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2025–26 Indian Football League

2026-05-08T03:31:02Z

Filmifunda022:

{{Infobox football league season
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| dates = Stage I: 27 February – 19 April Stage II: 24 April – TBA May 2026<ref>https://www.facebook.com/ILeagueOfficial/photos/the-indian-football-league-2025-26-will-kick-off-on-february-27-more-details-bit/896922206054404/</ref>
| winners =
| image = Poster of 2025-26 Star Cement Indian Football League.jpg
| pixels = 280
| caption = Season poster
| promoted =
| relegated = [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
| matches = 55
| total goals = 170
| league topscorer = [[Marcus Joseph]] [[Amadou Soukouna]] (4 goals)
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win = {{nowrap|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] 6–1 [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]}} (18 April 2026)
| biggest away win = {{nowrap|Namdhari 1–4 [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]}} (17 April 2026)
| highest scoring = {{nowrap| [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] 4–5 Diamond Harbour}} (6 April 2026)
| longest wins = Diamond Harbour (5 matches)
| longest unbeaten = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] (9 matches)
| longest winless = Real Kashmir (7 matches)
| longest losses = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] Namdhari (4 matches)
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 Indian Football League|2026–27]]
| updated = 5 May 2026
}}

The '''2025–26 Indian Football League''', also known as the '''[[Star Cement]] Indian Football League''' for sponsorship reasons, is the fourth season of the [[Indian Football League]] as the second tier of the [[Indian football league system]], which started on February 27, 2026.<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=Indian Football League to begin on February 27 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-league-to-begin-on-february-27 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.the-aiff.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Inter Kashi FC]] were the reigning champions, having won the [[2024–25 I-League]].

==Developments==
* After the [[Indian Super League]] received no bids for a sponsor, the [[I-League]] was left without a commercial partner too, putting the future of the league in doubt.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 December 2025|title=Indian football crisis deepens as I-League finds no takers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/indian-football-crisis-deepens-as-i-league-too-finds-no-takers/articleshow/125988808.cms |access-date=19 December 2025|work=The Times of India |language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2025|title=No kickoff in sight as Indian football battles an uncertain future: 'It is not about ISL. There is no I-League' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/football-news/indian-football-isl-aiff-13960645.html |access-date=19 December 2025|work=Firstpost |language=en-UK}}</ref>

* On 15 February 2026, the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] announced that the rebranded 2025–26 [[Indian Football League]] season will feature a two-stage format. Stage 1 will see the 10 participating clubs compete in a single-leg home-and-away round-robin format. In Stage 2, the teams get divided into two groups. Those that finished in the top half in Stage 1 will advance to a home-and-away championship round, while the bottom half will compete in a centralised relegation round. All points from Stage 1 will be carried forward to Stage 2. The league toppers at the end of Stage 2 will be crowned the Indian Football League champions and will be promoted to the [[Indian Super League|2026–27 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-league-to-begin-on-february-27#:~:text=Indian%20Football%20League%20to%20begin,Indian%20Super%20League%202026%2D27. |title=Indian Football League to begin on February 27 |date=15 February 2026 |publisher=All India Football Federation|access-date=17 April 2026}}</ref>

* On 8th April 2026, the AIFF informed all clubs that going forward all matches would be played in the evenings under lights to increase primetime viewership. Hence, floodlights would have to be mandatory in every stadium, failing which a fine of 9 lakhs would be imposed in each instance the club failed to comply.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sayan |last=Mukherjee |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/rajasthan-united-scout-new-home-as-aiff-mandates-ifl-matches-under-lights-2953983 |title=Rajasthan United scout new home as AIFF mandates IFL matches under lights |work=News9live |date=8 April 2026}}</ref>

==Club changes==
The following clubs have changed division since the [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25 season]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Club
! Path
|-
! colspan="3" | Entered IFL
|-
! 1
| [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| rowspan="2" | '''Promotion from [[2024–25 I-League 2|I-League 2]]''' {{Rise|b}}
|-
! 2
| [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|-
! colspan="3" | Exited IFL
|-
! 1
| [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| '''Promotion to [[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL]]''' {{Rise|b}}
|-
! 2
| [[Sporting Club Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="2" | '''Relegation to [[2025–26 I-League 2]]''' {{Fall|b}}
|-
! 3
| [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|-
! 4
| [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
| ''Withdrew''
|}
The [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] appeal committee stayed relegation for [[Delhi FC|Delhi]] and [[Sporting Club Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]] from the [[2024–25 I-League]] season until it arrives at a final judgement. Later, CAS terminated SC Bengaluru's appeal over non-payment and both teams entered Indian Football League One in this season.<ref>
*{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=AIFF appeal committee issues stay order on relegation in I-League |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/aiff-appeal-committee-issues-stay-order-on-relegation-in-i-league-2859059 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web |date=2025-07-25 |title=I-League: AIFF Appeals Committee dismisses SC Bengaluru’s protest against Namdhari FC |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-aiff-appeals-committee-dismisses-sc-bengalurus-protest-202507 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=CAS set to terminate SC Bengaluru’s I-League relegation appeal over non-payment |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-cas-to-terminate-sc-bengaluru-relegation-appeal-202510 |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]] withdrew from the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-16 |title=Churchill Bros left out of second-tier IFL|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/churchill-bros-left-out-of-second-tier-ifl/articleshow/128393720.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Clubs==
{{Location map+
| India3
| float = right
| width = 350
| caption = Locations of the Indian Football League teams
| places =


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 22.1191009 | long = 88.190474
| label = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| position = left
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 30.88 | long = 76.06
| label = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| position = right
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 25.58 | long = 91.89
| label = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| position = left
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 26.90 | long = 75.80
| label = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| position = left
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 11.25 | long = 75.77
| label = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| position = left
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 34.07 | long = 74.82
| label = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| position = right
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 17.38 | long = 78.49
| label = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| position = left
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 15.52 | long = 73.92
| label = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| position = right
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 23.714696 | long = 92.735581
| label = Aizawl
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| position = right
}}


{{Location map~ | India3
| lat = 13.00 | long = 87.00
| mark = TransparentPlaceholder.png
| marksize = 1
| label =
<div style="font-weight:bold;">[[Aizawl]] teams:</div>
[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] 
[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| position = right
}}

}}
<section end="map" />

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%"
|-
!Team
!Location
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|rowspan="2"|20,000
|-
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|[[Carambolim]], [[Goa]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|JLN Stadium]]
|19,000
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Diamond Harbour, India|Diamond Harbour]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Bankimanjali Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|30,000
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|[[Sri Bhaini Sahib|Bhaini Sahib]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Namdhari FC#Stadiums|Namdhari Stadium]]
|1,000
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Rajasthan United FC#Stadiums|VD Nagar Stadium]]
|3,000
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[TRC Turf Ground]]
|10,000
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|[[Shillong Lajong FC#Home ground|SSA Stadium]]
|5,000
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|[[Deccan Arena]]
|1,500
|-
|}
{{Notelist}}

==Personnel and sponsorship==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%"
!scope="col" |Team
!scope="col" |Head coach
!scope="col" |Captain
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Kit manufacturer
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} R Lalruatfela
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Vanlalhriatpuia
|Vamos<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2024 |title=Unveiling our 40th Anniversary Edition Home Jersey for the 2024/2025 season. 🔴⚪️ |url=https://x.com/AizawlFC/status/1804880071846740323 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[X (Twitter)]] |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830145939/https://x.com/AizawlFC/status/1804880071846740323 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|NECS Limited<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=23 June 2024 |title=Unveiling our 40th Anniversary Edition Home Jersey for the 2024/2025 season. 🔴⚪️ |url=https://x.com/AizawlFC/status/1804880071846740323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830145939/https://x.com/AizawlFC/status/1804880071846740323 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[X (Twitter)]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Dipankur Sharma
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Zothanmawia]]
|Six5Six
|LESDE Mizoram
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Kibu Vicuña]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]]
|Nautica
|[[Birla Tyres]]
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Samir Naik]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ariston Costa
|Shiv Naresh
|[[Dempo]]
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CYP}} [[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)|Dimitris Dimitriou]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nili (footballer)|Nili]]
|FLY HIGH
|Sree Gokulam
|-
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Harpreet Singh
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Jaskaranpreet Singh
|SPS Hospitals<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Rahul|last1=Saha|url=https://sportskhabri.com/i-league-commercial-guide-a-complete-list-of-the-2023-24-i-league-team-sponsors/|title=I-league Commercial Guide: A Complete List of the 2023/24 I-League Team Sponsors|date=3 November 2023|access-date=26 September 2021|website=sportskhabri.com|publisher=Sports Khabri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103074811/https://sportskhabri.com/i-league-commercial-guide-a-complete-list-of-the-2023-24-i-league-team-sponsors/|archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|Namdharis
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Vikas Rawat
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Bhabindra Malla Thakuri
|King Sports
|Vertak Group
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Ishfaq Ahmed]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mohammad Inam]]
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|Livpure
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Birendra Thapa
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Kenstar Kharshong]]
|King Sports
|[[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Tourism]]
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|POR}} [[Carlos Vaz Pinto]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
|Six5Six
|Sreenidhi Sports
|}

=== Managerial changes ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%"
|-
! scope=col|Team
! scope=col|Outgoing manager
! scope=col|Manner of departure
! scope=col|Date of vacancy
! scope=col|Position in the table
! scope="col"|Incoming manager
! scope=col|Date of appointment
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Renjith TA
|End of interim spell
|6 June 2025
|rowspan="5" align="center"|''Pre-season''
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[José Hevia]]
|6 June 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Gokulam appoint attack-minded Jose Hevia as head coach, aim instant ISL promotion |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/06/06/i-league-gokulam-kerala-appoint-jose-hevia-head-coach.html |date=6 June 2025 |website=Onmanorama |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[José Hevia]]
|Mutual consent
|5 June 2025
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Birendra Thapa
|18 July 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Lajong promote from within, name Birendra Thapa as new head coach |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2025/07/19/lajong-promote-from-within-name-birendra-thapa-as-new-head-coach/ |date=19 July 2025 |website=The Sports Room |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ishant Singh
|End of interim spell
|11 November 2025
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|POR}} [[Carlos Vaz Pinto]]
|12 November 2025
|-
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Dipankur Sharma
|End of contract
|31 May 2025
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Victor Lalbiakmawia
|20 February 2026
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[José Hevia]]
|Mutual Consent
|10 January 2026
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Derrick Pereira]]
|11 January 2026
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Derrick Pereira]]
|Re-appointed as technical director
|5 March 2026
| align="center" |9th
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CYP}} [[Dimitris Dimitriou (football manager)|Dimitris Dimitriou]]
|6 March 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=IFL 2025-26: Gokulam Kerala appoints Dimitris Dimitriou as head coach|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/gokulam-kerala-appoints-dimitris-dimitriou-head-coach-ifl-latest-updates/article70712441.ece}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Victor Lalbiakmawia
|Sacked
|26 March 2026
| align="center |7th
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Dipankur Sharma
|26 March 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=|url=}}</ref>
|}

==Foreign players==
'''Bold''' denotes the player was signed mid-season.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:small;"
|-
!scope=col style="width:160px;"| Team
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 1
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 2
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 3
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 4
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 5
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 6
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Unregistered player(s)
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Former player(s)
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Higor Gomes
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Luis Rodríguez (Colombian footballer)|Luis Rodriguez]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|UZB}} [[Timur Talipov]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Joao Vitor Morais
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Pedro Lucas
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Marlon Rangel]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu|Emmanuel Badu]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|IRE}} Kyle Degelman
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|NGA}} [[Sunday Afolabi (footballer)|Sunday Afolabi]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Mikel Kortazar
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Antonio Moyano Carrasquilla |Antonio Moyano]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Hugo Díaz (footballer, born 1997) |Hugo Díaz]]
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ARG}} Damian Perez Roa
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastián Gutiérrez]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[José Luis Moreno]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Richmond Kwasi Owusu
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Aubin Kouakou]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Vítor Barata]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Aminou Bouba]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Armand Bazié]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|LES}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|NGA}} [[Benjamin Kuku]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|UZB}} [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Mirjalol Kasimov]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Nili (footballer)|Nili]]
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[John Kennedy (footballer, born 2000)|John Kennedy]]'' ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|AFG|2013}} [[Amid Arezou]]''
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Francis Addo
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Moro Lamine|Lamine Moro]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Najib Fuseini
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} [[Abdoulaye Diallo (footballer, born 1996)|Abdoulaye Diallo]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SRB}} Milos Gordic
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Fernandes (footballer, born 1995)|Jonathan Fernandes]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|FRA}} [[Amadou Soukouna]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Abdul Samed Ango
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Isaac Nortey
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Gerard Artigas]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela
|
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Cedric Gogoua]]'' ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Pedro Astray]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Marius Obekop]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Kamal Issah]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} [[Mamoud Oshie]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} Djakaridja Traore
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Habib Omar Fofana|Habib Fofana]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|NGR}} Shedrack Charles
|
| ''{{#invoke:flag|icon|GUI}} [[Djibril Fandjé Touré|Fandje Toure]]''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Paulo Cezar
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Fabrice Kah]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|CUW}} [[Roly Bonevacia]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} [[Pape Gassama]]
| {{#invoke:flag|icon|TOG}} Hadi Idrissou
|
|
|}

==First stage==
===League table===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=League table
|update=complete|start_date=31 February 2026
|source= [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
|show_groups=no


|team_order=DHB, SHL, RAJ, SRD, CHN, DEM, AIZ, REK, GOK, NAM


|win_AIZ=2 |draw_AIZ=3 |loss_AIZ=4 |gf_AIZ=13 |ga_AIZ=22 
|win_CHN=3 |draw_CHN=2 |loss_CHN=4 |gf_CHN=14 |ga_CHN=15 
|win_DHB=7 |draw_DHB=1 |loss_DHB=1 |gf_DHB=22 |ga_DHB=12 
|win_DEM=2 |draw_DEM=3 |loss_DEM=4 |gf_DEM=14 |ga_DEM=14 
|win_GOK=2 |draw_GOK=2 |loss_GOK=5 |gf_GOK=11 |ga_GOK=18 
|win_NAM=1 |draw_NAM=4 |loss_NAM=4 |gf_NAM=12 |ga_NAM=18 
|win_RAJ=5 |draw_RAJ=2 |loss_RAJ=2 |gf_RAJ=13 |ga_RAJ=10 
|win_REK=2 |draw_REK=2 |loss_REK=5 |gf_REK=15 |ga_REK=14 
|win_SRD=4 |draw_SRD=3 |loss_SRD=2 |gf_SRD=10 |ga_SRD=8 
|win_SHL=5 |draw_SHL=2 |loss_SHL=2 |gf_SHL=16 |ga_SHL=9 


|result1=P |result2=P |result3=P |result4=P |result5=P |result6=P |result7=R |result8=R |result9=R |result10=R


|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_CHN=[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|name_DHB=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_DEM=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_REK=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]




|hth_DEM=AIZ
|hth_AIZ=Head-to-head result: Dempo 3–0 Aizawl.

|hth_GOK=REK
|hth_REK=Head-to-head result: Real Kashmir 6–2 Gokulam Kerala.

|hth_RAJ=SHL
|hth_SHL=Tied on head-to-head result and head-to-head goal difference. Total goal difference: Shillong Lajong +7, Rajasthan United +3.

|show_limit=5
|class_rules=
1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Total goal difference; 5) Total number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots (Note: Head-to-head record is used only after all the matches between the teams in question have been played)


|res_col_header=Q
|col_P=green3 |text_P={{nobr|[[#Promotion Round|Promotion round]]}}
|col_R=red3 |text_R={{nobr|[[#Relegation Round|Relegation round]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

===Fixtures and results===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/fixtures-page/i-league/ IFL]
|update = complete
|solid_cell= grey
|matches_style = FBR


|team_order=DHB, SRD, SHL, RAJ, AIZ, GOK, NAM, CHN, DEM, REK



|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_CHN=[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|name_DHB={{nobr|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]}}
|name_DEM=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_REK=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]




|match_AIZ_CHN=3-2
|match_AIZ_DHB=0-2
|match_AIZ_DEM=null
|match_AIZ_GOK=null
|match_AIZ_NAM=null
|match_AIZ_RAJ=3-1
|match_AIZ_REK=2-2
|match_AIZ_SHL=null
|match_AIZ_SRD=null


|match_CHN_AIZ=null
|match_CHN_DHB=null
|match_CHN_DEM=2-2
|match_CHN_GOK=0-0
|match_CHN_NAM=null
|match_CHN_RAJ=null
|match_CHN_REK=null
|match_CHN_SHL=1-2
|match_CHN_SRD=2-1


|match_DHB_AIZ=null
|match_DHB_CHN=3-1
|match_DHB_DEM=2-1
|match_DHB_GOK=5-2
|match_DHB_IKA=null
|match_DHB_NAM=null
|match_DHB_RAJ=null
|match_DHB_REK=null
|match_DHB_SHL=null
|match_DHB_SRD=0-1


|match_DEM_AIZ=3-0
|match_DEM_CHN=null
|match_DEM_DHB=null
|match_DEM_GOK=null
|match_DEM_NAM=1-1
|match_DEM_RAJ=1-2
|match_DEM_REK=2-2
|match_DEM_SHL=3-0
|match_DEM_SRD=null


|match_GOK_AIZ=4-2
|match_GOK_CHN=null
|match_GOK_DHB=null
|match_GOK_DEM=2-0
|match_GOK_NAM=1-1
|match_GOK_RAJ=null
|match_GOK_REK=null
|match_GOK_SHL=0-2
|match_GOK_SRD=0-1


|match_NAM_AIZ=1-1
|match_NAM_CHN=1-4
|match_NAM_DHB=4-5
|match_NAM_DEM=null
|match_NAM_GOK=null
|match_NAM_RAJ=null
|match_NAM_REK=null
|match_NAM_SHL=0-2
|match_NAM_SRD=null


|match_RAJ_AIZ=null
|match_RAJ_CHN=2-0
|match_RAJ_DHB=1-1
|match_RAJ_DEM=null
|match_RAJ_GOK= 1-0
|match_RAJ_NAM=3-2
|match_RAJ_REK=1-0
|match_RAJ_SHL=null
|match_RAJ_SRD=null


|match_REK_AIZ=null
|match_REK_CHN=1-2
|match_REK_DHB=1-2
|match_REK_DEM=null
|match_REK_GOK=6-2
|match_REK_NAM=0-1
|match_REK_RAJ=null
|match_REK_SHL=null
|match_REK_SRD=2-0


|match_SHL_AIZ=6-1
|match_SHL_CHN=null
|match_SHL_DHB=1-2
|match_SHL_DEM=null
|match_SHL_GOK=null
|match_SHL_NAM=null
|match_SHL_RAJ=1-1
|match_SHL_REK=2-1
|match_SHL_SRD=null


|match_SRD_AIZ=1-1
|match_SRD_CHN=null
|match_SRD_DHB=null
|match_SRD_DEM=3-1
|match_SRD_GOK=null
|match_SRD_NAM=1-1
|match_SRD_RAJ=2-1
|match_SRD_REK=null
|match_SRD_SHL=0-0
}}
{{notelist}}

=== Results by games ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b|labelnowrap=y
| start_date = 31 February 2026
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| pos1 = D/W/D/L/W/L/D/L/L
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| pos2 = D/D/L/D/W/D/L/L/L
| team3 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| pos3 = W/L/W/D/W/D/D/W/L
| team4 = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| pos4 = D/W/D/L/L/L/W/L/W
| team5 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| pos5 = D/L/D/L/L/D/W/W/L
| team6 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| pos6 = D/W/L/W/W/D/L/W/W
| team7 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| pos7 = L/W/W/W/D/W/W/W/W
| team8 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| pos8 = D/D/L/W/L/W/L/L/L
| team9 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| pos9 = D/L/D/L/L/L/L/W/W
| team10 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| pos10 = D/L/W/W/D/W/W/L/W

|color_W = green2 | text_W =Win
|color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
|color_L = red2 | text_L =Lose
|color_P = grey |text_P =Postponed
|update = complete
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
}}

=== Positions by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b|labelnowrap=y
| start_date = 27 February 2026
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| pos1 = 4/1/3/5/4/6/6/6/7
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| pos2 = 5/6/9/8/6/7/7/9/10
| team3 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| pos3 = 1/4/1/3/2/3/3/2/4
| team4 = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| pos4 = 8/3/4/6/7/8/8/7/5
| team5 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| pos5 = 2/8/8/10/10/9/9/5/6
| team6 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| pos6 = 7/2/5/2/1/2/4/4/2
| team7 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| pos7 = 10/5/2/1/3/1/1/1/1
| team8 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| pos8 = 9/7/10/7/8/5/5/8/9
| team9 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| pos9 = 3/9/7/9/9/10/10/10/8
| team10 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| pos10 = 6/10/6/4/5/4/2/3/3

|color_1-6=green3|text_1-6=Promotion round
|color_7-10=red3|text_7-10=Relegation round
|update = complete
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
}}

==Promotion round==
<onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Promotion Round
|update=3 May 2026|start_date=24 April 2026
|source= [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
|show_groups=no


|team_order= DHB, SHL, SRD, RAJ, DEM, CHN


|win_DHB=8 |draw_DHB=1 |loss_DHB=2 |gf_DHB=25 |ga_DHB=14|name_DHB=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]

|win_SRD=6 |draw_SRD=3 |loss_SRD=2 |gf_SRD=14|ga_SRD=10|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]

|win_RAJ=5 |draw_RAJ=2 |loss_RAJ=4 |gf_RAJ=14 |ga_RAJ=13 |name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]

|win_SHL=6 |draw_SHL=3 |loss_SHL=2 |gf_SHL=20 |ga_SHL=9 |name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]

|win_CHN=3 |draw_CHN=2 |loss_CHN=6 |gf_CHN=14 |ga_CHN=21|name_CHN=[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]

|win_DEM=3 |draw_DEM=4 |loss_DEM=4 |gf_DEM=15 |ga_DEM=14 |name_DEM=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]


|result1=P




|show_limit=5
|class_rules=
1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Total goal difference; 5) Total number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots (Note: Head-to-head record is used only after all the matches between the teams in question have been played)


|res_col_header=P
|col_P=green1 |text_P={{nobr|Promotion to [[Indian Super League|ISL]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

===Fixtures and results===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/fixtures-page/i-league/ IFL]
|update = 1 May 2026
|matches_style = FBR
|solid_cell = grey


|team_order=DHB, SHL, RAJ, SRD, CHN, DEM



|name_CHN=[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|name_DHB={{nowrap|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]}}
|name_DEM=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]




|match_CHN_DHB= 0-2
|match_CHN_DEM= 9 May
|match_CHN_RAJ= null
|match_CHN_SHL= null
|match_CHN_SRD= null


|match_DHB_CHN= null
|match_DHB_DEM= null
|match_DHB_RAJ= 8 May
|match_DHB_SHL= TBD
|match_DHB_SRD= 1-2


|match_DEM_CHN= null
|match_DEM_DHB= 17 May
|match_DEM_RAJ= null
|match_DEM_SHL= null
|match_DEM_SRD= TBD


|match_RAJ_CHN= TBD
|match_RAJ_DHB= null
|match_RAJ_DEM= 0-1
|match_RAJ_SHL= null
|match_RAJ_SRD= 1-2


|match_SHL_CHN= 4-0
|match_SHL_DHB= null
|match_SHL_DEM= 0-0
|match_SHL_RAJ= 15 May
|match_SHL_SRD= null


|match_SRD_CHN= 16 May
|match_SRD_DHB= null
|match_SRD_DEM= null
|match_SRD_RAJ= null
|match_SRD_SHL= 10 May
}}
{{notelist}}

=== Results by games ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b|labelnowrap=y
| start_date = 2 May 2026
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| pos1 = W/W///
| team2 = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| pos2 = L/L///
| team3 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| pos3 = D/W///
| team4 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| pos4 = D/W///
| team5 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| pos5 = W/L///
| team6 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| pos6 = L/L///

|color_W = green2 | text_W =Win
|color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
|color_L = red2 | text_L =Lose
|color_P = grey |text_P =Postponed
|update = complete
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
}}

=== Positions by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b|labelnowrap=y
| start_date = 26 April 2026
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| pos1 = 3/3///
| team2 = [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
| pos2 = 5/6///
| team3 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| pos3 = 6/5///
| team4 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| pos4 = 2/2///
| team5 = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| pos5 = 1/1/1//
| team6 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| pos6 = 4/4/4//

|color_1=green1|text_1=Promotion
|update = complete
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
}}

==Relegation round==
===Points table===
<onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Relegation Round
|update=5 May 2026
|source= [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
|show_groups=no


|team_order=AIZ, REK, NAM, GOK,




|result4=R



|win_GOK=2 |draw_GOK=3 |loss_GOK=6 |gf_GOK=13 |ga_GOK=23  |status_GOK=
|win_NAM=2 |draw_NAM=4 |loss_NAM=5 |gf_NAM=16 |ga_NAM=20  |status_NAM=
|win_REK=3 |draw_REK=2 |loss_REK=6 |gf_REK=18 |ga_REK=17  |status_REK=
|win_AIZ=3 |draw_AIZ=4 |loss_AIZ=4 |gf_AIZ=17 |ga_AIZ=25  |status_AIZ=


|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_REK=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=
1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Total goal difference; 5) Total number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots (Note: Head-to-head record is used only after all the matches between the teams in question have been played)


|res_col_header=R
|col_R=red1 |text_R={{nobr|Relegation to [[2026–27 I-League 2|IL2]]}}
}}</onlyinclude>

===Fixtures and results===
{{Hatnote|All games were played at the [[Deccan Arena]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>[https://sportslightmedia.com/ifl-2026-know-about-promotion-and-relegation-round/ Sportslightmedia]</ref>}}
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/fixtures-page/i-league/ IFL]
|update = 5 May 2026
|matches_style = FBR
|solid_cell = grey


|team_order=AIZ, REK, GOK, NAM



|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_NAM=[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|name_REK=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]



|match_AIZ_REK=TBA
|match_AIZ_GOK=2-2
|match_AIZ_NAM=2-1

|match_GOK_AIZ = null
|match_GOK_REK = null
|match_GOK_NAM=TBA

|match_REK_GOK=3-0
|match_REK_NAM=0-3
|match_REK_AIZ = null

|match_NAM_AIZ = null
|match_NAM_REK = null
|match_NAM_GOK = null
}}
{{notelist}}

=== Results by games ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y
|legendpos=b|labelnowrap=y
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| pos1 = W/D/
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| pos2 = L/W/
| team3 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| pos3 = L/D/
| team4 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| pos4 = W/L/

|color_W = green2 | text_W =Win
|color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
|color_L = red2 | text_L =Lose
|color_P = grey |text_P =Postponed
|update = complete
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
}}

=== Positions by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y
|legendpos=b|labelnowrap=y

| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| pos1 = 1/1/
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| pos2 = 4/3/
| team3 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| pos3 = 3/4/
| team4 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| pos4 = 2/2/

|color_4=red3|text_4=Relegation
|update = complete
|source = [https://indianfootballleague.in/points-table/i-league/ IFL]
}}

==Season statistics==
===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="2"|1
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|FRA}} [[Amadou Soukouna]]
|align="left"|Rajasthan United
|rowspan="2"|4
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
|align="left"|Dempo
|-
|rowspan="4"|3
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]]
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|rowspan="4"|3
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Antonio Moyano (footballer, born 2000)|Antonio Moyano]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Fabrice Kah]]
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Halicharan Narzary]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|rowspan="14"|18
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Zomuansanga]]
|align="left"|Aizawl FC
|rowspan="14"|3
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NGA}} Shedrack Charles
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalhriatpuia
|align="left"|Aizawl
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Manvir Singh
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Vincent Lalduhawma
|align="left"|Aizawl
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Laldawngzuala
|align="left"|Aizawl
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Joao Vitor Morais
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|TOG}} Hadi Idrissou
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Everbrightson Mylliempdah
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Seilenthang Lotjem
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|LES}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Rahul Raju]]
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Hugo Díaz (footballer, born 1997)|Hugo Díaz]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|rowspan="30"|21
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} K Vanlalhriatzuala
|align="left"|Aizawl
|rowspan="30"|1
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} [[Abdoulaye Diallo (footballer, born 1996)|Abdoulaye Diallo]]
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Abhishek Ambekar]]
|align="left"|Rajasthan United
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Mohammad Inam]]
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} [[Aubin Kouakou]]
|align="left"|Dempo
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Paulo Cezar
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Lalruatsanga
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Seijoseph Haokip
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Kenstar Kharshong]]
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Suanngaihmuana
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} KC Malsawmsanga
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastián Gutiérrez]]
|align="left"|Dempo
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Najib Fuseini
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ahteeb Ahmad Dar
|align="left"|Real Kashnir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Gladdy Nelcen Kharbuli
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} P Christopher Kamei
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Moses Lalrinzuala
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|UZB}} [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Mirjalol Kasimov]]
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Malsawmsanga Renthlei
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} R Lalbiakliana
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|GHA}} Richmond Kwasi Owusu
|align="left"|Dempo
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Fernandes (footballer, born 1995)|Jonathan Fernandes]]
|align="left"|Rajasthan United
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[R. Ramdinthara|Tharpuia]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Treimiki Lamurong
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Trijoy Savio Dias
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Malsawmzuala Tlangte
|align="left"|Aizawl
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Pangambam Naoba Meitei
|align="left"|Rajasthan United
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh Khangembam|Bidyashagar Singh]]
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|CIV}} Djakaridja Junior Traoré
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NGA}} [[Sunday Afolabi (footballer)|Sunday Afolabi]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|}

===Hat-tricks===

===Top assists===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Assists
|-
|rowspan="2|1
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} H Lalrempuia
|align="left"|Aizawl
|rowspan="2"|3
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Bryce Miranda]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|rowspan="7"|3
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Vincent Lalduhawma
|align="left"|Aizawl
|rowspan="7"|2
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastian Gutierrez]]
|align="left"|Dempo
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|NGA}} Shedrack Charles
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Gladdy Nelcen Kharbuli
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Laltlanzova
|align="left"|Aizawl
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|LES}} [[Thabiso Brown]]
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Antonio Moyano (footballer, born 2000)|Antonio Moyano]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|rowspan="30"|10
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Laldawngzuala
|align="left"|Aizawl
|rowspan="30"|1
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Seijoseph Haokip
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|SEN}} [[Abdoulaye Diallo (footballer, born 1996)|Abdoulaye Diallo]]
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Joao Vitor Morais
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Hardik Bhatt]]
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Aron Vanlalrinchhana
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Hugo Díaz (footballer, born 1997)|Hugo Diaz]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} P Christopher Kamei
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
|align="left"|Dempo
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Balkaran Singh
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Jaskaranpreet Singh
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castaneda]]
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]]
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela
|align="left"|Rajasthan United
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Jakob Vanlalhlimpuia]]
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Karan Kumar Sharma
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Paulo Cezar
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Joel Lalramengmawia
|align="left"|Chanmari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Manbir Singh
|align="left"|Namdhari
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Jagdeep Singh
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Lalromawia]]
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Knerkitalang Buam
|align="left"|Dempo
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Damaitphang Lyngdoh]]
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Trijoy Savio Dias
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Rahul Raju]]
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Moses Lalrinzuala
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} [[Fernandes (footballer, born 1995)|Jonathan Fernandes]]
|align="left"|Rajasthan United
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Gautam Virwani
|align="left"|Rajasthan United
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Basit Ahmed Bhat]]
|align="left"|Real Kashmir
|}

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Clean sheets
|-
|rowspan="4"|1
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
|align="left"|Gokulam Kerala
|rowspan="4"|2
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Bhabindra Malla Thakuri
|align="left"|Rajasthan United
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Kamaljit Singh]]
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Siwel Rymbai
|align="left"|Shillong Lajong
|-
|rowspan="5"|5
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Zothanmawia]]
|align="left"|Chanmari
|rowspan="5"|1
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Roy]]
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Aryan Niraj Lamba]]{{refn|Substituted in for Bhaskar Roy}}
|align="left"|Sreenidi Deccan
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|Dheeraj Singh]]
|align="left"|Diamond Harbour
|-
|align="left"|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Niraj Kumar
|align="left"|Namdhari
|}

==Attendance==
===Overall===

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align: left; font-size:80%"
|-
! colspan="9" |Player of the match
|-
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
!Match no.
!Player
!Team
|-
!1
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Nishan Singh
| align="left" |Namdhari
!2
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Zothanmawia]]
| align="left" |Chanmari
!3
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|CMR}} [[Fabrice Kah]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
|-
!4
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|COL}} [[Sebastián Gutiérrez (footballer)|Sebastian Guiterrez]]
| align="left" |Dempo
!5
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|FRA}} [[Amadou Soukouna]]
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!6
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Vincent Lalduhawma
| align="left" |Aizawl
|-
!7
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Niraj Kumar
| align="left" |Namdhari
!8
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|BRA}} Joao Vitor Morais
| align="left" |Chanmari
!9
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Hugo Díaz (footballer, born 1997)|Hugo Díaz]]
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour
|-
!10
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!11
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
| align="left" |Dempo
!12
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|FRA}} [[Amadou Soukouna]] (2)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!13
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Ahteeb Ahmad Dar
| align="left" |Real Kashmir
!14
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Hardik Bhatt]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!15
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Siwel Rymbai
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
|-
!16
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|FRA}} [[Amadou Soukouna]] (3)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
!17
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]] (2)
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!18
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|TOG}} Hadi Idrissou
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
|-
!19
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!20
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Antonio Moyano (footballer, born 2000)|Antonio Moyano]]
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour
!21
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Laldawngzuala
| align="left" |Aizawl
|-
!22
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Niraj Kumar (2)
| align="left" |Namdhari
!23
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|TOG}} Hadi Idrissou (2)
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!24
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Abhishek Ambekar]]
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!25
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Treimiki Lamurong
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
!26
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Rahul Raju]]
| align="left" |Gokulam Kerala
!27
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|FRA}} [[Amadou Soukouna]] (4)
| align="left" |Rajasthan United
|-
!28
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Kamaljit Singh]]
| align="left" |Sreenidi Deccan
!29
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Hugo Díaz (footballer, born 1997)|Hugo Díaz]] (2)
| align="left" |Diamond Harbour
!30
| align="left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh Khangembam|Bidyashagar Singh]]
| align="left" |Namdhari
|}

==See also==
*'''Men'''
** [[2025–26 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2025–26 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2025–26 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2025–26 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]
** [[2025 Durand Cup]]
** [[2026 Reliance Foundation Development League]]
*'''Women'''
** [[2025–26 Indian Women's League]]
** [[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2]]

==References==
<references />

{{I-League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Indian Football League}}
[[Category:2025–26 Indian Football League]]
[[Category:I-League seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Asian second-tier association football leagues|India]]

S. D. Phadnis

2026-05-07T10:25:14Z

Filmifunda022: Adding some stub needs work.

{{Short description|Indian cartoonist and illustrator (born 1925)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
|image = S. D. Phadnis.jpg
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1925|7|29|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Bhoj, India|Bhoj]], [[Belagavi district|Belgaum district]], [[Bombay Presidency]] (now in [[Karnataka]])
|alma_mater = [[Sir J. J. School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai]]
|notable_works = {{Unbulleted list|''Laughing Gallery''|''Miskil Gallery''}}
|website = {{URL|sdphadnis.com}}
}}

'''Shivram Dattatreya Phadnis''' (born 29 July 1925), known as '''S. D. Phadnis''', is an Indian [[cartoonist]] and [[illustrator]]. He is known for his captionless and painted cartoons, which mainly featured on magazine covers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deodhar |first=Roopa |date=8 January 2022 |title=Eminent Indian Cartoonist – Shri. Shi. Da. Phadnis |url=https://raviparanjape.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Visual-Melody-Issue-9-S-D-Phadnis-2-compressed.pdf |journal=Visual Melody: E-magazine About Visual Arts in Free India |publisher=Ravi Paranjape Foundation for Art |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=32–43 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521142216/https://raviparanjape.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Visual-Melody-Issue-9-S-D-Phadnis-2-compressed.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The illustrations created by Phadnis for ''Mohini'' magazine established a new tradition of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] magazine covers. They proved that cartoons can be as charming and visually pleasing as a painting without the support of words. With a career spanning more than 60 years, he has contributed to the Marathi publishing industry and cartooning community as a whole. {{As of|2026|April}}, he lives and works in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. D. Phadnis {{!}} Author - Jyotsna Prakashan |url=https://jyotsnaprakashan.com/authors/english-authors/s-d-phadnis |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=jyotsnaprakashan.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Phadnis was born on 29 July 1925 in the village of [[Bhoj, India|Bhoj]], [[Belagavi district|Belgaum district]], [[Bombay Presidency]] (now in [[Karnataka]]). After spending a few years at his birth place, he moved to [[Kolhapur]] from where he passed his matriculation examination in 1944. Phadnis then joined [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and obtained a G. D. in Commercial Art in 1949.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra: Artists of the Bombay school and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |date=2021-03-02 |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |edition=First |location=Mumbai |pages=841–843 |oclc=1242719488 |editor-last2=Ghare |editor-first2=Deepak}}</ref>

== Career ==
While studying at Sir J. J. School of Art, Phadnis sent a cartoon to ''Manohar'' magazine in 1945, without any expectations. Motivated by seeing this artwork published, he occasionally sent comic strips to magazines that became popular. Among those magazines was ''Hans'', which was run by Anant Antarkar. On Antarkar's instructions, Phadnis created a full-page coloured illustration that was published on the cover of the June 1951 issue of the magazine. This was the beginning of latter's work with humorous, multi-coloured covers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=744 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |editor-last=बहुळकर |editor-first=सुहास |location=मुंबई |pages=744–747 |language=mr |trans-title=Artists' Encyclopedia Vol. 6 - Visual Arts |editor-last2=घारे |editor-first2=दीपक}}</ref>

=== Breakthrough with ''Mohini'' magazine ===
[[File:Cartoon 2 - S. D. Phadnis.jpg|alt=A cartoon of a man and a woman standing at a bus stop|thumb|B&W reproduction of the cartoon which was created by Phadnis for the cover of ''Mohini'' in 1952.]]
In the early 1950s, Antarkar had founded another magazine called ''Mohini''. This was the time when the covers of the [[Diwali]] magazines traditionally featured images of beautiful young ladies or popular film actresses. Phadnis designed a cartoon for the 1952 Diwali issue of this magazine. It showcased a man wearing a mouse print shirt and woman wearing a cat print [[sari]] who were standing side by side at a bus stop. Not only did this creation break the existing trend, but was also well received by the audience. This was the beginning of what was to develop as a trend in terms of Diwali issue covers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=सरवटे |first1=वसंत |author-link=Vasant Sarwate |last2=जोशी |first2=आर्या |title=फडणीस, शिवराम दत्तात्रेय |trans-title=Phadnis, Shivram Dattatreya |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/phadanaisa-saivaraama-datataataraeya |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=mr}}</ref>

While working in Mumbai, Phadnis felt that the climate and lifestyle of the city did not suit him, so he set up his studio in Kolhapur for a few years. Around the same time, Antarkar had decided to shift his residence from Mumbai and settle in Pune. With Antarkar’s inspiration and encouragement, Phadnis also shifted to Pune and settled there. Following this move, it was mutually decided that cartoons by Phadnis would be printed in every month's issue of ''Mohini''. This partnership lasted for more than 50 years. Even though the monthly magazine of ''Mohini'' has been discontinued, the cover of its Diwali issue continues to feature the work of Phadnis, which is published annually. In addition to this, Phadnis has also created cartoons and illustrations for other clients during his career.<ref name=":0" />

=== Other works ===
Phadnis drew political and social cartoons based on the events of the time for the Marathi weeklies ''Manoos'' and ''Sobat'' between 1963 and 1975. Moreover, he also drew cartoons for books on subjects that were not linked to humour, such as science, banking, grammar, management, law and philosophy. The illustrations by Phadnis helped to make these seemingly complicated subjects easier to understand, such as the elementary mathematics books that he illustrated for the state of Maharashtra. His illustrations in these books made the concepts of mathematics understandable and interesting to elementary school children, and showed how the common perception that mathematics is a difficult and abstract subject is wrong. In the twenty years since their publication, numerous copies of these illustrated books in eight languages have spread across far-flung villages.<ref name=":1" />

=== Style and themes ===
[[File:Cartoon 1 - S. D. Phadnis.jpg|alt=Two sculptures of women with one holding the broken hands of the other|thumb|B&W reproduction of a cartoon by S. D. Phadnis created for Rasik magazine in November 1976.]]
The cartoons created by Phadnis are mostly wordless and others use minimal words. At the same time, he shows that even a cartoon can be as charming and visually pleasing as a painting. In order to achieve this, he uses figurative sketching style. Characters that fit this style of painting are seen in his cartoons. They depict simple and cultured people who make fun of each other and face the troubles of the world with amusement. Phadnis uses minimal details, which are enough to convey the characterization as well as composition in the pictures.<ref name=":2" /> In his cartoons, Phadnis depicts events that take place in the life of a middle-class household with protagonists who face the adverse situations and difficulties playfully. Eventually, his cartoons enabled the viewers to understand the humour in an image just by looking at it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Promotion of cartoons ===
Phandis regretted the fact that the pictorial culture had not assimilated among the masses.<ref name=":1" /> Phadnis presented several informative programs on cartoons and caricature for [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], on [[Doordarshan]] and other channels. From 1966 to 1972 he persuaded the government to waive the entertainment tax on art exhibitions, who eventually accepted this demand. Phadnis also helped establish the law via the court-office that the painter owned the copyright of their paintings and its prints.<ref name=":2" />

=== Exhibitions ===
In February 1965, Phadnis put up his first exhibition titled ''Hasari Gallery'' (Laughing Gallery) at [[Jehangir Art Gallery|Jahangir Art Gallery]] in Mumbai, which showcased the original artworks of his cartoons. Along with static images, it also included works powered by electricity, using mirrors, and some moving images. ''Hasari Gallery'' toured across several cities across the country.<ref name=":0" /> Along with his wife Shakuntala, Phadnis created a program called ''Chitrahas'', which introduced cartoons with the help of demonstrations and coloured slides as an alternative to an exhibition. They performed more than 150 shows in Maharashtra and other states. Additionally, they also performed ''Chitrahas'' in [[New York City|New York]] and six other cities in the [[United States|US]], as well as in [[London]] for the Maharashtra Mandal. Phadnis’ cartoons have been displayed several times in international cartoon exhibitions at Montreal and Germany.<ref name=":1" />

=== Awards ===
Phadnis was honored with several awards during his career. In 1954, [[Communication Arts Guild]] presented him with an Outstanding Editorial Art Award for his coloured cartoon on the cover of ''Mohini’s'' Diwali issue; Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Indian Institute of Cartoonists]] in 2001. Phadnis and his wife Shakuntala were honored with Mukund Gokhale Smriti Yashwant-Venu Award in 2018.<ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
[[File:Gate to Pune residence of S. D. Phadnis.jpg|alt=Gate to a building with signboard of the address and residents|thumb|Gate to residence of S. D. Phadnis in Pune. A signboard with his name in English and [[Devanagari]] can be seen on the right.]]
Phadnis is married to Shakuntala and has two daughters. In his autobiography titled ''Reshatan: Athavanincha Pravas'' (A journey down memory lane), Phadnis has documented his journey of more than 60 years as a cartoonist and his work for the rights of cartoonists.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Phadnis |first=S. D. |title=Reshatan: Aathanvanicha Pravas |date=2011 |publisher=Jyotsna Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7925-291-8 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=mr |oclc=854848271}}</ref>

