainly in the [[Malabar District|Malabar]]-[[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] area.<ref name="government of kerala">{{cite web|title=Alphabets|publisher=Government of Kerala|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20&%20literature/alphabets.htm|access-date=2009-10-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109222758/http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20%26%20literature/alphabets.htm|archive-date=2009-11-09}}</ref>

Vatteluttu was in general use, but was not suitable for literature where many Sanskrit words were used. Like Tamil-Brahmi, it was originally used to write [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and as such, did not have letters for voiced or aspirated consonants used in Sanskrit but not used in Tamil. For this reason, Vatteluttu and the Grantha alphabet were sometimes mixed, as in the [[Manipravalam]]. One of the oldest examples of the Manipravalam literature, ''Vaishikatantram'' ({{lang|ml|വൈശികതന്ത്രം}}, ''Vaiśikatantram''), dates back to the 12th century,<ref>Nampoothiri, N. M. (1999), [http://malabarandkeralastudies.net/downloadingfiles/pdffiles/culturaltraditionsinmedeivalkerala.pdf "Cultural Traditions in Medieval Kerala"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617100427/http://malabarandkeralastudies.net/downloadingfiles/pdffiles/culturaltraditionsinmedeivalkerala.pdf |date=17 June 2025 }} (PDF) in Cherian, P. J., ''Perspectives on Kerala History: The Second Millennium'', Kerala Council for Historical Research, {{ISBN|81-85499-35-7}}, retrieved 2009-11-20.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Development of Literature|url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/devliterature.htm|access-date=2009-11-20|publisher=Malayalam Resource Centre|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704044944/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/devliterature.htm|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> where the earliest form of the Malayalam script was used, which seems to have been systematized to some extent by the first half of the 13th century.<ref name="ager-1998" /><ref name="malayalam resource centre" />

Another variant form, [[Malayanma]], was used in the south of [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="government of kerala" /> By the 19th century, old scripts like Kolezhuthu had been supplanted by Arya-eluttu – that is the current Malayalam script. Nowadays, it is widely used in the press of the Malayali population in Kerala.<ref>Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. ''A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996.</ref>

=== Grantha ===
{{further|Grantha script}}
[[File:9th century Tamil Grantha script Sanskrit Chera era font.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Chera dynasty|Chera era]] [[Grantha script|Grantha inscription]]|251x251px]]
According to [[Arthur Coke Burnell]], one form of the Grantha alphabet, originally used in the [[Chola dynasty]], was imported into the southwest coast of India in the 8th or 9th century, which was then modified in course of time in this secluded area, where communication with the east coast was very limited.<ref name="burnell">Burnell (1874), p. 35.</ref> It later evolved into Tigalari-Malayalam script was used by the [[Malayali]], Havyaka Brahmins and Tulu Brahmin people, but was originally only applied to write [[Sanskrit]]. This script split into two scripts: Tigalari and Malayalam. While Malayalam script was extended and modified to write vernacular language Malayalam, the Tigalari was written for Sanskrit only.<ref name="burnell" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Grantha alphabet |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241814/Grantha-alphabet |access-date=2009-10-28 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216230938/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241814/Grantha-alphabet |url-status=live }}</ref> In Malabar, this writing system was termed Arya-eluttu ({{lang|ml|ആര്യ എഴുത്ത്}}, ''Ārya eḻuttŭ''),<ref>{{cite web |title=EPIGRAPHY – Inscriptions in Grantha Script |url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111183842/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins3.htm |archive-date=2010-01-11 |access-date=2009-11-11 |publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref> meaning "Arya writing" (Sanskrit is [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] while Malayalam is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]]).

=== Karshoni ===
[[File:East Syriac Script Thaksa.jpg|thumb|East Syriac Script Thaksa ([[Chaldean Syrian Church]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India)]]
[[Suriyani Malayalam]] (സുറിയാനി മലയാളം, ܣܘܪܝܢܝ ܡܠܝܠܡ), also known as ''Karshoni'', ''Syro-Malabarica'' or ''Syriac Malayalam'', is a version of Malayalam written in a variant form of the [[Syriac alphabet]] which was popular among the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasranis) of [[Kerala]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It/2016/05/09/article3422438.ece|title=City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 May 2016|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603040415/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It/2016/05/09/article3422438.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Suriyani Malayalam Archived 11 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine" /><ref name="A sacred language is vanishing" /> It uses Malayalam grammar, the [[Madnhaya|Maḏnḥāyā]] or "Eastern" Syriac script with special [[orthography|orthographic]] features, and vocabulary from Malayalam and East Syriac. This originated in the South Indian region of the [[Malabar Coast]] (modern-day Kerala). Until the 20th century, the script was widely used by Syrian Christians in Kerala.

=== Ponnani script ===
[[File:ArabiMalayalam alphabet.png|thumb|right|[[Arabi Malayalam]] alphabet with Malayalam alphabet correspondences]]
The [[Arabi Malayalam script]], otherwise known as the [[Ponnani]] script,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kunnath |first=Ammad |date=15 September 2015 |title=The rise and growth of Ponnani from 1498 AD To 1792 AD |type=PhD |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/49524 |publisher=Department of History |hdl=10603/49524 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002110659/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/49524 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Panakkal |first=Abbas |url=http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621 |title=Islam in Malabar (1460–1600): a socio-cultural study / |date=2016 |publisher=Kulliyyah Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527064123/http://myto.upm.edu.my/find/Record/iium.u537621 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference |last=Randathani |first=Hussain |title=Trade and Culture: Indian ocean interaction on the coast of Malabar in medieval period |conference=2nd International IBNU Batuta Conference |date=4–6 December 2018 |url=https://www.academia.edu/22105661 |language=en |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415022327/https://www.academia.edu/22105661 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a writing system – a variant form of the [[Arabic script]] with special [[orthography|orthographic]] features – which was developed during the early medieval period and used to write [[Arabi Malayalam]] until the early 20th century CE.<ref>Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987. pp. 458–56.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/contribution.html|title=Malayalam Resource Centre|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=12 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912185758/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/contribution.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Though the script originated and developed in [[Kerala]], today it is predominantly used in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] by the migrant [[Muslim]] community.<ref>Menon. T. Madhava. "A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 2", International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002. pp. 491–493.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html#writ |title=National Virtual Translation Center – Arabic script for Malayalam |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202844/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/Malayalam.html#writ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Literature ==
{{Main|Malayalam literature}}

The [[Sangam literature]] can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam.<ref name="Chandran 2018a">{{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|page=450|id={{ASIN|8182676444|country=in}}|edition=Malayalam}}</ref> According to [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], the earliest Malayalam inscription discovered until now is the Edakal-5 inscription (ca. late 4th century – early 5th century) reading {{transliteration|ml|ī pazhama}} ({{translation}} 'this is old').<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-earliest-inscription-in-malayalam/article3501408.ece |title=The earliest inscription in Malayalam |first=Iravatham |last=Mahadevan |date=7 June 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619184807/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-earliest-inscription-in-malayalam/article3501408.ece |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although this has been disputed by many scholars who regard it as a regional dialect of Old Tamil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Historians-contest-antiquity-of-Edakkal-inscriptions/articleshow/14789313.cms |title=Historians contest antiquity of Edakkal inscriptions |first=Gayathri |last=Sasibhooshan |date=12 July 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206114100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Historians-contest-antiquity-of-Edakkal-inscriptions/articleshow/14789313.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The use of the pronoun {{transliteration|ml|ī}} and the lack of the literary Tamil {{transliteration|ta|-ai}} ending are archaisms from Proto-Dravidian rather than unique innovations of Malayalam.{{refn|group=note|"*aH and *iH are demonstrative adjectives reconstructed for Proto-Dravidian, as they show variation in vowel length. When they occur in isolation they occur as ā, and ī but when they are followed by a consonant initial word then they appear as a- and i- as in Ta. appoẓutu 'that time'.,: Te. appuḍu id. and Ta. ippoẓutu 'that time'.,: Te.ippuḍu id. However, Modern Tamil has replaced ā, and ī with anda and inda but most Dravidian languages have preserved it."{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003}}{{page needed|date=May 2022}}}}

The early literature of Malayalam comprised three types of composition:<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />
Malayalam Nada, Tamil Nada and Sanskrit Nada.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />
* Classical songs known as [[Music of Kerala|Nadan Pattu]]<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />
* [[Manipravalam]] of the Sanskrit tradition, which permitted a generous interspersing of Sanskrit with Malayalam. [[Niranam poets]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/theniranampoets.htm |title=official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT |publisher=prd.kerala.gov.in |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014202734/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/theniranampoets.htm |archive-date=14 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Manipravalam Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar wrote Manipravalam poetry in the 14th century.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />
* The folk song rich in native elements
[[Malayalam literature]] has been profoundly influenced by poets [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Cherussery (Krishnagadha) Malayalam author books|url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php?authid=1473|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407052549/http://keralaliterature.com/old/author.php%3Fauthid%3D1473|archive-date=7 April 2019|website=keralaliterature.com}}</ref><ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]],<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]],<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Arun Narayanan|date=25 October 2018|title=The Charms of Poonthanam Illam|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121225855/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-charms-of-poonthanam-illam/article25308319.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /><ref>Freeman, Rich (2003). "Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala". In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</ref> [[Unnayi Variyar]], a probable 17th–18th century poet,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishna Kaimal|first=Aymanam|url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=133514&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=132435|title=Attakatha sahithyam|date=1989|location=Trivandrum |publisher=State Institute of Language|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121234617/http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=133514&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=132435|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kunchan Nambiar]], a poet of 18th century,<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-03-23|title=prd-Kunchan Nambiar (1705–1770)|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/lit21.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323102704/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/lit21.htm|archive-date=2006-03-23|access-date=2019-03-02|publisher=Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala}}</ref> also greatly influenced [[Malayalam literature]] in its early form.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works those date back to 16th–17th centuries of [[Common Era]] are also very closer to the modern Malayalam language.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /><ref>{{cite web|date=15 October 2017|title=New university centre for Arabi Malayalam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151017/new-university-centre-for-arabi-malayalam.html|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024080256/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151017/new-university-centre-for-arabi-malayalam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The prose literature, criticism, and [[Malayalam journalism]] began after the latter half of 18th century CE. Contemporary [[Malayalam literature]] deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards [[political radicalism]].<ref name="south asian arts" /> [[Malayalam literature]] has been presented with six [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanapith awards]], the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=24 September 2020|title=Jnanpith given to Akkitham|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpith-given-to-akkitham/article32685581.ece|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122000924/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jnanpith-given-to-akkitham/article32685581.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=29 November 2019|title=Celebrated Malayalam poet Akkitham wins 2019 Jnanpith Award|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/celebrated-malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-2019-jnanpith-award-119112900926_1.html|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121233820/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/celebrated-malayalam-poet-akkitham-wins-2019-jnanpith-award-119112900926_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Malayalam poetry]] to the late 20th century betrays varying degrees of the fusion of the three different strands. The oldest examples of Pattu and Manipravalam, respectively, are ''Ramacharitam'' and ''Vaishikatantram'', both from the 12th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/champu.html |title=History of Malayalam Literature |access-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704062535/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/literature/champu.html |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

The earliest extant prose work in the language is a commentary in simple Malayalam, ''Bhashakautalyam'' (12th century) on [[Chanakya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]''. [[Adhyathmaramayanam|Adhyatmaramayanam]] by [[Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] (known as the father of modern [[Malayalam literature]]) who was born in [[Tirur]], one of the most important works in Malayalam literature. [[Unnunili Sandesam]] written in the 14th century is amongst the oldest literary works in Malayalam language.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kamil Zvelebil |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155 |year=1973 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-03591-1 |page=3 |access-date=18 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330135647/https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]] of 15th century ([[Kannur]]-based poet), [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] of 16th century ([[Perinthalmanna]]-based poet), [[Unnayi Variyar]] of 17th–18th centuries ([[Thrissur]]-based poet), and [[Kunchan Nambiar]] of 18th century ([[Palakkad]]-based poet), have played a major role in the development of [[Malayalam literature]] into current form.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The words used in many of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works, which dates back to 16th–17th centuries are also very closer to modern Malayalam language.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The basin of the river [[Bharathappuzha]], which is otherwise known as [[Ponnani|River Ponnani]], and its tributaries, have played a major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The river sutra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/rivers-have-nurtured-malayalam-literature-and-poetry-since-time-immemorial/article25058214.ece|last=Binoy|first=Rasmi|date=27 September 2018|access-date=24 January 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121233925/https://www.thehindu.com/society/rivers-have-nurtured-malayalam-literature-and-poetry-since-time-immemorial/article25058214.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

By the end of the 18th century some of the [[Christian missionaries]] from Kerala started writing in Malayalam but mostly travelogues, dictionaries and religious books. [[Varthamanappusthakam]] (1778), written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/museum.php |title=Syro Malabar Church |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317013801/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/museum.php |archive-date=17 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is considered to be the first travelogue in an Indian language. The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book ''[[Kerala Panineeyam]]'' written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] in late 19th century CE.<ref name="Chandran 2018"/>

=== Folk Songs ===
For the first 600 years of the [[Malayalam calendar]], Malayalam literature remained in a preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs (''Pattu'').<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> Folk songs are the oldest literary form in Malayalam.<ref name="Chandran 2018"/> They were just oral songs.<ref name="Chandran 2018"/> Many of them were related to agricultural activities, including ''Pulayar Pattu'', ''Pulluvan Pattu'', ''Njattu Pattu'', ''Koythu Pattu'', etc.<ref name="Chandran 2018"/> Other [[Ballad]]s of Folk Song period include the ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]'' (Northern songs) in [[North Malabar]] region and the ''Thekkan Pattukal'' (Southern songs) in [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern Travancore]].<ref name="Chandran 2018"/> Some of the earliest [[Mappila song]]s (Muslim songs) were also folk songs.<ref name="Chandran 2018"/>

=== Old and Middle Malayalam ===
{{Main|Old Malayalam|Middle Malayalam}}

The earliest known poems in Malayalam, ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]'', dated to the 12th to 14th century, were completed before the introduction of the Sanskrit alphabet. It was written by a poet with the pen name ''Cheeramakavi'' who, according to poet Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, was Sree Veerarama Varman, a king of southern Kerala from AD 1195 to 1208.<ref>{{Citation| last=S. Parameshwara Aiyer| first=Ulloor| title=Kerala Sahithya Chrithram (History of literature of Kerala)| publisher=University of Kerala| place=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala|year=1990}}</ref> However the claim that it was written in Southern Kerala is expired on the basis of new discoveries.<ref name="school of distance education">{{Cite web|url=http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf|title=School of Distance Education, University of Calicut|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608091936/http://sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/SLM-MA-Mal-Aadyakala%20Malayala%20kavitha%20%281%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Other experts, like Chirakkal T Balakrishnan Nair, K.M. George, M. M. Purushothaman Nair, and P.V. Krishnan Nair, state that the origin of the book is in [[Kasaragod district]] in [[North Malabar]] region.<ref name="school of distance education" /> They cite the use of certain words in the book and also the fact that the manuscript of the book was recovered from [[Nileshwaram]] in [[North Malabar]].<ref>{{Citation| last=Leelavathi| first=M.| title=Malayala Kavitha Sahithya Chrithram (History of Malayalam poetry)}}</ref> The influence of ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' is mostly seen in the contemporary literary works of Northern Kerala.<ref name="school of distance education" /> The words used in ''Ramacharitam'' such as ''Nade'' (''Mumbe''), ''Innum'' (''Iniyum''), ''Ninna'' (''Ninne''), Chaaduka (''Eriyuka'') are special features of the dialect spoken in [[North Malabar]] ([[Kasaragod]]-[[Kannur]] region).<ref name="school of distance education" /> Furthermore, the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] mentioned in ''Ramacharitham'' is not the Thiruvananthapuram in Southern Kerala.<ref name="school of distance education" /> But it is [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]] of [[Kumbla]] in the northernmost [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala.<ref name="school of distance education" /> The word ''Thiru'' is used just by the meaning ''Honoured''.<ref name="school of distance education" /> Today it is widely accepted that ''Ramacharitham'' was written somewhere in [[North Malabar]] (most likely near [[Kasaragod]]).<ref name="school of distance education" />

But the period of the earliest available literary document cannot be the sole criterion used to determine the antiquity of a language. In its early literature, Malayalam has songs, ''Pattu'', for various subjects and occasions, such as harvesting, love songs, heroes, gods, etc. A form of writing called ''Campu'' emerged from the 14th century onwards. It mixed poetry with prose and used a vocabulary strongly influenced by Sanskrit, with themes from epics and ''Puranas''.{{sfn|Mahapatra|1989|p=307}}

The works including ''Unniyachi Charitham'', ''Unnichirudevi Charitham'', and ''Unniyadi Charitham'', are written in [[Middle Malayalam]], those date back to 13th and 14th centuries of [[Common Era]].<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /><ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The ''Sandesha Kavya''s of 14th century CE written in [[Manipravalam]] language include ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]''<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /><ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The literary works written in [[Middle Malayalam]] were heavily influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], while comparing them with the modern [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /><ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /> The word ''Manipravalam'' literally means ''Diamond-Coral'' or ''Ruby-Coral''. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Malayalam and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="arvind raghunathan-2003" /><ref name="ke rāmacandr̲an nāyar" /> The ''[[Champu]] Kavyas'' written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the ''Pathinettara Kavikal'' (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], also belong to Middle Malayalam.<ref name="sreedhara menon-2007" /><ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

=== Modern Malayalam ===
The poem ''[[Krishnagatha]]'' written by [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]], who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446–1475) of [[Kolathunadu]], is written in modern Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The language used in ''Krishnagatha'' is the modern spoken form of Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> It appears to be the first literary work written in the present-day language of Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> During the 16th century CE, [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] from the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] from the [[Kingdom of Valluvanad]] followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu]]'' and ''Mahabharatham [[Kilippattu]]'' written by Ezhuthachan and ''[[Jnanappana]]'' written by Poonthanam are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The words used in most of the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works, which dates back to 16th–17th centuries, are also very closer to modern Malayalam language.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> P. Shangunny Menon ascribes the authorship of the medieval work ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', which describes the [[Parashurama]] legend and the departure of the final [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]] king to [[Mecca]], to Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan.<ref name="history of travancore by shungunny menon" />
[[File:THUNCHAN MEMORIAL.jpg|thumbnail|300px|The [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] is situated at [[Thunchan Parambu]], [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]]]

[[Kunchan Nambiar]], the founder of ''Thullal'' movement, was a prolific literary figure of the 18th century.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

==== Impact of European scholars ====
[[File:Samkshepavedartham 1772.pdf|thumb|Cover page of ''Nasranikal okkekkum ariyendunna samkshepavedartham'' which is the first book to be printed in Malayalam in 1772.]]
The British printed Malabar English Dictionary<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/14/stories/2005101407670300.htm| title = Malabar English Dictionary| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060907144316/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/14/stories/2005101407670300.htm| archive-date = 7 September 2006}}</ref> by Graham Shaw in 1779 was still in the form of a Tamil-English Dictionary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/14/stories/2005101407670300.htm |title=Kerala / Kozhikode News: Copy of first book printed in Kerala released |date=14 October 2005 |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327203823/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/14/stories/2005101407670300.htm |archive-date=27 March 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] wrote the first Malayalam travelogue called ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'' in 1789.

[[Hermann Gundert]], (1814–1893), a German missionary and scholar of exceptional linguistic talents, played a distinguishable role in the development of Malayalam literature. His major works are Keralolpathi (1843), Pazhancholmala (1845), Malayalabhaasha Vyakaranam (1851), ''Paathamala (1860) the first Malayalam school text book'', Kerala pazhama (1868), ''the first Malayalam dictionary (1872)'', Malayalarajyam (1879) – Geography of Kerala, ''Rajya Samacharam (1847 June) the first Malayalam news paper'', Paschimodayam (1879) – Magazine.<ref>[http://www.pressacademy.org/tags/rajyasamacharam Rajyasamacharam | Kerala Press Academy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712090109/http://www.pressacademy.org/tags/rajyasamacharam |date=12 July 2013 }}. Pressacademy.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref> He lived in [[Thalassery]] for around 20 years. He learned the language from well established local teachers Ooracheri Gurukkanmar from Chokli, a village near [[Thalassery]] and consulted them in works. He also translated the Bible into Malayalam.<ref>[http://www.pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert Herman Gundert | Kerala Press Academy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003031/http://pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert |date=14 May 2013 }}. Pressacademy.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories |page=289 |quote=This Bungalow in Tellicherry ... was the residence of Dr. Herman Gundert .He lived here for 20 years |author=S. C. Bhatt and Gopal K. Bhargava |isbn=978-81-7835-370-8 |year=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102140/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC |archive-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1821, the [[Church Mission Society]] (CMS) at [[Kottayam]] in association with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] started a seminary at [[Kottayam]] in 1819 and started printing books in Malayalam when Benjamin Bailey, an [[Anglican]] priest, made the first Malayalam types. In addition, he contributed to standardizing the prose.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/05/stories/2010020551770300.htm# "Banjamin Bailey"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210130555/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/05/stories/2010020551770300.htm |date=10 February 2010 }}, ''The Hindu'', 5 February 2010</ref> [[Hermann Gundert]] from [[Stuttgart]], Germany, started the first Malayalam newspaper, ''Rajya Samacaram'' in 1847 at [[Thalassery|Talasseri]]. It was printed at [[Basel Mission]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240613213009/https://www.kerala.gov.in/kerala_callingoct/pg31-33.pdf Rajya Samacaram, "1847 first Newspaper in Malayalam"], Kerala Government</ref> Malayalam and [[Sanskrit]] were increasingly studied by Christians of [[Kottayam]] and [[Pathanamthitta]]. The [[Marthomite]] movement in the mid-19th century called for replacement of [[Syriac language|Syriac]] by Malayalam for liturgical purposes. By the end of the 19th century Malayalam replaced [[Syriac language|Syriac]] as language of [[Liturgy]] in all Syrian Christian churches.

==== 1850–1904 ====
{{See also|Malayalam journalism|Venmani School}}
[[File:Travancore Rupee - Reverse.jpg|thumb|Malayalam letters on old [[Travancore Rupee]] coin]]
[[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]], (1861–1914) from [[Thalassery]] was the author of first Malayalam short story, Vasanavikriti. After him innumerable world class literature works by was born in Malayalam.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

[[O. Chandu Menon]] wrote his novels "Indulekha" and "Saradha" while he was the judge at Parappanangadi Munciff Court. ''Indulekha'' is also the first Major Novel written in Malayalam language.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Visakham thirunal.|date=2012|publisher=Duc|isbn=978-613-9-12064-2|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=940373421}}</ref>

[[File:Shakuntala RRV.jpg|thumb|Shakuntala writes to Dushyanta. Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]. The poetry was translated by [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran|Kerala Varma]] as [[Abhijnanasakuntalam]]]].<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

The third quarter of the 19th century CE bore witness to the rise of a new school of poets devoted to the observation of life around them and the use of pure Malayalam. The major poets of the [[Venmani School]] were [[Venmani Achhan Nambudiripad]] (1817–1891), [[Venmani Mahan Nambudiripad]] (1844–1893), [[Poonthottam Achhan Nambudiri]] (1821–1865), [[Poonthottam Mahan Nambudiri]] (1857–1896) and the members of the [[Kodungallur Kovilakam]] (Royal Family) such as [[Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran]]. The style of these poets became quite popular for a while and influenced even others who were not members of the group like [[Velutheri Kesavan Vaidyar]] (1839–1897) and Perunlli Krishnan Vaidyan (1863–1894). The Venmani school pioneered a style of poetry that was associated with common day themes, and the use of pure Malayalam (''Pachcha Malayalam'') rather than Sanskrit.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

=== Twentieth century ===
In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]] and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name="subodh kapoor-2002">{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Mahi-Mewat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&pg=PA4542 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-8177552720 |page=4542 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527070907/http://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&pg=PA4542 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="E.G. Smith 1994">{{cite book |title=Accessions List, South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1994 |publisher=E.G. Smith for the U.S. Library of Congress Office, New Delhi |page=21 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102114016/http://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nirmala sadanand publishers-1967">{{cite book |title=Indian Writing Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1967 |publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers |page=21 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102114455/http://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sahitya akademi-1987">{{cite book |author1=Amaresh Datta |author2=Sahitya Akademi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=2394 |isbn=978-0-8364-2423-2 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527085255/http://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="kerala sahitya akademi-1993">{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5JkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=1993 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |page=19}}</ref> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], and [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], have gained international recognition.<ref name="c gopinathan pillai-2004">{{cite book |author1=Eṃ Mukundan |author2=C. Gopinathan Pillai |title=Eng Adityan Radha And Others |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&pg=PP3 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2004 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-8126018833 |page=3 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527171236/http://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&pg=PP3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ed vinod kumar maheshwari-2002">{{cite book |author=Ed. Vinod Kumar Maheshwari |title=Perspectives on Indian English Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&pg=PA126 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-8126900930 |page=126 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102114358/http://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&pg=PA126 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="amit chaudhuri-2008">{{cite book |author=Amit Chaudhuri |title=Clearing a Space: Reflections on India, Literature, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&pg=PA44 |access-date=18 November 2012 |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-906165-01-7 |pages=44–45 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527095742/http://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 October 1997 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260 |first=Sarah |last=Lyall |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121224622/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/indian-s-first-novel-wins-booker-prize-in-britain.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Prose ====
The travelogues written by [[S. K. Pottekkatt]] were turning point in the travelogue literature.<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" /> The writers like [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] have contributed much to Malayalam drama.<ref name="Chandran 2018"/>

[[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] turned away from party politics and produced a moving romance in ''[[Chemmeen (novel)|Chemmeen]]'' (Shrimps) in 1956. For [[S. K. Pottekkatt]] and [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]], who had not dabbled in politics, the continuity is marked in the former's ''Vishakanyaka'' (Poison Maid, 1948) and the latter's ''[[Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu]]'' (My Grandpa had an Elephant, 1951). The non-political social or domestic novel was championed by [[Uroob|P. C. Kuttikrishnan (Uroob)]] with his ''[[Ummachu]]'' (1955) and ''[[Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum]]'' (Men and Women of Charm, 1958).<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

In 1957 Basheer's ''[[Pathummayude Aadu]]'' (Pathumma's Goat) brought in a new kind of prose tale, which perhaps only Basheer could handle with dexterity. The fifties thus mark the evolution of a new kind of fiction, which had its impact on the short stories as well. This was the auspicious moment for the entry of [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and [[T. Padmanabhan]] upon the scene. Front runners in the post-modern trend include [[Kakkanadan]], [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[E. Harikumar]], [[M. Mukundan]] and [[Anand (writer)|Anand]].<ref name="dr k ayyappa panicker-2006" />

[[Kerala]] has the [[Indian states ranking by media exposure|highest media exposure in India]] with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly [[English language|English]] and Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web |title=The DHS Program – India: Standard DHS, 2015–16 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-355.cfm |website=dhsprogram.com |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080422/https://www.dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-355.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Family Health Survey|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Report.shtml|website=rchiips.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003131317/http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-4Report.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Poetry ====
Contemporary Malayalam poetry deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern poetry is often towards [[political radicalism]].<ref name="south asian arts">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65212/Tamil#toc65213|title=South Asian arts|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910083744/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65212/Tamil#toc65213|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Languages}}

* [[Arabi Malayalam]]
* [[Jeseri]]
* [[Judeo-Malayalam]]
* [[Malayalam (Unicode block)]]
* [[Malayalam Braille]]
* [[Malayalam calendar]]
* [[Malayalam cinema]]
* [[Malayalam languages]]
* [[Malayalam literature]]
* [[Malayalam poetry]]
* [[Malayali]]
* [[Manipravalam]]
* [[Mulabhadra]]
* [[Mygurudu]]
* [[Suriyani Malayalam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Gopinathan Nair |first=B. |year=2009 |chapter=Malayalam |editor1=Keith Brown |editor2=Sarah Ogilvie |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |pages=680–683}}
* {{cite book |last1=Karashima |first1=Noboru |author-link1=Noboru Karashima |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mahapatra |first1=B. P. |title=Constitutional Languages |series=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use |volume=2 |date=1989 |publisher=Presses Université Laval |isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Asher |first1=R. E. |last2=Kumari |first2=T. C. |title=Malayalam |date=1997 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-02242-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFQG2DCaIsIC |language=en }}
* Govindankutty, A. "From Proto-Tamil-Malayalam to West Coast Dialects", 1972. Indo-Iranian Journal, Vol. XIV, Nr. 1/2, pp. 52–60.
* {{cite book |last=Steever |first=Sanford B. |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=15 April 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-91171-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WDxBwAAQBAJ}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
; English
* {{Cite book|title=A Grammar of the Malayalim Language|author=Joseph Peet|publisher=Church Missionary Society|location=[[Kottayam|Cottayam]]|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/1841_A_Grammar_Of_The_Malayalim_Language}}
* {{Cite book|title=Catechism of Malayalam Grammar|author=[[Hermann Gundert]]|publisher=Government Book Depot|location=[[Cannanore]]|year=1867|translator=L. Grathwaite|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/7/7f/Catechism_of_Malayalam_Grammar_Gundert_1867.pdf|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315121241/https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/7/7f/Catechism_of_Malayalam_Grammar_Gundert_1867.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Malayalam and English Dictionary|author=[[Hermann Gundert]]|publisher=C. Stolz|location=[[Mangalore]]|year=1872|url=https://archive.org/details/amalayalamanden00gundgoog}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|author=T. K. Krishna Menon|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=[[New Delhi]]|year=1990|orig-year=Originally published 1939|isbn=9788120606036|url=https://archive.org/details/primerofmalayala0000kris}}
* {{Cite book|title=Evolution of Malayalam|author=A. C. Sekhar|publisher=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]]|location=[[Poona]]|year=1953|series=Deccan College Dissertation Series|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.285276}}
* {{Cite book|title=History of Malayalam Literature|author=[[P. K. Parameswaran Nair]]|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|year=1967|translator=E. M. J. Venniyoor|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayal0000unse}}
* {{cite book|author=[[A. Sreedhara Menon]] |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=|year=1967|publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]]|location=[[Kottayam]]|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{cite book |title= A Survey of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |url= |year=1968 |location=[[Bombay]] |publisher=Asia Publishing House}}
* {{cite book |title=Social Novels in Malayalam |author=Verghese Ittiavira |url=https://archive.org/details/socialnovelsinma0000itti |year=1968 |location=[[Bangalore]] |publisher=Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society }}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD Thesis |author=T. Bhaskaran |date=1970 |title=Malayalam poetics with special reference to Krishnagatha |publisher=[[University of Kerala|Kerala University]] |location=[[Trivandrum]] |hdl=10603/147356 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/147356 |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205045057/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/147356 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Malayalam Literature |author=Krishna Chaitanya |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayal0000chai |year=1971 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |isbn=9788125004882 }}
* {{cite book |title=Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |year=1972 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=9788126004133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC }}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. Ayyappa Panicker]] |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=1977 |location=[[Trivandrum]] |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala }}
* {{cite book |title=History of Malayalam Literature |author=R. Leela Devi |url= |year=1977 |location=[[Trivandrum]] |publisher=Educational Supplies Depot}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Malayalam Metre |author=[[N. V. Krishna Warrier]] |url= |year=1977 |location=[[Trivandrum]] |publisher=Dravidian Linguistics Association}}
* {{cite book |title= History of Malayalam Language |editor=K. M. Prabhakara Variar |url= |year=1985 |location=[[Madras]] |publisher=[[University of Madras|Madras University]]}}
* {{cite book |title= International Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |volume=6 |author=Ganga Ram Garg |url= |year=1988 |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
* {{cite book |title= A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |url= |year=1990 |location=[[Kottayam]] |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|N.B.S.]]}}
* {{cite book |title=A Perspective of Malayalam Literature |author=[[K. Ayyappa Panicker]] |url= |year=1990 |location=[[Madras]] |publisher=Annu Chithra Publications}}
* {{cite book |author1=[[R. E. Asher]] |author2=T. C. Kumari |title=Malayalam |date=1997 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-0-415-02242-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/malayalam0000ashe |language= }}

; Malayalam
* {{cite book|author=P. Govindapilla|title=മലയാളഭാഷാചരിത്രം [Malayala Bhasha Charitram]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277954|year=1881}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]|title=കേരളസാഹിത്യചരിത്രം [Kerala Sahitya Charitram]|url=http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/index.html|year=1953|publisher=[[Travancore University]]|location=[[Trivandrum]]|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205040807/http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/index.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=[[P. K. Parameswaran Nair]] |title=മലയാള സാഹിത്യചരിത്രം [Malayala Sahitya Charitram]|url=|year=1956|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Erumeli Parameswaran Pillai]] |title=മലയാളസാഹിത്യം കാലഘട്ടങ്ങളിലൂടെ [Malayala Sahityam Kalaghattangaliloode]|url=|year=1966|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram|location=[[Kottayam]]}}
{{Refend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Malayalam-language Malayalam language] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf Unicode Code Chart for Malayalam (PDF Format)]

{{sister bar|Malayalam|wikt=Category:Malayalam language|voy=Malayalam phrasebook|iw=ml|auto=1}}
{{Malayalam language}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of South Asia}}
{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Languages spoken in Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient languages]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Christian liturgical languages]]
[[Category:Classical Language in India]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 9th century]]
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Malayalam language|*]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]

Kottu

2026-03-04T05:51:42Z

FionaLaflamme: page fix

{{short description|Street food dish in Sri Lanka}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox food
|name = Kottu roti
|image = Chicken Kottu.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = Chicken kottu roti
|alternate_name = Kothu roti, kothu parotta, kottu
|type =
|course = Main course
|country = Sri Lanka
|region = [[Batticaloa]], Sri Lanka<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pathirage|first1=Jagath Bandara|title=Home Across Borders: An Ethnography of Sri Lankan Immigrants in Australia|date=8 October 2024|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-040-15583-7|page=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHMhEQAAQBAJ|access-date=1 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|national_cuisine =
|creator = 
|year =
|mintime =
|maxtime =
|served = Hot
|main_ingredient = [[Roti]], [[egg]], [[beef]], [[chicken]], [[onion]], [[chilli pepper]]
|minor_ingredient =
|variations =
|serving_size = 100 g
|calories =
|calories_ref =
|protein =
|fat =
|carbohydrate =
|glycemic_index =
|similar_dish =
|cookbook =
|commons =
|other =
|no_recipes = false
}}

'''Kottu roti''' ({{langx|ta|கொத்து ரொட்டி}}; {{langx|si|කොත්තු රොටි}}),<ref>{{cite book|title=Sinhala-English Code-mixing in Sri Lanka: A Sociolinguistic Study|volume=217|publisher=Landelijke Onderzoekschool Taalwetenschap|place=[[Utrecht]]|author=Senaratne, Chamindi Dilkushi|year=2009|page=299|isbn=9789078328926}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage|author=Lopamudra Maitra Bajpai|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2020|page=254|isbn=9781000205817}}</ref><ref name=Kraig>{{cite book|title=Street Food around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|author1=Kraig, Bruce Kraig|author2=Taylor, Colleen|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2013|page=328|isbn=9781598849554}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics|editor1=Thaker, Aruna|editor2=Barton, Arlene|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=88|date=2012|isbn=9781118350461}}</ref> alternatively spelled '''kothu roti''', is a [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lankan Tamil dish]] consisting of chopped [[roti]], a meat curry dish of choice (such as [[beef]], [[goat meat|mutton]], [[seafood]], [[poultry|chicken]]) along with scrambled egg, onions, and chillies.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora|editor=Reeves, Peter|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|date=2013|isbn=9789814260831|page=174}}</ref><ref name=Kraig/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1017015-chicken-kottu-roti|title=Chicken Kottu Roti Recipe|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/foodanddrink/indian-curry-recipe/10668412/pataks-beef-kottu-rotti-recipe.html|title=Patak's Beef Kottu Rotti Recipe|date=8 February 2014|publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> A variation of the dish is found in the south Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], known as '''kothu parotta''' ({{langx|ta|கொத்து பரோட்டா}}; {{langx|ml|കൊത്തു പൊറോട്ട}}), which is made using [[parotta]] instead of roti. Kottu roti can also be found internationally in restaurants in regions containing Sri Lankan diaspora populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://torontoist.com/2013/11/spice-city-toronto-sri-lanka-comes-to-queen-street/|title=Spice City Toronto: Sri Lanka comes to Queen Street|date=8 November 2013|publisher=torontoist.com|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.goodfood.com.au/eat-out/suburb-guides/where-to-eat-in-sydneys-little-sri-lanka-20170531-gwgvh5|title=Where to eat in Sydney's Little Sri Lanka|first=Rachel|last=Bartholomeusz|publisher=Good Food Guide - Australia|date=2 June 2017|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places|editor=Ueda, Reed|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2017|isbn=9781440828652|page=1064}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailynews.lk/2022/10/10/local/288847/sl-embassy-us-woos-tourists-during-winter-season|title=SL Embassy in US woos tourists during winter season|newspaper=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=10 October 2022|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/01/an-astonishing-array-of-sri-lankan-specialties-at-queens-lanka|title=An Astonishing Array of Sri Lankan Specialties, at Queens Lanka|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|first=Hannah|last=Goldfield|date=22 July 2022|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Kottu.jpg|thumb|A dish of Kottu roti]]
The word ''koththu'' means "to chop" in Tamil,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/you-will-hear-this-spicy-heavenly-dish-before-you-taste-it-20230608-p5df5f.html|title = You will hear this spicy, heavenly dish before you taste it|last=Groundwater|first =Ben|date= 18 June 2023|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>referring to its method of preparation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/magazine/sri-lankan-kottu-roti-by-way-of-staten-island.html|title=Sri Lankan Kottu Roti, by Way of Staten Island|last=Lam|first=Francis|date=26 November 2014|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> as the ingredients are commonly chopped together using special [[cleaver]]s, whilst they [[Sautéing|sauté]] on a hot [[griddle]]. This has been simplified in Tamil and Sinhalese to Kothu or Kottu respectively.

It is generally thought to have originated as [[street food]] in the eastern province of Sri Lanka in the 1960s/1970s, as an inexpensive meal for the lower socio-economic classes. The basic roti is made of [[Roti#Sri Lanka Gothamba flour|Gothamba flour]], a wheat flour made out of a variety of grains-referring to the white flour,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/110821/Magazine/sundaytimesmirror_05.html|title=Roti hunt|first=Yashasvi|last=Kannangara|newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|Sunday Times]]|date=21 August 2011|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2020/11/03/ultimate-guide-making-roti-home|title=Ultimate Guide to making Roti at home|publisher=SBS Television|date=2 November 2021|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> also known as wheat roti or gothamba/godamba roti in Sinhala and "veechu parotta", "veechu roti" in Tamil.