On July 29, 2025, Phadnis [[Centenarian|turned 100]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=J J Art School Graduate, Cartoonist SD Phadnis Turns 100! Celebrating a Century Of Art & Visual Storytelling |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/j-j-art-school-graduate-cartoonist-sd-phadnis-turns-100-celebrating-a-century-of-art-visual-storytelling |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Painting for Children 1'' (2007)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phadnis |first=S. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_VbPgAACAAJ |title=Painting For Children 1 |publisher=Jyotsna Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7925-105-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Painting for Children 2'' (2007)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phadnis |first=S. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evRtPgAACAAJ |title=Painting For Children 2 |publisher=Jyotsna Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7925-106-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Laughing Gallery''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phadnis |first=S. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4BGPgAACAAJ |title=Laughing Gallery |publisher=Jyotsna Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7925-125-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Miskil Gallery''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phadnis |first=S. D. |title=Miskil Gallery |publisher=Jyotsna Prakashan |isbn=9788179254028 |language=mr}}</ref>
* ''Reshatan'' (2011)<ref name=":3" />
* ''Phadnis Gallery'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phadnis |first=S. D. |title=Phadnis gallery : journey of his cartoons |date=2014 |publisher=Jyotsna Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7925-357-1 |edition=First |location=Pune |oclc=890802555}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|S. D. Phadnis}}
* [https://www.sdphadnis.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsIQXo6D3GU Interview] with [[DD Sahyadri]] on [[YouTube]] (in Marathi)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMaoDhHeSt8 Another interview] with DD Sahyadri on YouTube (in Marathi)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phadnis, S. D.}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian comic strip cartoonists]]
[[Category:Indian comics artists]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]

Soli Sorabjee

2026-05-07T06:24:00Z

Filmifunda022: adding first details added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian jurist (1930–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 7th [[Attorney General of India]]
| image = Soli Sorabjee lecture (cropped).jpg
| term = 7 April 1998 – 4 June 2004
| prime_minister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor = [[Ashok Desai]]
| successor = [[Milon K. Banerji]]
| term1 = 9 December 1989 – 2 December 1990
| prime_minister1 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. Parasaran]]
| successor1 = G. Ramaswamy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1930|3|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|4|30|1930|3|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| caption = Sorabjee in 2011
| alt = Sorabjee in 2011
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Member of the Order of Australia]]
}}

'''Soli Jehangir Sorabjee''', [[Honorary Member of the Order of Australia|AM]] (9 March 1930{{spnd}}30 April 2021) was an Indian jurist who served as [[Attorney-General for India]] from 1989 to 1990, and again from 1998 to 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Aneesha |last2=Sharma |first2=Nalini |date=30 April 2021 |title=Soli Sorabjee, former Attorney General of India, passes away after contracting Covid-19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/soli-sorabjee-dies-suffering-from-covid19-1796522-2021-04-30 |access-date=9 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> In 2002, he received the [[Padma Vibhushan]] for his defence of the freedom of expression and the protection of human rights.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-attorney-general-soli-j-sorabjee-passes-away/articleshow/82321222.cms | title=Former attorney general Soli Sorabjee dies of Covid-19 | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=30 April 2021 | access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=jsa>{{cite web|title=Hall of Fame - Top 50|url=http://www.jsalaw.com/Admin/uplodedfiles/PublicationFiles/Hall%20of%20Fame_Top%2050_2010.pdf|publisher=[[J. Sagar Associates]]|access-date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202101217/http://www.jsalaw.com/Admin/uplodedfiles/PublicationFiles/Hall%20of%20Fame_Top%2050_2010.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==

Soli Jehangir Sorabjee was born on 9 March 1930 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to a [[Parsi]] family.<ref name="nytobit" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Ashish|date=2021-04-30|title=Former Attorney General Soli Sorabjee passes away after contracting Covid-19|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/former-attorney-general-soli-sorabjee-passes-away-after-contracting-covid-19-980697.html|access-date=2021-04-30|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> He studied at Bharda New High School, Mumbai and [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] and [[Government Law College, Mumbai]], and was admitted to the bar in 1953.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2021-04-30|title=Former Attorney General of India Soli Sorabjee passes away|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-attorney-general-of-india-soli-sorabjee-passes-away/article34446454.ece|access-date=2021-04-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> At Government Law College, he was awarded the Kinloch Forbes Gold Medal in [[Roman Law]] and [[Jurisprudence]] (1952).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=5 January 2003|title=Soli Jehangeer Sorabjee|url=https://timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/8897/News/Soli-Jehangeer-Sorabjee.html|website=The Times Of India Group}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1971, Sorabjee was designated a senior advocate of the [[Bombay High Court]]. He served as [[Solicitor General of India|Solicitor-General of India]] from 1977 to 1980. He was appointed [[Indian Attorney General|Attorney-General for India]] on 9 December 1989 up to 2 December 1990, and then again on 7 April 1998, a post he held until 2004.<ref name=jsa />

In March 2002, Soli Sorabjee received the [[Padma Vibhushan]] for his defence of the freedom of expression and the protection of human rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Vibhushan for Rangarajan, Soli Sorabjee|url=http://hindu.com/2002/01/26/stories/2002012605040100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719113305/http://www.hindu.com/2002/01/26/stories/2002012605040100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-01-26|access-date=26 January 2002}}</ref> During [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] (1975-1977), Sorabjee provided legal services to political prisoners.<ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|last=Yasir|first=Sameer|date=2021-05-06|title=Soli Sorabjee, Eminent Indian Jurist and Jazz Lover, Dies at 91|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/06/obituaries/soli-sorabjee-dead-coronavirus.html|access-date=2021-05-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He later worked on the [[Citizen's Justice Committee]] which represented the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] victims ''[[pro bono]]''.<ref name=BB>{{cite web|title=25 Years after Indira Gandhi The lawyers in the Indira Gandhi Murder Trial and the 1984 Riots|url=http://barandbench.com/content/25-years-after-indira-gandhi-lawyers-indira-gandhi-murder-trial-and-1984-riots|work=2 November 2009|date=2 November 2009 |publisher=Bar and Bench|access-date=21 May 2013}}</ref>

In March 2006 he was appointed an honorary member of the [[Order of Australia]] (AM), "for service to Australia-India bilateral legal relations".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1129459|title=Award Extract|website=honours.pmc.gov.au}}</ref>

Sorabjee was involved in several precedent-setting cases concerning the interpretation of the [[Constitution of India]]. Sorabjee and [[Fali Nariman]] assisted the petitioner's counsel in ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'', which restricted Parliament from altering the "basic structure" of the Constitution. As Solicitor-General, he was a member of the government's legal delegation in ''[[Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India|Maneka Gandhi v Union of India]]'', which held that Article 21 of the Constitution promulgated the right of personal liberty.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vyas|first=Maulik|title=Once you choose law as a profession, you don't retire till you die: Soli Sorabjee|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/once-you-choose-law-as-a-profession-you-dont-retire-till-you-die-soli-sorabjee/articleshow/82329284.cms|access-date=2021-04-30}}</ref> He was also involved in ''[[S. R. Bommai v. Union of India]]'', which imposed restrictions on [[President's rule]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Legal Luminary Soli Sorabjee Passes Away Due to COVID-19|url=https://thewire.in/law/legal-luminary-soli-sorabjee-passes-away-due-to-covid-19|access-date=2021-04-30|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> and ''[[I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu]]'', which held that laws passed under the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution are not exempt from [[Judicial review in India|judicial review]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Attorney General Soli Sorabjee dies of Covid|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/former-attorney-general-soli-sorabjee-passes-away-due-to-covid-246296|access-date=2021-04-30|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref> He appeared in the case of ''[[B.P. Singhal v. Union of India]]'', in which the Supreme Court held that [[Governor (India)|state governors]] could not be dismissed without due cause.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Chhibber|first1=Maneesh|last2=Anand|first2=Utkarsh|date=2014-06-18|title=In 2010, SC ruled govt change not a ground to remove Governors|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/in-2010-sc-ruled-govt-change-not-a-ground-to-remove-governors/|access-date=2021-04-30|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> He aided the petitioner in ''[[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India]]'', which targeted restrictions on online speech in the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]].<ref name=":3" />

===Offices===
He was the chairman of [[Transparency International]] and Convenor of the [[Minority Rights Group International|Minority Rights Group]]. He served as [[Special Rapporteur (UN)|Special Rapporteur]] to [[Nigeria]] for the [[United Nations Human Rights Commission]] in 1997, and as a member of the [[United Nations]] Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities from 1998 onwards. Sorabjee served as member of the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] at [[The Hague]] from 2000 to 2006.<ref name="legalera" />

Soli J. Sorabjee was vice-president of the [[Commonwealth Lawyers Association]] and a member of the Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament Law of the [[International Law Association]].<ref name="legalera" />

==Personal life==
Sorabjee was a close friend and colleague of [[Nanabhoy Palkhivala]]. Sorabjee's daughter, [[Zia Mody]], is also the Managing Partner at [[AZB & Partners]].<ref name=legalera>{{cite web|title=In Conversation with Soli Sorabjee|url=http://www.legalera.in/component/k2/item/26-in-conversation-with-soli-sorabjee|publisher=Legal Era|access-date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190947/http://legalera.in/component/k2/item/26-in-conversation-with-soli-sorabjee|archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> Zia Mody is the author of the book ''10 Judgements that Changed India''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VNQTxDgBAg36bsrFaOoKaP/Its-a-tight-balance-for-the-Supreme-Court-says-Zia-Mody.html|title=It's a tight balance for the Supreme Court, says Zia Mody|date=31 August 2013|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.livemint.com}}</ref> Sorabjee is also survived by three sons—Jehangir, a doctor, Hormazd Sorabjee, editor of the Autocar India magazine and Jamshed.<ref name="ndtv-obit">{{Cite news|title=Soli Sorabjee, Former Attorney General, Dies Of COVID-19|website=[[NDTV]]|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/soli-sorabjee-former-attorney-general-dies-of-covid-19-he-was-91-2424976|access-date=2021-04-30}}</ref>—and seven grandchildren named Niki, Ardeshir, Raian, Maya, Anjali, Aarti, and Aditi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/law-bores-me-says-zia-modys-daughter-anjali/articleshow/45054265.cms|title=Law bores me, says Zia Mody's daughter Anjali|last=Saxena|first=Aditi|work=The Economic Times|date=6 November 2014|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref>

Sorabjee was the first president of the [[Jazz]] India Association. He played the [[clarinet]]; his favourite artists included [[Benny Goodman]] and [[Dizzy Gillespie]].<ref name="nytobit" />

He died of [[COVID-19]], on 30 April 2021 in a private hospital in [[Delhi]] where he was undergoing treatment.<ref name="ndtv-obit" />

==Publications==
=== Books ===

* {{Cite book|title=Law of Press Censorship in India|date=1976|publisher=N.M. Tripathi|location=Bombay|language=en|oclc=639092798}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Emergency, Censorship and the Press in India, 1975–77|date=1977|publisher=Writers and Scholars Educational Trust|isbn=0-904286-00-2|location=London|oclc=3865883}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Governor, Sage or Saboteur|date=1985|publisher=Roli Books International|location=New Delhi|language=en|oclc=13797698}}
* {{Cite book|title=Law & Justice: An Anthology|date=2003|publisher=Universal Law Pub. Co.|isbn=81-7534-367-2|location=Delhi|oclc=55961332}}

=== Essays and monographs ===

* {{Cite book|chapter=Fundamental Rights|title=Public Law in India|date=1982|publisher=Vikas|isbn=0-7069-1390-6|location=New Delhi|oclc=9504480}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=Protection of Human Rights in Emergencies|editor-last=Venkataramiah|editor-first=E. S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50aQAAAAMAAJ|title=Human Rights in the Changing World|date=1988|publisher=International Law Association, Regional Branch (India)|location=New Delhi|language=en|oclc=609511690}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=Equity in the United States and India|title=Constitutionalism and Rights: The Influence of the United States Constitution abroad|date=1990|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|editor-last1=Henkin|editor-first1=Louis|editor-last2=Rosenthal|editor-first2=Albert J.|isbn=0-231-06570-1|location=New York|oclc=18962022}}

=== Articles ===

* {{cite journal|title=Obliging Government to Control Itself; Recent Development in Indian Administrative Law|journal=[[Public Law (journal)|Public Law]]|date=1994|issn=0033-3565}}
* {{cite journal|title=Freedom of Expression and Censorship: Some Aspects of the Indian Experience|journal=Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly|volume=45|date=1994|pages=327–342|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nilq45&div=38&id=&page=|via=[[HeinOnline]]}}
* {{Cite journal|date=October 1993|title=Freedom of Expression|journal=Commonwealth Law Bulletin|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=1712–1721|doi=10.1080/03050718.1993.9986320|issn=0305-0718|last1=Sorabjee|first1=Soli K.}}

He also wrote columns for the [[Indian Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-17|title=Soli J. Sorabjee|url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/soli-j-sorabjee/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Kinloch Forbes Gold Medal in Roman Law and Jurisprudence]], 1952<ref name=":0" />
* [[Padma Vibhushan]], March 2002<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-30|title=Former attorney general, Padma Vibhushan awardee Soli Sorabjee dies during treatment for COVID-19|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/former-attorney-general-padma-vibhushan-awardee-soli-sorabjee-dies-during-treatment-for-covid-19-9579311.html|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
* [[Justice K. S. Hegde Foundation Award]], April 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Justice Hegde Award for Soli Sorabjee|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/justice-hegde-award-for-soli-sorabjee/article3153312.ece|date=27 April 2006|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 April 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/columnist/solisorabjee/ Articles written by Sorabjee for ''The Indian Express'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312053355/http://rshrc.nic.in/htm/e-SpSorabji.htm Sorabjee on human Rights]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070112235735/http://www.hrsolidarity.net/mainfile.php/2001vol11no4/49/ Sorabjee on racism]}}
* [https://theprobe.in/if-you-are-not-independent-you-sell-the-soul-of-democracy-in-india/ Sorabjee on independent journalism]

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Attorney-General for India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sorabjee, Soli}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Attorneys general of India]]
[[Category:Solicitors general of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Indian judges of international courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration]]
[[Category:Members of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Senior advocates in India]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

MVN University

2026-05-07T05:07:47Z

Filmifunda022: Put Up Data

{{short description|University in the Delhi area, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = MVN University
|image =
|established = 2012
|motto = ''Creating the leaders in higher education with core values.''
|chancellor = Sh. Varun Sharma
|vice_chancellor = Dr. Arun Garg
|city = [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi-NCR]]
|type = [[Non-Profit Organization|Non-Profit Private]]
|state=[[Haryana]]
|country = India
|campus =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]], [[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
|website= {{URL|http://mvn.edu.in}}
|logo =
}}
{{coord|28.01|77.33|display=title}}
'''MVN University''', located on [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|NH2, Delhi-Agra National highway]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR Region]], Haryana, India, is a [[private university]].<ref name=Private>{{cite web|title=State-wise List of Private Universities as on 6.10.2017|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Private%20University%20Consolidated%20List%20Private%20Universities%20as%20on%2006.10.2017.pdf|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> It was established in 2012 by State Legislature under Haryana Private Universities Act 32 of 2006 (Amendment) Act 2010.<ref>[http://www.mvn.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Govt-notification.pdf Haryana Government notification]</ref> MVNU is part of Modern Vidya Niketan Society, the managing body. It offers wide range of [[Undergraduate degree|undergraduate]], [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] and [[Doctorate|doctoral]] programmes.

==Schools==
* School of Engineering & Technology
* School of Business management & Commerce
* School of Art, Science & Humanities
* School of Law
* School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
* School of Allied Health Sciences
* School of Agriculture

==Campus==
University has 88 acres of sprawling campus having ACclass rooms, laboratories, Gym, Boys hostel, cafeteria & central library,

==Recognition==
Like all universities in India, MVN University is approved by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref name=Private/> The programmes by the School of Law are approved by the [[Bar Council of India]] (BCI)<ref>[http://mvn.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/BCI-951-2017-MVN-Palwal.pdf BCI Approval]</ref> and the pharmacy diploma and degree programmes offered by the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences are approved by the [[Pharmacy Council of India]] (PCI).<ref>[http://mvn.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PCI-Approval-2016.pdf PCI Approval]</ref> The university is also a member of the [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU).<ref>[http://mvn.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/AIU.pdf AIU Letter]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]

Murshidabad Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T02:00:01Z

Filmifunda022: Put Up A Pg

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
'''Murshidabad Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Murshidabad
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Murshidabad.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Murshidabad Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
| constituency_no = 64
| established = 1951
| electors = 268,221
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}
{{Pie chart
| value1 = 50
| value2 = 27.78
| value3 = 11.11
| value4 = 11.11

| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]] (9 times)
| label2 = [[All India Forward Bloc]] (5 times)
| label3 = [[Independent politician]] (2 times)
| label4= [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2 times)

| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color2 = {{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| color3 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
|color4 = {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| caption = Most Successful parties from Murshidabad assembly
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 64 Murshidabad Assembly constituency covers [[Murshidabad]] municipality, [[Jiaganj Azimganj]] municipality and [[Murshidabad-Jiaganj (community development block)|Murshidabad Jiaganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 13 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Murshidabad Assembly constituency is part of No. 11 [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="2"|Durgapada Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Birendra Narayan Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S.K.A. Mirza
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="3"|Mohammad Idris Ali
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Chhaya Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|[[Abdul Mannan Hossain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Chhaya Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Mazammel Haque
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Chhaya Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Bivas Chakraborty
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Shaoni Singha Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Murshidabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=114,443|percentage=48.18|change={{Increase}}6.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shaoni Singha Roy]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=82,922|percentage=34.91|change={{Decrease}}5.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Siddiqui Ali|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,124|percentage=6.79|change={{Decrease}}5.79}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Mannan|party=All India Forward Bloc|votes=9,074|percentage=3.82|change={{New}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mir Hasnat Ali|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes=7,899|percentage=3.33|change={{New}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Milia Sajem|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=2,247|percentage=0.95|change={{New}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Champa Bibi|party=Independent politician|votes=1,559|percentage=0.67|change={{New}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prallad Mahato|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,376|percentage=0.58|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,442|percentage=0.61|change={{Decrease}}0.66}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,521|percentage=13.27|change={{Increase}}12.19}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=237,534|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Murshidabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]
|votes = 95,967
|percentage = 41.86
|change = {{increase}}29.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Shaoni Singha Roy]]
|votes = 93,476
|percentage = 40.78
|change = {{increase}}6.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sheikh Nejauddin
|votes = 28,835
|percentage = 12.58
|change = {{decrease}}34.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,904
|percentage = 1.27
|change = {{decrease}}0.2
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,491
|percentage = 1.08
|change = {{decrease}}11.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,29,231
|percentage = 85.46
|change = {{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Murshidabad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shaoni Singha Roy]]
|votes = 94,579
|percentage = 47.02
|change = {{increase}}0.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ashim Krishna Bhatta
|votes = 69,440
|percentage = 34.52
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]
|votes = 24,031
|percentage = 11.95
|change = {{increase}}5.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Bivas Chakraborty
|votes = 5,066
|percentage = 2.52
|change = {{decrease}}39.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,966
|percentage = 1.47
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,139
|percentage = 12.5
|change = {{increase}}8.62
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,01,150
|percentage = 85.58
|change = {{decrease}}1.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Shaoni Singha Roy of Congress defeated her nearest rival Bibhas Chakraborty of Forward Bloc.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Murshidabad constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=64| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190030/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=64| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Murshidabad| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shaoni Singha Roy
|votes = 75,441
|percentage = 46.03
|change = #
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Bibhas Chakraborty
|votes = 69,089
|percentage = 42.15
|change = -6.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranajit Kumar Das
|votes = 9,946
|percentage = 6.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamal Krishna Das
|votes = 4,495
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Md. Kashimuddin Shaikh
|votes = 2,753
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = Gulshenara Iva
|votes = 2,169
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 163,893
|percentage = 87.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Congress did not contest the seat in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Bivas Chakraborty of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Murshidabad assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Joyanta Roy of [[Indian People's Forward Bloc|IPFB]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Chhaya Ghosh]] of Forward Bloc defeated [[Abdul Mannan Hossain]], Independent, in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Mazammel Haque, Independent, defeated Abdul Ohab Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Chhaya Ghosh of Forward Bloc defeated Asak Ali of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Abdul Mannan Hossain of Congress defeated Madan Mohan Ray, Independent, in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Chhaya Ghosh of Forward Bloc defeated Dedar Bakshi of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Syed Nawab Jani Meerza of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp58.htm | title =58 - Murshidabad Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Mohammad Idris Ali of Congress won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> S.K.A.Mirza of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Birendra Narayan Ray, Independent, won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Durgapada Sinha of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Murshidabad]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Satyendra Nath Tiwari

2026-04-23T19:35:00Z

Filmifunda022: adding new stub initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satyendra Nath Tiwari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1964}}
| birth_place = [[Garhwa]], [[Garhwa district]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014–present) [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]] (until 2014)
| spouse = Mira Devi, 1984
| parents = Ramkrishna Tiwari (father)
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Garhwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhwa]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 = 2024
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| education = B.Sc.
| alma_mater = Ganesh Lal Agrawal College, [[Ranchi University]]
| occupation = Politician
| footnotes =
}}

'''Satyendra Nath Tiwari''' (born 31 December 1964)<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Satyendra Nath Tiwari(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GARHWA(GARHWA ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11174 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. He is a three-time MLA from [[Garhwa Assembly constituency]] in [[Garhwa district|Garhwa District]]. He won the [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garhwa Election Result 2024 LIVE: Satyendra Nath Tiwari of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/garhwa-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130318.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Garhwa (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/garhwa-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684395/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tiwari is from [[Garhwa]], Jharkhand. He is the son of Ramkrishna Tiwari. He completed his B.Sc. in 1987 at [[Ganesh Lal Agrawal College]], [[Medininagar|Daltonganj]] which is affiliated with [[Ranchi University]]. Earlier, he studied at Government High School, Daltonganj and passed the examinations conducted by the Bihar School Examination Council, Patna, in 1982.<ref name="myneta" />

== Career ==
Tiwari won from Garhwa Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live: Garhwa Election Results 2024 - Jharkhand Election Results - Elections 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024/garhwa |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=NDTV |language=en|date=2024}}</ref> He polled 1,33,109 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Mithilesh Kumar Thakur]] of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] party, by a margin of 16,753 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Garhwa, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Satyendra Nath Tiwari with 133109 defeats JMM's Mithilesh Kumar Thakur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/garhwa-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638500-2024-11-23 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Garhwa Constituency Election Results 2024: Garhwa Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/constituency-show/garhwa |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]] and defeated Girinath Singh of Rashtriya Janata Dal, by a margin of 16,753 votes. He later joined BJP and retained the seat on BJP ticket in the next election in the [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="indiatimes"/> He won for the third time in the 2024 Assembly election. In the 2019 Assembly election he lost to [[Mithilesh Kumar Thakur]] of JMM by a margin of 23,522 votes.<ref name="indiatimes"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Satyendra Nath}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Garhwa district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) politicians]]

Hemant Birje

2026-04-20T00:20:55Z

Filmifunda022: new entry

{{short description|Indian actor }}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemant Birje
| image = HemantBirje.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Birje in 2007
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|19 August 1965}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1985–present
| spouse = Reshma Birje
| parents =
| website =
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Hemant Birje''' (born 19 August 1965{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}) is an Indian actor who works primarily in [[Hindi]] language films. In 1985, he debuted as [[Tarzan]] in Babbar Subhash's ''[[Adventures of Tarzan (1985 Hindi film)|Adventures of Tarzan]]'', also starring [[Kimi Katkar]].<ref name=re>{{cite news|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/07tarzan.htm|title=Bollywood's Tarzan is back!|date=7 February 2008|work=[[Rediff.com]] Movies|accessdate=21 January 2021}}</ref> He has had mixed success in later films. He was a regular actor in [[Mithun Chakraborty]] films. In 2005, Birje appeared in ''[[Garv: Pride and Honour]]'', starring [[Salman Khan]].<ref name=re/> He has also appeared in [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] movies.

==Filmography==
*''[[Adventures of Tarzan (1985 Hindi film)|Adventures of Tarzan]]'' (1985)
*''[[Tahkhana]]'' (1986) as Heera
*''Dilruba Tangewali''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilruba Tangewali (1987) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dilruba-tangewali-6317/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407040801/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dilruba-tangewali-6317/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> (1987)
*''[[Veerana]]'' (1988)
*{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Ke Angaarey]]}} (1988)
*''Bijlee Aur Toofan'' (1988)
*''[[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]'' (1988) as Dilher Singh
*''[[Kabrastan]]'' (1988) as Rocky D'Souza
*''[[Maar Dhaad]]'' (1988) as Shankar
*''[[Paanch Fauladi]]'' (1988)
*''[[Mardangi]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Mardangi |url=https://mubi.com/films/mardangi |access-date=2023-04-06 |language=en}}</ref> (1988)
*''[[Aag Ke Sholay]]'' (1988)
*''[[Sindoor Aur Bandook]]'' (1989)
*''[[Lashkar (film)|Lashkar]]'' (1989)
*''Ab Meri Baari'' (1989)
*''[[Paanch Paapi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paanch Paapi Story and Cast |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/paanch-paapi |website=Cinemaazi}}</ref> (1989) as Bheema
*''Paap Ki Sazaa''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paap Ki Sazaa Story and Cast |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/paap-ki-sazaa |website=Cinemaazi}}</ref> (1989)
*''Sau Saal Baad'' (1989) as Vikas
*''Awaragardi'' (1990)
*''Kasam Dhande Ki'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasam Dhande Ki - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kasam_dhande_ki |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> (1990) as Bholashankar
*''Jaan Lada Denge'' (1990)
*''Maa Kasam Badla Loonga'' (1990) as Ravi
*''[[Kaun Kare Kurbanie]]'' (1991) as Shyam
*''[[Aaj Ka Samson]]'' (1991)
*''[[Ajooba Kudrat Ka]]'' (1991)
*''Kasam Kali Ki''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasam Kali Ki (1991) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kasam-kali-ki-7064/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025213/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kasam-kali-ki-7064/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> (1991) as Vikram Singh
*''Giraft''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giraft (1992) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/giraft-1992 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> (1992)
*''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikke Pe Ikka - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=3065 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1994) as Pehelwan
*''[[Angaara]]'' (1996) as Chotu
*''[[Muqadar]]'' (1996) as Sudhir
*''[[Indraprastham (film)|Indraprastham]]'' (1996) as Shyam Kaushik
*''[[Divine Lovers (1997 film)|Divine Lovers]]'' (1997) as Chandra
*''Suraj'' (1997) as Ramavtar in guest appearance
*''[[Sher-E-Hindustan (1998 film)|Sher-E-Hindustan]]'' (1998) as 1st son of Choudhary
*''[[Chandaal]]'' (1998) as Hemant
*''[[Hafta Vasuli]]'' (1998) as Tamancha Bihari
*''Hitler''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hitler (1998) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/hitler-8329/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407031004/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/hitler-8329/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> (1998) as Vicky Roy
*''Aaya Toofan'' (1999) as Sultan Balachi
*''[[Teri Mohabbat Ke Naam]]'' (1999) as Police Inspector Kulkarni
*''[[Maa Kasam (1999 film)|Maa Kasam]]'' (1999) as Anand
*''Sikandar Sadak Ka''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikandar Sadak Ka (1999) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/sikandar-sadak-ka-1999 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> (1999)
*''[[Bhairav (2001 film)|Bhairav]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhairav |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/public/film/bhairav |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref> (2001) as R.S. Jindal's ([[Puneet Issar]]) henchman
*''[[Junglee Tarzan]]'' (2001)
*''Saugandh Geeta Ki'' (2001)
*''Bholi Bhali Ladki''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHOLI BHALI LADKI (2001) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b865d2863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021103548/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b865d2863 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> (2001)
*''[[Kasam (2001 film)|Kasam]]'' (2001)
*''Arjun Devaa'' (2001) as Yogeshwar Choudhry
*''Bhooka Sher''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhooka Sher - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bhooka_sher |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> (2001)
*''Zakhmi Sherni''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zakhmi Sherni (2001) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/zakhmi-sherni-2001 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> (2001)
*''Zaroorat'' (2001)
*''Jagira'' (2001)
*''[[Tarzan Ki Beti]]'' (2002)
*''Shiva Ka Insaaf'' (2003)
*''[[Lakeer - Forbidden Lines]]'' (2004) as Anees
*''[[Garv: Pride and Honour]]'' (2004) as Majid Khan
*''Golden Bar''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Bar - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1867 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (2004)
*''[[Team: The Force]]'' (2009)
*''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]'' (2010) as Veerakesavudu's brother
*''Who's There?''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's There? (2011) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/who-s-there-2011 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> (2011)
*''Savdhan - Ek Adbhut Kahaani''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savdhan Ek Adbhut Kahaani (2019) {{!}} Savdhan Ek Adbhut Kahaani Hindi Movie {{!}} Savdhan Ek Adbhut Kahaani Cast & Crew, Story, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/savdhan-ek-adbhut-kahaani.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}</ref> (2019)
*''[[Surya (2023 film)|Surya]]'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title='India's Tarzan' Hemant Birje Bags First Marathi Film, To Be Released On January 6 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/indias-tarzan-hemant-birje-bags-first-marathi-film-to-be-released-on-january-6-6632047.html |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0083534}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080929161110/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/8214/index.html Hemant Birje] at ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birje, Hemant}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1960s-stub}}

Quepem Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T16:07:50Z

Filmifunda022: Adding new info v1.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Quepem
| mla = [[Altone D'Costa]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:33080}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =36
| map_image = File:Quepem constitution.svg
}}
'''Quepem''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Quepem is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Goa Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
| [[Dattaram Desai]]<ref name=result1963>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |title=Assembly Election - 1963 |publisher=Chief Election Commissioner of Goa |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830123222/https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Shaba Desai]]<ref name=results1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3842-goa-1967/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Dhulo Kuttikar]]<ref name=results1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3843-goa-1972/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=results1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3844-goa-1977/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|[[Vaikunth Desai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=results1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3845-goa-1980/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3847-goa-1984/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 29 November 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name=results1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3849-goa-1989/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1989 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|[[Prakash Velip]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<ref name=results1994>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3850-goa-1994/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1994 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name=results1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3852-goa-1999/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=results2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3853-goa-2002/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|[[Chandrakant Kavlekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=results2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Altone D'Costa]]<ref name=results2022/>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Altone D'Costa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,994 |percentage=52.51% |change={{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandrakant Kavlekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,393 |percentage=39.90% |change={{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishal Gauns Dessai |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=1,144 |percentage=4.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raul Pereira |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=315 |percentage=1.10% |change={{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=246 |percentage=0.86% |change={{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aloysious D'Silva |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=237 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,601 |percentage=12.61% |change= {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,556 |percentage=86.33% |change= {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,078 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Babu Kavlekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,525 |percentage=50.73% |change={{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Velip]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,933 |percentage=41.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joao Fernandes |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,385 |percentage=5.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=357 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charles D'Silva |party=Goa Su-Raj Party |votes=251 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh Gaude |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=211 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}17.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,592 |percentage=9.72% |change= {{decrease}}15.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,662 |percentage=85.20% |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,293 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Babu Kavlekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,994 |percentage=44.18% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Velip]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,621 |percentage=18.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Arjun Velip |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,536 |percentage=18.23% |change={{increase}}14.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Colaco Manuel |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=4,356 |percentage=17.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joseph Gonsalves |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=354 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,373 |percentage=25.61% |change= {{increase}}20.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,885 |percentage=86.03% |change= {{increase}}10.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,898 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Babu Kavlekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,474 |percentage=44.44% |change={{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Velip]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,311 |percentage=38.98% |change={{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Raul |party=Save Goa Front |votes=2,303 |percentage=10.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Narayan Datta |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=817 |percentage=3.83% |change={{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thulo Shanu Velip |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,163 |percentage=5.45% |change= {{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,320 |percentage=75.47% |change= {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,167 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Babu Kavlekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,913 |percentage=47.01% |change={{increase}}11.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Velip]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,058 |percentage=37.22% |change={{increase}}14.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Rahul Rocky |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,602 |percentage=8.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Narba Naik Dessai |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=422 |percentage=2.23% |change={{decrease}}34.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Silva Patsy Rusario |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=385 |percentage=2.03% |change={{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alvito Joachim Mendonsa |party=Goa Su-Raj Party |votes=302 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhiku Shanu Velip |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,855 |percentage=9.78% |change= {{increase}}8.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,961 |percentage=73.09% |change= {{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,927 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}10.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Velip]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,648 |percentage=36.60% |change={{decrease}}9.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raul Rocky Pereira |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,509 |percentage=35.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Shanu Malu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,530 |percentage=22.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Ajay Albert |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=735 |percentage=4.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=139 |percentage=0.90% |change= {{decrease}}18.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,431 |percentage=66.64% |change= {{decrease}}9.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,143 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Velip]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=7,579 |percentage=45.92% |change={{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Raul Roque |party=Independent politician |votes=4,335 |percentage=26.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Velip Kushali Kusth |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,077 |percentage=12.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rebello Remet Paulo |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=1,746 |percentage=10.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaikh Azim |party=Independent politician |votes=170 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nomi Govind Gaunkar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=170 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,244 |percentage=19.66% |change= {{decrease}}8.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,503 |percentage=73.75% |change= {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,799 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Velip]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=9,229 |percentage=61.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gauns Desai Voikunt Govind |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,919 |percentage=32.69% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desai Amrut Dikush |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,310 |percentage=28.64% |change= {{increase}}24.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,049 |percentage=74.13% |change= {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,743 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vaikunth Desai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,375 |percentage=34.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Domnic Joaquim |party=Independent politician |votes=4,790 |percentage=30.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diniz Patrick |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,405 |percentage=21.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Adel Vithoba Nagu |party=Independent politician |votes=836 |percentage=5.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohamad Hakim Yusuf |party=Independent politician |votes=260 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hodarkar Vithu Dhaku |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=159 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodrigues Thomas Paixao |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=585 |percentage=3.76% |change= {{decrease}}16.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,557 |percentage=69.80% |change= {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,711 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}20.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vaikunth Desai]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=7,073 |percentage=54.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Vithal Sonu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,474 |percentage=34.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Dessai Sanjay Hari |party=Janata Party |votes=538 |percentage=4.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Natakar Ashok Bhal Chandra |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=166 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Furtado Gloria Pedro |party=Independent politician |votes=115 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Yadavendra Vassudev |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=108 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,599 |percentage=20.19% |change= {{increase}}14.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,872 |percentage=65.30% |change= {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,242 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vaikunth Desai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,168 |percentage=39.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaunso Dessai Satish Nilu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,597 |percentage=34.40% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rauto Dessai Ganesh Shanker |party=Janata Party |votes=1,194 |percentage=11.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diniz Patrick Domingo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,060 |percentage=10.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Narayan Mahadev |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parceker Hira Loli |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Keshav Molu |party=Independent politician |votes=24 |percentage=0.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=571 |percentage=5.46% |change= {{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,455 |percentage=60.15% |change= {{decrease}}5.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,045 |ref = |change= {{increase}}50.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dhulo Kuttikar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,406 |percentage=44.86% |change={{increase}}2.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Molu Ganba |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=2,815 |percentage=37.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. E. F. Shankar Yesso |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=796 |percentage=10.48% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F Rafaels Silvestre |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaudo Naguesh Ragoba |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=591 |percentage=7.78% |change= {{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,593 |percentage=65.27% |change= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,303 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Quepem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shaba Desai]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,955 |percentage=42.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. S. Yeshvant |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=1,734 |percentage=25.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. H. Desai |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=8.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. D. Shaba |party=Independent politician |votes=555 |percentage=8.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. S. Babni |party=Independent politician |votes=359 |percentage=5.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. R. Padiyar |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Abilio |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,221 |percentage=17.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,927 |percentage=66.00% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,086 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}
{{coord|15.23|74.07|display=title}}

[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Parasparam (TV series)

2026-04-14T20:13:08Z

Filmifunda022: Adding the entry added tags

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Parasparam (TV series).jpeg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Action film|Action]] [[Drama]] [[Crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator =
| developer = Jayakumar
| writer = Pradeep Panicker
| director = Purushothaman Sudheesh Sankar Manju Dharman Harison
| presenter = Bhavachithra
| starring = [[Gayatri Arun]] [[Vivek Gopan]]
| voices =
| narrator = Prof. Aliyaar
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1524
| executive_producer =
| producer = Jayakumar Bhavachithra
| editor = Rajesh Thrissure
| cinematography = Manoj Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Ross Petals
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2013|07|22}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2018|08|31}}
| related = ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| composer = Rajeev Aattukal
| theme_music_composer = Saanadh George
| open_theme = "Naara Na Naara"(Removed in circa 2014)
| end_theme = "Hea Hea Hei" (Removed in circa 2014)
}}
'''''Parasparam''''' ({{Translation}} ''Each Other'') is an Indian [[Malayalam]] television [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] series that was broadcast on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]. It is an official remake of [[Star Plus]]'s serial ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parasparam is a hit!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/parasparam-is-a-hit/articleshow/32207683.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The series premiered on 22 July 2013.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/parasparam-curtains-to-come-down-soon/articleshow/65579220.cms|title=Parasparam: Curtains to come down soon|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602|title=More Spellbinding Soap Gathas|website=Outlook}}</ref> It stars [[Gayatri Arun]] and [[Vivek Gopan]] and was produced by Ross Petals. The last episode aired on 31 August 2018 with 1,524 episodes and is [[List of longest-running Indian television series|first soap opera to cross 1500 episodes in Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/why-serials-chase-the-1000-episode-mark/articleshow/64349607.cms|title=Why serials chase the 1000 episode mark|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/parasparam-team-celebrate-its-last-day-of-screening/articleshow/65634538.cms|title=parasparam-team-celebrate-its-last-day-of-screening|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ambitious and educated, Deepti pursues her dream of becoming an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer for her father. Sooraj, a partially-educated and simple young master-confectioner is the perfect elder heir to his middle-class traditional family.

Deepti's dreams and aspirations are destroyed as she loses her parents in an accident. Planning to move abroad, her brother Gopan fixes her marriage to Sooraj whose strict yet loving mother Padmavathi "Padmam" wants her daughter-in-law to be simple and not well-educated, with the excellent skills of a homemaker. After discovering this, Gopan lies about Deepti's education level to ensure her settlement. Deepti gives up her education and dreams, accepting her roles as a wife and the elder daughter-in-law of the family. Soon, as her truth of being educated and not knowing cooking is revealed, Padmam banishes her. Sooraj stands up for Deepti and vows to teach her everything she must know to prepare herself as the daughter-in-law that Padmam expects. Deepti starts caring for Sooraj and helps him in various situations including an international confection competition in [[Singapore]]. Later, Sooraj helps Deepti complete her studies. Eventually, he convinces Padmam to accept Deepti and her dreams. Deepti faces great challenges in the [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Academy, establishing herself as an extraordinary police officer.

As a police officer, Deepti fights various criminals including terrorist leaders, while in the meantime, solving her various family problems as she struggles to balance between her professional duties and domestic responsibilities. Together with Sooraj, Deepti forms a deep relationship with underlying love, until misunderstandings tear them apart. But it gets cleared up and they reunite. Deepti donates one of her kidneys to Padmam battling for life which is unknown to the family. Gopan's little son Nandu greatly eagers for a sibling but his wife Sandhya miscarries and is unable to conceive again. Expecting twins, Deepti and Sooraj decide to give their one twin to Sandhya on Nandu's demand. Later, Sooraj and Padmam learn that Deepti is her kidney donor. Deepti delivers her twin sons Dhirav and Dhyaan. The infants are kidnapped in order to be sold. In the ensuing rescue actions, Dhirav is saved and Dhyaan is believed to have succumbed to his death shattering all. A police officer saves Dhyaan though and returns him promptly.

===9 years later===

Deepti and Sooraj live happily with Dhirav however her brother cut all ties with Deepti as he believes her initial instinct was to save Dhirav and not Dhyaan. Soon, Dhyaan discovers his true parents but hates them for giving him away. Eventually, Gopan and Sandhya realises their mistake and gives Dhyan to Deepti and Sooraj.

===Climax===
Deepti and Sooraj unsuccessfully try a trap for the terrorists and punish them. The leader makes Deepti and Sooraj eat a bomb pills. Deepti and Sooraj bid their farewell to family and others by taking a boat and embracing. They boat explodes killing Deepti and Sooraj before the setting Sun, highlighting that even death cannot separate them.

== Cast ==

=== Main cast===

* [[Gayatri Arun]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|Commissioner]] Deepthi Aravind [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Voice dubbed by [[Devi S.]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}): Aravind and Kanchana's daughter; Gopan's sister; Sooraj's wife; Dhirav and Dhyaan's mother.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/gayathri-arun-who-plays-the-role-of-an-ips-office-in-parasparam-which-is-the-remake-of-a-hindi-serial-diya-aur-baati-hum-a-talks-about-her-role-onscreen-and-that-of-a-wife-and-mother-offscreen/article6981800.ece|title=A Remarkable Journey|date=12 March 2015|website=[[The Hindu]]|last1=M|first1=Athira}}</ref>
* [[Vivek Gopan]] as Padippuraveettil Sooraj Krishnan (Voice dubbed by Shankar Lal{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}): Padma and Krishna's eldest son; Suresh, Subash and Suchitra's brother; Deepthi's husband; Dhirav and Dhyaan's father and a [[bakery]] owner
* [[Rekha Ratheesh]] as Padippuraveettil Padmavathi "Padmam" Krishna: Krishna's wife; Sooraj, Suresh, Subash and Suchitra's mother; Ann, Aryan, Dhirav and Dhyaan's grandmother
* Pradeep as Padippuraveettil Krishnan: Muthashi's son; Padma's husband, Sooraj, Suresh, Subash and Suchitra's father; Ann, Aryan, Dhirav and Dhyaan's grandfather
* Sreenath Swaminathan as Suresh Krishnan: Padma and Krishna's second son; Sooraj, Subash and Suchitra's brother; Meenakshi's husband; Ann's father
* Sneha Diwakar as Meenakshi Suresh: Vasantha's elder daughter; Meera's sister; Suresh's wife; Ann's mother
* Gautam Praveen as Dhirav Sooraj: Deepthi and Sooraj's elder son; Dhyaan's twin brother; Ann, Aryan and Nandu's cousin
* Leswin as Dhyaan Sooraj: Deepthi and Sooraj's younger son; Dhirav's twin brother; Ann, Aryan and Nandu's cousin
* Muhammad Rafi as Sabir [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] : Deepthi's close friend and colleague

=== Recurring cast ===
* Niranj Menon / Manu Martin Pallippadan / Naren Eswar as Subash Krishna: Padma and Krishna's youngest son; Sooraj, Suresh and Suchitra's brother; Smriti's husband; Aryan's father
* Lekshmi Pramod / Chilanka as Smriti Subash, Subash's wife and Aryan's mother
* Revathi Krishana / Ruby Jewel as Suchitra Dileep: Padma and Krishna's daughter; Sooraj, Suresh and Subash's sister; Dileep's wife
* Sabari Chandran as Dileep: Suchitra's husband
* Amika Mariyam as Ann Suresh: Meenakshi and Suresh's daughter; Aryan, Dhirav and Dhyaan's cousin
* Darshan D Nair as Aryan Subash: Smriti and Subash's son; Ann, Dhirav and Dhyaan's cousin
* [[Divya Prabha]] as Roma, Deepthi's close friend
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Muthashi: Krishna's mother; Sooraj, Suresh, Subash and Suchitra's grandmother; Ann, Aryan, Dhirav and Dhyaan's great-grandmother
* Vijay Viswanathan / Hari Gopinath as Gopan Aravind: Aravind and Kanchana's son; Deepthi's brother; Sandya's husband; Nandu's father
* Divya Nithin / Indulekha as Sandya Gopan: Gopan's wife; Nandu's mother
* Ashik C R as Nandu Gopan: Gopan and Sandya's son; Dhirav and Dhyaan's cousin
* [[Shobha Mohan]] as Devika
* [[Shobi Thilakan]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Dhanapalan, a corrupt pollice officer
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as Rishikesh
* Manu Varma as Thomas
* Dileep Shankar as Cherian
* Ashraf Pezhumoodu as Advocate
* Anu Gopi as Kokku, Sooraj's sidekick
* Poojappura Radhakrishnan
* Jolly Easow as Vasantha: Meera and Meenakshi's mother
* Apsara as Rasiya Sabir
* Irfan as Appu
** Adil Mohammed replaced Irfan as Appu
* Thanvi S Raveendran as Jennifer Hills/Merin/Vineetha
* Ardra Das as Athira
* Navya as Prema
* Akshaya R. Nair as Disha
* Anitha Nair as Maya
* Sarath Swamy as Jeevan
* Althara as Kavitha
* Anitta Dcruz as Nitha
* Sruthi Suresh as Nandana
* Shruthi Suresh as Anupama
* Soniya Baiju Kottarakkara as Rabiya
* Snehalatha as Kalyani
* Suki Pandalam as Shyamkumar
* Meghna as Keerthana
* Sreekala as Broker
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Kanchana, Deepthi's and Gopan's mother and Aravind's wife
* Sajith as Aravindan
* Maya Moushmi as Deepthi's aunt
* Faisal Mohammed as Advocate
* Sreekanth as Terrorist
* Lavanya
* Omana Ouseph
* Nandana Gowri
* Sindhu Varma as Kathreena
* [[Riyas Narmakala]] as Thakkol Vasu
* Mahima as Nanditha Mukherjee
* Karthika Kannan
* Jeeja Surendran
* Uma Devi Nair
* Sumi Santhosh
* Santhosh Krishna
* Vanchiyoor Praveen Kumar
* Sree Padma
* [[Vindhuja Vikraman]]

===Guest appearances===
*Aswathy as Amala
*Amith as Jithan
*[[Shelly Kishore]] as Shalini

== Awards ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2019}}

=== 7th Asianet Television Awards 2014 ===

* Best Serial – Parasparam (Producer Jayakumar)
* Best Screenplay – Pradeep Panicker
* Best Actor – [[Vivek Gopan]]
* Best Actress – [[Rekha Ratheesh]]
* Best New Face (female) – [[Gayatri Arun]]
* Best Actor in Negative role – Shobi
* Best Actor in Character role – [Pradeep]
* Special Jury Awards (Negative role) – Sneha
* Best Audiographer (sabdha mishram) – Sreejith V.G
*Lifetime Achievement Award- Valsala Menon
* Best Dubbing Artist (male) – Sankar Lal
* Best Dubbing Artist (female) – Nithuna

=== 8th Asianet Television Awards 2015===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/asianet-television-awards-2015-61644.html|title=Asianet television awards 2015}}</ref>
*Outstanding Hit serial - Parasparam
*Best Actress - [[Gayatri Arun]]
*Popular Actor - [[Vivek Gopan]]
*Character Actress - [[Rekha Ratheesh|Rekha ratheesh]]
*Best Dialogues - Gireesh Gramika
*Special Jury Award(Negative role) - Sneha
*Special JuryAward(Director) - Manjudharman
*Best Serial - Parasparam
*Popular Actress - [[Gayatri Arun]]
*Youth icon - [[Vivek Gopan]]
*Character Actress - [[Rekha Ratheesh]]
*Best Script Writer - Gireesh Gramika
*Best dubbing Artist (Female) - Devi. S.