Traditionally, kottu is made from recycling day-old godamba rotis, which are chopped up into small strips and mixed with an assortment of spices, fried vegetables, possibly egg or meat, and topped with chillies and onions. The old roti chunks were castoffs the bakers couldn't sell, and an enterprising lower class took advantage of the inexpensive food source.<ref>https://southeastasiabackpacker.com/koththu-roti-sri-lanka/{{unreliable source?|date=January 2024}}</ref>

==Preparation==
Kottu,<ref name="Taylor 2017 p. 214">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=G.|title=MasterChef: Street Food of the World|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4729-4620-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=000gDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|access-date=9 February 2018|page=214}}</ref> is made up of [[paratha]] or wheat flour [[roti]] (Godamba roti), which is cut into small pieces or ribbons.<ref name="Taylor 2017 p. 214"/> Then on a heated iron sheet or griddle, vegetables and onions are fried. Eggs, cooked meat, or fish are added to fried vegetables and heated for a few minutes. Finally, the pieces of cut ''paratha'' are added. These are chopped and mixed by repeated pounding using heavy iron blades/spatula, the sound of which is very distinctive and can usually be heard from a long distance. Depending upon what ingredients are used, the variations are vegetable, egg, beef, chicken, mutton, and fish ''kottu roti''.<ref name="Briggs 2018 p. 54">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=P.|title=Sri Lanka|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|series=Bradt Travel Guide. Sri Lanka|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78477-057-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrZDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|access-date=9 February 2018|page=54}}</ref> It is often prepared and served as a fast food dish.<ref name="Briggs 2018 p. 54"/>

== See also ==

* [[Cuisine of Sri Lanka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Kottu}}

{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}

[[Category:Flatbread dishes]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cuisine]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]

Maheswari (film)

2026-03-04T05:04:39Z

FionaLaflamme: Creating New Info

{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maheswari
| image = Maheswari film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Raghunath]]
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| screenplay = T. R. Raghunath
| story = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| starring = [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]] [[K. A. Thangavelu]]
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subba Rao
| editing = L. Balu
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1955|11|13|ref1=}}
| runtime = 15954 ft.
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Maheswari''''' is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language]] film produced by [[Modern Theatres]] and directed by [[T. R. Raghunath]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=4 April 2015 |title=Maheswari (1955) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maheswari-1955/article7067989.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108080511/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/maheswari-1955/article7067989.ece |archive-date=8 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was released on 13 November 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1955 – மகேஸ்வரி – மாடர்ன் தியேட்டர்ஸ் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails25.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108081704/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails25.asp |archive-date=8 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Manickam is wanted by the army of [[East India Company]]. He is absconding and takes refuge in the house of Maheswari. Manickam and Maheswari fall in love. Manickam's father Dharmalingam demands a large dowry from Maheswari's mother, Kanthimathi, who somehow manages to give the amount. However, Dharmalingam learns that Kanthimathi is ridiculed by the villagers as a woman of loose moral character. So, he sends back Maheswari to her home. Manickam is helpless because he depends on his father for everything. Kanthimathi kills herself. Maheswari starts looking for a means to earn a living and she comes across Mayathevan, the leader of a gang of robbers who is wanted by the East India Company. She is employed by him as chief assistant. Mayathevan renames Maheswari as Rani Rangamma. Though she lives like a queen, her heart yearns for Manickam. In the meantime, at the insistence of his father, Manickam has married another woman. What happens to Maheswari forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as ''Maheswari''
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as ''Manickam''
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as ''Dharmalingam'', Manickam's father
* Saradamba as ''Kanthimathi'', Maheswari's mother
* N. S. Narayana Pillai as ''Mayathevan''
* [[M. N. Rajam]]
* [[A. Karunanidhi]]
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as ''Kamakshi'', Dharmalingam's wife
* P. Dhanam
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]]
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
'''Dance'''
* Lakshmikantha

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=97 |language=Tamil}}</ref> This was the first release for lyricist [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]].<ref name="sangam" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Andha Naalum Endha Naalo" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]|| [[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:22
|-
| "Aram Kaattha Dheviye" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[Jikki]]|| rowspan="5" | [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]|| 03:29
|-
| "Azhagu Nilaavin Bavaniyile" || A. M. Rajah & Jikki || 03:03
|-
| "Alli Veesunga Panatthai" || [[T. V. Rathnam]]|| 02:13
|-
| "Janakku Janakku Jinjanakku" || [[S. C. Krishnan]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]|| 03:28
|-
| "Aagaaya Veedhiyile...Paarum Thannaale" || T. V. Rathnam || 02:39
|-
| "Sonna Pothum Kannale" || S. C. Krishnan & A. G. Rathnamala || A. Maruthakasi || 03:20
|-
| "Mundhi Mundhi Vinaayagane" || S. C. Krishnan & A. G. Rathnamala || || 05:24
|-
| "Maname Niraindha Dheivam" || A. M. Rajah & Jikki || || 03:29
|-
| "Ulagatthu Naayagiye Engal Mutthu Maariyammaa" || A. G. Rathnamala & chorus|| || 04:48
|}

;Telugu
For the Telugu-dubbed version [[:te:రాణి రంగమ్మ|''Rani Rangamma'']], the music was composed by [[S. Dakshinamurthi]]. All the tunes for all the songs for both languages are the same.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Shoora Bobbili Seemandhuva" || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]|| [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]|| 03:22
|-
| || || || 03:29
|-
| "Kalalu Tharinchu" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[S. Janaki]]|| [[Aarudhra]]|| 03:03
|-
| "Challi Veyandi Dabbulu Challiveyandi" || T. Sathyavathi || rowspan="3" | Sri Sri || 02:13
|-
| "Janka Janaka Jinjankadi" || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] & Swarnalatha || 03:28
|-
| "Aakasha Veedhilo...Kalalajaalaalu Pannanela" || T. Sathyavathi || 02:39
|-
| "Orachoopu Kannantha Ollu" || P. B. Sreenivas & S. Janaki || Aarudhra || 03:20
|-
| "Natiroju Yela Radhu" || Pithapuram Nageswara Rao & Swarnalatha || Sri Sri || 05:24
|-
| "Manapai Shapinche Daivam" || P. B. Sreenivas & S. Janaki || rowspan="2" | Aarudhra || 03:29
|-
| "Jayam Nosagu Devatha" || S. Janaki || 04:48
|}

== Reception ==
''Maheswari'' was released on 13 November 1955,<ref name="sangam">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=11 April 2010 |title=Poet Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram {{!}} 80th Birthday Remembrance |url=https://www.sangam.org/2010/04/Kalyanasundaram.php? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324051140/https://www.sangam.org/2010/04/Kalyanasundaram.php |archive-date=24 March 2019 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> and was not a commercial success during its original release.<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Modern Theatres}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Raghunath]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Paramathma (film)

2026-03-03T21:31:13Z

FionaLaflamme: adjusted intro per standard format to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|kn-latn|Paramathma}}
| image = Paramathma poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| producer = {{ubl|Jayanna|Bhogendra}}
| writer = {{ubl|Yogaraj Bhat|[[Duniya Soori]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thatskannada.oneindia.in/movies/hero/2011/06/07-puneet-paramathma-songs-shooting-aid0052.html |title=ಚಿತ್ರಕಥೆ ರಚಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರಿಗೆ ಸೂರಿ ಸಾಥ್ ನೀಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929165208/http://thatskannada.oneindia.in/movies/hero/2011/06/07-puneet-paramathma-songs-shooting-aid0052.html |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]|[[Deepa Sannidhi]]|[[Aindrita Ray]]|[[Anant Nag]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Santosh Rai Pathaje
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime = 132 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|10|06}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = ₹ 8 crores <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/top-earning-kannada-movies-of-2011/articleshow/21446749.cms|title=Top earning Kannada movies of 2011|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=29 December 2011}}</ref>
}}

'''{{Lang|kn-latn|Paramathma}}''' is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written, directed and co-produced by [[Yogaraj Bhat]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101207175308/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/12/03/stories/2010120350850400.htm The Hindu – In the name of God]</ref> It stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Deepa Sannidhi]] in the lead roles and was released on 6 October 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/28299/sandalwood/Rock-and-Muni-Relatives-at-the-Helm-News-Details |title=Rock and Muni – Relatives at the Helm |access-date=1 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927232304/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/28299/sandalwood/Rock-and-Muni-Relatives-at-the-Helm-News-Details |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> on the eve of [[Vijayadashami]].<ref>[http://chitraloka.com/?p=3489 "Chitraloka – Paramathma Gets U certificate – Release On Oct 6"]</ref> Halfway through its production, the film's [[Broadcasting|TV rights]] was procured for a record {{INR}}3.5 [[crore]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419103107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-18/news-interviews/29670439_1_yogaraj-bhat-paramathma-film 'Paramathma will be Puneet's best film and most underrated movie' – The Times of India]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20121203031035/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/2011060920110609195003219d6a02238/Paramathma-strikes-gold.html?pageno=1 Paramathma strikes gold – Bangalore Mirror]</ref> Even before the release, the film grossed a record amount of over {{INR}}25 Cr included [[broadcasting]] and [[Film distributor|distribution]] rights.<ref name="entertainment.oneindia.in">{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/puneet-rajkumar-paramathma-creates-history-031011.html |title=Puneet Rajkumar's Paramathma creates history |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710050710/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2011/puneet-rajkumar-paramathma-creates-history-031011.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www1.lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=53&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=02-10-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar05300&format=&publabel=TOI&max=true Times of India – Puneet Rajkumar in Paramathma – I'm the lowest paid actor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706210636/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes |date=6 July 2009 }}</ref> Since release, the movie has garnered a cult status for its metaphorical narration and out-of-the box storytelling.<ref>{{cite web |last1=M. V. |first1=Vivek |title=A decade of 'Paramathma': Matters of heart |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/assembly-election-2019/a-decade-of-paramathma-matters-of-heart-1037883.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=12 November 2021 |language=en |date=6 October 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
Param, the son of a [[cardiologist|heart specialist]] Jayanth Rao, is eager to know many things in life, and keeps on shuffling from one place to another. A gold medallist in [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]], Param takes six attempts to obtain his [[Master of Science|M.Sc]] degree because of his friends, and is a rich guy and can do any task easily. Param falls in love with Deepa, but Sanvi is also in love with him. However, Param does not have any feelings other than that of a friend for the latter. He makes this clear and shows interest in getting Deepa as his partner in life. Convincing Deepa's family of this proves to be difficult. The proposal enrages Deepa, but soon falls for Param. Tragedy strikes Param, when Deepa dies after a few years, leaving Param with their child. At this juncture, Sanvi arrives to invite Param to her wedding. Param reacts in a very jovial manner, and seems to believe that although Deepa is not physically with him, but mentally she has not left him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Paramatma, Deepa's husband and Sanvi's love interest
* [[Deepa Sannidhi]] as Deepa Paramatma, Param's girlfriend turned wife
* [[Aindrita Ray]] as Sanvi, Param's friend who is in unrequited love with him
* [[Anant Nag]] as Jayanth Rao, a cardiologist, Param's father
* [[Ramya Barna]] as Pavitra
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Srinivas
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Raghava, Param's friend
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Appanna, Deepa's grandfather who helps for the wedding of Deepa and Paramathma
* Raju Talikote as Rajappa
* Shweta Pandit as "Kerosene"
* [[Prashanth Siddi]] as Raghava's servant
* Arasu Maharaj as Appanna's servant
* Rockline Sudhakar as truck driver
* Shashikala
* Bhavani Prakash
* Irina as Janet
* Bhaskar Surya
* Jayanna
* Bhogendra
* Neelakantha
* Anaji Nagaraj
* Vinayak Poojari
* [[Sathish Ninasam]] as a cab driver
}}
* Devaraj H C

==Production==
Originally movie titled ''Lagori'' was to be filmed in 2009 starring Puneeth Rajkumar, but it got shelved after producer Rockline Venkatesh withdrew from the film citing increasing production costs. In 2011, after the success of Bhat's 2010 home production movie ''[[Pancharangi]]'', he is co-producing Puneeth Rajkumar starrer {{Lang|kn-latn|Paramathma}} with distributor-turned-producer Jayanna.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2012/picture-revealed-vijay-cop-thuppakki-100111.html |title=Yogaraj-Puneet first combo movie titled Paramathma |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710053150/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2011/yogaraj-puneet-movie-titled-paramathma-100111.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The script is said to demand three female leads, and they are: [[Deepa Sannidhi]], [[Ramya Barna]] and [[Aindrita Ray]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111008212055/http://www.sify.com/movies/three-heroines-for-parmathma-news-kannada-lcyobtdcjfh.html Three heroines for Parmathma]</ref> Filming began on 3 March in [[Sakleshpura]], and the film is being released on 6 October 2011.<ref name="Sify.com">{{cite news|title= Paramathma has a low key start|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paramathma-has-a-low-key-start-news-kannada-lderuMjbiah.html|accessdate=5 March 2011|work=[[Sify.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308151241/http://www.sify.com/movies/paramathma-has-a-low-key-start-news-kannada-lderuMjbiah.html|archive-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> Shooting locations 17 districts of Karnataka include the coastal districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]], mainly places surrounding [[Udupi]] and [[Manipal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/196049/of-young-man-his-life.html|title=Of a young man and his life|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2011}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = {{Lang|kn-latn|Paramathma}}
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|9|14}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:14
| label = Ashwini Media Networks
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|AJ59Vgzuda0|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

After a delayed launch of about 10 days, the music album of {{Lang|kn-latn|Paramathma}} was officially released by [[Duniya Soori]] and [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] on 14 September 2011 at Hotel [[Le Méridien]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/27450/sandalwood/Paramathma-Audio-Release-Events-Details |title=Paramathma Audio Release |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925064715/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/27450/sandalwood/Paramathma-Audio-Release-Events-Details |archive-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> While [[V. Harikrishna]] has scored the music, lyrics are penned by both Yogaraj Bhat and [[Jayant Kaikini]]. Ashwini Media Networks corporation owns the audio rights of the album which was purchased at a record {{INR}}7.7 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/paramathma-beats-jogayya/articleshow/21547985.cms|title=Paramathma beats Jogayya|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

The movie's audio, which had created a buzz because of lyricist Yogaraj Bhat and music director Harikrishna's recent track record of successful combinations like [[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]] and [[Hudugaru]], was well received by the critics.<ref name="audrev1">[http://chitraloka.com/?p=2111 Chitraloka Paramathma Songs Review]</ref> Incidentally, popular [[Indian cinema|Indian film]] music director [[A.R. Rahman]] who listened to the songs while at a recording studio in [[Chennai]], praised and congratulated the team on the songs' composition and lyrics.<ref name="rehm">{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/27460/sandalwood/A-R-Rahman-Land-Paramathma-Tunes-Events-Details |title=A R Rahman Lauds Paramathma Tunes |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920154345/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/27460/sandalwood/A-R-Rahman-Land-Paramathma-Tunes-Events-Details |archive-date=20 September 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The song "College Gatelly" (''Chombeshwara'') took the number 1 spot among the top 20 South Indian film songs on [[Nokia Music Store|Nokia Ovi music store]] in the month of October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paramathma Chombeshwara song number one |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/1074-paramathma-chombeshwara-song-number-one.html |website=Chitraloka |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112130633/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/1074-paramathma-chombeshwara-song-number-one.html |archive-date=12 November 2021 |date=5 October 2011}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 24:14
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaavanig Gothu?
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 3:42
| title2 = Paravasha Naadenu
| lyrics2 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 = 3:56
| title3 = Kathlalli Karadige
| extra3 = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| lyrics3 = Yogaraj Bhat
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Hesaru Poorthi
| extra4 = [[Vani Harikrishna]]
| lyrics4 = Yogaraj Bhat
| length4 = 3:29
| title5 = Thanmayalaadenu
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics5 = Jayanth Kaikini
| length5 = 4:18
| title6 = College Gatally (Chombeshwara)
| extra6 = V. Harikrishna
| lyrics6 = Yogaraj Bhat
| length6 = 4:09
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

B S Srivani from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Motifs like Karadi Majalu are all woven well into the narrative, but the climax is a rude awakening for fans of both Puneet and Yogaraj. This Paramathma lives up to his billing – shattering many myths (good and bad) and hype".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/196290/paramathma.html|title=Paramathma|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=7 October 2011}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The second half of the film drags on and on and you want the film to end. But Bhat does not spare you till he tries to scare you. Songs are good, and it is worth buying the album. Santosh Rai Pataje is awesome; the filmmakers have managed to find some excellent locations".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/paramaatma-omg-you-disappoint/articleshow/21504327.cms|title=Paramaatma: OMG, you disappoint|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=6 October 2011}}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ita's definitely Puneetha's powerful show that keeps the story alive. Aindritha Ray puts on a mature performance. Deepa Sannidhi has hopes of being a star in future. Anant Nag, Rangayana Raghu, Avinash and Dattanna do justice to their roles".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/paramathma/movie-review/12197840.cms?from=mdr|title=PARAMATHMA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "Then again it drags for sometime in the second half. But thanks to the gripping climax, everything is forgotten in the last half-an-hour. There are glimpses of Manoj Night Shyamalan's 'Sixth Sense' in the sequences leading to the climax".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-paramathma-is-a-fresh-delight-407786.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Paramathma' is a fresh delight|work=[[News18 India]]|date=8 October 2011}}</ref> A critic from [[Sify.com]] wrote "Santhosh Rai Pathaaje takes the cake as a master director of cinematography. Equally likeable is Hari Krishnaa`s music compositions and background music. Santhosh Rai Pathaaje is top class behind camera. Watch Paramathma for its classic style of narration and good packaging.<ref name="Sify">{{cite news|title=Paramathma review|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paramathma-review-review-kannada-14980702.html|accessdate=16 February 2015|work=[[Sify.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216044708/http://www.sify.com/movies/paramathma-review-review-kannada-14980702.html|archive-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Puneet's character is a motor mouth like most of Bhat's previous leading men. Deepa Sanidhi laughs her way through the film and into our hearts. Aindrita has a few scenes to her credit. Songs by Harikrishna and camera work by Santosh Rai Pataje are the true heroes. Paramathma disappoints".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-parmathma-disappoints/20111007.htm|title=Review: Paramathma disappoints|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 October 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2075277}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2011/paramathma-movie-review-061011.html {{Lang|kn-latn|Paramathma}} Movie Review]

{{Yogaraj Bhat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paramathma}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:2010s adventure comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2011 masala films]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yogaraj Bhat]]

Colours (2009 film)

2026-03-03T21:30:56Z

FionaLaflamme: started a details v1

{{About|the 2009 Malayalam film|the 1988 American film|Colors (1988 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Colours
| image = Colours (2009 film).jpg
| caption =
| director = Raj Babu
| producer = M. Mani
| writer = V. C. Ashok
| narrator =
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]|[[Roma Asrani|Roma]]|[[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]|[[Saranya Ponvannan]]|[[Vinu Mohan]]}}
| music = [[Suresh Peters]]
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing = P. C. Mohanan
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Colours''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film directed by Raj Babu, starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Roma (actress)|Roma]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Vinu Mohan]] in the lead roles. It is an unofficial remake of the 2002 Hindi film ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/6130/malayalam/colours/1999/review.htm|title = Colours Review | Colours Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen|date = 30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2009/colours-movie-review-040209.html|title=Colours – Review|date=4 February 2009}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story of ''Colours'' is based in [[Coonoor]], where [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lt. Col.]] Dr. Rajalakshmi lives with her family. The story begins from where she learns that someone has been released from jail. And the trip to bring that someone home gives her time to reminisce, and events from a year earlier are examined.

Rajalakshmi lives in Coonoor along with her two daughters Pinki and Pooja and her father-in-law, Pushkaran Pillai. Pinki, who is a tomboy, socialises with a group of men, and is often engaged in shooting for her television show ''Colours''. Her constant companion is Rahul, who wields the camera for the television show. Though Rajalakshmi doesn't approve much of what she does, Pinki could not care less, and even calls her mother Pattalam Rajalakshmi ("Pattalam" meaning army in Malayalam). However, she does love and is loyal to her mother.

Pooja, on the other hand, is the typical coy girl, and her mother's pet. She is a teacher and is in love with a guy Sarath, with all support from Pinki. The two siblings share an intimate bond. In the meantime Rajalakshmi detects a fraud that has been going on in her hospital regarding the sales of medicines, and she is intent on bringing the culprits to book. This earns her some enemies. [[Lieutenant commander|Lt. Cdr]] Sanjaynath turns up at this juncture. He is a close family friend and is on transfer to Coonnoor. On the very day of his arrival, he locks horns with Pinki, who had been his childhood friend and spoils her shooting. Though they have a conflict initially Sanjay makes it up to her by gifting her a saree on her birthday. She looks pretty in the saree and they fall in love. Actually, Rahul was secretly in love with Pinky but knowing about this relationship, he keeps his love a secret. Meanwhile, Rajalakshmi fixes Pooja's marriage with Sanjay. But when she learns of Sanjay's relationship with Pinki, she thinks about Pinky's own mother. Rajalakshmi's husband had an affair with another women. Pinki was their daughter. Later both kill themselves when Rajalakshmi discovers about the relationship. Pinki is brought up by Rajalakshmi and thinks that Pinki, like her mother, is destroying her daughter's life. When Pinki knows the truth she ends her relation with Sanjay. Sanjay is confused by Pinki's unusual behavior, but reluctantly accepts. On the day before the marriage, the enemy Stephen tries to attack Rajalakshmi. Pinki saves her and kills Stephen in the ensuing tussle—a crime for which she is currently serving jail time. In the present, Pinki is being released. Her whole family goes to meet her. She finds that Sanjay is still a bachelor. The film ends on a happy note.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as [[Lieutenant Commander#Indian Navy|Lt. Commander]] Sanjaynath
* [[Roma Asrani|Roma]] as Pinky
* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] as Pooja
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as [[Lieutenant Colonel#India|Lt. Col]] [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Rajalakshmi
* [[Vinu Mohan]] as Rahul
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] Pushkaran Pillai (Retd)
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Gopi
* [[Indrans]] as Kuttiraman
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Rahul's father
* [[Mamukkoya]]
* [[Narayanankutty]] as Police Officer
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Stephen
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]]
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Keshanatha Swamikal
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Pinky's and Pooja's father
* [[T. P. Madhavan]]
* Maya Viswanath
* Krishnaprabha
* Gayathri
* Ullas as Pooja's friend
{{colend}}

==Reception==

Paresh C Palicha from [[Rediff.com]] wrote that "Roma has enough fire to carry her character through. Bhama is subdued, as required. Dileep and Innocent do not put much effort into their performances. Vinu Mohan, playing Pinky's colleague, seems to be sidelined. Screenplay by V C Ashok is intriguing at first but then up a predictable route. Colours seems to be colour saturated and not a pleasant watch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/30review-colours.htm|title=Colours: Not a pleasant watch|website=Rediff.com|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130171645/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/30review-colours.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Sify.com wrote that "Colours is a faux pas in every count, a film that has been made without any purpose or plot. At these times when Indians are so close to winning an Oscar, films like these are nothing less than a shame!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/review-colours-review-malayalam-pclwTFfadhefe.html|title=Review-Colours|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130172134/https://www.sify.com/movies/review-colours-review-malayalam-pclwTFfadhefe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Film}}
* {{IMDb title|1566926}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colours}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Hindi films]]

Pada (film)

2026-03-03T09:42:04Z

FionaLaflamme: made a info

{{short description|2022 film by Kamal K.M}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pada
| image = Pada (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official Theatrical Poster
| director = Kamal K. M.
| producer = Mukesh R. Mehta A. V. Anoop C. V. Sarathi
| writer = Kamal K. M.
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]]
* [[Joju George]]
* [[Vinayakan]]
* [[Dileesh Pothan]]
}}
| music = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Thahir]]
| editing = [[Shan Mohammed]]
| studio = E4 Entertainment AVA Productions
| released = {{Film date|2022|03|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹4 crore 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Pada''''' ({{translation|Army}}) is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language [[political thriller film]] directed by Kamal K. M. starring [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Joju George]], [[Vinayakan]], and [[Dileesh Pothan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/pada-movie-km-kamal-7813469/|title=Pada is a question directed at society: Kamal KM|date=March 10, 2022}}</ref> The film is based on a [[Ayyankali Pada hostage protest|true incident]] that occurred in 1996 when the then [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] collector was held hostage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-kamal-km-on-malayalam-film-pada/article65055103.ece|title=Director Kamal KM makes his comeback to cinema with the multi-starrer 'Pada', based on a real-life incident that shook Kerala|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=February 24, 2022|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/pada-malayalam-movie-review-rating-626815/|title=Pada Movie Review & Rating: ശക്തമായ രാഷ്ട്രീയ ചിത്രം; പട റിവ്യൂ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/pada-movie-starring-kunchacko-boban-joju-george-censored-with-ua-certificate-ak-518933.html|title=PADA MOVIE | സെന്‍സറിങ് പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി; U/A സര്‍ട്ടിഫിക്കറ്റുമായി 'പട' മാര്‍ച്ച് 11ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളില്‍|date=March 9, 2022|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/pada-movie-first-review-real-response-story-plot-everything-you-need-to-know-84355|title=Pada First Review : 'കാഴ്ച്ചയുടെ ഗംഭീര പടവെട്ട്'; പടയുടെ ആദ്യ പകുതി പ്രതികരണം ഇങ്ങനെ|date=March 11, 2022|website=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref> The film was released on 11 March 2022 and opened to widespread critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunchacko Boban-starrer 'Pada' to release on March 11 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-starrer-pada-to-release-on-march-11/articleshow/90093973.cms |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Times of India |date=9 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Premise==
The film is based on a true incident that occurred in 1996 when the then [[Palakkad]] collector was held hostage. Pada begins with showing how five men in different places planning for something big to be done by them which might trigger a revolution. The group arrives at their destination, and waits for the collector to come. After a day's wait, they get into collector's chamber and forcibly ties him by chasing others around him out. On the collector's insistence to reveal, they identify themselves as 'Ayyankali Pada', activists working for the welfare of tribals and their current resolve is to keep the collector as a hostage and bargain with the current government to repeal the controversial Adivasi Land Amendment Bill. The miserable plight of Adivasi community is drawn more literally on the screen through the exchanges between the collector and the five men, the former however sympathizes with their plight and align with their cause.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Rakesh Kangangad (Based on Ramesh Kanhangad)
* [[Joju George]] as Aravindan Mannur (Based on Ajayan Mannur)
* [[Vinayakan]] as Balu Kallaar (Based on Babu Kallara)
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Narayanakutty (Based on Vilayodi Shivankutty)
* [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] as [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Ajay Sripad Dange (Based on W. R. Reddy)
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Sadik Hasanar
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] N. Rajasekharan [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[Indrans]] as Kannan Mundoor (Based on Mundar Ravunni)
* [[Jagadish]] as P. Krishna Kumar [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Mini K. S.
* [[Salim Kumar]] as [[Justice (title)|Justice]] Thankappan Achari
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Francis Chacko [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as N. P. Ravichandran [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Chief Minister [[E. K. Nayanar]]
* [[T. G. Ravi]] as [[Advocate]] Jayapalan
* Bitto Davis as [[Deputy Superintendent|DySP]] K. P. Thomas
* [[Sajitha Madathil]] as Padmini Ramachandran
* [[Savithri Sreedharan]] as Kunji
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Sheeja P. K.
* James Eliya as [[Inspector General|IG]] K. Chandran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sibi Thomas]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Roy Joseph
* Kottayam Ramesh as [[Director General of Police|DGP]]
* Vivek Vijayakumaran as Sachin Aggarwal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] as Cyriac Abraham [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* Gopalan Adat as Usman
* Rajesh K as Jayakrishnan
* Dasan Kongad as Kumaran
* Gopan Mangat K. Ravi
* Raavi Kishor as Malini, Dange's wife
* [[Davinchi Santhosh]] as Aasad, Balu's son
* Ishitha Sudheesh as Rosa, Balu's daughter}}
*

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pada<ref>{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/pada-original-background-score/1616574900 | title=Pada (Original Background Score) by Vishnu Vijay }}</ref>
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 March 2022
| recorded = 2020–2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 42:31
| label = E4 Entertainment
| producer = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| prev_title = [[Bheemante Vazhi]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Makal]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|KdeJBOqrEPg|Original Soundtrack}}
}}
}}
The original soundtrack is composed by [[Vishnu Vijay]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Pada (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1CqbW5kwbYNZ2JIClHOK46 | title=Pada (Original Background Score) | website=[[Spotify]] | date=28 March 2022 }}</ref>
| total_length = 42:31
| title1 = Bus Scene
| length1 = 01:32
| title2 = Intro
| length2 = 01:14
| title3 = Planning
| length3 = 01:09
| title4 = Vinayakan Intro
| length4 = 01:01
| title5 = Bomb Making
| length5 = 01:12
| title6 = Chackochan
| length6 = 01:21
| title7 = Collector Gun Point
| length7 = 02:03
| title8 = Collector Intro
| length8 = 01:01
| title9 = Interval
| length9 = 01:16
| title10 = Collector At Gunpoint When Door Opens Scene
| length10 = 01:59
| title11 = Crowd & Indrans Scene
| length11 = 01:31
| title12 = Dileesh Pothen Talks To Collector Being Tied Scene
| length12 = 01:11
| title13 = Drinking Water & Eating Banana Scene
| length13 = 01:15
| title14 = Higher Officials & Prakash Raj Meeting Scene
| length14 = 03:10
| title15 = Indrans & Police Group Scene
| length15 = 01:10
| title16 = Prakash Raj Office Scene
| length16 = 01:42
| title17 = All Sitting Idle Scene
| length17 = 01:32
| title18 = Crowd & Police Tries To Break In Scene
| length18 = 01:06
| title19 = Police Planning With Map Scene
| length19 = 01:02
| title20 = Prakash Raj Talking To Adv On Phone Scene
| length20 = 02:00
| title21 = Adv Going Upstairs
| length21 = 01:49
| title22= Adv Sits For Discussion Scene
| length22 = 03:10
| title23 = Collector Coming Out Scene
| length23 = 01:56
| title24 = Travel With Adv In Car Scene
| length24 = 05:58
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2019 with [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Joju George]], [[Vinayakan]] and [[Dileesh Pothan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/03/15/interview-kunchacko-boban-pada-movie.html|title=Evolving as an actor with each film: Interview with Kunchacko Boban|website=OnManorama}}</ref> Mammootty was reported to make a cameo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-make-cameo-appearance-pada-113930|title=Mammootty to make cameo appearance in 'Pada'|date=December 12, 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref> Shooting finished by August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kunchacko-boban-s-pada-wrapped-106702|title=Kunchacko Boban's 'Pada' wrapped up|date=August 5, 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film released to highly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/loved-pada-check-out-these-malayalam-movies-based-on-real-events/photostory/90227123.cms|title=Loved 'Pada'? Check out these Malayalam movies based on real events|date=March 15, 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-pa-ranjith-heaps-praise-on-pada-says-he-is-impressed-by-the-screenplay/articleshow/90217733.cms|title=Director Pa. Ranjith heaps praise on 'Pada', says he is impressed by the screenplay|website=The Times of India|date=15 March 2022 }}</ref>

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''Firstpost'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Pada'' is a lesson for students of cinema on how to keep a true story engaging even for a person who has read the facts, including the sensational climax, available to the public." She added, "...''Pada'' steers clear of cinematic loudness. In this, it is far removed from formulaic, machoistic commercial Indian cinema of all languages, which substitutes hollow, violent machismo for valour."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pada-movie-review-captivating-thriller-on-a-real-life-fight-for-adivasi-rights-and-the-fury-of-the-oppressed-10546411.html|title=Pada movie review: Captivating thriller on a real-life fight for Adivasi rights and the fury of the oppressed|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|website=Firstpost|date=12 April 2022 }}</ref> but said there was a "frustrating deficiency" of gender diversity in the film. Vetticad ranked it eighth on her year-end list of best Malayalam films for the publication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-malayalam-films-2022-a-year-so-good-that-keeping-this-list-down-to-10-was-impossible-11875531.html|title=Best Malayalam Films 2022: A year so good that keeping this list down to 10 was impossible|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|website=Firstpost|date=26 December 2022 }}</ref> Anna Mathews of A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of four out of five and said that "Basically, writer-director Kamal KM used a striking incident in the State's political history and converted it into a good cinema with a compelling, thought-provoking screenplay, perfectly captured scenes that convey not only the very different times but also the working of our government offices, and great acting. This is a highly recommended film for all".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pada/movie-review/90155996.cms|title=Pada Movie Review: A gripping story of '90s activism|work=The Times of India}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the film "a sympathetic portrayal of the justified anger of the oppressed".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pada-movie-review-oppressed-anger/article65217322.ece|title='Pada' movie review: A sympathetic portrayal of the anger of the oppressed|first=S. r|last=Praveen|date=March 12, 2022|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Gautham VS of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' opined that "The movie is a powerful political statement and throws light on the policies of changing governments, be it the left or the right, who diluted the tribal laws over the years in favour of corporate interests by taking away the rights of tribal communities over forests".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mollywood-movie-review/pada-movie-review-kunchacko-boban-joju-george-7814949/|title=Pada movie review: An enraged fist raised at apathetic state regimes|date=March 11, 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10375094}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]
[[Category:Political films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films about activists]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]

Michael Madhusudan Dutt

2026-02-28T17:15:54Z

FionaLaflamme: content fix

{{Short description|Bengali poet and dramatist (1824–1873)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = Michael Madhusudan Dutta.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Dutt, {{circa|1907}}
| birth_name = Sri Madhusudan Dutta
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1824|01|25}}
| birth_place =[[Sagardari Union|Sagardari]], [[Bangladesh]], Formerly ([[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1873|06|29|1824|01|25}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| resting_place = [[Lower Circular Road cemetery]]
| occupation = Writer, poet, playwright
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]] [[Gray's Inn]]
| citizenship = [[British Raj|British Indian]]
| movement = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| spouse = Rebecca Thompson McTavish (m. 1848–1856)
| partner = Emilia Henrietta Sophie White (1858–1873)
| children = 8{{efn|including a stillborn}}
| language = English [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| name = Michael Madhusudan Dutt
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Jennifer Paes|Jennifer Dutton]] (great-granddaughter)
* [[Leander Paes]] (great-great grandson)}}
}}

'''Michael Madhusudan Dutt''' (born '''Sri Madhusudan Dutta'''; {{audio|Madhusudan.ogg|'' Maikel Modhushudôn Dôtto''}}; 25 January 1824 – 29 June 1873) was a [[Bengali poetry]] [[Bangladeshi]] [[Bengali poet]] and playwright. He is considered one of the pioneers of [[Bengali literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Madhusudan Dutt: A Pioneer in Bengali Drama |url=https://www.bangladesh.com/blog/michael-madhusudan-dutt-a-pioneer-in-bengali-drama/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Bangladesh.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutt, Michael Madhusudan - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Dutt,_Michael_Madhusudan |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Madhusudan Datta {{!}} Poet, Playwright, Dramatist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Madhusudan-Datta |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuvo |first=Golam Azam |date=2023-03-18 |title=Michael Madhusudan Dutt : Pioneer of Bengali Literature - |url=https://mypenarts.com/michael-madhusudan-dutt/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=My Pen Arts |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Alisha |date=2024-01-25 |title=Michael Madhusudan Dutt: A Pioneer With An English Heart |url=https://www.thetalentedindian.com/michael-madhusudan-dutt-a-pioneer-with-an-english-heart/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=The Talented Indian |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Madhusudan was born in [[Sagardari Union|Sagardari]], a village in [[Keshabpur Upazila]], [[Jessore District]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]), to a [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secondary - 2018 - Class - 9&10 - Bangla Sahitto-9 BV PDF Web .pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dOQAVB6usKCoZ7_4HXYvPq7Eb16ihi1z/view |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> His father was Rajnarayan Dutt, who was a lawyer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Madhusudan Dutt {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/michael-madhusudan-dutt |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www5.open.ac.uk}}</ref> and his mother was Jahnabi Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutt, Michael Madhusudan - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Dutt,_Michael_Madhusudan |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref> His family, being reasonably well-off, ensured that Madhusudan received an education in the English language and additional tutorship in English at home. Rajnarayan had intended for this Western education to open the doors for a government position for his son.<ref name=":4" />

==College and religious conversion==
After he finished his education in [[Sagardari Union|Sagardari]] at roughly the age of fifteen, Rajnarayan sent Madhusudhan to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to attend [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]] with the eventual aim of becoming a [[barrister]]. At Hindu College, Michael studied under a [[Westernization|westernized]] curriculum in a university which had been expressly founded for the "uplift of the natives". The college required all students to wear Western clothing, eat European cuisine with cutlery, learn British songs, and speak exclusively in English—with the aim of creating an anglicized Indian middle class to serve as officials in the colonial administration.

During his time at Hindu College, Madhusudhan developed an aversion to [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] and a deep yearning to be accepted into [[Culture of Europe|European culture]].<ref name="Chakrabarty2001">{{cite book |author=Dipesh Chakrabarty |title=Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqDa4tGENvYC&pg=PA33 |access-date=9 October 2012 |date=15 February 2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13001-9 |pages=33– |edition=New}}</ref> He expressed these sentiments in one of his poems. An early and formative influence on Dutt was his teacher at Hindu College, [[David Lester Richardson]]. Richardson was a poet and inspired in Dutt a love of English poetry, particularly by that of [[Lord Byron|Byron]]. Dutt began writing English poetry aged around 17 years, sending his works to publications in England, including ''[[Blackwood's Magazine]]'' and ''[[Bentley's Miscellany]]''. They were, however, never accepted for publication.<ref name=":12"/> This was also when he began a correspondence with his friend, [[Gour Das Bysack]], which today forms the bulk of sources on his life.

On 9 February 1843, Madhusudan embraced [[Christianity]]<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Bhowmik |first=Dulal |year=2012 |chapter=Dutt, Michael Madhusudan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dutt,_Michael_Madhusudan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707030720/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dutt,_Michael_Madhusudan |url-status=live}}</ref> at the [[Old Mission Church, Kolkata|Old Mission Church]], in spite of the objections of his parents and relatives. He did not take the name Michael until his marriage in 1848.<ref name=":12"/>

He describes the day as:
<poem style="margin-left:2em">
Long sunk in superstition's night,
By Sin and Satan driven,
I saw not, cared not for the light
That leads the blind to Heaven.
But now, at length thy grace, O Lord!
Birds all around me shine;
I drink thy sweet, thy precious word,
I kneel before thy shrine!<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Zinia |date=2012 |title=Indian Poetry in English: Critical Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YmPaDMuHYYC&pg=PA32 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd |page=32 |isbn=978-8120345713}}</ref>
</poem>

He had to leave Hindu College on account of converting to Christianity. In 1844, he resumed his education at [[Bishop's College, Calcutta|Bishop's College]], where he stayed for three years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0195167996 |title=The Slaying of Meghanada: A Ramayana from Colonial Bengal |last1=Dutt |first1=Michael Madhusudhan |last2=Seely |first2=Clinton B. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780195167993 |location=New York City |pages=16, 22–23 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

In 1847, he moved to [[Madras]] (Chennai) due to family tensions and economic hardship, having been disinherited by his father.<ref name=":2" /> While in Madras, he stayed in the [[George Town, Chennai|Black Town]] neighbourhood,<ref name=":12" /> and began working as an "usher" at the Madras Male Orphan Asylum. Four years later, in 1851, he became a Second Tutor in the Madras University High School.<ref name=":2" /> He edited and assisted in editing the periodicals ''Madras Circulator and General Chronicle, Athenaeum, [[Spectator (1828)|Spectator]]'' and ''Hindoo Chronicle.''<ref name=":12"/>

==Literary life==

=== Early works (1849–1855) ===
Dutt wrote exclusively in English in his early writing years. The Captive Ladie was published in 1849 and, like Derozio's The Fakeer of Jungheera, takes on the form of a long narrative poem. In ''The Anglo-Saxon and the Hindu'' (1854), an essay in florid, even purple prose, are references to and quotations from almost the whole of Macaulay's shelf of European books. He was greatly influenced by the works of [[William Wordsworth]] and [[John Milton]]. Dutt was a spirited [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] and [[Romanticism|Romantic]].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Calcutta years (1858–1862) ===
The period during which he worked as a head clerk and later as the Chief Interpreter in the court marked his transition to writing in his native Bengali, following the advice of [[John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune|Bethune]] and [[Gour Das Bysack|Bysack]]. He wrote 5 plays: ''Sermista'' (1859)'', Padmavati'' (1859)'', Ekei Ki Boley Sabyata'' (1860), ''Krishna Kumari'' (1860) ''and Buro Shaliker Ghare Ron'' (1860). Then followed the narrative poems: ''Tilottama Sambhava Kavya'' (1861), ''Meghnad Badh Kavya'' (1861), ''Brajagana Kavya'' (1861) and ''Veerangana Kavya'' (1861). He also translated three plays from Bangla to English, including his own ''Sermista''.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Final years (1866–1873) ===
A volume of his Bangla sonnets was published in 1866. His final play, ''Maya Kannan'', was written in 1872. ''The Slaying of Hector'', his prose version of the ''[[Iliad]]'', remains incomplete.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Linguistic abilities ===
Madhusudan was a gifted [[linguistics|linguist]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Mohit K. |date=2007 |title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&pg=PA154 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |pages=154– |isbn=978-81-269-0832-5}}</ref> and [[Polyglot (person)|polyglot]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ghose |first=Subhas Chandra |date=1996 |title=Socio-Political Dynamics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNYL20IU20sC&pg=PA178 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |page=178 |isbn=978-81-7211-070-3}}

{{cite book |last1=Subhas Chandra Ghose |title=Socio-Political Dynamics |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172110703 |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNYL20IU20sC&q=Madhusudan+polyglot&pg=PA178}}</ref> He studied English, Bengali, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":5" />

===Work with the sonnet===
He pioneered the Bengali sonnet and introduced European-style blank verse into Bengali poetry, revolutionizing its metrical structure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Rosinka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_QfnwEACAAJ |title=The Literary Thing: History, Poetry and the Making of a Modern Cultural Sphere |date=2014 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-0343-1760-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Michael Madhusudan Dutt dedicated his first [[sonnet]] to his friend [[Rajnarayan Basu]], which he accompanied with a letter: "What say you to this, my good friend? In my humble opinion, if cultivated by men of genius, our sonnet in time would rival the Italian."<ref>{{cite book |author=Sri Aurobindo Ashram |title=Mother India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy0PAQAAIAAJ |access-date=9 October 2012 |date=February 1961 |page=56}}</ref> His most famous sonnet is ''Kapatakkha River''.
<poem style="margin-left:2em">
Always, o river, you peep in my mind.
Always I think you in this loneliness.
Always I soothe my ears with the murmur
Of your waters in illusion, the way
Men hear songs of illusion in a dream.
Many a river I have seen on earth;
But which can quench my thirst the way you do?
You're the flow of milk in my homeland's breasts.
Will I meet you ever? As long as you
Go to kinglike ocean to pay the tax
Of water, I beg to you, sing my name
Into the ears of people of Bengal,
Sing his name, o dear, who in this far land
Sings your name in all his songs for Bengal.
</poem>

When Dutt later stayed in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], the sixth centenary of the Italian poet [[Dante Alighieri]] was being celebrated all over Europe. He composed a poem in honour of the poet, translated it into French and Italian, and sent it to the king of Italy. [[Victor Emmanuel II]], then monarch, liked the poem and wrote to Dutt, saying, "It will be a ring which will connect the Orient with the Occident."<ref name="Yajnik1933">{{cite book |author=Ramanial Kanaiyaial Yajnik |title=The Indian Theatre: Its Origins and Its Later Developments Under European Influence, with Special Reference to Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r5ycUQEl-wC&pg=PA219 |access-date=9 October 2012 |year=1933 |publisher=Ardent Media |pages=219– |id=GGKEY:WYN7QH8HYJB}}</ref>

===Work in blank verse===
''Sharmistha'' (spelt as ''Sermista'' in English) was Dutt's first attempt at [[blank verse]] in Bengali literature. [[Kaliprasanna Singha]] organised a felicitation ceremony for Madhusudan to mark the introduction of blank verse in Bengali poetry. His famous epic, quoted as the only epic of Bengali kind, [[Meghnad Badh Kavya|Meghnadbad-Kabya]] is also totally written in blank verse.

Praising Dutt's blank verse, Sir [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]], observed: "As long as the Bengali race and Bengali literature would exist, the sweet lyre of Madhusudan would never cease playing."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Mother India: Monthly Review of Culture |year=1961 |pages=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy0PAQAAIAAJ&q=Ordinarily,+reading+of+poetry+causes+a+soporific+effect,+but+the+intoxicating+vigour+of+Madhusudan+poems+makes+even+a+sick+man+sit+up+on+his+bed |volume=13}}</ref> He added: "Ordinarily, reading of poetry causes a soporific effect, but the intoxicating vigour of Madhusudan's poems makes even a sick man sit up on his bed."<ref name=":0" />

In his ''[[The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian]]'', [[Nirad C. Chaudhuri]] has remarked that during his childhood days in Kishoreganj, a common standard for testing guests' erudition in the Bengali language during family gatherings was to require them to recite the poetry of Dutt, without an accent.
[[File:"Rue Des Chantiers" Street.jpg|thumb|The street where Dutt used to live in Versailles, France.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ভার্সাইতে মাইকেল মধুসূদন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/technology/%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%2587-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25A8}}</ref>

== Barrister-at-law ==
[[Image:12 Rue Des Chantier, 78000 Versailles, France.jpg|right|thumb|12 Rue Des Chantiers, 78000 Versailles, France – the apartment building where Dutt dwelled (photo taken in July 2011)]]
[[Image:Residence_of_Micheal_Madhusudhan_Dutt_in_Khidirpur.JPG|right|thumb|Dutt's residence in Khidirpur, [[Kolkata]], India]]
Dutt went to England in 1862 to become a [[barrister-at-law]] and enrolled at the [[Gray's Inn]].<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Choudhuri |first1=Mrinmaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4CkPXiF_vkC&dq=which+case+Michael+Madhusudan+Dutt+appeared+in+court&pg=PA183 |title=Glimpses of the Justice System of Presidency Towns, 1687-1973 |last2=Choudhuri |first2=Mina |date=2006 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-89233-32-7 |language=en}}</ref>

On the eve of his departure to England:<poem style="margin-left:2em">
রেখ, মা, দাসেরে মনে, এ মিনতি করি পদে
সাধিতে মনের সাধ
ঘটে যদি পরমাদ,
মধুহীন কর না গো মনঃ কোকনদে |
(Original Bengali)

Forget me not, O Mother,
Should I fail to return
To thy hallowed bosom.
Make not the lotus of thy memory
Void of its nectar honey.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sri Aurobindo Ashram |title=Mother India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy0PAQAAIAAJ |access-date=9 October 2012 |date=February 1961 |page=55}}</ref>
(English translation by the poet.)
</poem>

His family joined him in 1863, and thereafter they shifted to the much cheaper [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], due to the miserable state of their finances. Funds were not arriving from India according to his plans. He was only able to relocate to England in 1865 and study for the bar due to the generosity of [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]. For this, Dutt was to regard Vidyasagar as ''Dayar Sagar'' (meaning ''the ocean of kindness'') for as long as he lived. He was admitted to the High Court in Calcutta on his return in February 1867.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=940074661X |title=Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority |last=Paranjape |first=Makarand R. |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |year=2012 |isbn=9789400746602 |pages=76–78 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> His family followed him in 1869.<ref name=":4" />

His stay in England had left him disillusioned with European culture. He wrote to his friend [[Gour Das Bysack|Bysack]] from France: {{blockquote|If there be any one among us anxious to leave a name behind him, and not pass away into oblivion like a brute, let him devote himself to his mother-tongue. That is his legitimate sphere his proper element.<ref name="Poddāra1970">{{cite book |author=Arabinda Poddāra |title=Renaissance in Bengal: quests and confrontations, 1800–1860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Msd4rdQoHE8C |access-date=23 July 2012 |year=1970 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |page=216}}</ref>}}

==Marriage and family==
Dutt had refused to enter into an [[arranged marriage]] which his father had decided for him. He had no respect for that tradition and wanted to break free from the confines of [[caste]]-based [[endogamous]] marriage. His knowledge of the European tradition convinced him of his choice of marriages made by mutual consent (or [[love marriage]]s).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Madhusudan Dutt(Bengali Authors) |url=https://parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/michael.html}}</ref>

While in [[Madras]], he married Rebecca Thompson McTavish,<ref name=":12"/> a 17-year-old of Scottish-Indian parentage,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Moreno |first=H. W. B. |date=July–December 1923 |title=Michael Madhu Sudhan Dutta and His Anglo-Indian Wives |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501554/page/n221/mode/1up?q=wives |journal=Bengal Past and Present |volume=26}}</ref><ref name=":12"/> a resident<ref name=":4" /> of the Madras Female Orphan Asylum, on 31 July 1848.<ref name=":12"/> Dutt assumed the name Michael when the marriage was registered in the baptismal register. They had four children together. He wrote to [[Gour Das Bysack|Bysack]] in December 1855:{{blockquote|Yes, dearest Gour, I have a fine English Wife and four children.<ref name="MurshidMajumdar2003">{{cite book |author1=Ghulam Murshid |author2=Gopa Majumdar |title=Lured by hope: a biography of Michael Madhusudan Dutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KZjAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 October 2012 |date=30 October 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565362-5}}</ref>}}

Dutt returned from Madras to Calcutta in February 1856, after his father's death (in 1855), abandoning his wife and four children in Madras. No records of his divorce from Rebecca or remarriage have been found.<ref name=":12"/> In 1858, he was joined there by a 22-year old woman of French Eurasian extraction,<ref name=":4" /> Emelia Henrietta Sophie White, the daughter of his colleague at the Madras Male Orphan Asylum.<ref name=":2" /> They had two sons, Frederick Michael Milton (23 July 1861 – 11 June 1875)<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0821443585 |title=Indian Angles: English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore |last=Gibson |first=Mary Ellis |publisher=Ohio University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0821419410 |pages=166 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Makers Of Indian Literature: Michael Madhusudan Dutt |last=Bose |first=Amalendu |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1979 |location=New Delhi |pages=49}}</ref> and Albert Napoleon (1869 – 22 August 1909),<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> and a daughter, Henrietta Elizabeth Sermista<ref name=":4" /> (1859 – 15 February 1879).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> A fourth child was stillborn.<ref name=":12"/> Their relationship lasted until the end of her life, Henrietta pre-deceasing him by three days, on 26 June 1873.<ref name=":2" />

Rebecca died in Madras in July 1892. Only a daughter (Phoebe Rebecca Salfelt Dutt) and a son (George John McTavish-Dutt) survived her. The son, McTavish-Dutt, practised as a pleader in the Court of Small Causes in Madras.<ref name=":4" />

The tennis player [[Leander Paes]] is a direct descendant of Dutt, who is his great-great-grandson on his mother's side.<ref>{{Cite news |title=I'm waiting for the right opportunity to join politics: Leander Paes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Im-waiting-for-the-right-opportunity-to-join-politics-Leander-Paes/articleshow/34472601.cms |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=29 August 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310055651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Im-waiting-for-the-right-opportunity-to-join-politics-Leander-Paes/articleshow/34472601.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Dutt died in Presidency General Hospital on 29 June 1873.<ref name=":2" /> Three days before his death, he recited a passage from Shakespeare's Macbeth to his dear friend [[Gour Das Bysack|Bysack]], to express his deepest conviction of life:
<poem style="margin-left:2em">
...out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more; it is a tale Told by an idiot,
full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.
</poem>

[[Image:Tomb of Michael Madhusudhan Dutta.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Tomb of Michael Madhusudan Dutt at the [[Lower Circular Road cemetery]].

]]

{{Quote box|quote=<big>দাঁড়াও পথিক-বর, জন্ম যদি তব 
বঙ্গে! তিষ্ঠ ক্ষণকাল! এ সমাধিস্থলে 
(জননীর কোলে শিশু লভয়ে যেমতি 
বিরাম) মহীর পদে মহা নিদ্রাবৃত 
দত্তোকুলোদ্ভব কবি শ্রীমধুসূদন! 
যশোরের সাগরদাঁড়ি কপোতাক্ষ-তীরে 
জন্মভূমি, জন্মদাতা দত্ত মহামতি 
রাজনারায়ণ নামে, জননী জাহ্নবী</big>
}}


{{Listen
| filename = সমাধি (মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত).oga
| title = Recitation of Madhusudan Dutt's Samadhi in Bengali
| description = A 33-second sample recitation of poetry Samadhi
| format = [[Ogg]]
| pos = right
}}


==Legacy and honours==
Dutt was largely ignored for 15 years after his death.<ref>[http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/reviews/brLured1.html "A Review": Ghulam Murshid, ''Lured by Hope: A Biography of Michael Madhusudan Dutt''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529084226/http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/reviews/brLured1.html |date=29 May 2010 }}, translated from Bengali by Gopa Majumdar, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2003. {{ISBN|0-19-565362-9}}. Pp 238 + xvi, at Parabaas</ref> The belated tribute was a tomb erected at his gravesite.

His epitaph, a verse of his own, reads:
<poem style="margin-left:2em">
Stop a while, traveller!
Should Mother Bengal claim thee for her son.
As a child takes repose on his mother's elysian lap,
Even so here in the Long Home,
On the bosom of the earth,
Enjoys the sweet eternal sleep
Poet Madhusudan of the Duttas.<ref name="A poet of epic proportions">{{cite news |title=A poet of epic proportions |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-144528 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=23 July 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814041807/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-144528 |url-status=live}}</ref>
</poem>

''Michael Madhusudhan'' is a 1950 Indian Bengali-language drama film by [[Madhu Bose|Modhu Bose]] which starred [[Utpal Dutt]] in the titular role.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Madhuja Mukherjee |author2=Kaustav Bakshi |title=Popular Cinema in Bengal: Genre, Stars, Public Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NXpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP92 |date=9 June 2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-044892-4 |page=92}}</ref>

Author [[Namita Gokhale]] published a play about Madhusudhan in 2021, based largely on letters written by him to friends and other authors, called ''Betrayed by Hope''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Paramita |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-betrayed-by-hope-a-play-on-the-life-of-michael-madhusudan-dutt-by-namita-gokhale-malashri-lal-101613121946371.html |title=Review: Betrayed by Hope, a play on the life of Michael Madhusudan Dutta |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 February 2021 |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422195135/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-betrayed-by-hope-a-play-on-the-life-of-michael-madhusudan-dutt-by-namita-gokhale-malashri-lal-101613121946371.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In honour of Dutt, every year on his birthday, a fair is held in his home at [[Sagardari Union|Sagardari]], which is organized by the District Council of [[Jessore District|Jessore]]. Every year, various MPs and ministers of the national parliament of Bangladesh attend this fair.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=ypwcOeSiv9rTD0Xy&v=peoUMc8AUIc&feature=youtu.be |title=মাইকেল মধুসূদনের স্মরণে চলছে ৯ দিনব্যাপী মেলা {{!}} Michael Madhusudan Dutt {{!}} Madhu Mela {{!}} Ekhon TV |date=2024-01-22 |last=EKHON TV |access-date=2024-12-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MADHU MELA |url=https://beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd/event/169 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Madhusudan Dutt's 197th birth anniversary being observed |date=25 January 2021 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/236754/michael-madhusudan-dutt-s-197th-birth-anniversary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhusudan Dutt's birth bicentenary today |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/223683/madhusudan-dutts-birth-bicentenary-today}}</ref>

In honour of Dutt a school and a college are named after him in [[Jessore District]]. And a university was proposed to be set up in this birthplace. They are:
* [[Michael Madhusudan College]]
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]]
* Micheal Madhusudan Specialized University
* A 12 km Long Road which connects [[Keshabpur, Jessore|Keshabpur]] with [[Sagardari Union|Sagardari]] Named after him, The road Known as Modhu Sarak.
* His Ancestors House known as [[Modhu Polli]] is also named after him.

=== In India ===
* [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta College]] in Tripura is named after him.
* [[Michael Madhusudan Memorial College]] in West Bengal is named after him.
* [[Madhusudan Mancha]] in West Bengal is named after him.

==Works==
* ''King Porus''
* ''The Captive Ladie'' (1849)
* ''Ratul Potra''
* ''Sermista'' (1859) (Bengali and English)
* ''Padmavati'' (1859)
* ''Ekei Ki Boley Sabyota'' (1860)
* ''Krishna Kumari'' (1860)
* ''Buro Shaliker Ghare Ron'' (1860)
* ''Tilottama Sambhava Kavya'' (1861)
* ''[[Meghnad Badh Kavya]]'' (1861)
* ''Brajagana Kavya'' (1861)
* ''Veerangana Kavya'' (1861)
* ''[[Ratnavali]]'' (English translation)
* ''Nil Darpan'' (English translation)
* ''Choturdoshpodi Kobitaboli''
* ''Rizia,'' ''the Sultana of Inde''
* ''Rosalo Sornolatika''
* ''Bongobani''
* Sonnets and other poems (1866)
* Bongo bhumir prati

==See also==
{{portal bar|Biography|Bangladesh|Literature|Poetry|}}
* [[Indian poetry in English]]
* [[Indian English literature]]
* [[Indian literature]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |date=2003 |title=Lured by Hope: A Biography of Michael Madhusudan Dutta |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565362-5}} – Gopa Majumdar's translation of ''Ashar Chalane Bhuli''
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Pinarki |chapter=Extravagant Genius: Michael Madhusudan Dutta and his Oeuvre |date=2016 |editor-last=Mitra |editor-first=Zinia |title=Indian Poetry in English: Critical Essays |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |pages=17–32 |isbn=978-81-203-5261-2}}
* Modhusudoner Engreji Kabita by Sayeed Abubakar, Bhumika Prakashani, Bangla Bazar, Dhaka-1100, (2009)
* Modhusudoner Engreji Sonnet, Translation and Preface: Sayeed Abubakar, Kabitirtha, 50/3, Kabitirtha Saroni, Kolkata-23 {{ISBN|978-81-951031-8-8}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Michael Madhusudan Dutt}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [http://www.hindu-school.com/ Hindu School, Kolkata – Web Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707082843/http://www.hindu-school.com/ |date=7 July 2010 }}
* [http://granthsouthasia.in/sambhaba.html Tilottoma Sambhaba Kabya]
* {{Librivox author |id=14588}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Michael Madhusudan}}
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Bengali Christians]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1873 deaths]]
[[Category:Sonneteers]]
[[Category:People from Keshabpur Upazila]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian Christian writers]]

Kunal Kapur

2026-02-17T09:50:16Z

FionaLaflamme:

{{Short description|Indian celebrity chef and restaurateur (born 1979)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=February 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox chef
| name = Kunal Kapur
| image =
| website = [http://www.chefkunalkapur.com www.chefkunalkapur.com]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|9|18}}
| birth_place =
| education = [[St. Francis De Sales School (New Delhi)|St. Francis de Sales School]] 
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Hotel Management Catering & Nutrition
| style = [[Indian food]]
}}

'''Kunal Kapur''' (born 18 September 1979) is an Indian celebrity chef and [[restaurateur]] known for hosting and judging [[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|''MasterChef India'']].

== Early life ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2021}}
Kapur was born in [[New Delhi]] to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family. He studied at [[St. Francis De Sales School (New Delhi)|St. Francis de Sales School]] and pursued higher education in Hotel Management from Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Hotel Management Catering & Nutrition, [[Chandigarh]].

From a very early age, Kapur took a liking to cooking and pursued it to become one of the most well-known chefs in India. He trains underprivileged and unemployed youth in cooking and helps raise funds to make their own sustained food business together with United Ways Delhi. He is also passionate about automobiles, technology, travel, fashion and history.

==Career==
Having taken early lessons about cooking from his father and grandfather, he began his career around 2000 with the Taj Group of Hotels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/pop-up-restaurants-will-bring-about-a-culinary-revolution-in-india-chef-kunal-kapur/story-MMkmvCBhLZcgFbbTN7CfxJ.html|title=Pop-up restaurants will bring about a culinary revolution in India: Chef Kunal Kapur|website=hindustantimes.com|date=24 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> Currently, he is the Executive Sous Chef at the Leela Kempinski in Gurgaon.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In January 2008, he was rated as "The Best Indian Chef" in New Delhi by [[India Today]]{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}, and he was titled as "The Next Big Guy in Kebabs and Curries in India".{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} He was given an opportunity to present Satvik cuisine to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/chef-kunal-kapur-presents-make-in-india-menu-to-pm-narendra-modi/16589160|title=Chef Kunal Kapur presents 'Make in India' menu to PM Narendra Modi|date=6 October 2015 |access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref> He also cooked for 42 first ladies on the India Africa Summit besides an interactive cooking session with them during their recent visit to India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://food.ndtv.com/news/india-africa-forum-summit-2015-chef-kunal-kapur-uses-twitter-to-design-a-special-menu-1237738|title=India Africa Forum Summit 2015: Chef Kunal Kapur Uses Twitter to Design a Special Lunch Menu | publisher=NDTV Food|date=13 July 2017|first=Aashna|last=Ahuja|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

==Restaurants==
Kapur's restaurant, "Quarter Plate" located in Noida, offers a dining experience with a menu that blends traditional Indian flavors with modern culinary techniques. <ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrity Chef Kunal Kapur Offers a Preview of His Newest Restaurant, Quarter Plate |url=https://elle.in/elle-exclusive-celebrity-chef-kunal-kapur-offers-a-preview-of-his-newest-restaurant-quarter-plate/ |publisher=Elle}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=Chef Kunal Kapur's Quarter Plate is perfect for Gen Zers to gorge on multiple dishes at one go |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/food-and-drinks/chef-kunal-kapoors-quarter-plate-is-perfect-for-gen-zers-to-gorge-on-multiple-dishes-at-one-go-17973291.htm |publisher=cnbctv18}}</ref>

==Television==
* [[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|''MasterChef India'']]: He has hosted and judged the popular cooking competition reality television series in Season 1, Season 2, Season 3, Season 5 and Season 9.<ref>and Season 6{{Cite web |url=http://www.masterchef.startv.com/index.php/chefs/kunal-kapoor |title=MasterChef India 2 will be more food focused: Kunal Kapoor |access-date=13 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415031816/http://www.masterchef.startv.com/index.php/chefs/kunal-kapoor |archive-date=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''[[MasterChef America]]'': He was invited as a guest judge in [[MasterChef (US season 2)|Season 2]].
* ''Pickle Nation'': This 18-episode series on [[Living Foodz]] explores the age old pickles & pickling stories of India. Kapur travels across India to bring out the most unique pickles and related stories.
* ''Thalis Of India'': The tradition of serving food in big thals or platters has a reason & significance. Kunal demystifies the different thalis of India as he travels to unravel them.
* ''My Yellow Table'': Kapur has hosted the popular food series from Season 1 to Season 4 on [[NDTV Good Times]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://food.ndtv.com/opinions/masterchef-india-judge-chef-kunal-kapur-gets-candid-1266195 |title=MasterChef India Judge Chef Kunal Kapur Gets Candid - NDTV Food |date=28 December 2016 |author=Harnoor Channi-Tiwary |access-date= 27 February 2022}}</ref>
* ''Curries Of India'': This show explores the history and influences on Indian sub-continent which shaped its curries. Aired on [[Living Foodz]], this food and travel series has 22 episodes that brings out the culinary journey of the classic curries.
* ''Foodie Comes to America'': Shot entirely in New York and California, it discovered the journey of Indian food in USA. It aired on [[Times Now]] and captured Kapur's travel and culinary journey showcasing the best Indo- American cuisine.

== Awards and achievements ==
* Kapur's name was cited by the Limca Book of Records for creating India's largest Chocolate Tower.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130622122600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-25/tv/28235920_1_eclairs-chocolate-pyramid ''The Times of India'': Tower of choco eclairs by MasterChef India]</ref>
* He is the recipient of [[Indian Television Academy Awards|The Indian Television Academy Award]] for the Best Jury/Anchor for Junior MasterChef India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tellyexpress.com/2014/11/01/the-14th-indian-television-awards-2014-and-the-winners-are/|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2014: Winners}}</ref>
* He was awarded the Sir [[Edmund Hillary Fellowship]], by the Prime Minister of New Zealand, [[John Key]] in the field of Food & Beverage.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/food-court/article4501013.ece Food Court]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuzionproductions.com/master-chef-india-host-and-judge-kunal-kapur-awarded-sir-edmund-hillary-fellowship-by-new-zealand-government/|title=MasterChef India Host and Judge Kunal Kapur Awarded Sir Edmund Hillary Fellowship by New Zealand|work=Fuzion Productions |date=29 January 2013 |last1=Ravi |first1=Surya }}</ref>
* He won the Epicurean Guild Award for Best Food Entertainer in 2017 for ''Thalis of India''.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* The Most Enterprising Brands & Leaders of Asia Award by WBR India.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]] for Stunningly Stylish Culinarian of the Year in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|date=7 April 2023|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>

== Associations ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2021}}
* Kapur is the brand ambassador for United Ways Delhi, a non profit organization that focuses on improving lives by education, income and health. His role as an ambassador is to train under-privileged youth in food production and educate them with the right kitchen skills and techniques to help them in becoming small-scale entrepreneurs/food hawkers.
* Kapur is in the league of Elite Star Chefs in German Airlines [[Lufthansa]], where he has customized menus for first and business class passengers.
* He works closely with National Association of Streer Vendors in India to improve the lives and quality of food and sanitation of food hawkers in India.
* He also promotes healthy cooking and is closely associated with Avanza Avocados for the same.
* Kapur is associated with [[Tupperware]] and has recently launched two of their new products in Delhi.
* He is also a part of Passion Trails. Organized by [[The Times of India]], he takes food enthusiasts on culinary adventures around the country.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://chefkunalkapur.com/ Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, Kunal}}
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Sandeep Kurissery

2026-02-16T17:07:23Z

FionaLaflamme: added article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandeep Kurissery
| image = Sandeep Madhavam.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|3|29}}
| birth_place = [[Vanchiyoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Film]] [[sound design]] [[Production sound mixer]]
| yearsactive = 2003 - present
| spouse = Ramya
| children = 1
}}
'''Sandeep Kurissery''' (sometimes credited '''Sandeep Madhavam''') (born 29 March 1982) is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] [[sound designer]], [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|sound editor]] and [[Production sound mixer|location sound recordist]]. He, along with [[Jiji P Joseph]] won the first ever award for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|location sound recording]] for the film [[Oraalppokkam]] in the [[2014 Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>[http://keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/318-state-film-award-2014 State Film Award 2014] ''Kerala Chalachitra Academy''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151115100032/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/New-Gen-Wave-Sweeps-Kerala-Awards/2015/08/11/article2968025.ece New-Gen Wave Sweeps Kerala Awards] ''[[The New Indian Express]]''</ref> The duo won the award again in 2015 with [[An Off-Day Game|Ozhivudivasathe Kali]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160302032523/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Charlie-Sweeps-State-Film-Awards/2016/03/02/article3305472.ece Charlie sweeps Kerala State film awards] ''[[The New Indian Express]]''</ref> Sandeep has worked with some of the leading filmmakers in South India like [[Girish Kasaravalli]], [[Shaji N Karun]], [[Vipin Vijay]] and [[Shyamaprasad]].<ref>[http://news.keralakaumudi.com/news.php?nid=7de588903c7320001aba4bdea726bbac അവാർഡ് പിടിച്ചെടുത്ത ശബ്ദങ്ങൾ - പി.സനിൽകുമാർ] ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]''</ref>

==Early life==
He was born to Mohan Kurissery and Retnakala in Vanchiyoor in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. He is the grandson of author and scholar [[Kurissery Gopala Pillai]] (paternal) and Ayurvedic physician Dr. R.P Chittezham (maternal).{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

After completing his schooling in [[SMV High School, Thiruvananthapuram]], Sandeep graduated from Govt. Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Realising his passion for audio, he took a diploma in audio engineering from SAE Technology College, [[Chennai]] where [[G V Prakash Kumar]] was his classmate.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} He also has a diploma in Journalism and Communication from the [[University of Kerala]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Career==
Sandeep's career as an audio engineer started in [[Kairali TV]] in 2003. His recording work in shows like "Thaaraattu" and "Kottayam Nazeer Show" were particularly noteworthy. From 2006 to 2021, he worked with [[Mazhavil Manorama]] and [[Manorama News]].

Interested in music and sounds from an early age, he has been associated with documentaries and short films as musician, sound recordist and sound designer. He has also been involved in "Kaathoram", an initiative to bring out free [[audiobook]]s in [[Malayalam]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/bringing-sound-to-malayalam-literature/article5388445.ece Bringing ‘sound’ to Malayalam literature - Nidhi Surendranath] ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref> His work in the short film "Amguleechaalitham" led to director [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]] inviting him to join the crew of [[Oraalppokkam]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/sandeep-kurissery-and-jiji-joseph-who-won-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-live-sound/article7557201.ece Resounding success - Rasmi Binoy] ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref>

==Personal life==
Sandeep is married to Ramya, who is a journalist. They have a son, Madhav.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Roles
|-
|2003
|Athijeevanathinte Gaadha
|Documentary
|Background Music
|-
|2010
|Will you be there?<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6j07MhTDGcU Will you be there?] ''[[YouTube]]''</ref>
|Short film
|Screenplay, Background Music, Location sound, Sound design
|-
|2013
|Amguleechaalitham
|Short film
|Location sound, Sound mixing, Sound design (Also Associate Producer)
|-
|2014
|[[Oraalppokkam]]
|Feature film
|Location sound
|-
|2015
|[[Images/Reflections]]
|Documentary
|Location sound (with [[T. Krishnanunni]])
|-
|2015
|[[An Off-Day Game|Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]
|Feature film
|Location sound
|-
|2015
|[[Savam]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208045155/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Preview-of-Shavam-on-Saturday/2015/11/26/article3146582.ece Preview of Shavam on Saturday] ''[[The New Indian Express]]''</ref>
|Feature film
|Location sound, Sound mixing, Sound design
|-
|2016
|Eli Eli Lama Sabachthani?
|Feature film
|Location sound
|-
|2016
|The Thinking Body
|Documentary
|Location sound
|-
|2017
|Prathibhasam
|Feature film
|Location sound
|-
|2017
|[[Athisayangalude Venal]] (The Summer of Miracles)
|Feature film
|Location sound, sound designer and associate producer
|-
|2018
|Rosa Lima
|Short Film
|Location sound, sound designer
|-
|2019
|[[1956, Central Travancore|1956, Madhya Thiruvithaamkoor]]
|Feature film
|Location sound
|-
|2020
|[[Kaasiminte Kadal]]
|Feature film
|Location sound (With Sooraj Shankar)
|-
|2021
|Viral Sebi
|Feature film
|Sound design
|-
|2022
|Karayile Pathira Rahasyam
|Short film
|Sound design, Sound mixing
|-
|2022
|[[Keedam]]
|Feature film
|Sound design
|-
|2023
|[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]
|Feature film
|Sound design
|-
|2023
|Nila
|Feature film
|Sound design
|-
|2023
|Daayam
|Feature film
|Sound design, Location sound
|-
|2024
|[[Swakaryam Sambhava Bahulam]]
|Feature film
|Sound design
|-
|2024
|[[Manorathangal]]
|Web Series
|Sound design, Location sound (Segment: Kazhcha by [[Shyamaprasad]])
|-
|2025
|[[Ithiri Neram]]
|Feature film
|Sound design, Location sound
|-
|2026
|Slow
|Short film
|Sound Design, Re-recording Mixing
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6072260}}
*[http://www.m3db.com/artists/36826 Sandeep Kurissery] at the Malayalam Movie & Music DataBase
*[http://keralafilm.com/images/2014/statefilmawards2014_fiction.pdf 45th Kerala State Film Awards 2014 - Declaration]
*[http://keralafilm.com/images/2016/filmaward/statefilmaward_declaration_2015.pdf 46th Kerala State Film Awards 2015 - Declaration]
*[[Resul Pookutty]]'s [https://twitter.com/resulp/status/631746797073858560 congratulatory tweet]
*[http://southlive.in/movies-film-update/12778 ജനകീയ ചലച്ചിത്രവഴിയില്‍ ഒരുക്കിയ ഒരാള്‍പ്പൊക്കം തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072528/http://southlive.in/movies-film-update/12778 |date=4 March 2016 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurissery, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]

Kalki

2026-02-11T18:02:55Z

FionaLaflamme: content fix

{{Short description|Tenth and final avatar of Hindu deity Vishnu}}
{{Other uses|Kalki (disambiguation)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Kalki
| image = Kalki_avatar_idol_in_rani_ki_vav_patan.jpg
| caption = Statue of Kalki's incarnation on a wall of [[Rani ki vav|Rani Ki Vav]] (The Queen's Stepwell) at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]]
| mount = [[Horse]]
| father = Vishnuyashas<ref name="wisdomlib.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-agni-purana/d/doc1083104.html | title=Manifestation of Viṣṇu as Buddha and Kalki [Chapter 16] | date=November 2021 }}</ref>
| mother = Sumati<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZTXAAAAMAAJ&q=Vishnuyasha+Sumati | title=A Companion to Indian Mythology: Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina | year=1987 | publisher=Thinker's Library, Technical Publishing House }}</ref>
| spouse = Padmavati<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&dq=Padmavati+Kalki&pg=PA183 | isbn=9783447025225 | title=The Purāṇas | year=1986 | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag }}</ref> and Ramā<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&dq=Kalki+Ram%C4%81&pg=PA833 | title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary | year=1872 | publisher=Clarendon }}</ref>
| children = Jaya and Vijaya (From Padmavati) (Upapuranas)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYDRAAAAMAAJ&q=Jaya+Vijaya+sons+Kalki | title=Studies in the Upapurāṇas | year=1958 | publisher=Sanskrit College }}</ref> Meghamala and Balahaka (From Rama) (Kalki Purana)<ref>[http://om-aditya.ru/userfiles/ufiles/purany/sri_kalki_purana.pdf Center Vedic om Aditya]</ref>
| siblings =
| affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]]
| weapon = [[Nandaka]] or Ratnamaru (Sword) Bow and Arrows [[Brahmastra]] [[Varunastra]] [[Agneyastra]] Garudastra [[Vayavyastra]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/the-kalki-purana-english |title=The Kalki Purana— English |pages=255}}</ref>
| member_of = [[Dashavatara]]
| festivals = [[Kalki Jayanti]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalki Jayanti; rituals and significance |url=https://www.mpanchang.com/festivals/kalki-jayanti/ |website=mpchang |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| parents = Vishnuyashas (father),<ref name="wisdomlib.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-agni-purana/d/doc1083104.html | title=Manifestation of Viṣṇu as Buddha and Kalki [Chapter 16] | date=November 2021 }}</ref> Sumati (mother)<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZTXAAAAMAAJ&q=Vishnuyasha+Sumati | title=A Companion to Indian Mythology: Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina | year=1987 | publisher=Thinker's Library, Technical Publishing House }}</ref>
}}{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = [[Dashavatara]] Sequence
| predecessor = [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]]
}}

'''Kalki''' ({{langx|sa|कल्कि}}), also called '''Kalkin''',<ref name="Brockington1998p287">{{cite book |author=J. L. Brockington |title=The Sanskrit Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C |year=1998 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-10260-4|pages=287–288 with footnotes 126–127}}</ref> is the prophesied tenth and final [[incarnation]] of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. According to [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] cosmology, Kalki<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the actual age of Kaliyuga? The Yug Cycle explained |url=https://en.bhavishyamalika.com/articles/kaliyuga |website=en.bhavishyamalika.com}}</ref> is destined to appear at the end of the [[Kali Yuga]], the last of the four ages in the cycle of existence (''Krita''). His arrival will mark the end of the Kali Yuga and herald the beginning of the [[Satya Yuga]], the most virtuous age, before the ultimate dissolution of the universe ([[Pralaya|Mahapralaya]]).<ref name="Brockington1998p287" /><ref name="Dalal2010p188">{{harvnb|Dalal|2014|p=188}}</ref>

In the [[Puranas]], Kalki is depicted as the [[avatar]] who will rejuvenate existence by ending the darkest period of [[adharma]] (unrighteousness) and restoring [[dharma]] (righteousness). He is described as riding a white horse named Devadatta and wielding a fiery sword.<ref name="Dalal2010p188" /> The portrayal of Kalki varies across different Puranas, and his narrative is also found in other traditions, including the [[Kalachakra]]-Tantra of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]<ref name="Lopez2015p202" /><ref name="Perry2017p220" /><ref name="Dahla2006p90" /> and [[Sikhism|Sikh texts]].<ref name="Rinehart2011p29" />

==Etymology==
The name Kalki is derived from ''Kal'', which means "time" ([[Kali Yuga]]).<ref name="Klostermaier2006p75">{{cite book |first=Klaus K. |last=Klostermaier |year=2006 |title=Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India |page=75 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-88920-743-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFQ9DgAAQBAJ |via=Google Books}}</ref> The original term may have been Karki (''white'', from the horse) which morphed into Kalki. This proposal is supported by two versions of ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts (e.g. the G3.6 manuscript) that have been found, where the Sanskrit verses name the incarnation to be Karki.<ref name="Brockington1998p287" />{{Vaishnavism}}

==Description==
===Hindu texts===
Kalki is an ''avatara'' of Vishnu. [[Avatar]] means "descent", and refers to a descent of the divine into the material realm of human existence. Kalki appears for the first time in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104" />

The [[Garuda Purana]] lists [[Dashavatara|ten incarnations]], with Kalki being the final one.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/73 73]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> He is described as the incarnation who appears at the end of the Kali Yuga. He ends the darkest, degenerating, and chaotic stage of the Kali Yuga to remove ''[[adharma]]'' and ushers in the [[Satya Yuga]], while riding a white horse with a fiery sword.<ref name="Dalal2010p188" /><ref name="Doniger1999p629">{{cite book| author1=Wendy Doniger|author2=Merriam-Webster, Inc|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA629 |year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=629}}</ref> He restarts a new cycle of time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ludo Rocher|editor=Ralph M. Rosen|title=Time and Temporality in the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It9KMklf4R4C&pg=PA91|date=22 March 2004|publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology|isbn=978-1-931707-67-1|pages=91–93}}</ref> He is described as a Brahmin warrior in the Puranas.<ref name="Dalal2010p188" /><ref name="Doniger1999p629" /> It is mentioned in the Puranas that the immortal [[Chiranjivi]]s will assist him in various stages of his life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=7 Chiranjeevis: The Immortals Who Will Assist Kalki In Ending Kali Yuga |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/7-chiranjeevis-the-immortals-of-hinduism-who-will-assist-kalki-in-ending-kali-yuga-article-111290266 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Kalki Avatar by Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|Kalki by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
A minor text named [[Kalki Purana]] is a relatively recent text, likely composed in [[Bengal]]. Its dating [[floruit]] is the 18th-century.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=183 with footnotes}} Wendy Doniger dates the Kalki Mythology containing ''Kalki Purana'' to between 1500 and 1700 CE.<ref>{{cite book |first=Wendy |last=Doniger |year=1988 |title=Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism |page=5 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-1867-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtZRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5}}</ref>

In the ''[[Kalki Purana]]'', Kalki is born into the family of Vishnuyashas and Sumati, in a village called [[Shambala]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirk |first=James A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUwqAAAAYAAJ |title=Stories of the Hindus: An Introduction Through Texts and Interpretation |date=1972 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-563230-1 |pages=239 |language=en}}</ref> on the thirteenth day during the fortnight of the waxing moon. At a young age, he is taught the holy scriptures on topics such as ''[[dharma]], [[karma]], [[artha]], [[jñāna]],'' and undertakes military training under the care of the [[Parasurama|Parashurama]] (the sixth incarnation of Vishnu).<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/the-kalki-purana-english |title=The Kalki Purana— English |pages=28}}</ref> Soon, Kalki worships [[Shiva]], who gets pleased by the devotion and provides him in return a divine white horse named Devadatta (a manifestation of [[Garuda]]), a powerful sword, whereby its handle is bedecked with jewels, and a parrot named Shuka, who is an all-knower; the past, the present and the future.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/the-kalki-purana-english |title=The Kalki Purana— English |pages=33–34}}</ref> Other accessories are also given by other [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[devi]]s, [[Hindu saints|saints]], and righteous kings. He fights an evil army and in many wars, ending evil, but does not end existence. Kalki returns to Shambala, inaugurates a new ''[[Yuga]]'' for the good, and then goes to [[Vaikuntha]].{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=183 with footnotes}} In the ''Kalki Purana'', there is a mention of a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] city whose residents don't adhere to ''dharma'' (not worshipping the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[Pitrs|ancestors]], and not upholding the varna system), which Kalki fights and conquers.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/the-kalki-purana-english |title=The Kalki Purana— English |pages=146,172}}</ref>

The ''[[Agni Purana]]'' describes Kalki's role:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmeshwaranand |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&pg=PA138 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-226-3 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Kalki, as the son of Viṣṇuyaśas, (and having) Yājñavalkya as the priest would destroy the non-Aryans, holding the [[astra (weapon)]] and having a weapon. He would establish moral law in four-fold varṇas in the suitable manner. The people (would be) in the path of righteousness in all the stages of life.|title=''[[Agni Purana]]''|source=Chapter 16, Verses 8 - 9}}
The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' features the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] hailing Vishnu, invoking his Kalki avatara:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Baman Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12kSkNpBx-sC&pg=PA1029 |title=The Srimad Devi Bhagwatam (vols.2 Set) |date=2007 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0559-0 |pages=1029 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=When almost all the persons in this world will turn out in future as Mleccas and when the wicked Kings will oppress them, right and left, Thou wilt then incarnate Thyself again as Kalki and redress all the grievances! We bow down to Thy Kalki Form! O Deva!|title=''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]''|source=Chapter 5}}
===Buddhist texts===
[[File:The 25 kings of Shambhala.jpg|alt=The 25 Kalki, who are Kings of Shambala, are surrounding a Yidam (meditation deity), located in the middle. The first top two middle rows has seated representations of Tsongkhapa, dressed in orange/yellow. This originates from the scriptures that are part of the Indo-Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist tradition.|thumb|The central figure is a [[Yidam]], a meditation deity. The 25 seated figures represent the [[Kings of Shambhala|25 Kings Of Shambhala]]. The middle figure in the top row represents [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]], who is in the top two middle rows. This comes from the scriptures that is part of the [[Tibet|Indo-Tibetan]] [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhist Tradition]].]]
In the Buddhist Text ''[[Kalachakra|Kalachakra Tantra]]'', the [[Kings of Shambhala|righteous kings]] are called Kalki (Kalkin, lit. chieftain) living in [[Shambhala|Sammu]]. There are many Kalki in this text, each fighting barbarism, persecution and chaos. The last Kalki is called "Rudra Cakrin" and is predicted to end the chaos and degeneration by assembling a large army to eradicate a barbarian army.<ref name="Lopez2015p202" /><ref name="Perry2017p220" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Urban Hammar. - Studies in The Kalacakra Tantra - A History of The Kalacakra in Tibet and A Study of The Concept of Adibuddha, The Fourth Body of The Buddha and The Supreme Un-Changing PDF {{!}} PDF {{!}} Tibetan Buddhism {{!}} Vajrayana|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/456921039/Urban-Hammar-Studies-in-the-Kalacakra-Tantra-A-History-of-the-Kalacakra-in-Tibet-and-a-Study-of-the-Concept-of-Adibuddha-the-Fourth-Body-of-the|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Scribd|language=en}}</ref> A great war, which will include an army of both Hindus and Buddhists, will destroy the barbaric forces, states the text.<ref name="Lopez2015p202" /><ref name="Perry2017p220" /><ref name="Dahla2006p90">[a] {{cite book|author=Björn Dahla|title=Exercising Power: The Role of Religions in Concord and Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_rWAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History|isbn=978-952-12-1811-8|pages=90–91}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) the Shambala-bodhisattva-king [Cakravartin Kalkin] and his army will defeat and destroy the enemy army, the barbarian Muslim army and their religion, in a kind of Buddhist Armadgeddon. Thereafter Buddhism will prevail."; [b] {{cite book|author=David Burton|title=Buddhism: A Contemporary Philosophical Investigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phddDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT193 |year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-83859-7|page=193}} [c] {{cite book|author=Johan Elverskog |editor=Anna Akasoy|display-editors=etal|title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA293 |year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2|pages=293–310}}</ref> This is most likely borrowed from Hinduism to Buddhism due to the arrival of Islamic kingdoms from the west to the east, mainly settled in [[Tibet|West Tibet]], [[Central Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Newman|first=John|date=2015|title=Buddhism in Practice|series=Princeton readings in religions |url=https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/554047/TOC|page=203|publisher=Princeton Univ. Press |edition=Abridged}}</ref> According to Donald Lopez – a [[professor]] of [[Buddhist studies|Buddhist Studies]], Kalki is predicted to start the new cycle of perfect era where "Buddhism will flourish, people will live long, happy lives and righteousness will reign supreme".<ref name="Lopez2015p202" /> The text is significant in establishing the chronology of the Kalki idea to be from post-7th century, probably the 9th or 10th century.<ref name="JIN2017p49">{{cite book|author=Yijiu JIN|title=Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-PzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|year=2017|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-2800-8|pages=49–52}}</ref> Lopez states that the Buddhist text likely borrowed it from Hindu vedic texts.<ref name="Lopez2015p202">{{cite book|author=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Buddhism in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaC4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8007-2|pages=202–204}}</ref><ref name="Perry2017p220">{{cite book|author=Perry Schmidt-Leukel|title=Religious Pluralism and Interreligious Theology: The Gifford Lectures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir3zDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT221 |year=2017|publisher=Orbis|isbn=978-1-60833-695-1|pages=220–222}}</ref> Other scholars, such as Yijiu Jin, state that the text originated in Central Asia in the 10th-century, and Tibetan literature picked up a version of it in India around 1027 CE.<ref name="JIN2017p49" />

===Sikh texts===
The Kalki incarnation appears in the historic [[Sikh]] Texts, most notably in [[Dasam Granth]], a text that is traditionally attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name="Rinehart2011p29">{{cite book |first=Robin |last=Rinehart |year=2011 |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |pages=29–30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975506-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58AVDAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=W.H. |last=McLeod |year=2003 |title=Sikhs of the Khalsa: A history of the Khalsa Rahit |pages=149–150 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565916-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIrXAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> The ''[[Chaubis Avtar|Chaubis Avatar]]'' (24 incarnations) section mentions Sage Matsyanra describing the appearance of Vishnu incarnations to fight evil, greed, violence and ignorance. It includes Kalki as the twenty-fourth incarnation to lead the war between the forces of righteousness and unrighteousness.<ref>{{cite book|author=Purnima Dhavan|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-975655-1|pages=1 55–157, 186 note 32}}</ref>

== Development ==

While there is no mention of Kalki in the [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature,<ref name=academy81>{{cite book|title=Tattvadīpaḥ: Journal of Academy of Sanskrit Research, Volume 5|page=81|publisher=The Academy|year=2001|quote=Kalki, as an incarnation of Visnu, is not found in the Vedic literature. But some of the features of that concept, viz., the fearful elements, the epithet Kalmallkinam (brilliant, remover of darkness) of Rudra, prompt us to admit him as the forerunner of Kalki.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rabiprasad Mishra|title=Theory of Incarnation: Its Origin and Development in the Light of Vedic and Purāṇic References|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XvXAAAAMAAJ |year=2000|publisher=Pratibha |isbn=978-81-7702-021-2|page=146}}, Quote: "Kalki as an incarnation of Visnu is not mentioned in the Vedic literature."</ref> the epithet "Kalmallkinam", meaning "Brilliant Remover Of Darkness", is found in the Vedic Literature for [[Rudra]] (later Shiva), has been interpreted to be "Forerunner Of Kalki".<ref name=academy81/>

Kalki appears for the first time in the great war epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata - Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lLfHSOWKB-sC&pg=PA531|year=2011|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-18566-1|pages=89–110, 530–531}}</ref> The mention of Kalki in the ''Mahabharata'' occurs only once, over the verses 3.188.85–3.189.6.<ref name="Brockington1998p287"/> The Kalki incarnation is found in the Maha Puranas such as ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Horace |authorlink=Horace Hayman Wilson |title=Vishnu Purana |year=2001 |publisher=Ganesha Publishing |isbn=1-86210-016-0 |page=72}}</ref> ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya|first=Janmajit|last=Roy|page=39 |publisher = Atlantic Publishers}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series|first=Alain|last=Daniélou|page=181|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co}}</ref> However, the details relating the Kalki mythologies are divergent between the epic and the Puranas, as well as within the Puranas.<ref name="Mitchiner2000p68">{{cite book|author=John E. Mitchiner|title=Traditions Of The Seven Rsis|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=phGzVwTTp_gC|year= 2000|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-1324-3|pages= 68–69 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104"/>

In the ''Mahabharata'', according to Hiltebeitel, Kalki is an extension of the [[Parasurama|Parashurama]] incarnation legend, where a Brahmin warrior destroys Kshatriyas who were abusing their power to spread chaos, evil, and the persecution of the powerless. The epic character of Kalki restores dharma, restores justice in the world, but does not end the cycle of existence.<ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104"/><ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p288">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539423-8|pages=288–292}}</ref> The Kalkin section in the ''Mahabharata'' is present in the Markandeya section. There, states Luis Reimann, can "hardly be any doubt that the Markandeya section is a late addition to the epic. Making [[Yudhishthira]] ask a question about conditions at the end of Kali and the beginning of Krta — something far removed from his own situation — is merely a device for justifying the inclusion of this subject matter in the epic."<ref>{{cite book|author=Luis González Reimann|title=The Mahābhārata and the Yugas: India's Great Epic Poem and the Hindu System of World Ages|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nXrXAAAAMAAJ|year =2002|publisher= Peter Lang|isbn= 978-0-8204-5530-3|pages= 89–99, quote is on page 97}}</ref>

According to Cornelia Dimmitt, the "clear and tidy" systematization of Kalki and the remaining nine incarnations of Vishnu is not found in any of the Maha Puranas.<ref name="Dimmitt2012p63"/> The coverage of Kalki in these Hindu texts is scant, in contrast to the legends of [[Matsya]], [[Kurma]], [[Varaha]], [[Vamana]], [[Narasimha]], and [[Krishna]], all of whom are repeatedly and extensively described. According to Dimmitt, this was likely because just like the concept of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] as a [[Buddha in Hinduism|Vishnu Incarnation]], the concept of Kalki was "somewhat in flux" when the major Puranas were being compiled.<ref name="Dimmitt2012p63">{{harvnb|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|pp=63–64}}</ref>

This Kalki concept may have further developed in the Hindu texts both as a reaction to the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by various armies over the centuries from its northwest, and in reaction to the mythologies these invaders brought with them.<ref name="Brockington1998p287"/><ref name="Doniger2004p235">{{cite book |first=Wendy |last=Doniger |year=2004 |title=Hindu Myths: A sourcebook translated from the Sanskrit |pages=235–237 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044990-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ4IMQAACAAJ}}</ref> Similarly, the Buddhist Literature dated to the late 1st millennium, a future Buddha [[Maitreya]] is depicted as Kalki.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Robert |last2=Isaacson |first2=Estelle |language=en |title=Gautama Buddha's Successor |date=2013 |publisher=SteinerBooks |isbn=978-1-58420-162-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGhAAwAAQBAJ&q=Maitreya+Kalki&pg=PT32 |access-date=17 May 2020}}; {{cite book |last=Roerich |first=Elena Ivanovna |year=1987 |title=Letters, 1929-1938 |publisher=Agni Yoga Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6zwAAAAIAAJ&q=Maitreya+Kalki |access-date=17 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Plott |first1=John C. |last2=Dolin |first2=James Michael |last3=Hatton |first3=Russell E. |year=1977 |title=Global History of Philosophy: The period of scholasticism |language=en |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=978-0-89581-678-8 |page=358 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErMRGiNcxJIC&q=Maitreya+Kalki&pg=PA358 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Troy |year=1990 |title=New Age Messiah identified: Who is Lord Maitreya? Tara Center's "mystery man" alive and living in London |language=en |publisher=Huntington House Publishers |isbn=978-0-910311-17-5 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJo4wL49kugC&q=Maitreya+Kalki |access-date=17 May 2020}}; {{cite book |last=Stutley |first=Margaret |year=1985 |title=Hinduism: The Eternal Law: An introduction to the literature, cosmology, and cults of the Hindu religion |language=en |publisher=Aquarian Press |isbn=978-0-85030-348-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPsXAAAAIAAJ&q=Maitreya+Kalki |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> According to John Mitchiner, the Kalki concept owes "in some measure" to Jewish, Christian, Zoroastrian and other concepts.<ref name="Mitchiner2000p75">{{cite book|author=John E. Mitchiner|title=Traditions Of The Seven Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phGzVwTTp_gC |year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1324-3|pages=75–76}}</ref> Mitchiner states that some Puranas such as the Yuga Purana do not mention Kalki and offer a different cosmology than the other Puranas. The Yuga Purana mythologizes in greater details the post-Maurya era Indo-Greek and Saka era, while the Manvantara theme containing the Kalki idea is mythologized greater in other Puranas.<ref name="Mitchiner2000p69">{{cite book|author=John E. Mitchiner|title=Traditions Of The Seven Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phGzVwTTp_gC |year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1324-3|pages=69–76}}</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104" /> Luis Gonzales-Reimann concurs with Mitchiner, stating that the Yuga Purana does not mention Kalki.<ref name="Reimann2002p95">{{cite book|author=Luis González-Reimann|title=The Mahābhārata and the Yugas: India's Great Epic Poem and the Hindu System of World Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXrXAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-5530-3|pages=95–99 }}</ref> In other texts such as the sections 2.36 and 2.37 of the Vayu Purana, states Reimann, it is not Kalkin who ends the Kali Yuga, but a different character named Pramiti.<ref name="Reimann2002p112">{{cite book|author=Luis González Reimann|title=The Mahābhārata and the Yugas: India's Great Epic Poem and the Hindu System of World Ages|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nXrXAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-5530-3|pages=112–113 note 39}}; Note: Reimann mentions some attempts to "identify both Pramiti and Kalkin with historical rulers".</ref> Most historians, states Arvind Sharma, link the development of Kalki mythology in Hinduism to the suffering caused by foreign invasions.<ref name="Sharma2012p244">{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Religious Studies and Comparative Methodology: The Case for Reciprocal Illumination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfZ9y5-FGPgC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8325-1|pages=244–245}}</ref> Unlike other messianic concepts, Kalki's purpose is to destroy the invaders and heretics in order to reverse the current age [[Kali Yuga]], the age of evil.<ref>"Hindu Myths", p. 236, Penguin Books, 1994</ref>

===Predictions about birth and arrival===
[[File:Kalki1790s.jpg|thumb|Kalki and Devadatta]]
In the Cyclic Concept Of Time (''Puranic Kalpa''), ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' is estimated to last 432,000 years. In some Vaishnava texts, Kalki is foretold to appear on a white horse on the day of ''pralaya'' to end ''Kali Yuga'', to end the evil and wickedness, and to recreate the world anew along with A New Cycle Of Time ([[Yuga Cycle|Yuga]]).<ref name=coulter2013>{{cite book |first1=Charles Russell |last1=Coulter |first2=Patricia |last2=Turner |year=2013 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135963972 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC}}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Volume 2|author1=James R. Lewis|author2=Inga B. Tollefsen|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=488}}</ref>

Kalki's description varies with manuscripts. Some state Kalki will be born to Awejsirdenee and Bishenjun,<ref name=coulter2013/> others in the family of Sumati and Vishnuyasha.<ref name="emperor"/>{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=183}} In Buddhist manuscripts, Vishnuyasha is stated to be a prominent headman of the village called [[Shambhala]]. He will become the king, a "Turner Of The Wheel", and one who triumphs. He will eliminate all barbarians and robbers, end ''adharma'', restart ''dharma'', and save the good people.<ref name="incarnation">{{cite book |first=J.A.B. |last=van Buitenen |year=1987 |title=The Mahabharata |at=Volume 2, Book 2, pages 597–598 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226223681 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfhJCgAAQBAJ}}</ref> After that, humanity will be transformed and the golden age will begin state the Hindu manuscripts.<ref name="incarnation"/>

In the Kanchipuram temple, two relief Puranic panels depict Kalki, one relating to lunar (moon-based) dynasty as mother of Kalki and another to solar (sun-based) dynasty as father of Kalki.<ref name="emperor"/> In these panels, states D.D. Hudson, the story depicted is in terms of Kalki fighting and defeating asura [[Kali (demon)|Kali]]. He rides a white horse called Devadatta, ends evil, purifies everyone's minds and consciousness, and heralds the start of [[Satya Yuga]].<ref name="emperor">{{cite book |first=D. Dennis |last=Hudson |year=2008 |title=The Body of God: An emperor's palace for Krishna in eighth century Kanchipuram |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bodygodemperorsp00huds_609/page/n359 333]–340 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/bodygodemperorsp00huds_609 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[File:Dasavatar, 19th century.jpg|thumb|center|650px|19th-century [[Dashavatara]] painting (from left): Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki.]]