=== 9th Asianet Television Awards 2016 ===

*Best serial - Parasparam
*Popular Actress - [[Gayatri Arun]]
*Youth icon - [[Vivek Gopan]]
*Character Actress - [[Rekha Ratheesh]]
*Best Videographer - Manoj kumar
*Best Editor - Rajesh Thrishur
*Best Audiographer - Sreejith V.G
*Best Script Writer - Girish Gramika
*Best dubbing Artist (Female) - Devi S

=== 10th Asianet Television Awards 2017 ===

*Longest Running Serial - Parasparam
*Best Star pair - Vivek & Gayathri
*Iconic beauty - Gayathri Arun
*Character Actress - Rekha Ratheesh
*Best Audiographer - Sreejith V.G
*Best Editor - Rajesh Thrishur
*Best Dubbing Artist (male) - Sankar Lal

=== 11th Asianet Television Awards 2018===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sajan-surya-bags-the-best-actor-award/articleshow/63067408.cms|title=Asianet awards 2018 winners|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Evergreen hit Serial - Parasparam
*Best Actress - Gayathri Arun
*Best Director - Harison
*Character Actor - Parasparam Pradeep
*Special jury Award ( Popular Actor) - Vivek Gopan
*Special Jury Award( Character Actress) - Rekha Ratheesh

===Asiavision Television Awards===

*Best Pair - Vivek & Gayathri

==Reception==
===Critics===
[[Deccan Chronicle]] stated, "The serial Parasparam came as a breath of fresh air among the usual unending tear-jerkers; the main attraction was the fearless and clever IPS Deepthi who took on criminals single-handedly and became a role model for many youngsters."<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 December 2015|title=Gayathri clears the air|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151224/entertainment-mollywood/article/gayathri-clears-air|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

===Impact===
A post where the still of the lead pairs before a bomb explosion sequence went viral which was falsely claimed as Kerala IPS officer and husband were killed by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS jehadis]]. This was reported as accusing [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] led [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]] for their inefficiency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fake-stills-from-malayalam-tv-soap-used-with-claims-that-isis-killed-ips-officer-husband/articleshow/65665648.cms|title=FAKE: Stills from Malayalam TV soap used with claims that ISIS killed IPS officer and husband|website=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:LightBlue"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue"| Original release
! style="background:LightBlue"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightBlue"| Last aired
! style="background:LightBlue"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' दिया और बाती हम
| 29 August 2011
| [[StarPlus]]
| 10 September 2016
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Tomay Amay Mile]]'' তোমায় আমায় মিলে
| 11 March 2013
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 20 March 2016
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Parasparam'' പരസ്പരം
| 22 July 2013
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 31 August 2018
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Phulala Sugandha Maticha]]'' फुलाला सुगंध मातीचा
| 2 September 2020
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 4 December 2022
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]'' ராஜா ராணி 2
| 12 October 2020
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 21 March 2023
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Janaki Kalaganaledu]]'' జానకి కలగలేదు
| 22 March 2021
| [[Star Maa]]
| 19 August 2023
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10014412}}

{{Asianet programs}}

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]

Government Museum, Bengaluru

2026-04-14T10:06:51Z

Filmifunda022: stub

{{Short description|Museum in Bengaluru, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Government Museum, Bengaluru
| image = Government_Museum_Banglore_305.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Front [[façade]] of the museum
| established = 18 August 1865<ref name="hindumushist">{{cite news|title=Nuggets of heritage stored for posterity|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/article2994261.ece|date=14 March 2012|author=S. K. Aruni|location=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
| collection = Sculpture, old jewellery, coins and inscriptions.
| area =
| key_holdings = [[Halmidi inscription]]
| location = Kasturba Road, [[Bengaluru]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.9747|77.5958}}
| visitors = 90,000 per annum<ref name="relic">{{cite news|title=When a museum turns into a relic of the past|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/article3223795.ece|date=26 March 2012|author=Mohit. M Rao|location=Bangalore|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Government Museum, Bengaluru''', established in 1865 by the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]] with the guidance of Surgeon [[Edward Balfour]] who founded the [[Government Museum, Chennai|museum in Madras]] and supported by the Chief Commissioner of Mysore, [[Lewin Bentham Bowring|L.B. Bowring]],<ref name="hindumushist" /> is one of the oldest museums in India<ref>{{cite news|title=Exploring the wonders of Bangalore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article420621.ece|date=3 May 2010|author=Sudhindr. A. B.|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 December 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and the second oldest museum in South India.<ref name="hindumushist" /> It is now an [[archaeological museum]] and has a rare collection of archaeological and geological artifacts including old jewellery, sculpture, [[coins]] and [[inscriptions]]. The museum is also home to the [[Halmidi inscription]],<ref name="halmidi">{{cite news|title=An apt time to get classical language tag|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/31/stories/2006103108870500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015326/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/31/stories/2006103108870500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2007|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|date=31 October 2006|location=Hassan|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> the earliest [[Kannada]] inscription (450 AD).

==History==

===Foundation===
[[File:EdwardBalfour.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Edward Balfour|Edward G. Balfour]] at the Madras Museum]]
The government museum in Bengaluru was established on 18 August 1865,<ref name="hindumushist" /> during the period when [[Lewin Bentham Bowring|L.B. Bowring]] was Chief Commissioner of [[Mysore State]]. A formal official notification was issued in the Mysore Government Gazette on 17 April 1866,<ref name="hindumushist" /> a copy of which is still preserved in the Karnataka State Archives in Bengaluru. The gazette notification officially invited citizens to contribute cultural and natural artifacts to the museum for display.

The museum was founded at the advice and counsel of [[Edward Balfour|Edward G. Balfour]], a medical officer of the Madras Army, transferred to Bengaluru from [[Madras]].<ref name="hindumushist" /> Balfour suggested setting up a museum similar to the [[Government Museum, Chennai|museum]] he had previously established in Madras in 1851. Balfour had organized collections for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Balfour had a collection of zoological and natural specimens to exhibit in the Museum.<ref name="hindumushist" /> The Government museum in Bangalore was then known as the [[Mysore]] Government Museum and the building opened in 1877<ref>{{cite journal|title=Indian museums: a centenary retrospect|author=Hendley, T. Holbein| journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts| volume=62| issue=3193|year=1914| pages=207–221}}</ref> was located on what was then Sydney road (today Kasturba road).<ref>{{cite book|author=Furneaux, JH |year=1895| title= Glimpses of India.|publisher= Historical Publishing company|place= Philadelphia| page=422}}</ref>

===First home ===

The museum was first established at the Cantonment's jail building.<ref name="hindumushist" /> It continued to function there for 13 years until 1878.

=== New building ===

The jail building was considered not suitable for a museum and it was decided to construct a special museum building near the Cantonment. The current site of the museum was identified for the new museum. The new museum (the current structure) was planned and built in 1877<ref>{{cite news|title=Why we shouldn't forget Sankey|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/226898/why-we-shouldnt-forget-sankey.html|author=Meera Iyer|location=Bangalore|work=Deccan Herald|year=2012|accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref> by Col. [[Richard Hieram Sankey]], the Chief Engineer of Mysore State at that time.<ref name="hindumushist" />

The museum was popularly known as the ''tamasha house'' (entertainment house).<ref name="hindumushist" />

==Building==

The museum is flanked by the [[Visvesvaraya Industrial And Technological Museum]] and the Venkatappa Art gallery. The museum is located centrally on Kasturba road. The museum is built in 1877 in the [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical architectural]] style. It has two [[portico]]s on either side, [[Corinthian order|Corinthian columns]], circular [[arch]]es, sloping [[eaves]] and prominent sloping [[parapet]] walls.

==Collections==

[[File:Halmidi OldKannada inscription.JPG|right|thumb|upright|A replica of the original [[Halmidi inscription]]]]

The museum has two exhibition floors which are divided into 18 galleries. The galleries cover sections that span sculpture, [[natural history]], [[geology]], art, music and [[numismatics]].

The museum is an [[archaeological museum]] and has a rare collection of archaeological and geological artifacts including old jewellery, sculpture, [[coins]] and [[inscriptions]]. The museum has 70 paintings, 84 sculptures, and hundreds of other artifacts, some of which unique to the museum.<ref name="relic" />
The museum has sculpture from the [[Hoysala]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Nolamba]] periods.

[[Neolithic]] [[pottery]] from excavations carried out at [[Chandravalli]], excavations artifacts from [[Mohenjodaro]], [[Halebid]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]], terracotta from [[Mathura]] and weapons from [[Kodagu]].<ref name="relic" /> Many relics housed at the museum are as much as 5000 years old. The museum also houses rare paintings of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Chola Dynasty|Tanjore]] kingdoms are found.

The museum has a model of [[Srirangapatna]], the fort of [[Tipu Sultan]]. There is a slab in the museum from Tipu's times that has 12 [[persian language|persian]] couplets. The museum also showcases various old musical instruments. A [[Tanjore]] style framework of 64 Nayanamars is a unique piece there.

The prized collections of the Museum include the earliest Kannada inscription- the [[Halmidi inscription]] (450 C.E.),<ref name="halmidi" /> [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] inscription (890 C.E.),<ref>{{cite news|title=Why the relics still lie here..|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/165162/why-relics-still-lie-there.html|date=December 2009|author=Meera Iyer|location=Begur|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref> [[Atakur inscription]] (949 C.E.) slabs are found in this museum.

==Visitors==

The museum saw many visitors in the early part of its history. The average annual footfall was 280,000 in the 1870s and over 400,000<ref name="relic" /> in the early part of the 20th century<ref name="relic" /> as per museum records catalogued by the British. According to museum officials, the annual number of visitors is over 90,000 consisting of domestic and international tourists.<ref name="relic" />

The museum is temporarily closed to visitors for its renovation. It will stay closed for about a year according to some press reports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 Jan 2024 |title=Bangalore's Government Museum Closes But Only For A Makeover |url=https://bangalore.explocity.com/articles/bangalores-government-museum-closes-but-only-for-a-makeover/ |work=Explocity Bangalore}}</ref>

==Governance==

The [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka State]] Archaeology Department governs the museum. it comes under the purview of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums.<ref name="117monuments">{{cite news|title=117 monuments in State identified for restoration|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/02/stories/2011010255910500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019070711/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/02/stories/2011010255910500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2013|date=2 January 2011|author=R. Krishna Kumar|accessdate=3 December 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The [[Finance Commission of India|13th Finance Commission of India]] has sanctioned {{INR}} 1 billion as a grant to Karnataka for the conservation of monuments and development of museums.<ref name="117monuments" />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Government Museum, Bangalore (1890) from the Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.jpg|Government Museum, Bangalore (1890) from the Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'<ref name=Museum-1890>{{cite book|title=Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'|date=1890|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>
File:Bangalore Old Field Gun 5-11-2008 5-18-53 PM.JPG|Field Gun, World War I Trophy, displayed outside the Government Museum
File:Ganapathi at Govt Museum Bangalore.JPG|Ganapathi at Govt Museum Bangalore
File:Maheshwari, a form of Feminine goddess at Govt Museum Bangalore.JPG|Maheshwari, a form of Feminine goddess at Govt Museum Bangalore
File:A man and a woman, village folks at Govt Museum Bangalore.JPG|A man and a woman, village folks at Govt Museum Bangalore
File:Three tier part of pillar at Govt Museum Bangalore.JPG|A three tiered hero stone memorial at the Government Museum, Bengaluru
File:Sculptures in front of Government Museum, Bengaluru.jpg|Sculptures in front of the Museum
File:Government Museum, Bengaluru.jpg|The museum in 2020
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of museums in India]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]
* [[Cubbon Park]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Government Museum, Bengaluru}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Museums in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:State museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1865]]
[[Category:1865 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures designed by Richard Hieram Sankey]]

Balasore Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:45Z

Filmifunda022: starting new pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Balasore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balasore
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 38
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Manas Kumar Dutta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,29,852{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Balasore''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225160303/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=38|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Balasore (38) District : Balasore|accessdate= 22 February 2014}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes [[Balasore]] and 18 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Kasipada, Rasulpur, Srirampur, Kasafal, Sartha, Bahabalpur, Chhanua, Haladipada, Olandasaragan, Odangi, Nagaram, Buanl, Sindhia, Gopinathpur, Parikhi, Patrapada, Kuradiha and Srikona) of Balasore block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp14.htm|title= 14 - Balasore Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 23 May 2019}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.90}}
{{bar percent|2020 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.80}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.46}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|32.82}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.42}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Odisha Gana Parishad}}|47.36}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|40.94}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|46.37}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|86.56}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.38}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|39.33}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|49.58}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 2020.

List of members elected from Balasore constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Balasore Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/balasore.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balasore Assembly Election Results 2024: Balasore Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/balasore-constituency-result-18038 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Manas Kumar Dutta]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2020 elections in India#Odisha|2020 (bypoll)]]{{efn|Death of Madanmohan Dutta}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Odisha Bypoll Results 2020: BJD Wrests Balasore from BJP, Retains Tirtol |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/odisha-by-election-live-updates-electoral-fortunes-of-15-candidates-to-be-decided-as-counting-to-begin-in-balasore-tirtol-3064232.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Swarup Kumar Das]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Balasore Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/balasore-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|[[Madanmohan Dutta]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":3" />
| rowspan="2" |Jiban Pradip Dash
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Arun Dey
|{{full party name with color|Odisha Gana Parisad}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Jiban Pradip Dash
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |Arun Dey
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Gopanarayan Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Arun Dey
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kartik Chandra Rout
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Arun Dey
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Priyanath Nandy
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Rabindra Mohan Das
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Bijoy Krushna De
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Rabindra Mohan Das
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Surendra Nath Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Manas Kumar Dutta]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Swarup Kumar Das]] by a margin of 28,626 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Balasore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manas Kumar Dutta]]
|votes = 89,360
|percentage = 50.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Swarup Kumar Das]]
|votes = 60,734
|percentage = 34.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Monalisa Lenka
|votes = 19,259
|percentage = 10.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 698
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,626
|percentage = 16.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,75,560
|percentage = 76.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2020 Bypoll===
In 2020 bye-election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Swarup Kumar Das]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Manas Kumar Dutta]] by a margin of 13,351 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2020 elections in India|2020 Odisha Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Balasore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Swarup Kumar Das]]
|votes = 84,097
|percentage = 51.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Manas Kumar Dutta]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJD, BJP field sons of departed MLAs in next month's Odisha bypolls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjd-bjp-field-sons-of-departed-mlas-in-next-months-odisha-bypolls/article32836659.ece/ |accessdate=13 October 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>|votes=70,746|percentage=43.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mamata Kundu<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress finalizes candidates for Odisha by-elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/congress-finalizes-candidates-for-odisha-by-elections/articleshow/78626759.cms |accessdate=13 October 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>|votes=4,983|percentage=3.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=700|percentage=0.43|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,351|percentage=8.22|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,64,458|percentage=71.33|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Madanmohan Dutta]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Jiban Pradip Das by a margin of 13,406 votes.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2019|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1838.htm?ac=38|publisher=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Balasore <ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Madanmohan Dutta]]
|votes = 74,815
|percentage = 47.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Jiban Pradip Dash|votes=61,409|percentage=38.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manas Ranjan Das Pattnaik|votes=19,704|percentage=12.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=668|percentage=0.42|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,406|percentage=8.46|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,58,313|percentage=80.83|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Jiban Pradip Das defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Madanmohan Dutta]] by a margin of 9,791 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Balasore<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Balasore|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1838.htm?ac=38|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529123433/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1838.htm?ac=38|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Balasore (38)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529122600/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=38|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Jiban Pradip Das
|votes = 47,615
|percentage = 32.82
|change = -12.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Madanmohan Dutta]]
|votes = 37,824
|percentage = 26.07
|change = 20.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Arun Dey
|votes = 28,650
|percentage = 19.75
|change = 10.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manas Ranjan Das Pattnaik
|votes = 24,720
|percentage = 17.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 827
|percentage = 0.51
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,791
|percentage = 6.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,45,082
|percentage = 74.08
|change = 8.83
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,95,846
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Jiban Pradip Dash defeated [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] Anup Kumar Das by a margin of 13,490 votes.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=13490 |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Balasore <ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Jiban Pradip Dash
|votes = 55,710
|percentage = ''45.42''
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate minor party|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Anup Kumar Das
|votes = 42,220
|percentage = 34.42
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subhankar Mohapatra
|votes = 11,282
|percentage = 9.20
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Patra
|votes = 7,414
|percentage = 6.04
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,490
|percentage = ''11.00''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,22,680
|percentage = 65.25
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Odisha Gana Parisad
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balasore district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|21.50|86.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Balasore]]
[[Category:Balasore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

7th Goa Assembly

2026-03-29T02:10:51Z

Filmifunda022: starting new pg

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the state of Goa in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = 7th Goa Assembly
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| legislature = [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| foundation = 2017
| disbanded = 2022 
| preceded_by = [[6th Goa Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[8th Goa Assembly]]
| new_session =
| coa_pic = Goa Legislative Assembly Symbol.jpg
| coa_res = 200px
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = Speaker
| leader1 = [[Rajesh Patnekar]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 3 June 2019
| leader3_type = Leader of the House ([[List of Chief Ministers of Goa|Chief Minister]])
| leader3 = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 19 March 2019
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 = '''Vacant'''
| party2 =
| election2 = 20 January 2021
| leader4_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader4 = [[Digambar Kamat]]
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election4 = 18 July 2019
| members = '''40'''
| structure1 = File:Goa Legislative Assembly July 2020.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Goa|Government]] (19)''' '''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (19)'''
*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (19)
'''Opposition (3)''' '''[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (3)'''
*{{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)
*{{Color box|#353982}} [[Goa Forward Party|GFP]] (1)
'''Others (2)''' '''AITC+ (2)'''
*{{Color box|#9933CC}} [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]] (1)
*{{Color box|#20C646}} [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (1)
'''Vacant (16)'''
*{{Color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (16)

| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|4 February 2017]]
| next_election1 = [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|14 February 2022]]
| session_room = File:India Goa Assembly.jpg
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Goa State Legislative Assembly Complex, [[Porvorim]], [[Bardez]], [[Goa]], [[India]]
| website = [http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in Goa Legislative Assembly]
}}
The '''Seventh Goa Assembly''' (term: 2017–2022) was the [[unicameral]] legislature of the state of [[Goa]] in western [[India]]. It consists of 40 members. In charge of the budget, the Assembly appropriated money for social programs, agricultural development, infrastructure development, etc. It was also responsible for proposing and levying taxes.

The Assembly met in the Goa State Legislative Assembly Complex in [[Porvorim]], [[Bardez]].

== History ==
=== Elections ===
{{transcluded section|source=2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Lead}}

=== Defections ===
 <section begin="Defections"/>
In July 2019 fourteen members of [[Indian National Congress]] switched their parties and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="10 Congress NDTV 12 July 2019">{{cite news |title=10 Congress Legislators From Goa Formally Join BJP, Other Allies Jittery |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/10-congress-legislators-from-goa-formally-join-bjp-other-allies-jittery-2068202 |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Ghadyalpatil 10 July 2019">{{cite news |last1=Ghadyalpatil |first1=Abhiram |title=In fresh jolt to Congress in Goa, 10 party legislators switch to BJP |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/congress-splits-in-40-member-goa-assembly-10-of-15-mlas-may-join-bjp-1562771258050.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=mint |date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of MLAs
! rowspan="2" |No.
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! rowspan="2" |MLA
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! #
! Name
|-
| 1
| 22
| [[Siroda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siroda]]
| [[Subhash Shirodkar]]
| In 2017 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 2
| 1
| [[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]]
| [[Dayanand Sopte]]
| In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 3
| 4
| [[Tivim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Tivim]]
| [[Nilkanth Halarnkar]]
| In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 4
| 7
| [[Saligao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Saligao]]
| [[Jayesh Salgaonkar]]
| In 2019 changed party from [[Goa Forward Party|GFP]] to BJP
|-
| 5
| 9
| [[Porvorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Porvorim]]
| [[Rohan Khaunte]]
| In 2019 changed party from [[Independent politician|Independent]] to BJP
|-
| 6
| 11
| [[Panaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
| [[Atanasio Monserrate]]
| In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 7
| 12
| [[Taleigao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Taleigao]]
| [[Jennifer Monserrate]]
| In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 8
| 13
| [[St. Cruz (Goa Assembly constituency)|St. Cruz]]
| [[Antonio Fernandes (politician)|Antonio Fernandes]]
| in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 9
| 14
| [[St. Andre (Goa Assembly constituency)|St. Andre]]
| [[Francisco Silveira]]
| in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 10
| 19
| [[Valpoi (Goa Assembly constituency)|Valpoi]]
| [[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
| In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 11
| 28
| [[Nuvem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Nuvem]]
| [[Wilfred D'sa]]
| in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 12
| 34
| [[Cuncolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cuncolim]]
| [[Clafasio Dias]]
| in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 13
| 35
| [[Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Velim]]
| [[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]
| in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 14
| 36
| [[Quepem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Quepem]]
| [[Chandrakant Kavlekar]]
| in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 15
| 40
| [[Canacona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Canacona]]
| [[Isidore Fernandes (politician)|Isidore Fernandes]]
| in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| 16
| 21
| [[Ponda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Ponda]]
| [[Ravi Naik]]
| In 2021 changed party from Congress to BJP
|}<section end="Defections"/>

==List of speakers==
{| class="wikitable"
!Rowspan=2|Name
!Rowspan=2|Party
!Colspan=2|Tenure
|-
! Term start
! Term end
|-
|[[Pramod Sawant]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|22-03-2017
|19-03-2019
|-
| [[Rajesh Patnekar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|19-03-2019
|Incumbent

|}

==Composition of the assembly==
[[File:2017 Goa assembly elections.png|400px|2017 Goa assembly elections]]
<section begin=Results />
{{election table|title=[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Partywise composition of 7th [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] after 2017 election<ref>{{Cite web|title=Performance of Political Parties|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/05.Performance%20of%20Political%20Parties.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-29|website=eci.nic.in}}</ref>}}
|-
! style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" | Parties and coalitions
! colspan="1"| Seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party|1px}}
| align="left"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 13
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress|1px}}
| align="left"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 17
|-
| {{party color cell|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|1px}}
| align="left"| [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MAG)
| 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|1px}}
| align="left"| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 3
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:#353982"|
| align="left"| [[Goa Forward Party]] (GFP)
| 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party|1px}}
| align="left"| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 1
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 40
|-
! colspan="9" |
|-
{{end}}<section end=Results />
[[File:Goa Legislative Assembly Aug 2017.svg|thumb|left|Goa Legislative Assembly Aug 2017]]
[[File:India Goa Assembly 2019.svg|thumb|left|Goa Legislative Assembly 2019]]
[[File:Goa Legislative Assembly July 2020.svg|thumb|left|Goa Legislative Assembly July 2020]]
{{clear}}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

The list of MLAs after the 2017 election until the end of 2021 is shown below.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref> In July 2019 ten members of [[Indian National Congress]] switched their parties and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="10 Congress NDTV 12 July 2019" /><ref name="Ghadyalpatil 10 July 2019" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of MLAs
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="3" |MLA
!
|-
! #
! Name
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" | [[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Dayanand Sopte]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2
| [[Pernem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Pernem]]
|[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|
|-
|3
| [[Bicholim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Bicholim]]
| [[Rajesh Patnekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" | [[Tivim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Tivim]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Nilkanth Halarnkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|5
| [[Mapusa (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mapusa]]
|[[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|6
| [[Siolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siolim]]
|[[Vinoda Paliencar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" | [[Saligao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Saligao]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jayesh Salgaonkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2019 changed party from GFP to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
|8
| [[Calangute (Goa Assembly constituency)|Calangute]]
| [[Michael Lobo (politician)|Michael Lobo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" | [[Porvorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Porvorim]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Rohan Khaunte]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2019 changed party from IND to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
|10
| [[Aldona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Aldona]]
| [[Glenn Ticlo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |11
| rowspan="4" | [[Panaji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
|[[Sidharth Kuncalienker]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Resigned in May 2017 for Parrikar to contest
|-
|[[Manohar Parrikar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Died in 2019
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Atanasio Monserrate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |12
| rowspan="2" | [[Taleigao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Taleigao]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jennifer Monserrate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |13
| rowspan="2" | [[St. Cruz (Goa Assembly constituency)|St. Cruz]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Antonio Fernandes (politician)|Antonio Fernandes]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |14
| rowspan="2" | [[St. Andre (Goa Assembly constituency)|St. Andre]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Francisco Silveira]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|15
| [[Cumbarjua (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cumbarjua]]
| [[Pandurang Madkaikar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|16
| [[Maem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Maem]]
| [[Pravin Zantye]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|17
| [[Sanquelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanquelim]]
| [[Pramod Sawant]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|18
| [[Poriem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Poriem]]
| [[Pratapsingh Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |19
| rowspan="2" | [[Valpoi (Goa Assembly constituency)|Valpoi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|20
| [[Priol (Goa Assembly constituency)|Priol]]
| [[Govind Gaude]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |21
| rowspan="2" | [[Ponda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Ponda]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ravi Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2021 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |22
| rowspan="2" | [[Siroda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siroda]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Subhash Shirodkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |In 2017 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|23
| [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]]
| [[Sudin Dhavalikar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|
|-
|24
| [[Mormugao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mormugao]]
| [[Milind Naik (politician)|Milind Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|25
| [[Vasco Da Gama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vasco da Gama]]
| [[Carlos Almeida (politician)|Carlos Almeida]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|26
| [[Dabolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Dabolim]]
| [[Mauvin Godinho]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|27
| [[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]]
| [[Alina Saldanha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |28
| rowspan="2" | [[Nuvem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Nuvem]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Wilfred D'sa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|29
| [[Curtorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curtorim]]
| [[Aleixo Lourenco]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|30
| [[Fatorda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Fatorda]]
| [[Vijai Sardesai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
|
|-
|31
| [[Margao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Margao]]
| [[Digambar Kamat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|32
| [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Benaulim]]
| [[Churchill Alemao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|33
| [[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim]]
| [[Luizinho Faleiro]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |34
| rowspan="2" | [[Cuncolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cuncolim]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Clafasio Dias]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |35
| rowspan="2" | [[Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Velim]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |36
| rowspan="2" | [[Quepem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Quepem]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Chandrakant Kavlekar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|37
| [[Curchorem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curchorem]]
| [[Nilesh Cabral]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|38
| [[Sanvordem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanvordem]]
| [[Deepak Pauskar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|
|-
|39
| [[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]]
| [[Prasad Gaonkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |40
| rowspan="2" | [[Canacona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Canacona]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Isidore Fernandes (politician)|Isidore Fernandes]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |in 2019 changed party from Congress to BJP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

===End of Seventh Assembly===
In December 2021- January 2022, as the term of the seventh assembly came near to the end, several MLAs resigned and switched parties before the next elections. They were
* [[Siolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siolim]] : Resignation by [[Vinoda Paliencar]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Vinod Paliencar resigns as MLA, all set to contest as Independent|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/elections-2022/vinod-paliencar-resigns-as-mla|access-date=21 January 2022|website=Gomantak Times|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Saligao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Saligao]] : Resignation by [[Jayesh Salgaonkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 December 2021|title=Goa Forward Party MLA Jayesh Salgaonkar resigns, likely to join BJP today|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-goa-forward-party-mla-jayesh-salgaonkar-resigns-likely-to-join-bjp-assembly-polls-2022-747871|access-date=4 December 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Calangute (Goa Assembly constituency)|Calangute]] : Resignation by [[Michael Lobo (politician)|Michael Lobo]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2022|title=Michael Lobo resigns as Goa minister, quits BJP|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/michael-lobo-resigns-goa-minister-bjp-2022-elections-7715542/|access-date=10 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Porvorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Porvorim]] : Resignation by [[Rohan Khaunte]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2021|title=Goa Assembly Polls: Independent MLA Rohan Khaunte Resigns, May Join BJP|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/goa-assembly-polls-independent-mla-rohan-khaunte-resigns-may-join-bjp-4557746.html|access-date=15 December 2021|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Maem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Maem]]: Resignation by [[Pravin Zantye]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=10 January 2022|title=Goa Assembly polls: After minister Michael Lobo, MLA Pravin Zantye quits BJP|url=https://www.news9live.com/india/goa-assembly-polls-after-minister-michael-lobo-mla-pravin-zantye-quits-bjp-145961|access-date=10 January 2022|website=NEWS9LIVE|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Priol (Goa Assembly constituency)|Priol]] : Resignation by [[Govind Gaude]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=11 January 2022|title=Goa minister Govind Gaude resigns as independent MLA, to join BJP|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/goa-minister-govind-gaude-resigns-as-independent-mla-to-join-bjp-122011100872_1.html|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ponda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Ponda]] : Resignation by [[Ravi Naik]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa: Former CM and Senior Congress leader Ravi Naik resigns as MLA|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/goa-former-cm-and-senior-congress-leader-ravi-naik-resigns-as-mla|access-date=7 December 2021|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vasco Da Gama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vasco da Gama]] : Resignation by [[Carlos Almeida (politician)|Carlos Almeida]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa Assembly Polls 2022: BJP's Carlos Almeida resigns as MLA and from primary membership of party|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/goa-assembly-polls-2022-bjps-carlos-almeida-resigns-as-mla-and-from-primary-membership-of-party|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]] : Resignation by [[Alina Saldanha]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2021|title=Goa BJP MLA Alina Saldanha resigns|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/goa-bjp-mla-alina-saldanha-resigns-1061388.html|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nuvem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Nuvem]] : Resignation by [[Wilfred D'sa]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=19 January 2022|title=Goa: BJP Nuvem MLA Wilfred D'Sa resigns ahead of assembly polls|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-bjp-nuvem-mla-wilfred-dsa-resigns-ahead-of-assembly-polls/articleshow/89001961.cms|access-date=19 January 2022|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Curtorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curtorim]] : Resignation by [[Aleixo Lourenco]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|date=20 December 2021|title=Another blow to Congress in Goa as Curtorim MLA Aleixo Reginaldo resigns ahead of polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/goa-assembly-polls-2022/story/goa-assembly-election-congress-curtorim-mla-aleixo-reginaldo-resigns-1889870-2021-12-20|access-date=20 December 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Benaulim]]'s MLA [[Churchill Alemao]] switched from NCP to [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)<ref>{{cite web|date=13 December 2021|title=Churchill Alemao, sole NCP MLA in Goa, joins Trinamool on Mamata Banerjee's visit to state|url=https://theprint.in/politics/churchill-alemao-sole-ncp-mla-in-goa-joins-trinamool-on-mamata-banerjees-visit-to-state/780879/|work=The Print|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim]] : Resignation by [[Luizinho Faleiro]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Former Goa CM Faleiro resigns as Cong MLA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/former-goa-cm-faleiro-resigns-as-cong-mla-says-mamta-can-fight-pm-modi-101632740866693.html |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Velim]] : Resignation by [[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=27 January 2022|title=Goa Assembly election: BJP Minister and four-time MLA Filipe Nery Rodrigues quits|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/goa-assembly/goa-assembly-election-bjp-minister-and-four-time-mla-filipe-nery-rodrigues-quits/article38332766.ece|access-date=27 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Sanvordem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanvordem]] : Resignation by [[Deepak Pauskar]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Denied ticket, Deepak Pauskar resigns as MLA; set to contest against BJP|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/elections-2022/pwd-minister-deepak-pauskar-resigns-as-mla|access-date=21 January 2022|website=Gomantak Times|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]] : Resignation by [[Prasad Gaonkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Independent MLA Prasad Gaonkar Quits, To Join Congress Ahead Of Goa Polls|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/independent-mla-prasad-gaonkar-quits-to-join-congress-ahead-of-goa-polls-2698145|access-date=9 January 2022|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* [[Canacona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Canacona]] : Resignation by [[Isidore Fernandes (politician)|Isidore Fernandes]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isidore resigns as MLA, all set to contest as Ind|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/isidore-resigns-as-mla-all-set-to-contest-as-ind/79458.html|access-date=21 January 2022|website=The Goan EveryDay|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/goa Goa Lok Sabha Election 2019 Results Website]
*[http://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/ Goa Legislature official site]

{{Goan elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Goa topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Goa Legislative Assembly|7]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022| ]]

Arabs

2026-03-27T19:43:16Z

Filmifunda022: corrected lead and corrected details

{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Arab|Arabians|other uses|Arab (disambiguation)|and|Arabian (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Arabs
| native_name = {{langx|ar|عَرَب|ʿarab|label=none}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| rawimage = Arab people around the world.svg
| image =
| image_caption =
| total = {{approx|400 million}}<ref name="Kamel2017">{{Cite book|last=Lorenzo Kamel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pB8lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|title=The Frailty of Authority: Borders, Non-State Actors and Power Vacuums in a Changing Middle East|date=31 March 2017|publisher=Edizioni Nuova Cultura|isbn=978-88-6812-828-9|page=25}}</ref><ref name="Ellis2018">{{Cite book|last=Kail C. Ellis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7RGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|title=Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant|date=12 January 2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-71204-8|page=159}}</ref>–420 million<ref name="Nydell2018">{{Cite book|last=Margaret K. Nydell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn9ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PP11|title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times|date=26 July 2018|publisher=John Murray Press|isbn=978-1-4736-9091-2|page=11}}</ref><ref name="Caplan2019">{{Cite book|last=Neil Caplan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DM-mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories|date=2019|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-52387-1|page=23}}</ref>
{{plainlist|
* [[Arab League]]: 350 million<ref name="CIA Factbook">total population 450 million; [[CIA Factbook]]2030 estimates an Arab population of 450 million, see article text.</ref><ref name="World Arabic Language Day">{{Cite web|date=15 December 2016|title=World Arabic Language Day {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/world-arabic-language-day/|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Unesco.org}}</ref>
* [[Arab diaspora]]: ~50 million
}}
| total_year =
| total_source =
| region1 = [[Brazil]]
| pop1 = 11,600,000–20,000,000<ref name="IBGE2008">IBGE. [http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/biblioteca-catalogo?view=detalhes&id=263405 IBGE | Biblioteca | Detalhes | Características étnico-raciais da população : classificações e identidades] IBGE: Características Étnico-Raciais da População.</ref><ref name="Ferabolli2014">{{Cite book|last=Silvia Ferabolli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5CbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151|title=Arab Regionalism: A Post-Structural Perspective|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-65803-0|page=151|quote=According to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), countersigned by the League of Arab States, Brazil has the largest Arab colony outside their countries of origin. There are estimated 15 million Arabs living in Brazil today, with some researchers suggesting numbers around 20 million.}}</ref><ref name="Amar2014">{{Cite book|last=Paul Amar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGKuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|title=The Middle East and Brazil: Perspectives on the New Global South|year=2014|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-01496-2|page=40|quote=there are, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, more than sixteen million Arabs and descendants of Arabs in Brazil, constituting the largest community of Arabs descent outside the Middle East.}}</ref>
| region3 = [[France]]
| pop3 = 5,500,000–7,000,000<ref>{{Citation|last=Crumley|first=Bruce|title=Should France Count Its Minority Population?|date=24 March 2009|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1887106,00.html|magazine=Time|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808014355/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1887106,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 March 2009|title=To count or not to count|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2009/03/26/to-count-or-not-to-count|access-date=30 January 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
| region4 = [[Turkey]]
| pop4 = 5,000,000<ref name="www.aljazeera.com2" />{{efn|Including 1–2 million native Arabs<ref name="www.aljazeera.com2" /> and 3,763,565 registered Syrian refugees.<ref name="UNHCRssrrrTurkey">{{Cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113|title=UNHCR Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response – Turkey|date=11 November 2021|publisher=Government of Turkey|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>}}
| region5 = [[Argentina]]
| pop5 = 3,500,000<ref name="Fearab.org.ar">{{Cite web|title=Inmigración sirio-libanesa en Argentina|url=http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620004217/http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php|archive-date=20 June 2010|access-date=13 April 2010|publisher=Fearab.org.ar|language=es}}</ref>
| region6 = [[Colombia]]
| pop6 = 3,200,000<ref name="La República, 2022">{{Cite web|title=Colombia y Medio Oriente|date=26 April 2022|url=https://www.larepublica.co/analisis/simon-gaviria-munoz-401830/colombia-y-medio-oriente-3350223|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2011|title=Brazil-Arab News Agency – Colombia awakens to the Arab world|url=http://www2.anba.com.br/noticia_diplomacia.kmf?cod=8701931|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150728/http://www2.anba.com.br/noticia_diplomacia.kmf?cod=8701931|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|date=7 March 2019|title=Los palestinos que encontraron un segundo hogar en el centro de Bogotá|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/mas-regiones/los-palestinos-que-encontraron-un-segundo-hogar-en-el-centro-de-bogota-334782|access-date=18 June 2022|website=El Tiempo|language=spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2010|title=Estimación de la mortalidad, 1985–2005|trans-title=Estimation of mortality, 1985–2005|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/7Proyecciones_poblacion.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123051243/http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/7Proyecciones_poblacion.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2007|access-date=29 March 2016|website=Postcensal Studies|publisher=[[National Administrative Department of Statistics (Colombia)|DANE]]|location=Bogotá, Colombia|language=es|issue=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2007|title=Proyecciones nacionales y departamentales de población. 2006–2020|trans-title=National and departmental population projections. 2006–2020|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/7Proyecciones_poblacion.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123051243/http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/7Proyecciones_poblacion.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2007|access-date=22 September 2015|publisher=DANE National Statistical Service, Colombia|language=es}}</ref>
| region7 = [[United States]]
| pop7 = 2,097,642<ref name="American Community Survey">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry%20alone%20or%20in%20combination%202019&g=0100000US,.04000.001&tid=ACSDP1Y2019.DP02&hidePreview=true|title=SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
| region8 = [[Israel]]
| pop8 = 2,080,000<ref name="cbs-pop-groups">{{cite web|title=Demographic characteristics – definitions and explanations (translation from Hebrerw into English)|url=https://www-cbs-gov-il.translate.goog/he/subjects/Pages/תכונות-דמוגרפיות-הגדרות%20והסברים.aspx?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>{{efn|[[Arab citizens of Israel|native Palestinian Arabs]]}}
| region9 = [[Chad]]
| pop9 = 1,800,000<ref name="chad">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=3 April 2019|year=2019}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Iran]]
| pop10 = 1,600,000<ref name="Iran">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Iran|access-date=3 August 2013|year=2013}}</ref>–4,000,000<ref>{{Cite journal|date=19 June 2015|title=Arabs|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/arabs/|access-date=26 October 2023|website=Minority Rights Group}}</ref>{{efn|native [[Khuzestani Arabs]]}}
| region11 = [[Venezuela]]
| pop11 = 1,600,000<ref name="thedailybeast.com">{{Cite news|last=Margolis|first=Mac|date=15 September 2013|title=Abdel el-Zabayar: From Parliament to the Frontlines|work=The Daily Beast|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/15/abdel-el-zabayar-from-parliament-to-the-frontlines.html}}</ref>
| region12 = [[Germany]]
| pop12 = 1,401,950<ref name="statista">{{Cite web|title=Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland in den Jahren 2015 und 2016|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/|website=statista|language=de}}</ref>
| region13 = [[Spain]]
| pop13 = 1,350,000<ref name="europapress-18-millones">{{Cite web|date=30 March 2015|title=Los musulmanes en España superan los 1,8 millones|url=http://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-musulmanes-espana-superan-18-millones-20150330182141.html|access-date=25 April 2017|website=europapress.es|language=es}}</ref><ref name="alertadigital-16-millones">{{Cite web|last=Redaction|date=9 October 2012|title=La cifra de musulmanes en España alcanza los 1,6 millones, de los que casi un tercio viven en Cataluña|url=http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/10/09/la-cifra-de-musulmanes-en-espana-casi-alcanza-los-16-millones-de-los-que-casi-un-tercio-viven-en-cataluna/|access-date=25 April 2017|website=alertadigital.com|language=es|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040941/http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/10/09/la-cifra-de-musulmanes-en-espana-casi-alcanza-los-16-millones-de-los-que-casi-un-tercio-viven-en-cataluna/}}</ref>
| region14 = [[Mexico]]
| pop14 = 1,100,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sierra|first=Mauricio|date=16 June 2021|title=Arab Ancestry in Latin America|url=https://berkeleyhighjacket.com/column/arab-ancestry-in-latin-america/|access-date=15 February 2022|website=Berkeley High Jacket|quote=Arab Mexicans are an important group within Mexican society. There are around 1,100,000 Mexican citizens of Arab descent, primarily of Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi and Palestinian heritage.|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215182429/https://berkeleyhighjacket.com/column/arab-ancestry-in-latin-america/}}</ref>
| region15 = [[Chile]]
| pop15 = 800,000<ref name="aurora-israel.co.il">{{Cite web|title=Aurora | Aurora|url=http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Titulares/24782/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318054736/http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Titulares/24782/|archive-date=18 March 2012|website=aurora-israel.co.il}}</ref><ref name="Adnkronos.com">{{Cite web|date=7 April 2003|title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome|url=http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919202702/http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508|archive-date=19 September 2011|access-date=17 September 2011|publisher=Adnkronos.com}}</ref><ref name="Laventana.casa.cult.cu">{{Cite web|title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=514|archive-date=22 July 2009|access-date=17 September 2011|publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu}}</ref>
| region16 = [[Canada]]
| pop16 = 750,925<ref name="canadianarabinstitute.org">{{Cite web|title=Canadian Arab Institute :: 750,925 Canadians Hail from Arab Lands|url=http://www.canadianarabinstitute.org/publications/reports/750925-canadians-hail-arab-lands/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319032124/http://www.canadianarabinstitute.org/publications/reports/750925-canadians-hail-arab-lands/|archive-date=19 March 2017|access-date=19 October 2019|website=canadianarabinstitute.org}}</ref>
| region17 = [[Italy]]
| pop17 = 705,968<ref name="ISTAT">{{Cite web|title=Cittadini stranieri in Italia – 2021|url=http://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2021/|website=tuttitalia.it}}</ref>
| region18 = [[Sweden]]
| pop18 = 543,350<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/?rxid=86abd797-7854-4564-9150-c9b06ae3ab07c9b06ae3ab07=Statistics%20Sweden|access-date=19 September 2019|title=Population by country of birth, age and sex. Year 2000 – 2020}}</ref>
| region19 = [[United Kingdom]]
| pop19 = 500,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anthony McRoy|title=The British Arab|url=http://www.naba.org.uk/CONTENT/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103180941/http://www.naba.org.uk/Content/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|archive-date=3 January 2015|access-date=17 April 2012|publisher=National Association of British Arabs}}</ref>
| region20 = [[Australia]]
| pop20 = 500,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=australianarab.org|url=http://australianarab.org/about-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030002545/http://australianarab.org/about-us|archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref>
| region21 = [[Netherlands]]
| pop21 = 480,000–613,800<ref name="auto2">{{Citation|title=Dutch media perceived as much more biased than Arabic media – Media & Citizenship Report conducted by University of Utrecht|date=10 September 2010|url=http://www.media-citizenship.eu/images/stories/pdf/Amsterdam_national_focus_group_report.pdf|publisher=Utrecht University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228151603/http://www.media-citizenship.eu/images/stories/pdf/Amsterdam_national_focus_group_report.pdf|access-date=29 November 2010|archive-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
| region22 = [[Ivory Coast]]
| pop22 = 300,000<ref>{{Cite journal|date=30 January 2018|title=Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/cote-divoire/|website=Minority Rights Group}}</ref>
| region23 = [[Honduras]]
| pop23 = 280,000<ref name="Espín, 2020">{{Cite magazine|last=J. Espín-Ocampo|url=https://www.revistas.una.ac.cr/index.php/ri/article/view/13945/19447|title=Origen y evolución de la comunidad palestina en Chile|magazine=Revista Relaciones Internacionales, Escuela de Relaciones Internacionales. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica|year=2020|volume=1|pages=113–132|doi=10.15359/ri.93-1.5|issn=1018-0583|issue=93|s2cid=241082525}}</ref>
| region24 = [[Ecuador]]
| pop24 = 170,000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020|title=El Guayaquil que acogió a los migrantes extranjeros|url=https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/guayaquil-bicentenario/1/guayaquil-migrantes-extranjeros|access-date=16 April 2022|website=El Telégrafo}}</ref>
| region25 = [[Niger]]
| pop25 = 150,000 {{small|(2006)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2006|title=Africa | Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6081416.stm|access-date=1 June 2020|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
| region26 = [[Denmark]]
| pop26 = 121,000<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2019|title=Demographics and Ethnic Groups of Denmark|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-the-population-of-denmark.html|access-date=27 October 2023|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref>
| region27 = [[Indonesia]]
| pop27 = 118,866 {{small|(2010)}}<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/ae_peraturan_perundang-undangan_peninggalan_kolonial_belanda.pdf|title=Analisis dan Evaluasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan Tentang Peninggalan Kolonial (Belanda dan Jepang)|last=Hartono|first=Sunaryati|date=2015|publisher=Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI|location=Jakarta|pages=25–26|id=IOS1-INLIS000000000683886|author-link=:en:Sunaryati Hartono|archive-date=30 March 2023|access-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330185256/https://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/ae_peraturan_perundang-undangan_peninggalan_kolonial_belanda.pdf}}</ref>
| region28 = [[El Salvador]]
| pop28 = 100,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why So Many Palestinians Live in El Salvador | AJ+|url=https://newsvideo.su/video/10798241|website=newsvideo.su|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113091136/https://newsvideo.su/video/10798241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lebanese Diaspora Worldwide Geographical Distribution|url=http://theidentitychef.com/2009/09/06/lebanese-diaspora-worldwide-geographical-distribution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214110250/http://theidentitychef.com/2009/09/06/lebanese-diaspora-worldwide-geographical-distribution/|archive-date=14 February 2021|access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Zielger|first=Matthew|title=El Salvador: Central American Palestine of the West?|work=The Daily Star|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Art/2004/Apr-27/91857-el-salvador-central-american-palestine-of-the-west.ashx#axzz3EZpwYUKb|access-date=27 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AJ Plus: The Palestinians of El Salvador|work=LatinX |date=29 May 2019 |url=https://latinx.com/discover/aj-plus-the-palestinians-of-el-salvador/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113091131/https://latinx.com/discover/aj-plus-the-palestinians-of-el-salvador/|archive-date=13 November 2019|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dellios|first=Hugh|title=El Salvador vote divides 2 Arab clans|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-03-21-0403210538-story.html}}</ref>
| region29 = [[Eritrea]]
| pop29 = 80,000 {{small|(2010)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/21/country/ER/languages/|title=Languages of Eritrea|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>
| region30 = [[Uruguay]]
| pop30 = 75,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Más de 10 millones de libaneses empujan el crecimiento social y económico de América Latina|url=https://www.infobae.com/2014/06/25/1575973-mas-10-millones-libaneses-empujan-el-crecimiento-social-y-economico-america-latina/|access-date=15 February 2022|website=infobae|date=24 November 2017|language=es-ES}}</ref>
| region31 = [[Tanzania]]
| pop31 = 70,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanzania History and Information – Safari Info for Tanzania|url=http://www.eyesonafrica.net/african-safari-tanzania/tanzania-info.htm|access-date=28 May 2020|website=eyesonafrica.net|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110084347/http://www.eyesonafrica.net/african-safari-tanzania/tanzania-info.htm}}</ref>
| region32 = [[Kenya]]
| pop32 = 59,021 {{small|(2019)}}<ref name="Census2019">{{Cite web|title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics|url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2021|website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
| region33 = [[Somalia]]
| pop33 = 30,000<ref>{{Citation|title=Somalia|date=17 October 2023|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/#people-and-society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016192914/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/#people-and-society|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2023|work=The World Factbook|access-date=22 October 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>
| languages = [[Arabic]]
| religions = {{Plainlist|
* Predominantly:
* [[Islam]]
* {{Hlist|([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]|[[Shia Islam|Shia]]|[[Ibadi Islam|Ibadi]])}}
* Significant minority:
* [[Arab Christians|Christianity]]
* {{Hlist|([[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]]|[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]|[[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite Catholic]]|[[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronite Catholic]]|[[Protestantism|Protestant]])}}
* Smaller minority:
* {{Hlist|[[Druze]]|[[Arab Jews|Judaism]]|[[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]}}
* Historically:
* [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabian paganism]] ([[Nabataean religion|Nabataean]])
}}
| related = Other [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] and [[Semitic people]]s of the [[Middle East and North Africa]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mapping the Arab genome|first1=Hamdi|last1=Mbarek|first2=Said I.|last2=Ismail|date=7 December 2022|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=54|issue=12|pages=1761–1763|doi=10.1038/s41588-022-01239-0|pmid=36446885|doi-access=free|issn=1061-4036}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}