==People who claimed to be Kalki==

* [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement, claimed to be the Kalki Avatar, as well as the [[Mahdi]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQMurMhRtfIC&pg=PA520 |title=Oxford Handbook of Global Religions |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-513798-9 |location=Oxford |page=520 |id=ISBN (Ten digit): 0195137981}}</ref>
* In the [[Baháʼí Faith]], [[Baháʼu'lláh]] is identified as Kalki as well as the prophesied redeeming messenger of God at the end of the world, as claimed in the [[Bábí]] religion, Judaism ([[Mashiach]]), Christianity ([[Christ (title)|Messiah]]), Islam ([[Masih (title)|Masih]] and [[Mahdi]]), Buddhism ([[Maitreya]]), Zoroastrianism (Shah Bahram), and other religions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Effendi |first1=Shoghi |title=God Passes By |publisher=Baha'i Publishing Trust |page=94}}</ref><ref name="Bassuk1987p146">{{cite book |last=Bassuk |first=Daniel E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |title=Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1987 |isbn=978-1-349-08642-9 |pages=146–147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=John M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTiZY_5wlJ4C&pg=PA62 |title=Tough Guys and True Believers: Managing authoritarian men in the psychotherapy room |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-81774-8 |pages=62–63}}</ref>
* [[Kalki Bhagawan]], born Vijaykumar Naidu, born on 7 March 1949, founder of Oneness University.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KisRDAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements |last2=Tollefsen |first2=Inga B. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780190611521 |volume=2 |page=409}}</ref>
* [[Samael Aun Weor]], founder of the Universal Christian Gnostic Movement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Samael Aun Weor? |url=http://www.samael.org/idiomas/ingles/paginas/1_quien_samael/quien_samael.htm |access-date=25 December 2017 |website=Samael.org |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703123634/http://samael.org/idiomas/ingles/paginas/1_quien_samael/quien_samael.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi]] of [[Kalki Avatar Foundation]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |title=Pseudo-messianic movements in contemporary Muslim South Asia |publisher=Global Media Publications |year=2008 |page=100}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|
* [[Dashavatara]]
* [[Eschatology]]
* [[Kali (demon)|Kali]]
* [[Kalki (novel)|''Kalki'' (novel)]]
* [[Koka and Vikoka]]
* [[Lord of Light]]
* [[Mahabharata]]
* [[Mahdi]]
* [[Maitreya]]
* [[Paraclete]]
* [[Ramayana]]
* [[Second Coming]]
* [[Suchandra]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|first = Rosen |last= Dalal
|year= 2014
|title= Hinduism: An aAlphabetical guide
| publisher= Penguin
|isbn= 978-8184752779
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Dimmitt | first1 = Cornelia
| first2 = J. A. B. |last2 = van Buitenen
| orig-year=1977 | year = 2012
| title = Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas
| publisher = Temple University Press
| isbn =978-1-4399-0464-0
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC
}}
*{{Cite book
| first=Ludo |last=Rocher | author-link= Ludo Rocher
| year= 1986
| title= The Puranas
| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
| isbn= 978-3447025225
}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*{{Commons and category inline|Kalki|Kalki}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|नराशंस|Narasangsa}}

{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Doomsday}}

[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu eschatology]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Messianism]]
[[Category:Akilattirattu Ammanai]]
[[Category:Ayyavazhi mythology]]
[[Category:Prophecy in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Prophecy in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Horse deities]]
[[Category:Horses in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Heroes in Hindu mythology]]

No. 122 Helicopter Flight, IAF

2026-01-27T05:51:04Z

FionaLaflamme: minor changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= No. 122 Helicopter Flight
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 26 September 1981 - present
|country={{flagicon|India}} Republic of India
|allegiance=
|branch={{air force|India}}
|type=
|role=
|size=
|command_structure=
|garrison=[[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|Car Nicobar AFS]]
|garrison_label=
|nickname="Dolphins"
|patron=
|motto=''Apatsu Mitram'' A friend in time of need
|colors=
|colors_label=
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|identification_symbol=
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|aircraft_attack=[[Mil Mi-8]]
|aircraft_bomber=
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'''No. 122 Helicopter Flight (Dolphins)''' is a HELICOPTER squadron and is equipped with [[Mil Mi-17 V5]] and based at [[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|Car Nicobar AFS]].<ref name=BRakshak>{{cite web|title=Squadrons and Helicopter Units|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=9 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209134909/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/292-Squadrons.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==

===Assignments===

===Aircraft===
*[[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8/8T]] TILL 2012
*[[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17V5]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|122]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1981]]

N. Sreekantan Nair

2026-01-19T19:38:24Z

FionaLaflamme: update information per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician, independence activist, trade unionist, writer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2011}}
{{one source|date=June 2011}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2011}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Comrade]]''
| name = N. Sreekantan Nair
| image =
| caption = N. Sreekantan Nair MP
| birth_date = {{birth-date|15 July 1915}}
| birth_place = [[Ambalapuzha]], [[Travancore]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{d-da|20 July 1983|15 July 1915}}
| death_place = [[Quilon]], [[Kerala]], India
| constituency_MP = Quilon Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)
| parliament =
| majority =
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor =
| successor =
| prior_term =
| constituency_MP2 = [[Quilon (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| term_start2 = 1962
| term_end2 = 1980
| predecessor2 = [[V. Parameswaran Nayar]]
| successor2 = B.K. Nair
| party = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| education = [[SB College| St Berchmans College Changanasserry]], [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|Maharajas College]]
| spouse = K. MaheshwariAmma
| children = 1
| website = {{url|www.nsreekantannair.com}}
}}

'''N. Sreekantan Nair''' (15 July 1915 – 20 July 1983) was an Indian politician, independence activist, trade unionist and writer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nair Writer|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/historic-heritage-gallery/n-sreekantan-nair/858|access-date=14 March 2021|website=keralaculture.org}}</ref> who served as a Member of Parliament for [[Kollam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1951|title=Sreekantan Nair MP|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/882.htm|access-date=14 March 2021|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born on 15 July 1915 as the only son of N. Neelakanta Pillai M.A. (Eng), (Mal), ([[Sanskrit]]). Pillai was a Principal of [[Government Sanskrit College, Trivandrum]] and authored several books in the three languages and JanakiAmma. He married activist Maheshwari Amma, daughter of freedom fighter K. K. Kunju Pillai. They have a daughter, Naja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nair Public Profile|url=https://www.geni.com/people/N-Sreekantan-Nair/6000000007278606634|access-date=14 March 2021|website=geni.com|date=11 December 2014 }}</ref>

==Education==
Nair passed his S.S.L.C. from M.G.M High School, [[Thiruvalla]] in 1932. He joined the [[St. Berchmans College]], [[Changanassery]] where he completed his [[:wikt:intermediate|Intermediate]] in 1934. He passed his M.A. degree in English with first class from Maharajas College (now [[University College, Trivandrum]]) in 1937.

==Political life==
He was a member of the State Congress in the erstwhile state of [[Travancore]], and a founder of the [[Kerala Socialist Party]] which later merged into the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] for the first time in the [[General Elections]] of 1952 from [[Quilon]] cum [[Mavelikara]] constituency, but lost the 1957 elections to V. P. Nair. He won the next four elections (1962, 1967, 1971, 1977) representing [[Kollam]] Parliament Constituency. He devoted his political life to the trade union sector in [[Kerala]].

==Writer==
He translated the book 'Kayar'(Coir) of [[Jnanpith]] winner [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] to English. He was a board member of the Sahithya Pravarthaka Saharkarna Sanghom and member of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]].

===Major works===
* Ithuthanne Marxism
* Aikya Keralam
* Vanchikkapetta Venad
* Ente Amma
* My Mother (Translation of Ente Amma to English)
* Maotse Tung Vansi
* Kazhinjakala Chithrangal (3 volumes)
* Sahithya Salakangal

===Translations===
* Coir (English) (Translation of Kayar by [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]])
* Chalo Delhi (Malayalam)(Translation of Road to Delhi by M.Sivaram)

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Vekthiyum Prasthanavum Biography on him written by Navaikulam Sukumaran Nair
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSiMC3GJ3KgC&q=N.Sreekantan+Nair&pg=PA149 |title=Dynamics of Agrarian Struggle – Viśvambharanāyar Muraḷīdharannāyar – Google Books |accessdate=31 May 2012|isbn=9788174884435 |year=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications }}

{{Authority control}}

{{MLAs from Kerala assembly constituencies in Kollam city}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, N. Sreekantan}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram

2026-01-18T22:36:57Z

FionaLaflamme: started the biography with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Mamallapuram view.jpg
|photo2b = L'Ascèse d'Arjuna (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13957935741).jpg
|photo3a = CinqRathaGeneral_(7).jpg
|spacing = 1
|size = 250
|position = center
|border = 0
|color = #000000
|foot_montage = '''Top to bottom''': [[Shore Temple]]; [[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Arjuna's Penance]]; and [[Pancha Rathas]]
}}
4 scenes at Mahabalipuram monuments 2.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption =
| location = [[Mahabalipuram]], [[Chengalpattu district]], Tamil Nadu, India
| includes = {{flatlist|
# Main complex of Mahabalipuram
#* [[Pancha Rathas]]
#* [[Ganesha Ratha]]
#* [[Cave Temples of Mahabalipuram|Cave Temples]]
#* [[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Descent of the Ganges]]
#* [[Shore Temple]]
#* [[Olakkannesvara Temple]]
# [[#Mukundanayanar temple|Mukunda Nayanar Temple]]
# [[#Other rathas|Pidari Ratha / Valian Kuttai Ratha]]
}}
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)}}(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)
| ID = 249
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| year = 1984
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption =
}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Mahabalipuram Stone Sculpture
| embed = yes
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| description = Sculptures in [[Mahabalipuram]]
| type = Handicrafts
| area = [[Mahabalipuram]], Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| registered = 2017–18
| material =
| official website =
}}
The '''Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram''' is a collection of 7th- and 8th-century CE religious monuments in the coastal resort town of [[Mahabalipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India and is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name=britmamalla/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p399">{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n405 399] }}</ref><ref name=Unesco /> It is on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], about {{convert|60|km}} south of [[Chennai]].<ref name=britmamalla>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mamallapuram Mamallapuram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204090755/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mamallapuram |date=4 December 2022 }}, Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>

The site has 40 ancient monuments and [[Hindu temple]]s,<ref name="Geographic2008p154">{{cite book |author=National Geographic |title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA154 |year=2008 |publisher=National Geographic Society |isbn=978-1-4262-0336-7 |page=154 }}</ref> including one of the largest open-air [[rock relief]]s in the world: the [[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|''Descent of the Ganges'']] or ''Arjuna's Penance''.<ref name=britmamalla/><ref name="Michell1977p133">{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA133 |year=1977 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1 |pages=131–134 }}</ref> The group contains several categories of monuments: ''ratha'' temples with monolithic processional chariots, built between 630 and 668; [[Cave Temples of Mahabalipuram|''mandapa viharas'' (cave temples)]] with narratives from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and [[Shaivism|Shaivite]], [[Shaktism|Shakti or Shaaktha]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] inscriptions in a number of Indian languages and scripts; rock reliefs (particularly [[Relief#Bas-relief or low relief|bas-reliefs]]); stone-cut temples built between 695 and 722, and archaeological excavations dated to the 6th century and earlier.<ref name=Unesco /><ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_detail.asp Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, Dist. Kanchipuram] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204944/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_detail.asp |date=29 May 2018 }}, Archaeological Survey of India (2014)</ref>

The monuments were built during the rule of the [[Pallava dynasty]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p399"/><ref name=Unesco>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ |title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram |access-date=23 October 2012 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention |publisher=United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization |archive-date=4 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104085753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Advisory>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/249.pdf |title=Advisory body evaluation |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=UNESCO.org |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/249.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Known as the Seven Pagodas in many colonial-era publications, they are also called the ''Mamallapuram temples'' or ''Mahabalipuram temples'' in contemporary literature. The site, restored after 1960, has been managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp World Heritage Sites - Mahabalipuram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517230724/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp |date=17 May 2018 }}, Archaeological Survey of India (2014)</ref>

== Location and nomenclature ==
The Mahabalipuram temples are in the southeastern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, about {{convert|60|km}} southwest of [[Chennai]] on the Coromandel Coast. The monuments are reachable by the four-lane, divided [[East Coast Road]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]] (State Highways 49 and 49A). The nearest airport is in [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]] ([[IATA airport code]] MAA). The city is connected to the rest of India through a rail network.<ref name=ghose582>{{cite book |author=Aruna Ghose |title=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-7566-8444-0 |page=582 }}</ref>

Mahabalipuram is known by several names, including Mamallapuram; Mamalla means "Great Wrestler", and refers to the 7th-century king [[Narasimhavarman I|Narasimha Varman I]].<ref name=ghose582/><ref name=ASI>{{Cite web |url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html |title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |archive-date=12 June 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020612023345/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other names found in historic texts include Mamallapattana, Mavalipuram, Mavalivaram, Mavellipore, Mauvellipooram and Mahabalipur, all of which refer to a "great wrestler city" or "city of [[Mahabali]]". The latter is related to the mythical Mahabali, the demon king defeated by the dwarf [[Vamana]] (a Vishnu avatar).<ref>KH Vora and S Sundaresh (2003), Mahabalipuram: A Saga of Glory to Tribulations, Migration & Diffusion, Vol. 4, Issue 16, pages 67-68</ref> According to Nagaswamy, the name is derived from the Tamil word ''mallal'' (prosperity) and reflects its being an ancient economic center for [[South India]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=nagaswamy1>{{cite book |author=R. Nagaswamy |title=Mahabalipuram: Monumental Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHY5YgEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807127-3 |pages=1–3 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Ancient and medieval texts mention many ports on Indian peninsular coast. The relative role and economic significance of each port is unclear.<ref>Sila Tripathi (2011), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24076528 Ancient maritime trade of the eastern Indian littoral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806181824/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24076528 |date=6 August 2018 }}, Current Science, Vol. 100, No. 7, pages 1076-1086</ref>}} This theory is partially supported by an 8th-century Tamil text by the early [[Bhakti movement]] poet [[Thirumangai Alvar]], where Mamallapuram is called "Kadal Mallai".<ref name=nagaswamy1/><ref name=sundaresh1167/>

The town was known as "[[Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram|Seven Pagodas]]" by European sailors who landed on the coast after they saw the towers of seven Hindu temples.<ref name=britmamalla/><ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book |first=P. V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157 |access-date=7 February 2013 |year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |pages=157– }}</ref> Seventh-century inscriptions refer to it as "Mamallapuram" or close variants; "Mahabalipuram" appears only after the 16th century, and (with Seven Pagodas) was used in colonial-era literature.<ref name="Catsambis525"/><ref name="Nagaswamy2010p81"/>{{refn|group=note|William Chambers 1788 publication in ''Asiatic Researches'', Volume 1 calls the site "Mavalipuram" as well as Seven Pagodas.}} The Tamil Nadu government adopted Mamallapuram as the official name of the site and township in 1957, and declared the monuments and coastal region a special tourism area and health resort in 1964.<ref name=options29>{{cite book |author=ET Options |title=Coastal Tourism in Tamil Nadu: A Status Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1LM1ci-ZK4C&pg=PA29 |year=2000 |publisher=Equations |page=29 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Seven Pagodas, Madras - Tucks Oilette (1911).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of two temples, two palm trees and two people|1911 advertising postcard of a portion of the Seven Pagodas]]
Although the ancient history of Mahabalipuram is unclear, numismatic and epigraphical evidence and its temples suggest that it was a significant location before the monuments were built. It is speculated that it is the seaport of Sopatma mentioned in the 1st-century [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] or [[Ptolemy]]'s port of Melange in his 2nd-century ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]''. Another theory posits that the port of Nirppeyarvu mentioned in the ''[[R. Raghava Iyengar#Edited works|Perumpanarrupadai]]'' from the late 19th century to early 20th century may be Mahabalipuram or Kanchipuram.<ref name="Catsambis525"/><ref name="Nagaswamy2010p81"/>

In his ''[[Dashakumaracharita#Authorship and relationship with the Avantisundarī|Avantisundari Katha]]'', the 7th–8th century Sanskrit scholar [[Daṇḍin]] (who lived in Tamil Nadu and was associated with the Pallava court) praised artists for their repair of a Vishnu sculpture at Mamallapuram.<ref name=Nagaswamy81/> However, Daṇḍin's authorship of this text is disputed.<ref>{{cite book |author1=C. Shackle |author2=Rupert Snell |title=The Indian Narrative: Perspectives and Patterns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWdiazZQA8cC&pg=PA68 |year=1992 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03241-4 |pages=68–72 }}</ref> The medieval Sanskrit text mentions the Mamallapuram monuments, an early tradition of repairs, and the significance of Vaishnavism.<ref name=Nagaswamy81>{{cite book |author=R. Nagaswamy |title=Mahabalipuram: Monumental Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHY5YgEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807127-3 |pages=81–82 }}</ref>

[[File:Shore temple 1921.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Temple with two towers, with two people in front for scale|1921 photo of the Shore Temple]]
When [[Marco Polo]] (1271-1295 CE) arrived in India on his way back to Venice from Southeast Asia, he mentioned (but did not visit) "Seven Pagodas" and the name became associated with the shore temples of Mahabalipuram in publications by European merchants centuries later. It appeared in [[Abraham Cresques]]' 1375 [[Catalan Atlas]] as "Setemelti" and "Santhome", a crude map of Asia but accurate in the relative positions of the two ports; the former is Mamallapuram and the latter [[Mylapore]].<ref name="Ramaswami1971p79"/>{{refn|group=note|According to Ramaswami, the word "Setemelti" is a Catalan derivative of Italian "Sette Templi" meaning "Seven temples or pagodas".<ref name="Ramaswami1971p79"/>}} Venetian traveler [[Gasparo Balbi]] mentioned the "Seven Pagodas" and "Eight Pleasant Hillocks" in 1582, which Nagaswamy suggests refers to the monuments.<ref name="Catsambis525">{{cite book |author1=Alexis Catsambis |author2=Ben Ford |author3=Donny L. Hamilton |title=The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOESDAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-933600-5 |pages=525–526 }}</ref><ref name="Nagaswamy2010p81">{{cite book |author=R. Nagaswamy |title=Mahabalipuram: Monumental Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHY5YgEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807127-3 |pages=81–83 }}</ref> According to [[Peter Schalk|Schalk]], Balbi called it the "Seven Pagodas of China" (a re-interpretation of Henry Yule's reading of Balbi which considered Balbi unreliable, followed by a selective correction that it probably meant Mamallapuram).<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Schalk |display-authors=etal |title=Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QEAAAAYAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |isbn=978-91-554-5357-2 |pages=407–408 }}</ref>

Since there are now fewer than seven towers, the name has inspired speculation and argument.<ref>Sundaresh, A. S. Gaur, Sila Tripati and K. H. Vora (2004), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24109931 Underwater investigations off Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229150307/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24109931 |date=29 December 2021 }}, Current Science, Vol. 86, No. 9, pages 1231-1237</ref> The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|December 2004 tsunami]] briefly exposed the beachfront near Saluvankuppam (now north of Mahabalipuram), revealing inscriptions and structures. Badrinarayanan said in a BBC report that they dated to the 9th century and may have been destroyed by a 13th-century tsunami. The tsunami also revealed large structures on the seabed about a kilometre offshore, which archaeologists speculate may be the ancient Mahabalipuram.<ref>Maguire, Paddy. "Tsunami Reveals Ancient Temple Sites." BBC News (Online) 27 October 2005. Retrieval 9 September 2006 [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4312024.stm] .</ref> According to a ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' article, the tsunami exposed rocks with an "elaborately sculpted head of an elephant and a horse in flight", "a small niche with a statue of a deity; another rock with a reclining lion", and other Hindu religious iconography.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Constance Holden |title=Tsunami Uncovers Indian Shrines |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=308 |issue=5720 |date=15 April 2005 |doi=10.1126/science.308.5720.350a |pages=350–350a |s2cid=127564591 }}</ref> Marine archaeologists and underwater diving teams have explored a site east of the Shore Temple, one of the monuments, after the 2004 tsunami. This has revealed ruins of fallen walls, a large number of rectangular blocks and other structures parallel to the shore, and the forty surviving monuments.<ref name="Catsambis525"/><ref name=sundaresh1167>Sundaresh et al (2014), ''[http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/34426 Shoreline changes along Tamil Nadu coast: A study based on archaeological and coastal dynamics perspective]'', Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, Vol 43, Issue 7, pages 1167-1176</ref>

==={{anchor|Modern era reports}}Modern reports===
European sailors and merchants who pioneered trade with Asia after the 16th century mentioned the site. Early reports, such as those by [[Niccolao Manucci]] (who never visited the site, but saw the monuments from a distance and heard about them) conflated Chinese and Burmese Buddhist pagoda designs with the Hindu temples and assumed that the temples were built by the Chinese.<ref name="Ramaswami1971p79"/> According to Anthony Hamilton's 1727 ''"New Account of the East Indies"'', the site was a pilgrimage center and its outside sculpture was "obscene, lewd" as performance in [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Drury Lane]]. French writer [[Pierre Sonnerat]] was critical of European racism toward Indians, and theorized that the Mahabalipuram temples were very old.<ref name="Ramaswami1971p79"/>

[[File:19th century sketches Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Four 19th-century sketches of Mahabalipuram|19th-century sketches of ''(clockwise)'' Hindu deities in a [[mandala]], a lion statue, the entrance of a cave temple and a rock relief<ref name="Ramaswami1971p79"/>]]

[[William Chambers (architect)|William Chambers]]' 1788 literary survey of Mahabalipuram brought the monuments to the attention of European scholars.<ref>{{cite book |author=William Chambers |title=Descriptive and Historical Papers Relating to the Seven Pagodas on the Coromandel Coast by William Chambers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkO5w04pqgAC&pg=PA1 |year=1869 |publisher=Government of Madras |pages=1–29 }}</ref> Chambers interviewed local residents and linked the monumental art he saw to Hindu texts, calling it remarkable and expressive in narrative detail.<ref name="Ramaswami1971p81">{{cite book |author=N. S. Ramaswami |title=Indian Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAZc4KLSYjIC&pg=PA79 |year=1971 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-89684-091-1 |pages=81–84 }}</ref> A series of 19th-century studies, such as those by [[Benjamin Guy Babington|Benjamin Babington]] and [[William Yandell Elliott|William Elliot]], contained sketches of the monuments and impressions of the inscriptions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Benjamin Babington |display-authors=etal |title=Descriptive and Historical Papers Relating to the Seven Pagodas on the Coromandel Coast by William Chambers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkO5w04pqgAC&pg=PA44 |year=1869 |publisher=Government of Madras |pages=44–61, 132–145 }}</ref> Some stories and speculation in Western literature, nevertheless, continued to be unusual. [[Francis Wilford]] suggested in 1809 that the monuments were built in 450 BCE, linking them to [[Cicero]]'s (1st century BCE) writings about Indians who might have built three ancient Indian temple cities (including Mahabalipuram).<ref name="Ramaswami1971p81"/>

Nineteenth-century reports note local mentions of "gilt tops of many pagodas" in the surf at sunrise, which elders talked about but could no longer be seen.<ref name="Ramaswami1971p81"/> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Mahabalipuram site was the focus of colonial-era tourist guides and speculation. Portions of many monuments were covered with sand, and little was done to preserve the site.<ref>{{cite book |author=N. S. Ramaswami |title=Indian Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAZc4KLSYjIC&pg=PA79 |year=1971 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-89684-091-1 |pages=83–101 }}</ref> After [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] developed the Mamallapuram monuments and coastal region as an archaeological, tourism and pilgrimage site by improving the road network and town infrastructure. In 1984, the site was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref name=Unesco /><ref name=Advisory />

The group has been the subject of archaeological interest since 1990, and excavations have yielded unexpected discoveries. According to [[John Ralston Marr|John Marr]], the site yielded "an [[Apse|apsidal]]-shaped tank, its curved end aligned south towards the middle portion of the Shore Temple" with an ''[[Anantashayana Vishnu|anantasayana]]'' (reclining Vishnu) probably predating the temple.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marr |first=John R. |title=Note on the new excavations at the Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=54 |issue=3 |year=1991 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00000926 |page=574 |s2cid=129259751 }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Chronology: Pallava construction}}Pallava construction==
Mamallapuram became prominent during the Pallava-era reign of [[Simhavishnu]] during the late 6th century, a period of political competition with the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] and spiritual ferment with the rise of 6th- to 8th-century [[Bhakti movement]] poet-scholars: the Vaishnava [[Alvars]] and the Shaiva [[Nayanars]]. Mamallapuram's architecture is linked to Simhavishnu's son, [[Mahendravarman I]] (600-630 CE), who was a patron of the arts. Mahendravarman's son, [[Narasimhavarman I|Narsimha Varman I]], built on his father's efforts and most scholars attribute many of the monuments to him. After a brief hiatus, temple and monument construction continued during the reign of Rajasimha (or Narasimhavarman II; 690–728).<ref name=Sites>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp |title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram, Group of Monuments Mahabalipuram (1984), Tamil Nadu |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517230724/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Unesco />

Mid-20th-century archaeologist [[A. H. Longhurst]] described Pallava architecture, including those found at Mahabalipuram, into four chronological styles: Mahendra (610-640), Mamalla (640-670, under Narsimha Varman I), Rajasimha (674-800) and Nandivarman (800-900). [[Kuthur Ramakrishnan Srinivasan|K. R. Srinivasan]] described it as reflecting three styles and stages of construction, calling the third period the Paramesvara style.<ref name=Nagaswamy1962/>
[[File:1808 map of Mahabalipuram, Colin Mackenzie collection.png|thumb|alt=|1808 map of Mahabalipuram. In the center is the main hill with the cave temples; the Shore Temple is near the protuberance on the coast, and the other monuments are within a few kilometres of the main hill.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jennifer Howes |title=Illustrating India: The Early Colonial Investigations of Colin Mackenzie (1784-1821) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZedQAAACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-806441-1 |pages=82–99 }}</ref>]]

This chronology has been the subject of scholarly disagreement. Some scholars, such as Marilyn Hirsh in 1987, have said that the earliest temples are traceable to about 600 (under the poet-king Mahendravarman I).<ref name=hirsh109>{{cite journal |last=Hirsh |first=Marilyn |title=Mahendravarman I Pallava: Artist and Patron of Mamallapuram |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=48 |issue=1/2 |year=1987 |doi=10.2307/3249854 |pages=109–130 |jstor=3249854 }}</ref> Other, such as Nagaswamy in 1962, have said that King Rajasimha (690-728) was the probable patron of many monuments; many temple inscriptions contain one of his names and his distinctive [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]] and ornate [[Nāgarī script]]s.<ref name=Nagaswamy1962>R. Nagaswamy (1962), "New Light on Mamallapuram", Transactions of the Archaeological Society of South India, pages 1–50</ref>

Evidence dating some of the Mamallapuram monuments to the early 7th century includes the Mandagapattu inscription (Laksitayana inscription) of Mahendravarman I. The inscription reads that he "brought into existence a temple without utilizing either timber or lime (mortar) or brick or metal", and the temple was dedicated to "Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva".<ref name=mate108/><ref>R. Nagaswamy (1965), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249074 Some Contributions of the Pāṇḍya to South Indian Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229140728/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249074 |date=29 December 2021 }}, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 27, No. 3, pages 267-268, context: 265-274, Quote: "The latter states that 'King Vicitracitta [one of the titles of Mahendra] caused this temple dedicated to Brahma, Visnu, and Siva to be made without the use of brick, wood, metal, or mortar'. This has been interpreted as indicating that Mahendra claimed to be the first to make an important use of stone in religious architecture; it is argued that earlier buildings, in the perishable materials "brick, wood, metal, and mortar," have failed to survive because of the passage of time and the climate of the South. (...) As for the Mandagapattu inscription, a more reasonable interpretation of Mahendra's statement is that most of the earlier temples in the Tamil country had been built of all five materials, including stone; the Pallava king merely claimed that he had at Mandagapattu used stone only, dispensing with the other four."</ref> This was the first Pallava rock-built Hindu temple, and Mahendravarman I and his descendants probably constructed others. According to Mate and other scholars, the inscription implies that the Tamil people had a temple-construction tradition based on the mentioned materials which predated the 6th century.<ref name=mate108/> The Mandagapattu inscription is not isolated, and additional Mahendravarman I inscriptions relating to cave temples have been discovered across his kingdom.<ref name=hirsh109/><ref>{{cite book |author=Karen Pechilis Prentiss |title=The Embodiment of Bhakti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535190-3 |pages=59, 81–87 }}</ref> Further evidence is in the form of cave temples (such as the [[Undavalli Caves]]) which predate the Mamallapuram cave temples, suggesting that Indian artisans began exploring cave architecture before the Pallava period.<ref name=mate108>M. S. Mate (1970), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755503 Origin of Pallava Art: The Undavalli Caves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710161752/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755503 |date=10 July 2021 }}, East and West, Vol. 20, No. 1/2 (March–June 1970), pages 108-116</ref> The monuments at Mamallapuram are generally dated by scholars to the 7th and 8th centuries.<ref name=britmamalla/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p399"/>

== Description ==
[[File:09Raths Seven Pagodas.jpg|thumb|alt=|1913 photo of the five-''ratha'' group]]
The monuments are a fusion of religion, culture and legend relating to the Hindu religious pantheon.<ref name="BruynBain2010" /><ref name="Ramaswami1971p79">{{cite book |author=N. S. Ramaswami |title=Indian Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAZc4KLSYjIC&pg=PA79 |year=1971 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-89684-091-1 |pages=79–81 }}</ref> They are expressions through rock or inside boulders, on a grand scale, integrating nature and sculpture. The site has about forty monuments, in varying degrees of completion, categorized into five groups:<ref name=Unesco /><ref name="Nagaswamy2010">{{cite book |first=R. |last=Nagaswamy |title=Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHY5YgEACAAJ |access-date=7 February 2013 |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press India |isbn=978-0-19-807127-3 }}</ref>
* [[Ratha]]s: chariot-shaped temples
* Mandapas: Cave temples
* [[Rock relief]]s
* Structural temples
* Excavations

There are ten major ''rathas'', ten mandapas, two rock bas-reliefs and three structural temples.<ref>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=10, 27–31 }}</ref> The monumental plan is based on a square and circle, or stacked squares (producing a rectangle). The reliefs, sculptures and architecture incorporate [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]], with each monument dedicated to a [[deity]] or a character in [[Hindu mythology]].<ref name="Boner1990p38">{{cite book |author=Alice Boner |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC&pg=PA38 |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1 |pages=38, 75–81, 96–106, 132–139, 145–154, 230–239 }}</ref><ref name="Blurton1993p54">{{cite book |author=T. Richard Blurton |title=Hindu Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC |year=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39189-5 |pages=54, 122, 134–135, 163–167, 225–226 }}</ref><ref name="Michell2000p81">{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Hindu Art and Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-20337-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich/page/81 81]–88 }}</ref> The monuments are a source of many 7th- and 8th-century Sanskrit inscriptions, providing insight into medieval South Indian history, culture, government and religion.<ref name="Harle1994p272">{{cite book |author=James C. Harle |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/272 272]–279 }}</ref>

=== ''Ratha'' temples ===
The ''ratha'' temples, in southern Mahabalipuram, are carved in the shape of [[chariot]]s. Their artists used naturally occurring blocks of [[diorite]] and [[granite]] in sand, carving legends in stone.<ref name=Unesco /> The best-known are the five monolithic structures projecting above the beach, known as the [[Pancha Rathas|Five Rathas]] or the Pandava Rathas. In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the [[Pandava]]s are five brothers with a common wife, Draupadi. Although the symbolism and grouping of the temples have led to these popular names, they are neither true ''rathas'' nor dedicated to the [[Pandava|Pandavas]]; they are temples dedicated to deities and concepts of the Shaivi, [[Shiva|(Shiva)]], Vaishnavi [[Vishnu|(Vishnu)]] and Shakti [[Durga|(Durga)]] traditions of Hinduism.<ref name="Williams1981p57">{{cite book |author=Susan L Huntington |editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59 |year=1981 |chapter=Chapter: Iconographic Reflections on the Arjuna Ratha |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-06498-2 |pages=57–64 }}</ref> These ''rathas'' are dated to the 7th century.<ref name=Unesco />

The five-''ratha'' group is on a north–south axis with the Dharmaraja Ratha at the south end, followed by the [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]] and [[Draupadi]] [[Ratha|Rathas]]. The latter two share a common platform.<ref name="Williams1981p57"/> There is a lion west of the Arjuna-Draupadi platform, a seated bull on its east and a standing elephant on its southwest. The [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] Ratha is northwest of Bhima Ratha and southwest of Arjuna Ratha, behind the elephant. The cross-sectional axis of the Nakula and Sahadeva Ratha is in the centre of the group.<ref name="Williams1981p57"/> All the temples have a west entrance except the Nakula-Sahadeva Ratha, which has a south entrance.<ref name="Williams1981p57"/>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Les temples monolithes (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13924356674).jpg|alt=Group of temples and sculptures, close together|The ''pancha rathas'', viewed from the northwest
File:Pancha Rathas, Pallave period, ca. 630-38 CE, Mahabalipuram (56) (36765181604).jpg|alt=Row of temples, with two trees in the foreground|View from the southeast
File:Pancha Rathas, Pallave period, ca. 630-38 CE, Mahabalipuram (35) (37426904666).jpg|alt=Ornate, arched roof|Bhima Ratha roof
File:Pancha Rathas, Pallave period, ca. 630-38 CE, Mahabalipuram (33) (36805112933).jpg|alt=Statue of a recumbent bull|7th-century bull sculpture near a ''ratha''
File:Les temples monolithes (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13923883405).jpg|Elephant sculpture near a ratha
</gallery>

The ''rathas'' have common elements. Each is on a moulded plinth, with or without ''[[gana]]s''; according to George Michell, above this plinth the "walls divide rhythmically into a number of projections and recesses between pilasters" (producing niches).<ref name="Michell1977p132"/> Sculptures are within the niches, and the more-important sculptures have ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makaras]]'' on their [[Bracket (architecture)|brackets]]. Above them are [[eaves]], sometimes decorated with human faces.<ref name="Michell1977p132"/> [[Molding (decorative)|Mouldings]] were added up to the [[parapet]]. The upper level repeated (at a reduced level) the lower-level design or was capped with curved roofs.<ref name="Michell1977p132">{{cite book |first=George |last=Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA81 |year=1977 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1 |pages=132–133 }}</ref>

===={{anchor|Dharmaraja ratha}}Dharmaraja Ratha====
[[File:Dharmaraja Ratha SE Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02542.jpg|thumb|alt=Stone temple, with rocks in front and another temple on the left|Exterior of the Dharmaraja Ratha]]
The [[Dharmaraja Ratha|Dharmaraja ratha]]{{refn|group=note|Dharmaraja is also known as [[Yudhisthira]] in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.}} has a square floor plan within a rectangular frame (26.75 ft x 20.67 ft), and is 35.67 feet high.<ref name=ramaswami37/><ref name="Srinivasan1975p1">{{cite book |author=K. R. Srinivasan |title=The Dharmarāja ratha & its sculptures, Mahābalipuram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SNUAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Abhinav |pages=1–12 |isbn=9788170170228 }}</ref> It has an open porch supported by pillars. The temple's pyramidal tower consists of a [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] of shrinking squares, capped by an octagonal [[shikhara]]. There is evidence that it had (or was intended to have) a [[finial]]. Its pillars have seated lions at the base. It has three levels; the lowest is solid (probably never carved out), and the upper two have shrines.<ref name=ramaswami37/><ref name=srinidharmarath/> The two upper levels are connected by stairs carved into the stone. The middle level has two shrines, and the uppermost has one. The ''ratha'' walls have carvings and inscriptions, one mentioning Narasimhavarman I. The western side of the top storey has a [[Somaskanda]] image. The [[entablature]] integrates the secular with the divine, where human faces peek out of the ''[[Gavaksha|kudu]]'' arches of the chariot. An [[Nirvana|Amaravati]] motif is carved below the cornice.<ref name=ramaswami37/><ref name=srinidharmarath/>
{{multiple image
| image1 = Section of Dharmaraja Ratha.png
| align = left
| width1 = 140
| alt1 =
| image2 = Dharmaraja's Ratha.png
| width2 = 200
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| footer = Drawings of the temple interior made in 1880
}}
At ground level, the sides have four pillars; the other two have two pillars and two [[pilaster]]s. Each corner has two niches, with carved figures apparently waving to the crowd. The deities are [[Ardhanarishvara]] (half [[Parvati]], half Shiva), [[Harihara]] (half Vishnu, half Shiva), [[Brahma]], [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], [[Bhairava]] (Shiva) and two other obscure forms of Shiva.<ref name=ramaswami37/> The upper-mid level has carvings of aspects of Shiva and Vishnu, suggesting that the artists revered both Hindu traditions.<ref>P. R. Srinivasan (1958), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248885 Types of South Indian Vimānas], Artibus Asiae, Vol. 21, No. 3/4, pages 254-258</ref><ref name=srinidharmarath/> Included on this level are [[Nataraja]] (dancing Shiva), Vinadhara (Shiva with [[Veena]]), Gangadhara (Shiva bringing the Ganges from heaven to earth), Vrishbhantika (Shiva with Nandi), Kankalamurti, Chandesa and Vishnu.<ref name=ramaswami37/><ref name=lippe169/> The uppermost level has carvings of [[Dakshinamurthy|Dakshinamurti]] (Shiva as [[guru]] or teacher), [[Surya]] and [[Soma (deity)|Chandra]].<ref name=ramaswami37>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=36–39 }}</ref><ref name=lippe169>{{cite journal |last=Lippe |first=Aschwin |title=Some South Indian Icons |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=37 |issue=3 |year=1975 |doi=10.2307/3250248 |pages=170, 174, 177, context: 169–208 |jstor=3250248 }}</ref><ref name=srinidharmarath>{{cite book |author=K R Srinivasan |title=The Dharmarāja Ratha & its sculptures, Mahābalipuram |year=1975 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=562850053 }}</ref>

The Somaskanda panel is significant because it dates the temple to the early 7th century. It differs from those created in the Rajasimha period, and resembles those created during the early Pallava era.<ref name="Williams1981p57"/>

===={{anchor|Bhima ratha}}Bhima Ratha====
[[File:Bhima temple.jpg|thumb|alt=Exterior of a large stone temple, with a man and woman next to it for scale|Bhima Ratha is the most massive of the five ''rathas''.<ref name=ramaswami41/>]]
[[Bhima Ratha]] (next to the Dharmaraja Ratha) is massive and has a roof resembling a vaulted barrel, reminiscent of woodwork.<ref name=ramaswami41/>{{refn|group=note|Such barrel style roofs are called ''Valabhi'' in Hindu texts on temple design, and they are a style of temple roof also found in early medieval temples in Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat and Odisha.<ref>Michael W. Meister (1983), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249613 Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210131636/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249613 |date=10 February 2023 }}, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 44, No. 4, pages 266-296</ref>}} The ''ratha'' is {{convert|46|ft}} long, about {{convert|25|ft}} high and about 25 feet wide. Its incomplete interior was probably intended to house a reclining Vishnu (''anantasayana'').<ref name=ramaswami41/><ref>Raju Kalidos (1984), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756682 Stone Cars and Rathamaṇḍapas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229150311/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756682 |date=29 December 2021 }}, East and West, Vol. 34, No. 1/3, pages 153-173</ref> Unlike the other ''rathas'', the temple has no inscriptions or sculptures. Its [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] is intricately carved on both sides of the roof. The [[cornice]] has seven pairs of [[kudu]]s (Sanskrit: ''gavaksha'').<ref name=ramaswami41/> Above it are alternating ''salas'' and ''kutas'' (types of [[aediculae]]{{sfn|Adam Hardy|1995|pp=38,}}), forming thirteen small vimanas. Above this layer are five ''grivas'' (necks, clerestory) carved into the shrine, like a niche flanked by small [[pilaster]]s. The two on each side are the same size, and the middle one is larger. There is structural evidence on the top of eighteen original ''[[kalasha]]s'' and two tridents.<ref name=ramaswami41/><ref>{{cite book |author=Edith Tömöry |title=A History of Fine Arts in India and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RTqAAAAMAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Orient Longman |pages=77–83 |isbn=9780861313211 }}</ref>

According to Ramaswami, the ''ratha'' has an embedded square plan up to the [[entablature]]<ref name=ramaswami41/> and integrates the ''griva'' and ''[[shikara]]'' in the form of a circle. Its long side has four round pillars and two rounded pilasters, with the base designed as seated lions. The north and south sides each have two square, massive pillars.<ref name=ramaswami41/> The roof has crack lines, possibly caused by structural elements or centuries of weathering (such as lightning).<ref name=ramaswami41>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=41–42 }}</ref>