'''Arabs''' ({{langx|ar|عَرَب}}){{efn|{{Small|[[DIN 31635]]:}} {{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿarab}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈʕɑ.rɑb|pron|Arabspronouncedar.oog.ogg}}; {{singular}} {{lang|ar|عَرَبِيّ}}, {{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿarabī}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈʕɑ.rɑ.biː|pron|LL-Q55633582 (ajp)-Khalil.rantissi-عَرَبيّ.wav}}}} are an [[ethnic group]]{{efn|Sources stating Arabs are an ethnic group:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mackintosh-Smith|first1=Tim|title=Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires|year=2019|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-18235-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQ-LDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Arabs+are+an+ethnic%22&pg=PT14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Levinson|first1=David|title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook|date=1998|publisher=Oryx Press|isbn=978-1-57356-019-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIEYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Arabs+are+an+ethnic+group%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shakry|first1=Omnia El|title=Understanding and Teaching the Modern Middle East|year=2020|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=978-0-299-32760-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ8CEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Arabs+are+an+ethnic+group%22&pg=PA103}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahrari|first1=Mohammed E.|title=The Middle East in Transition: An Instructional Guide|date=1994|publisher=Southern Center for International Studies|isbn=978-0-935082-19-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crTZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Arabs+are+an+ethnic+group%22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hitti|first=Philip K.|title=The Arabs: a short history|date=1996|publisher=Regnery Pub.|isbn=0-89526-706-3|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rogan|first=Eugene|title=The Arabs: a history|date=2011|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-02504-6|edition=1st pbk.|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hauss|first1=Charles|title=Ie Comparative Politics|date=2005|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-0-495-06294-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFWIVrDgjikC&q=%22Arabs+are+an+ethnic+group%22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Eickelman, Dale F. |date=September 2013|article=Arabs (anthropology)|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/arabs-anthropology-COM_24947?s.num=0&s.q|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|volume=Three}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shoup|first=John A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA16|title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-362-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Barakat|first=Halim|title=The Arab world society, culture, and state|date=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-91442-2|location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Dwight F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifcGBwAAQBAJ|title=The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89807-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jandt|first=Fred E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPb-tb_RmGEC|title=An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community|date=2012|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-9287-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kreider|first1=Kyle L.|last2=Baldino|first2=Thomas J.|title=Minority voting in the United States|date=2016|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-4408-3024-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Steven|title=Purity Lost: Transgressing Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1000–1400|date=2007|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8484-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQe_swnZLZ4C&dq=%22arabs+are+an+ethnic+group%22&pg=PP19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|article=ʿARAB|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-index|title=Encyclopedia Iranica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|date=28 October 2009|title=Arabs|encyclopedia=MSN Encarta|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565848/Arabs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028022141/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565848/Arabs.html|archive-date=28 October 2009}}</ref>
* Arabs share a strong bond through their ethnic, linguistic, and cultural heritage. This connection encompasses their history, nationalism, and geographic ties. Religion also influences it, contributing to its distinct customs, arts, cuisine, and societal identity.<ref>*
* {{cite web|title=Who is an Arab?|url=http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/arabs.htm|website=al-bab.com|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006061004/http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/arabs.htm}}3
* [https://books.google.com/books... War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in Sudan. p 405. By Francis Mading Deng]</ref><ref>
* {{cite web|title=Culture and Tradition in the Arab Countries|url=http://www.habiba.org/culture.html|website=habiba.org}}
* {{cite web|title=Arabic Culture & Traditions – Online Resources|url=http://www.pimsleurapproach.com/.../useful-li.../culture-guides/|website=pimsleurapproach.com}}
* {{cite book|last1=El-Shamy|first1=Hasan M.|title=Folk traditions of the Arab world: a guide to motif classification|date=1995|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=0-253-35222-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/folktraditionsof0002elsh}}</ref>
* [[Arab identity]] concentrating on ethnic identity is another way of defining Arab identity, which can be subdivided into linguistic, cultural, social, historical, political, national, or genealogical terms.|name=}} mainly inhabiting the [[Arab world]] in [[West Asia]] and [[North Africa]]. A significant [[Arab diaspora]] is present in various parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bureš|first=Jaroslav|title=Main characteristic and development trends of migration in the Arab world|date=2008|publisher=Institute of International Relations|isbn=978-80-86506-71-5|location=Prague}}</ref> Before the spread of [[Arabic|Arabic language]] in the wake of the [[Arab conquests]], "Arab" largely referred to the [[Semitic peoples|Semitic]] inhabitants—both settled and nomadic—of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and the [[Syrian Desert]].<ref name="Britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arab Britannica]</ref> In modern usage, it includes people from across the [[Greater Middle East]] that share Arabic as a [[First language|native language]].<ref name=Britannica/>

Arabs have been in the [[Fertile Crescent]] for thousands of years.<ref>* {{Cite web|author= [[Bamber Gascoigne]]|title=HISTORY OF THE ARABS|url= https://www.historyworld.net/history/Arabs/61?section=BeforeIslam|access-date=15 September 2025|website=historyworld.net}}
* {{Cite book|last=Eph'al|first=Israel|title=The Ancient Arabs: nomads of the fertile crescent|date=1982|publisher=Magnes Press Hebrew University E.J. Brill|isbn=978-965-223-400-1|location=Jerusalem; Leiden}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mackintosh-Smith|first=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQ-LDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Arabs+are+an+ethnic%22&pg=PT14|title=Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires|date=2019|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-18235-4}}</ref> In the 9th century BCE, the [[Assyria]]ns made written references to Arabs as inhabitants of the [[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]], and [[Arabia]].<ref>* {{Cite book|last=Myers|first=E. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cRrGQ8bIAkC|title=The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48481-7|page=18}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hoyland|first1=Robert G.|title=Arabia and the Arabs|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-76392-0|page=11 Methodology (modern Saudi Arabia minus the east coast, the Sinai and Negev deserts, and parts of modern Jordan, Syria, and Iraq)}}</ref> Throughout the [[Ancient Near East]], Arabs established influential civilizations starting from 3000 BCE onwards, such as [[Dilmun]], [[Gerrha]], and [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]], playing a vital role in trade between Mesopotamia, and the [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]].<ref>* {{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Sylvia|date=21 May 2013|title=Bahrain digs unveil one of oldest civilizations|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22596270}}
* {{cite web|title=Qal'at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1192|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405042527/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1192|archive-date=5 April 2012|access-date=17 August 2011|publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> Other prominent tribes include [[Midian]],{{Clarify|reason=Were they Arabs? Not clear in sources given here or on linked article page|date=September 2025}} [[ʿĀd]], and [[Thamud]] mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible|Bible]] and [[Quran]]. Later, in 900 BCE, the [[Qedarites]] enjoyed close relations with the nearby [[Canaan#Canaanites|Canaanite]] and [[Aramaeans|Aramaean]] states, and their territory extended from [[Lower Egypt]] to the [[Southern Levant]].<ref>*{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|last2=Champlin|first2=Edward|last3=Lintott|first3=Andrew|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26430-3}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Retsö|first1=Jan|date=October 2010|title=Arabs (historical)|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/arabs-historical-COM_22957?s.num=41&s.rows=50&s.start=40|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three}}
*{{Cite web|title=The origin of the word "Arab"|url=http://www.ismaili.net/histoire/history03/history302.html|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Ismaili.net}}</ref> From 1200 BCE to 110 BCE, powerful kingdoms emerged such as [[Sabaeans|Saba]], [[Lihyan]], [[Minaeans|Minaean]], [[Qataban]], [[Kingdom of Hadhramaut|Hadhramaut]], [[Kingdom of Awsan|Awsan]], and [[Himyarite Kingdom|Homerite]] emerged in Arabia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Werner Daum|title=Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilization in Arabia Felix|publisher=Pinguin-Verlag|year=1987|isbn=3-7016-2292-2|page=73}}</ref> According to the [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] tradition, Arabs are descendants of [[Abraham]] through his son [[Ishmael]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Greg|last2=Wood|first2=Philip|title=Arabs and Empires before Islam|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-179973-0|page=368|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12636|access-date=3 August 2023|quote=Origen, in the third century, was the first Christian to identify the Ishmaelites with the Arabs, but he only does so in a cursory fashion}}</ref>

During [[classical antiquity]], the [[Nabataeans]] established their [[Nabataean Kingdom|kingdom]] with [[Petra]] as the capital in 300 BCE,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thamud {{!}} History, Tribe, & Location {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thamud|access-date=7 April 2023|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> by 271 CE, the [[Palmyrene Empire]] with the capital [[Palmyra]], led by Queen [[Zenobia]], encompassed the [[Syria Palaestina]], [[Arabia Petraea]], [[Egypt (Roman province)|Egypt]], and large parts of [[Anatolia]].<ref name="waro">{{cite book|author=Warwick Ball|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire|year=2002|isbn=978-1-134-82387-1|page=80|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> The Arab or [[Arameans|Aramean]] [[Iturea]]ns inhabited [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], and northern Palestine ([[Galilee]]) during the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] and Roman periods.<ref name="Berndt Schaller 14922">Berndt Schaller, ''Ituraea'', p. 1492.</ref> The [[Osroene]] and [[Kingdom of Hatra|Hatran]] were Arab-ruled kingdoms in [[Upper Mesopotamia]] around 200 CE.<ref name="Hatra and the Parthian Commonwealth2">{{cite journal|last1=de Jong|first1=Albert|date=2013|title=Hatra and the Parthian Commonwealth|url=https://www.academia.edu/18709085|journal=Oriens et Occidens – Band 21|pages=143–161|url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ellerbrock|first=Uwe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFEXEAAAQBAJ|title=The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|isbn=978-0-367-48190-2|location=Oxford}}</ref> In 164 CE, the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanians]] called part of upper Mesopotamia "''[[Arbayistan]]''", meaning "land of the Arabs,"<ref>{{Citation|last=Jullien|first=Christelle|title=Beth 'Arabaye|date=22 March 2018|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-715;jsessionid=17E81FF6B5E76812AF9C37A99ADFAD30?rskey=ib3kng&result=3|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|access-date=20 April 2023|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8}}</ref> having conquered the land from the previously Jewish [[Adiabene]].<ref name="oxfordreference.com2">{{Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|title=Beth 'Arabaye|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-715?rskey=ib3kng&result=3|first=Christelle|last=Jullien}}</ref> The probably Arab [[Emesene dynasty|Emesenes]] ruled [[Emesa]] ([[Homs]]), [[Roman Syria|Syria]] by 46 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&q=Emesa+dynasty+arab+city&pg=PA502|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337|last2=Garnsey|first2=Peter|lathst3=Cameron|first3=Averil|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30199-2}}; {{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=%22arab+kingdom%22+emesa&pg=PA754|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954556-8}}; {{cite book|last1=Burns|first1=Jasper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL99AgAAQBAJ&q=Emesa+arab+tribe&pg=PA181|title=Great Women of Imperial Rome: Mothers and Wives of the Caesars|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-13185-3}}; {{cite book|last1=Prado|first1=Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHbXDgAAQBAJ&q=emesa+arab&pg=PA191|title=Varian Studies Volume One: Varius|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-9385-5}}; {{cite book|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|title=Rome and The Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs|date=1984|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=0-88402-115-7|page=37}}; {{cite book|last1=Freisenbruch|first1=Annelise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUR_3B97ctQC&q=%22arab+kingdom%22+emesa&pg=PA182|title=Caesars' Wives: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Roman Empire|date=2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4165-8305-9}}</ref> During [[late antiquity]], the [[Tanukhids]], [[Salihids]], [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmids]], [[Kingdom of Kinda|Kinda]], and [[Ghassanids]] were dominant Arab tribes in the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Arabia, they predominantly embraced [[Christianity]].<ref>* [[G. W. Bowersock|Bowersock, G. W.]], [[Peter Brown (historian)|Peter Brown]] and [[Oleg Grabar]], eds. 1999. [[iarchive:lateantiquitygui00bowe|Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World]] (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: [[Belknap Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-51173-6}}.
* {{cite book|last1=Cameron|first1=Averil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NSoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR7|title=The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: AD 395–700|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-67305-4}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/lakhmids|access-date=18 December 2017|article=Lakhmids}}</ref>

During the [[Middle Ages]], [[Spread of Islam|Islam]] fostered a vast Arab union, leading to significant [[Arab migrations to the Maghreb]], [[Arab migrations to the Levant|the Levant]], and neighbouring territories under the rule of Arab empires such as the [[Rashidun]], [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]], [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]], and [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]], ultimately leading to the decline of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Sasanian]] empires. At its peak, [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab territories]] stretched from [[Southern France|southern]] [[Islam in France|France]] to western [[Islam in China|China]], forming one of [[List of largest empires|history's largest empires]].<ref>*{{Cite web|title=Islam, The Arab Empire of the Umayyads|url=http://history-world.org/islam11.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215204011/http://history-world.org/islam11.htm|archive-date=15 December 2014|access-date=21 January 2017|website=history-world.org}}
* {{cite web|title=The Arab Empire: Umayyad Empire History|url=http://www.historybits.com/arab-empire.htm|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Historybits.com}}
* {{cite web|date=22 June 2010|title=Top 10 Greatest Empires in History|url=https://listverse.com/2010/06/22/top-10-greatest-empires-in-history/|website=Listverse}}
* {{cite web|last1=Pillalamarri|first1=Akhilesh|date=22 February 2015|title=The 5 Most Powerful Empires in History|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-5-most-powerful-empires-history-12296?page=2|website=The National Interest|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628153007/http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-5-most-powerful-empires-history-12296?page=2|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|date=24 March 2010|title=10 Greatest Empires in the History of World|url=http://www.smashinglists.com/top-10-greatest-empires-in-the-history-of-world/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024450/http://www.smashinglists.com/top-10-greatest-empires-in-the-history-of-world/|archive-date=2 February 2017|access-date=24 January 2017|website=Top Ten Lists}}</ref> The [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]] in the early 20th century aided in [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|dismantling]] the [[Ottoman Empire]], ultimately leading to the formation of the [[Arab League]] on 22 March 1945, with its [[Charter of the Arab League|Charter]] endorsing the principle of a "[[Pan-Arabism|unified Arab homeland]]".<ref>* "[https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/ottoman-empire/arab-revolt The Arab Revolt, 1916–18 | The Ottoman Empire]." ''New Zealand History''. [[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]. 30 July 2014.
* [[Sean McMeekin|McMeekin, Sean]]. 2012. ''[[The Berlin-Baghdad Express|The Berlin–Baghdad Express]]''. [[Belknap Press]]. {{ISBN|0-674-06432-1}}. pp. 288, 297.
* {{Cite book |last=Rogan |first=Eugene L. |title=Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921 |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89223-0 |oclc=826413749}}
* [[William L. Ochsenwald|Ochsenwald, William L.]] 1968. "The Vilayet of Syria, 1901–1914: A Re-Examination of Diplomatic Documents As Sources." ''[[The Middle East Journal|Middle East Journal]]'' 22(1). p. 73.*[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/arab-league-formed Arab League formed | This Day in History – 3/22/1945]." ''[[History.com|HISTORY]]''. US: [[A&E Television Networks]]. 2010. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.
* {{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ_WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=The League of Arab States: A Study in Dynamics of Regional Organization |date=8 December 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7528-3}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2018 |title=Arab League |encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]], 6th ed. |publisher=[[Columbia University Press|The Columbia University Press]] |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-ArabLeag/arab-league |isbn=978-0-7876-5015-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513151053/https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-ArabLeag/arab-league |archive-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>

Arabs from [[Morocco]] to [[Iraq]] share a common bond based on ethnicity, [[Arabic|language]], [[Arab culture|culture]], [[History of the Arabs|history]], [[Arab identity|identity]], [[Tribes of Arabia|ancestry]], [[Arab nationalism|nationalism]], [[Arab world|geography]], [[Pan-Arabism|unity]], and [[Politics of the Arab League|politics]],<ref>*{{Cite web|title=Who is an Arab?|url=http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/arabs.htm|website=al-bab.com|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006061004/http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/arab/arabs.htm}}
* {{cite book|author=Francis M. Deng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAPLHidx8MkC|title=War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan|date=2011|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2369-1|page=405}}</ref> which give the region a distinct identity and distinguish it from other parts of the [[Muslim world]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rabasa|first1=Angel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1cyn36g3E4C&pg=PA31|title=The Muslim World After 9/11|last2=Waxman|first2=Matthew|last3=Larson|first3=Eric V.|last4=Marcum|first4=Cheryl Y.|date=17 November 2004|publisher=Rand Corporation|isbn=978-0-8330-3755-8|page=31}}</ref> They also have their own customs, [[Arabic literature|literature]], [[Arabic music|music]], [[Arab folk dances|dance]], [[Arab culture#Media|media]], [[Arab cuisine|food]], [[Arab clothing|clothing]], society, [[Sport policies of the Arab League|sports]], [[Arabic architecture|architecture]], [[Islamic art|art]] and, [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|mythology]].<ref>*{{Cite web|title=Culture and Tradition in the Arab Countries|url=http://www.habiba.org/culture.html|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Habiba.org}}
* {{cite web|title=Arabic Culture & Traditions|url=http://www.pimsleurapproach.com/.../useful-li.../culture-guides/|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Pimsleur Approach}}{{Dead link|date=August 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{cite book|last1=El-Shamy|first1=Hasan M.|url=https://archive.org/details/folktraditionsof0002elsh|title=Folk traditions of the Arab world: A guide to motif classification|date=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35222-4|volume=2|location=Bloomington|url-access=registration}}</ref> Arabs have significantly influenced and contributed to [[Progress|human progress]] in many fields, including [[Arabic science|science]], [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|technology]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]], [[Islamic ethics|ethics]], [[Arabic literature|literature]], [[Politics of the Arab League|politics]], [[Arab economy|business]], [[Arabic Art|art]], [[Arabic music|music]], [[Arab humor|comedy]], theatre, [[Arab cinema|cinema]], [[Arabic architecture|architecture]], [[Arab cuisine|food]], [[Arab medicine|medicine]], and [[History of Islam#Origins of Islam|religion]].<ref>* {{Cite web|title=Arab Civilization|url=http://www.alhewar.org/ArabCivilization.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024174615/http://www.alhewar.org/ArabCivilization.htm|archive-date=24 October 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|website=Alhewar.org}}
* Holt, P. M. 2013. ''Studies in the History of the Near East''. p. 28. 113627331X: "He held the post until his death in 1624 and was succeeded by his former pupil, James Golius (1596–1667). Erpenius and Golius made outstanding contributions to the development of Arabic studies by their teaching, their preparation of texts,..."</ref> [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Before Islam]], most Arabs followed [[polytheistic]] [[Ancient Semitic religion|Semitic religion]], while some [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|tribes]] adopted [[Judaism]] or [[Christianity]] and a few individuals, known as the ''[[hanif]]s'', followed a form of [[monotheism]].<ref name="auto">* {{Cite book|last=Porter Berkey|first=Jonathan|url=https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk|title=The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-58813-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk/page/42 42]|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Neal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|title=Islam: A Concise Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81773-1}}</ref> Currently, around [[Arab Muslims|93% of Arabs are Muslims]], while the [[Arab Christians|rest are mainly Christians]], as well as Arab groups of [[Druze]] and [[Baháʼís]].<ref name="PharesIntro">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/arabs|access-date=9 May 2018|date=21 April 2018|article=Arabs}}
* {{Cite web|last=Phares|first=Walid|author-link=Walid Phares|date=2001|title=Arab Christians: An Introduction|url=https://www.arabicbible.com/for-christians/christians/1396-arab-christians-introduction.html|publisher=Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry}}
* {{cite web|title=Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative|url=http://jcpa.org/article/majority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative/|website=Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs}}*{{Cite web|date=4 April 2014|title=Religious Diversity Around The World – Pew Research Center|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/global-religious-diversity/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{further|Etymology of Arab}}
[[File:Epitaph Imru-l-Qays Louvre AO4083.jpg|thumb|The [[Namara inscription]] is an Arabic epitaph in [[Nabataean script]] of [[Imru' al-Qais]], son of "Amr, king of all the Arabs". Basalt, found at [[Nimreh]] in the [[Hauran]] ([[Southern Syria]]), dated 7 December 328 CE.]]

The earliest documented use of the word ''Arab'' in reference to a people appears in the [[Kurkh Monoliths]], an [[Akkadian language|Akkadian-language]] record of the [[Assyrian conquest of Aram]] (9th century BCE). The Monoliths used the term to refer to [[Bedouin]]s of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] under [[Gindibu|King Gindibu]], who fought as part of a coalition opposed to [[Assyria]].<ref name="Retsop105">{{Cite book|last=Retsö|first=Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUepRuQO8ZkC&pg=PA105|title=The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7007-1679-1|author-link=Jan Retsö}} pp. 105, 119, 125–127.</ref>

The related word ''ʾaʿrāb'' is used to refer to Bedouins today, in contrast to ''ʿArab'' which refers to Arabs in general.<ref>[[Hans Wehr|Wehr, Hans]], and J. M. Cowan. ''A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'' (3rd ed.) Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services. p. 601.</ref> Both terms are mentioned around 40 times in pre-Islamic [[Sabaean language|Sabaean]] inscriptions. The term ''ʿarab'' ('Arab') occurs also in the titles of the [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite kings]] from the time of [[Tubba Abu Karab As'ad|'Abu Karab Asad]] until MadiKarib Ya'fur. According to Sabaean grammar, the term ''ʾaʿrāb'' is derived from the term ''ʿarab''. The term is also mentioned in [[Quran]]ic verses, referring to people who were living in [[Medina|Madina]] and it might be a south Arabian [[loanword]] into Quranic language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ABADY_Yemen_Archaeology_9_12|title=ABADY_Yemen_Archaeology_9_12|page=[https://archive.org/details/ABADY_Yemen_Archaeology_9_12/page/n142 127], 128}}</ref>

The oldest surviving indication of an Arab national identity is an inscription made in an archaic form of Arabic in 328 CE using the [[Nabataean alphabet]], which refers to [[Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr]] as 'King of all the Arabs'.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=William|last1=Bowden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFhsk-ccTsAC&pg=PA91|title=Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside|first2=Luke|last2=Lavan|first3=Carlos|last3=Machado|publisher=Brill|year=2004|isbn=978-90-04-13607-6|page=91}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ira M. Lapidus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-521-51430-9|page=29}}</ref> [[Herodotus]] refers to the Arabs in the Sinai, southern Palestine, and the [[Land of Frankincense|frankincense region]] (Southern Arabia). Other Ancient-Greek historians like [[Agatharchides]], [[Diodorus Siculus]] and [[Strabo]] mention Arabs living in [[Mesopotamia]] (along the [[Euphrates]]), in Egypt (the Sinai and the Red Sea), southern Jordan (the [[Nabataeans]]), the [[Syrian steppe]] and in eastern Arabia (the people of [[Gerrha]]). Inscriptions dating to the 6th century BCE in Yemen include the term 'Arab'.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics|url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-644|date=2015|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.644|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5|last2=Healey|first2=J.F.|last1=Salles|first1=Jean-François|chapter=Arabs}}</ref>

The most popular Arab account holds that the word ''Arab'' came from an [[eponym]]ous father named [[Ya'rub]], who was supposedly the first to speak Arabic. [[Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani]] had another view; he states that Arabs were called ''gharab'' ('westerners') by [[Mesopotamia]]ns because Bedouins originally resided to the west of Mesopotamia; the term was then corrupted into ''Arab''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Yet another view is held by [[al-Masudi]] that the word ''Arab'' was initially applied to the [[Ishmaelites]] of the [[Arabah]] valley. In Biblical etymology, ''Arab'' (Hebrew: ''arvi'') comes from the desert origin of the Bedouins it originally described (''arava'' means 'wilderness').{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The root ''ʿ-r-b'' has several additional meanings in Semitic languages—including 'west, sunset', 'desert', 'mingle', 'mixed', 'merchant' and 'raven'—and are "comprehensible" with all of these having varying degrees of relevance to the emergence of the name. It is also possible that some forms were [[metathesis (linguistics)|metathetical]] from {{transliteration|sem|ʿ-B-R}}, 'moving around' (Arabic: {{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿ-B-R}}, 'traverse') and hence, it is alleged, 'nomadic'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The meaning of Arab land in the historical sources|url=http://uqu.edu.sa/page/ar/56829|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315055238/http://www.uqu.edu.sa/page/ar/56829|archive-date=15 March 2010}}</ref>

== Origins ==
{{further|Pre-Islamic Arabia|Proto-Arabic language|Old Arabic}}
{{see also|Generations of Noah|Ishmaelites|Qahtanite}}
Arabic is a Semitic language that belongs to the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic language family]]. The majority of scholars accept the "[[Arabian Peninsula]]" has long been accepted as the original ''[[Urheimat]]'' (linguistic homeland) of the [[Semitic languages]].<ref>Gray, Louis Herbert (2006) ''Introduction to Semitic Comparative Linguistics''</ref><ref>Courtenay, James John (2009) ''The Language of Palestine and Adjacent Regions''</ref><ref>Kienast, Burkhart. (2001). ''Historische semitische Sprachwissenschaft''</ref><ref>Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995) ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''</ref> with some scholars investigating if its origins are in the [[Levant]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murtonen|first=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJc3AAAAIAAJ&q=ethiopia|title=Early Semitic: A Diachronical Inquiry into the Relationship of Ethiopic to the Other So-called South-East Semitic Languages|date=1967|publisher=Brill Archive}}</ref> The [[ancient Semitic-speaking peoples]] lived in the [[ancient Near East]], including the Levant, [[Mesopotamia]], and the Arabian Peninsula from the 3rd millennium BCE to the end of antiquity. [[Proto-Semitic language|Proto-Semitic]] likely reached the Arabian Peninsula by the 4th millennium BCE, and its daughter languages spread outward from there,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Postgate|first=J. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXtlAAAAMAAJ|title=Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern|date=2007|publisher=British School of Archaeology in Iraq|isbn=978-0-903472-21-0}}</ref> while [[Old Arabic]] began to differentiate from Central Semitic by the start of the 1st millennium BCE.<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite web|last1=Jallad|first1=Ahmad|date=2018|title=The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification|url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301}}</ref> [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] is a branch of the Semitic language includes Arabic, [[Aramaic]], the [[Canaanite languages]] ([[Ammonite language|Ammonite]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Moabite language|Moabite]], [[Philistine language|Philistine]], [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]], etc.) and others.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Aaron D. Rubin|author-link=Aaron D. Rubin|date=2008|title=The subgrouping of the Semitic languages|url=https://www.academia.edu/2603460|journal=Language and Linguistics Compass|volume=2|issue=1|pages=61–84|doi=10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00044.x}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu3">{{cite book|last1=Jallad|first1=Ahmad|title=The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|editor1=Elabbas Benmamoun|location=London|chapter=The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification|editor2=Reem Bassiouney|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301}}</ref> The origins of Proto-Semitic may lie in the Arabian Peninsula, with the language spreading from there to other regions. This theory proposes that Semitic peoples reached Mesopotamia and other areas from the deserts to the west, such as the [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadians]] who entered Mesopotamia around the late 4th millennium BCE.<ref name=":0" /> The origins of Semitic peoples are thought to include various regions Mesopotamia, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, and [[North Africa]]. Some view that Semitic may have originated in the Levant around 3800 BCE and subsequently spread to the Horn of Africa around 800 BCE from Arabia, as well as to North Africa.<ref name=AK1>{{cite journal|last1=Kitchen|first1=A.|last2=Ehret|first2=C.|last3=Assefa|first3=S.|last4=Mulligan|first4=C. J.|date=29 April 2009|title=Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identified an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=276|issue=1668|pages=2703–2710|doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0408|pmc=2839953|pmid=19403539}}</ref><ref>Sabatino Moscati (2001). ''The Phoenicians''. I.B. Tauris. p. 654. {{ISBN|978-1-85043-533-4}}.</ref>

According to Arab–[[Islamic–Jewish relations|Islamic–Jewish]] traditions, [[Ishmael]], the son of Abraham and [[Hagar]] was "father of the Arabs".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Lindsay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ&q=Ishmael|title=Encyclopedia of religion|date=2005|publisher=Macmillan Reference|isbn=978-0-02-865740-0}}</ref><ref name="EoR-Ishmael">{{cite book|author=Fredrick E. Greenspahn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ&q=Ishmael|title=Encyclopedia of Religion|publisher=Macmillan Reference|year=2005|isbn=978-0-02-865740-0|editor=Lindsay Jones|volume=7|pages=4551–4552|article=Ishmael}}
* {{cite book|last1=Noegel|first1=Scott B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNAWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|title=The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism|last2=Wheeler|first2=Brannon M.|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4617-1895-6}}
* {{cite web|title=Ishmael and Isaac|url=http://www.therefinersfire.org/ishmael_and_isaac.htm|website=therefinersfire.org}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">''A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', Wheeler, ''Ishmael''</ref><ref name="Sajjadi 20152">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2015|title=Abraham|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]|editor1-last=Madelung|editor1-first=Wilferd|volume=1|doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0028|isbn=978-90-04-16860-2|issn=1875-9823|author-last=Sajjadi|author-first=Sadeq|orig-date=2008|translator-last=Negahban|translator-first=Farzin|editor2-last=Daftary|editor2-first=Farhad}}</ref><ref name="bbc2">{{cite news|last=Siddiqui|first=Mona|author-link=Mona Siddiqui|title=Ibrahim – the Muslim view of Ibrahim|work=Religions|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ibrahim.shtml|access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref> Ishmael was considered the ancestor of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], the founder of [[Islam]]. The tribes of Central West Arabia called themselves the "people of Abraham and the offspring of Ishmael."<ref>Stacey, Aisha. [2013] 2020. "[https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10302/signs-of-prophethood-in-noble-life-of-prophet-muhammad-part-1/ Signs of Prophethood in the Noble Life of Prophet Muhammad (part 1 of 2): Prophet Muhammad's Early Life]." ''The Religion of Islam''. Retrieved 18 December 2017. § 18, p. 215.
* [[H. A. R. Gibb|Gibb, Hamilton A. R.]], and [[Johannes Hendrik Kramers|J. H. Kramers]]. 1965. ''[[Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam|Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam]]''. Ithaca, NY: [[Cornell University Press]]. pp. 191–98
* {{Cite book|last=Maalouf|first=Tony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0BdsFRX55cC&pg=PA44|title=Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God's Prophetic Plan for Ishmael's Line|date=2003|publisher=Kregel Academic|isbn=978-0-8254-9363-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Urbain|first=Olivier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMLkUmraBCAC&pg=PA208|title=Music and Conflict Transformation: Harmonies and Dissonances in Geopolitics|date=2008|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-528-9}}</ref> [[Ibn Khaldun]], an Arab scholar in the 8th century, described the Arabs as having Ishmaelite origins.<ref name="Levity">{{Cite web|title=Levity.com, Islam|url=http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam20.html|access-date=13 April 2010|publisher=Levity.com|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521001536/http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam20.html}}</ref>

The [[Quran]] mentions that [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] (Abraham) and his wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] (Hagar) bore a [[Prophecy|prophetic]] child named Ishmael, who was gifted by [[Allah|God]] a favor above other people.<ref>{{qref|6|86|b=y}}</ref> Ibrahim and Ishmael built the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca, which was originally constructed by [[Adam]].<ref>{{qref|14|37|b=y}}</ref> According to the [[Samaritan]] book [[The Asatir|Asaṭīr]]:<ref name="Gaster">{{cite book|last=Gaster|first=Moses|title=The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1927|location=London|chapter=VIII|oclc=540827714|author-link=Moses Gaster|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/MN40245ucmf_0#page/n271/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|262}} "And after the death of Abraham, Ishmael reigned twenty-seven years; And all the children of [[Nebaioth|Nebaot]] ruled for one year in the lifetime of Ishmael; And for thirty years after his death from the [[Nile|river of Egypt]] to the river [[Euphrates]]; and they built [[Mecca]]."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gaster|first=Moses|url=http://archive.org/details/MN40245ucmf_0|title=The Asatir: the Samaritan book of the "Secrets of Moses"|date=1927|location=London |publisher=The Royal Asiatic society}}</ref> The [[Targum Onkelos]] annotates ([[Toledot|Genesis 25:16]]), describing the extent of their settlements: The Ishmaelites lived from Hindekaia (India) to Chalutsa (possibly in Arabia), by the side of [[Mizraim]] (Egypt), and from the area around Arthur ([[Assyria]]) up towards the north. This description suggests that the Ishmaelites were a widely dispersed group with a presence across a significant portion of the ancient Near East.<ref>{{cite book|author=Onkelos|title=[[Targum Onkelos]]|via=targum.info|language=arc|chapter=Section V. Chaiyey Sarah|author-link=Onkelos|chapter-url=http://targum.info/pj/pjgen23-5.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JCR – Comp. JPS, Targums Onkelos, Palestinian, Jerusalem – Genesis 25|url=https://juchre.org/targums/comp/gen25.htm|access-date=2 May 2023|website=juchre.org}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|History of the Arabs}}

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The nomads of Arabia had been spreading through the desert fringes of the [[Fertile Crescent]] since at least 3000 BCE, but the first known reference to the Arabs as a distinct group is from an Assyrian scribe recording the [[Battle of Qarqar]] in 853 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HISTORY OF THE ARABS|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=936&HistoryID=aa94&gtrack=pthc|access-date=1 May 2023|website=historyworld.net}}</ref><ref>Noble, John Travis. 2013. "Let Ishmael Live Before You!" Finding a Place for Hagar's Son in the Priestly Tradition. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.</ref> The history of the Arabs during the pre-Islamic period covers various regions such as [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]], Levant, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. The Arabs were mentioned by their neighbors, such as [[Assyria]]n and [[Babylonia]]n Royal Inscriptions from 9th to 6th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Delitzsche |first=Friedrich |title=Assyriesche Lesestuche|year=1912|location=Leipzig |publisher=J.C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung |oclc=2008786}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Montgomery|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76203|title=Arabia and the Bible|publisher=U of Pennsylvania|year=1934|location=Philadelphia|oclc=639516}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Winnet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEFjAAAAMAAJ&q=qedar|title=Ancient Records from North Arabia|year=1970|isbn=978-0-8020-5219-3|pages=51, 52|publisher=University of Toronto Press|oclc=79767|quote=king of kedar (Qedarites) is named alternatively as king of Ishmaelites and king of Arabs in Assyrian Inscriptions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stetkevychc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVXC72Td6CsC&pg=PA76|title=Muhammad and the Golden Bough|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-253-33208-0|quote=Assyrian records document Ishmaelites as Qedarites and as Arabs}}</ref> There are also records from [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon's reign]] that mention sellers of iron to people called Arabs in Ḫuzaza in [[Babylon]], causing Sargon to prohibit such trade out of fear that the Arabs might use the resource to manufacture weapons against the Assyrian army. The history of the Arabs in relation to the Bible shows that they were a significant part of the region and played a role in the lives of the [[Israelites]]. The study asserts that the Arab nation is an ancient and significant entity; however, it highlights that the Arabs lacked a collective awareness of their unity. They did not inscribe their identity as Arabs or assert exclusive ownership over specific territories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Arabs of North Arabia in later Pre-Islamic Times:Qedar, Nebaioth, and Others|url=https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/the-arabs-of-north-arabia-in-later-pre-islamic-timesqedar-nebaiot|access-date=29 May 2023|website=Research Explorer The University of Manchester}}</ref>