===={{anchor|Arjuna and Draupadi rathas}}Arjuna and Draupadi Rathas====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Les temples monolithes (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13923946483).jpg
| width1 = 226
| image2 = Dharmaraja Rock Cut Throne.jpg
| width2 = 101
| caption1 = Reliefs on Arjuna Ratha|caption2=Draupadi Ratha
| alt1 = Figures carved into temple exterior
| alt2 = Small stone domed building, with a carved bull in the foreground
}}
[[Arjuna Ratha]], adjacent to Bhima Ratha, is also incomplete. One of the larger monuments, it is about six times smaller in area than the Dharmaraja Ratha.<ref name=ramaswami39/><ref name="Williams1981p57"/> The square, two-level ''ratha'' has one shrine and mirrors the Dharmaraja Ratha; the decoration and structure of the cornice, kudus and ''haras'' are similar.<ref name=ramaswami39/> However, its shikhara is hexagonal.<ref name="Williams1981p57"/> The walls of the ''ratha'' are carved into panels with fourteen sculptures. Four are [[dvarapala]]s (Vishnu, a [[rishi]] with a student, [[Kartikeya]]—or Indra—and Shiva with [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]), and the rest are humans at various stages of life.<ref name=ramaswami39/> Arjuna Ratha has a lion and Nandi on each side between it and the adjacent Draupadi Ratha, but their orientation suggests that the ''ratha'' was not dedicated to Shiva.<ref name="Williams1981p57"/> According to Susan Huntington, the temple may have been dedicated to [[Ayyappan]].<ref name="Williams1981p57"/> Its shikara is round. The monument looks odd from the side, partly because its original pillars were replaced with modern ones which do not fit the texture (or style) of the originals.<ref name=ramaswami39>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=39–43 }}</ref> An elephant stands northwest of Arjuna Ratha.<ref name=ramaswami44/><ref name="Williams1981p57"/>

The Draupadi Ratha is an {{convert|11|by|11|ft}} stone structure north of Arjuna Ratha, and they share a platform.<ref name=ramaswami39/> Dedicated to Draupadi (whose image is carved on the rear wall), it resembles a wooden hut and has a curved roof. There is a carved structure with alternating lions and elephants, and the shrine deity is missing.<ref name=ramaswami39/><ref name="Williams1981p57"/> Its design is a simplified Nagara-style Hindu temple. The ''ratha'' has reliefs of [[Durga]]; three images are on the outer walls, and one is on an interior wall. The east-facing Durga is her Mahishasuramardini form, with the head of buffalo. Depicted elsewhere with her are devotees, ''makaras'' (mythical sea creatures) and ''ganas'' (mythical, comic dwarfs).<ref name=ramaswami43>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=42–43 }}</ref>

===={{anchor|Nakula and Sahadeva ratha}}Nakula Sahadeva Ratha====
The unfinished [[Nakula Sahadeva Ratha]] is an apsidal temple, a relatively-uncommon Hindu design found in [[Aihole]] and elsewhere in India.<ref name=ramaswami44>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=43–44 }}</ref> The two-storey, [[Vesara]]-style temple is {{convert|16|ft}} high and {{convert|18|ft}} long. It has ''kutas'' and ''salas'' style aediculae like the others, but is unique in also having ''panjaras'' (an apsidal [[aedicula]]). The deity to whom it may have been dedicated is theorized to be [[Kartikeya]], [[Brahma]], [[Ayyappan]] or [[Indra]].<ref name=ramaswami44/><ref name="Williams1981p57"/> Northeast of the ''ratha'' are a standing elephant and Arjuna Ratha.<ref name="Sites" />

====Other ''rathas''====
[[File:Ganesha Ratha Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02582.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|alt=Exterior temple front|The Ganesha Ratha, probably a model for [[Gopuram|gopuras]] found in later Tamil temples]]
Other ''ratha'' monuments at Mahabalipuram include the late-7th-century [[Ganesha Ratha]], attributed to Parameshvara-varman I (grandson of Mahamalla).<ref name=Ganesh>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000000027u00066000.html |title=Ganesha ratha, Mamallapuram |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Online Gallery of British Library |archive-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218181653/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000000027u00066000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=monolith>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0000472s1u00028000.html |title=Ganesh Temple, monolith [Mamallapuram] |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Online Gallery of British Library |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002428/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0000472s1u00028000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> One kilometre from the ''pancha rathas'', it is adjacent to (and north of) the Descent of the Ganges bas-relief and south of Krishna's butter-ball monument. The two-storey, relatively undamaged Ganesha Ratha, similar to Bhima Ratha,<ref name=ramaswami45/> is {{convert|19|ft}} long, {{convert|11.25|ft}} wide and {{convert|28|ft}} high. The first storey has five small [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimanas]]; the second storey has four, with repeating patterns. The ''sala'' has nine ''kalasas'', and one end has a [[trishula]] at its top (similar to a cross on a church). The temple facade has two pillars and two pilasters.<ref name=ramaswami45/> The column bases are shaped like seated lions and the middle is [[chamfer]]ed, topped with a fluted capital.<ref name=ramaswami45/> At the sides of the entrance [[mandapa]] are two standing ''dvarapalas'' with welcoming, bent heads. The temple wall has an inscription suggesting a 7th-century origin. A [[Ganesha]] statue is in the [[garbhagriha]], but Ramaswami wrote that it may have been a later addition.<ref name=ramaswami45>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=44–45 }}</ref>

In the west of the town, there are two [[Pidari]] ''rathas'' and a Valayankuttai ''ratha'' (unfinished, two-storey monuments).<ref name=ramaswami45/> One Pidari and one Valayankuttai ''ratha'' feature North Indian Nagara-style architecture, and the other Pidari ''ratha'' features South Indian Dravida-style architecture.<ref name=ramaswami45/>

=== {{anchor|Mandapas}}Cave temples ===
{{multiple image
| image1 = Tirumurthi-Caves-Mahabalipuarm-Chennai-2.JPG
| width1 = 177
| image2 = India - Mamallapuram - 023 - Trimurti cave w Lingham (490997821).jpg
| width2 = 100
| image3 = MAHABALIPURAM 3.JPG
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| caption1 = Trimurti cave in northern Mamallapuram
| caption2 = Shiva shrine
| caption3 = Vishnu shrine
| alt1 = Cave temple with three entrances
| alt2 = Temple entrance with lingam
| alt3 = Temple entrance, with bas-reliefs on interior wall
}}
[[Mandapa]] is a Sanskrit term for a typically square vestibule, pillared hall or pavilion.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=The Hindu Temple |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09qUXlCkyVIC |year=2001 |publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-854-9 |pages=57–60 }}</ref> It was a space for people to gather socially, usually for ceremonies and rite-of-passage rituals. Cells or sanctums would often be included, creating a ''[[vihara]]''. Mandapas also refer to rock-cut cave temples or shrines, built according to the same concept, and Mamallapuram has many mandapas<ref name=Unesco /> dated to the 7th and 8th centuries.<ref name="Sites" />

The Mamallapuram cave temples are incomplete, which has made them a significant source of information about how cave monuments were excavated and built in 7th-century India.<ref name="Michell1977"/> Segments of the caves indicate that artisans worked with architects to mark off the [[colonnade]], cutting deep grooves into the rock to create rough-hewn protuberances with margins.<ref name="Michell1977"/> The hanging rocks were then cut off, and they repeated the process. After the excavation, other artisans moved in to polish the rocks and begin the creation of designs, motifs, friezes and Hindu iconography. The process of producing rock-cut cave temples influenced later structural Hindu temples.<ref name="Michell1977">{{cite book |first=George |last=Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA81 |year=1977 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1 |pages=81–82 }}</ref>

===={{anchor|Varaha mandapa}}Varaha====
{{main|Varaha Cave Temple}}
[[File:Vsvarahacave.jpg|thumb|Varaha cave temple entrance]]

The Varaha cave was excavated from a vertical wall on the west face of the main Mamallapuram hill.<ref name=krsrini141>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n155/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 141-148 with Figures 29-30 and footnotes</ref> Its architecture is simple; a [[Vaishnavism]]-related cave temple, it is known for its four sculptures depicting Hindu legends: the Vamana-Trivikrama legend, the Varaha legend, the Durga legend and the [[Gajalakshmi]] legend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R. Nagaswamy (2010) |title=Mamallapuram: Varaha Cave Temple Tour - Mahabalipuram tour package |url=https://www.toursandtravelsinchennai.com/mahabalipuram-tour-packages.html |access-date=14 June 2017 |website= |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924123819/https://www.toursandtravelsinchennai.com/mahabalipuram-tour-packages.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ramaswami62>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=62–63 }}</ref> Srinivasan and other scholars date it to the 7th century.<ref name=ramaswami62/><ref>{{cite book |author=Alice Boner |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1 |pages=75, 96, 132 }}</ref>

The temple facade consists of two pillars and two pilasters recessed about {{convert|18|in|cm}} from the rock front.<ref name=krsrini141/> The pillared platform leads to a mandapa and a sanctum in the rear. The base of the pillar has a molded ''oma'' (protecting layer) and ''[[Jagati (temple)|adhishthana]]''. Their pedestals are lotus-shaped (''padma pithas'') and {{convert|2|x|2|ft}} square.<ref name=krsrini141/> Above this are seated lion-faced ''[[Yali (mythology)|vyalas]]''. Their heads merge into octagonal shafts (''kal'') of the pillars, which taper and flow into an octagonal ''kalasa'' and ornamented capital. The top ''phalaka'' (flat plate) is a square. The ''kapota'' (a type of [[frieze]]) above is decorated with six ''kudu'' arches. Above the ''kapota'' is a wagon-style roof, topped with finials.<ref name=krsrini141/>

The cave's rear wall has a square shrine which projects inside the rock, slightly above the floor. On each side of the sanctum the wall projects inward, creating two sunken niches. At the corners are pilasters with partially formed dvarapalas, and the upper planks have ''[[gana]]s'' and friezes of ''[[hamsa]]s''.<ref name=krsrini141/>
{{multiple image
|image1 = Varaha avtar , temples - mahabalipuram.JPG
|width1 = 150
|image2 = Varaha Mandapam, Pallava period, 7th century, Mahabalipuram (8) (37445414242).jpg
|width2 = 168
|caption1 = Varaha panel
|caption2 = Trivikrama panel
|alt1 = Reliefs of a number of people
|alt2 = Another relief
}}
The northern panel of the cave's inner wall narrates the [[Varaha]] legend, where the man-boar [[avatar]] of Vishnu rescues [[Bhūmi]] from the waters of [[Patala]].<ref name=krsrini141/><ref name=ramaswami62/> This is an unusual depiction; Varaha is turned to his right instead of the typical left and affectionately holds (and looks at) the rescued Bhūmi instead of dangling her from his tusks.<ref name=krsrini141/><ref name="Boner1990p132">{{cite book |author=Alice Boner |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC&pg=PA132 |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1 |pages=132–143 }}</ref> She sits near his raised knee, and the demon who created the chaotic waters is trampled by Varaha. The other characters in the panel include [[Brahma]], the Vedic sage [[Narada]], [[Surya]] (the sun), [[Soma (deity)|Chandra]] (the moon) and others in the legend. The closest narration of the panel is the [[Vaikhanasa|vaikhānasāgama]].<ref name=krsrini141/><ref name="Boner1990p132"/>{{refn|group=note|Alternate versions of this legend is found in many Puranas such as the Agni Purana, as well as ''Silpa ratna'' and ''Vishnu dharmottara''.<ref name=krsrini141/>}} According to Alice Boner, the panel is a rectangle; the divine characters (except Bhūmi) are set in a square, and the earthly [[yogi]]s and [[Prakṛti|prakriti]]-related characters are arranged outside a [[mandala]] circle.<ref name="Boner1990p132"/>

The southern panel of the mandapa narrates the [[Vamana]]-Trivikrama legend. The giant incarnation of the Vishnu dwarf avatar takes the third huge step to cover the heavens and Bali sits below, amazed. In the panel are other characters from the legend, such as Brahma and Shiva (seated on lotuses as witnesses).<ref name=krsrini141/><ref name="Boner1990p96"/>{{refn|group=note|The legend is mentioned in Vedic texts, such as hymns 1.22 and 1.155 of the ''[[Rigveda]]''.<ref name="Boner1990p96"/>}} Again, the closest narration of the panel is the [[Vaikhanasa|vaikhānasāgama]].<ref name=krsrini141/> The Trivikrama depiction is again unusual, because the Vamana portion of the legend is not shown (unlike other medieval Hindu temples in India).<ref name="Boner1990p96">{{cite book |author=Alice Boner |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC&pg=PA96 |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1 |pages=96–106 }}</ref>
[[File:Temple in chennai 4.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Square, carved wall with a number of figures|The Gajalakshmi panel is a square, with a geometric layout of its figures.<ref name="Boner1990p75"/>]]

On the rear wall of the niche north of the sanctum is Gajalakshmi, and the southern niche shows Durga. The Durga panel symbolizes Shakti tradition and she is called "Vijaya Sri", the goddess of victory. Durga, depicted with four arms, stands on a lotus. A warrior is shown near her, ready to sacrifice himself, and another devotee is on one knee adoring her. In the panel are fleeing, frightened ''ganas'', a lion – her [[vahana]] – and an antelope, medieval iconography common in South India.<ref name=krsrini141/> The Gajalakshmi is shown seated in a yoga asana on a lotus, holding two lotus buds. Jeweled, Durga wears ''patra kundalas'' – one of five types of golden ear ornament – symbolizing her link to wealth. Near her are [[apsara]]s holding auspicious jars of water and two large elephant heads; one lifts a water pitcher, and the other is tilting the pitcher to spray water.<ref name=krsrini141/><ref name="Boner1990p75"/> According to Alice Boner, the characters in the square Gajalakshmi panel are arranged in a circular mandala.<ref name="Boner1990p75">{{cite book |author=Alice Boner |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC&pg=PA75 |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1 |pages=75–81 }}</ref>

===={{anchor|Kotikal mandapa}}Kotikal====
Kotikal is a simple, early excavation<ref name="Michell2013km">{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT353 |year=2013 |publisher=Roli |isbn=978-81-7436-903-1 |pages=352–353 }}</ref> with two pilasters on its facade. In front of it are sockets, suggesting a structural ''mukhamandapa'' (main hall).<ref name=krsrini107/> Inside the Kotikal cave temple are an oblong ''ardha-mandapa'' (half or partial hall) and a square sanctum (''garbha griya''). The front of the sanctum has mouldings and features similar to a free-standing temple.<ref name=krsrini107/>

The sanctum door is flanked by female ''dvarapalas'' (sculptures guarding the door) on each side.<ref name=ramaswami58/><ref name=krsrini107/> One of the warrior women carries a sword in her right hand and a shield in her left; the other, in a ''[[tribhanga]]'' pose, holds the bottom of a bow with the toe of her raised foot and grasps the top with her hand. Both wear earrings which hang from their ear lobes almost to their shoulders.<ref name=krsrini107/> The female guardians suggest that the deity in the sanctum was probably Durga, the Hindu warrior goddess.<ref name=ramaswami58/><ref name="Michell2013km"/> In the square sanctum are a [[Sandakada pahana|moonstone]], ''[[adhiṣṭhāna]]'' (base), ''bhitti'' (partial wall) and ''kudu'' ([[gavaksha]]). One pillar has an inscription in the [[Grantha alphabet]] which transliterates as "Sri Vamankusa".<ref name=ramaswami58/><ref name=krsrini107>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n121/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 107-110</ref> Since no king or Pallava official is known by that name, it probably signifies that the temple was built by a patron (according to Ramaswami, possibly Telugu).<ref name=ramaswami58>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=58–59 }}</ref> Srinivasan dates it to the early Mahendra period.<ref name=krsrini107/>

===={{anchor|Dharmaraja mandapa}}Dharmaraja====
[[File:Dharmaraja mandapam, Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb|Dharmaraja cave temple entrance]]
The Dharmaraja cave temple, also known as the Atyantakama cave temple, is on the south side of Mamallapuram hill near the Mahishamardini cave.<ref name=krsrini122/> It has a facade, ''mukha-mandapa'' and ''ardha-mandapa'' like the Kotikal cave. Slim, four-sided pillars create space for the two ''mandapas''. Its ''ardha-mandapa'' is about three inches above the ''mukha-mandapa''. The facade has two pillars and two [[pilaster]]s, as does the space separating the two ''mandapas''.<ref name=krsrini122/><ref name=ramaswami58/>

The inner hall leads into three shrine cells sharing a common ''adhisthana''. The ''adhisthana'' has four mouldings.<ref name=ramaswami58/> It is unusual in lacking a recessed moulding (''kantha''), an upper fillet (''kampa'') and a thick moulding (''pattika''); it has a lower most moulding (''upana''), vertical moulding (''jagati''), three faceted moulding (''tripatta-kumuda'') and a lower fillet (''kampa'').<ref name=krsrini122/> The central sanctum, the largest dedicated to [[Lingam|Shiva Linga]], has two male ''dvarapalas''. Although the cells on the sides were dedicated to Brahma and Vishnu (based on iconography), images are now missing.<ref name=ramaswami58/><ref>{{cite book |author=R. Nagaswamy |title=Mahabalipuram: Monumental Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHY5YgEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807127-3 |pages=35–37 }}</ref>

The temple has a fourteen-line [[Sanskrit]] inscription in the Grantha alphabet with an [[epithet]].<ref name=krsrini122/> Ramaswamy attributes the cave to King Rajasimha (late 7th or early 8th century),<ref name=ramaswami58/> but Srinivasan and Hultzsch date it to the 7th-century King Paramesvara-varman I; other scholars assign it to the Mahendra period, based on its style.<ref name=krsrini122>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n135/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 122-125, 107-108</ref>
{{clr}}

===={{anchor|Ramanuja mandapa}}Ramanuja====
{{multiple image
| image1 = Ramanuja Mandapam, Pallave period, 7th century, Mahabalipuram (1) (37429034316).jpg
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| image2 = Ramanuja-Mandapam-Mahabalipuram-1.JPG
| width2 = 133
| caption1 = Ramanuja's surroundings
| caption2 = Cave entrance
| alt1 = Cave temple seen from the side, with steps up a rock
| alt2 = Cave entrance, with pillars
}}
One of the most sophisticated and complete cave temples, Ramanuja had three cells. It was excavated in the center of the main Mamallapuram hill, on its eastern [[Escarpment|scarp]].<ref name=krsrini175>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n189/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 175-180</ref> The temple was partially renovated centuries after its construction into a shrine for the Vaishnava scholar, [[Ramanuja]]. The later artisans added the six crudely-cut, free-standing pillars in front, probably to extend the ''mandapa''.<ref name=krsrini175/><ref name=ramaswami61>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=61–62 }}</ref>

The Ramanuja cave consists of a rectangular ''ardha-mandapa'', marked with a row of pillars.<ref name=krsrini175/> At the side of its facade are two model ''vimanas'' with a square rock platform. Many traditional Hindu-temple architectural elements are found here. Inside, the main excavation begins with an ''adhishthana'', a row of two pillars, two pilasters and three ''ankanas'' forming its facade.<ref name=krsrini175/> Behind it is an oblong ''mandapa'' with three square shrines. The side shrines were originally placed about two feet behind the central one, but all three shared a common raised base.<ref name=krsrini175/> The entrance to the shrines had ''dvarapalas'', now largely missing. Like other Hindu temples, this was an open structure without evidence of [[jamb]]s. The back wall of the central shrine has a five-foot-square panel which held a [[Somaskanda]] bas-relief, much of which has been erased.<ref name=krsrini175/> There is no evidence of panels in the side shrines. The ceilings of the three cells have plaster remnants and evidence that they may have been painted.<ref name=krsrini175/> The walls separating the three shrines were removed by later artisans.<ref name=krsrini175/><ref name=ramaswami61/>

The three cells were dedicated to Brahma, Shiva (the central cell) and Vishnu, or to three obscure forms of Shiva. The southern panel in the main ''mandapa'' probably contained Durga. None of the images have survived; only faint remnants are traceable, because most of the wall reliefs were chiselled off.<ref name=krsrini175/> On the floor between the two pillars of the facade is a Sanskrit inscription in the Grantha alphabet praising [[Rudra]], evidence that the temple was originally associated with [[Shaivism]]. The inscription's florid font and epithets date it to the 7th century and Parameshvara Varman.<ref name=krsrini175/>

===={{anchor|Koneri mandapa}}Koneri====
[[File:Koneri Mandapa, Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Floor plan of the Koneri Mandapa]]
The Koneri ''mandapa'', dedicated to Shiva, has five cells (shrines) attached to its main hall<ref name=krsrini134>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n147/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 134-140 with Figure 28 and footnotes</ref> and is named for the Koneri-pallam tank in front. Carved into the western side of the main hill in Mamallapuram, its facade has an [[entablature]].<ref name=ramaswami59>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=59–61 }}</ref> Its [[cornice]] has ten ''kudus'', with five interconnected ''salas'' above it. The temple has two rows of four pillars and two pilasters. The front row is considerably simpler than the row near the shrines, which is intricately carved.<ref name=krsrini134/><ref name=ramaswami59/> The pilasters are four-sided and the pillars are cylindrical.<ref name=krsrini134/>

The five shrines have five pairs of '"dravalas/ drapalas" (door-guardian sculptures). These pairs are distinct, and all figures have signs of erosion or damage. Each wears a [[Upanayana|yajnopavita]] across their chest.<ref name=krsrini134/><ref name=ramaswami59/> The northernmost pair is the most damaged; one figure appears feminine. The second pair, to the south, is slightly inclined and has ''trishula'' (trident)-like horns above their crowns (possibly symbolic of Nandi). The third pair also has ''trishula'' horns; the fourth pair appears regal, with conical crowns and garlands as jonapadha . The fifth pair looks angry, with small fang-like tusks. The five nearly-square cells are empty. Scholars have interpreted the ''dvarapala'' pairs as Shiva's five aspects: [[Sadyojata]] (creation), [[Vamadeva]] (preservation), [[Bhairava|Aghora]] (dissolution and rejuvenation), Tatpuruṣa (concealing grace) and [[Ishana]] (revealing grace).<ref name=krsrini134/><ref name=ramaswami59/> According to Srinivasan, the ''mandapa'' probably dates to the reign of Narsimha Varman I.<ref name=krsrini134/>

===={{anchor|Krishna mandapa}}Krishna====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Pillars carved out of same rock giving a look of gallery.jpg
| width1 = 140
| image2 = Krishna soulève le mont Govardhana (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13943133062).jpg
| width2 = 160
| caption1 = Pillars and bas-reliefs
| caption2 = Krishna holding Goverdhana|alt2=Krishna and many other figures
| alt1 = Pillars and bas-reliefs of people and animals
}}
The Krishna ''mandapa'' is a sophisticated cave, with large panels depicting Hindu mythology and the culture of 7th-century Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Harle1994p276">{{cite book |author=James C. Harle |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/276 276]–279 }}</ref> The temple is near the ''[[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Descent of the Ganges]]'' bas-relief. Its facade consists of four leonine mythical figures ''[[Yali (mythology)|vyala]]'', holding pillars, and two pilasters. Behind them is another row of pillars. The walls of the pillared hall depict village life woven into the story of Krishna. Krishna holds Goverdhana Mountain, under which are people, cattle and other animals, in one section.<ref>[http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/km01.html Krishna Mandapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008211330/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/km01.html |date=8 October 2017 }}, Mamallapuram, Art & Archaeology</ref> In another section, a young man holds the hands of his beloved and pulls her in the direction he is going; although she resists slightly, she is willing. The panel then depicts a milkmaid carrying stacks of milk containers and a bundle of cattle feed on her head. Next to her is a man milking a cow. The cow has a calf, which she licks with a curved tongue. Above, Krishna plays the flute while people and animals listen intently.<ref name="Michell2013km"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Robert W. Bradnock |title=South Asian Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=le8uAQAAIAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Trade |pages=700–701 |isbn=9780844299808 }}</ref>
{{wide image|7th century Krishna Mandapa bas relief Mamallapuram Tamil Nadu.jpg|700px|alt=Pen-and-ink drawing of the Krishna cave temple bas-relief|1816 drawing from the Colin Mackenzie collection of the Krishna ''mandapa'' bas-relief, depicting daily life in 7th-century India and two aspects of the Krishna legends: flute-playing and lifting Mount Govardhana. From 1790 to 1820, Mackenzie paid anonymous Indian artists to draw thousands of sketches of temple ruins, inscriptions and artwork.}}

===={{anchor|Atiranachanda mandapa}}Atiranachanda====
The 7th-century Atiranachanda cave temple is in the village of [[Saluvankuppam]], north of Mamallapuram.<ref name=krsrini125>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n139/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 125-130</ref> It has a small facade, with two octagonal pillars with square ''sadurams'' (bases) and two four-sided pilasters. Behind the facade is an ''ardha-mandapa'' and a small, square sanctum. In front of the facade are empty [[Mortise and tenon|mortise]] holes, probably later additions to a now-missing ''mandapa''.<ref name=krsrini125/>

The sanctum entrance is flanked by two Shaiva ''dvarapalas''. Inside is a later black, polished, 16-sided, [[tantra]]-style Shiva linga. At the bottom of one ''dvarapala'' is a later channel to drain water offerings over the linga. On the back wall of the sanctum is a square Somaskanda bas-relief panel of Shiva, Parvati and the infant [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] in Parvati's lap. Two other Somaskanda panels are on the ''ardha-mandapa'' hall walls.<ref name=krsrini125/>

Further in front of the cave temple, in the sand, is a tall, polished linga. This is not part of the cave temple, and is probably the only remnant of a free-standing temple. In front of the linga is a boulder with a three-by-six-foot Shakti rock relief of the Mahishasuramardini Durga legend. The panel, different from others found in many of the monuments, depicts the goddess on her lion chasing a demon army led by the shape-shifting [[Mahishasura]].<ref name=krsrini125/>

The temple contains an identical, 16-line Sanskrit inscription in two scripts: the South Indian Grantha alphabet on the south wall and the North Indian [[Nāgarī script]] on the north wall. The inscriptions contain a dedication to Shiva, Parvati and Skanda,<ref name=krsrini125/><ref>{{cite book |author=R. Nagaswamy |title=Mahabalipuram: Monumental Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHY5YgEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807127-3 |pages=29–30 }}</ref><ref name="Ramaswami1971p19">{{cite book |author=N. S. Ramaswami |title=Indian Monuments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAZc4KLSYjIC&pg=PA79 |year=1971 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-89684-091-1 |pages=19–20 }}</ref> and the temple and reliefs have been dated to the early 8th century.<ref name=krsrini125/>

===={{anchor|Adivaraha mandapa}}Adivaraha====
The Adivaraha cave temple, also known as the Maha Varaha Vishnu temple, is still in use. It is known for sculptures relating the Hindu legends about [[Varaha]] (Vaishnavism), Durga<ref>{{cite web |last=Rajarajan |first=R.K.K. |date=2015 |title=Pallava Vestiges in South Peṇṇāṟu Basin |url=https://www.academia.edu/23719078 |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619042140/https://www.academia.edu/23719078 |url-status=live }}</ref> (Shaktism), [[Gangadhara]] (Shaivism), [[Harihara]] (Vaishnavism-Shaivism fusion) and [[Gajalakshmi]] (Vaishnavism).<ref name=ramaswami63>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=63–64 }}</ref><ref name=krsrini166>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n179/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 166-175</ref> The temple is at the northern end of the main Mamallapuram hill, on its western side. Similar to the Varaha ''mandapa'', both have been dated to the 7th-century Narasimha Varman I era. Although it has later inscriptions consecrating the temple, its style suggests that it was built earlier.<ref name=krsrini166/> The famed ''[[avatara]]'' inscription found in this temple, which places a [[floruit]] on the [[Buddha]] as the ninth avatara of Vishnu, is dated to mid 7th-century.<ref name="Hudson2008p21">{{cite book |author=D Dennis Hudson |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970902-1 |pages=21, 224 }}</ref>

{{Quote box
|title = Vishnu [[Dashavatara]] inscription
|quote=<poem>
''[[Matsya]]h [[Kurma|Kurmo]] [[Varaha|Varahas-cha]] [[Narasimha]]s-cha [[Vamana]]''
''[[Parashurama|Ramo]] [[Rama|Ramas-cha]] [[Balarama|Ramas-cha]] [[Buddha]] [[Kalki]]-cha te dasa''

The Fish, the Tortoise, the Boar, the Man-lion, the Dwarf, Parasurama, Dasarathi Rama, Balarama, Buddha and Kalki – thy ten.<ref>Rao Bahadur H. Krishna Sastri (1926), ''Two Statues of Pallava Kings and Five Pallava Inscriptions in a Rock temple at Mahabalipuram'', Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Volume 26, pages 5-6</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=D. Kiran Kranth Choudary |author2=C. Udayalakshmi |title=Rāmāyaṇa in Indian Art and Epigraphy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZObVAAAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Harman |isbn=978-81-86622-76-6 |page=19 }}</ref>
</poem>
|width=50%
|source = —Sanctum entrance, Adivaraha cave (7th century); earliest [[avatar]]-related epigraphy<ref name=krsrini166/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Michael Dan Rabe |author2=G. John Samuel |title=The Great penance at Māmallapuram: deciphering a visual text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCFuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |isbn=978-81-87892-00-7 |page=124 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|This 7th century (or early 8th century) inscription is significant for several reasons. It is the earliest known stone inscription about the ten avatars of Vishnu, and prior to that, they are found in older texts. The stone inscription mentions the [[Buddha]] as an avatar of Vishnu in a Hindu temple. It also does not mention Krishna, but Balarama consistent with old Hindu and Jain texts of South India, the former equating Krishna to be identical to Vishnu.<ref name=krsrini166/><ref>{{cite book |author=Nagaswamy, R |title=Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTNuAAAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569373-7 |page=27 }}</ref>}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
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}}
Although the Adivaraha ''mandapa''{{'s}} panels of the Gajalakshmi and Durga Mahishamardini legends have the same (or similar) quality as the Varaha temple, Varaha- and Vamana-Trivikrama-legend panels are absent from Adivaraha. The north side has a standing Vishnu sculpture with two devotees, and the south side has a standing Harihara (half Vishnu, half Shiva).<ref name=krsrini166/> The Vishnu sculpture shares the Gajalakshmi side, and Harihara shares the Durga side. The temple's main sanctum has a stucco bas-relief of Varaha which was once painted. Other reliefs in the temple include Adisesha, Shiva Gangadhara, and Brahma and a [[tribhanga]].<ref name=krsrini166/> The facade has four ''vyala'' pillars and two pilasters on one side of the main, oblong community hall. Inside are two side pillars, and the temple has one sanctum.<ref name=krsrini166/> It has inscriptions in Tamil, Sanskrit and Telugu.<ref name=krsrini166/>

===={{anchor|Mahishasuramardini mandapa}}Mahishasuramardini====

{{Main|Mahishasuramardini Mandapa}}
The Mahishasuramardini cave, also known as the Mahishamardini ''mandapa'', is found at the southern end of the site (known locally as Yamapuri). Excavated on the eastern scarp of a boulder on the main Mamallapuram hill, above it are the ruins of the Olakkannesvara temple.<ref name=krsrini148>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n161/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 148-156</ref> According to Ramaswami, the temple is unfinished but what has been carved represents the ultimate in Tamil temple rock art.<ref name=ramaswami63/> The cave has many panels, and their narrative follows the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]''.<ref name=ramaswami63/>
{{multiple image
| alt1 = Aerial view of the temple, with people for scale
| image1 = Aerial view of Mahishasuramardini Mandapam Mahabalipuram, India.jpg
| width1 = 150
| image2 = Mahishasuramardini Mandapam, Pallave period, 7th century, Mahabalipuram (23) (37473615841).jpg
| width2 = 170
| caption1 = Aerial view of the temple
| caption2 = Entrance
| alt2 = Temple entrance, with pillars and steps
}}

The front of the oblong ''mandapa'' is defined by four pillars and two pilasters. One of its original pillars was moved to the nearby Adivaraha temple, and was replaced with an incongruous, plain pillar. Portions of another pillar are damaged.<ref name=krsrini148/> Lions are part of the pillar architecture instead of the ''[[Yali (mythology)|vyalas]]'' found in other Mamallapuram cave temples, consistent with its Durga theme. Uniquely, the temple's interior artwork was completed before its facade details, ceiling or floor. Its southern pillar and pilaster are the only ones which have been finished. The temple is an example of parallel construction by multiple artisans.<ref name=krsrini148/>
[[File:Ananathasayanam in Mamalapuram.jpg|thumb|Vishnu sleeping in Ananthasayanam]]
[[File:Mahishasuramardhini.jpg|thumb|Vishnu Durga Devi fighting against the demon]]

The ''mandapa'' has three shrine cells connected to a central, [[trapezoid]]al hall. The floor level of the side shrines are about a foot higher than the central shrine. In the central shrine is a large rock relief of Somaskanda, with Shiva seated in a [[Sukhasana]] (cross-legged) yoga posture and Parvati next to him with the infant Skanda. Behind them are a standing Brahma, Vishnu and Surya.<ref name=krsrini148/>

On the northern wall of the temple hall is the Mahishasuramardini legend rock relief, one of the most intricately carved in the Mamallapuram monuments. On the southern wall of the hall is a carving of the Anantasayi Vishnu narrative with Madhu and Kaitabha.<ref name=krsrini148/> Both layouts are symmetrical.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alice Boner |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC&pg=PA38 |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1 |pages=145–154, 230–240 }}</ref>

====Panchapandava mandapam====
Just south of the ''Arjuna's Penance'' bas-relief is the Panchapandava mandapam, the largest (unfinished) cave temple excavated in Mamallapuram.<ref name=krsrini164/> It has six pillars, one of which has been restored, and two pilasters as its facade. Another row of pillars follows in the ''[[ardhamandapa]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Ardhamaṇḍapa, Ardha-mandapa: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ardhamandapa |website=www.wisdomlib.org |date=26 February 2017 |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131080953/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ardhamandapa |url-status=live }}</ref> and largely unfinished, deep side halls also contain pillars. Evidence of work in progress suggests that the cave was intended to have a walking path and large wall reliefs.<ref name=krsrini164>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n180/mode/2up/ Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 164-166</ref>

====Other ''mandapas''====
The Mamallapuram site includes a number of other unfinished cave temples. Among them are the Trimurti temple, dedicated to Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu;<ref>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n169/mode/2up Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 156-160</ref> the Panchapandava ''mandapa'', named for characters in the ''Mahabharata'';<ref>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n177/mode/2up Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 164-167</ref> Pulipudar and adjacent cave temples near the Konerippallam tank<ref>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n175/mode/2up Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 161-163</ref> and the Tiger Cave, also known as the Yali ''mandapa'', dedicated to Lakshmi (the goddess of prosperity, an [[Aspect (religion)|aspect]] of Durga).<ref>K R Srinivasan (1964), [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.534008/2015.534008.architectural-survey#page/n197/mode/2up Cave temples of the Pallavas], Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, page 183</ref><ref>Padma Kaimal (2014), Laksmi and the Tigers: A Goddess in the Shadows, in ''The Archaeology of Bhakti I : Mathurā and Maturai'', Eds: Emmanuel Francis & Charlotte Schmid, Paris: École Française d'Extrême-Orient, {{ISBN|978-8184702002}}, pages 142-176</ref>

=== Structural temples ===
The structural (free-standing) temples at Mamallapuram have been built with cut stones as building blocks, rather than carved into a rock (cave temples) or out of a rock (''ratha'' temples). Surviving examples, fewer in number and representing a different stage, style and sophistication than the other monuments, are some of best examples of early medieval Tamil Hindu-temple architecture.<ref name=shoretemplebrit>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shore-Temple Shore temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108210940/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shore-Temple |date=8 November 2017 }}, Mamallapuram, India, Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name="Harle1994p283">{{cite book |author=James C. Harle |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/283 283]–284 }}</ref><ref name="Michell1977p82">{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA82 |year=1977 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1 |pages=82–85, 133–137 }}</ref> These temples (like other monuments in Mamallapuram) were dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Durga, although more Shiva iconography has survived.<ref name=shoretemplebrit/><ref name="Michell1977p82"/>

===={{anchor|Shore temple}}Shore Temple====
[[File:01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg|thumb|alt=Two temples, one larger than the other|Shore Temple complex]]
The [[Shore Temple]] complex is near the Mamallapuram shore, hence its modern name. It consists of a large temple, two smaller temples and many minor shrines, open halls, gateways, and other elements, much of which is buried by sand.<ref name="Michell1977shore">{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA82 |year=1977 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1 |pages=134–137 }}</ref> The main temple is within a two-tier, compound wall with statues of Shiva's [[vahana]] (vehicle), Nandi, surrounding it. The {{convert|60|ft|adj=on}}-high temple has a {{convert|50|sqft|m2|adj=on}} plan. It is a stepped pyramidal tower, arranged in five tiers with [[Shiva]] iconography. The temple includes a path around its main sanctum and a large, [[barrel vault]]ed roof above its doorway. Pilasters on the outer wall divide it into [[Bay (architecture)|bays]]. The temple is steeper and taller than the Arjuna and Dharmaraja ''rathas'', with a similar design in which the superstructure repeats the lower level in a shrinking square form. An octagonal shikhara and kalasa- (pot)-shaped [[finial]]s cap the tower.<ref name="Michell1977shore"/>

A small temple in the original forecourt of the larger temple. The other two temples in the complex are behind the main temple, face each other and are known as the Rajasimhesvara (or Nripatisimha Pallava Vishnugriha) and the Kshatriyasimhesvara. The main shrine has Vishnu and Durga images. The rear temple walls are carved with Somaskanda bas-relief panels depicting Shiva, [[Parvati]] and the infant [[Kartikeya|Skanda]].<ref name=Hindu />

Most of its Nandi sculptures were in ruins and scattered around the main temple complex. Twentieth-century restoration efforts replaced them in accordance with the inscriptions, descriptions of the temple in medieval texts and excavations of layers which confirmed that Nandi bulls were seated along its periphery.<ref name=ramaswami68>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=68–69 }}</ref>

The Shiva temples have been dated to the early 8th century and are attributed to the reign of the Pallava king Rajasimha (700-728). The Vishnu temple, with an image of a reclining Vishnu discovered after excavations, has been dated to the 7th century.<ref name="Michell1977shore"/>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px">
File:Les temples du rivage (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13949513945).jpg|alt=Bas-relief of Shiva's family|Somaskanda panel
File:Shore Temple 8-3.jpg|alt=Man and woman, standing|Relief of a couple
File:Mahabalipuram Temple, India.JPG|alt=Two temples, dry pool and cattle sculptures|Tank, Nandi and two surviving temples
File:Mamallapuram, Mahabalipuram, The Shore Temple, India.jpg|alt=Fanciful lion sculpture|Durga carved in the square panel of a lion
</gallery>

==== Olakkanesvara temple ====
{{multiple image
| alt1 =
| image1 = Olakkanesva temple.jpg
| width1 = 208
| image2 = 1839 lithograph of a structural temple on top of a cave temple in Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu India.jpg
| width2 = 120
| caption1 = 1921 photo of the Olakkanesvara temple atop the Mahishamardini cave temple
| caption2 = 1839 lithograph before its conversion into a lighthouse
| alt2 = Tinted lithograph of the temples from the front
}}
The Olakkanesvara temple is perched on the rock above the Mahishamardini cave temple. It is also known as the Old Lighthouse because of its conversion by British officials. The temple, built in the early 8th century from grey granite cut into blocks, is credited to King Rajasimha.<ref name=ramaswami73>{{cite book |author=NS Ramaswami |title=2000 years of Mamallapuram |year=1989 |publisher=Navrang |pages=73–74 }}</ref> It is severely damaged, and its superstructure is missing; what remains is a square building with its west entrance flanked by ''dvarapalas''. The walls of the temple depict the [[Ravananugraha]] legend from the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and a relief of Dakshinamurti (Shiva as a yoga teacher). Its name is modern, based on the "ollock of oil" per day which was burnt by local residents to keep the temple flame lit.<ref name=ramaswami73/>

==== Mukundanayanar temple ====
The Mukundanayanar temple has ''ratha''-like architecture. North of the main hill in Mamallapuram, it has been dated to the early 8th century and attributed to King Rajasimha.<ref name="DattaBeynon2016p62"/> The temple, with a simple square design, is oriented to the east and its facade is supported by two slender, [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted]], round pillars. Its sanctum is surrounded by granite walls, and its outer walls are [[Articulation (architecture)|articulated]] into pilastered columns. Artisans shaped the roof to resemble timber, and the corners have square, domed ''kutas'' (pavilions).<ref name="DattaBeynon2016p62"/> The superstructure is tiered into squares, topped with an octagonal dome. The inside of the superstructure is cut to create a ''shikhara'' above the ''[[garbhagriha]]''. There is a square panel in the sanctum, but the image is missing.<ref name="DattaBeynon2016p62">{{cite book |author1=Sambit Datta |author2=David Beynon |title=Digital Archetypes: Adaptations of Early Temple Architecture in South and Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-15094-7 |pages=63–65 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |title=Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=44 |issue=4 |year=1983 |issn=0004-3648 |pages=266–296 |doi=10.2307/3249613 |jstor=3249613 }}</ref>

=== Rock reliefs ===
[[File:Mahabalipuram pano2.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|alt=Large rock reliefs with elephants|The ''Descent of the Ganges'', also known as ''Arjuna's Penance'', is one of the largest rock reliefs in Asia and narrates several Hindu myths.]]
[[Relief]]s are carved on rocks or boulders. These include the wall of the Krishna ''mandapa'', where a superstructure was added in front of the relief. The best-known rock relief in Mahablipuram is the ''[[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Descent of the Ganges]]'' (also known as ''Arjuna's Penance'' or ''Bhagiratha's Penance''), the largest open-air rock relief.

The ''Descent of the Ganges'' is considered one of the largest bas-relief works in the world.<ref name=Unesco /><ref name="Sites" /> The relief, consisting of Hindu mythology, is carved on two {{convert|27|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}}, {{convert|9|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} boulders.<ref name=Animal>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho0000807s1u00020000.html |title=Animals crowding in to admire Arjuna performing Penance [Mamallapuram] |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Online Gallery of British Library |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619202120/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho0000807s1u00020000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Practise Panel Lighthouse Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02532.jpg|left|Inscriptions near the panel with the light house in the background|thumb]]

There are two primary interpretations: the effort needed to bring the Ganges from the heavens to earth, and the ''[[Kirātārjunīya]]'' legend and the chapter from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' about [[Arjuna]]'s efforts to gain the weapon he needed to help good triumph over evil.<ref name="Harle1994p276"/> A portion of the panel shows the help he received from Shiva to defeat the [[Asura]]s. Included in the panel are Vishnu, Shiva, other gods and goddesses, sages, human beings, animals, reptiles and birds.<ref name="Harle1994p276"/>

According to another interpretation, an ascetic [[Bhagiratha]] is praying for the Ganges to be brought to earth. Shiva receives the river, to which all life is racing in peace and thirst. This theory has not been universally accepted because central characters are missing or are inconsistent with their legends. The absence of a boar from the entire panel makes it doubtful that it is single story, although scenes of Arjuna's penance and the descent of the Ganges are affirmed.<ref name="Harle1994p276"/> The granite reliefs, from the early or middle 7th century, are considered by ''[[The Hindu]]'' as "one of the marvels of the sculptural art of India."<ref name=Hindu>{{Cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2425/stories/20080104242506600.htm |title=Mamallapuram |access-date=30 December 2012 |publisher=Frontline: India’s national Magazine from the publishers of The Hindu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305214902/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2425/stories/20080104242506600.htm |archive-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>

=== Other rock monuments ===
{{multiple image
| image1 = Krishna Butterball Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02583.jpg
| align = right
| total_width = 250
| image2 = Butter_well_at_Mahabalipuram.jpg
| alt2 =
| footer = Krishna's Butterball and well
}}

==== Butterball rock ====
[[Krishna's Butterball]] (also known as ''Vaan Irai Kal'')<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/krishnas-butter-ball |title=Krishna's Butter Ball |website=Atlas Obscura |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-date=26 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926164216/http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/krishnas-butter-ball |url-status=live }}</ref>) is a gigantic [[granite]] [[boulder]] resting on a short incline in the historical coastal resort town of [[Mamallapuram]] in Tamil Nadu state of India. Due to the [[optical illusion]] it seems to barely rest on the rocky plinth.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Neha Vashishth |title=These Mysterious Places In India Totally Defy Gravity! |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-hf/LIF-WEW-weird-places-in-india-where-gravity-has-no-power-5300560-PHO.html |access-date=22 May 2016 |work=dailybhaskar |date=16 April 2016 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420222711/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news-hf/LIF-WEW-weird-places-in-india-where-gravity-has-no-power-5300560-PHO.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-tamil-nadu/ |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Tamil Nadu « Archaeological Survey of India |website=asi.nic.in |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919070208/http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-tamil-nadu/ |archive-date=19 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Butter well is located 40 metres north of Krishna's Butterball, excavated deep into the eroded rocky plinth.