[[File:Midian.png|left|thumb|upright|Map of Midian]]
[[Magan (civilization)|Magan]], [[Midian]], and [[ʿĀd]] are all ancient tribes or civilizations that are mentioned in Arabic literature and have roots in the Arabia. Magan ({{langx|ar|مِجَانُ}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Majan}}''), known for its production of copper and other metals, the region was an important trading center in ancient times and is mentioned in the [[Quran|Qur'an]] as a place where [[Moses in Islam|Musa]] ([[Moses]]) traveled during his lifetime.<ref name="The Archeology Fund">{{cite web|last1=Zarins|first1=Juris|title=The Archeology Fund|url=http://www.arabian-archaeology.com/aboutlinks.htm|access-date=30 November 2021|website=The Archeology Fund|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801154135/http://www.arabian-archaeology.com/aboutlinks.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=M. Redha Bhacker and Bernadette Bhacker|title=Digging in the Land of Magan|url=http://www.archaeology.org/9705/abstracts/magan.html|publisher=[[Archaeological Institute of America]]|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529051003/http://www.archaeology.org/9705/abstracts/magan.html}}</ref> Midian ({{langx|ar|مَدْيَن}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Madyan}}''), on the other hand, was a region located in the northwestern part of the Arabia, the people of Midian are [[List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran|mentioned in the Qur'an]] as having worshiped idols and having been punished by God for their disobedience.<ref>{{citation|last=Dever|first=W. G.|title=Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?|date=2006|page=34|publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]]|isbn=978-0-8028-4416-3|author-link=William G. Dever}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genesis 25:1–2|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+25%3A1-2&version=KJV|website=[[Bible Gateway]]|version=King James Version}}</ref> [[Moses]] also lived in Midian for a time, where he married and worked as a shepherd. ʿĀd ({{langx|ar|عَادَ}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʿĀd}}''), as mentioned earlier, was an ancient tribe that lived in the southern Arabia, the tribe was known for its wealth, power, and advanced technology, but they were ultimately destroyed by a powerful windstorm as punishment for their disobedience to [[Allah|God]].<ref name="Brill1">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#1st edition, EI1|E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936]]|date=1987|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=90-04-08265-4|volume=1|page=121}}</ref> ʿĀd is regarded as one of the original Arab tribes.<ref>F. Buhl, "ʿĀd", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', ed. by Paul Bearman and others, 2nd edn, 12 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005), {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0290}}, {{ISBN|978-90-04-16121-4}}.</ref><ref name="Brill8">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#1st edition, EI1|E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936]]|date=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-08265-4|volume=8|page=1074}}</ref>
The historian [[Herodotus]] provided extensive information about Arabia, describing the [[spice]]s, [[terrain]], [[folklore]], [[trade]], [[clothing]], and [[weapon]]s of the Arabs. In his third book, he mentioned the Arabs as a force to be reckoned with in the north of the Arabian Peninsula just before [[Cambyses II|Cambyses]]' campaign against Egypt. Other Greek and Latin authors who wrote about Arabia include [[Theophrastus]], [[Strabo]], [[Diodorus Siculus]], and [[Pliny the Elder]]. The Jewish historian [[Josephus|Flavius Josephus]] wrote about the Arabs and their king, mentioning their relationship with [[Cleopatra]], the queen of Egypt. The tribute paid by the Arab king to Cleopatra was collected by [[Herod the Great|Herod]], the king of the Jews, but the Arab king later became slow in his payments and refused to pay without further deductions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XV|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-15.html|access-date=30 April 2023|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> [[Geshem the Arabian|Geshem the Arab]] was an Arab man who opposed [[Nehemiah]] in the Hebrew Bible ([[Book of Nehemiah|Neh]]. [[Nehemiah 2:19|2:19]], [[Nehemiah 6:1|6:1]]). He was likely the chief of the Arab tribe "Gushamu" and have been a powerful ruler with influence stretching from northern Arabia to Judah. The Arabs and the [[Samaritans]] made efforts to hinder Nehemiah's rebuilding of the [[walls of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 February 2013|title=HOW TO HANDLE OPPOSITION|url=https://abidanshah.com/2013/02/23/how-to-handle-opposition/|access-date=30 April 2023|website=abidanshah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Geshem the Arabian|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6639-geshem-the-arabian|access-date=1 May 2023|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Geshem, Gashmu|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/geshem-gashmu|access-date=1 May 2023|website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

[[File:Roman Empire - Arabia Petraea (125 AD).svg|thumb|Arabia Petraea or simply Arabia existed from the 2nd century onwards.
Including regions in Jordan, Palestine, Israel, the Sinai Peninsula, and the northwestern Arabian Peninsula]]

[[File:Petra, Al-Khazneh 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Al-Khazneh]] in [[Petra]], capital of the [[Nabataean Kingdom]], built as a mausoleum to Nabataean King [[Aretas IV]] in the first century AD]]

The term "[[Saracens]]" was a term used in the early centuries, both in [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]] writings, to refer to the "Arabs" who lived in and near what was designated by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] as [[Arabia Petraea]] (Levant) and [[Arabia Deserta]] (Arabia).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Retsö|first=Jan|title=The Arabs in antiquity: their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|date=2003|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-1-315-02953-5|location=London|oclc=857081715}}</ref><ref name="Lionheart">{{Cite web|title=Eyewitnesstohistory|url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lionheart.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402073536/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lionheart.htm|archive-date=2 April 2010|access-date=13 April 2010|website=Eyewitnesstohistory.com}}</ref> The Christians of [[Iberia]] used the term [[Moors|''Moor'']] to describe all the Arabs and Muslims of that time. Arabs of Medina referred to the nomadic tribes of the deserts as the A'raab, and considered themselves sedentary, but were aware of their close racial bonds. [[Hagarenes]] is a term widely used by early [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Armenian language|Armenian]] to describe the early Arab conquerors of Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt, refers to the descendants of Hagar, who bore a son named Ishmael to Abraham in the Old Testament. In the Bible, the Hagarenes referred to as "Ishmaelites" or "Arabs."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn Khaldun and The Myth of "Arab Invasion"|url=https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/3293-ibn-khaldun-and-the-myth-of-arab-invasion|access-date=1 May 2023|website=Verso}}</ref> The [[Arab conquests]] in the 7th century was a sudden and dramatic conquest led by Arab armies, which quickly conquered much of the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain. It was a significant moment for [[Islam]], which saw itself as the successor of Judaism and Christianity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HISTORY OF THE ARABS|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=944&HistoryID=aa94&gtrack=pthc|access-date=1 May 2023|website=historyworld.net}}</ref>

=== Antiquity ===
{{Main|Pre-Islamic Arabia|Dilmun|Gerrha|Thamud|Qedarites|Lihyan|}}

[[File:Receipt for garnments sent by boat to Dilmun BM 130462.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Receipt for garments sent by boat to Dilmun in the 1st year of [[Ibbi-Sin]]'s rule, circa 2028 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|title=tablet|url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=327231&page=171&partId=1&peoA=92773-3-12&people=92773|website=British Museum}}</ref><ref>Transcription: {{cite web|title=CDLI-Archival View|url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P137833|website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref>]]

Limited local historical coverage of these civilizations means that archaeological evidence, foreign accounts and Arab oral traditions are largely relied on to reconstruct this period. Prominent civilizations at the time included, [[Dilmun]] civilization was an important trading centre<ref name="hoj">{{cite journal|author=Jesper Eidema, Flemming Højlundb|date=1993|title=Trade or diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the eighteenth century BC|journal=World Archaeology|volume=24|issue=3|pages=441–448|doi=10.1080/00438243.1993.9980218}}</ref> which at the height of its power controlled the [[Persian Gulf|Arabian Gulf]] trading routes.<ref name="hoj" /> The [[Sumer]]ians regarded Dilmun as [[Holy Land|holy land]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fC6DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA230|title=Egypt's Making: The Origins of Ancient Egypt 5000–2000 BC|year=1991|isbn=978-1-134-49263-3|page=230|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Dilmun is regarded as one of the oldest ancient civilizations in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite news|date=21 May 2013|title=Bahrain digs unveil one of oldest civilisations|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22596270|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113080926/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22596270|archive-date=13 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="uns">{{cite web|title=Qal'at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1192|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405042527/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1192|archive-date=5 April 2012|access-date=17 August 2011|publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> which arose around the 4th millennium BCE and lasted to 538 BCE. [[Gerrha]] was an ancient city of [[Eastern Arabia]], on the west side of the Gulf, Gerrha was the center of an Arab kingdom from approximately 650 BCE to circa CE 300. [[Thamud]], which arose around the 1st millennium BCE and lasted to about 300 CE. From the beginning of the first millennium BCE, [[Proto-Arabic language|Proto-Arabic]], or [[Ancient North Arabian]], texts give a clearer picture of the Arabs' emergence. The earliest are written in variants of [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraphic]] south Arabian ''[[South Arabian alphabet|musnad]]'' script, including the 8th century BCE [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Hasaean]] inscriptions of eastern Saudi Arabia, the [[Thamudic]] texts found throughout the Arabian Peninsula and [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]].
[[File:Qedarites Map.svg|thumb|Map of the Qedarite Kingdom in the 5th century B.C|left]]
The [[Qedarites]] were a largely nomadic ancient Arab tribal confederation centred in the [[Wadi Sirhan|Wādī Sirḥān]] in the [[Syrian Desert]]. They were known for their [[nomad]]ic lifestyle and for their role in the caravan trade that linked the Arabian Peninsula with the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] world. The Qedarites gradually expanded their territory over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, and by the 6th century BCE, they had consolidated into a kingdom that covered a large area in northern Arabia, southern Palestine, and the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. The Qedarites were influential in the [[ancient Near East]], and their kingdom played a significant role in the political and economic affairs of the region for several centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kessler|first=P. L.|title=Kingdoms of the Arabs – Kedar / Kedarites|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/ArabicKedar.htm|access-date=31 March 2023|website=The History Files}}</ref>
[[File:Queen of Sheba0027.jpg|thumb|The Queen of Sheba]]
[[Sheba]] ({{langx|ar|سَبَأٌ}} ''Saba'') is kingdom mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[Old Testament]]) and the [[Quran]], though Sabaean was a South Arabian language and not an Arabic one. Sheba features in [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Islam|Muslim]], and [[Christian]] traditions, whose lineage goes back to [[Qahtanite|Qahtan]] [[Ben|son of]] [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]], one of the ancestors of the Arabs,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1700/|access-date=23 March 2023|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref><ref name="qref|27|6-93|b=y">{{qref|27|6–93|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|34|15-18|b=y">{{qref|34|15–18|b=y}}</ref> Sheba was mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions and in the writings of [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] writers.<ref name="British Museum – The kingdoms of ancient South Arabia">{{Cite web|date=4 May 2015|title=British Museum – The kingdoms of ancient South Arabia|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/middle_east/ancient_south_arabia/the_kingdoms_of_ancient_south.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504061448/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/middle_east/ancient_south_arabia/the_kingdoms_of_ancient_south.aspx|archive-date=4 May 2015|access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> One of the ancient written references that also spoke of Sheba is the Old Testament, which stated that the people of Sheba supplied Syria and Egypt with incense, especially frankincense, and exported gold and precious stones to them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saba' {{!}} History, Kingdom, & Sabaeans {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saba-ancient-kingdom-Arabia|access-date=25 March 2023|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[File:Dhamar Ali Yahbur (bust).jpg|thumb|upright|left|A bronze statue of Dhamar Ali Yahbur II, a [[Himyarite]] king who reigned in late 3rd or early 4th century CE. Displayed in the [[Sana'a National Museum]].]] [[Sabaeans]] are mentioned several times in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. In the [[Quran]],<ref name="Brannon2002">{{Cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Brannon M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo9jAavEHdIC&pg=PA166|title=Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=0-8264-4956-5|page=166}}</ref> they are described as either {{transliteration|ar|Sabaʾ}} ({{lang|ar|سَبَأ}}, not to be confused with {{transliteration|ar|[[Sabians|Ṣābiʾ]]}}, {{lang|ar|صَابِئ}}),<ref name="qref|27|6-93|b=y" /><ref name="qref|34|15-18|b=y" /> or as {{transliteration|ar|Qawm [[Tubba'|Tubbaʿ]]|italics=yes}} ({{langx|ar|قَوْم تُبَّع|lit=People of Tubbaʿ|link=no}}).<ref>{{qref|44|37|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{qref|50|12–14|b=y}}</ref> They were known for their prosperous trade and agricultural economy, which was based on the cultivation of frankincense and myrrh. These highly valued aromatic resins were exported to Egypt, Greece, and [[Roman Empire|Rome]], making the Sabaeans wealthy and powerful, they also traded in spices, textiles, and other luxury goods. The [[Marib Dam|Maʾrib Dam]] was one of the greatest engineering achievements of the ancient world, and it provided water for the city of [[Marib|Maʾrib]] and the surrounding agricultural lands.<ref>{{Citation|last=Zaidi|first=Asghar|title=Conceptualising Well-being of Older People|date=2017|work=Well-being of Older People in Ageing Societies|pages=33–53|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315234182-2|isbn=978-1-315-23418-2}}</ref><ref name="Kitchen">Kenneth A. Kitchen ''The World of "Ancient Arabia" Series''. Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part I. Chronological Framework and Historical Sources p.110</ref><ref name="British Museum – The kingdoms of ancient South Arabia" />

[[Lihyan]] also called Dadān or Dedan was a powerful and highly organized ancient Arab kingdom that played a vital cultural and economic role in the north-western region of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and used [[Dadanitic]] language.<ref name="Britannica Lihyan2">{{cite web|author=|title=Liḥyān – Ancient Kingdom, Arabia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lihyan|access-date=7 March 2017|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The Lihyanites were known for their advanced organization and governance, and they played a significant role in the cultural and economic life of the region. The kingdom was centered around the city of Dedan (modern-day [[Al-'Ula|Al Ula]]), and it controlled a large territory that extended from [[Medina|Yathrib]] in the south to parts of the Levant in the north.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lion Tombs of Dedan|url=https://www.saudiarabiatourismguide.com/lion-tombs-dedan//|access-date=31 March 2023|website=saudiarabiatourismguide.com}}</ref><ref name="Britannica Lihyan2" /> The Arab genealogies consider the Banu Lihyan to be [[Ishmaelites]], and used [[Dadanitic]] language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nethanel ben Isaiah|title=Sefer Me'or ha-Afelah|date=1983|publisher=Mechon Moshe|location=Kiryat Ono|page=119|language=he|translator=[[Yosef Qafih]]|oclc=970925649|author-link=Nethanel ben Isaiah}}</ref>

The [[Minaeans|Kingdom of Ma'in]] was an ancient Arab kingdom with a hereditary monarchy system and a focus on [[agriculture]] and [[trade]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rossi|first=Irene|date=2014|title=The Minaeans beyond Maʿīn|journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume=44|pages=111–123|issn=0308-8421|jstor=43782855}}</ref> Proposed dates range from the 15th century BCE to the 1st century CE Its history has been recorded through inscriptions and classical Greek and Roman books, although the exact start and end dates of the kingdom are still debated. The Ma'in people had a local governance system with councils called "Mazood," and each city had its own temple that housed one or more gods. They also adopted the [[Phoenician alphabet]] and used it to write their language. The kingdom eventually fell to the [[Sabaeans|Arab Sabaean]] people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weimar|first=Jason|date=November 2021|title=The Minaeans after Maʿīn? The latest presently dateable Minaic text and the God of Maʿīn|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aae.12176|journal=Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy|volume=32|issue=S1|pages=376–387|doi=10.1111/aae.12176|issn=0905-7196|s2cid=233780447|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ma'in {{!}} History, Minaeans, & Temple {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Main-ancient-kingdom-Yemen|access-date=23 March 2023|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>[[File:Qataban lion bronze.jpg|thumb|Hellenistic-style Qatabānian sculpture depicting the Moon as a baby boy riding a lion representing the Sun.{{sfn|Van Beek|1997}}]]Qataban was an ancient kingdom located in the [[South Arabia]], which existed from the early 1st millennium BCE till the late 1st or 2nd centuries CE.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|page=578}}{{sfn|Bryce|2009|page=578}}{{sfn|Kitchen|2001|page=123}} It developed into a centralized state in the 6th century BCE with two co-kings ruling poles.{{sfn|Bryce|2009|page=578}}{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|page=48}} Qataban expanded its territory, including the conquest of Ma'in and successful campaigns against the Sabaeans.{{sfn|Kitchen|2001|page=123}}{{sfn|Van Beek|1997}}{{sfn|Schiettecatte|2017}} It challenged the supremacy of the Sabaeans in the region and waged a successful war against Hadramawt in the 3rd century BCE.{{sfn|Van Beek|1997}}{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|page=46}} Qataban's power declined in the following centuries, leading to its annexation by Hadramawt and [[Himyarite Kingdom|Ḥimyar]] in the 1st century CE.{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|page=42}}{{sfn|Kitchen|2001|page=123}}{{sfn|Van Beek|1997}}{{sfn|Bryce|2009|page=578}}{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|page=47}}{{sfn|Van Beek|1997}}

The [[Kingdom of Hadhramaut]] it was known for its rich [[cultural heritage]], as well as its strategic location along important [[trade route]]s that connected the [[Middle East]], [[South Asia]], and [[East Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sedov|first1=Alexander V.|last2=Bâtâyiʿ|first2=Ahmad|date=1994|title=Temples of Ancient Hadramawt|journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume=24|pages=183–196|issn=0308-8421|jstor=41223417}}</ref> The Kingdom was established around the 3rd century BCE, and it reached its peak during the 2nd century CE, when it controlled much of the southern Arabian Peninsula. The kingdom was known for its impressive [[architecture]], particularly its distinctive towers, which were used as watchtowers, defensive structures, and homes for wealthy families.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadhramaut|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Hadhramaut|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The people of Hadhramaut were skilled in agriculture, especially in growing frankincense and myrrh. They had a strong maritime culture and traded with India, East Africa, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabian Peninsula, 1–500 A.D.|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/05/wap.html|access-date=26 March 2023|website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History}}</ref> Although the kingdom declined in the 4th century, Hadhramaut remained a cultural and economic center. Its legacy can still be seen today.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadramawt|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hadramawt|access-date=26 March 2023|website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
[[File:HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg|left|thumb|1st century coin of the [[Himyarite]] Kingdom, southern coast of the [[Arabian peninsula]].]]
The ancient [[Kingdom of Awsan|Kingdom of Awsān]] (8th–7th century BCE) was indeed one of the most important small kingdoms of [[South Arabia]], and its capital Ḥajar Yaḥirr was a significant center of trade and commerce in the ancient world. The destruction of the city in the 7th century BCE by the king and Mukarrib of Saba' Karab El Watar is a significant event in the history of South Arabia. The victory of the Sabaeans over Awsān is also a testament to the military might and strategic prowess of the Sabaeans, who were one of the most powerful and influential kingdoms in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Arabia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Arabia-31558|access-date=7 June 2023|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

The [[Himyarite Kingdom]] or Himyar, was an ancient kingdom that existed from around the 2nd century BCE to the 6th century CE. It was centered in the [[Zafar, Yemen|city of Zafar]], which is located in present-day Yemen. The Himyarites were an Arab people who spoke a [[Old South Arabian|South Arabian language]] and were known for their prowess in trade and seafaring,<ref name=CP1>{{Cite journal|last1=Playfair|first1=Col|year=1867|title=On the Himyaritic Inscriptions Lately brought to England from Southern Arabia|journal=Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London|volume=5|pages=174–177|doi=10.2307/3014224|jstor=3014224}}</ref> they controlled the [[South Arabia|southern part of Arabia]] and had a prosperous economy based on agriculture, commerce, and maritime trade, they were skilled in irrigation and terracing, which allowed them to cultivate crops in the arid environment. The Himyarites converted to [[Judaism]] in the 4th century CE, and their rulers became known as the "Kings of the Jews", this conversion was likely influenced by their trade connections with the Jewish communities of the Red Sea region and the Levant, however, the Himyarites also tolerated other religions, including [[Christianity]] and the local pagan religions.<ref name=CP1/>

==== Classical antiquity ====
{{main|Nabataeans|Palmyra|Palmyrene Empire|Iturea|Osroene|Kingdom of Hatra|Arbayistan|Adiabene|Emesene dynasty}}

{{multiple image
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| footer = Nabataean Kingdom spanned from southern Jordan to Damascus, including the Tihamah coastal plain and Hejaz region. (above) and Palmyrene Empire extended from Ancyra, central Anatolia, to Upper Egypt. (below)
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The [[Nabataeans]] were nomadic Arabs who settled in a territory centred around their capital of Petra in what is now Jordan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA483|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0}}</ref><ref name=":02">* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263437/Herod Herod] at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'': "Herod was born in southern Palestine. His father, Antipater, was an Edomite (a Semitic people, identified by some scholars as Arab, who converted to Judaism in the 2nd century BCE). Antipater was a man of great influence and wealth who increased both by marrying the daughter of a noble from Petra (in southwestern Jordan), at that time the capital of the rising Arab Nabataean kingdom. Thus, Herod was of Arab origin, although he was a practicing Jew."
* {{cite web|last=Perowne|first=Stewart Henry|date=25 June 2015|title=Herod – king of Judaea|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-king-of-Judaea|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625081825/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-king-of-Judaea|archive-date=25 June 2015|access-date=22 November 2020|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Their early inscriptions were in [[Aramaic]], but gradually switched to Arabic, and since they had writing, it was they who made the first inscriptions in Arabic. The [[Nabataean alphabet]] was adopted by Arabs to the south, and evolved into modern Arabic script around the 4th century. This is attested by [[Safaitic]] inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BCE) and the many Arabic personal names in [[Nabataean]] inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BCE, a few inscriptions from [[Qaryat al-Faw]] reveal a dialect no longer considered ''proto-Arabic'', but ''pre-classical Arabic''. Five [[Syriac language|Syriac]] inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at [[Sumatar Harabesi]], one of which dates to the 2nd century CE.<ref>{{cite web|title=Herod|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-king-of-Judaea|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Catherwood|first1=Christopher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krKeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=A Brief History of the Middle East|date=2011|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-84901-807-4}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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| caption1 = Queen [[Zenobia]], {{c.}} 240 – c. 274 CE) was a third-century queen of the [[Palmyrene Empire]] in [[Syria (region)|Syria]]. One of several ancient female rulers in antiquity of Arab origin.
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Arabs are first recorded in [[Palmyra]] in the late first millennium BCE.{{sfn|Bryce|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA278 278]}} The soldiers of the sheikh Zabdibel, who aided the Seleucids in the battle of Raphia (217 BCE), were described as Arabs; Zabdibel and his men were not actually identified as Palmyrenes in the texts, but the name "Zabdibel" is a Palmyrene name leading to the conclusion that the sheikh hailed from Palmyra.{{sfn|Bryce|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA359 359]}} After the [[Battle of Edessa]] in 260 CE. Valerian's capture by the Sassanian king [[Shapur I]] was a significant blow to Rome, and it left the empire vulnerable to further attacks. [[Zenobia]] was able to capture most of the Near East, including Egypt and parts of Asia Minor. However, their empire was short-lived, as [[Aurelian]] was able to defeat the Palmyrenes and recover the lost territories. The Palmyrenes were helped by their Arab allies, but Aurelian was also able to leverage his own alliances to defeat Zenobia and her army. Ultimately, the Palmyrene Empire lasted only a few years, but it had a significant impact on the history of the Roman Empire and the Near East.

Most scholars identify the [[Iturea]]ns as an Arab people who inhabited the region of Iturea,<ref>{{cite journal|author=David F. Graf|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1764-0733_2003_act_4_1_2871|title=Arabs in Syria: Demography and Epigraphy|journal=Topoi. Orient-Occident|publisher=Topoi. Orient-Occident. Supplément|year=2003|volume=4|issue=1|pages=319–340}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Irfan Shahîd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4H97SA6pMAC&q=ituraeans+old+arab+people+irfan+shahid&pg=PA5|title=Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|year=1984|isbn=978-0-88402-115-5|edition=Hardcover|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mark A. Chancey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrrRaeP5po0C&q=arab|title=The Myth of a Gentile Galilee (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-521-81487-1|edition=Hardcover|page=44}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Zuleika Rodgers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5I8zfmwEjjUC&q=itureans+arabs&pg=PA207|title=A Wandering Galilean: Essays in Honour of Seán Freyne (Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism)|author2=Margaret Daly-Denton|author3=Anne Fitzpatrick-McKinley|publisher=Brill|year=2009|isbn=978-90-04-17355-2|edition=Hardcover|page=207}}</ref> emerged as a prominent power in the region after the decline of the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE, from their base around [[Mount Lebanon]] and the [[Beqaa Valley]], they came to dominate vast stretches of [[Syria (region)|Syrian territory]],<ref>Steve Mason, ''Life of Josephus'', Brill, 2007 p.54, n.306.</ref> and appear to have penetrated into northern parts of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] as far as the [[Galilee]].<ref name="Berndt Schaller 14922" /> [[Tanukhids]] were an [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribal confederation]] that lived in the central and eastern Arabian Peninsula during the late ancient and early medieval periods. As mentioned earlier, they were a branch of the [[Rabi'a ibn Nizar|Rabi'ah tribe]], which was one of the largest Arab tribes in the pre-Islamic period. They were known for their military prowess and played a significant role in the early Islamic period, fighting in battles against the Byzantine and Sassanian empires and contributing to the expansion of the Arab empire.<ref>Ball, Warwick (2001), Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-11376-8}} pp. 98–102</ref>
[[File:Northern Mesopotamian vassal kingdoms AD 200.png|left|thumb|Map of the kingdoms of Osroene, Hatra, and Adiabene in Mesopotamia in 200 CE]]
The [[Osroene|Osroene Arabs]], also known as the [[Abgarid dynasty|Abgarids]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&q=%22arab+principality+of+edessa%22&pg=PA508|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337|last2=Garnsey|first2=Peter|last3=Cameron|first3=Averil|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30199-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Osroene|title=Osroëne | Middle East, Syria, Armenia | Britannica|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Skolnik|first1=Fred|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JD0OAQAAMAAJ&q=%22the+Arab+kingdom%22|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|last2=Berenbaum|first2=Michael|date=2007|publisher=Macmillan Reference US|isbn=978-0-02-865943-5}}</ref> were in possession of the city of [[Edessa]] in the [[ancient Near East]] for a significant period of time. Edessa was located in the region of Osroene, which was an ancient kingdom that existed from the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. They established a dynasty known as the Abgarids, which ruled Edessa for several centuries. The most famous ruler of the [[Abgarid dynasty|dynasty]] was [[Abgar V]], who is said to have corresponded with [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] and is believed to have converted to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{iranica|abgar-dynasty-of-edessa-2nd-century-bc-to-3rd-century-ad}}{{blockquote|The fame of Edessa in history rests, however, mainly on its claim to have been the first kingdom to adopt Christianity as its official religion. According to the legend current for centuries throughout the civilized world, Abgar Ukkama wrote to Jesus, inviting him to visit him at Edessa to heal him from sickness. In return he received the blessing of Jesus and subsequently was converted by the evangelist Addai. There is, however, no factual evidence for Christianity at Edessa before the reign of Abgar the Great, 150 years later. Scholars are generally agreed that the legend has confused the two Abgars. It cannot be proved that Abgar the Great adopted Christianity; but his friend Bardaiṣan was a heterodox Christian, and there was a church at Edessa in 201. It is testimony to the personality of Abgar the Great that he is credited by tradition with a leading role in the evangelization of Edessa.}}</ref> The Abgarids played an important role in the early history of Christianity in the region, and Edessa became a center of Christian learning and [[Religious studies|scholarship]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ring|first1=Steven|title=History of Syriac texts and Syrian Christianity – Table 1|url=http://www.syriac.talktalk.net/chron_tab1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034200/http://www.syriac.talktalk.net/chron_tab1.html|archive-date=27 February 2018|access-date=26 February 2018|website=syriac.talktalk.net}}</ref> The [[Kingdom of Hatra]] was an ancient city located in the region of [[Mesopotamia]], it was founded in the 2nd or 3rd century BCE and flourished as a major center of trade and culture during the [[Parthian Empire]]. The rulers of Hatra were known as the Arsacid dynasty, which was a branch of the Parthian ruling family. However, in the 2nd century CE, the Arab tribe of [[Tanukhids|Banu Tanukh]] seized control of [[Hatra]] and established their own dynasty. The Arab rulers of Hatra assumed the title of "malka," which means king in Arabic, and they often referred to themselves as the "King of the Arabs."<ref name="Hatra and the Parthian Commonwealth">{{cite journal|last1=de Jong|first1=Albert|date=2013|title=Hatra and the Parthian Commonwealth|url=https://www.academia.edu/18709085|journal=Oriens et Occidens – Band 21|pages=143–161|url-access=registration}}</ref>[[File:KingdomOfEmesa.png|thumb|upright|The Kingdom of Emesa]]
The Osroeni and Hatrans were part of several Arab groups or communities in upper Mesopotamia, which also included the Arabs of [[Adiabene]] which was an ancient [[Monarchy|kingdom]] in northern [[Mesopotamia]], its chief city was [[Erbil|Arbela]] (''Arba-ilu''), where Mar Uqba had a school, or the neighboring Hazzah, by which name the later Arabs also called Arbela.<ref>[[Yaqut al-Hamawi|Yaqut]], ''Geographisches Wörterbuch'', ii. 263; Payne-Smith, ''Thesaurus Syriacus'', under "Hadyab"; Hoffmann, ''Auszüge aus Syrischen Akten'', pp. 241, 243.</ref>{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=54}} This Arab presence in upper Mesopotamia was acknowledged by the [[Sasanian dynasty|Sasanians]], who called the region [[Arbayistan]], meaning "land of the Arabs", is first attested as a province in the [[Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht|Ka'ba-ye Zartosht inscription]] of the second Sasanian [[King of Kings]], [[Shapur I]] ({{reign|240|270}}),{{sfnp|Brunner|1983b|p=750}} which was erected in {{circa}} 262.{{sfnp|Rapp|2014|p=28}}<ref name="oxfordreference.com2" /> The [[Emesene dynasty|Emesene]] were a dynasty of Arab priest-kings that ruled the city of [[Emesa]] (modern-day [[Homs]], Syria) in the [[Roman Syria|Roman province of Syria]] from the 1st century CE to the 3rd century CE. The dynasty is notable for producing a number of high priests of the god [[Elagabalus|El-Gabal]], who were also influential in [[Political institutions of ancient Rome|Roman politics]] and culture. The first ruler of the Emesene dynasty was [[Sampsiceramus I]], who came to power in 64 CE. He was succeeded by his son, [[Iamblichus]], who was followed by his own son, [[Sampsiceramus II]]. Under Sampsiceramus II, Emesa became a client kingdom of the [[Roman Empire]], and the dynasty became more closely tied to Roman political and cultural traditions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&q=Emesa+dynasty+arab+city&pg=PA502|title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337|last2=Garnsey|first2=Peter|last3=Cameron|first3=Averil|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30199-2}}; {{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&q=%22arab+kingdom%22+emesa&pg=PA754|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954556-8}}; {{harvnb|Ball|2000}}; {{cite book|last1=Burns|first1=Jasper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL99AgAAQBAJ&q=Emesa+arab+tribe&pg=PA181|title=Great Women of Imperial Rome: Mothers and Wives of the Caesars|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-13185-3}}; {{cite book|last1=Prado|first1=Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHbXDgAAQBAJ&q=emesa+arab&pg=PA191|title=Varian Studies Volume One: Varius|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-9385-5}}; {{harvnb|Birley|2002}}; {{cite book|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|title=Rome and The Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs|date=1984|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=0-88402-115-7|page=37}}; {{cite book|last1=Freisenbruch|first1=Annelise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUR_3B97ctQC&q=%22arab+kingdom%22+emesa&pg=PA182|title=Caesars' Wives: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Roman Empire|date=2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4165-8305-9}}</ref>

==== Late antiquity ====
{{Further|Tanukh|Salihids|Lakhmid kingdom|Kingdom of Kinda|Ghassanids}}{{Multiple image
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The [[Ghassanids]], [[Lakhmids]] and [[Kindites]] were the last major migration of pre-Islamic Arabs out of Yemen to the north. The Ghassanids increased the Semitic presence in then-Hellenized [[Syria (Byzantine province)|Syria]], the majority of Semites were Aramaic peoples. They mainly settled in the [[Hauran]] region and spread to modern [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine]] and [[Jordan]]. Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Romans called Yemen "[[Arabia Felix]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dionysius Periegetes|url=http://www.cartographic-images.net/Cartographic_Images/117_Dionysius_Periegetes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914113448/http://cartographic-images.net/Cartographic_Images/117_Dionysius_Periegetes.html|archive-date=14 September 2018|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Cartographic-images.net}}</ref> The Romans called the vassal nomadic states within the [[Roman Empire]] ''[[Arabia Petraea]]'', after the city of [[Petra]], and called unconquered deserts bordering the empire to the south and east [[Arabia Magna]]. [[File:Lakhmid.png|left|upright|thumb|Lakhmid kingdom]]The [[Lakhmids]] as a dynasty inherited their power from the [[Tanukh]]ids, the mid Tigris region around their capital [[Al-Hira]]. They ended up allying with the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]] against the Ghassanids and the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The Lakhmids contested control of the Central Arabian tribes with the Kindites with the Lakhmids eventually destroying the [[Kingdom of Kinda]] in 540 after the fall of their main ally [[Himyar]]. The [[Persian people|Persian]] Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid dynasty in 602, being under puppet kings, then under their direct control.<ref>Harold Bailey [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PR59 ''The Cambridge history of Iran'': The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods], Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1983, {{ISBN|0-521-20092-X}} p. 59</ref> The Kindites migrated from Yemen along with the Ghassanids and Lakhmids, but were turned back in Bahrain by the Abdul Qais [[Rabi`ah|Rabi'a]] tribe. They returned to Yemen and allied themselves with the Himyarites who installed them as a vassal kingdom that ruled Central Arabia from "Qaryah Dhat Kahl" (the present-day called Qaryat al-Faw). They ruled much of the Northern/Central Arabian peninsula, until they were destroyed by the Lakhmid king [[Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man|Al-Mundhir]], and his son [['Amr III ibn al-Mundhir|'Amr]].

The [[Ghassanids]] were an Arab tribe in the Levant in the early third century. According to Arab genealogical tradition, they were considered a branch of the [[Azd|Azd tribe]]. They fought alongside the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] against the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanians]] and Arab Lakhmids. Most Ghassanids were Christians, converting to [[Christianity]] in the first few centuries, and some merged with Hellenized Christian communities. After the Muslim conquest of the Levant, few Ghassanids became Muslims, and most remained Christian and joined Melkite and Syriac communities within what is now Jordan, Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ganie|first=Mohammad Hafiz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlxcEAAAQBAJ&dq=abu+quhafa&pg=PA13|title=Abu Bakr: The Beloved of My Beloved|publisher=Mohammad Hafiz Ganie|isbn=979-8-4112-2592-1|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131335/https://books.google.com/books?id=mlxcEAAAQBAJ&dq=abu+quhafa&pg=PA13|archive-date=17 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Salihids]] were Arab foederati in the 5th century, were ardent Christians, and their period is less documented than the preceding and succeeding periods due to a scarcity of sources. Most references to the Salihids in Arabic sources derive from the work of [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi]], with the [[Tarikh al-Yaqubi|Tarikh of Ya'qubi]] considered valuable for determining the Salihids' fall and the terms of their foedus with the Byzantines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barker|first=John W.|date=1 April 1996|title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00030279&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA19027534&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102112427/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00030279&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA19027534&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|archive-date=2 November 2023|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society|language=English|volume=116|issue=2|pages=304–306|doi=10.2307/605736|jstor=605736}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
{{main|Spread of Islam|Early Muslim conquests}}

[[File:The Early Muslim Conquests 630s to 820s.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|The early Arab conquests by reign]]
During the [[Middle Ages]], Arab civilization flourished and the Arabs made significant contributions to the fields of [[science]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], [[philosophy]], and [[literature]], with the rise of great cities like [[Baghdad]], [[Cairo]], and [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]], they became centers of learning, attracting scholars, scientists, and intellectuals.<ref name="Wenner 1980 59–79">{{Cite journal|last=Wenner|first=Manfred W.|date=1980|title=The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=59–79|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027136|issn=0020-7438|jstor=163627|s2cid=162537404}}</ref><ref name="A Golden age of Arab culture">{{Cite web|title=A Golden age of Arab culture|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000074817|access-date=26 March 2023|website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Arabs forged many empires and dynasties, most notably, the Rashidun Empire, the Umayyad Empire, the Abbasid Empire, the Fatimid Empire, among others. These empires were characterized by their expansion, scientific achievements, and cultural flourishing, extended from [[Spain]] to India.<ref name="Wenner 1980 59–79"/> The region was vibrant and dynamic during the Middle Ages and left a lasting impact on the world.<ref name="A Golden age of Arab culture"/><timeline>
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from: 622 till: 632 color:era text:[[Muhammad]]
from: 632 till: 634 color:age text:[[Abu Bakr]]
from: 634 till: 644 color:era text:[[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]
from: 644 till: 656 color:age text:[[Uthman ibn Affan]]
from: 656 till: 661 color:era text:[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
from: 661 till: 666 color:age text:[[Muawiyah I]]
</timeline>The [[Spread of Islam|rise of Islam]] began when [[Muhammad]] and his followers migrated from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] in an event known as the [[Hijrah|Hijra]]. Muhammad spent the last ten years of his life engaged in a series of battles to establish and expand the Muslim community. From 622 to 632, he led the Muslims in a state of war against the Meccans.<ref name="Collins142">Collins ''Early Medieval Europe'' pp. 142–143, 150, 160</ref> During this period, the Arabs conquered the region of [[Basra]], and under the leadership of [[Umar]], they established a base and built a mosque there. Another conquest was [[Midian]], but due to its harsh environment, the settlers eventually moved to [[Kufa]]. Umar successfully defeated rebellions by various Arab tribes, bringing stability to the entire Arabian peninsula and unifying it. Under the leadership of [[Uthman]], the Arab empire expanded through the [[Arab conquest of Persia|conquest of Persia]], with the capture of Fars in 650 and parts of [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]] in 651.<ref name="Cunliffe4212">Cunliffe ''Europe Between the Oceans'' pp. 421–423</ref> The [[Arab conquest of armenia|conquest of Armenia]] also began in the 640s. During this time, the Rashidun Empire extended its rule over the entire [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid Empire]] and more than two-thirds of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]]. However, the reign of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the fourth caliph, was marred by the [[First Fitna]], or the First Islamic Civil War, which lasted throughout his rule. After a peace treaty with [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hassan ibn Ali]] and the suppression of early [[Kharijites|Kharijite]] disturbances, [[Mu'awiya I|Muawiyah I]] became the Caliph.<ref name="Brown15">Brown "Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean" ''Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe'' p. 15</ref> This marked a significant transition in leadership.<ref name="Cunliffe4212"/><ref name="Collins376">Collins ''Early Medieval Europe'' pp. 376–377</ref>

==== Arab empires ====

===== Rashidun era (632–661) =====
{{main|Rashidun Caliphate}}

{{See also|Succession to Muhammad|Saqifa|Election of Uthman|Assassination of Uthman}}
{{Further|First Fitna|Muslim conquest of Persia|Muslim conquest of the Levant|Arab conquest of Egypt|Muslim conquest of the Maghreb}}
After the death of [[Muhammad]] in 632, [[Rashidun army|Rashidun armies]] launched campaigns of conquest, establishing the [[Caliphate]], or Islamic Empire, one of the [[List of largest empires|largest empires in history]]. It was larger and lasted longer than the previous Arab empire [[Tanukhids]] of [[Mavia (queen)|Queen Mawia]] or the Arab [[Palmyrene Empire]]. The Rashidun state was a completely new state and unlike the Arab kingdoms of its century such as the [[Himyarite]], [[Lakhmids]] or [[Ghassanids]].

During the Rashidun era, the Arab community expanded rapidly, conquering many territories and establishing a vast Arab empire, which is marked by the reign of the first four caliphs, or leaders, of the Arab community.<ref name="Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps">{{cite book|author1=C. T. R. Hewer|title=Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps|author2=Allan Anderson|date=2006|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd|isbn=978-0-334-04032-3|edition=illustrated|page=37}}</ref> These caliphs are [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]], [[Uthman]] and [[Ali]], who are collectively known as the Rashidun, meaning "rightly guided." The Rashidun era is significant in Arab and Islamic history as it marks the beginning of the Arab empire and the [[spread of Islam]] beyond the Arabian Peninsula. During this time, the Arab community faced numerous challenges, including internal divisions and external threats from neighboring empires.<ref name="Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps" /><ref name="Triana 159">{{Cite book|last=Triana|first=María|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|title=Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective|date=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-42368-3|page=159}}</ref>

Under the leadership of Abu Bakr, the Arab community successfully quelled a [[rebellion]] by some tribes who refused to pay [[Zakat]], or Islamic charity. During the reign of Umar ibn al-Khattab, the Arab empire expanded significantly, conquering territories such as Egypt, [[Syria]], and [[Iraq]]. The reign of Uthman ibn Affan was marked by internal dissent and rebellion, which ultimately led to his assassination. Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of [[Muhammad]], succeeded Uthman as caliph but faced opposition from some members of the Islamic community who believed he was not rightfully appointed.<ref name="Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps" /> Despite these challenges, the Rashidun era is remembered as a time of great progress and achievement in Arab and Islamic history. The caliphs established a system of governance that emphasized [[justice]] and equality for all members of the Islamic community. They also oversaw the compilation of the Quran into a single text and spread Arabic teachings and principles throughout the empire. Overall, the Rashidun era played a crucial role in shaping Arab history and continues to be revered by Muslims worldwide as a period of exemplary leadership and guidance.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Azyumardi Azra|title=Indonesia, Islam, and Democracy: Dynamics in a Global Context|date=2006|publisher=[[Equinox Publishing (London)]]|isbn=978-979-99888-1-2|page=9}}</ref>

===== Umayyad era (661–750 and 756–1031) =====
{{main|Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad Caliphate}}

{{Further|Muslim conquest of Armenia|Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
|Umayyad campaigns in India}}
{{See also|Abbadid dynasty|Taifa|Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)|Zengid dynasty|Ikhshidid dynasty|Umayyad state of Córdoba|Al-Andalus|}}

In 661, the Rashidun Caliphate fell into the hands of the [[Banu Umayya|Umayyad dynasty]] and [[Damascus]] was established as the empire's capital. The Umayyads were proud of their Arab identity and sponsored the poetry and culture of pre-Islamic Arabia. They established garrison towns at [[Ramla]], [[Raqqa]], [[Basra]], [[Kufa]], [[Mosul]] and [[Samarra]], all of which developed into major cities.<ref name="Lunde">{{Cite book|last=Lunde|first=Paul|title=Islam|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7894-8797-1|location=New York|pages=50–52}}</ref> [[Caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in 686.<ref>John Joseph Saunders, ''A history of medieval Islam'', Routledge, 1965, page 13</ref> Caliph [[Umar II]] strove to resolve the conflict when he came to power in 717, demanding that all Muslims be treated as equals, but his intended reforms did not take effect, as he died after only three years of rule. By now, discontent with the Umayyads swept the region and an uprising occurred in which the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] came to power and moved the capital to [[Baghdad]].
[[File:La civilització del califat de Còrdova en temps d'Abd-al-Rahman III.jpg|thumb|The [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] during the reign of [[Abd al-Rahman III]]. Receiving the Ambassador by [[Dionisio Baixeras Verdaguer]] 1885 CE.]]
Umayyads expanded their Empire westwards capturing North Africa from the Byzantines. Before the Arab conquest, North Africa was conquered or settled by various people including [[Punics]], Vandals and Romans. After the [[Abbasid Revolution]], the Umayyads lost most of their territories with the exception of Iberia.

Their last holding became known as the [[Emirate of Córdoba]]. It was not until the rule of the grandson of the founder of this new emirate that the state entered a new phase as the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]]. This new state was characterized by an expansion of trade, culture and knowledge, and saw the construction of masterpieces of [[al-Andalus]] architecture and the library of [[Al-Hakam II]] which housed over 400,000 volumes. With the collapse of the Umayyad state in 1031 CE, al-Andalus was divided into [[Taifa|small kingdoms]].<ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth [https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA264 Historic cities of the Islamic world], Brill, Leyden, 2007, {{ISBN|90-04-15388-8}} p. 264</ref>

===== Abbasid era (750–1258 and 1261–1517) =====
{{main|Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid revolution}}

{{Further|Anarchy at Samarra|Siege of Baghdad|Mongol invasions of the Levant||}}
[[File:Harun al-Rashid receives envoys from Charlemagne.jpg|thumb|[[Harun al-Rashid]] ([[Reign|r.]] 786–809) receiving a delegation sent by [[Charlemagne]] at his court in Baghdad.|left]]
The Abbasids were the descendants of [[Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same [[Banu Hashim]] clan. The Abbasids led a revolt against the Umayyads and defeated them in the [[Battle of the Zab]] effectively ending their rule in all parts of the Empire with the exception of al-Andalus. In 762, the second Abbasid Caliph [[al-Mansur]] founded the city of [[Baghdad]] and declared it the capital of the Caliphate. Unlike the Umayyads, the Abbasids had the support of non-Arab subjects.<ref name="Lunde" /> The [[Islamic Golden Age]] was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from [[Damascus]] to the newly founded city of [[Baghdad]]. The Abbasids were influenced by the [[Quran]]ic injunctions and [[hadith]] such as "The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of martyrs" stressing the value of knowledge.
[[File:المدرسة المستنصرية ببغداد2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[Mustansiriyya Madrasa|Al-Mustansiriyya Madrasa]] in Baghdad]]
During this period the Abbasid Empire became an intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the "[[House of Wisdom]]" in Baghdad. Rival dynasties such as the [[Fatimid]]s of [[Egypt]] and the [[Umayyad]]s of al-Andalus were also major intellectual centres with cities such as [[Cairo]] and [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] rivaling [[Baghdad]].<ref name="Vartan">Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 26–38 {{ISBN|0-8157-3283-X}}</ref> In the 13th-century, the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|conquered Baghdad]] in 1258 and killed the Caliph [[Al-Musta'sim]]. Members of the Abbasid royal family escaped the massacre and resorted to Cairo, which had broken from the Abbasid rule two years earlier; the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] generals taking the political side of the kingdom while Abbasid Caliphs were engaged in civil activities and continued patronizing science, arts and literature.

===== Fatimid era (909–1171) =====
{{main|Fatimid dynasty|Fatimid Caliphate}}

[[File:Skylitzes_Simeon_sending_envoys_to_the_Fatimids.jpg|thumb|Bulgarian emperor [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon]] (left) sending envoys to Caliph al-Mahdi (right). 12th-century miniature from the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'']]
The Fatimid caliphate was founded by [[Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah|al-Mahdi Billah]], a descendant of [[Fatimah]], the daughter of Muhammad, the Fatimid Caliphate was a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] that existed from 909 to 1171 CE. The empire was based in North Africa, with its capital in [[Cairo]], and at its height, it controlled a vast territory that included parts of modern-day [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], [[Syria]], and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. The Fatimid state took shape among the [[Kutama]], in the West of the North African littoral, in Algeria, in 909 conquering [[Raqqada]], the [[Aghlabid]] capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of [[Mahdia]] as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to [[Mansouria, Tunisia|Al-Mansuriya]], near [[Kairouan]] in Tunisia, and in 969 they conquered Egypt and established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate.
[[File:Azhar mosque.jpg|left|thumb|[[Al-Azhar Mosque]] in [[Cairo|Cairo, Egypt]] in the [[Islamic Cairo|historic Islamic core of the city]], Cairo was established as the new capital of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in 970]]
The Fatimids were known for their religious tolerance and intellectual achievements, they established a network of universities and libraries that became centers of learning in the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]]. They also promoted the arts, architecture, and literature, which flourished under their patronage. One of the most notable achievements of the Fatimids was the construction of the [[Al-Azhar Mosque]] and [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo. Founded in 970 CE, it is one of the oldest universities in the world and remains an important center of Islamic learning to this day. The Fatimids also had a significant impact on the development of [[Schools of Islamic theology|Islamic theology]] and [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]]. They were known for their support of Shia Islam and their promotion of the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] branch of Shia Islam. Despite their many achievements, the Fatimids faced numerous challenges during their reign. They were constantly at war with neighboring empires, including the Abbasid Caliphate and the [[Byzantine Empire]]. They also faced internal conflicts and rebellions, which weakened their empire over time. In 1171 CE, the Fatimid Caliphate was conquered by the [[Ayyubid dynasty]], led by [[Saladin]]. Although the Fatimid dynasty came to an end, its legacy continued to influence Arab-Islamic culture and society for centuries to come.<ref name="imamreza.net">Shorter Shi'ite Encyclopaedia, By: Hasan al-Amin, {{Cite web|title=Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=574|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616060639/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=574|archive-date=16 June 2010|access-date=5 October 2010}}</ref>

===== Ottoman era (1517–1918) =====
{{Main|Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Caliphate}}

{{Further|Arab Revolt|Campaigns of the Arab Revolt|Middle Eastern theatre of World War I||}}
[[File:Sharif Hussein portrait.jpeg|thumb|[[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi]] (1854–1931) was a prominent Arab leader who served as the [[Sharifian Solution|Sharif]] and [[Sharif of Mecca|Emir of Mecca]] from 1908 until 1917. He was a member of the [[Hashemites|Hashemite dynasty]], which claimed descent from [[Muhammad]].|left]]
From 1517 to 1918, The Ottomans defeated the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] in Cairo, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate in the battles of [[Battle of Marj Dabiq|Marj Dabiq]] and [[Battle of Ridaniya|Ridaniya]]. They entered the [[Levant]] and Egypt as conquerors, and brought down the Abbasid caliphate after it lasted for many centuries. In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed al-Fatat ("the [[Young Arab Society]]"), a small Arab nationalist club, in Paris. Its stated aim was "raising the level of the [[Arab Nationalist Movement|Arab nation]] to the level of modern nations." In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the [[Arab Congress of 1913]] in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world.<ref>Zeine N. Zeine (1973) ''The Emergence of Arab Nationalism'' (3rd ed.). Delmar, New York: Caravan Books Inc. {{ISBN|0-88206-000-7}}. pp. 60–61, 83–92.</ref> However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces.<ref name="Choueiri166">Choueiri, pp. 166–168.</ref>
[[File:MPK1-426 Sykes Picot Agreement Map signed 8 May 1916.jpg|thumb|The region covered by the modus vivendi, as agreed in the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement]]
The [[Arab Revolt]] was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire during World War I, began in 1916, led by [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Sherif Hussein bin Ali]], the goal of the revolt was to gain independence for the Arab lands under Ottoman rule and to create a unified Arab state. The revolt was sparked by a number of factors, including the Arab desire for greater autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, resentment towards Ottoman policies, and the influence of Arab nationalist movements. The Arab Revolt was a significant factor in the eventual [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|defeat of the Ottoman Empire]]. The revolt helped to weaken Ottoman military power and tie up Ottoman forces that could have been deployed elsewhere. It also helped to increase support for Arab independence and nationalism, which would have a lasting impact on the region in the years to come.<ref>William Easterly, ''The White Man's Burden'', (2006) p. 295</ref><ref>Jeremy Wilson (1989) ''[[Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence]]''. William Heinemann. {{ISBN|978-0-434-87235-0}}. p. 548</ref> The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] in the [[aftermath of World War I]], the [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]] had a significant impact on the Arab world and its people. The agreement divided the Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire into zones of control for France and Britain, ignoring the aspirations of the Arab people for independence and self-determination.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-336-1|pages=799–802}}</ref>

=== Renaissance ===
{{main|Islamic Golden Age|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Arab Renaissance}}

{{Further|List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|Arab Agricultural Revolution}}
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The Golden Age of Arab Civilization known as the "''[[Islamic Golden Age]]''", traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name="Saliba">{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|date=1994|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=0-8147-8023-7|pages=245, 250, 256–257|author-link=George Saliba}}</ref><ref name="King">{{cite journal|last1=King|first1=David A.|year=1983|title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks|journal=Isis|volume=74|issue=4|pages=531–55|doi=10.1086/353360|s2cid=144315162}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-Decline">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century|encyclopedia=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Islam and the Challenge of Modernity: Historical and Contemporary Contexts, Kuala Lumpur, 1–5 August 1994|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC)|url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html|last=Hassan|first=Ahmad Y|date=1996|editor=Sharifah Shifa Al-Attas|pages=351–99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Siege of Baghdad]] in 1258.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=JdC90uc8PfQC|page=9 }}|title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics|date=2011|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-136-95960-8|page=9|access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> During this time, [[List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars|Arab scholars]] made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. These advancements had a profound impact on European scholars during the [[Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=University Libraries {{!}} The University of Iowa|url=https://www.lib.uiowa.edu/|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

The Arabs shared its knowledge and ideas with [[Europe]], including translations of Arabic texts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Al-Tamimi|first=Aymenn Jawad|date=13 May 2022|title=A 13th-Century Text Teaches Us About Arabs and Europeans|url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/a-13th-century-text-teaches-us-about-arabs-and-europeans/|access-date=26 March 2023|website=New Lines Magazine}}</ref> These translations had a significant impact on [[culture of Europe]], leading to the transformation of many philosophical disciplines in the [[Medieval Latin|medieval Latin world]]. Additionally, the Arabs made original innovations in various fields, including the arts, [[Arab Agricultural Revolution|agriculture]], [[alchemy]], [[music]], and [[pottery]], and [[List of Arabic star names|traditional star names]] such as [[Aldebaran]], scientific terms like ''[[wikt:alchemy|alchemy]]'' (whence also ''[[wikt:chemistry|chemistry]]''), ''[[wikt:algebra|algebra]]'', ''[[wikt:algorithm|algorithm]]'', etc. and names of commodities such as ''[[wikt:sugar|sugar]]'', ''[[wikt:camphor|camphor]]'', ''[[wikt:cotton|cotton]]'', ''[[wikt:coffee|coffee]]'', etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biology – The Arab world and the European Middle Ages|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/biology/The-Arab-world-and-the-European-Middle-Ages|access-date=26 March 2023|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wenner|first=Manfred W.|date=August 1980|title=The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/arabmuslim-presence-in-medieval-central-europe/DC701B38E873F9B25B995114D47C3711|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=59–79|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027136|issn=1471-6380|s2cid=162537404|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Arab influence in medieval Europe|date=1996|publisher=Ithaca Press|isbn=0-86372-213-X|editor1=Dionisius A. Agius|edition=1st pbk|location=Reading, UK|oclc=38255663|editor2=Richard Hitchcock}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ali|first=Samer M.|title=Arabic literary salons in the Islamic Middle Ages: poetry, public performance, and the presentation of the past|date=2010|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|isbn=978-0-268-07465-4|location=Notre Dame|oclc=794925469}}</ref>

From the medieval scholars of the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]], who had focused on studying [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Arabic]] works of natural sciences, philosophy, and mathematics, rather than on such cultural texts. Arab logician, most notably [[Averroes]], had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Egypt]] and the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Levant]]. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] and [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicily]], which became important centers for this transmission of ideas. From the 11th to the 13th century, many schools dedicated to the translation of philosophical and scientific works from [[Classical Arabic]] to [[Medieval Latin]] were established in Iberia, most notably the [[Toledo School of Translators]]. This work of translation from Arab culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Perry|first1=Marvin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKGgoNo4un0C&pg=PA261|title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Comprehensive Edition|last2=Jacob|first2=Margaret|last3=Jacob|first3=James|last4=Chase|first4=Myrna|last5=Laue|first5=Theodore Von|date=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-547-14701-7}}</ref>

During the [[Timurid Renaissance]] spanning the late 14th, the 15th, and the early 16th centuries, there was a significant exchange of ideas, art, and knowledge between different cultures and civilizations. Arab scholars, artists, and intellectuals played a role in this cultural exchange, contributing to the overall intellectual atmosphere of the time. They participated in various fields, including literature, art, science, and philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web|first=R|last=Carney|date=6 June 2021|title=Timurid Architecture and the Timurid Renaissance|url=https://architectureofcities.com/timurid-architecture|access-date=29 May 2023|website=Architecture of Cities}}</ref> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the [[Arab Renaissance]] was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged. The term "Nahda" means "awakening" or "renaissance" in Arabic, and refers to a period of renewed interest in Arabic language, literature, and culture.<ref name="Sheehi2004">[[Stephen Sheehi]], [[Foundations of Modern Arab Identity]]. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004 [http://florida.theorangegrove.org/og/file/079a66de-df27-a87d-4946-095679fb5de4/1/Sheehi,9781616101343.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915230906/http://florida.theorangegrove.org/og/file/079a66de-df27-a87d-4946-095679fb5de4/1/Sheehi,9781616101343.pdf |date=15 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>Adnan A. Musallam, [http://admusallam.bethlehem.edu/publications/EndofTheOttomanEra.htm Arab Press, Society and Politics at the End of The Ottoman Era] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719151528/http://admusallam.bethlehem.edu/publications/EndofTheOttomanEra.htm|date=19 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Pacini1998">{{cite book|last=Pacini|first=Andrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ|title=Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-829388-0|pages=38, 55|access-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310101859/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=10 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Modern period ===
{{Main|Arab world|Arab League|Charter of the Arab League|Arab Maghreb Union|Gulf Cooperation Council}}

{{See also|Arab nationalism|Pan-Arabism|Arab Union|Arab socialism|}}{{See also|Arab Federation|United Arab Republic|United Arab States|Federation of Arab Republics|Arab Islamic Republic|Union of Arab Republics (1972)}}
[[File:Arab League-Map-WS.PNG|thumb|upright=1.2|A map of the Arab world, formally the '''Arab homeland'''; also known as the '''Arab nation.''']]
The modern period in [[History of the Arabs|Arab history]] refers to the time period from the late 19th century to the present day. During this time, the [[Arab world]] experienced significant [[Politics|political]], [[Economy|economic]], and social changes. One of the most significant events of the modern period was the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the end of Ottoman rule led to the emergence of new [[Nation state|nation-states]] in the Arab world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ottoman Empire – The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1566–1807|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Geography of the Modern Middle East and North Africa|url=http://www.middleeastpdx.org/resources/original/geography-of-the-modern-middle-east-and-north-africa/|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185925/http://www.middleeastpdx.org/resources/original/geography-of-the-modern-middle-east-and-north-africa/}}</ref>

Sharif Hussein was supposed, in the event of the success of the Arab revolution and the victory of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies in World War I]], to be able to establish an independent Arab state consisting of the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent, including Iraq and the Levant. He aimed to become "King of the Arabs" in this state, however, the Arab revolution only succeeded in achieving some of its objectives, including the [[Kingdom of Hejaz|independence of the Hejaz]] and the recognition of Sharif Hussein as its king by the Allies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Teitelbaum|first=Joshua|date=1998|title=Sharif Husayn ibn Ali and the Hashemite Vision of the Post-Ottoman Order: From Chieftaincy to Suzerainty|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=34|issue=1|pages=103–122|doi=10.1080/00263209808701212|issn=0026-3206|jstor=4283920}}</ref>[[File:Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg|thumb|A 1920 photograph of four prominent members of [[Mahjar|The Pen League]] literal meanings being "the [[Arab diaspora]]"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hans Wehr|title=[[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]|edition=4th|page=1195|author-link=Hans Wehr}}</ref> predecessors in the Nahda movement (or the "[[Nahda|Arab Renaissance]]"). (From left to right): [[Nasib Arida]], [[Kahlil Gibran]], [[Abd al-Masih Haddad]], and [[Mikhail Naimy]].|left]] [[Arab nationalism]] emerged as a major movement in the early 20th century, with many Arab intellectuals, artists, and political leaders seeking to promote unity and independence for the Arab world.<ref name="Requiem">"[http://www.meforum.org/518/requiem-for-arab-nationalism Requiem for Arab Nationalism]" by Adeed Dawisha, ''Middle East Quarterly'', Winter 2003</ref> This movement gained momentum after [[World War II]], leading to the formation of the Arab League and the creation of several new Arab states. [[Pan-Arabism]] that emerged in the early 20th century and aimed to unite all Arabs into a single [[nation]] or state. It emphasized on a shared [[Arab identity|ancestry, culture, history, language and identity]] and sought to create a sense of pan-Arab identity and solidarity.<ref name="smith">Charles Smith, The Arab-Israeli Conflict, in ''International Relations in the Middle East'' by Louise Fawcett, p. 220.</ref><ref name="Sela151">Sela, 151</ref>

The roots of pan-Arabism can be traced back to the [[Nahda|Arab Renaissance]] or Al-Nahda movement of the late 19th century, which saw a revival of Arab culture, literature, and intellectual thought. The movement emphasized the importance of Arab unity and the need to resist colonialism and foreign domination. One of the key figures in the development of pan-Arabism was the Egyptian statesman and intellectual, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], who led the [[1952 Egyptian revolution|1952 revolution]] in Egypt and became the country's president in 1954. Nasser promoted pan-Arabism as a means of strengthening Arab solidarity and resisting Western imperialism. He also supported the idea of [[Arab socialism]], which sought to combine pan-Arabism with socialist principles. Similar attempts were made by other [[List of leaders of Middle Eastern and North African states#Leaders of Arab League member states|Arab leaders]], such as [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]], [[Faisal I of Iraq]], [[Muammar Gaddafi]], [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Gaafar Nimeiry]] and [[Anwar Sadat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Pan-Arabism|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/news/rise-and-fall-pan-arabism|access-date=27 March 2023|website=graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref>
[[File:Flag of Hejaz (1917).svg|thumb|The [[Flag of the Arab Revolt|flag]] of the [[Arab Revolt]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] is a prominent symbol of Arab nationalism. Its design and [[Pan-Arab colors|colors]] are the basis of many of the [[Arab states]]' [[List of Arab flags|flags]]. The [[Pan-Arab colors]] are [[black]], [[white]], [[green]] and [[red]]. Individually, each of the four Pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain aspect of the Arabs and their history.]]
Many proposed unions aimed to create a [[Arab Union|unified Arab]] entity that would promote cooperation and integration among Arab countries. However, the initiatives faced numerous challenges and obstacles, including political divisions, regional conflicts, and economic disparities.<ref name="feb1">{{cite news|date=2 February 1958|title=Egypt, Syria Union Aim at Arab Unity|work=The San Francisco Examiner|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96294492/egypt-syria-union-aims-at-arab-unity/}}</ref> The [[United Arab Republic]] (UAR) was a political union formed between Egypt and Syria in 1958, with the goal of creating a federal structure that would allow each member state to retain its identity and institutions. However, by 1961, Syria had withdrawn from the UAR due to political differences, and Egypt continued to call itself the UAR until 1971, when it became the [[Egypt|Arab Republic of Egypt]]. In the same year the UAR was formed, another proposed political union, the [[Arab Federation]], was established between [[Jordan]] and [[Iraq]], but it collapsed after only six months due to tensions with the UAR and the [[14 July Revolution]]. A confederation called the [[United Arab States]], which included the UAR and the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]], was also created in 1958 but dissolved in 1961.<ref name="Continuum">"Arab Unity." ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. [[Avraham Sela]]. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 160–166.</ref> Later attempts to create a political and economic union among Arab countries included the [[Federation of Arab Republics]], which was formed by Egypt, [[Libya]], and Syria in the 1970s but dissolved after five years due to political and economic challenges. Muammar Gaddafi, the leader of Libya, also proposed the [[Arab Islamic Republic]] with Tunisia, aiming to include [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]],<ref>Aghrout, A. & Sutton, K. (1990). Regional Economic Union in the Maghrib. ''The Journal of Modern African Studies'', 28(1), 115</ref> instead the [[Arab Maghreb Union]] was formed in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3QEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22united+states+of+north+africa%22|title=Africa Research Bulletin|date=7 August 1973|publisher=Blackwell}}</ref>

During the latter half of the 20th century, many Arab countries experienced political upheaval and conflicts, including, revolutions. The [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] remains a major issue in the region, and has resulted in ongoing tensions and periodic outbreaks of violence. In recent years, the Arab world has faced new challenges, including economic and social inequalities, demographic changes, and the impact of [[globalization]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 September 2020|title=The Arab-Israeli conflict is fading|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/09/19/the-arab-israeli-conflict-is-fading}}</ref> The [[Arab Spring]] was a series of pro-democracy uprisings and protests that swept across several countries in the Arab world in 2010 and 2011. The uprisings were sparked by a combination of political, economic, and social grievances and called for democratic reforms and an end to authoritarian rule. While the protests resulted in the downfall of some long-time authoritarian leaders, they also led to ongoing conflicts and political instability in other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uprisings in the region and ignored indicators|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/11/feb/1080.html|website=Payvand|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425231858/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/feb/1080.html}}</ref>

== Identity ==
{{Further|Arab identity}}
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Arab identity is defined independently of [[Religion|religious]] identity, and pre-dates the [[spread of Islam]], with historically attested [[Arab Christians|Arab Christian]] kingdoms and [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Arab Jewish tribes]]. Today, however, most Arabs are Muslim, with a minority adhering to other faiths, largely [[Christianity in the Middle East|Christianity]], but also [[Druze]] and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ori Stendel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Ao8dYsCskC&pg=PA45|title=The Arabs in Israel|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1-898723-24-0|page=45|access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Mohammad Hassan|last=Khalil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmgkD3Hel5IC&pg=PA297|title=Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-994541-2|page=297|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> Paternal descent has traditionally been considered the main source of affiliation in the [[Arab world]] when it comes to membership into an [[Ethnicity|ethnic group]] or [[clan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parolin|first=Gianluca Paolo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSDE7LgTFvUC&q=Arab+paternal&pg=PA127|title=Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation-state|date=2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-8964-045-1}}</ref>

Arab identity is shaped by a range of factors, including ancestry, history, language, customs, [[social construct]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chandra Ford |author2=Nina T Harawa |date=29 April 2010 |title=A new conceptualization of ethnicity for social epidemiologic and health equity research |journal=Soc Sci Med |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=251–258 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.008 |pmc=2908006 |pmid=20488602}}</ref> and traditions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Phillips|first=Christopher|title=Everyday Arab identity: the daily reproduction of the Arab world|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-09674-1|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1058434843}}</ref> Arab identity has been shaped by a rich history that includes the rise and fall of [[empire]]s, [[colonization]], and political turmoil. Despite the challenges faced by Arab communities, their shared cultural heritage has helped to maintain a sense of unity and pride in their identity.<ref name="Imagining the Arabs : Arab identity and the rise of Islam" /> Today, Arab identity continues to evolve as Arab communities navigate complex political, social, and economic landscapes. Despite this, the Arab identity remains an important aspect of the cultural and historical fabric of the Arab world, and continues to be celebrated and preserved by [[Arab diaspora|communities around the world]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carmichael|first=Joel|title=The shaping of the Arabs: a study in ethnic identity|date=2016|isbn=978-1-000-11333-4|location=London |publisher=Routledge |oclc=1198893560}}</ref>

== Subgroups ==
{{Further|Tribes of Arabia|Arab migrations to the Maghreb|Arab migrations to the Levant}}
[[File:Early_Islamic_Syria,_ca._640s.png|thumb|upright=1.1|The Yaman tribes, including the Banu Kalb, Ghassan, Judham and Tanukh, largely inhabited the districts of [[Jund Filastin|Filastin]], [[Jund al-Urdunn|al-Urdunn]] and [[Jund Hims|Hims]], while the Qays inhabited [[Upper Mesopotamia|al-Jazirah]], the [[Al-Awasim|Byzantine frontier]] and [[Jund Qinnasrin|Qinnasrin]].]]
Arab tribes are prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, Levant, Egypt, Maghreb, the Sudan region and Horn Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2021|title=ص204 – كتاب الأعلام للزركلي – يعلى بن أمية – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة|url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/12286/7605|website=maktaba.org|access-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002101301/https://al-maktaba.org/book/12286/7605|archive-date=2 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Imagining the Arabs : Arab identity and the rise of Islam">{{Cite book|last=Webb|first=Peter|title=Imagining the Arabs: Arab identity and the rise of Islam|date=2016|isbn=978-1-4744-0827-1|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |oclc=964933606}}</ref><ref>* {{cite book|last=Hourani|first=Albert|title=A history of the Arab peoples|date=2010|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05819-4|edition=1st Harvard Press paperback|location=Cambridge, Mass.}}
* {{Cite web|title=History of Migration|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=bbv|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Historyworld.net}}
* Power, Bethany G. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160903042434/http://people.umass.edu/educ613/WorldhistoryI/WHI.3.html The Emergence and Expansion of Islam to 1500]." ''Education 613: MTEL Guide''. [[University of Massachusetts]]. Archived from the [http://people.umass.edu/educ613/WorldhistoryI/WHI.3.html original] on 3 September 2016.
* {{cite web|title=History of the Arabs (book)|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=ebh|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Historyworld.net}}</ref>

The Arabs of the [[Levant]] are traditionally divided into [[Qays and Yaman tribes]]. The distinction between Qays and Yaman dates back to the pre-Islamic era and was based on tribal affiliations and geographic locations.; they include [[Banu Kalb]], [[Kinda (tribe)|Kinda]], [[Ghassanids]], and [[Lakhmids]].<ref>Hugh Kennedy ''The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State'' p. 33 Routledge, 2013 {{ISBN|1-134-53113-3}}</ref> The Qays were made up of tribes such as [[Banu Kilab]], [[Tayy|Banu Tayy]], [[Banu Hanifa]], and [[Banu Tamim]], among others. The Yaman, on the other hand, were composed of tribes such as [[Banu Hashim]], [[Banu Makhzum]], [[Umayyad dynasty|Banu Umayya]], and [[Banu Zuhrah|Banu Zuhra]], among others.

There are also many Arab tribes indigenous to Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Iran, including from well before the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in 633 CE.<ref name="IranicaDaniel2">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Arab settlements in Iran|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-iii|access-date=9 April 2011|last=Daniel|first=E. L.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429164853/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-iii|archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref> The largest group of [[Iranian Arabs]] are the [[Khuzestani Arabs]], including [[Banu Ka'b]], [[Bani Turuf]] and the [[Musha'sha'iyyah]] sect. Smaller groups are the [[Khamseh]] nomads in [[Fars province]] and the [[Khorasani Arabs]].
As a result of the centuries-long [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]], various Arab tribes (including [[Banu Hilal]], [[Banu Sulaym]] and [[Maqil]]) also settled in the Maghreb and formed the sub-tribes which exist to present-day. The [[Banu Hilal]] spent almost a century in [[Egypt]] before moving to [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]], and another century later moved to [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clio|title=François Decret, Les invasions hilaliennes en Ifrîqiya – Clio – Voyage Culturel|url=https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_invasions_hilaliennes_en_ifriqiya.asp|access-date=28 September 2015|website=clio.fr}}</ref>

According to Arab traditions, tribes are divided into different divisions called Arab skulls, which are described in the traditional custom of strength, abundance, victory, and honor. A number of them branched out, which later became independent tribes (sub-tribes). The majority of Arab tribes are descended from these major tribes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Al Andulsi|first=Ibn Abd Rabuh|title=Al Aqid Al Fareed|year=939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Al-Qthami|first=Hmood|title=North of Hejaz|publisher=Dar Al Bayan|year=1985|location=Jeddah|page=235}}</ref><ref name="المفصل فى تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام22">{{cite web|last1=Ali|first1=Jawad|date=2001|title=A Detailed Account of the History of Arabs Before Islam|url=http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/2300/2310.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201846/http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/2300/2310.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=11 September 2020|website=Al Madinah Digital Library|publisher=Dar Al Saqi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Al Zibeedi|first=Murtathi|title=Taj Al Aroos min Jawahir Al Qamoos|year=1965}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Al Hashimi|first=Muhammed Ibn Habib Ibn Omaya Ibn Amir|title=Al Mahbar|publisher=Dar Al Afaaq|year=859|location=Beirut}}</ref>

They are:<ref name="المفصل فى تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام22" />
[[File:Banu Adnan.png|thumb|upright=1.1|A family tree depicting the descendants of the Banu Adnan.]]
* [[Banu Bakr|Bakr]], has descendants in Arabia and [[Iraq]].<ref>Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger. 1995. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3 Southern Europe. Routledge. p.190.</ref>
* [[Kinana]]h, has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], [[Palestine]], [[Tunisia]], [[Morocco]], and [[Syria]].<ref name="Brill2">{{cite book|title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 4|year=1993|isbn=978-90-04-09790-2|editor=M. Th. Houtsma|pages=1017–1018|chapter=Kinana|publisher=Brill}}</ref>
* [[Hawazin]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Libya]], [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], [[Sudan]], and [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2018|title=نهاية الأرب في معرفة أنساب العرب • الموقع الرسمي للمكتبة الشاملة|url=http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-31382/page-229|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226213159/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-31382/page-229|archive-date=26 February 2018|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=مقلد |first1=غنيمي، ع. ب. د. الفتاح |last2=Ghunaymī |first2=ʻabd al-Fattāḥ Miqlad |date=3 September 2019|title=موسوعة تاريخ المغرب العربي – ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ Miqlad Ghunaymī, عبد الفتاح مقلد الغنيمي – كتب Google|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbVIAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054305/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbVIAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8|archive-date=26 August 2022|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=ʻāmirī |first1=Thāmir ʻabd al-Ḥasan |date=17 December 2019|title=موسوعة العشائر العراقية – Thāmir ʻAbd al-Ḥasan ʻĀmirī – كتب Google|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBBO1pj5XCAC&q=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054305/https://books.google.com/books?id=bBBO1pj5XCAC&q=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82|archive-date=26 August 2022|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Banu Tamim|Tamim]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Algeria]], and [[Morocco]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2021|title=ص204 – كتاب الأعلام للزركلي – يعلى بن أمية – المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة|url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/12286/7605|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002101301/https://al-maktaba.org/book/12286/7605|archive-date=2 October 2021|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Azd]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Levant]], and [[North Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=الموسوعة الشاملة – قلائد الجمان في التعريف بقبائل عرب الزمان|url=http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/489/27.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041246/http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/489/27.htm|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ghatafan]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and the [[Maghreb]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Fück|first=J. W.|title=G̲h̲aṭafān|date=24 April 2012|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ghatafan-SIM_2476?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Gha%E1%B9%ADaf%C4%81n|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|access-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314181616/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ghatafan-SIM_2476?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Gha%E1%B9%ADaf%C4%81n|url-status=live|publisher=Brill|archive-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Madhhaj]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and [[Iraq]].<ref>عشائر العراق – عباس العزاوي</ref>
* [[Abd al-Qays]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].
* [[Qays|Al Qays]] (القيس), has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].
* [[Quda'a]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Syria]], and [[North Africa]].

== Geographic distribution ==
=== Arab homeland ===
{{further|Demographics of the Arab world|List of Arab League countries by population}}
[[File:Arab people around the world.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Countries with significant Arab population and descendants.{{Legend|#000000|Arab world}}{{Legend|#004c22|+ 5,000,000}}{{Legend|#008438|+ 1,000,000}}{{Legend|#00c152|+ 100,000}}]]
The total number of Arabs living in the [[Arab League|Arab nations]] is estimated at 366 million by the [[CIA Factbook]] (as of 2014). The estimated number of Arabs in countries outside the Arab League is estimated at 17.5 million, yielding a total of close to 384 million. The Arab world stretches around {{Convert|13000000|km2|sqmi|abbr=}}, from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to the [[Arabian Sea]] in the east and from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in the north to the [[Horn of Africa]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] in the southeast.
[[File:Detailed Afroasiatic map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of Afroasiatic languages and [[varieties of Arabic]]]]

=== Arab diaspora ===
{{main|Arab diaspora}}

[[Arab diaspora]] refers to descendants of the [[Arab people|Arab]] [[Emigration|immigrants]] who, voluntarily or as refugees, emigrated from their native lands in non-Arab countries, primarily in [[East Africa]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[North America]], Australia and parts of [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Caribbean]], and [[West Africa]]. According to the [[International Organization for Migration]], there are 13 million first-generation Arab migrants in the world, of which 5.8 million reside in Arab countries. Arab expatriates contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. In 2009, Arab countries received a total of US$35.1 billion in [[remittance]] in-flows and remittances sent to [[Jordan]], [[Egypt]] and [[Lebanon]] from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries.<ref>[http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Intra%20regional%20labour%20mobility%20in%20Arab%20region%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf Intra-Regional Labour Mobility in the Arab World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507114953/http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Intra%20regional%20labour%20mobility%20in%20Arab%20region%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf|date=7 May 2016}}, International Organization for Migration (IOM) Cairo</ref> The 250,000 strong Lebanese community in [[West Africa]] is the largest non-African group in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 May 2011|title=Lebanese in west Africa: Far from home|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2011/05/lebanese_west_africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 January 2010|title=Tenacity and risk – the Lebanese in West Africa|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8479134.stm}}</ref> Arab traders have long operated in [[Southeast Asia]] and along the [[East Africa]]'s [[Swahili coast]]. [[Zanzibar]] was once ruled by [[Omanis|Omani]] Arabs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 July 2012|title=Zanzibar profile|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14115176}}</ref> Most of the prominent [[Arab Indonesians|Indonesians]], [[Arab Malaysians|Malaysians]], and [[Arab Singaporeans|Singaporeans]] of Arab descent are [[Hadhrami people]] with origins in southern Arabia in the [[Hadhramaut|Hadramaut]] coastal region.<ref>"[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ The world's successful diasporas]". Managementtoday.co.uk. 3 April 2007.</ref>

==== Europe ====
{{main|Arabs in Europe|Arabs in Austria|Arabs in Bulgaria|Arabs in Finland|Arabs in France|Arabs in Germany|Arabs in Greece|Arabs in Italy|Arabs in the Netherlands|Arabs in Romania|Arabs in Serbia|Arabs in Spain|Arabs in Sweden|Arabs in Switzerland|Arabs in Turkey|British Arabs|Arabs in Malta|Arma people}}

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There are millions of [[Arabs in Europe|Arabs living in Europe]], mostly concentrated in [[France]] (about 6,000,000 in 2005<ref name="variety.com">{{Cite magazine|date=29 January 2008|title=French-Arabs battle stereotypes – Entertainment News, French Cinema, Media|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/global/french-arabs-battle-stereotypes-1117979837/|url-status=live|magazine=Variety|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221202920/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979837.html?categoryid=2879&cs=1|archive-date=21 February 2010|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref>). Most [[Arabs in France]] are from the [[Maghreb]] but some also come from the [[Mashreq]] areas of the Arab world. Arabs in France form the second largest [[ethnic group]] after [[French people]].<ref name="economist.com2">[https://www.economist.com/europe/2009/03/26/to-count-or-not-to-count France's ethnic minorities: To count or not to count]. ''The Economist'' (26 March 2009). Retrieved on 12 July 2013.</ref> In [[Italy]], Arabs first arrived on the southern island of [[Sicily]] in the 9th century. The largest modern societies on the island from the Arab world are Tunisians and Moroccans, who make up 10.9% and 8% respectively of the foreign population of Sicily, which in itself constitutes 3.9% of the island's total population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cittadini stranieri 2020 – Sicilia|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/sicilia/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2020/|access-date=9 September 2021|website=Tuttitalia.it|language=Italian}}</ref> The modern [[Arabs in Spain|Arab population of Spain]] numbers 1,800,000,<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2013|title=¿Cuántos musulmanes hay en España?|url=http://islamhoy.com/actualidad/analisis/estudio-demografico-orientativo-sobre-la-poblacion-musulmana-en-espana/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609101638/http://islamhoy.com/actualidad/analisis/estudio-demografico-orientativo-sobre-la-poblacion-musulmana-en-espana/|archive-date=9 June 2013|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Islamhoy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Medina|first=Miguel Ángel|title=Los musulmanes son el 3,6% de la población en España (1,7 millones)|url=http://blogs.elpais.com/miradas-arabes/2014/02/poblacion-cuantos-musulmanes-espana-3-por-ciento-2014.html|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Blogs.elpais.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2015|title=Los musulmanes en España superan los 1,8 millones|url=http://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-musulmanes-espana-superan-18-millones-20150330182141.html|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Europapress.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2012|title=La cifra de musulmanes en España alcanza los 1,6 millones, de los que casi un tercio viven en Cataluña|url=http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/10/09/la-cifra-de-musulmanes-en-espana-casi-alcanza-los-16-millones-de-los-que-casi-un-tercio-viven-en-cataluna/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040941/http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/10/09/la-cifra-de-musulmanes-en-espana-casi-alcanza-los-16-millones-de-los-que-casi-un-tercio-viven-en-cataluna/|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Alertadigital.com}}</ref> and there have been Arabs in [[Spain]] since the early 8th century when the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Muslim conquest of Hispania]] created the state of Al-Andalus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=spanish property|url=http://www.villa.spain-property-costa-blanca.com/archives/2003/12/03/the-history-of-arabs-in-spain/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129191002/http://www.villa.spain-property-costa-blanca.com/archives/2003/12/03/the-history-of-arabs-in-spain|archive-date=29 November 2017|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Villa.spain-property-costa-blanca.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arab Influences on Spanish Language and Culture|url=http://www.donquijote.org/culture/spain/society/customs/arab-influence-on-spanish-language-and-culture|website=donQuijote}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Muslim Spain (711–1492)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In [[Germany]] the Arab population numbers over 1,401,950.<ref name="statista2">{{cite web|title=Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland in den Jahren 2015 und 2016|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/|work=statista|language=de}}</ref><ref name="cz-herborn.de2">{{Cite web|title=Arabische Christen in Deutschland|work=Christliches Zentrum Herborn |url=http://www.cz-herborn.de/arabische/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235841/http://www.cz-herborn.de/arabische/|archive-date=30 December 2013|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> in the United Kingdom between 366,769<ref name="Naba11a2">{{Cite web|title=REPORT ON THE 2011 CENSUS – MAY 2013 – Arabs and Arab League Population in the UK|url=http://www.naba.org.uk/library/reports/appendix_6.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008073407/http://www.naba.org.uk/library/reports/appendix_6.html|archive-date=8 October 2014|access-date=9 April 2015|publisher=National Association of British Arabs}}</ref> and 500,000,<ref>{{Cite web|title=British Arabs|url=http://www.naba.org.uk/Content/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103180941/http://www.naba.org.uk/Content/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|archive-date=3 January 2015|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Naba.org.uk}}</ref> and in [[Greece]] between 250,000 and 750,000<ref name="Gre12">{{Cite web|date=19 May 2016|title=Refugees, migrants reach 54,574 in Greece on Wednesday|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/208747/article/ekathimerini/news/refugees-migrants-reach-54574-in-greece-on-wednesday|access-date=19 May 2016|website=[[Kathimerini]]}}</ref>). In addition, Greece is home to people from Arab countries who have the status of refugees (e.g. [[refugees of the Syrian civil war]]).<ref name="Kniffka19952">{{Cite book|last=Hannes Kniffka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2wbAQAAIAAJ|title=Elements of culture-contrastive linguistics|date=June 1995|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-2927-4|page=244}}</ref> In the [[Netherlands]] 180,000,<ref name="auto2" /> and in [[Denmark]] 121,000. Other countries are also home to Arab populations, including [[Norway]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Switzerland]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Romania]] and [[Serbia]].<ref name="Arab migration facts and figures2">{{Citation|title=Intra-Regional Labour Mobility in the Arab World, Facts and Figures|url=http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Intra%20regional%20labour%20mobility%20in%20Arab%20region%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf|year=2010|access-date=21 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507114953/http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Intra%20regional%20labour%20mobility%20in%20Arab%20region%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf|publisher=International Organization for Migration|archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> As of late 2015, [[Turkey]] had a total population of 78.7 million, with [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Syrian refugees]] accounting for 3.1% of that figure based on conservative estimates. Demographics indicated that the country previously had 1,500,000<ref name="ChapinMetz2">{{Cite web|title=Turkey – Arabs|url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/29.htm|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> to 2,000,000 Arab residents,<ref name="www.aljazeera.com2">{{Cite web|title=Turkey's demographic challenge|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/turkey-demographic-challenge-arabs-syria-refugees-isis-160218063810080.html|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> [[Arabs in Turkey|Turkey's Arab population]] is now 4.5 to 5.1% of the total population, or approximately 4–5 million people.<ref name="www.aljazeera.com2" /><ref name="www.washingtoninstitute.org2">{{Cite web|title=The Impact of Syrian Refugees on Turkey|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-impact-of-syrian-refugees-on-turkey|website=washingtoninstitute.org}}</ref>

==== Americas ====
{{Main|Arab immigration to the United States|Arab Americans|History of Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit|Arab Canadians|Arab Brazilians|Arab Mexicans|Arab Chileans|Arab Colombians|Arab Uruguayans|Arab Venezuelans|Arab Cubans|Arab Haitians|Arab immigration to Honduras|Arab Argentines|Lebanese Paraguayans|Arab Uruguayans|}}

{{See also|Arab American Institute|Arab American National Museum|Arab American Action Network|Arab American Book Award}}{{multiple image
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[[Arab immigration to the United States]] began in significant numbers during the 1880s, and today, an estimated 2 million Americans trace their roots to an Arab background according to the Census Bureau.<ref name="American Community Survey"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kayyali|first=Randa|title=The Arab Americans|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2006|page=26}}</ref> [[Arab Americans]] are found in every state, but more than two thirds of them live in just ten states, and one-third live in [[Los Angeles]], [[Detroit]], and New York City specifically.<ref name="aaiusa.org">{{Cite web|title=Demographics|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023235625/http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics|archive-date=23 October 2016|access-date=18 December 2017|publisher=Arab American Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kayyali|first=Randa|title=The Arab Americans|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2006|page=35}}</ref> Most Arab Americans were born in the US, and nearly 82% of US-based Arabs are citizens.<ref name="autogenerated42">{{Cite book|last=Orfalea|first=Gregory|url=https://archive.org/details/arabamericans00greg|title=The Arab Americans: A History|publisher=Olive Branch Press|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/arabamericans00greg/page/189 189]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="aai.3cdn.net2">{{Cite web|title=Arab American Population Highlights|url=http://aai.3cdn.net/9298c231f3a79e30c6_g7m6bx9hs.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723000336/http://aai.3cdn.net/9298c231f3a79e30c6_g7m6bx9hs.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2011|access-date=7 July 2011}} Arab American Population Highlights Arab American Institute Foundation</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=de la Cruz|first1=G. Patricia|last2=Angela Brittingham|date=December 2003|title=The Arab Population: 2000|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|access-date=17 October 2016|website=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|access-date=18 March 2015|website=US Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

Arab immigrants began to arrive in Canada in small numbers in 1882. Their [[immigration]] was relatively limited until 1945, after which time it increased progressively, particularly in the 1960s and thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Arab Community in Canada|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007009-eng.htm|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> According to the website "Who are [[Arab Canadians]]", [[Montreal]], the Canadian city with the largest Arab population, has approximately 267,000 Arab inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2015|title=Home|url=http://www.rcinet.ca/arabs-canada/|website=Canadians of Arab Origin – Who are they?}}</ref>