== Influence ==
The [[Indian rock-cut architecture|architecture of the rock-cut temples]], particularly the ''rathas'', became a model for [[Hindu temple architecture#Dravida and Nagara architecture|south Indian temples]].<ref name=Brit>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html |title=The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram] |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Online Gallery of British Library |archive-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225114320/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Architectural features, particularly the sculptures, were widely adopted in [[Dravidian architecture|South India]]n, Cambodian, [[Names of Vietnam|Annamese]] and [[Java]]nese temples.<ref name=Unesco /> Descendants of the sculptors of the shrines are artisans in contemporary Mahabalipuram.<ref name="BruynBain2010">{{cite book |first1=Pippa de |last1=Bruyn |first2=Keith |last2=Bain |first3=David |last3=Allardice |author4=Shonar Joshi |title=Frommer's India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&pg=PA333 |access-date=7 February 2013 |date=18 February 2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-64580-2 |pages=333– }}</ref>

== Conservation ==
After a roughly 40-year delay, a master plan to beautify Mahabalipuram was implemented in 2003. The Union Ministry of Tourism and Culture is financing the multi-[[crore]]-rupee Integrated Development of Mamallapuram project. The area around the monuments was cleaned up with fencing, lawns, paths, parks and the removal of [[Hawker (trade)|hawkers]] and encroachments. During a ''[[Son et lumière (show)|son et lumière]]'' show, the monuments are illuminated at night.<ref name=Front>{{Cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195340/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2023/stories/20031121000107100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=A monumental effort |access-date=30 December 2012 |date=8 November 2003 |publisher=Front Line India's National Magazine from the publishers of [[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has laid the lawns and pathways around the monuments, and the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) has designed parks on both sides of the roads leading to the Shore Temple and the Five Rathas. A path from behind the Shore Temple to the Five Rathas and the conservation of more monuments are planned.<ref name="Front" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
* [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
* [[Lists of Indian Monuments of National Importance]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India]]
* [[List of colossal sculptures in situ]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya |title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass) |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up |isbn=978-81-7536-534-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya |title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-81-7536-113-3}}
* {{cite book |author1=Vinayak Bharne |author2=Krupali Krusche |title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Alice Boner |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1}}
* {{cite book |author1=Alice Boner |author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā |title=Silpa Prakasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass) |isbn=978-8120820524}}
* {{cite book |author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy |author2=Michael W. Meister |title=Essays in Architectural Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=978-0-19-563805-9}}
*Dehejia, V. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}.
* {{citation |author=Adam Hardy |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C |year=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
* {{cite book |author=Adam Hardy |title=The Temple Architecture of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470028278}}
* {{cite book |author=Adam Hardy |title=Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=978-93-81406-41-0}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* {{cite book |author=Monica Juneja |title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-8178242286}}
* {{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Hindu Temple Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C |year=1976 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press) |isbn=978-81-208-0223-0}}
* {{cite book |author=Stella Kramrisch |title=The Hindu Temple Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC |year=1979 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press) |isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
* {{cite book |author1=Michael W. Meister |author2=Madhusudan Dhaky |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies |isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4}}
* {{cite book |author=George Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC |year=1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
* {{cite book |author=George Michell |title=Hindu Art and Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}}
* {{cite book |author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao |title=Elements of Hindu iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Ajay J. Sinha |title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C |year=2000 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |isbn=978-0-87413-684-5}}
* {{cite book |title=South Indian Temples |author=Burton Stein |isbn=978-0706904499 |publisher=Vikas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ |year=1978}}
* {{cite book |author=Burton Stein |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
* {{cite book |author1=Burton Stein |author2=David Arnold |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10 |year=1997 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Group of monuments at Mahabalipuram}}
* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram.asp Mahabalipuram], ASI India
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/Mahabalipuram/ Mahabalipuram: Ancient History], RC Dola (2015)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19991006030700/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html Mahabalipuram]
* [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00000926 Note on the new excavations at the Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram], John R. Marr (2009)

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Rock reliefs in India|Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]

Qutab Minar metro station

2026-01-18T22:14:33Z

FionaLaflamme: improved references further and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Qutab Minar
| other_name =
| style = Delhi Metro
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| image = Qutab Minar station.jpg
| address = Anuvrat Marg New Delhi 110030
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}}}}
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| bicycle =
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| zone =
| closed =
| former =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|6|21|df=yes}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers = 187,259
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2015
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Yellow|left=Saket|right=Chhatarpur}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Qutab Minar''' is an elevated [[List of Delhi metro stations|station]] on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. It was inaugurated on 21 June 2010 as part of the 14.47 km completely elevated corridor from Qutab Minar – [[HUDA City Centre (Delhi Metro)|HUDA City Centre]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article477024.ece|title=Metro links Delhi and Gurgaon|author=Ashok Kumar|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-06-21|access-date=2009-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-21/delhi/28312701_1_huda-city-centre-qutub-minar-metro-effective-transport-system|title=Delhi Metro reaches Gurgaon|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2009-06-21|access-date=2009-09-27}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-reaches-Gurgaon/Article1-560863.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623024231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-reaches-Gurgaon/Article1-560863.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2010|title=Delhi Metro reaches Gurgaon|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2009-06-21|access-date=2009-09-27}}</ref>

The station is close to the [[Qutb Minar]] and [[Qutb complex|its monuments]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. Parking facilities are available here. During peak hours, it serves as an alternate southern terminus for the yellow line along with {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sultanpur}}.

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Chhatarpur}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Saket}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==
[[Cash machine|ATM]]s are available at Qutab Minar metro station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx|title = DMRC : ATM Details}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Qutb Minar]]
*[[Qutb Minar complex]]
*[[Qutb]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

==External links==
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qutab Minar metro station}}
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Sant Ram Deswal

2026-01-13T10:28:37Z

FionaLaflamme: added new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian writer and educator}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sant Ram Deswal
| image = Padma Shri Dr. Santram Deshwal.jpg
| alt = Dr. Sant Ram Deswal
| caption = Dr. Sant Ram Deswal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|04|24}}
| birth_place = [[Jhajjar]], [[Haryana]], India
| occupation = Retired Professor, Writer, Editor, Journalist
| known_for = Hindi Literature, Haryanvi Folk Literature
| spouse = Dr. Rajkala Deswal
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Sant Ram Deswal''' (born 24 April 1955) is an Indian educator, writer, editor, orator and journalist, primarily known for his contributions to Hindi literature and Haryanvi folk literature. In 2025, he was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], India’s fourth-highest civilian award, for his work in literature and education.<ref name="padmaawards">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Place=Haryana&Year=2025-2025 |website=Padma Awards Dashboard |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/panchkula/news/haryana-padma-shri-award-harvinder-singh-and-dr-sant-ram-deswal-134361880.html |title=हरियाणा पद्मश्री पुरस्कार: हरविंदर सिंह और डॉ. संतराम देशवाल को साहित्य और शिक्षा में योगदान के लिए पद्मश्री पुरस्कार |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=14 April 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dr. Sant Ram Deswal ''<nowiki/>'Somya''' was born in Khedka village of Jhajjar district, Haryana on 24 April 1955.<ref name="amarujala">{{cite news |title=डॉ. संतराम देशवाल को जब मिला पुरस्कार का फोन, लगा कोई मजाक कर रहा है |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/sonipat/dr-santram-deswal-has-written-30-books-when-he-got-a-call-for-the-award-he-thought-someone-was-pranking-him-sonipat-news-c-197-1-snp1001-131381-2025-01-26 |publisher=Amar Ujala |date=26 January 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> He is the son of Shri. Sada Ram Deswal and Smt. Darka Devi. He holds multiple advanced degrees and certifications. He has earned a Ph.D. and M.Phil. in Hindi, along with M.A. degrees in both Hindi and English from [[Maharshi Dayanand University]], [[Rohtak]]. He also holds an LL.B. (Bachelor of Law), a Postgraduate Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication, a Postgraduate Diploma in English-Hindi Translation and a Certificate Course in the French language.

== Career ==
Deswal worked as a Professor of Hindi at Chhotu Ram Arya College in Sonipat, after which he shifted his focus entirely to writing and editing. He is pursuing a D.Litt. in Hindi from Agra University and works as a Hindi expert and consultant for both government and private sectors. As a full-time author, he continues his independent literary pursuits while also offering free legal services as an advocate at the District Court, Sonipat.In addition, he serves as an educational consultant and manages various literary, cultural, and social initiatives and holds the position of Associate Editor at Jagat Mahan magazine. He delivers extension lectures at various institutions and has contributed over 100 radio talks on All India Radio, along with several programs on Doordarshan.

== Research ==
Deswal has guided 14 M.Phil. scholars and supervised 4 Ph.D. scholars in the field of Hindi literature. He has presented 20 research papers at national seminars and published 10 research papers in academic journals. Six research works have been completed on his works at various universities, which have contributed to the publication of the book titled - "Dr. Sant Ram Deswal ke Lalit Lok Nibandh."<ref name="haribhoomi">{{cite news |title=लिटरटेचर डॉ. संतराम देशवाल को मिलेगा पद्मश्री सम्मान |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/haryana/news/litterateur-santram-deshwal-and-archer-harvinder-singh-will-be-honored-with-padmashree-award-know-about-them-68825 |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=Hari Bhoomi}}</ref>

== Books ==
As an author, his work spans across various genres like poetry, navgeet, gazal, folklore, folk literature, lalit nibandh, travelogue, memoirs, biography, etc. and more than 2 dozen books <ref name="jagran">{{cite news |date=26 January 2025 |title=Haryana's literary icon Santram Deswal conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/sonipat-ncr-haryanas-literary-icon-santram-deswal-and-sportsman-harvinder-singh-conferred-with-padma-shri-awards-23873033.html |publisher=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref name="hindustan">{{cite news |date=26 January 2025 |title=Educator and literary figure Dr. Santram Deshwal awarded Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-paralympics-gold-medallist-educator-awarded-padma-shri-101737834413152.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> have been published till date under various categories:

'''Lalit Nibandh:'''

* Sanskriti Ki Khoj, ISBN 978-93-84254-69-9
* Hansa, Boliye Mere Ram ISBN 978-93-84254-50-6
* Ikkeesvin Sadi Ke Lalit Nibandh ISBN 978-93-84249-44-1
* Sanskriti Darpan ISBN 978-93-84254-15-5
* Lok Path ISBN 978-81-931359-8-3
* Sanskriti: Swaroop Evam Bhumandalikaran ISBN 978-81-904301-5-9
* Aangan Mein Mor Nacha, Kisne Dekha ISBN 81-7043-611-7
* Lok Alok

'''Haryana Ka Lok Sahitya Aur Sanskriti (Haryanvi Folk Literature & Culture)''':<ref name="dainiktribune">{{cite news |date=25 January 2025 |title=The 30th book of litterateur Dr. Santram Deshwal was released |url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/haryana/the-30th-book-of-litterateur-dr-santram-deshwal-was-released/ |publisher=Dainik Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sonipat News: डॉ. संतराम देशवाल 30 पुस्तकें लिख चुके, अवाॅर्ड के लिए कॉल आया तो लगा कोई प्रैंक कर रहा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/sonipat/dr-santram-deswal-has-written-30-books-when-he-got-a-call-for-the-award-he-thought-someone-was-pranking-him-sonipat-news-c-197-1-snp1001-131381-2025-01-26}}</ref>

* Haryana Ki Sanskriti Evam Kala ISBN 978-81-905647-1-7
* Haryana Ke Lok Sahitya Mein Kadka Vidha ISBN 978-93-84259-50-1
* Haryana Ka Lok Sahitya: Asphut Vidhayen ISBN 978-93-94627-20-8
* Janakavi Fauji Mehr Singh Granthavali, ISBN 978-93-84254-28-5
* Haryana Ki Sanskriti Ke Pratimaan

'''Bhartiya Sanskriti (Indian Culture):'''

* Bhartiya Sanskriti Ki Avdharna, ISBN 978-93-84259-70-9

'''Kavya (Poetry):'''

'''Hindi Kavya:'''

* Zindagi Aur Bata ISBN 978-93-94627-63-5
* Prem Na Haat Bikaye
* Pat Katha Badalti Rehti Hai
* Manzil Ki Aur

'''Haryanvi Kavya:'''

* Kankrit Ke Jungle Mein ISBN 978-93-94627-09-3
* Ankahe Dard ISBN 81-88796-239-3

'''Jeevni (Biography):'''

* Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Ki Jeevni ISBN 978-93-94627-57-4

'''Sansmaran (Memoir):'''

* Smritiyon Ke Sopan ISBN 978-93-84254-45-2

'''Yatra Vitrant (Travelogue):'''

* Safar Jari Hai ISBN 978-81-951797-5-6

'''Samiksha Granth (Criticism):'''

* Hindi Lalit Nibandh: Swaroop Evam Mulyankan

'''Anuvaad (Translation):'''

* Acchha Bhojan (Hindi to Haryanvi), ISBN 978-81-237-9664-2
* Haddi Tootan Pe (Hindi to Haryanvi) ISBN 978-81-237-9669-7

== Journalism and editorial work ==
Deswal has been a columnist for leading national newspapers, including Dainik Tribune, Jansatta, Navbharat Times and Dainik Haribhoomi. He has also authored hundreds of articles in various newspapers and magazines on literature, culture, society and public discourse.He has served as the guest editor for ''Harigandha'', a journal of the Haryana Sahitya Akademi, and has edited several literary magazines.<ref name="khaskhabar">{{cite news |title=Chief Minister honors Padma Shri recipient Dr. Santram Deshwal |url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/local/haryana/chandigarh-news/news-chief-minister-naib-singh-saini-honoured-padma-shri-litterateur-dr-santram-deswal-and-paralympic-gold-medalist-harvinder-news-hindi-1-707703-KKN.html |publisher=Khas Khabar |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Deswal has received various awards for his contributions to literature, education, journalism and social service. In 2025, he was honored with the Padma Shri Award in the field of Literature and Education.

His other awards include the following:

* Mahakavi [[Surdas]] Ajeevan Sahitya Sadhna Samman (2018) – awarded by the Haryana Sahitya Akademi with ₹5 lakh.<ref>{{cite news |date=2024 |title=डॉ. संतराम देशवाल को साहित्य साधना सम्मान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/bahadurgarh/news/dr-santram-deshwal-got-sahitya-sadhna-award-129448954.html |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>
* Jan Kavi Mehr Singh Samman (2014)- awarded by the Haryana Sahitya Akademi with ₹2lakh.
* Best Book Award for Lok Alok (2005) from the Haryana Sahitya Academy
* Best Book Award for Ankahe Dard (2010) from the Haryana Sahitya Academy
* Folklore Translation Consolation Award by the Sahitya Academy, Delhi
* Bal Mukund Gupta Sahitya Samman
* Sarvottam Patrakarita Samman
* Sarvottam Shikshak Samman
* Lok Sahitya Shiromani Samman
* Hindi Sahastrabdi Samman
* Sonepat Ratna Samman
* Kavya Kalash Samman
* Panchvati Samman
* Appreciation Certificates from [[Government of India]], Governor of Haryana, and the Higher Education Department, Haryana.<ref>{{cite news |title=Haryana's literary icon Santram Deswal conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/sonipat-ncr-haryanas-literary-icon-santram-deswal-and-sportsman-harvinder-singh-conferred-with-padma-shri-awards-23873033.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Litterateur Santram Deshwal and Archer Harvinder Singh will be honored with Padmashree Award |url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/haryana/news/litterateur-santram-deshwal-and-archer-harvinder-singh-will-be-honored-with-padmashree-award-know-about-them-68825#google_vignette |access-date=14 April 2025 |publisher=Hari Bhoomi}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Currently, he resides at [[Sonipat, Haryana]]. He is married to Dr. Rajkala Deswal, a retired Hindi Professor and a contributor to Hindi literature and Haryanvi folk literature.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|Padma Shri recipients 2025]]
* [[Hindi literature]]
*[https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2131791 Press Information Bureau Release, 27.05.2025]
*[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/padma-shri-awardees-haryana-9799805/ Among Padma Shri awardees, author from Haryana who lost father at 3, INDIAN EXPRESS, 26.01.2025]
*[https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=198254&headline=Haryana-Padma-Shri:-Dr.-Santram-Deswal-%27Saumya%27-Honored-with-Padma-Shri-for-Contributions-to-Literature-and-Education Haryana Padma Shri: Dr. Santram Deswal 'Saumya' Honored with Padma Shri for Contributions to Literature and Education, BABUSHAHI, 26.01.2025]
*[https://m.dainiktribuneonline.com/article/literary-person-and-writer-dr-santram-deswal-expressed-his-feelings/652479/amp पुत्र-पुत्रवधू ने बिना बताए किया आवेदन और पिता को मिल गया पद्मश्री, DAINIK TRIBUNE, 28.01.2025]
*[https://mhone.in/Vision-of-Developed-India-Aim-to-make-the-country-a-global-energy-export-hub-by-2047 केंद्रीय ऊर्जा मंत्री से साहित्यकार डॉ. संतराम देशवाल ने की शिष्टाचार मुलाकात, MH One News, 29.01.2025]
*[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/sonipat/padma-shri-dr-santram-deshwal-was-felicitated-at-jagriti-dham-sonipat-news-c-197-1-snp1008-132383-2025-02-16?client=android&client_new=au_revamp जागृति धाम में पद्मश्री डॉ. संतराम देशवाल का अभिनंदन, AMAR UJALA, 17.02.2025]
*[https://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/cm-honours-padma-shri-awardee-drsant-ram-deswal-and-paralympic-gold-medalist-harvinder-89320 CM honours Padma Shri awardee Dr.Sant Ram Deswal and paralympic gold medalist Harvinder, PUNJAB NEWS LINE, 09.03.2025]
*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/saini-meets-haryana-padma-shri-awardees-101741546120495-amp.html Saini meets Haryana Padma Shri awardees, HINDUSTAN TIMES, 10.03.2025]
*[https://www.newsupdateindia.com/news/10059 हरविन्द्र कल्याण ने विधानसभा के बजट सत्र के दौरान डॉ. संतराम देशवाल का अपनी तथा पूरे सदन की तरफ से किया स्वागत, NEWS UPDATE INDIA, 13.03.2025]
*[https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2025/3/13/Speaker-Harvindra-welcomed-Padma-Shri-Dr-Santram.php विधानसभा अध्यक्ष ने पद्म श्री सन्तराम देशवाल का किया स्वागत, HINDUSTAN SAMACHAR, 13.03.2025]
*[https://www.arthparkash.com/delhi-ncr-intellectuals-felicitated-dr-santram-deswal दिल्ली एन सी आर के बुद्धिजीवियों ने किया डॉ सन्तराम देशवाल का अभिनन्दन, ARTH PRAKASH, 03.05.2025]
*[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/sonipat/litterateur-dr-santram-deshwal-honored-with-padmashree-award-sonipat-news-c-197-1-snp1001-137232-2025-05-28 साहित्यकार डॉ. संतराम देशवाल पद्मश्री पुरस्कार से सम्मानित, AMAR UJALA, 28.05.2025]
*[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/sonipat-ncr-padma-shri-for-sonipat-dr-santram-deswal-literature-and-education-23949088.html 30 से ज्यादा किताबें लिखकर साहित्य साधना कर रहे पद्मश्री संतराम देशवाल, राष्ट्रपति द्रौपदी मुर्मू ने किया सम्मानित, JAGRAN, 28.05.2025]
*[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/sonipat/news/padma-shri-award-dr-sant-ram-deshwal-haryana-literature-135112505.html?_branch_match_id=1463750441693765425&utm_campaign=135112505&utm_medium=sharing&_branch_referrer=H4sIAAAAAAAAA8soKSkottLXT0nMzMvM1kvKSCzOTizSS87P1bfwza3MMPEL9whJsq8rSk1LLSrKzEuPTyrKLy9OLbINTkxLLMoEABhxODlAAAAA सोनीपत के साहित्यकार संतराम देशवाल को मिला पदम श्री सम्मान दिल्ली में राष्ट्रपति ने सम्मान से नवाजा 28 साल शिक्षक रहे, DAINIK BHASKAR, 28.05.2025]
*[https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/gurugram/president-gave-padma-shri-award-to-litterateur-and-writer-santram-deswal/ साहित्यकार एवं लेखक संतराम देशवाल को राष्ट्रपति ने दिया पद्मश्री पुरस्कार, DAINIK TRIBUNE, 28.05.2025]
*[https://impressivetimes.com/latest/padma-shri-dr-sant-ram-deswal-2025/ Dr. Sant Ram Deswal Honoured with Padma Shri Award 2025 for Contribution to Literature and Education, IMPRESSIVE TIMES, 30.05.2025]
*[https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/sant-ram-deswal-honoured-with-padma-shri-award-2025-613002 Sant Ram Deswal honoured with Padma Shri Award 2025, MILLENNIUM POST, 31.05.2025]
*[https://www.yugmarg.com/epaper/?dt=2025/05/31&p=9 Dr Sant Ram Deswal honoured with Padma Shri Award 2025, YUGMARG, 31.05.2025]
*[https://epaper.statetimes.in/archives.aspx?date1=5/31/2025&page=12 Dr Sant Ram Deswal honoured with Padma Shri Award 2025, STATE TIMES, 31.05.2025]
*[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/jhajjar/news/jhajjar-dc-congratulated-padma-shri-awarded-dr-santram-update-135135142.html झज्जर DC ने डॉ. संतराम को दी बधाई:पद्मश्री से हुए थे सम्मानित, बोले- हरियाणवी भाषा में मील का पत्थर साबित हुए, DAINIK BHASKAR, 31.05.2025]
*[https://epaper.thestatesman.com/4015839/Delhi-The-Statesman/01-06-2025#page/7/2 Dr Sant Ram Deswal honoured with Padma Shri Award 2025, STATESMAN, 01.06.2025]
*[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/business/dr-sant-ram-deswal-awarded-padma-shri-for-contributions-to-literature--education.html Dr Sant Ram Deswal awarded Padma Shri for contributions to literature, education, DAILY PIONEER, 02.06.2025]
*[https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/calcutta-edition/29/2025-06-03/page-13/ad189993.html Dr Sant Ram Deswal receives Padma Shri for contribution to literature and education, TELEGRAPH, 03.06.2025]
*[https://epaper.financialexpress.com/4017120/Delhi/June-04-2025#page/19/2 Padma Shri Award news in leading newspaper, FINANCIAL EXPRESS, 04.06.2025]
*[https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/delhi-ncr/dr-santram-deshwal-honored-with-padmashree-award-for-special-contribution-in-literature-and-education-field-631240 Dr Sant Ram Deswal awarded Padma Shri for contributions to literature, education, HARIBHOOMI, 05.06.2025]
*[https://www.amarujala.com/city-and-states/dr-deshwals-achievements-are-inspirational-for-the-youth-dc-jhajjar-news-c-195-1-nnl1001-122524-2025-06-05?client=android&client_new=au_revamp डॉ. देशवाल की उपलब्धियां युवाओं के लिए प्रेरणादायक : डीसी, AMAR UJALA, 05.06.2025]
*[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/padma-shri-awardee-welcomed-in-jhajjar Padma Shri awardee Dr Sant Ram Deswal welcomed in Jhajjar, THE TRIBUNE, 06.06.2025]
*[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/sonipat/gohana/news/cipet-murthall-sonipat-hindi-workshop-padmashri-santram-deshwal-135323786.html?_branch_match_id=1458349817263329126&utm_campaign=135323786&utm_medium=sharing&_branch_referrer=H4sIAAAAAAAAA8soKSkottLXT0nMzMvM1kvKSCzOTizSS87P1Q%2BpyI%2F0tQh2qQhNsq8rSk1LLSrKzEuPTyrKLy9OLbJ1zijKz00FAJu34YdAAAAA सोनीपत में सीपेट में हिंदी पर कार्यशाला में पहुंचे पद्मश्री:संतराम देसवाल बोले- राजभाषा से राष्ट्रभाषा बनेगी हिंदी; ये भारतीय संस्कार की भाषा, DAINIK BHASKAR, 27.06.2025]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshwal, Santram}}
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Sonipat]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Educators from Haryana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Golu Devata

2026-01-11T13:18:14Z

FionaLaflamme: small changes

{{Short description|Deity of Uttarakhandi people of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Golu Devata
| image = Golu Devta Hawalbagh Almora.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Golu Devta, Hawalbagh, near [[Almora]]
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Almora]]
| location = Binsar wildlife sanctuary
| elevation_m =
| deity = Golu Devata
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
[[File:Golu Devta Udepur, Binta, Ranikhet.JPG|thumb|Golu Devata, Udepur,]]
[[File:Chhana Golu Devta, Gagas, Ranikhet.JPG|200px|right|thumb|Golu Devata, Chhana, Gagas]]'''''Golu Devata''''' ([[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]: गोलज्यू) is a deity of the [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] community of [[India]].

The Chitai Golu devta temple is the most notable temple dedicated to the deity and is about {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} from the main gate of Binsar wildlife sanctuary & about {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from [[Almora]].<ref>[http://indiaguide.trailofview.com/trail/Binsar Binsar]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The other notable temple is located near [[Bhowali]], next to the Sainik School, Ghorakhal.

Golu Devata used to travel far distances on his horse to meet people of his kingdom, in a practice called ''Golu Darbar'': Golu Devata would hear the problems of the people and help them in any way possible. He had a special place for people in his heart and was always ready to help them. Due to his complete dedication to people, he led a very simple life, following the principles of ''brahmacharya''.

Golu Devata still meets with his people in many villages. The practice of Golu darbar is still prevalent, where Golu Devata appears in front of people, listens to their problems, and helps people in every way possible. In present times, the most common form of Golu Devata Darbar is ''Jagar''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jayuttarakhandi.com/2021/03/blog-post_7.html | title=न्याय देवता श्री गोल्ज्यू ( गोलू ) कथा }}</ref>

Golu Devata always had a special place in his heart for his white horse, and it is believed that he still rides his white horse to travel around.

He is worshipped as the god of justice and he serves it well. His mantra is the following: "Jai Nyay Devta Goljyu Tumar Jai ho. Sabuk lije dain haije" (Translation: 'Hail the God of justice: Goljyu! Blessings for everyone').!

== Origin ==
Golu Devata is considered to be an incarnation of ''Gaur Bhairav'', and is worshipped all over the region. He is regarded as the dispenser of justice by the devotees with extreme faith.

Historically, he is considered the brave son of King Jhal Rai and his wife Kalinka, and a general of the [[Katyuri Kings|Katyuri king]]. His grandfather was Hal Rai and his great-grandfather was Hal Rai. Historically [[Champawat]] is considered the origin of Golu Devata. His mother Kalinka is believed to be the sister of two other local deities: Harishchand Devjyun (the divine spirit of Raja Harish of the Chands) and Sem Devjyun. Both deities are also regarded as Lord Golu's uncles.

Tales about his birth differ from place to place. The most popular story about Golu talks about a local king who, while hunting, sent his servants to look for water. The servants disturbed a woman who was praying. The woman, in a fit of anger, taunted the king that he could not separate two fighting bulls and proceeded to do so herself. The king was very impressed by this deed and he married the lady. When this queen gave birth to a son, the other queens, who were jealous of her, replaced the boy with a stone, put him in a cage, and cast him into the river. The child was brought up by a fisherman. When the boy grew up he took a wooden horse to the river and on being questioned by the queens, he replied that if women can give birth to stone, then wooden horses can drink water. When the king heard about this, he punished the guilty queens and crowned the boy, who went on to be known as Golu devta.<ref>{{ill|Ottino, Paul|fr|Paul Ottino}}. "Le thème indo-malgache des enfants abandonnés aux eaux". In: Paul Ottino (ed.). ''Études sur l'Océan Indien: Les cahiers de l'Université de la Réunion''. Saint Denis de la Réunion. 1984. pp. 189–191.</ref><ref>Malik, Aditya. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtADQAAQBAJ&dq=%22mata+kalinga%22&pg=PA47 Tales of Justice and Rituals of Divine Embodiment: Oral Narratives from the Central Himalayas]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 47. {{ISBN|9780199325092}}. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199325092.003.0002</ref><ref>Malik, Aditya. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=HbKYCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22goludev%22+wooden+horse&pg=PA200 The Darbar of Goludev]". In: ''The Law of Possession: Ritual, Healing, and the Secular State''. William S. Sax and Helene Basu, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. pp. 199-200. {{ISBN|9780190275747}}. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190275747.001.0001</ref><ref>Budhwar, Kusum. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=r-dZQ8GcXz4C&dq=%22goludev%22+wooden+horse&pg=PA45 Where gods dwell: central Himalayan folktales and legends]''. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2010. pp. 37-54. {{ISBN|9780143066026}}.</ref><ref>Aditya, Malik. "Is Possession Really Possible? Towards a Hermeneutics of Transformative Embodiment in South Asia". In: Fabrizio M. Ferrari (ed.). ''Health and religious rituals in South Asia''. Routledge, 2011. pp. 30-31 (footnote nr. 13). {{ISBN|9781138784796}}.</ref>

Golu Devata is seen in the form of Bhairav. Golu Devata is also prayed to as a key deity (Ista/Kula Devta) in many villages in Kumaon and Garhwal regions of Uttarakhand. Normally three day pooja or 9 day pooja is performed to worship Lord Golu Devata, who is known as Goreel Devta in [[Chamoli District]]. Golu Devata is offered [[ghee]], milk, curd, halwa, poori, and pakauri. Golu Devata is offered with White Cloths, white ''pagari'', and white ''shaal''.

There are many temples of Golu Devata in Kumaun, and the most popular are at [[Chitai]], [[Champawat]], [[Ghorakhal]], [[Chamarkhan]] (Tehsil Tarikhet, District Almora). It is a popular belief that Golu Devata dispenses quick justice to the devotee. Many devotees file a lot of written petitions daily, which are received by the temple.

Goljyu is the most respected god of Uttarakhand as he is like lord Ganesh of Uttarakhand. In every puja or any religious activity, the goljyu is invited.

== References==
{{reflist}}

==Literature==
{{commons category|Golu Devata}}

* ''The History of Kumaun'' by Jay Uttarakhandi
* ''Golu Devata The God of Justice of Kumaun Himalayas''
* "Kumaon:Kala,Shilp aur Sanskriti"

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Malik, Aditya. “The Sandhyā of Goludev”. In: Ihrer Rechten Hand Hielt Sie Ein Silbernes Messer Mit Glöckchen ...” [In Her Right Hand She Held a Silver Knife with Small Bells …”]: Studien Zur Indischen Kultur Und Literatur / Studies in Indian Culture and Literature. Edited by Anna Aurelia Esposito et al., 1st ed., Harrassowitz Verlag, 2015, pp. 147–56. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc5pg6c.18. Accessed 25 May 2022.
{{refend}}

{{coord|29.795176|79.873076|display=title|type:landmark}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Religion in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Almora]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]

Tungnath

2026-01-01T10:57:08Z

FionaLaflamme: added new post - done

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Tungnath Temple
| image = Tungnath temple.jpg
| alt = A view of the temples in Tungnath
| caption = A view of the temples in Tungnath
| map_type = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|30|29|22|N|79|12|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes=
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]
| locale =
| elevation_m = 3680
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = [[Maha Shivratri|Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = North-Indian Himalayan architecture
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = Unknown
| creator = Pandavas (according to legend)
| website =https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/destination/chopta
|map_alt=tungnath temple}}
'''Tungnath Temple''' ([[IAST]]:tuņgnāth) is one of the highest [[Shiva]] temples in the world<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://round.glass/magazine/journeys/hidden-hamlets/tungnath-the-highest-shiva-temple/|title=Tungnath: The Highest Shiva Temple|last=Ayandrali Dutta|date=2018-02-05|website=Magazine {{!}} RoundGlass|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-14|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110224617/https://round.glass/magazine/journeys/hidden-hamlets/tungnath-the-highest-shiva-temple/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is the highest of the five [[Panch Kedar]] temples located in the [[Rudraprayag district]], in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. The Tungnath (literal meaning: Lord of the peaks) mountains form the [[Mandakini River|Mandakini]] and [[Alaknanda]] river valleys. It is located at an altitude of {{convert|3680|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}, and just below the peak of [[Chandrashila]].<ref>{{cite web|title= HT| date=2 May 2018| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/portals-of-tungnath-temple-thrown-open-for-devotees/story-i2tKqWsLxAuQOMfYBIRDxM.html}}</ref> It has a rich legend linked to the [[Pandavas]], heroes of the [[Mahabharata]] [[Indian epic poetry|epic]].<ref name=tung>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/adventure/chopta-tungnath-chandrashila.php|title= Chopta, Tungnath and Chandrashila|access-date=2009-07-11|publisher=euttaranchal}}</ref><ref name=baba>{{Cite book|author=Rajmani Tigunai|title= At the Eleventh Hour|access-date=2009-07-15 |work=Shrine of Tungnath|pages=93–94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zjavfN2XukC&q=Tungnath&pg=PA93|publisher= Himalayan Institute Press|year=2002|isbn= 9780893892128}}</ref>

==Legend==
According to [[Hindu mythology]], Shiva and his wife, [[Parvati]] both reside in the Himalayas: Shiva resides at [[Mount Kailash]]. Parvati is also called [[Shailaputri]], which means 'Daughter of the Mountain'.<ref name=tung/>
Many folk legends related to the Garhwal region, [[Shiva]] and the creation of the Panch Kedar temples are narrated in Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]]. The Pandavas defeated and slayed their cousins — the [[Kauravas]] in the epic [[Kurukshetra war]]. They wished to atone for the sins of committing [[fratricide]] (''[[gotra]] [[hatya]]'') and [[Brāhmanahatya]] (killing of [[Brahmin]]s — the priest class) during the war. Thus, they handed over the reins of their kingdom to their kin and left in search of [[Shiva]] and to seek his blessings. First, they went to the holy city of [[Varanasi]] (Kashi), believed to be Shiva's favourite city and known for its [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]. But, Shiva wanted to avoid them as he was deeply incensed by the death and dishonesty at the Kurukshetra war and was, therefore, insensitive to Pandavas' prayers. Therefore, he assumed the form of a bull ([[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]) and hid in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]]. It is believed to be 1000 years old and in the order of Panch Kedars, it is the tritiya Kedar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tungnath |url=https://shrikedarnathcharitabletrust.uk.gov.in/Placestovisit/Tungnath |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=shrikedarnathcharitabletrust.uk.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

As per the Hindu mythology, not finding Shiva in Varanasi, the Pandavas went to [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] [[Himalayas]]. [[Bhima]], the second of the five Pandava brothers, then standing astride two mountains started to look for Shiva. He saw a bull grazing near [[Guptakashi]] (“hidden Kashi” — the name derived from the hiding act of Shiva). Bhima immediately recognized the bull to be Shiva. Bhima caught hold of the bull by its tail and hind legs. But the bull-formed Shiva disappeared into the ground to later reappear in parts, with the hump raising in [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]], the arms appearing in Tungnath, the face showing up at [[Rudranath]], the nabhi (navel) and stomach surfacing in [[Madhyamaheshwar]] and the hair appearing in [[Kalpeshwar]]. The Pandavas pleased with this reappearance in five different forms, built temples at the five places for venerating and worshipping Shiva. The Pandavas were thus freed from their sins.<ref name=bisht>{{Cite book |author= Harshwanti Bisht |title= Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya|access-date=2009-07-05 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6C6DGU73WzsC&dq=rudranath+-Capildeo&pg=PA84 |work=Panch Kedar|pages=84–86|publisher= Indus Publishing |year=1994 |isbn= 9788173870064}}</ref><ref name=travel>{{Cite web |url=http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar#madhyamaheshwar |title=Panch Kedar Yatra |access-date=2009-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085601/http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar |archive-date=24 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ecology>{{Cite book |author= Kapoor. A. K. |author2=Satwanti Kapoor |title= Ecology and man in the Himalayas |year=1994 |pages=250 |publisher= M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788185880167}}</ref>

A variant of the tale credits Bhima of not only catching the bull, but also stopping it from disappearing. Consequently, the bull was torn asunder into five parts and appeared at five locations in the [[Kedar Khand]] of Garhwal region of the Himalayas (The arms in Tungnath, the hump in Kedarnath, the face in Rudranath, the navel in Madhyamaheshwar, and the hair in Kalpeshwar).<ref name="raebaar">{{Cite web |last=Lingwal |first=Shardul |date=2024-05-03 |title=Tungnath Revealed: Hiking to the Heart of Himalayan Mystique |url=https://raebaar.com/tungnath-revealed-hiking-to-the-heart-of-himalayan-mystique/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Raebaar}}</ref><ref name=travel/> After building the Panch Kedar Temples, the Pandavas meditated at Kedarnath for salvation, performed [[yagna]] (fire sacrifice) and then through the heavenly path called the Mahapanth (also called Swargarohini), attained heaven or salvation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Issues and Analysis on Panch Kedar for State General Knowledge (GK) Preparation |url=https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/OTQyODIEEQQVV/Panch-Kedar-Uttarakhand |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=abhipedia.abhimanu.com |language=en-us}}</ref> The Panch Kedar Temples are constructed in the North-Indian Himalayan Temple "Katyuri" architecture with the Kedarnath, Tungnath and Madhyamaheshwar temples looking similar.

Legend also states that [[Rama]], the central character of [[Ramayana]], meditated at the [[Chandrashila]] peak which is close to Tungnath, in India. It is also said that [[Ravana]] performed penance to Shiva, the lord of the peaks, when he resided here.<ref name="baba"/>

==Worship==
The priest at this temple is a local [[Brahmin]] from Makkumath village, unlike the other Kedar temples where the priests are from [[South India]],<ref name=":0" /> a tradition set by the eighth century [[Hindu]] seer [[Adi Shankara]].

It is also said that the Maithani Brahmins of Makkumath Village officiate as priests at this temple. During the winter season, the temple is closed and the symbolic image of the deity and the temple priests are moved to Markandeshwar Temple in Makkumath village, which is 29km from here. It is near Duggalbitha {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} before [[Chopta]] towards Ukhimath.<ref name="title">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm|title=Pancha Kedar|access-date=2009-07-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831110615/http://www.jyotirlinga.com/panchakedar.htm|archive-date=31 August 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar#madhyamaheshwar|title=Panch Kedar Yatra|access-date=2009-07-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524085601/http://traveluttarakhand.com/panchkedar.html#madhyamaheshwar|archive-date=24 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="capil">{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=Makhan|title=India and Nepal|work= Sacred Complex in Garhwal Himalayas |page = 143|publisher= M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd|year=1998|isbn= 9788175330818}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Himalaya, view from Tungnath, Uttarakhand.jpg|left|thumb|200px|View of the [[Himalaya]]s from Tungnath]]
Tungnath is at the top of the ridge dividing the waters of the [[Mandakini River]] (raising from [[Kedarnath]]) from those of the [[Alaknanda River]] (raising above [[Badrinath]]). The Tungnath peak on this ridge is the source of three springs, which form the Akashkamini River. The temple lies about {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} below the [[Chandrashila]] Peak ({{convert|3680|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}). The road to [[Chopta]] is just below this ridge and hence provides the shortest bridle approach path for trekking to the temple from Chopta, over a short distance of about {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}. From the top of the [[Chandrashila]] peak, picturesque views of the Himalayan range comprising snow peaks of [[Nanda Devi]], [[Panch Chuli]], Banderpoonch, [[Kedarnath]], [[Chaukhamba]] and [[Neelkanth]] on one side, and the Garhwal valley on the opposite side could be witnessed. The valley between Chopta and Tunganath temple has wooded hills with rich alpine meadows with [[rhododendron]] coppices and also agricultural fields. The rhododendrons, when they are in full bloom during March, display dazzling colours ranging from crimson to pink. A high-altitude botanical station of the [[Garhwal University]] is located here. Nearing the top of the temple, there is a forest resthouse at Dugalibitta, just opposite to the Kedarnath range of hills. The [[Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary]], also called the Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary, set up in 1972 to preserve the endangered [[musk deer]], which lies in the region, also has a musk deer breeding centre at Kharchula Kharak near [[Chopta]].<ref name=roma>{{Cite book|author= Roma Bradnock|title= Indian Himalaya handbook |work=The Panch Kedars|pages=114–115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyZGp_YVzb8C&q=Tungnath&pg=PA114|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2000|isbn= 9781900949798}}</ref><ref name=kumar>{{Cite book|author= Vishwambhar Prasad Sati |author2=Kamlesh Kumar |title= Uttaranchal: Dilemma Of Plenties And Scarcities |access-date=2009-07-15|work=Kedarnath|pages =202–204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ct6YMRvYJQ4C&q=Tungnath&pg=PA203|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2004|isbn= 9788170998983}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/pilgrimage/tungnath.php|title=Panch Kedar-Tungnath|access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref name=bill>{{Cite book|author= Bill Aitken|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlxyJYAfz4gC&q=Panch+Kedar&pg=PA140 |title=Footloose in the Himalaya |work=Chapter 15:The best little Trek|pages=134–137|publisher= Orient Blackswan|year= 2003|isbn= 9788178240527}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Climate is generally cool throughout the year. Summers are pleasant with average temperature hovering around 16 degrees Celsius during the day time. Winters are very chilly and temperature drops below the freezing point very frequently. The best time to visit the temple is from April to September. Due to heavy snowfall, the Tungnath Temple remains closed for around six months during winter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/tungnath|title=Tungnath {{!}} Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board|website=uttarakhandtourism.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref>

==Trekking and access==
[[File:Tungnath Temple in winter.jpg|thumb|Tungnath Temple in winter]]
The {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} trek starts from [[Chopta]] ({{convert|9600|ft|m|abbr=on|0}}), the nearest place on the [[National Highway (India)|NH]] 58. [[Chopta]] is {{convert|23.9|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} from [[Rudraprayag]] towards [[Karnaprayag]] and is reached from Rishikesh via [[Devprayag]], [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] and [[Rudraprayag]].

Of all the Panch Kedar trek routes, the route to Tungnath is the shortest: only {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from Chopta (on the [[Ukhimath]]-Gopeshwar road) that can be covered in approximately 4–5 hours (depending on the trekker's physical ability). Trek is a steep climb ({{convert|9600|-|11350|ft|m|abbr=on|0}}), the trek path is stone paved with benches provided en route at intervals.<ref name=roma/> The path is surrounded by scenic views and captivating flora and fauna on both sides. Generally, the pilgrimage to Tunganath is undertaken as part of the Panch Kedar trekking covering all five temples over a {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} route (road cum trek length) starting from [[Rishikesh]] in the order of: [[Kedarnath]], Tungnath, [[Rudranath]], Madhyamaheswar and [[Kalpeshwar]]. The few pilgrims who undertake this trekking pilgrimage to the shrine do so in summer months (end April or early May to October) as the temple remains snow bound and unapproachable. During this period even Chopta, the nearest road head remains deserted. But it is said that few [[adepts]] come to the area during the winter avoiding the pilgrims. The steep climb to Chandrashila is for {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=tung/><ref name=baba/><ref name=roma/>

The nearest airport is Jolly Grant, [[Dehradun]] ({{convert|258|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}). The nearest railway station is at [[Rishikesh]] ({{convert|241|km|mi|abbr=on|0}}).<ref name="temple">{{cite web|url=http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=35|title=Panch Kedar: Rudranath|year=2006|publisher=Shri Badrinath -Shri Kedarnath Temple Committee|access-date=2009-07-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155527/http://www.badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/content-kedar.aspx?id=35|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Ravana Shila / Speaking Mountain ===
Ravana shila<ref>[https://www.uttrakhandhub.in/2018/11/tungnath-mandir-panchkedar.html Ravana shila]</ref> is located above the Tungnath temple, there is a small temple which is known as Chandra Shila. Ravana Shila or Speaking mountain has its own historical importance related to the [[Ramayana]]. After killing [[Ravana]], [[Rama]] was charged with the sin of Brahmahatya. He then started austerities for [[Shiva]] and requested Shiva to release him from the sin of killing a Brahmin (Ravana). During his penance, he built the [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] in Rameshwaram, in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple in Rameshwaram is one of the 12 [[Jyotirlinga|Jyotirlingas]].