[[Latin America]] has the largest Arab population outside of the [[Arab World]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2015|title=Out of MENA: Nine cities the Arab Diaspora calls home|url=http://www.albawaba.com/slideshow/out-mena-nine-cities-arab-diaspora-calls-home-691942|website=Al Bawaba}}</ref> Latin America is home to anywhere from 17–25 to 30 million people of Arab descent, which is more than any other diaspora region in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arab roots grow deep in Brazil's rich melting pot|work=The Washington Times|url=http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/jul/11/20050711-092503-1255r/?page=all|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Origem e destino dos imigrantes do Levante|url=http://brasil500anos.ibge.gov.br/territorio-brasileiro-e-povoamento/arabes/origem-e-destino-dos-imigrantes|access-date=11 April 2016|publisher=ibge}}</ref> The [[Federal government of Brazil|Brazilian]] and Lebanese governments claim there are 7 million [[Lebanese Brazilians|Brazilians of Lebanese descent]].<ref name="itamaraty12">{{Cite web|title=Lebanese Republic|url=http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7223:lebanese-republic&catid=155&lang=en&Itemid=478|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004630/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7223:lebanese-republic&catid=155&lang=en&Itemid=478|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Itamaraty.gov.br}}</ref><ref name="libano12">{{Cite web|date=1996|title=Lebanon: Geography|url=http://www.libano.org.br/olibano_geografia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529005221/http://www.libano.org.br/olibano_geografia.htm|archive-date=29 May 2008|website=Embassy of Lebanon in Brazil|language=pt}}</ref> Also, the Brazilian government claims there are 4 million [[Syrian Brazilians|Brazilians of Syrian descent]].<ref name="itamaraty12" /><ref name="IBGE2008"/><ref name="saudiaramcoworld12">{{Cite magazine|title=The Arabs of Brazil|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200505/the.arabs.of.brazil.htm|magazine=Saudi Aramco World|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="dsbra2">{{Cite news|date=23 April 2010|title=Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community|work=The Daily Star|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/Lebanon-News/2010/Apr-23/57092-sleiman-meets-brazilian-counterpart-lebanese-community.ashx#axzz0rLGUHTtA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1996|title=O Líbano: Geografia|trans-title=Lebanon: Geography|url=http://www.libano.org.br/olibano_geografia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112211835/http://www.libano.org.br/olibano_geografia.htm|archive-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Lebanese Embassy in Brazil|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Estadão de Hoje|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20091222/index.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101021406/http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20091222/index.htm|archive-date=1 January 2013|access-date=17 September 2011|publisher=Estadao.com.br}}</ref> Other large Arab communities includes [[Argentina]] (about 3,500,000<ref name="Fearab.org.ar" /><ref name="oni.escuelas.edu.ar2">{{Cite web|title=Sirios, turcos y libaneses|trans-title=Syrians, Turks and Lebanese|url=http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/BajarondelosBarcos/Colectividades/Turcos,%20sirios%20y%20libaneses/inmigraci%C3%B3n.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211122017/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/bajarondelosbarcos/Colectividades/Turcos%2C%20sirios%20y%20libaneses/inmigraci%C3%B3n.htm|archive-date=11 December 2008|publisher=oni.escuelas.edu.ar|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2009|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214725/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2018|access-date=4 November 2016|publisher=Pew Research Center|page=24}}</ref>)

The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barros |first=Carolina |date=23 August 2012 |title=Argentina's Syrians |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/109558/argentina%27s-syrians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130112314/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/109558/argentina%27s-syrians |archive-date=30 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2016 |work=Buenos Aires Herald |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Colombia]] (over 3,200,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colombia y Medio Oriente|url=https://www.larepublica.co/analisis/simon-gaviria-munoz-401830/colombia-y-medio-oriente-3350223|access-date=12 July 2022|website=Diario La República|date=26 April 2022|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2011|title=Brazil-Arab News Agency – Colombia awakens to the Arab world|url=http://www2.anba.com.br/noticia_diplomacia.kmf?cod=8701931|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150728/http://www2.anba.com.br/noticia_diplomacia.kmf?cod=8701931|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2019|title=Los palestinos que encontraron un segundo hogar en el centro de Bogotá|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/mas-regiones/los-palestinos-que-encontraron-un-segundo-hogar-en-el-centro-de-bogota-334782|access-date=19 June 2022|website=El Tiempo|language=spanish}}</ref>), [[Venezuela]] (over 1,600,000),<ref name="thedailybeast.com" /><ref>[http://www.aljadid.com/content/arabs-making-their-mark-latin-america-generations-immigrants-colombia-venezuela-and-mexico Habeeb Salloum, "Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America: Generations of Immigrants in Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico"], ''Al Jadid'', Vol. 6, no. 30 (Winter 2000).</ref> [[Mexico]] (over 1,100,000),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sierra|first=Mauricio|date=16 June 2021|title=Arab Ancestry in Latin America|url=https://berkeleyhighjacket.com/column/arab-ancestry-in-latin-america/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805180425/https://berkeleyhighjacket.com/column/arab-ancestry-in-latin-america/|archive-date=5 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2022|website=Berkeley High Jacket|quote=Arab Mexicans are an important group within Mexican society. There are around 1,100,000 Mexican citizens of Arab descent}}</ref> [[Chile]] (over 800,000),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zalaquett pone a Chile como modelo de convivencia palestino-judía|url=http://www.lanacion.cl/zalaquett-pone-a-chile-como-modelo-de-convivencia-palestino-judia/noticias/2009-10-16/160813.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308011730/http://www.lanacion.cl/zalaquett-pone-a-chile-como-modelo-de-convivencia-palestino-judia/noticias/2009-10-16/160813.html|archive-date=8 March 2016|website=La Nación |date=16 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>''Arab and Jewish immigrants in Latin America'': images and realities, by Ignacio Klich, Jeff Lesser, 1998, p. 165.</ref><ref name="select.nytimes.com2">{{Cite news|last=Nemy|first=Enid|date=14 September 1969|title=In Santiago Society, No One Cares If Your Name Is Carey or de Yrarrazaval|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/09/14/archives/in-santiago-society-no-one-cares-if-your-name-is-carey-or-de.html}}</ref> and [[Central America]], particularly [[El Salvador]], and [[Honduras]] (between 150,000 and 200,000).<ref name="The Arabs of Honduras2">{{Cite web|date=27 June 1936|title=The Arabs of Honduras|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm|access-date=17 September 2011|publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com}}</ref><ref name="Adnkronos.com" /><ref name="Laventana.casa.cult.cu" /> [[Arab Haitians]] (257,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=A brief history of Haiti as a destination for groups seeking refuge|url=https://haitiantimes.com/2022/05/19/a-brief-history-of-haiti-as-a-destination-for-groups-seeking-refuge/|website=Haitian Times|date=19 May 2022 |last1=Augustin |first1=Noah }}</ref>) a large number of whom live in the [[Port-au-Prince|capital]] are more often than not, concentrated in financial areas where the majority of them establish businesses.<ref name="al-shorfa.com2">{{Cite web|title=From Lebanon to Haiti: A Story Going Back to the 19th Century|url=http://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/features/main/2010/01/26/feature-02?format=mobile&mobile=true|access-date=30 January 2014}}</ref>

==== Caucasus ====
{{main|Arabs in the Caucasus}}

[[File:Caucasus 1060 map en.svg|thumb|Georgia and the Caucasus in 1060, during the final decline of the emirate]]
In 1728, a Russian officer described a group of Arab nomads who populated the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] shores of [[Mughan plain|Mughan]] (in present-day [[Azerbaijan]]).<ref name="Genko2">Genko, A. ''The Arabic Language and Caucasian Studies''. USSR Academy of Sciences Publ. Moscow-Leningrad. 8–109</ref> It is believed that these groups migrated to the [[South Caucasus]] in the 16th century.<ref name="zelkina2">Zelkina, Anna. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih6b9iupT6oC&pg=PA101 Arabic as a Minority Language]. Walter de Gruyter, 2000; {{ISBN|3-11-016578-3}} p. 101</ref> The 1888 edition of [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] also mentioned a certain number of Arabs populating the [[Baku Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="Baynesp5142">Baynes, Thomas Spencer (ed). "Transcaucasia." Encyclopædia Britannica. 1888. p. 514</ref> They retained an [[Shirvani Arabic|Arabic dialect]] at least into the mid-19th century,<ref name="Bakik2">[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus2/Bakihanov/framevved.htm Golestan-i Iram] by [[Abbasgulu Bakikhanov]]. Translated by [[Ziya Bunyadov]]. Baku: 1991, p. 21</ref> there are nearly 30 settlements still holding the name ''Arab'' (for example, [[Ərəbqədim|Arabgadim]], [[Ərəbocağı|Arabojaghy]], [[Ərəbyengicə|Arab-Yengija]], etc.). From the time of the Arab conquest of the [[South Caucasus]], continuous small-scale Arab migration from various parts of the Arab world occurred in [[Dagestan]]. The majority of these lived in the village of Darvag, to the north-west of [[Derbent]]. The latest of these accounts dates to the 1930s.<ref name="zelkina2" /> Most Arab communities in southern Dagestan underwent linguistic [[Turkification|Turkicisation]], thus nowadays Darvag is a majority-[[Azerbaijanis|Azeri]] village.<ref name="Sefer2">Seferbekov, Ruslan. [http://www.tabasaran.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=171 Characters Персонажи традиционных религиозных представлений азербайджанцев Табасарана.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216032153/http://www.tabasaran.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=171|date=16 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="Wrum2">Stephen Adolphe Wurm et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA966 Atlas of languages of intercultural communication]. Walter de Gruyter, 1996; p. 966</ref>

==== Central, South, East and Southeast Asia ====
{{main|Arabs in India|Arab Indonesians|Central Asian Arabs|Iranian Arabs|Arabs in Khorasan|Khuzestani Arabs|Arabs in Japan|Arab Malaysians|||Arabs in the Philippines|Arab Singaporeans|Sri Lankan Moors}}

According to the ''History of Ibn Khaldun'', the Arabs that were once in [[Central Asia]] have been either killed or have fled the Tatar invasion of the region.<ref name="Khaldun2">History of Ibn Khaldun</ref> However, today many people in Central Asia identify as Arabs. Most [[Central Asian Arabic|Arabs of Central Asia]] are fully integrated into local populations, and sometimes call themselves the same as locals (for example, [[Tājik people|Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]]) but they use special titles to show their Arab origin such as [[Sayyid]], [[Khoja (Turkestan)|Khoja]] or [[Siddiqui]].<ref name="Owensp1842">Arabic As a Minority Language By Jonathan Owens, pg. 184</ref>

[[File:Ketchimalai_Mosque-_Beruwala,_Sri_Lanka.jpg|thumb|The mosque is built at the spot where the first Arab traders landed and subsequently settled in the area.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jayawardena, Dulip|date=13 March 2018|title=Communal violence and political instability in Sri Lanka|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|The Daily Mirror]]|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/Communal-violence-and-political-instability-in-Sri-Lanka--147158.html|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>]]
There are only two communities in India which claim Arab descent, the [[Chaush]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region and the [[Arab (Gujarat)|Chavuse]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>People of India: Vol. XIII: Andhra Pradesh (3 Parts-Set)Edited by D.L. Prasada Rao, N.V.K. Rao and S. Yaseen Saheb, Affiliated East-West Press</ref><ref>People of India: Volume XXII: Gujarat (3 Parts-Set): Edited by R.B. Lal, P.B.S.V. Padmanabham, Gopal Krishan and Md. Azeez Mohidden, Popular Prakashan for ASI, 2003.</ref> These groups are largely descended from [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami]] migrants who settled in these two regions in the 18th century. However, neither community still speaks Arabic, although the Chaush have seen re-immigration to [[Eastern Arabia]] and thus a re-adoption of Arabic.<ref>Muslim society in transition Javed, Arifa Kulsoom {{ISBN|81-7169-096-3}}</ref> In [[South Asia]], where Arab ancestry is considered prestigious, some communities have origin myths that claim Arab ancestry. Several communities following the [[Shafiʽi school|Shafi'i madhab]] (in contrast to other [[Islam in South Asia|South Asian Muslims]] who follow the [[Hanafi|Hanafi madhab]]) claim descent from Arab traders like the [[Konkani Muslims]] of the [[Konkan|Konkan region]], the [[Mappilla]] of [[Kerala]], and the [[Labbai]] and [[Marakkar]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and a few Christian groups in India that claim and have Arab roots are situated in the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>Frontiers of embedded Muslim communities in India / editor, Vinod K. Jairath {{ISBN|978-0-415-66888-0}}</ref> South Asian [[Iraqi Biradari|Iraqi biradri]] may have records of their ancestors who migrated from Iraq in historical documents. The [[Sri Lankan Moors]] are the third largest ethnic group in [[Sri Lanka]], constituting 9.2% of the country's total population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|archive-date=28 April 2017|access-date=19 December 2016|website=Census of Population & Housing, 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}}</ref> Some sources trace the ancestry of the Sri Lankan [[Moors]] to Arab traders who settled in Sri Lanka at some time between the 8th and 15th centuries.<ref name="TheSundayTimes2">{{Cite web|title=Race in Sri Lanka What Genetic evidence tells us|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140126/plus/race-in-sri-lanka-what-genetic-evidence-tells-us-80911.html|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Anthropos2">{{Cite journal|last=de Munck|first=Victor|year=2005|title=Islamic Orthodoxy and Sufism in Sri Lanka|journal=Anthropos|volume=100|issue=2|pages=401–414 [403]|doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2005-2-401|jstor=40466546}}</ref><ref name="Islamic Studies2">{{Cite journal|last=Mahroof|first=M.M.M.|year=1995|title=Spoken Tamil Dialects of the Muslims of Sri Lanka: Language As Identity-Classifier|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=34|issue=4|pages=407–426 [408]|jstor=20836916}}</ref> There are about 118,866 [[Arab-Indonesians]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shahab|first=Alwi|date=21 January 1996|title=Komunitas Arab Di Pekojan Dan Krukut: Dari Mayoritas Menjadi Minoritas|url=http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1996/01/21/0012.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809013353/http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1996/01/21/0012.html|archive-date=9 August 2008|access-date=19 April 2015|language=id}}</ref> of [[Hadhrami people|Hadrami]] descent in the 2010 Indonesian census.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Aris Ananta |author2=Evi Nurvidya Arifin |author3=M Sairi Hasbullah |author4=Nur Budi Handayani |author5=Agus Pramono |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crKfCgAAQBAJ|title=Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity (Table 4.38 The 145 Ethnic Groups: Indonesia, 2010)|publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]]|date=2015|isbn=978-981-4519-87-8|access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

==== Sub-Saharan Africa ====
{{Main|Afro-Arabs|Baggara Arabs|Ghanaian Arabs|Arabs in Ivory Coast|Lebanese people in Senegal|Lebanese people in Sierra Leone|Diffa Arabs}}

[[File:Baggara belt.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Map of the Baggara belt]]
[[Afro-Arabs]] are individuals and groups from [[Africa]] who are of partial Arab descent. Most Afro-Arabs inhabit the [[Swahili coast|Swahili Coast]] in the [[African Great Lakes]] region, although some can also be found in parts of the Arab world.<ref name="Romero2">{{Cite book|last=Romero|first=Patricia W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5hyAAAAMAAJ|title=Lamu|date=1997|publisher=Markus Wiener|isbn=978-1-55876-106-3|page=7|access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Gunnar2">{{Cite book|first1=Gunnar M|last1=Sorbø|first2=Abdel Ghaffar Muhammad|last2=Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fe3QAQAAQBAJ|title=Sudan Divided: Continuing Conflict in a Contested State|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-33824-2|page=90|access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref> Large numbers of Arabs migrated to [[West Africa]], particularly [[Côte d'Ivoire]] (home to over 100,000 Lebanese),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ivory Coast – The Levantine Community|url=http://countrystudies.us/ivory-coast/72.htm|access-date=17 September 2011|publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> [[Senegal]] (roughly 30,000 Lebanese),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081118213343/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-10-voa46.cfm Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce], By Naomi Schwarz, voanews.com, 10 July 2007</ref> [[Sierra Leone]] (roughly 10,000 Lebanese today; about 30,000 prior to the outbreak of [[Sierra Leone Civil War|civil war]] in 1991), [[Liberia]], and [[Nigeria]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6908065.stm Lebanese man shot dead in Nigeria], BBC News</ref> Since the end of the civil war in 2002, [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] traders have become re-established in Sierra Leone.<ref>{{cite web|title=African Union Summit|url=http://ausummit-accra.org.gh/index1.php?linkid=289&adate=04%2F07%2F2007&archiveid=140&page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307113837/http://ausummit-accra.org.gh/index1.php?linkid=289&adate=04%2F07%2F2007&archiveid=140&page=1|archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Randall|first=Colin|date=19 November 2004|title=The night westerners were hunted for being white|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1477006/The-night-westerners-were-hunted-for-being-white.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=26 June 2009|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1477006/The-night-westerners-were-hunted-for-being-white.html|archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ivory Coast: A Country Study|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|GPO]] for the [[Library of Congress]]|year=1988|editor-last=Handloff|editor-first=Robert E.|series=Country Studies|location=Washington, DC|chapter=The Levantine Community|chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/ivory-coast/72.htm}}</ref> The Arabs of Chad occupy northern Cameroon and Nigeria (where they are sometimes known as Shuwa), and extend as a belt across Chad and into Sudan, where they are called the [[Baggara]] grouping of [[Arab]] ethnic groups inhabiting the portion of Africa's [[Sahel]]. There are 171,000 in [[Cameroon]], 150,000 in [[Niger]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2006|title=Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6081416.stm|access-date=18 December 2017|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>), and 107,000 in the [[Central African Republic]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Central African Republic|date=22 March 2023|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325114029/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2023|work=The World Factbook|access-date=28 March 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>

== Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arab Muslims|Arab Christians|Druze|Arab Jews|Baháʼí Faith}}

Arabs are mostly Muslims with a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority and a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] minority, one exception being the [[Ibadis]], who predominate in [[Oman]].<ref name="ahmadi2">See, for example:
* {{Cite book|first=Ori|last=Stendel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Ao8dYsCskC&pg=PA45|title=The Arabs in Israel|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1-898723-24-0|page=45|access-date=4 March 2014}}
* {{cite book|author=Mohammad Hassan Khalil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmgkD3Hel5IC&pg=PA297|title=Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-994541-2|page=297|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> [[Arab Christians]] generally follow [[Eastern Churches]] such as the [[Greek Orthodox]] and [[Greek Catholic]] churches, though a minority of [[Protestant Church]] followers also exists.<ref name="Christi2">{{Cite web|title=Christians (in the Arab world)|url=http://www.medea.be/index.html?page=2&lang=en&doc=38|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611202018/http://www.medea.be/index.html?page=2&lang=en&doc=38|archive-date=11 June 2010|access-date=13 April 2010|publisher=Medea.be}}</ref> There are also Arab communities consisting of [[Druze]] and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]].<ref>{{Citation|title=The Bahá'í World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community|url=http://info.bahai.org/article-1-6-0-5.html|access-date=2 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629171538/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-6-0-5.html|publisher=The Baháʼí International Community|archive-date=29 June 2007}}</ref><ref>"[http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/Joshua_Landis_Druze_and_Shishakli.htm Shishakli and the Druzes: Integration and Intransigence]"</ref> Historically, there were also sizeable populations of [[Arab Jews]] around the Arab World.

[[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Before the coming of Islam]], most Arabs followed a pagan religion with a number of deities, including [[Hubal]],<ref name="Hubal2">{{Cite web|title=Is Hubal The Same As Allah?|url=http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/Allah/hubal.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325235432/http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/Allah/hubal.html|archive-date=25 March 2010|access-date=13 April 2010|publisher=Islamic-awareness.org}}</ref> [[Wadd]], [[Al-lāt|Allāt]],<ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEcpkWjYOZQC&q=Allat&pg=PA34|title=Dictionary of Ancient Deities|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-514504-5}}</ref> [[Manāt|Manat]], and [[Al-Uzza|Uzza]]. A few individuals, the ''[[hanif]]s'', had apparently rejected [[polytheism]] in favor of [[monotheism]] unaffiliated with any particular religion. Some tribes had converted to Christianity or Judaism. The most prominent Arab Christian kingdoms were the [[Ghassanid]] and [[Lakhmid]] kingdoms.<ref name="Marib2">{{Cite web|title=From Marib The Sabean Capital To Carantania|url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/1-29-2005-64989.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227165349/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/1-29-2005-64989.asp|archive-date=27 December 2005|access-date=13 April 2010|publisher=Buzzle.com}}</ref> When the [[Himyarite]] king converted to [[Judaism]] in the late 4th century,<ref name="Hima2">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Msn Encarta entry on Himyarites|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570797/himyarites.html|access-date=10 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704090616/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570797/Himyarites.html|archive-date=4 July 2004}}</ref> the elites of the other prominent Arab kingdom, the [[Kindites]], being Himyirite vassals, apparently also converted (at least partly). With the expansion of Islam, polytheistic Arabs were rapidly [[Islamization|Islamized]], and polytheistic traditions gradually disappeared.<ref name="MSNU2">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2009|title=History of Islam|url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/religion/islam/history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531045659/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/religion/islam/history.html|archive-date=31 May 2010|access-date=13 April 2010|publisher=Mnsu.edu}}</ref><ref name="EncyRe2">{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion|url=http://www.cqpress.com/context/articles/epr_islam.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428065818/http://www.cqpress.com/context/articles/epr_islam.html|archive-date=28 April 2010|access-date=13 April 2010|publisher=Cqpress.com}}</ref>
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Today, Sunni Islam dominates in most areas, vastly so in Levant, North Africa, West Africa and the Horn of Africa. Shia Islam is dominant in [[Bahrain]] and southern [[Iraq]] while northern Iraq is mostly Sunni. Substantial Shia populations exist in [[Lebanon]], [[Yemen]], [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref name="Shia2">{{Cite web|first=Lionel|last=Beehner|title=Shia Muslims in the Mideast|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html#2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411123648/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html|archive-date=11 April 2010|access-date=13 April 2010|publisher=Cfr.org}}</ref> northern [[Syria]] and Al-Batinah Region in [[Oman]]. There are small numbers of [[Ibadi]] and [[non-denominational Muslims]] too.<ref name="ahmadi2" /> The [[Druze]] community is concentrated in Levant.<ref>{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics|first=Colbert|last=C. Held|year=2008|isbn=978-0-429-96200-4|page=109|publisher=Routledge|quote=Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}}</ref>

Christianity had a prominent presence In [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] among several Arab communities, including the [[Bahrani people]] of [[Eastern Arabia]], the [[Christian community of Najran]], in parts of [[Yemen#Ancient history|Yemen]], and among certain northern Arabian tribes such as the [[Ghassanids]], [[Lakhmids]], [[Taghlib]], [[Banu Amela]], [[Banu Judham]], [[Tanukhids]] and [[Tayy]]. In the early Christian centuries, Arabia was sometimes known as ''Arabia heretica'', due to its being "well known as a breeding-ground for heterodox interpretations of Christianity."<ref>{{cite book|title=A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered|date=2003|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-912-7|edition=ill., reprint, rev.|page=88|author1=Kamal S. Salibi}}</ref>
Christians make up 5.5% of the population of Western Asia and North Africa.<ref name="Pacini2">{{Cite book|title=Christian Communities in the Middle East|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-829388-0|editor-last=Andrea Pacini}}</ref> In Lebanon, Christians number about 40.5% of the population.<ref name="CIA World Factbook: Lebanon2">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Lebanon}}</ref> In Syria, Christians make up 10% of the population.<ref name="CIA World Factbook: Syria2">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Syria}}</ref> [[Palestinian Christians|Christians in Palestine]] make up 8% and 0.7% of the populations, respectively.<ref name="FactbookGazaStrip2">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Gaza Strip}}</ref><ref name="FactbookWestBank2">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=West Bank}}</ref> In Egypt, Christians number about 10% of the population. In Iraq, Christians constitute 0.1% of the population.<ref>[http://www.arabicbible.com/christian/arab_christians_who_are_they.htm Arab Christians – Who are they?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206024540/http://www.arabicbible.com/christian/arab_christians_who_are_they.htm|date=6 December 2010}}. Arabicbible.com. Retrieved on 3 January 2011.</ref>

In Israel, Arab Christians constitute 2.1% (roughly 9% of the Arab population).<ref name="WFIS2">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Israel|access-date=18 July 2011|year=2011}}</ref> Arab Christians make up 8% of the population of [[Jordan]].<ref name="WFJord2">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Jordan|access-date=18 July 2011|year=2011}}</ref> Most [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]n Arabs are Christian,<ref name="AAIUSA2">{{Cite web|title=The Arab American Institute | Arab Americans|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403085410/http://www.aaiusa.org/arab-americans/22/demographics|archive-date=3 April 2010|access-date=10 March 2010|publisher=Aaiusa.org}}</ref> so are about half of the Arabs in Australia who come particularly from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. One well known member of this religious and ethnic community is [[Abo of Tiflis|Saint Abo]], martyr and the patron saint of [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mgaloblishvili|first=Tamila|title=Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7007-0633-4|page=272}}</ref> Arab Christians also live in holy Christian cities such as [[Nazareth]], [[Bethlehem]] and the [[Christian Quarter]] of the [[Old City of Jerusalem]] and many other villages with holy Christian sites.

== Culture ==
{{main|Arab culture}}

[[File:Illustration by David Roberts, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 120.jpg|thumb|Dancing girls at Cairo]]
Arab culture is shaped by a long and rich history that spans thousands of years, from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west to the [[Arabian Sea]] in the east, and from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. The various religions the Arabs have adopted throughout [[History of the Arabs|their history]] and the various empires and kingdoms that have ruled and took lead of the Arabic civilization have contributed to the [[ethnogenesis]] and formation of modern Arab culture. [[Language]], [[literature]], [[gastronomy]], [[art]], [[architecture]], [[music]], [[spirituality]], [[philosophy]] and [[mysticism]] are all part of the cultural heritage of the Arabs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Doris|last=Behrens-Abouseif|title=Beauty in Arabic culture|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=978-1-55876-199-5|oclc=40043536}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{main|Arabic}}

[[File:Learning_Arabic_calligraphy.jpg|thumb|[[Arabic calligraphy]] is the artistic practice of writing Arabic script in a decorative and stylized manner.]]
[[Arabic]] is a [[Semitic language]] of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic family]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)|via=Academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301|access-date=27 October 2016 |last1=Al-Jallad |first1=Ahmad |date=16 November 2015 }}</ref> The first evidence for the emergence of the language appears in military accounts from 853 BCE. Today it has developed widely used as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' for more than 500 million people. It is also a [[Liturgy#Islam|liturgical]] language for 1.7 billion [[Muslims]].<ref name="pewmuslim422">{{Cite web|date=27 January 2011|title=Executive Summary|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population|access-date=22 December 2011|website=Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=27 January 2011|title=Table: Muslim Population by Country|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|publisher=Features.pewforum.org|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2030|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> Arabic is one of six [[official languages of the United Nations]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=UN official languages|publisher=United Nations|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/official-languages/|access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> and is revered in [[Islam]] as the language of the [[Quran]].<ref name="pewmuslim422" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2011|title=Table: Muslim Population by Country | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2030|access-date=18 May 2014|publisher=Features.pewforum.org}}</ref>

Arabic has two main registers. [[Classical Arabic]] is the form of the [[Arabic]] language used in literary texts from [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and Abbasid times (7th to 9th centuries). It is based on the medieval dialects of [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribes]]. [[Modern Standard Arabic]] (MSA) is the direct descendant used today throughout the Arab world in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content,{{sfn|Bin-Muqbil|2006|p=14}} while the [[Lexis (linguistics)|lexis]] and [[Stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]] of [[Modern Standard Arabic]] are different from [[Classical Arabic]]. There are also various regional dialects of colloquial spoken Arabic that both vary greatly from both each other and from the formal written and spoken forms of Arabic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabs facts, information, pictures – articles about Arabs|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/arabs|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

=== Mythology ===
{{Main|Arabian mythology}}

[[File:Illustration_of_Aladdin_Flying_Away_with_Two_People_from_the_Arabian_Nights.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aladdin]] from the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'']]
[[Arabic mythology]] comprises the ancient beliefs of the Arabs. Prior to Islam the Kaaba of Mecca was covered in symbols representing the myriad demons, djinn, demigods, or simply tribal gods and other assorted deities which represented the polytheistic culture of pre-Islamic. It has been inferred from this plurality an exceptionally broad context in which mythology could flourish.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stetkevych|first=Jaroslav|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVXC72Td6CsC|title=Muhammad and the Golden Bough: Reconstructing Arabian Myth|date=2000|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21413-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O02TygAACAAJ&q=Arabian+mythology|title=Arabian Mythology, Noah's Ark, Hafaza, Jesus, Khidr, Dhul-Qarnayn, Isra and Mi'raj, Luqman, Devil, Throne of God|date=2011|publisher=General Books|isbn=978-1-233-18051-6}}</ref>

The most popular beasts and demons of Arabian mythology are [[Bahamut]], [[Dandan]], [[Falak (Arabian legend)|Falak]], [[Ghoul]], [[Hinn (mythology)|Hinn]], [[Jinn]], [[Karkadann]], [[Marid]], [[Nasnas]], [[Qareen]], [[Roc (mythology)|Roc]], [[Shadhavar]], [[Werehyena]] and other assorted creatures which represented the profoundly [[polytheistic]] environment of pre-Islamic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leeming|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/jealousgodschose00leem_0|title=Jealous Gods and Chosen People: The Mythology of the Middle East|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534899-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/jealousgodschose00leem_0/page/119 119]|url-access=registration}}</ref>

The most prominent symbol of Arabian mythology is the [[Jinn]] or genie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=jinni|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jinni|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=2 January 2024}}</ref> Jinns are supernatural beings that can be good or evil.<ref>Benjamin W. McCraw, ''Philosophical Approaches to Demonology'' Robert Arp Routledge 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-315-46675-0}}</ref><ref>[[Qur'ān 55:15]]</ref> They are not purely spiritual, but are also physical in nature, being able to interact in a tactile manner with people and objects and likewise be acted upon. The ''jinn'', humans, and [[Islamic view of angels|angels]] make up the known [[Sapience|sapient]] creations of [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>Amira El-Zein ''Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn'' Syracuse University Press 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8156-5070-6}} p. 19</ref>

[[Ghoul]]s also feature in the mythology as a [[monster]] or [[evil spirit]] associated with graveyards and consuming human flesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Story of Sidi-Nouman|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/lang1k1/tale31.htm|access-date=5 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Ghoul Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Ghoul|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-ghoul.html|access-date=23 March 2011}}</ref> In Arabic folklore, ghouls belonged to a diabolic class of jinn and were said to be the offspring of Iblīs, the prince of darkness in Islam. They were capable of constantly changing form, but always retained [[donkey]]'s hooves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ghoul|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ghoul|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=14 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{main|Arabic literature}}

[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art MSS 0902-61b-62a.jpg|thumb|left|Manuscript from the ''Diwan'' of [[Al-Mutanabbi]]]]
The [[Quran]], the main [[Religious text|holy book]] of [[Islam]], had a significant influence on the Arabic language, and marked the beginning of Arabic literature. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the [[Quraysh]], the tribe of [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Glen Van Brummelen-2013">{{Cite journal|first=Glen|last=Van Brummelen|date=2013|title=Seeking the Divine on Earth: The Direction of Prayer in Islam|journal=Math Horizons|volume=21|issue=1|pages=15–17|doi=10.4169/mathhorizons.21.1.15|jstor=10.4169/mathhorizons.21.1.15|s2cid=218543141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 September 2019|title=الوثائقية تفتح ملف "اللغة العربية"|url=https://doc.aljazeera.net/followup/الوثائقية-تفتح-ملف-اللغة-العربية/|access-date=18 June 2020|website=الجزيرة الوثائقية|language=ar}}</ref> As Islam spread, the Quran had the effect of unifying and standardizing Arabic.<ref name="Glen Van Brummelen-2013" />

Not only is the Quran the first work of any significant length written in the language, but it also has a far more complicated structure than the earlier literary works with its 114 ''[[Surah|suwar]]'' (chapters) which contain 6,236 ''[[ayat]]'' (verses). It contains [[injunction]]s, [[narrative]]s, [[homilies]], [[parable]]s, direct addresses from God, instructions and even comments on how the Quran will be received and understood. It is also admired for its layers of metaphor as well as its clarity, a feature which is mentioned in [[An-Nahl]], the 16th surah.

[[Al-Jahiz]] (born 776, in [[Basra]] – December 868/January 869) was an Arab prose writer and author of works of literature, [[Mu'tazili]] theology, and politico-religious polemics. A leading scholar in the Abbasid Caliphate, his canon includes two hundred books on various subjects, including [[Arabic grammar]], [[zoology]], poetry, lexicography, and [[rhetoric]]. Of his writings, only thirty books survive. Al-Jāḥiẓ was also one of the first Arabian writers to suggest a complete overhaul of the language's grammatical system, though this would not be undertaken until his fellow linguist [[Ibn Maḍāʾ]] took up the matter two hundred years later.<ref>[[Shawqi Daif]], Introduction to Ibn Mada's ''Refutation of the Grammarians'', pg. 48. Cairo, 1947.</ref>

There is a small remnant of [[pre-Islamic poetry]], but Arabic literature predominantly emerges in the [[Middle Ages]], during the [[Islamic Golden Age]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabic literature|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Arabic-literature|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> [[Imru' al-Qais]] was a king and poet in the 6th century, he was the last king of [[Kingdom of Kinda|Kindite]]. He is among the finest Arabic poetry to date, as well sometimes considered the father of [[Arabic poetry]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pendergast|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OaURAQAAMAAJ|title=Reference Guide to World Literature|date=2003|publisher=St. James Press|isbn=978-1-55862-490-0|page=30}}</ref> ''[[Kitab al-Aghani]]'' by [[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani|Abul-Faraj]] was called by the 14th-century historian [[Ibn Khaldun]] the register of the Arabs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sawa|first1=George Dimitri|title=Erotica, Love and Humor in Arabia: Spicy Stories from The Book of Songs by al-Isfahani|date=2016|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-1-4766-6365-4|page=2}}</ref> [[Modern Standard Arabic|Literary Arabic]] is derived from [[Classical Arabic]], based on the language of the Quran as it was analyzed by [[Arabic grammarians]] beginning in the 8th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Literature|url=https://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/arablit.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102163724/https://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/arablit.htm|archive-date=2 January 2017|website=Library.cornell.edu}}</ref>
[[File:Khalil Gibran - Autorretrato con musa, c. 1911.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kahlil Gibran]] was a writer, poet and visual artist; he is best known as the author of ''[[The Prophet (book)|The Prophet]]'', has since become one of the [[List of best-selling books|best-selling books]] of all time, having been [[Translations of The Prophet|translated into more than 100 languages]]]]
A large portion of Arabic literature before the 20th century is in the form of [[Arabic poetry|poetry]], and even prose from this period is either filled with snippets of poetry or is in the form of ''[[Saj (literature)|saj]]'' or rhymed prose.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabic literature|url=http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/entertainment/arabic-literature.html|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The ''[[ghazal]]'' or love poem had a long history being at times tender and chaste and at other times rather explicit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richards|first=D.S.|title=Arabic literature in the post-classical period|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-05399-0|editor-last=Allen|editor-first=Roger|edition=1st|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> In the [[Sufi]] tradition the love poem would take on a wider, [[Mysticism|mystical]] and [[Religion|religious]] importance.

[[Arabic epic literature]] was much less common than poetry, and presumably originates in oral tradition, written down from the 14th century or so. [[Maqama]] or [[rhymed prose]] is intermediate between poetry and [[prose]], and also between fiction and non-fiction.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Night and horses and the desert: an anthology of classical Arabic literature|date=2002|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=978-0-385-72155-4|editor-last=Irwin|editor-first=Robert|edition=1st Anchor Books|location=New York}}</ref> [[Maqama]] was an incredibly popular form of Arabic literature, being one of the few forms which continued to be written during the decline of Arabic in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East|url=http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/ref5.htm|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Islamicity.com}}</ref>

Arabic literature and [[Arab culture|culture]] declined significantly after the 13th century, to the benefit of [[Ottoman Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Persian literature|Persian]]. A modern revival took place beginning in the 19th century, alongside [[National awakenings under the Ottoman Empire|resistance against Ottoman rule]]. The literary revival is known as ''[[al-Nahda]]'' in Arabic, and was centered in [[Egypt]] and [[Lebanon]]. Two distinct trends can be found in the ''nahda'' period of revival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabic Literature|url=http://www.indigenouspeople.net/arabiclit/|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Indigenouspeople.net}}</ref>

The first was a neo-classical movement which sought to rediscover the literary traditions of the past, and was influenced by traditional literary genres—such as the ''[[maqama]]''—and works like ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''. In contrast, a modernist movement began by translating Western modernist works—primarily novels—into Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gelder|first=Geert Jan Van|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/21087|title=Classical Arabic Literature|date=2012|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-4511-3}}</ref> A tradition of [[modern Arabic poetry]] was established by writers such as [[Francis Marrash]], [[Ahmad Shawqi]] and [[Hafiz Ibrahim]]. Iraqi poet [[Badr Shakir al-Sayyab]] is considered to be the originator of free verse in [[Arabic poetry]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2013|title=Arabian literature|url=http://www.slideshare.net/JennyOh17/arabian-literature|website=Slideshare.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern Arabic literature|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-521-33197-5|editor-last=Badawi|editor-first=M.M.|edition=1. publ.|location=Cambridge [u.a.]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cachia|first=Pierre|url=https://archive.org/details/arabicliterature0000cach|title=Arabic literature: an overview|date=2002|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-0-7007-1725-5|edition=1. publ.|location=New York|url-access=registration}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Arab cuisine}}

[[File:Petra metzes.jpg|thumb|Plate of [[Meze]]s in [[Petra]], Jordan]]
[[Arab cuisine]] is largely divided into [[Khaleeji cuisine]], [[Levantine cuisine]] and [[Maghrebi cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food: a culinary history from Antiquity to the present|date=1999|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-231-11154-6|editor-last=Flandrin|editor-first=Jean-Louis|location=New York|translator-last=Clarissa Botsford|editor-last2=Montanari|editor-first2=Massimo|editor-last3=Sonnenfeld|editor-first3=Albert}}</ref> Arab cuisine has influenced other cuisines various cultures, including [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], [[Iranian peoples|Persian]], and [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]].

It is characterized by a variety of herbs and spices, including [[cumin]], [[coriander]], [[cinnamon]], [[sumac]], [[za'atar]], [[cardamom]], [[Mentha|mint]], [[saffron]], [[sesame]], [[thyme]] [[turmeric]] and [[parsley]].<ref name="Food and recipes2">{{Cite web|title=Food and recipes|url=http://al-bab.com/special-topics/food-and-recipes|website=al-bab.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabic Cuisine|url=http://www.canadianarabcommunity.com/arabiccuisine.php|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Canadianarabcommunity.com|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225000342/http://www.canadianarabcommunity.com/arabiccuisine.php}}</ref> Arab cuisine is also known for its sweets and desserts, such as [[Knafeh]], [[Baklava]], [[Halva]], and [[Qatayef]]. [[Arabic coffee]], or qahwa, is a traditional drink that is served with dates.