==See also==
*[[Hindu temple]]
*[[Amarnath Temple]]
*[[Pashupatinath Temple]]
*[[Mandal, Uttarakhand|Mandal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://templeknowledge.com/about-tungnath-temple/ Tungnath temple]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/nbg90455/sets/72157615623829424/detail/ Photos of Tungnath]

{{Panch Kedar}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}
{{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Rudraprayag district]]

Pulichinthala Project

2025-12-16T05:05:22Z

FionaLaflamme: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Dam in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Pulichintala Project
| name_official = K.L Rao Sagar
| image = File:Pulichintala Project.png
| image_size = 280px
| image_caption = Pulichinthala Dam
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|45|15|N|80|03|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Pulichintala]] village, [[Bellamkonda]], [[Palnadu district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/KLRaoProject.html|publisher= Ap Irrigation Department|title=K L Rao Sagar|date=12 January 2013|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>
| purpose = [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
| status =
| construction_began = 08 August 2009
| opening = 7 December 2013
| cost = 1850 crore rupees
| owner = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| operator = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| dam_type =
| dam_crosses = [[Krishna River]]
| dam_height = 42.24 m
| dam_length = 2,922 m
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base = 31 m
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type = [[Open channel|Controlled]]
| spillway_capacity = 10 lakh cusecs
| res_name = Pulichinthala Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = 46 [[Tmcft]]
| res_capacity_active = 36.23 [[Tmcft]]
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment = 240,732 km2
| res_surface = 144 km2
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_name =
| plant_coordinates =
| plant_operator = [[APGENCO]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/proj_mon/status_he_execution.pdf |title= Status of Hydro Electric Projects under Execution for 12th Plan & beyond |access-date= 30 June 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140715003433/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/proj_mon/status_he_execution.pdf |archive-date= 15 July 2014 }}</ref>
| plant_commission = {{start date|2016|09|22}}
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_hydraulic_head = 25 Meters
| plant_turbines = 4 × 30 MW [[Kaplan turbine]]
| plant_capacity = 120 MW
| plant_capacity_factor =
| plant_annual_gen =
| website = {{URL|https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/dashBoard}}
| extra =
}}
[[File:KL Rao Sagar Pulichinthala Project entrance.png|alt=Dr. KL Rao Sagar Pulichinthala Project entrance|thumb|291x291px|Project entrance]]
The '''Pulichintala Project''' is a multi-purpose [[water management]] project for [[irrigation]], [[Hydropower|hydropower generation]], and [[flood control]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]], named after the prominent civil engineer, [[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-07-15 |title='Father of Irrigation' K.L. Rao remembered on his 121st birth anniversary in Andhra University in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/father-of-irrigation-kl-rao-remembered-on-his-121st-birth-anniversary-in-andhra-university-in-visakhapatnam/article67083992.ece |access-date=2024-10-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is a crucial irrigation facility for farmers in four coastal districts: [[West Godavari]], [[Krishna]], [[Guntur]], [[Palanadu]], and [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], covering over 13 [[lakh]] [[acre]]s. It has 24 gates and a balancing reservoir with a capacity of 46 [[Tmcft]] at {{convert|175|ft|m|0}} [[Mean sea level|MSL]] full reservoir level (FRL).<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Pulichintala_D06327 |title= Pulichintala D06327 |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>

==History==
In 1911, British engineer [[William Henry Ellis (engineer)|Col. Ellis]] proposed an irrigation project upstream of the [[Prakasam Barrage]]. At the time, the [[Colonial India|British government]] showed little interest in the proposition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Jonathan|first=P. Samuel|date=2013-12-08|title=Pulichantala dedicated to nation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pulichantala-dedicated-to-nation/article5434456.ece|access-date=2021-07-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later,{{When|date=September 2025|reason=what year? There's nearly a century between the British engineer's suggestion and started of the first project. Mentioning a year for this "push being led" would narrow things down in terms of timeframe.}} <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=K. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=850aAAAAMAAJ|title=Cusecs Candidate: Memoirs of an Engineer|date=1978|publisher=Metropolitan|pages=31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-07/hyderabad/27123919_1_prakasam-barrage-pulichintala-krishna-delta |title=Pulichintala project to water Prakasam barrage ayacut - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127183600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-07/hyderabad/27123919_1_prakasam-barrage-pulichintala-krishna-delta |archive-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the first project to start under the ambitious [[Jalayagnam]] program in the year 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KLRao Sagar Pulichintala Project |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/KLRaoProject.html}}</ref> Financial tie-up commenced in 2009.

On 7 December 2013, the project was ready for a trial run,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulichintala project on August 15 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130710/news-politics/article/pulichintala-project-august-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715033948/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130710/news-politics/article/pulichintala-project-august-15 |archive-date=2013-07-15 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> and it started impounding water in August 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Engineers complete trial run of Pulichintala Project |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Engineers-complete-trial-run-of-Pulichintala-Project/articleshow/40313223.cms |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 August 2014 }}</ref> It was fully completed in September 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=AP Govt Plans to Develop Pulichintala Project as Tourist Place {{!}} Pulichintala Project {{!}} AP24x7|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdKT0BimzXI|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> The total cost of the project exceeded Rs.1850 crores.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Project==

The irrigation facility is in the Pulichintala village, located in the [[Palnadu district]] near the [[Krishna River]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.apgenco.gov.in/viewHTMLpage.asp?lfile=uploadedfiles/Pulichinthala.htm |title= Pulichintala project progress report, APGenCo |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> It is between the [[Vykuntapuram barrage]] (near [[Amaravati]]) and the [[Nagarjuna Sagar dam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/naidu-lays-foundation-stone-for-barrage-across-krishna/article26265021.ece|title=Naidu lays foundation stone for barrage across Krishna|last=Srinivas|first=Rajulapudi|date=2019-02-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It has a 30 [[Tmcft]] live storage capacity to impound river floodwaters generated from the [[catchment area]] located downstream of [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond|Nagarjuna Sagar Tail Pond]]. The project reservoir provides a water supply to the downstream [[Prakasam Barrage]] that then can be sent out through the [[Pattiseema]] lift/[[Polavaram Project|Polavaram]] irrigation canal during monsoon months.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

The Vellatur lift irrigation scheme (constructed near {{Coord|16|42|44|N|80|00|29|E|name=Pulichintala lift scheme}}), irrigates 13,000 acres in the [[Nalgonda district]]. It draws water from the Pulichintala reservoir.<ref>{{cite web |title=KCR, Harish Rao lying on Pulichintala issue: Uttam |date=27 June 2016 |url=http://www.siasat.com/news/kcr-harish-rao-lying-pulichintala-issue-uttam-979080/ |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> The lift can pump water from {{convert|120|ft|m|0}} MSL when the reservoir's gross storage is as low as 4 Tmcft. The proposed [[Yadadri Thermal Power Plant]] would also draw water from the reservoir.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==Godavari Penna River Linking==

{{Main articles|Vykuntapuram barrage}}{{Confusing|section|reason=there are a lot of confusing jargon and unclear explanations|date=June 2022}}
The Godavari Penna River linking project was constructed to stabilize the existing irrigated area under the [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar right canal]]. The new lift would have greenfield alignment, and its first phase consists of five-step ladder pumping stages that transfer 7,000 [[Cubic foot|cusecs]] of [[Godavari River]] water from [[Prakasam Barrage]] to deliver 73 Tmcft of Godavari water into the Nagarjuna Sagar right canal near [[Nekarikallu]].{{Clarify|date=June 2022|reason=Where do the cusecs go? Where did the TMCs come?}}

With FRL 25M the newly created [[Vykuntapuram barrage|Vykuntapuram Barrage]] pond will have backwaters beyond [[Pokkunuru]] up to the toe of the Pulichinthala Project. It is more economical to construct the first stage pump house to lift water from the Prakasam Barrage backwater into the newly created Vykuntapuram Barrage pond and the second Lift stage from the Vykuntapuram Barrage pond to the existing [[KLRao Sagar multipurpose irrigation project|K.L Rao Sagar]] Pulichintala Project and later lift Stages from K.L Rao Sagar to [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar]] right canal. It will shorten the length of this lift project canal, Pressure Main and fewer lift stages and also enable to lift of water up to [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam Project]] via the existing [[Francis turbine|Reversible Reverse turbine]] pump houses in [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] and its [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond|tail pond project]]. It is even more economical if the construction of a new gravity canal from [[Ibrahimpatnam mandal, NTR district|Ibrahimpatnam]] to Vykuntapuram Barrage pond to deliver the [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram right main canal]]/ [[Budameru Rivulet|Budameru diversion canal]] waters directly into the Vykuntapuram barrage pond since Polavaram right main canal level is 33 m MSL at Ambapuram hill near [[Vijayawada]].{{cn|date=August 2023}}

A low-level, lift canal from the Krishna river located near {{Coord|16|42|50|N|80|08|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}} at {{convert|20|m|ft|0}} MSL downstream of [[Pulichintala]] dam will be executed to feed [[Godavari River|Godavari]] water diverted from Polavaram Dam to some of the existing command area (situated below 60 m MSL) under Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal to facilitate the extension of Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal connecting [[Kandaleru Dam|Kandaleru]] feeder canal / [[Somasila Dam]] reservoir serving irrigation needs in [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Nellore district|Potti Sriramulu Nellore]] and [[Chittur district|Chittur]] districts including [[Telugu Ganga project|Chennai drinking water supply]]. A branch from this lift canal is also extended up to Pulichinthala dam (FRL 53.34 m MSL) to store Godavari water in Pulichintala reservoir during drought years and to irrigate lowlands along the [[Krishna River|Krishna river]] up to Pulichintala dam.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070916/pulichintala-a-capital-saviour.html |title= Pulichintala, a capital saviour|date= 7 September 2016|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127183600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-07/hyderabad/27123919_1_prakasam-barrage-pulichintala-krishna-delta Pulichintala project to water Prakasam barrage ayacut]

{{Krishna basin |state=expanded}}
{{Krishna River dams}}

[[Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Irrigation in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2013]]

Al-Arf al-Shadhi

2025-12-15T03:04:23Z

FionaLaflamme: creating new article - done

{{Short description|Book by Anwar Shah Kashmiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Al-Arf al-Shadhi Sharh Sunan al-Tirmidhi
| image = Cover of Al-Arf al-Shadhi sharh Sunan al-Tirmidhi.jpg
| caption = Arabic cover
| author = [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
| editor = Muhammad Chiragh Punjabi
| title_orig = العرف الشذي شرح سنن الترمذي
| orig_lang_code = ar
| country = British India
| language = Arabic
| subject = {{transliteration|ar|[[Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]}}
| genre = Commentary
| media_type = Print
| oclc = 884580861
| dewey = 297.125
| congress =
| published = 1919
| isbn = 9789957674991
| isbn_note = Turath Publishing
}}
'''{{Transliteration|ar|Al-Arf al-Shadhi Sharh Sunan al-Tirmidhi}}''' ({{langx|ar|العرف الشذي شرح سنن الترمذي|translit=al-ʿArf al-Shadhī Sharḥ Sunan al-Tirmidhī}}) is a multi-volume Arabic commentary on {{Transliteration|ar|[[Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]}} attributed to Muhammad Chiragh Punjabi, was crafted by synthesizing the annotations and teachings of [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] during his teaching career. Its initial publication dates back to 1919. Notably aligned with the [[Hanafi school]] of thought, the purpose of Kashmiri, as reflected in this work, extended beyond the clarification of ideas and grammatical intricacies; it predominantly aimed at establishing [[Abu Hanifa]]'s elevated stature in the realm of jurisprudence. In 1968, [[Yusuf Banuri]] introduced ''[[Maarif al-Sunan|Maarif al-Sunan Sharh Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]'' across six volumes to address any identified discrepancies within ''Al-Arf al-Shadhi''.

== Background ==
Muhammad Chiragh Punjabi was a disciple of Anwar Shah Kashmiri during his tenure at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. Following the completion of his studies in 1918, Muhammad Chiragh Punjabi assumed an academic role in [[Gujranwala]], located in the Punjab region, which is part of present-day Pakistan. Subsequently, he went on to establish a distinguished institution for advanced Islamic studies in Gujranwala. Anwar Shah Kashmiri never had the opportunity to review this book's manuscript, which was initially published in two volumes.<ref name="Abdulla">{{Cite thesis |last=Abdulla |first=Molla |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/491744 |title=Anwar Shah Kashmiri and his contribution to Dissemination of Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Arabic, Persian, Islamic Studies, [[Visva-Bharati University]] |year=2022 |page= |location=India |language=en |type=PhD |hdl=10603/491744 |pages=240–241 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044218/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/491744 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the preface of this work, Muhammad Chiragh Punjabi acknowledges the significant difficulties he encountered during its compilation. One issue is that Anwar Shah Kashmiri had delivered his lectures in the Urdu language, whereas Muhammad Chiragh Punjabi chose to transcribe them in Arabic. As a result, he admits that the work may exhibit certain imperfections, and he takes full responsibility for any discrepancies. He emphasizes that Anwar Shah Kashmiri should not be held accountable for these issues.<ref name="Abdulla" />

Subsequent to the initial publication, in 1972, a revised edition of this work was brought forth by Muhammad Mian Samalki in Beirut. Further enhancing the availability and accuracy of this significant text, in 2013, Muhammad Ubaidullah al-Asadi, hailing from Jamia Arabia Hathaura Banadeh, presented another revised version, published through Dar al-Iman Saharanpur in India.<ref name=":DUOB">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD |pages=426–429|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Features ==
This book encompasses a wide array of topics, including distinctions among Imams, perspectives held by [[Ijtihad|mujtahid]] Imams and hadith scholars, discrepancies and reconciliations within hadith, the historical context of hadith, critical analysis and authentication decisions, and the history of narrators. These elements collectively contribute to the book's academic value.<ref name=":DUOB" />

Moreover, the compiler has included explanatory notes when deemed necessary, providing a scholarly perspective. An emphasis on the precision of hadith wording is evident in Anwar Shah Kashmiri's approach to hadith study. Fiqhi issues are explored with a foundation in hadith, offering students a comprehensive understanding of the subject, often involving frequent references to narrators in the course of the classes.<ref name=":DUOB" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kamal |first=Mohd Arif |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |title=Ulema e Hind ki Bisween Sadi Nisf Awwal mein Khidmat e Hadith Tanquidi Mutala |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |type=PhD |pages=142–144 |hdl=10603/364940 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101061946/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364940 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Meraj Ahmad Meraj, a professor in the Arabic Department at [[Aliah University]], conducted an analysis of the text and observed significant influences on Kashmiri's work, including commentators such as [[Ibn Qutaybah]], [[Ibn 'Abd al-Barr]], Hafiz Fezlullah, [[Ibn Taymiyya]], and [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya|Ibn Qayyim]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad Meraj |first=Meraj |date=2019 |title=Contribution of Anwar Shah Kashmiri to the Hadith Literature in India |url=http://islamicstudies.uok.edu.in/Files/36892408-1fed-4431-9848-0761b9e02587/Journal/04d04c18-80ad-4951-98c0-0c24b5ba7987.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Insight Islamicus |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=9–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203222930/http://islamicstudies.uok.edu.in/Files/36892408-1fed-4431-9848-0761b9e02587/Journal/04d04c18-80ad-4951-98c0-0c24b5ba7987.pdf |archive-date=2022-12-03 |access-date=2023-06-27}}</ref> Yunoos Osman, associated with the [[University of Durban-Westville]], expressed disappointment in [[Abdur-Rahman Mubarakpuri]]'s commentary on ''Sunan al-Tirmidhi'', ''Tuhfat al-Ahwadhi Sharh al-Tirmidhi'', where errors in the book were attributed to Anwar Shah Kashmiri, despite Muhammad Chiragh Punjabi's acceptance of responsibility for any shortcomings. This cast doubts on Kashmiri's teaching abilities, suggesting he made errors during his lectures.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Life and works of 'Allamah Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri |url=https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/6384 |date=2001 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Yunoos |last=Osman |page= |publisher=[[University of Durban-Westville]] |pages=116–117 |hdl=10413/6384 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227203617/https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/6384 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yusuf Banuri]] responded to these errors with ''[[Maarif al-Sunan |Maarif al-Sunan Sharh Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]'', a six-volume Arabic commentary published in 1968, rooted in Anwar Shah Kashmiri's teachings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Zubair |last2=Ali |first2=Syed Shahrukh |last3=Ali |first3=Shahbaz |date=2022 |title=The efforts of the Scholars of Binnori Town on the Sunan of Imam Tirmizi |url=https://khairulumma.com/index.php/about/article/view/53 |url-status=live |journal=Khairulummah |language=ur |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=178–187 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7657739 |issn=2790-329X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326123246/https://khairulumma.com/index.php/about/article/view/53 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> Mohd Kaleem, a PhD scholar from [[Aligarh Muslim University]], praised the book's uniqueness for summarizing all the noble commentaries of ''Sunan al-Tirmidhi'' within a single volume.<ref name=":DUOB" />

== Legacy ==
A doctoral thesis was undertaken at the [[International Islamic University Malaysia]] by Fazlur Rahman Abdul Bari, delving into Kashmiri's jurisprudential preferences during his commentary on ''Sunan al-Tirmidhi'', with a specific focus on the topic of prayer. In Turkey, another doctoral thesis titled ''A Comparison of Kashmiri's Al-Arf al-Shadhi and Mubarakpuri's Tuhfat al-Ahwadhi in the Context of the Hanafi-Salafi Hadith Commentary Tradition'' was conducted by Serdar Murat Gürses.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Anar |first=İbrahim |url=http://dosya.kmu.edu.tr/sbe/userfiles/file/tezler/Temel%20%C4%B0slam%20Bilimleri/ibrahimanar.pdf |title=The Hadith Scholarship of Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1933) |publisher=[[Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University]] |year=2020 |location=Karaman, Turkey |language=tr |type=MA |access-date=2023-06-27 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408084917/http://dosya.kmu.edu.tr/sbe/userfiles/file/tezler/Temel%20%C4%B0slam%20Bilimleri/ibrahimanar.pdf |url-status=live|pages=61–62}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi hadith studies]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/download/Maktaba-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib/Dabistan-i-Deoband-Ki-Ilmi-Khidmaat.pdf |title=Dabistan-i Deoband ki Ilmi Khidmaat |publisher=Darulmuaallifeen |year=1995 |location=Deoband, UP, India |language=ur |oclc=47964786 |pages=102–103}}
*[https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=hcgrYffRbz0Z44UJEuLtwQ1B_mXg0a52Uo5AeyyQarOB_ZIrH1ed624HXZeIauMl Comparison of Kaşmîrî's el-Arfu'ş-şezî and Mübârekpûrî's Tuhfetü'l-ahvezî in terms of Hanafi-Salafi hadith tradition], PhD thesis

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:04_20200914_20200914_0557|''Al-Arf al-Shadhi'']] at [[Internet Archive]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]
[[Category:Books by Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:20th-century Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Commentaries on Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]

Mohan Bhakri

2025-12-13T11:55:56Z

FionaLaflamme:

{{Short description|Indian film director (died 2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Mohan Bhakri''' (died 18 April 2024) was an Indian [[b movie]] producer and director during the 1980s. He produced many [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] B movies, mostly in the [[horror film|horror]] genre.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Horror-is-hip/article16242397.ece | title=Horror is Hip | newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 June 2010 | first=Mini Anthikad | last=Chhibber | accessdate=28 December 2018 }}</ref> He is best known for his two horror films, [[Apradhi Kaun? (1982 film)|Apradhi Kaun?]] (1982) and Cheekh (1984).<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCsXAQAAMAAJ | title=Cinema today| author=Edward Buscombe| isbn=9780714840819| year=2003| publisher=Phaidon Press}}</ref> He died on 18 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/paanch-fauladi-director-mohan-bhakri-passed-away-he-mainly-produced-horror-movies-2024-04-18 | year=2024| title=Mohan Bhakri Passed Away: दिग्गज निर्माता मोहन भाकरी का निधन, हॉरर फिल्मों के लिए जाने जाने थे निर्देशक}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''Ab Tumhari Bari''
* ''[[Woh Bewafa Thi]]''
* ''[[Apradhi Kaun? (1982 film)|Apradhi Kaun?]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Insaan Bana Shaitan]]''
* ''Roohani Taaqat''
* ''Vyah Da Dhol''
* ''Maula Jatt''
* ''[[Amavas Ki Raat]]''
* ''[[Khooni Murda]]''
* ''Sau Saal Baad''
* ''Paanch Fauladi''
* ''[[Kabrastan]]'' (1988)
* ''Padosi Ki Biwi''
* ''[[Paanch Fauladi]]''
* ''[[Khooni Mahal]]''
* ''Jag Chanan Hoya''
* ''Cheekh'' (1984)
* ''Jeeja Sali''
* ''Do Madari''
* ''Vohti Hath Soti''
* ''Jatt Da Gandasa''
* ''Jatti'' (1980)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{IMDB name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhakri, Mohan}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]

Diocese of Bellary

2025-12-06T18:02:59Z

FionaLaflamme: started basic data from scratch

{{Short description|Latin Catholic diocese in India}}
{{morefootnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Bellary
|latin = Dioecesis Bellaryensis
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan =
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Bangalore]]
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
|rite = [[Roman Rite]]
|cathedral = St Anthony's Cathedral in [[Bellary]]
|cocathedral =
|parishes = 47
|patron = [[St Anthony of Padua]]
|area_km2 = 24,973
|population = 6,172,289
|population_as_of = 2014
|catholics = 30,718
|catholics_percent= 0.6
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Henry D'Souza]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Peter Machado]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://www.bellarydiocese.in/index.php Website of the Diocese]
|map = Map of Roman Catholic Diocese of Bellary.png
}}

The '''Diocese of Bellary''' ({{langx|la| Bellaryen(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical territory or [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in [[India]]. Its [[episcopal see]] is [[Bellary]]. The diocese is a [[suffragan]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archdiocese of Bangalore]].

==History==
* 15 June 1928: Established as [[Mission "sui iuris"]] of Bellary from the [[Diocese of Hyderabad]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras]]
* 10 March 1949: Promoted as Diocese of Bellary

==Ordinaries==
* Ecclesiastical superiors
** Fr. John Forest Hogan, O.F.M. (later Bishop) (1934 – 10 March 1949)
** Fr. [[Ernesto Reilly]], O.F.M. (1928 – 1934)

*Bishops
** Bishop Henry D'Souza (15 March 2008 – present)
** Archbishop [[Bernard Blasius Moras]] (Apostolic Administrator 18 November 2006 – 15 March 2008)
** Bishop [[Joseph D'Silva]] (6 October 1992 – 17 November 2006)
** Bishop [[Ambrose Papaiah Yeddanapalli]], O.F.M. (10 December 1963 – 1992)
** Bishop [[John Forest Hogan]], O.F.M. (10 March 1949 – 23 September 1962)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Msgr. Francis Xavier Kroot, MHM<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref>  

==External links==
* [https://www.bellarydiocese.in/ Official diocese website]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/bell1.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbllr.html Catholic Hierarchy]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|15.1403|N|76.8992|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellary}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1928]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ballari]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa

2025-11-11T11:06:43Z

FionaLaflamme:

{{Short description|2022 anthology web television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Anthology]]
| writer = [[Balaji Mohan]] [[Halitha Shameem]] [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumitha]] Sabarivasan Shanmugam S. Guhapriya Richard Anthony Praveena Shivram
| director = Balaji Mohan Halitha Shameem Madhumitha Surya Krishna Richard Anthony
| starring = {{Plain list|*[[Nadhiya]]
*[[Joju George]]
*[[Arjun Das]]
*[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
*[[Lijomol Jose]]
*[[Sananth]]
*[[Teejay Arunasalam]]
*[[Gouri G. Kishan]]
*[[Dhilip Subbarayan]]
*[[Arun Kurian]]
*Nirmal Pillai
}}
| theme_music_composer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| num_episodes = 5
| music =
| open_theme = "Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa – Title Track"
| composer = [[Sean Roldan]] Goutham Vasu Venkatesan [[Karthikeya Murthy]] Kaber Vasuki [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Preetha Jayaraman]] Vikas Vasudevan
| editor = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| company = Mindscreen Cinemas Phoenix Inspired Hammock Productions Wallwatcher Films Room 101 Productions
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|01|14|df=y}}
}}

'''''Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa''''' ({{Translation|Won't a brand new dawn rise?}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[anthology series]], consisting of five episodes directed by [[Balaji Mohan]], [[Halitha Shameem]], [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumitha]], Surya Krishna and Richard Anthony. The series features an ensemble cast of [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Arjun Das]], [[Dhilip Subbarayan]], [[Gouri G. Kishan]], [[Joju George]], [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Nadhiya]], Nirmal Pillai, [[Sananth]] and [[Teejay Arunasalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa: Balaji Mohan, Madhumita, Halitha Shameem and others reveal their silver linings during lockdown |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-interview-7719794/ |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113054023/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-interview-7719794/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A successor to the anthology film ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' (2020), the series was set and shot during the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemascape 2022: Tamil movie industry hopes to get back to its feet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/01/cinemascape-2022-tamil-movie-industry-hopes-to-get-back-to-its-feet-2401743.html |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The New Indian Express |date=January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110112434/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/01/cinemascape-2022-tamil-movie-industry-hopes-to-get-back-to-its-feet-2401743.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa' trailer: Amazon anthology series returns for a second edition |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1014004/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-trailer-amazon-anthology-series-returns-for-a-second-edition |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110122936/https://scroll.in/reel/1014004/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-trailer-amazon-anthology-series-returns-for-a-second-edition |url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 January 2022, coinciding with the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-04 |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa': Aishwarya Lekshmi, Arjun Das star in new Tamil anthology |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-aishwarya-lekshmi-arjun-das-star-in-new-tamil-anthology/article38105793.ece |access-date=2022-01-09 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109153028/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-aishwarya-lekshmi-arjun-das-star-in-new-tamil-anthology/article38105793.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-07 |title=Coming to Amazon Prime: 'Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa,' 'Unpaused: Naya Safar' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/coming-to-amazon-prime-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-unpaused-naya-safar/article38165512.ece |access-date=2022-01-10 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110122924/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/coming-to-amazon-prime-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-unpaused-naya-safar/article38165512.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Premise ==
The five-episode series is set during the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdown restrictions]], followed by the second wave of [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Directors of 'Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa...' tell us how anthologies are here to stay! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/directors-of-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-tell-us-how-anthologies-are-here-to-stay/articleshow/88808493.cms |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The Times of India |date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110112434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/directors-of-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-tell-us-how-anthologies-are-here-to-stay/articleshow/88808493.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
'''Mugakavasa Mutham''' - Police constables Murugan and Kuyuli undertake a heartwarming adventure to reunite two lovers. This adventure gives Murugan an opportunity to pursue his own love interest.

'''Loners''' - After going through a breakup in the pandemic, Nalla serendipitously meets Dheeran at a virtual wedding. What follows is a series of deep, meaningful conversations that enables them to develop a bond virtually and be alone together.

'''Mouname Paarvayaai''' - Yashoda and Murali have not spoken to each other in years despite living in the same house, in the shadow of their unforgotten love. When Yashoda begins to show symptoms of the virus, Murali takes care of her, which brings them together.

'''The Mask''' - Arjun, an IT professional working from home, struggles to tell his overbearing parents about his secret relationship. An out-of-the-blue rendezvous with an old friend, Velu, alters the course of both their lives and inspires self-acceptance like never before.

'''Nizhal Tharum Idham''' - When 30-year-old Shobi receives the news of her father's death, she travels to Pondicherry, her hometown. There, she discovers what it means to feel alive again through the redemptive power of the acceptance of grief.

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Mugakavasa Mutham''
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Loners''
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Mouname Paarvayaai''
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''The Mask''
! style="background:#ffffff; width:20%" | ''Nizhal Tharum Idham''
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Teejay Arunasalam]] as Murugan
*[[Gouri G. Kishan]] as Kuyili
*Saraswathi Menon as Manasa
*Sharada Subramanian as Hemalatha
*Anbu Thasan as Lokesh
*Vignesh as Guru
*[[Kalloori Vinoth]] as Farook

| valign="top" |
*[[Lijomol Jose]] as Nallathangaal
* [[Arjun Das]] as Dheeran
*Abhinaya as RJ Abhinaya
*Bala Vignesh as Nallathangaal's ex-boyfriend

| valign="top" |
* [[Nadhiya]] as Yashoda
*[[Joju George]] as Murali
*Rithika as Yashoda's daughter

| valign="top" |
*[[Sananth]] as Arjun
*[[Dhilip Subbarayan]] as Velu
*[[Arun Kurian]] as Paul
*[[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Arjun's father
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Prameela
*Anand Murali as a waiter

| valign="top" |
* [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] as Shobi
*Nirmal Pillai as Eric
*[[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Rita
*Veera as Muzzammil
*[[Bava Chelladurai]] as Arokiyadass
*Roshni Kalyanakumar as Sarina
*Nishanth Naidu as Pawan
*Niraimathi as Lourde
|}

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffff;"
!Title
!Director
!Writers
!Cinematographer
!Music
!Editor
|-
|''Mugakavasa Mutham''
|[[Balaji Mohan]]
|Balaji Mohan
|[[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]]
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|[[Prasanna GK]]
|-
|''Loners''
|[[Halitha Shameem]]
|Halitha Shameem
|raghav adithya
|Goutham Vasu Venkatesan
|Halitha Shameem
|-
|''Mouname Paarvayaai''
|[[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumitha]]
|Madhumitha, Sabarivasan Shanmugam
|[[Preetha Jayaraman]]
|[[Karthikeya Murthy]]
|[[T. S. Suresh]]
|-
|''The Mask''
|Surya Krishna
|S. Guhapriya
|Yamini Yagnamurthy
|[[Kaber Vasuki]]
|[[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
|-
|''Nizhal Tharum Idham''
|Richard Anthony
|Richard Anthony, Praveena Shivram
|Vikas Vasudevan
|[[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|Sangathamizhan E.
|}

== Production ==
A successor to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[anthology drama]] ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' (2020) was announced on 30 December 2021, by [[Amazon Prime Video]], which exclusively produced and distributed the film to the streaming platform.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-01-03 |title=Amazon Prime Video to premiere new Tamil anthology on 14 January |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-to-premiere-new-tamil-anthology-on-14-january-11641186821613.html |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=mint |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110122935/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-to-premiere-new-tamil-anthology-on-14-january-11641186821613.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa' Directors On How Anthologies Are Here To Stay |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-directors-of-amazon-original-series-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-tell-us-how-anthologies-are-here-to-stay/409072 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Outlook India |date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110182701/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-directors-of-amazon-original-series-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-tell-us-how-anthologies-are-here-to-stay/409072 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was titled as ''Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaathaa'', whose teaser was released on the same day.<ref name=":0" /> The anthology consists of five short films directed by [[Balaji Mohan]], [[Halitha Shameem]], [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumitha]], Surya Krishna and Richard Anthony. Unlike its predecessor, which was made in a feature film format, the anthology was made as a five-episode web television series.<ref name=":0" /> Aparna Purohit, creative head of Amazon Prime Video in India, had stated, "This anthology tells deeper, personal stories. Both the anthologies prove that art can thrive in the toughest of periods".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa: Stories of hope, resilience and human spirit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/06/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-stories-of-hope-resilience-andhuman-spirit-2403521.html |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The New Indian Express |date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110072559/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/06/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-stories-of-hope-resilience-andhuman-spirit-2403521.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=4 January 2022 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa trailer out. Tamil anthology is a beautiful mix of 5 heartwarming stories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-trailer-out-tamil-anthology-is-a-beautiful-mix-of-5-heartwarming-stories-1895887-2022-01-04 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104132749/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-trailer-out-tamil-anthology-is-a-beautiful-mix-of-5-heartwarming-stories-1895887-2022-01-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Sean Roldan]], Goutham Vasu Venkatesan, [[Karthikeya Murthy]], Kaber Vasuki, [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 January 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Original Series]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 19:07
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Amazon Music]]
| producer =
}}
The music and original score for the short films is composed by [[Sean Roldan]], Goutham Vasu Venkatesan, [[Karthikeya Murthy]], [[Kaber Vasuki]] and [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]. [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] who worked on its predecessor, scored music for the title track of the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa music: Composer GV Prakash Kumar hopes audience like it as much as he did while making it |url=https://www.desimartini.com/shows/ott/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-music-composer-gv-prakash-kumar-hopes-audience-like-it-as-much-as-he-did-while-making-it/5be230efee575/ |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Desimartini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110122931/https://www.desimartini.com/shows/ott/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-music-composer-gv-prakash-kumar-hopes-audience-like-it-as-much-as-he-did-while-making-it/5be230efee575/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was released on 10 January 2022, with a promotional music video being uploaded to [[YouTube]].<ref name=":1" /> The soundtrack album consisting of six tracks were released on the same day.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa Music Album: It's a unique mix of young, renowned and upcoming artists |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-music-album-its-unique-mix-young-renowned-and-upcoming-artists-988670 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111093207/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-music-album-its-unique-mix-young-renowned-and-upcoming-artists-988670 |url-status=live }}</ref> It featured lyrics written by Kaber Vasuki, [[Halitha Shameem]], [[Balaji Mohan]] and Sabarivasan Shanmugam.<ref name=":2" />

''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that "the album brings out the essence of the anthology of five heartwarming and buoyant stories".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music of 'Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa' anthology released |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/08/music-of-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-anthology-released-2404581.html |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110122925/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/08/music-of-putham-pudhu-kaalai-vidiyaadhaa-anthology-released-2404581.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A cover version of the title track was performed by the students of [[IIT Madras]], during the annual cultural festival [[Saarang]]. Their rendition was individually released on 12 January.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=IIT Madras students recreate GV Prakash Kumar's title track for Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa… |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/01/12103039/1338414/IIT-Madras-students-recreate-GV-Prakash-Kumars-title-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113054023/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/01/12103039/1338414/IIT-Madras-students-recreate-GV-Prakash-Kumars-title-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-13 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 19:07
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa – Title Track
| extra1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Yamini Ghantasala]]
| lyrics1 = Kaber Vasuki
| length1 = 3:10
| title2 = Mugamoodi
| extra2 = Kaber Vasuki
| lyrics2 = Kaber Vasuki
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = Kitta Varudhu
| extra3 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| lyrics3 = [[Balaji Mohan]]
| length3 = 2:28
| title4 = Whistler
| extra4 = [[Karthikeya Murthy]]
| lyrics4 = Sabarivasan Shanmugam
| length4 = 2:30
| title5 = Nizhal Tharum Idham
| extra5 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| lyrics5 = Kaber Vasuki
| length5 = 3:35
| title6 = Thanimai Ennum
| extra6 = Goutham Vasu Venkatesan, Amritha Susanthika
| lyrics6 = [[Halitha Shameem]]
| length6 = 2:52
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| music6 = Goutham Vasu Venkatesan
| music4 = [[Karthikeya Murthy]]
| music3 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| music2 = Kaber Vasuki
| music1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| all_writing =
| music5 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| title7 =
| length7 =
}}

== Release ==
''Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa'' premiered through the streaming platform [[Amazon Prime Video]], on the occasion of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival (14 January) 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=30 December 2021 |title=South films to watch online on Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hotstar in January 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/south-films-to-watch-online-on-netflix-amazon-prime-hotstar-in-january-2022-1894051-2021-12-30 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230080223/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/south-films-to-watch-online-on-netflix-amazon-prime-hotstar-in-january-2022-1894051-2021-12-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-04 |title=7 brand new movies & shows to watch on Amazon Prime Video this January 2022 that will start your year on a high note |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-brand-new-movies-shows-watch-amazon-prime-video-january-2022-will-start-year-high-note/ |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=GQ India |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091849/https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-brand-new-movies-shows-watch-amazon-prime-video-january-2022-will-start-year-high-note/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Balaji Mohan}}
{{Amazon Prime Video original series}}

[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Works about the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language anthology television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]

Roja Combines

2025-10-05T12:32:57Z

FionaLaflamme: made entry

{{short description|Indian film company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Roja Combines
| image =
| logo =
| type = [[Film producer|Film production]] [[Film distribution]]
| genre =
| foundation = 1996
| founder =
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Kaja Mydeen V. Gnanavel [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
| industry = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]
| products = [[Motion picture]]s ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])
| services =
| market cap =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Roja Combines''' is an Indian [[film producer|film production]] and [[film distributor|distribution]] company headed by Kaja Mydeen. The film had been a leading production studio in the Tamil film industry in the 1990s, but has struggled following the switch to digital film-making.

== History ==
Roja Combines was launched and run by three separate producers in the 1990s – Kaja Mydeen, V. Gnanavel and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]. In the early 2000s, Gnanavel and Jayaprakash moved to create GJ Combines.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/showbitz-double-delight/article2720603.ece|title=Showbitz – Double delight|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 December 2011 | first=S. R. Ashok | last=Kumar | accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/On-the-road-to-recognition/article16048607.ece|title=On the road to recognition|first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 September 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Soon after the surprise success of the adolescent-themed ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' (2002), Roja Combines agreed terms with the film's lead actors [[Dhanush]] and [[Sherin Shringar|Sherin]] to make a film for the studio during October 2002. A project titled ''Ennai Mattum Kaadhal Pannu'' by [[Boopathy Pandian]] began thereafter but was later put on hold after Dhanush became busy with other ventures. Eventually, the film was relaunched with Dhanush and [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]] as ''[[Devathayai Kanden]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/nltamil.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701004658/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/nltamil.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2003|title=New Launches in Tamil|date=1 July 2003}}</ref>

In 2003, Roja Combines produced a live stage show in the United Arab Emirates called Tamil Mega Star Night 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/tamil-film-stars-poised-to-perform-live|title=Tamil film stars poised to perform live|first=A. Staff|last=Reporter|website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> The studio's collaboration with [[Ajith Kumar]] in ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' (2004) was the studio's biggest failure, and the makers lost 8 crore rupees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ajithkumar.free.fr/news/news_167.htm|title=www.ajithkumar.fr.fm|website=ajithkumar.free.fr}}</ref> In 2005, following Kaja Mydeen's suicide attempt and bankruptcy, he subsequently dropped himself from producing [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006) starring [[Kamal Haasan]] and chose to release his other ongoing project ''Perarasu'' starring Vijayakanth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vetayadu-vilayadu-orphaned-news-tamil-kkfv2bghhdbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727141932/https://www.sify.com/movies/vetayadu-vilayadu-orphaned-news-tamil-kkfv2bghhdbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-07-27|title='Vetayadu Vilayadu' orphaned!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/confusion-confounded-news-tamil-kkfv3jbhacgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727134921/https://www.sify.com/movies/confusion-confounded-news-tamil-kkfv3jbhacgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-07-27|title=Confusion confounded!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2010, Kaja Mydeen was approached to act in [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]'s ''[[Easan]]'', but eventually did not feature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-04/vikram-sasi-25-05-10.html|title=Sasi - Tamil Movie News - Vikram-Sasi project - only producers, no hero - Sasi | Vikram | Samuthrakani - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> By the mid-2010s, the studio remained largely inactive owing to the rising costs of operating in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelede.in/tamil-nadu/2020/02/24/madurai-anbu-tamil-film-industrys-biggest-shylock|title=Madurai Anbu: Tamil Film Industry's Biggest Shylock|website=The Lede}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kaja Mydeen married telugu actress Aamani. Post-marriage, Aamani converted to Islam and changed her name to K. Ayisha, becoming a co-producer on several of Roja Combines' films.

In July 2005, Kaja Mydeen stopped producing films and stepped into real estate business.And also was an active member of the producer council then..

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width: 82%; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Cast
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Synopsis
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''
| 1996
| Tamil
| [[Pandiarajan]]
| [[Pandiarajan]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| Gopal causes much angst among his male neighbours as he is friendly with their spouses. They are relieved when he marries Usha. But Usha leaves him after learning that he was married once before
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Porkkaalam]]''
| 1997
| Tamil
| [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
| [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Sanghavi]]
| Murali is a potter by profession and has a sister who is dumb. He wants to get her married to a decent boy but everyone rejects her. In a tragic turn of events, Murali decides to marry a handicapped
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Poonthottam]]''
| 1998
| Tamil
| [[Kalanjiyam]]
| [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Raghuvaran]]
|A woman faces threat from her step-brothers who are keen to evict her from their home. Meanwhile, her good for nothing tenant is another problem. But, it is the same tenant who comes to their rescue.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Anantha Poongatre]]''
| 1999
| Tamil
| [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]
| [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]
| Jeeva loves Meenakshi, a widow after knowing her past however she isn't interested in marrying him fearing social norms.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Paattali]]''
| 1999
| Tamil
| [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| [[Sarathkumar]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Ramya Krishnan]]
| Despite being the sole heir to a large fortune, Shanmugam is forced to work as a servant by his aunt. Later, she forces him to marry her own daughter in order to usurp his wealth.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Sandhitha Velai]]''
| 2000
| Tamil
| [[Ravichandran (Tamil film director)|Ravichandran]]
| [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]
| On a trip, Aadalarasu meets his lookalike and promises to fulfil the latter's request. His look-alike dies and he takes his place in his family while his own family thinks he is dead.
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-santhitha-vaelai/article28012643.ece|title=Film Review: ''Santhitha Vaelai''|newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 April 2000|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]''
| 2000
| Tamil
| [[Ezhil]]
| [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Sarathkumar]], [[Jaya Seal]]
| Sunil is a renowned heart surgeon, while Sunita has a kid with a heart problem. When she meets Sunil, she lashes out at him, blaming him for her plight, as he had betrayed her many years ago.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Vaanchinathan]]''
| 2001
| Tamil
| [[Shaji Kailas]]
| [[Vijayakanth]], [[Sakshi Shivanand]], [[Ramya Krishnan]]
| Vaanchinathan, a straightforward policeman, is not allergic to exploiting the loopholes in the law to eliminate the criminals who have thus far not been punished by the judiciary.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]''
| 2001
| Tamil
| Sreedhar Prasath
| [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
| An entrepreneur challenges his reckless son, Satyam, to live independently for three months. Satyam's encounters away from home end up changing him as a human being.
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/a-medley-of-emotions/article27919466.ece|title=A medley of emotions|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 March 2001|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]''
| 2002
| Tamil
| [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]
| [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Gayathri Raghuraman]]
| When Ramakrishnan is caught with a prostitute, he introduces her to his wife as Thiru's girlfriend. Thiru, feeling helpless, goes along with the plan at the cost of upsetting his own girlfriend, Susi.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Samasthanam]]''
| 2002
| Tamil
| [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]
| [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Sarathkumar]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| Thiru and Surya are friends whose relationship has survived many hurdles. But, their bond is broken when a rift is caused due to their respective wives and also a man whose father was killed by Thiru's father.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]''
| 2004
| Tamil
| [[Shaji Kailas]]
| [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| Jana always stands for his villagers, against the atrocities committed by Veerapandi. Manimegalai, Veerapandi's daughter, falls in love with Jana, but is stunned when she learns about his past life as a gangster in Mumbai.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Devathaiyai Kanden]]''
| 2005
| Tamil
| [[Boopathy Pandian]]
| [[Dhanush]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]], [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]]
| Babu, a tea vendor, falls in love with Uma, a rich girl, and she too loves him for his sincerity. However, Babu sues her for cheating, when she accepts a doctor's proposal to have a secured future.
|
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]''
| 2006
| Tamil
| [[Udhayan]]
| [[Vijayakanth]], [[Debina Bonnerjee]], [[Prakash Raj]]
| CBI officer Kasi is tasked to investigate the disappearance of a judge. He finds out that a minister and three cops are behind it. Soon after, the cops get killed and Kasi is framed for their murders.
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1996]]

Ice stupa

2025-09-25T16:49:00Z

FionaLaflamme: Starting a details - done

{{Short description|Artificial glacier mound for storing water}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox project
| name = The Ice Stupa project
| logo =
| image =Ice stupas near Phyang monastery DSCN7587 1.jpg
| caption = Ice stupas near [[Phyang Monastery]] in February 2018
| mission_statement =
| commercial = No
| type = [[Water conservation]]
| products =
| location = [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| country = India
| owner = [[Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh]] (SECMOL)
| founder = [[Sonam Wangchuk (Engineer)|Sonam Wangchuk]]
| key_people = Sonam Wangchuk
| established = {{Start date and age|2013|10|df=y}}
| disestablished = 
| funding = [[Crowdfunding]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|7500000}}
| current_status = Operational
}}
An '''ice stupa''' is a [[Glacier growing|glacier grafting]] technique that creates artificial [[glacier]]s, used for storing winter water (which otherwise would go unused) in the form of conical-shaped ice heaps. During summer, when water is scarce, the ice melts to increase the water supply for crops.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-13 |title=In Kashmir, An Ancient Solution Solves a New Problem |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/asia/indian-administered_kashmir/kashmir-ancient-solution-solves-modern-problem/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Channelling and freezing water for irrigation has existed for hundreds of years. It was re-invented, popularised and scaled up by [[Sonam Wangchuk (Engineer)|Sonam Wangchuk]] in [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. The project is undertaken by the [[Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh]] [[Non-governmental organisation|NGO]]. Launched in October 2013, the test project started in January 2014 under the project name ''The Ice Stupa Project''. On 15 November 2016, Sonam Wangchuk was awarded the [[Rolex Awards for Enterprise]] for his work on ice stupas. Since Wangchuk's first ice stupa project, over a dozen ice stupas have been built in the region, providing over 25 million liters of water.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Aerial view of Ice stupa and Phyang monastery from flight IMG 2411 1.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Ice stupa and Phyang monastery]]

Ladakh is a [[cold desert]] where [[agriculture]] is not practised during the winter due to frozen soil and low air temperatures. During [[Spring (season)|spring]], the water requirement for [[sowing]] increases, while at the same time, [[stream]]s dry up. With annual rainfall of less than {{convert|50|mm|in}}, agriculture in Ladakh is solely dependent on snow and glacier [[meltwater]]. Due to [[climate change]], the region experiences hotter summers with an increase in ice melt, together with a shift in the timing and precipitation of the melts. Subsequently, during the spring season, water is more scarce, which in turn impacts agriculture and food supplies.<ref name="Ice Stupas: Conserving water the 3 Idiots way">{{cite news|title=Ice Stupas: Conserving water the 3 Idiots way|work=[[Forbes India]]|accessdate=21 November 2016|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/checkin/ice-stupas-conserving-water-the-3-idiots-way/39265/1}}</ref><ref name="Sonam Wangchuk Wins the Rolex Award ">{{cite news|title=Sonam Wangchuk Wins the Rolex Award |publisher=thewire.in/|accessdate=21 November 2016|url=http://thewire.in/81327/wangchuk-rolex-stupa-secmol/}}</ref><ref name="Ice Stupas: Water conservation in the land of the Buddha">{{cite news|title=Ice Stupas: Water conservation in the land of the Buddha|publisher=indiawaterportal.org|accessdate=21 November 2016|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/ice-stupas-water-conservation-land-buddha}}</ref>

In the month of May, Sonam Wangchuk noticed ice under a bridge. Despite summer temperatures and being at the lowest elevation in Ladakh, the ice had not melted because it was not in direct sunlight. Wangchuk realised ice could last longer in Ladakh if it could be shaded from the sun. Since providing shade to larger bodies of water was not possible, Wangchuk thought of freezing and storing water in the shape of a cone, which offers minimum surface area to the sun while containing a high volume of water.<ref name="Sonam Wangchuk Wins the Rolex Award"/>

In October 2013, Sonam Wangchuk created a [[prototype]] {{convert|6|m|ft|0}} high ice stupa by freezing {{cvt|150000|L|gal}} in [[Leh]] without any shade from the sun. Water was piped from upstream by gravity, without using electricity or machinery. The ice stupa did not completely melt until 18 May 2014, even when the temperature was above {{convert|20|C}}.<ref name="Ice Stupas: Conserving water the 3 Idiots way"/><ref name="Sonam Wangchuk Wins the Rolex Award "/><ref name="Ice Stupas: Water conservation in the land of the Buddha"/><ref name=IceStu>{{cite news|title=Ice Stupa - A Form of Artificial Glacier|publisher=Official website|accessdate=21 November 2016|url=http://icestupa.org/}}</ref>

The Ladakh region experiences [[water scarcity|water shortage]] for the needs of agriculture during [[Spring (season)|spring]], which restricts even further the cultivation period in a [[subarctic climate]] area.<ref name=IceStu/> By harnessing a fraction of the abundant wind, hydro and solar power potential of the Ladakh region without the need for [[energy storage]], ice stupas can be made using [[snow cannon]]s to irrigate all the cultivable land for crops, arcades, plantations, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Artificial snow is nothing like the real stuff|date=10 February 2022 |accessdate=14 February 2022|url=https://www.vox.com/2022/2/10/22926270/artificial-snow-beijing-2022-olympics-climate-change}}</ref>

With the aim of promoting artificial glaciers and saving water for irrigation, an Ice Stupa Competition has been held since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/villages-in-ladakh-compete-for-building-artificial-glaciers-738334|title=Villages in Ladakh compete for building artificial glaciers}}</ref> In 2019, 12 ice stupas were built, and in 2020, around 25.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdVijr10DZ0&index=2&list=FLIZ1T26GQyqCYeilnxljykQ Video about Ice stupa]
* [https://www.pbs.org/video/ice-stupas-of-ladakh-mpvxhx/ Adaptation: Ice stupas of Ladakh] PBS series hosted by climate researcher [[Alizé Carrère]]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jan/27/ice-stupas-of-the-ladakh-desert-an-ingenious-solution-to-water-scarcity-a-picture-essay] Ice stupas of the Ladakh desert: an ingenious solution to water scarcity – a picture essay [[The Guardian]]
{{Sustainability}}
{{Natural resources}}
{{Portal bar|Mountains|Environment|India}}

[[Category:Water conservation]]
[[Category:Glaciers]]
[[Category:Irrigation]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Ladakh]]

List of Odia films of 1959

2025-09-15T05:46:30Z

FionaLaflamme: Creating New Info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Cuttack]] in 1959:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1959 in film|1959]]'''
|-
|''[[Maa (1959 film)|Maa]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Nitai Palit]]||[[Chandana Banarjee|Chandana]], [[Gaura Ghosh]], [[Laxmipriya Mahapatra]]|| ||
|-
|''ଶ୍ରୀ ଶ୍ରୀ ମହାଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୂଜା [[Shree Shree Mahalaxmi Puja]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Biswanath Nayak]]||[[Bauribandhu]], [[Jharana Das]], [[Anubha Gupta]] ||[[Fantasy]]||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1959 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1959]]
[[Category:Lists of 1959 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1959 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1950s in Orissa]]

Thangjam Singh

2025-09-04T21:10:30Z

FionaLaflamme: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Saran Singh Thangjam]]

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{{R from move}}
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Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope

2025-07-14T11:41:47Z

FionaLaflamme: started first page initial version

{{Short description|Radio telescope center}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Telescope}}
The '''Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope''' ('''GMRT'''), located near [[Narayangaon]], [[Pune]] in India, is an array of thirty fully steerable parabolic [[radio telescope]]s of 45 metre diameter, observing at metre [[wavelength]]s. It is the largest and most sensitive radio telescope array in the world at low frequencies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope |url=http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/research/research-at-ncra-tifr/research-areas/GMRT/GMRT |website=NCRA website |language=en-us}}</ref> It is operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), a part of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Mumbai]]. It was conceived and built under the direction of [[Govind Swarup]] during 1984 to 1996.<ref>[http://www.gmrt.ncra.tifr.res.in/news/gs.html Prof. Govind Swarup: The Father of Radio Astronomy in India]</ref> It is an [[Interferometry|interferometric]] array with baselines of up to {{convert|25|km|mi}}.<ref name=Ananthakrishnan1995>{{cite journal|last1=Ananthakrishnan|first1=S.|title=The giant meterwave radio telescope.|journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy|date=1995|volume=16|page=433|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/605/1/347.pdf|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1088/1009-9271/5/S1/87 |last1=Ishwara-Chandra |first1=C H |last2=Rao |first2=A Pramesh |last3=Pandey |date=2005 |first3=Mamta |last4=Manchanda |first4=R K |last5=Durouchoux |first5=Philippe |title=Low Frequency Radio Observations of GRS1915+105 with GMRT|journal= Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume= 5 |issue=S1|pages= 87–92|bibcode= 2005ChJAS...5...87I|arxiv = astro-ph/0512061 }}</ref><ref>Swarup, G., Ananthkrishnan, S., Kapahi, V.K., Rao, A.P., Subrahamanya, C.R., and Kulkarni, V.K. (1991) "The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope", Current Science, vol. 60, pages 90-105.</ref> It was recently upgraded with new receivers, after which it is also known as the '''upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope''' ('''uGMRT''').<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Y. |last2=Ajithkumar |first2=B. |last3=Kale |first3=H. S. |last4=Nayak |first4=S. |last5=Sabhapathy |first5=S. |last6=Sureshkumar |first6=S. |last7=Swami |first7=R. V. |last8=Chengalur |first8=J. N. |last9=Ghosh |first9=S. K. |last10=Ishwara-Chandra |first10=C. H. |last11=Joshi |first11=B. C. |last12=Kanekar |first12=N. |last13=Lal |first13=D. V. |last14=Roy |first14=S. |date=2017-08-25 |title=The Upgraded GMRT:Opening New Windows on the Radio Universe |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0707.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=707 |doi=10.18520/cs/v113/i04/707-714 |bibcode=2017CSci..113..707G |issn=0011-3891}}</ref>

==Location==
The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) Observatory is located about 80 km north of [[Pune]] at [[Khodad]]. A nearby town is [[Narayangaon]] which is around 9 km from the [[Radio telescope|telescope]] site. The office of [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] (NCRA) is located in the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] campus.

==Science and observations==
One of the aims for the telescope during its development was to search for the highly [[redshift]]ed 21-cm line radiation from primordial neutral hydrogen clouds in order to determine the epoch of galaxy formation in the [[universe]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Suman|last2=Bharadwaj|first2=Somnath|date=2019-02-01|title=On the prospects of measuring the cosmic dawn 21-cm power spectrum using the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT)|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=483|issue=2|pages=2269–2274|doi=10.1093/mnras/sty3242|doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711|bibcode=2019MNRAS.483.2269C|arxiv=1804.00515}}</ref>

Astronomers from all over the world regularly use this telescope to observe many different astronomical objects such as the [[Sun]], Jupiter, exoplanets, magnetically active stars, [[microquasar]]s or binary stars with a compact object (neutron star or black hole) as companion, [[pulsar]]s, [[supernova]]e, [[Supernova remnant|supernovae remnants]] (SNR) [[HII regions]], [[galaxies]], [[quasar]]s, [[Radio galaxy|radio galaxies]], [[clusters of galaxies]], cluster radio relics and halos, high-z galaxies, [[solar wind]]s, Inter-galactic HI absorption lines, diffuse radio emission from filaments of galaxies, possible signs of [[time-variation of fundamental constants]], variation of gas content with cosmic epoch, [[Epoch of Reionisation|epoch of reionisation]] etc. .<ref name=Ananthakrishnan1995 /><ref name=":0" />

GMRT has produced an all sky survey named [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]] GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS). Nearly 90% of the sky has been imaged at the frequency of 150 MHz (wavelength 2m), with an angular resolution of 25 arc second and rms noise of 5 mili Jansky per beam. Source Catalogue and FITS image files for the scientific community are freely available.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Intema |first1=H. T. |last2=Jagannathan |first2=P. |last3=Mooley |first3=K. P. |last4=Frail |first4=D. A. |date=February 2017 |title=The GMRT 150 MHz all-sky radio survey: First alternative data release TGSS ADR1 |url=http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628536 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=598 |pages=A78 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201628536 |arxiv=1603.04368 |bibcode=2017A&A...598A..78I |s2cid=15961445 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> General public and citizen scientists can see 150 MHz image of any, supernova remnant, spiral galaxy or radio galaxy with its name or position at the [https://www.radathomeindia.org/rgbmaker RAD@home RGB-maker web-tool]. Power and versatility of the GMRT has led to a renaissance in the field of low frequency radio astronomy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kembhavi |first1=Ajit K. |last2=Chengalur |first2=Jayaram N. |date=2023-04-19 |title=Govind Swarup. 23 March 1929—7 September 2020 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=75 |pages=455–478 |language=en |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2022.0049 |issn=0080-4606|doi-access=free }}</ref>

From this, TGSS survey, data, in August 2018, the most distant known radio galaxy : TGSS J1530+1049, located at a distance of 12 billion light years, was discovered by GMRT.<ref name="NRSA 5.72">{{cite journal |author1=Netherlands Research School for Astronomy |title=Astronomers report the most distant radio galaxy ever discovered |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-08-astronomers-distant-radio-galaxy.html |website=Phys.org |publisher=Science X Network |access-date=23 July 2023 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty1996 |date=8 Aug 2018|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/71688 |hdl-access=free |arxiv=1806.01191 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/science/at-12-billion-light-years-telescope-in-pune-discovers-most-distant-radio-galaxy-ever-found-1897771|title=Telescope In Pune Discovers Most Distant Radio Galaxy Ever Found|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref>

In February 2020, it helped in the observation of evidence of the largest known explosion in the history of the universe, the [[Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200227114459.htm|title=Astronomers detect biggest explosion in the history of the Universe|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>

In January 2023, the telescope picked up a radio signal (21 cm line emission from neutral atomic hydrogen gas) which originated from 8.8 billion light years away.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/indian-astronomer-captures-radio-signal-that-originated-8-billion-years-ago-2324134-2023-01-20 |title=Indian astronomer captures radio signal that originated 8 billion years ago |date=20 January 2023 }}</ref>

==Activities==
Each year on [[National Science Day]] the observatory invites the public and pupils from schools and colleges in the surrounding area to visit the site where they can listen to explanations of radio astronomy, receiver technology and astronomy from the engineers and astronomers who work there. Nearby schools/colleges are also invited to put their individual science experiments in exhibition and the best one in each level (primary, secondary school and Jr. college) are awarded.

Visitors are allowed into GMRT only on Fridays in two sessions - Morning (1100 hrs - 1300 hrs) and Evening (1500 hrs to 1700 hrs).

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Remote closeup view of one GMRT antenna through the fields.jpg|GMRT antenna
File:Plaque of GMRT at the entrance gate.jpg| Plaque of GMRT at the entrance gate
File:Main administrative building of GMRT in the campus.jpg|Main administrative building of GMRT in the campus
File:Backside view of GMRT C-3 antenna from the right.jpg|Backside view of GMRT C-3 antenna from the right
File:New building of GMRT under construction in the campus.jpg|New building of GMRT under construction in the campus
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of radio telescopes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|GMRT}}
* [http://www.gmrt.ncra.tifr.res.in/ GMRT Homepage]
* [http://www.gmrt.ncra.tifr.res.in/gmrt_hpage/Images/Diagrams/yarray.gif Y-shaped array]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090807085328/http://ncra.tifr.res.in/~res/visittogmrt/VISIT_GMRT.htm Visit GMRT]
* [http://www.10ccscienceclub.com/our-clubs-community/80-the-original-one/83-gmrt-visit/ GMRT Visit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225110931/http://www.10ccscienceclub.com/our-clubs-community/80-the-original-one/83-gmrt-visit/ |date=25 February 2015 }}

{{radio-astronomy}}
{{Telescopes and Observatories in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}

[[Category:Radio telescopes]]
[[Category:Interferometric telescopes]]
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in India]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pune district]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Maharashtra]]

Wooden idols of India

2025-01-28T18:26:28Z

FionaLaflamme: added new pg - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=March 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2017}}
}}

'''Wooden idols''' have traditionally been made in India, as a tractable and commonly-available material to artists and craftsmen in [[architecture]] and sculpture. Few specimens survive of early works due to the [[perishable]] nature of wood, particularly in a hot and humid climate. However, other sources demonstrate the ancient use of [[Wood carving|woodcarving]] in [[Indian art]].<ref>“...a motif was not necessarily invented or borrowed at the date of its first appearance in permanent material; indeed, a first appearance in stone is almost tantamount to proof of an earlier currency in wood.” – Ananda K Coomarswamy. see (1972). ''Introduction to Indian Art''. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. p 17</ref> This includes a tradition of making [[icon]]s, often also of wood.<ref>see Dasgupta, Kalyan Kumar. (1990). ''Wood Carvings of Eastern India''. Kolkata: Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd. p 13</ref>

==Earliest Reference==

The earliest reference to any wooden idol made in India goes to the legend of [[Jivantasvami|Jīvantasvāmī]] – a [[sandalwood]] image of [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] or [[Vardhamana|Vardhamāna]],<ref>Died in c. BC 527.</ref> the last [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]] of [[Jainism|Jain]] pantheon. It is said that the idol was carved in his lifetime and worshiped by his followers.<ref>see ''ibid'', p 11. In this connection, mention could be made of another old tradition that refers to a wooden effigy of ''Yakṣa Moggarāpāni'' in a shrine outside the city of ''Rājagṛha'' (modern Rajgir, dist Nalanda, Bihar).</ref> This myth, though not materially substantiated, is an obvious proof in favor of an artistic practice – prevailing in the sixth century BC. However, it was only after another seven centuries that we find the oldest literary mention of wood as a suitable plastic medium for the sculpting of cult-icons.<ref>The other mediums are gold, silver, copper, jewels, stone, iron and alloy (Ch 258, ''sūtra'' 20-1). [see Tarkaratna, Panchanan & Nyayateertha, Sreejib (tr. & ed.). (''BS 1394''). ''Matsyapurāṇam''. Kolkata: Nava Bharat Publishers. p 892]</ref>

==Textual References==

The first concrete evidence to the tradition of making wooden idols comes in the form of an [[Epigraphy|epigraph]] found in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. This inscription of Abhirā Vāsudeva, dated c. AD 278, describes an eight-armed wooden sculpture of [[Lord Vishnu|Lord Viṣn̄u]] – named as Aṣṭabhujasvāmī. This effigy, said to have medicinal and energizing properties,<ref>see Chakraborty, Shyamal Kanti (ed.). (2001). ''Wood Carvings of Bengal in Gurusaday Museum''. Kolkata: Gurusaday Museum. p 7; also see Dasgupta, Kalyan Kumar. (2000). ''Pratimāśilpe Hindu Devadevī''. Kolkata: ''Paścimbaṅga Bāṅglā Ākādemi''. pp 11-2</ref> was installed on the Siddhalahari hill bordering [[Nagarjunakonda|Nagarjunikonda]] valley.

The specimen, however, is not available today; yet the reference indeed ensures a living tradition in the third century AD. The next thirteen hundred odd years saw the tradition continuing with its vitality and context – and being documented in a series of indigenous literature.

All these texts, variably dated c. second-sixteenth century AD, tell us about a prevailing convention for the classification of divine images – based on the materials used in making them. They also tell us, categorically, how each and every such classification has referred to wood as one of the most suitable medium for this purpose.

{| class="wikitable"
!Source
!Date
!Classification
|-
|[[Matsya Purana|Matsya Purāṇa]]<ref>see the ''Preface'' of Agrawala, Vasudeva S. (1963). ''Matsya Purana: A Study''. Benares: All India Kashiraj</ref> (Ch 258, sūtra 20–21)
|c. late-second / late-fourth / sixth century AD
|Gold, silver, copper, jewels, stone, iron, wood and alloy<ref>see Tarkaratna & Nyayateertha (tr & ed) ''BS 1394'': p 892</ref>
|-
|[[Shilpa Shastras|Mānasara Śilpaśāstra]]<ref>see Acharya, Prasanna Kumar. (1934/1981). ''Manasara Series''. Vol. II (Indian Architecture According to Manasara – Silpasastra). New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. p 70</ref> (ch 51)
|c. fifth century AD<ref>see Mitra, A (ed.). (undated). Census 1951, West Bengal – The Tribes and Castes of West Bengal. p 352</ref>
|Gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, sudhā (stucco, also mortar and plaster), śarkarā (gravel or grit), ābhāsa (painting<ref>Prasanna Kumar Acharya has described ''ābhāsa'' as marble (!) and has subdivided it into three kinds: ''citra'', ''ardha-citra'' and ''ābhāsa'' (i.e., ''citrābhāsa''). According to him, ''Citra'' is ''sarvānga-dṛśyamāna'' hence transparent (!), while the other two are half-transparent and partially (one-fourth) transparent [see Acharya 1934/1981 (vol. II): pp 70-1]. But, it seems that ''ābhāsa'' has nothing to do with marble, but painting; and its classification is purely on the basis of form. Hence, they should be defined as full-figure (''sarvānga-dṛśyamāna''), three-quarter and portrait.</ref>) and earth
|-
|Hayaśīrṣa Pan̄carātrama (ādi kānḍa, ch 15, sūtra 1–2)<ref>see Sankhyateertha, Pandit Bhuban Mohan (ed.). (1952). ''Hayasirsa Pancharatram''. (vol. II). Rajshahi: Varendra Research Society. p 1</ref>
|c. fifth-eleventh / seventh-eighth century / AD 800<ref>see ''An Introductory Note'' by Ksitish Chandra Sarkar (pp ix-x) and the ''Foreword'' by Prof Dines Ch Bhattacharya (pp v-vi) [Sankhyateertha (ed.) 1952: (vol. I)]; see Dasgupta 2000: p 25; also see Smith, H Daniel. (1975). ''A Descriptive Bibliography of the Printed Texts of the Pancaratragrama''. Vol. I. Baroda: Oriental Institute. p 550</ref>
|Mṛnmayī (clay), dārughaṭitā (wood), lohajā (iron), ratnajā (jewels), gandhajā (fragrance), śailajā (stone) and kousumī (flowers)
|-
|[[Devi Purana|Devī Purāṇa]] (ch 22, sūtra 9–10)<ref>see Tarkaratna, Acharya Panchanan & Nyayateertha, Sreejib (tr.). (''BS 1384''). ''Devīpurāṇam: Maharṣi Vedavyāsa-Viracitam''. Kolkata: Nava Bharat Publishers. p 143</ref>
|c. fifth / eleventh century AD<ref>''ibid'' (see the Preface)</ref>
|Svarṇamayī (gold), rajatamayī (silver), mṛnmayī and dārumayī
|-
|Vṛhat Saṁhitā (ch 60, sūtra 4–5)<ref>see Bhat, M Ramakrishna (tr.). (1982). ''Varahamihira's Brhat Samhita''. (part II). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp 568-9</ref>
|c. early-sixth century AD
|Dārumayī, mṛnmayī, maṇimayī (jewels), sauvarṇī, rajatamayī, tāmramayī (bronze) and śailī
|-
|[[Samba Purana|Śāmba Purāṇa]] (ch 30, sūtra 2)<ref>see Goswami, Bijan Bihari (tr. & ed.). (''BS 1390''). ''Vaśiṣṭha-viracitam Śrī Śāmba Purāṇam''. Kolkata: Nava Bharat Publishers. p 177</ref>
|c. AD 500-800 / 500-900<ref>see Rocher, Ludo. (1986). ''A History of Indian Literature''. Vol. II, Fasc. 3 (The Puranas, ed. Jan Gonda. Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p 219</ref>
|Svarṇamayī, raupyamayī (silver), tāmrī, pārthivi (clay), prastaramayī (of stone), vārkṣi (wood) and ālekhya (painting)
|-
|[[Bhavishya Purana|Bhaviṣya Purāṇa]] (vol. I, ch 131, sūtra 5–8)<ref>see Arora, Raj Kumar. (1972). ''Historical and Cultural Data from the Bhavisya Purana''. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers (P) Ltd. p 198</ref>
|c. AD 500–1500
|Wood, clay, jewel, gold, silver, copper and stone
|-
|Śukranītisāra (ch 4, sec 4, sūtra 147–151)<ref>see Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (tr.). (1914). ''The Sacred Books of the Hindus''. Vol. XII (The Sukraniti). Allahabad: The Panini Office, Bhuvaneswari Asrama, Bahadurgunj. pp 167-8</ref>
| --
|Sand, paste, paint, enamel, earth, wood, stone and metal
|}

In brief, all these scriptures proclaim in favor of seven major varieties – while each list contains wood as one of the most common phenomenon.

Such evidences are available also in other medieval writings like Vṛhat Saṁhitā<ref>Written by ''Varāhamihira'' in c. sixth century AD. See Ch XLIII, LIII and LIX [Bhat, M Ramakrishna (tr.) 1982 (part II): pp 564-7]</ref> and [[Vishnudharmottara Purana|Viṣn̄udharmottaram]].<ref>Dated abruptly c. AD 400-500/450-650/600-900/600-1000. See Khanda III, ch 89 [Shah, Priyabala (tr.). (2002). ''Sri Visnudharmottara Purana''. Third Khanda. Delhi: Parimal Publications. pp 214-6]</ref> They have discussed in length about all the intricate details on the ways and means of procuring suitable timber for the fashioning of divine images. Both have emphasized, in particular, on four significant aspects:
* suitability of different varieties of wood,
* trees that should be considered as forbidden, and
* suitable time for entering the forest, and
* technique of cutting down the required tree/s.
Similar instructions could also be traced in other texts like Viśvakarmā Prakāśa<ref>see Dasgupta 1990: p 7</ref> and Rājaballabhava.<ref>see ''ibid''</ref>

Mention could be made, in this connection, about the historical accounts by [[Huen-tsang|Huen Tsang]] or Hiuen Tsang,<ref>Also known as Hiuen Tsiang, Hsuan-tsang, Yuan Chwang and Xuanzang.</ref> the Chinese pilgrim, who came to India in the first half of the ninth century AD. During his visit, he encountered a reference to – or the actual specimen of – a wooden idol of Kuan-tzu-tsai Pusa.

“According to the Life the marvelous image of the Kuan-tzu-tsai Pusa was made of [[Sandalwood|sandal wood]], and it was enclosed by railings...”<ref>see Waters, Thomas. (1961). ''On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India''. Vol. II. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. p 175</ref>

Here, Kuan-tzu-tsai Pusa is none other than [[Avalokiteśvara]], one of the sixteen forms of [[Bodhisattva]]; and it's a sandal-wood image of him that the author has written about. The actual specimen, however, is not available today. But the reference advocates in favor of wood, as a useful material for the making of [[Buddhist iconography|Buddhist-icons]] during late-eighth or early-ninth century AD.

This phenomenon has also been substantiated by the freestanding sculpture of [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tārā]],<ref>In Mahāyāna Buddhism Tārā is a female Bodhisattva, who appears as a female Buddha in the Vajrayāna branch of the religion. She is known as the ‘mother-of-liberation’, and represents the virtues of success in work and achievements. In the Indian subcontinent, Tārā is a Tantric meditation deity, whose practice is used by devotees of the Tibetan branch of Vajrayāna-Buddhism in order to develop certain inner qualities related to compassion and emptiness. However, Tārā is actually the generic name for a set of Buddhas or Bodhisattvas of similar aspect. These may be understood as different aspects of the same quality, as Bodhisattvas are often considered metaphoric for Buddhist virtues.</ref> the Buddhist goddess (see Figure 1), discovered by late (Dr) Moreshwar Dikshit. In terms of iconography and style, it belongs to c. ninth-tenth century AD and is considered to be an import from [[East India|Eastern India.]] Similar Buddhist icons – collected in a monastery at [[Chittagong|Chittagong, Bangladesh]] – ranging in date from about ninth to twelfth-thirteenth century AD,<ref>see Spooner, D Brainerd (ed.). (1923/1990). ''Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1921-22''. Delhi: Swati Publications. p 81</ref> could also be mentioned in this connection.

==Earliest Specimen==

Most Indian wooden idols of perceptible antiquity and aesthetic excellence – either originate, or belong to the eastern region of this country. Earliest of this genre is the Tārā-image mentioned above, hailed from the debris of cave XXX-I at [[Kanheri Caves|Kanheri]], near Mumbai of Maharashtra. But unfortunately, its present location is yet unknown. A photograph – published in Marg (36/1, 1982) – remains the only evidence, reminding about the Pāla-figures from [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]].<ref>Here ‘Bengal’ refers to the region, comprising today's West Bengal (the Indian state) and Bangladesh (the neighboring country).</ref>

Among the surviving specimens, Bodhisattva Lokanātha<ref>In general, all the ''Buddha''s and ''Bodhisattva''s can be called as ''Lokanātha'', i.e., lord of the world; but in a more specific sense of the iconography, he should be considered as one of the forms of ''Avalokiteśvara''. Generally, the lord is represented alone and is occasionally accompanied by ''Tārā'' and ''Hayagrīva''.</ref> (see Figure 2) from Tongibari of [[Munshiganj-1|Munshigunj]], Dhaka (in today's Bangladesh), is considered to be the oldest one. Both in terms of form and style, it bears a striking similarity with the figure from Kanheri; and hence could be assigned to c. ninth-tenth century AD. Yet official records have opted for a much later date – i.e., the eleventh<ref>According to the record of BNM.</ref> – making it contemporaneous with another specimen from Rampal, also of Munshigunj. This latter one is of Sthiracakra Man̄juśrī (see Figure 3), which in that case has also its share of the claim. However, both the specimens are presently on display at [[Bangladesh National Museum]] (E-189 and E-188) at [[Dhaka]].

In this connection, refer could be made of the famous [[Jagannath|Jagannātha]]-triad of Puri in [[Orissa]], which was originally installed sometime in c. eleventh century AD. It thus makes the tradition of Balarāma-Subhadrā-Jagannātha contemporaneous to the above-mentioned specimens from Bengal. But the actual specimens in the temple today are not of that antiquity; as the idols have customarily been replicated and replaced in regular intervals.<ref>This traditional ritual known as ‘''Navakalevara''’ takes place, only when a double ''Āṣāhr̖ha'' month (June–July) appears in the local astronomical calendar – usually on every eighth / eleventh / nineteenth year.</ref>

It's true, indeed, that the earliest surviving wooden idols in India are not as old as those from Egypt or China. But their refined approach and stylistic maturity certainly affirm a high quality practice, generated by an extremely old and rich traditional ancestry.<ref>“... a reasonably large-corpus of pre-Pāla sculptures... shows a continuous development from the introduction of figural art in Eastern India, many centuries before the Pāla period.” [see Asher, Frederick M. (1980). ''The Art of Eastern India, 300-800''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p 4]</ref> It had a long history of evolution, though undocumented, which finally resulted into the new school of Indian sculpture – taking shape in the eastern provinces in c. AD 800.<ref>see ''ibid''; also see Banerji, R D. (1933). ''Eastern Indian School of Mediaeval Sculpture''. Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. p 18</ref>

Following the earlier traditions, this new school also embraced wood – equally with other mediums like clay, stone, metal etc. – for the execution of plastic forms in relief and in-the-round. This very genre of wooden sculptures kept on flourishing till c. AD 1200, while the making of divine images remained as a virile and integral part. After losing volume and scale in the next three centuries, it regained strength and vitality through the renaissance of sixteenth. It again evolved, finally, through the following centuries in the dynamism and abundance of [[Assam]], Bengal, [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Nagaland]], Orissa and [[Rajasthan]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian woodwork]]
[[Category:Religious objects]]

Vadakkekotta metro station

2025-01-18T12:26:35Z

FionaLaflamme: added new post

{{Short description|Metro station in Kochi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = {{ric|Kochi Metro|size=100px}} Vadakkekotta
| type = [[Kochi Metro]] [[rapid transit]]
| style = Kochi Metro
| image = Metro leaving at vaddekekota station.jpg
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| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9528|76.3395|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
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| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|1 September 2022}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
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| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kochi Metro|line=1|left=Pettah|right=SN Junction|to-right=Thrippunithura Terminal}}
| map_type = India Kochi
| map_size = 300
| map_dot_label = Vadakkekota
| route_map = {{Kochi Metro RDT}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Vadakkekotta metro station''' is a metro station of [[Kochi Metro]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-18 |title=Vadakkekotta Station to be a major business hub: KMRL |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/vadakkekotta-stn-to-be-a-major-biz-hub-kmrl/articleshow/91628414.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was opened on 1 September 2022 as a part of the extension of the metro system from [[Pettah metro station|Petta]] to [[SN Junction metro station|SN Junction]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadakkekotta to be biggest metro station in Kochi - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/kochi/2022/may/18/vadakkekotta-to-be-biggest-metro-station-in-kochi-2454803.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> Spread over an area of 4.3 lakh square feet, it is Kochi Metro’s biggest station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Kochi Metro{{!}}കൊച്ചി മെട്രോയുടെഏറ്റവും വലിയ സ്റ്റേഷൻ തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറയിൽ; വടക്കേകോട്ട സ്റ്റേഷന്‍ സമുച്ചയത്തിന്റെ വിസ്തീര്‍ണം 4.3 ലക്ഷം ചതുരശ്രയടി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/the-largest-station-of-the-kochi-metro-is-at-tripunithura-nj-tv-dtp-533414.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The station features [[Kerala]]'s role in freedom struggle as its theme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-01 |title=Kochi: Petta-SN Junction Metro service begins today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kochi-petta-sn-junction-metro-service-begins-today/articleshow/93915500.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Thrippunithura Terminal metro station|ThrippunithuraTerminal]] next station is [[SN Junction metro station|SN Junction]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Aluva metro station|Aluva]] next station is [[Pettah metro station|Pettah]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kochi Metro}}

[[Category:Kochi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]

Lovedale, Nilgiris

2024-08-18T19:33:16Z

FionaLaflamme: Creating Article

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2015}}

[[File:Lovedale railway station.JPG|thumb|240px|Lovedale railway station]]
[[File:Lovedale Junction.Ooty.jpg|thumb|Lovedale Junction]]

'''Lovedale''' is a village situated in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. It is one of the highest places above mean sea level in the Nilgiris. Today, it is notable for tourism.

== Nearest large population areas ==

*Ooty (5 km away). The Queen of Hills is located just 5 km away from Lovedale.
*Conoor (16 km)
*Wellington
*[[Nilambur]]

== Population ==

The permanent population is about 1,000-1,500 people. The residents of The Lawrence School add another 1,000 people to this.

== Establishments ==

The [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|Lawrence School]] is a residential school. Lovedale has a police station that serves Lovedale and the nearby villages. It also has a small post office and a bank (branch of [[State Bank of India|SBI]]), both of which primarily serve The Lawrence School.

==Educational institutions==
* [[Lawrence School, Lovedale]]
* [[St. Antony's High School, Lovedale]]
* [[Nilgiris Matriulation higher Secondary school, Lovedale]]

==Climate==
Lovedale features a [[subtropical highland climate]] (Cwb) under [[Köppen climate classification]]. It, along with Ooty, are located in the highest part of the [[Nilgiri Hills]]. Due to its location in the Nilgiris, Lovedale gets rain from both the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoons]]. The wet season runs from April to December and the dry season from January to March. There is a difference of 345 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. Throughout the year, temperatures vary by 4.2 °C.
{{Weather box
|location = Lovedale
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 19.0
|Feb high C = 19.9
|Mar high C = 21.8
|Apr high C = 22.1
|May high C = 21.8
|Jun high C = 18.3
|Jul high C = 17.0
|Aug high C = 17.8
|Sep high C = 18.9
|Oct high C = 18.9
|Nov high C = 18.7
|Dec high C = 18.8
|Year high C =
|Jan mean C=12.4
|Feb mean C=13.5
|Mar mean C=15.3
|Apr mean C=16.3
|May mean C=16.6
|Jun mean C=14.8
|Jul mean C=14.1
|Aug mean C=14.4
|Sep mean C=14.5
|Oct mean C=14.6
|Nov mean C=13.7
|Dec mean C=13.0
|Year mean =
|Jan low C = 5.4
|Feb low C = 6.6
|Mar low C = 8.8
|Apr low C = 10.6
|May low C = 11.5
|Jun low C = 11.4
|Jul low C = 11.3
|Aug low C = 11.2
|Sep low C = 10.7
|Oct low C = 10.4
|Nov low C = 8.7
|Dec low C = 6.6
|Year low C =
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 23.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 21.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 38.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 109.4
|May precipitation mm = 160.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 206.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 366.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 253.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 204.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 263.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 177.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 77.7

|Jan rain days=2
|Feb rain days=2
|Mar rain days=3
|Apr rain days=8
|May rain days=10
|Jun rain days=13
|Jul rain days=16
|Aug rain days=14
|Sep rain days=10
|Oct rain days=15
|Nov rain days=10
|Dec rain days=7
|year rain days=103

|date=May 2015
|source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org''<ref>{{cite web|title=limate: Lovedale - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table - Climate-Data.org|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/181918/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=2015-09-24}}</ref>}}
Minsara kanavu climax was shot in this area.

== Transport ==

*By rail: The [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|NMR]] (UNESCO World Heritage Site) passes through Lovedale. Lovedale is the second to last railway station on the route to Ooty from Mettupalayam, and is also the highest station on the entire route.
*By road: Lovedale is situated just 5 km from Ooty and one can take a taxicab or bus from there. The bus is the cheapest way to get there, with tickets costing just Rs 5.

== See also ==
* [[Lovedale (South Africa)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}
{{Nilgiris district}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:Villages in Nilgiris district]]

{{Nilgiris-geo-stub}}

List of SC East Bengal records and statistics

2023-09-28T07:34:08Z

FionaLaflamme: minor reworked structure per standard format and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[List of East Bengal FC records and statistics]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Phul Makauri

2023-08-07T22:41:19Z

FionaLaflamme: added info

{{Orphan|date=June 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phul Makauri
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0054675|N|76.1675262|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district|Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 104<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=35526|title=Phul Makauri Population per Census India|work=[[2011 Census of India]]}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 50/54 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144517
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| iso_code = IN-PB
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Post office]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = Bahloor Kalan ([[India Posts|B.O]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-villagedirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_03.pdf|title=All India Pincode Directory|work=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|nawanshahr.nic.in}}
}}

'''Phul Makauri''' is a village in [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|1.3|km}} away from [[India Posts|branch post office]] Bahloor Kalan, {{convert|19.2|km}} from [[Nawanshahr]], {{convert|20.2|km}} from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and {{convert|85.5|km}} from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is administrated by [[Sarpanch]] an elected representative of the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nawanshahr.gov.in/Election%20website/DDPO16-09-2013/Elected%20Sarpanches%20Distt.%20SBS%20Nagar2013.pdf|title=List of Sarpanches of Gram Panchayats in SBS Nagar district|work=nawanshahr.gov.in (extract from Punjab Government Gazette)|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510104814/http://nawanshahr.gov.in/Election%20website/DDPO16-09-2013/Elected%20Sarpanches%20Distt.%20SBS%20Nagar2013.pdf|archivedate=2017-05-10}}</ref>

== Demography ==
As of 2011, Phul Makauri has a total number of 22 houses and a population of 104 of which 50 include are males while 54 are females according to the report published by [[2011 Census of India|Census India in 2011]]. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of Phul Makauri is 70.21% lower than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 10 which is 9.62% of total population of Phul Makauri, and the [[child sex ratio]] is approximately 1000 as compared to the Punjab state average of 846.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103437|title=Child Sex Ratio in India (2001-2011)|work=pib.nic.in}}</ref>

Most of the people are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]] which constitutes 71.15% of total population in Phul Makauri. The town does not have any [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] population so far.<ref name=census />

As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 28 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Phul Makauri which includes 28 males and 0 females. According to census survey report 2011, 100% workers describe their work as main work and 0% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing [[livelihood]] for less than 6 months.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0305_PART_B_DCHB%20_SAHID%20BHAGAT%20SINGH%20NAGAR.pdf|title=District Census Handbook SBS Nagar|work=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
KC Engineering College and Doaba Khalsa Trust Group Of Institutions are the nearest colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbsnagarpolice.com/Forms/School%20College%20of%20SBS%20Nagar.pdf|title=List of Schools and Colleges in SBS Nagar district|work=sbsnagarpolice.com}}</ref> Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is {{convert|20|km}}. The village is {{convert|61|km}} away from Chandigarh University, {{convert|57|km}} from [[Indian Institute of Technology]] and {{convert|62|km}} away from [[Lovely Professional University]].

''List of schools nearby:''
*Govt Senior Secondary School, [[Ladhana Jhikka]]
*Dashmesh Model School, [[Kahma]]
*Govt High School, [[Jhander Kalan]]
*Govt Gigh School, [[Khan Khana]]
*Guru Ram Dass Public School, [[Cheta, SBS Nagar|Cheta]]

== Transport ==
Nawanshahr train station is the nearest train station however, [[Garhshankar]] Junction railway station is {{convert|30.6|km}} away from the village. [[Sahnewal Airport]] is the nearest domestic airport which located {{convert|43|km}} away in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is {{convert|172|km}} away in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Phul+Makauri,+Punjab+144521/Nawanshahr+Railway+Station,+Railway+Road,+Guru+Ravidas+Nagar,+Nawanshahr,+Punjab/Phul+Makauri,+Punjab/Garhshankar+Junction,+Garhshankar-Hoshiarpur+Road,+Garhshankar,+Punjab/Phul+Makauri,+Punjab/Ludhiana+Airport,+Ludhiana,+Punjab/Phul+Makauri,+Punjab/Sri+Guru+Ram+Dass+Jee+International+Airport,+Raja+Sansi,+Punjab/@31.2760533,74.9400889,9z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m50!4m49!1m5!1m1!1s0x391aa3859dfd0477:0x25142cff458cf80a!2m2!1d76.169498!2d31.0056291!1m5!1m1!1s0x391abdc00733d547:0xb47c552bf41ad7ec!2m2!1d76.1089072!2d31.1216023!1m5!1m1!1s0x391aa3859dfd0477:0x25142cff458cf80a!2m2!1d76.169498!2d31.0056291!1m5!1m1!1s0x391abf70c8ccbed7:0xe1194be2a5ffb5d8!2m2!1d76.1385636!2d31.2240694!1m5!1m1!1s0x391aa3859dfd0477:0x25142cff458cf80a!2m2!1d76.169498!2d31.0056291!1m5!1m1!1s0x391a83a8f16dc85d:0x4d81be91b95ee708!2m2!1d75.9569956!2d30.8505353!1m5!1m1!1s0x391aa3859dfd0477:0x25142cff458cf80a!2m2!1d76.169498!2d31.0056291!1m5!1m1!1s0x39196609c25343eb:0x2284aab8b51ba16d!2m2!1d74.8066719!2d31.7055209!3e0|title=Distance from Phul Makauri (Multiple routes)|work= Google Map}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in India]]
{{Portal|India|Punjab}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.punjabtourism.gov.in/ Tourism of Punjab]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180804201629/http://punjabcensus.gov.in/ Census of Punjab]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161018231343/http://cept.gov.in/lbpsd/placesearch.aspx Locality Based PINCode]

{{Nawanshahr district}}


[[Category:Villages in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]]

Devi Sahai Jindal

2023-07-18T05:49:58Z

FionaLaflamme: update section per standard format and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Indian industrialist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Debi Sahai Jindal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nalwa]], [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place = India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Industrialist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse = Ram Dei Devi
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Netramji Jindal Chandrawali Devi
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Devi Sahai Jindal''' was an Indian industrialist and the founder of the Jindal Group, a leading steel industrial group in India.<ref name="Blessed with eternity">{{cite web | url=http://www.dsjprojects.in/?p=1 | title=Blessed with eternity | publisher=DSJ Projects | date=2015 | accessdate=28 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123091121/http://www.dsjprojects.in/?p=1 | archive-date=23 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Born in the village of [[Nalwa]] in [[Hisar district]] in [[Haryana]] to Netramji and Chandrawali Devi Jindal, Devi Sahai, along with his brother Bhavi Chand Jindal, founded a steel industrial company which grew over the years and is now split by business groups, DSJ Group, BCJ Group <ref name=" Family Fedus"> {{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/family-feuds/196522/ | title= Family History | date= 4 November 2014 }}</ref> OPJ Group and DPJ Group.<ref name="Group history">{{cite web | url=http://www.jindal.com/group-history.html | title=Group history | publisher=Jindal | date=2015 | accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 1971 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |accessdate=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Business History ==
The Jindal Group ventured into business activities in 1952. The first setup was in Howrah, for the manufacturing of Mild Steel, ERW, and Black Galvanised steel pipes and tubes.[https://www.jindal.com/group-history.html]{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal, Devi Sahai}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Jabardasth (TV programme)

2023-02-09T13:42:52Z

FionaLaflamme: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Jabardasth (TV series)]]

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