===Art===
{{main|Arabic art|Nabataean art|Arabic miniature|Arabesque}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Umayyad fresco of Prince (future caliph) Walid bin Yazid.jpg
| image2 = Arabischer Maler um 730 001.jpg
| image3 = Jordan Qusair Amra 2013 0449.jpg
| image4 = Stucco wall painting of a man from Samarra, Iraq, 9th century CE. Pergamon Museum.jpg
| image5 = British Museum Harem wall painting fragments 1.jpg
| image6 = Stucco frieze of a camel from Samarra, Iraq, 9th century CE. Pergamon Museum.jpg
| image7 = Bowl with hare, Egypt, Fatimid period, 11th century AD, earthenware with overglaze luster painting - Cincinnati Art Museum - DSC04163.JPG
| image8 = Seated drinker, Fatimid art.jpg
| image9 = Luster bowl, Fatimid, 11th cent.; Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo (2).jpg
| footer = (1st row) Various examples of early Umayyad paintings in Qusayr 'Amra. (2nd row) Examples of Abbasid Figural paintings from Samarra.
(3rd row) Examples of Fatimid art.
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[[Arabic art]] has taken various forms, including, among other things, [[jewelry]], [[textile]]s and [[architecture]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=d'Avennes|first=Prisse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3MWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Arabic Art in Color|date=1 January 1978|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-23658-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Arabic art: after monuments in Cairo|date=1 January 2007|publisher=L'Aventurine|isbn=978-2-914199-60-5|oclc=216662541}}</ref> Arabic script has also traditionally been heavily embellished with often colorful [[Arabic calligraphy]], with one notable and widely used example being [[Kufic script]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2011|title=A Brief History on Arabic Art: Different Forms of Arabic Artworks Outlined|url=http://www.brighthubeducation.com/history-homework-help/115127-arabic-art-and-architecture-brief-history/|website=Bright Hub Education}}</ref> Arabic miniatures ([[Arabic]]: الْمُنَمْنَمَات الْعَرَبِيَّة, ''Al-Munamnamāt al-ʿArabīyah'') are small [[painting]]s on [[paper]], usually book or manuscript illustrations but also sometimes separate artworks that occupy entire pages. The earliest example dates from around 690 CE, with a flourishing of the art from between 1000 and 1200 CE in the Abbasid caliphate. The art form went through several stages of evolution while witnessing the fall and rise of several [[Caliphate|Arab caliphates]].
{{multiple image
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Arab miniaturists got totally assimilated and subsequently disappeared due to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupation of the Arab world. Nearly all forms of Islamic miniatures ([[Persian miniature]]s, [[Ottoman miniature]]s and [[Mughal miniature]]s) owe their existences to Arabic miniatures, as Arab patrons were the first to demand the production of illuminated manuscripts in the Caliphate, it was not until the 14th century that the artistic skill reached the non-Arab regions of the Caliphate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mihram|first=Danielle|title=Research Guides: Medieval Studies and Research: Manuscripts: Art & Techniques|url=https://libguides.usc.edu/MedRenMSSandRareMatStudies/artandtechniques|access-date=27 May 2022|website=libguides.usc.edu}}</ref><ref name="DavidCollection2">{{Cite web|title=Miniature Painting|url=https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/materials/miniatures|access-date=30 December 2017|publisher=The David Collection}}</ref><ref name="MMA19332">{{Cite journal|date=October 1933|title=Islamic Miniature Painting and Book Illumination|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3255467.pdf.bannered.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art|volume=28|issue=10|pages=166–171|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406001359/https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3255467.pdf.bannered.pdf|archive-date=6 April 2012|access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=Yasin|date=2016|title=Review of Qur'ans of the Umayyads: A First Overview (Leiden Studies in Islam & Society), François Déroche|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=153–157|doi=10.3366/jqs.2016.0227|issn=1465-3591|jstor=44031130}}</ref><ref>''La Peinture arabe''</ref>

Despite the considerable changes in Arabic miniature style and technique, even during their last decades, the early [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] Arab influence could still be noticed. Arabic miniature artists include [[Ismail al-Jazari]], who illustrated his own ''Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.''<ref name="Jazari2">al-Jazari, ''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya'', transl. & anno. [[Donald Hill|Donald R. Hill]]. (1973), [[Springer Science+Business Media]].</ref>

The Abbasid artist, [[Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti|Yahya Al-Wasiti]], who probably lived in [[Baghdad]] in the late Abbasid era (12th to 13th-centuries), was one of the pre-eminent exponents of the Baghdad school. In the period 1236–1237, he transcribed and illustrated the book ''Maqamat'' (also known as the ''Assemblies'' or the ''Sessions''), a series of anecdotes of social satire written by [[Al-Hariri of Basra]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Baghdad school – Islamic art|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Baghdad-school|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> The narrative concerns the travels of a middle-aged man as he uses his charm and eloquence to swindle his way across the Arabic world.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Art, Awakening, and Modernity in the Middle East|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-12197-0|editor-last=Esanu|editor-first=Octavian|doi=10.4324/9781315121970}}</ref>[[File:Egitto,_cairo,_placca_decorativa_in_avorio,_XI_sec_-_Louvre_-_OA_6265-1.jpg|thumb|Arabesque pattern behind hunters on [[Ivory carving|ivory plaque]], 11th–12th century, Egypt]]
With most surviving Arabic [[manuscript]]s in western museums,<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 August 2017|title=الكنوز الضائعة.. هكذا انتقلت أشهر المخطوطات العربية إلى مكتبات العالم المختلفة|url=https://www.sasapost.com/arabic-manuscripts-in-foreign-libraries/|access-date=27 May 2022|website=ساسة بوست|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005024423/https://www.sasapost.com/arabic-manuscripts-in-foreign-libraries/}}</ref> Arabic miniatures occupy very little space in modern Arab culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thābit|first1=Mahmūd|last2=Albin|first2=Michael W.|date=1977|title=The Tragedy of Arabic Manuscripts, (1)|journal=MELA Notes|issue=12|pages=16–19|issn=0364-2410|jstor=29785032}}</ref> [[Arabesque]] is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fleming|first1=John|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofdeco00john|title=Dictionary of the Decorative Arts|last2=Honour|first2=Hugh|publisher=Penguin|year=1977|isbn=978-0-670-82047-4}}</ref> often combined with other elements. Another definition is "Foliate ornament, typically using leaves, derived from stylised [[half-palmette]]s, which were combined with spiralling stems".<ref>Rawson, 236</ref> It usually consists of a single design which can be 'tiled' or seamlessly repeated as many times as desired.<ref name="RobinsonIllustrated2">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Francis|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-66993-1|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arts of the Islamic World (article)|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/beginners-guide-islamic-world-art/beginners-guide-islamic-art/a/arts-of-the-islamic-world|website=Khan Academy}}</ref>

===Architecture===
{{Further|Nabataean architecture|Islamic architecture}}
The Arab world is home to around 8%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat/|title=Number of World Heritage Properties by region|author=|website=World Heritage Convention|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref> of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s ([[List of World Heritage Sites in Arab states]]). The oldest examples of architecture include those of [[pre-Islamic Arabia]],<ref name=":05222">{{Cite book|last=Finster|first=Barbara|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=2009|isbn=978-90-04-16165-8|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|chapter=Arabian Peninsula, art and architecture|editor-last2=Krämer|editor-first2=Gudrun|editor-last3=Matringe|editor-first3=Denis|editor-last4=Nawas|editor-first4=John|editor-last5=Rowson|editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> as well as [[Nabataean architecture]] that developed in the ancient [[Nabataean Kingdom|kingdom of the Nabataeans]], a nomadic Arab tribe that controlled a significant portion of the [[Middle East]] from the 4th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259265552_Nabataean_Architectural_Identity_and_its_Impact_on_Contemporary_Architecture_in_Jordan "Nabataean Architectural Identity and its Impact on Contemporary Architecture in Jordan"], ''Dirasat, Engineering Sciences''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/naba/hd_naba.htm|title=Nabataean Kingdom and Petra | Essay | the Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|date=October 2000 }}</ref> The Nabataeans were known for their skill in carving out elaborate buildings, tombs, and other structures from the sandstone cliffs of the region. One of the most famous examples of Nabataean architecture is the city of [[Petra]], which is located in modern-day [[Jordan]], was the capital of the Nabataean kingdom and is renowned for its impressive rock-cut architecture.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA79|title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila S.|date=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1}}</ref>

Prior to the start of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab conquests]], Arab tribal client states, the [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmids]] and [[Ghassanids]], were located on the borders of the Sassanid and Byzantine empires and were exposed to the cultural and architectural influences of both.{{Sfn|Shahîd|1995a|pp=401–403}}{{Sfn|Flood|Necipoğlu|2017|p=58}} They most likely played a significant role in transmitting and adapting the architectural traditions of these two empires to the later Arab Islamic dynasties.{{Sfn|Shahîd|1995a|pp=391, 402}}{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|pp=4–5}}

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The Arab empire expanded rapidly, and with it, came a diverse range of architectural influences. One of the most notable architectural achievements of the Arab Empire is the [[Umayyad Mosque|Great Mosque of Damascus]] in Syria, which was built in the early 8th century, was constructed on the site of a Christian basilica and incorporated elements of Byzantine and Roman architecture, such as arches, columns, and intricate mosaics. Another important architectural is the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]], which was built in the late 7th century. The mosque features an impressive dome and a large prayer hall, as well as intricate geometric patterns and calligraphy on the walls.<ref>Fletcher, Banister [https://books.google.com/books?id=ULcsAAAAYAAJ&q=islam A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method] 4th Edition, London, p. 476.</ref><ref name="Krautheimer2">Krautheimer, Richard. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WXwX7fQ2DkUC&q=islam Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture] Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, Penguin Books Ltd., 1965, p. 285.</ref>

=== Music ===
{{main|Arabic music}}

[[File:Umm_Kulthum4.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Umm Kulthum]] was an Arab singer, [[songwriter]], and film actress (1920s–1970s). She has been named among the "200 Greatest Singers of All Time".<ref>{{citation|title=Rolling Stone Magazine named iconic singer Umm Kulthum among the greatest 200 singers of all time.|date=8 January 2023|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/121771/Rolling-Stone-Magazine-named-iconic-singer-Umm-Kulthum-among-the}}</ref>]]
[[Arabic music]], while independent and flourishing in the 2010s, has a long history of interaction with many other regional musical styles and genres. It is an amalgam of the music of the Arab people in the Arabian Peninsula and the music of all the peoples that make up the Arab world today.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Touma|first=Habib Hassan|date=1972|title=[Review of ''Das arabische Tonsystem im Mittelalter'' by Liberty Manik]|department=Book Reviews|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=140–144|doi=10.2307/850449|jstor=850449}}</ref> Pre-Islamic Arab music was similar to that of Ancient Middle Eastern music. Most historians agree that there existed distinct forms of music in the [[Arabian peninsula]] in the pre-Islamic period between the 5th and 7th century CE. [[Arabic poetry|Arab poets]] of that "Jahili poets", meaning "the poets of the period of ignorance"—used to recite poems with a high notes.<ref name="Jahili2">{{Cite web|date=16 December 2004|title=الغناء في العصر الجاهلي|url=https://www.khaledtrm.net/?p=74}}</ref> It was believed that [[Genie|Jinns]] revealed poems to poets and music to musicians.<ref name="Jahili2" /> By the 11th century, Islamic Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually throughout [[France]], influencing French [[troubadour]]s, and eventually reaching the rest of [[Europe]]. The English words [[lute]], [[rebec]], and [[Naqareh|naker]] are derived from Arabic [[oud]], [[Rebab|rabab]], and [[naqareh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Douglas Alton|title=A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance|year=2002|publisher=Lute Society of America|isbn=978-0-9714071-0-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2008|title=Asian Music Tribal Music of India, 32, 1, Fall, 2000/ Winter, 2001|url=http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/journals/archive/am/00449202_ap030061.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220100655/http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/journals/archive/am/00449202_ap030061.html|archive-date=20 December 2008|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

A number of [[musical instrument]]s used in [[classical music]] are believed to have been derived from Arabic musical instruments: the [[lute]] was derived from the ''[[Oud]]'', the [[rebec]] (ancestor of [[violin]]) from the ''[[Maghreb rebab]]'', the [[guitar]] from ''qitara'', which in turn was derived from the Persian [[Tar (lute)|Tar]], [[Naqareh|naker]] from ''[[naqareh]]'', [[adufe]] from ''[[Daf|al-duff]]'', [[alboka]] from ''al-buq'', ''anafil'' from ''[[Nafir (trumpet)|al-nafir]]'', exabeba from ''al-shabbaba'' ([[flute]]), atabal ([[bass drum]]) from ''al-tabl'', atambal from ''al-tinbal'',<ref>{{Citation|last=Farmer|first=Henry George|title=Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence|year=1988|publisher=Ayer Publishing|isbn=0-405-08496-X|oclc=220811631|author-link=Henry George Farmer|page=137}}</ref> the [[Balaban (instrument)|balaban]], the [[castanet]] from ''kasatan'', [[Tuna (music)|sonajas de azófar]] from ''sunuj al-sufr'', the [[Bore (wind instruments)|conical bore]] [[wind instrument]]s,<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=140}}</ref> the xelami from the ''sulami'' or ''[[fistula]]'' (flute or [[Organ pipe|musical pipe]]),<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|pp=140–41}}</ref> the [[shawm]] and [[dulzaina]] from the [[Reed (instrument)|reed instruments]] ''zamr'' and ''[[Zurna|al-zurna]]'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=141}}</ref> the [[Galician gaita|gaita]] from the ''[[Rhaita|ghaita]]'', [[rackett]] from ''iraqya'' or ''iraqiyya'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=142}}</ref> [[Violin|geige]] (violin) from ''ghichak'',<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=143}}</ref> and the [[theorbo]] from the ''tarab''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farmer|1988|p=144}}</ref>

During the 1950s and the 1960s, Arabic music began to take on a more Western tone – artists [[Umm Kulthum]], [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], and [[Shadia]] along with composers [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab|Mohamed Abd al-Wahab]] and [[Baligh Hamdi]] pioneered the use of western instruments in Egyptian music. By the 1970s several other singers had followed suit and a strand of [[Arabic pop]] was born. Arabic pop usually consists of Western styled songs with Arabic instruments and lyrics. Melodies are often a mix between Eastern and Western. Beginning in the mid-1980s, [[Lydia Canaan]], musical [[Innovator|pioneer]] widely regarded as the first rock star of the [[Middle East]]<ref name="Daily Star Rock Hall2">O'Connor, Tom. [https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2016/Apr-27/349450-lydia-canaan-one-step-closer-to-rocknroll-hall-of-fame.ashx "Lydia Canaan One Step Closer to Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429000832/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2016/Apr-27/349450-lydia-canaan-one-step-closer-to-rocknroll-hall-of-fame.ashx|date=29 April 2016}}, ''[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]'', Beirut, 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lydia Canaan: The Mideast's first rock star|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Nov-17/277842-lydia-canaan-the-mideasts-first-rock-star.ashx?|website=dailystar.com.lb|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505080129/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Nov-17/277842-lydia-canaan-the-mideasts-first-rock-star.ashx}}</ref>

=== Spirituality ===
[[File:Nemesis_Allat_and_dedicater-MBA_Lyon-IMG_0557.JPG|alt=|thumb|Bas-relief: [[Nemesis]], [[al-Lat]] and the dedicator. [[Palmyra|Palmyrene]], 2nd–3rd century CE.]]
[[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arab polytheism]] was the dominant religion in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]. [[Deity|Gods]] and [[goddess]]es, including [[Hubal]] and the goddesses [[Al-Lat|al-Lāt]], [[Al-'Uzzá]] and [[Manāt]], were worshipped at local shrines, such as the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]], whilst Arabs in the south, in what is today's Yemen, worshipped various gods, some of which represented the Sun or Moon. Different theories [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia#Mecca|have been proposed]] regarding the role of [[Allah]] in Meccan religion.<ref name="Robinson2">{{Cite book|first=Neal|last=Robinson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|title=Islam: A Concise Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81773-1|page=75}}</ref><ref name="Peters2">{{Cite book|first=Francis E.|last=Peters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OrCo4VyvGkC&pg=PA110|title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7914-1875-8|page=110}}</ref><ref name="Peterson20072">{{Cite book|first=Daniel C.|last=Peterson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA21|title=Muhammad, Prophet of God|date=2007|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|page=21}}</ref> Many of the physical descriptions of the pre-Islamic gods are traced to [[Cult image|idols]], especially near the Kaaba, which is said to have contained up to 360 of them.<ref name="armstrong2">{{Cite book|first=Karen|last=Armstrong|url=https://archive.org/details/islamshorthistor00arms_354|title=Islam: A Short History|date=2000|isbn=978-0-8129-6618-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamshorthistor00arms_354/page/n50 11]|publisher=Random House Publishing|url-access=limited}}</ref> Until about the fourth century, almost all Arabs practised polytheistic religions.{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=139}} Although significant [[Judaism|Jewish]] and Christian minorities developed, [[polytheism]] remained the dominant belief system in pre-Islamic Arabia.<ref name="Nicolle2">{{Cite book|first=David|last=Nicolle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3PgFtHzLVEC&pg=PA19|title=The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750|date=2012|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-78096-998-5|page=19|author-link=David Nicolle}}</ref>

The religious beliefs and practices of the nomadic [[bedouin]] were distinct from those of the settled tribes of towns such as [[Mecca]].<ref name="Aslan62">{{Cite book|first=Reza|last=Aslan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HP1zoWqpqg4C&pg=PA6|title=No God But God: The Origins, Evolution and Future of Islam|date=2008|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4070-0928-5|page=6}}</ref> Nomadic religious belief systems and practices are believed to have included [[fetishism]], [[totemism]] and [[veneration of the dead]] but were connected principally with immediate concerns and problems and did not consider larger [[Philosophy|philosophical]] questions such as the afterlife.<ref name="Aslan62" /> Settled urban Arabs, on the other hand, are thought to have believed in a more complex [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]] of deities.<ref name="Aslan62" /> While the Meccans and the other settled inhabitants of the [[Hejaz]] worshipped their gods at permanent shrines in towns and oases, the bedouin practised their religion on the move.<ref name="Peters1052">{{Cite book|first=Francis E.|last=Peters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OrCo4VyvGkC&pg=PA105|title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7914-1875-8|page=105}}</ref>

Most notable Arab gods and goddesses: [['Amm]], [[A'ra]], [[Abgal (god)|Abgal]], [[Allah#Pre-Islamic Arabians|Allah]], [[Al-Lat]], [[Al-Qaum]], [[Almaqah]], [[Anbay]], [[ʿAṯtar]], [[Basamum]], [[Demolition of Dhul Khalasa|Dhu l-Khalasa]], [[Dushara]], [[Haukim]], [[Hubal]], [[Isāf and Nā'ila]], [[Manaf (deity)|Manaf]], [[Manāt]], [[Nasr (deity)|Nasr]], [[Nuha (deity)|Nuha]], [[Quzah]], [[Ruda (deity)|Ruda]], [[Sa'd (deity)|Sa'd]], [[Shams (goddess)|Shams, Samas]], [[Sin (mythology)|Syn]], [[Suwa']], [[Ta'lab]], [[Theandrios]], [[al-'Uzzá]], [[Wadd]], [[Ya'uq]], [[Yaghūth]], [[Yatha]], [[Aglibol]], [[Astarte]], [[Atargatis]], [[Baalshamin]], [[Bel (mythology)|Bēl]], [[Bes]], [[El (deity)|Ēl, Ilāh]], [[Inanna|Inanna/Ishtar]], [[Malakbel]], [[Nabu|Nabū, Nebo]], [[Nergal]], [[Yarhibol]].

=== Philosophy ===
{{main|Islamic philosophy}}

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| footer = Ibn Rushd (left), known in the west as [[Averroes]], was a philosopher that influenced the rise of secular thought in Western Europe, while [[Ibn Khaldun]] (right) was a sociologist, philosopher, and historian widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages.
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The philosophical thought in the Arab world is heavily influenced by Arabic philosophy. Schools of Arabic/Islamic thought include [[Avicennism]] and [[Averroism]]. The first great Arab thinker in the Islamic tradition is widely regarded to be [[al-Kindi]] (801–873 A.D.), a [[Neo-Platonic]] philosopher, [[mathematician]] and [[scientist]] who lived in [[Kufa]] and [[Baghdad]] (modern day [[Iraq]]). After being appointed by the [[Abbasid Caliphs]] to translate [[Greeks|Greek]] scientific and [[philosophical]] texts into [[Arabic]], he wrote a number of original treatises of his own on a range of subjects, from [[metaphysics]] and [[ethic]]s to [[mathematic]]s and [[pharmacology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabic philosophy|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arabic-philosophy|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=28 January 2024}}</ref>

Much of his [[Philosophy|philosophical]] output focuses on [[Theology|theological]] subjects such as the nature of [[God]], the [[soul]] and [[Prophecy|prophetic]] knowledge. Doctrines of the Arabic philosophers of the 9th–12th century who influenced medieval [[Scholasticism]] in Europe. The Arabic tradition combines [[Aristotelianism]] and [[Neoplatonism]] with other ideas introduced through [[Islam]]. Influential thinkers include the non-Arabs [[al-Farabi]] and [[Avicenna]]. The Arabic philosophic literature was translated into [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Latin]], this contributed to the development of modern European philosophy. The Arabic tradition was developed by [[Moses Maimonides]] and [[Ibn Khaldun]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Street|first=Tony|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-language/|title=Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic|date=1 January 2015|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arabic and Islamic Philosophy – Bibliography – PhilPapers|url=https://philpapers.org/browse/arabic-and-islamic-philosophy|website=philpapers.org}}</ref>

=== Science ===
{{main|Science in the medieval Islamic world}}

{{see also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe}}
[[File:Houghton_Typ_620.47.452_-_Selenographia,_title.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Hevelius]]'s ''[[Selenographia]]'', showing [[Alhazen]] {{sic}} representing reason, and [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] representing the senses.]]
Arabic science underwent considerable development during the [[Middle Ages]] (8th to 13th centuries CE), a [[Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|source of knowledge that later spread throughout Medieval Europe]] and greatly influenced both medical practice and education. The language of recorded science was [[Arabic]]. Scientific treatises were composed by thinkers originating from across the [[Muslim world]]. These accomplishments occurred after [[Muhammad]] united the Arab tribes and the spread of Islam beyond the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Falagas|first1=Matthew E.|last2=Zarkadoulia|first2=Effie A.|last3=Samonis|first3=George|date=1 August 2006|title=Arab science in the golden age (750–1258 CE) and today|journal=The FASEB Journal|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1581–1586|doi=10.1096/fj.06-0803ufm|doi-access=free|issn=0892-6638|pmid=16873881|s2cid=40960150}}</ref>

Within a century after Muhammed's death (632 CE), an empire ruled by Arabs was established. It encompassed a large part of the planet, stretching from southern Europe to [[North Africa]] to [[Central Asia]] and on to India. In 711 CE, Arab Muslims invaded southern Spain; [[al-Andalus]] was a center of Arabic scientific accomplishment. Soon after, Sicily too joined the greater Islamic world. Another center emerged in [[Baghdad]] from the Abbasids, who ruled part of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] during a historic period later characterized as the "[[Islamic Golden Age|Golden Age]]" (~750 to 1258 CE).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediscovering Arabic Science|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/rediscovering-arabic-science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185540/http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/rediscovering-arabic-science|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=18 December 2016|website=Muslimheritage.com |date=12 August 2009 }}</ref>

This era can be identified as the years between 692 and 945,<ref name="World Civilization Vol 1 1974, pg. 2342">[[Marshall Hodgson]], ''The Venture of Islam; Conscience and History in a World Civilisation Vol 1''. [[The University of Chicago]], 1974, p. 234.</ref> and ended when the caliphate was marginalized by local Muslim rulers in Baghdad – its traditional seat of power. From 945 onward until the [[Sack of Baghdad|sacking of Baghdad]] by the [[Mongol invasions|Mongols]] in 1258, the Caliph continued on as a figurehead, with power devolving more to local subordinates.<ref name="World Civilization Vol 1 1974, pg. 2332">[[Marshall Hodgson]], ''The Venture of Islam; Conscience and History in a World Civilisation Vol 1''. [[The University of Chicago]], 1974, p. 233.</ref> The pious scholars of Islam, men and women collectively known as the [[ulama]], were the most influential element of society in the fields of [[Sharia]] law, speculative thought and theology.<ref>[[Marshall Hodgson]], ''The Venture of Islam; Conscience and History in a World Civilisation Vol 1''. [[The University of Chicago]], 1974, p. 238.</ref> Arabic scientific achievement is not as yet fully understood, but is very large.<ref name="RobinsonCambridge2">{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=Francis|pages=228–229}}</ref> These achievements encompass a wide range of subject areas, especially [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|mathematics]], [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|astronomy]], and [[Medicine in medieval Islam|medicine]].<ref name="RobinsonCambridge2" /> Other subjects of scientific inquiry included [[Physics in medieval Islam|physics]], [[Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam|alchemy and chemistry]], [[Cosmology in medieval Islam|cosmology]], [[Medieval Islamic ophthalmology|ophthalmology]], [[Geography and cartography in medieval Islam|geography and cartography]], [[Sociology in medieval Islam|sociology]], and [[Psychology in medieval Islam|psychology]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Origins of Islamic Science|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/origins-islamic-science|access-date=18 December 2016|website=Muslimheritage.com|date=30 August 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Maqamat hariri.jpg|thumb|Illustration of scholars dating from the Abbasid period by [[Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti]] from the ''[[Maqamat of Al-Hariri (manuscript)|Maqamat of Al-Hariri]]'' manuscript.]]
[[Al-Battani]] was an astronomer, astrologer and mathematician of the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. His work is considered instrumental in the development of science and astronomy. One of Al-Battani's best-known achievements in astronomy was the determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds which is only 2 minutes and 22 seconds off.<ref name="MacTutor2">{{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Battani|title=Abu Abdallah Mohammad ibn Jabir Al-Battani}}</ref> In [[Islamic mathematics|mathematics]], al-Battānī produced a number of [[Trigonometry|trigonometrical]] relationships.<ref name="MacTutor2" /> [[Al-Zahrawi]], regarded by many as the greatest surgeon of the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rZvBQAAQBAJ&q=alhazen+greatest&pg=PT116|title=To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science|date=2015|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-241-19665-6}}</ref> His surgical treatise "[[Al-Tasrif|De chirurgia]]" is the first illustrated surgical guide ever written. It remained the primary source for surgical procedures and instruments in Europe for the next 500 years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krebs|first=Robert E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC&q=texts+for+next+500+years+al-zahrawi&pg=PA95|title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32433-8}}</ref> The book helped lay the foundation to establish [[surgery]] as a scientific discipline independent from [[medicine]], earning al-Zahrawi his name as one of the founders of this field.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krebs|first=Robert E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC&q=%22father+of+surgery%22+al-zahrawi&pg=PA95|title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32433-8}}</ref>

Other notable Arabic contributions include among other things: the pioneering of [[organic chemistry]] by [[Jābir ibn Hayyān]],<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Stapleton |first1=Henry E. |author1-link=Henry Ernest Stapleton |last2=Azo |first2=R.F. |last3=Hidayat Husain |first3=M. |year=1927 |title=Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D. |url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100203/231270 |journal=Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=VIII |issue=6 |pages=317–418 |oclc=706947607}} pp. 338–340; {{Cite book|last=Kraus|first=Paul|title=Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque|publisher=Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale|year=1942–1943 |location=Cairo|oclc=468740510|author-link=Paul Kraus (Arabist)}} vol. II, pp. 41–42. Note that Jabir ibn Hayyan, if he ever existed at all, may also have been a non-Arab client of the Arab [[Azd]] tribe: see {{harvnb|Kraus|1942–1943|loc=vol. I, p. xli, note 1}}, and further [[Jabir ibn Hayyan#Biography]].</ref> establishing the science of [[cryptology]] and [[cryptanalysis]] by [[al-Kindi]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kahn|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3S8rhOEmDIIC&q=David+Kahn+The+Codebreakers|title=The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet|date=1996|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0355-5|quote=Cryptology was born among the Arabs. They were the first to discover and write down the methods of cryptoanalysis.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Borda|first=Monica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lyte2yl1SPAC&q=cryptography+arabs&pg=PA122|title=Fundamentals in Information Theory and Coding|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-20347-3|page=122|quote=Al Kindi, an Arab scientist from 9th century is considered the father of cryptology, his book on this subject being, at this moment, the oldest available.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arab Code Breakers|url=https://simonsingh.net/media/articles/maths-and-science/arab-code-breakers/|website=simonsingh.net}}</ref> the development of [[analytic geometry]] by [[Ibn al-Haytham]],<ref>Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven; Wallis, Faith (2014). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 237.</ref><ref>Kalin, Ibrahim (2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 321.</ref> who has been described as the "world's first true scientist",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|date=4 January 2009|title=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> the discovery of the [[pulmonary circulation]] by [[Ibn al-Nafis]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kidder|first1=David S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpzb_yA42TAC&q=Ibn+al-Nafis+circulation&pg=PA122|title=The Intellectual Devotional Biographies: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Acquaint Yourself with the World's Greatest Personalities|last2=Oppenheim|first2=Noah D.|date=2010|publisher=Rodale|isbn=978-1-60529-088-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn an-Nafīs|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-an-Nafis|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=14 March 2024}}</ref> the discovery of the [[itch mite]] parasite by [[Ibn Zuhr]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Glick|first1=Thomas F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&q=%22Ibn+Zuhr%22&pg=PA259|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|last2=Livesey|first2=Steven|last3=Wallis|first3=Faith|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45932-1}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2024}} the first use of [[irrational numbers]] as an algebraic objects by [[Abū Kāmil]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel Kwaku|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Abu+kamil%22+%22the+first%22&pg=PA62|title=Dictionary of African Biography. 1St- Ed.; 1970|last2=Niven|first2=Mr. Steven J|date=1970|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref> the first use of the positional [[decimal fractions]] by [[Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi|al-Uqlidisi]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al-Uqlidisi biography|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Uqlidisi.html|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Selin|first=Helaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-1416-7|page=69|quote=Historian J.L. Berggren, for example, concludes that while the Hindus were the first to use a "cipherized, decimal positional system", the Arabs pioneered in extending this system to "represent parts of the unit by decimal fractions".}}</ref> the development of the [[Arabic numerals]] and an early [[History of mathematical notation|algebraic symbolism]] in the [[Maghreb]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Selin|first=Helaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&q=%22algebraic+symbolism%22+maghreb&pg=PA831|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-1416-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Al-Qalasadi biography|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Qalasadi.html|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk}}</ref> the [[Thabit number]] and [[Amicable numbers#Thābit ibn Qurra theorem|Thābit theorem]] by [[Thābit ibn Qurra]],<ref name="Rashed2">{{cite book|last=Rashed|first=Roshdi|title=The development of Arabic mathematics: between arithmetic and algebra.|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7923-2565-9|volume=156|location=Dordrecht, Boston & London|pages=278, 279}}</ref> the discovery of several new [[List of trigonometric identities|trigonometric identities]] by [[Ibn Yunus]] and [[al-Battani]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tonias|first1=Elias C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0QWDAAAQBAJ&q=Al-Battani+%22trigonometric+identities&pg=PA15|title=Geometric Procedures for Civil Engineers|last2=Tonias|first2=Constantine N.|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-24295-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ben-Menahem|first=Ari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tUrarQYhKMC&q=%22ibn+yunus%22+%22trigonometric++formula%22&pg=PA565|title=Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-68831-0}}</ref> the [[mathematical proof]] for [[Ceva's theorem]] by [[Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud|Ibn Hűd]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holme|first=Audun|url=https://archive.org/details/geometryourcultr0000holm_2nded/page/193/mode/1up?q=ibn|title=Geometry: Our Cultural Heritage|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=978-3-642-14440-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/geometryourcultr0000holm_2nded/page/193/mode/1up?q=ibn 194]|url-access=limited}}</ref> the invention of the [[equatorium]] by [[al-Zarqali]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=May|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blsqDwAAQBAJ&q=al-Zarqali+Equatorium&pg=PA115|title=The Telescopic Tourist's Guide to the Moon|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-60741-2}}</ref> the discovery of the [[Reaction (physics)|physical reaction]] by [[Avempace]],<ref>Franco, Abel B.. "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory". ''Journal of the History of Ideas''. Vol. 64(4): 543.</ref> the identification of more than 200 new [[plants]] by [[Ibn al-Baitar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ibn al-Baitar – Dictionary definition of Ibn al-Baitar|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-al-baitar|website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref> the [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]], and the [[Tabula Rogeriana]], which was the most accurate world map in pre-modern times by [[al-Idrisi]].<ref name="bacharach2">Bacharach, 2006, p. 140.</ref>
{{multiple image
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| footer = Diagram of a hydro-powered perpetual flute from The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by [[Ismail al-Jazari]], 1206. (left) The eye according to [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]], c.1200 (right)
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Several universities and educational institutions of the Arab world such as the [[University of al-Qarawiyyin|University of al-Quarawiyyin]], [[Al-Azhar University]], and [[University of Ez-Zitouna|Al Zaytuna University]] are considered to be the oldest in the world. Founded by [[Fatima al-Fihriya|Fatima al Fihriya]] in 859 as a mosque, the University of Al Quaraouiyine in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] is the oldest existing, continually operating and the first [[Academic degree|degree]] awarding educational institution in the world according to [[UNESCO]] and [[Guinness World Records]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oldest university|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/3000/oldest-university|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Guinnessworldrecords.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Medina of Fez|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170|access-date=7 April 2016|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> and is sometimes referred to as the oldest university.<ref>Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-521-54113-8}}, pp. 35–76 (35)</ref>

There are many scientific [[Influence of Arabic on other languages|Arabic loanwords]] in Western European languages, including [[wikt:Category:English terms derived from Arabic|English]], mostly via Old French.<ref>Lebedel, p.113</ref> This includes [[List of Arabic star names|traditional star names]] such as [[Aldebaran]], scientific terms like ''[[wikt:alchemy|alchemy]]'' (whence also ''[[wikt:chemistry|chemistry]]''), ''[[wikt:algebra|algebra]]'', ''[[wikt:algorithm|algorithm]]'', ''[[wikt:alcohol|alcohol]]'', ''[[wikt:alkali|alkali]]'', ''[[wikt:cipher|cipher]]'', ''[[wikt:zenith|zenith]]'', etc.

Under [[Ottoman rule]], cultural life and science in the Arab world declined. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Arabs who have won important science prizes include [[Ahmed Zewail]] and [[Elias Corey]] ([[Nobel Prize]]), [[Michael DeBakey]] and [[Alim Louis Benabid|Alim Benabid]] ([[Lasker Award]]), [[Omar M. Yaghi]] ([[Wolf Prize]]), [[Huda Zoghbi]] ([[Shaw Prize]]), [[Zaha Hadid]] ([[Pritzker Prize]]), and [[Michael Atiyah]] (both [[Fields Medal]] and [[Abel Prize]]). [[Rachid Yazami]] was one of the co-inventors of the [[lithium-ion battery]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2014|title=UT Austin's John B. Goodenough Wins Engineering's Highest Honor for Pioneering Lithium-Ion Battery|url=https://news.utexas.edu/2014/01/06/goodenough-wins-highest-engineering-honor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514211211/http://news.utexas.edu/2014/01/06/goodenough-wins-highest-engineering-honor|archive-date=14 May 2016|access-date=18 December 2018|website=UT News}}</ref> and [[Tony Fadell]] was important in the development of the [[iPod]] and the [[iPhone]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Salter|first=Jessica|date=14 November 2014|title=Tony Fadell, father of the iPod, iPhone and Nest, on why he is worth $3.2bn to Google|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/people-in-technology/10892436/Tony-Fadell-father-of-the-iPod-iPhone-and-Nest-on-why-he-is-worth-3.2bn-to-Google.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614091359/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/people-in-technology/10892436/Tony-Fadell-father-of-the-iPod-iPhone-and-Nest-on-why-he-is-worth-3.2bn-to-Google.html|archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
{{main|Experimental theatre in the Arab world}}

[[File:Yousef_wahby.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Youssef Wahbi]], (1898–1982) was a prominent Arab playwright, actor, and director who played a major role in shaping modern Arab theatre.]]
Arab theatre is a rich and diverse cultural form that encompasses a wide range of styles, genres, and historical influences. Its roots in the pre-Islamic era, when poetry, storytelling, and musical performances were the main forms of artistic expressionIt refers to theatrical performances that are created by Arab playwrights, actors, and directors. The roots of Arab theatre can be traced back to ancient [[Arabic poetry]] and storytelling, which often incorporated music and dance. In the [[Historiography of early Islam|early Arabic period]], storytelling evolved into a more formalized art form that was performed in public gatherings and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arab theatre|url=https://al-bab.com/arts-and-culture/arab-theatre|access-date=19 March 2023|website=al-bab.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ḥamdān|first=Masʻūd|title=Poetics, politics and protest in Arab theatre: the bitter cup and the holy rain|date=2006|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=1-84519-106-4|location=Brighton [England]|oclc=60697132}}</ref>

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]] in the 8th and 9th centuries, the city of [[Baghdad]] emerged as a hub of intellectual and artistic activity, including theatre. The court of the Abbasid Caliphate was home to many influential playwrights and performers, who helped to develop and popularize theatre throughout the Islamic world. Arab theatre has a long tradition of incorporating comedy and satire into its performances, often using humor to address social and political issues.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guo|first=Li|title=Arabic shadow theatre, 1300–1900: a handbook|date=2020|isbn=978-90-04-43615-2|location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |oclc=1157810700}}</ref>

Arab theatre encompasses a wide range of dramatic genres, including tragedy, melodrama, and historical plays. Many Arab playwrights have used drama to address contemporary issues, the role of [[Women in the Arab world|women in Arab society]], and the challenges facing young people in the modern world. In recent decades, many Arab theatre artists have pushed the boundaries of the form, experimenting with new styles and techniques. This has led to the emergence of a vibrant contemporary theatre scene in many Arab countries, with innovative productions and performances that challenge traditional notions of Arab identity and culture.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000109545|title=The Birth of modern Arab theatre|last=Maleh|first=Ghassan|magazine=The UNESCO Courier|year=1997|access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Fashion ===
{{main|Arab Fashion Council}}

[[File:Six_cushions_from_Palestine.jpg|thumb|Modern [[cross-stitch]] cushions. From top left, clockwise: [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Ramallah]], Ramallah, [[Nablus]], [[Beit Jalla]], [[Bethlehem]].]]
Arab fashion and design have a rich history and cultural significance that spans centuries, each with its unique fashion and design traditions. One of the most notable aspects of Arab fashion is the use of luxurious [[Textile|fabrics]] and intricate [[embroidery]]. Traditional garments, such as the [[Abaya]] and [[Thawb|Thobe]], are often made from high-quality fabrics like [[silk]], [[satin]], [[brocade]], and are embellished with intricate embroidery and beading.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foreman|first=Liza|title=The visionaries modernising Arab fashion|date=26 October 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20171026-the-visionaries-contemporising-arab-fashion|access-date=19 March 2023|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In recent years, Arab fashion has gained global recognition, with designers like [[Elie Saab]], [[Zuhair Murad]], and [[Reem Acra]] showcasing their designs on international runways.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 February 2022|title=The evolution of Arab Fashion|url=https://thechicicon.com/2022/02/09/the-evolution-of-arab-fashion/|access-date=19 March 2023|website=The Chic Icon}}</ref>

These designers incorporate traditional Arab design elements into their collections, such as ornate patterns, luxurious fabrics, and intricate embellishments. In addition to fashion, Arab design is also characterized by its intricate geometric [[pattern]]s, [[Arab calligraphy|calligraphy]], and use of vibrant colors. Arabic art and architecture, with their intricate geometric patterns and motifs, have influenced Arab design for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arab Fashion Week|url=https://europaregina.eu/fashion-weeks/fashion-weeks-middle-east/arab-fashion-week/|access-date=19 March 2023|website=Europa Regina}}</ref> Arab designers also incorporate traditional motifs, such as the paisley and the [[arabesque]], into their work. Overall, Arab fashion elements are rooted in the rich cultural heritage of the Arab world and continue to inspire designers today.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textile Trades, Consumer Cultures, and the Material Worlds of the Indian Ocean: an Ocean of Cloth|date=2018|editor1=Pedro Machado|editor2=Sarah Fee|editor3=Gwyn Campbell|isbn=978-3-319-58265-8|location=Cham |publisher=Springer |oclc=1029071537}}</ref>

=== Wedding and marriage ===
{{main|Arab wedding}}

[[File:Tatouage_au_Henné,_Maroc.jpg|thumb|[[Henna]] tattoo in [[Morocco]]]]
[[Arab wedding|Arabi weddings]] have changed greatly over the years. Original traditional Arab weddings have involved elements such as elaborate attire and traditional music, dance and ceremonies, and are in some cases unique from one region to another, even within the same country. The practice of [[Marriage|marrying]] of relatives is a common feature of [[Arab culture]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jehad|first=Al-Omari|title=Understanding the Arab culture: a practical cross-cultural guide to working in the Arab world|date=2008|publisher=How To Books|isbn=978-1-84803-646-8|oclc=408662262}}</ref>

In the Arab world today, between 40% and 50% of all marriages are [[consanguineous]] or between close family members, though these figures may vary among Arab nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Middle East Health Magazine|url=http://www.middleeasthealthmag.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?http://www.middleeasthealthmag.com/may2012/feature2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010101037/http://www.middleeasthealthmag.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasthealthmag.com%2Fmay2012%2Ffeature2.htm|archive-date=10 October 2017|access-date=18 December 2017|website=Middleeasthealthmag.com}}</ref><ref name="pmid242942992">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bener A, Dafeeah EE, Samson N|year=2012|title=Does consanguinity increase the risk of schizophrenia? Study based on primary health care centre visits|journal=Ment Health Fam Med|volume=9|issue=4|pages=241–8|pmc=3721918|pmid=24294299}}</ref> In [[Egypt]], around 40% of the population [[Cousin marriage|marry a cousin]]. A 1992 survey in [[Jordan]] found that 32% were married to a first cousin; a further 17.3% were married to more distant relatives.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21693632-marriage-between-close-relatives-much-too-common-keeping-it-family Consanguineous marriage: Keeping it in the family]. ''Economist'', 27 February 2016</ref> 67% of marriages in [[Saudi Arabia]] are between close relatives as are 54% of all marriages in [[Kuwait]], whereas 18% of all [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] were between [[blood relatives]].<ref name="Inbreeding2">{{Cite web|title=Inbreeding|url=http://www.as.wvu.edu/~kgarbutt/QuantGen/Gen535Papers2/Inbreeding.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220105324/http://www.as.wvu.edu/~kgarbutt/QuantGen/Gen535Papers2/Inbreeding.htm|archive-date=20 December 2017|access-date=18 December 2017|website=As.wvu.edu}}</ref> Due to the actions of [[Muhammad]] and the [[Rashidun]], marriage between cousins is explicitly allowed in [[Islam]] and the [[Quran]] itself does not discourage or forbid the practice.<ref>[[Surah|Surah chapter]] 4, verse 23</ref> Nevertheless, opinions vary on whether the [[phenomenon]] should be seen as exclusively based on Islamic practices as a 1992 study among Arabs in Jordan did not show significant differences between [[Arab Christians|Christian Arabs]] or [[Arab Muslims|Muslim Arabs]] when comparing the occurrence of [[consanguinity]].<ref name="Inbreeding2" />

== Genetics ==
{{see also|Genetic studies on Arabs|Genetic history of the Middle East}}
Arabs are genetically diverse, arising from admixture with indigenous peoples of pre-Islamic Middle East and North Africa, following the Islamic expansion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Hajjej|first1=Abdelhafidh|last2=Almawi|first2=Wassim Y.|last3=Arnaiz-Villena|first3=Antonio|last4=Hattab|first4=Lasmar|last5=Hmida|first5=Slama|date=9 March 2018|title=The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from HLA genes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=3|article-number=e0192269|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192269|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5844529|pmid=29522542|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392269H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Teebi|first1=Ahmad S.|last2=Teebi|first2=Saeed A.|date=2005|title=Genetic Diversity among the Arabs|journal=Community Genetics|volume=8|issue=1|pages=21–26|doi=10.1159/000083333|jstor=26679441|pmid=15767750|s2cid=21134947|issn=1422-2795}}</ref> Genetic ancestry components related to the Arabian Peninsula display an increasing frequency pattern from west to east over North Africa. A similar frequency pattern exist across [[Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] with decreasing genetic affinities to groups of the Arabian Peninsula along the [[Nile|Nile river valley]] across [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]] the more they go south.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Schlebusch|first1=Carina M.|last2=Jakobsson|first2=Mattias|date=31 August 2018|title=Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa|journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=405–428|doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759|pmid=29727585|s2cid=19155657|issn=1527-8204|doi-access=free}}</ref> This [[Cline (biology)|genetic cline]] of admixture is dated to the time of [[Arab migrations to the Maghreb|Arab expansion and immigration to the Maghreb]] and northeast Africa.<ref name=":3" /> Genetic research has indicated that Palestinian Arabs and [[Jews]] share common genetic ancestry and are closely related.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jews and Arabs Share Recent Ancestry|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/jews-and-arabs-share-recent-ancestry|access-date=8 June 2023|website=science.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2020|title=Confirmed Cousins, Jews and Arabs Genetically and Anciently Linked|url=https://israelbetweenthelines.com/2020/06/04/confirmed-cousins-jews-and-arabs-genetically-and-anciently-linked/|access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Nebel2000">{{cite journal|last1=Nebel|first1=Almut|last2=Filon|first2=Dvora|last3=Weiss|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Weale|first4=Michael|last5=Faerman|first5=Marina|last6=Oppenheim|first6=Ariella|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|date=December 2000|title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf|journal=Human Genetics|volume=107|issue=6|pages=630–641|doi=10.1007/s004390000426|pmid=11153918|s2cid=8136092|quote=According to historical records part, or perhaps the majority, of the Muslim Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century CE (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistorical times (Gil 1992)... Thus, our findings are in good agreement with the historical record...|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224213531/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf%20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Behar2010">{{cite journal|author1=Doron M. Behar|author2=Bayazit Yunusbayev|author3=Mait Metspalu|author4=Ene Metspalu|author5=Saharon Rosset|author6=Jüri Parik|author7=Siiri Rootsi|author8=Gyaneshwer Chaubey|author9=Ildus Kutuev |author10=Guennady Yudkovsky|author11=Elza K. Khusnutdinova|author12=Oleg Balanovsky|author13=Olga Balaganskaya|author14=Ornella Semino|author15=Luisa Pereira|date=July 2010|title=The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44657170|journal=Nature|volume=466|issue=7303|pages=238–242|bibcode=2010Natur.466..238B|doi=10.1038/nature09103|pmid=20531471|s2cid=4307824 |author20=Michael F. Hammer|author21=Karl Skorecki|author22=Richard Villems|author19=Tudor Parfitt|author18=Batsheva Bonne-Tamir|author16=David Comas|author17=David Gurwitz}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Atzmon|first1=G|display-authors=etal|year=2010|title=Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=86|issue=6|pages=850–859|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015|pmc=3032072|pmid=20560205}}</ref><ref>Nebel (2000), quote: By the fifth century CE, the majority of non-Jews and Jews had become Christians by conversion ([[Roberto Bachi|Bachi]] 1974). The first millennium CE was marked by the immigration of Arab tribes, reaching its climax with the Moslem conquest from the Arabian Peninsula (633–640 CE). This was followed by a slow process of Islamization of the local population, both of Christians and Jews (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). Additional minor demographic changes might have been caused by subsequent invasions of the Seljuks, Crusaders, Mongols, Mamelukes and Ottoman Turks. Recent gene-flow from various geographic origins is reflected, for example, in the heterogeneous spectrum of globin mutations among Israeli Arabs (Filon et al. 1994). Israeli and Palestinian Arabs share a similar linguistic and geographic background with Jews. (p. 631) According to historical records part, or perhaps the majority, of the Moslem Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century CE (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistorical times (Gil 1992). On the other hand, the ancestors of the great majority of present-day Jews lived outside this region for almost two millennia. Thus, our findings are in good agreement with historical evidence and suggest genetic continuity in both populations despite their long separation and the wide geographic dispersal of Jews.(p.637)</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Kalmar|first=Ivan|title=Is there a Judeo-Christian Tradition?|chapter=4. Jews, Cousins of Arabs: Orientalism, Race, Nation, And Pan-Nation in the Long Nineteenth Century|date=21 March 2016|pages=53–74|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110416596-005|isbn=978-3-11-041659-6|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Nebel 2001">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A|date=November 2001|title=The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1095–112|doi=10.1086/324070|pmc=1274378|pmid=11573163}}</ref> According to a 2016 study, indigenous Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula are direct descendants of the first Eurasian populations established by [[Out of Africa migration]]s. They are also very distant from contemporary Eurasians although there is signal of European admixture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rodriguez-Flores|first1=Juan L.|last2=Fakhro|first2=Khalid|last3=Agosto-Perez|first3=Francisco|last4=D. Ramstetter|first4=Monica|date=2016|title=Indigenous Arabs are descendants of the earliest split from ancient Eurasian populations|journal=Genome Research|volume=26|issue=2|pages=151–162|doi=10.1101/gr.191478.115|pmid=26728717|pmc=4728368}}</ref>

Ancient DNA analysis has confirmed the genetic relationship between [[Natufians]] and other ancient and modern Middle Easterners and the broader West Eurasian meta-population (i.e. [[Genetic history of Europe|Europeans]] and [[Ganj Dareh|South-Central Asians]]). A 2021 study found that some modern Arab groups, such as [[Saudi Arabians]] and [[Yemenis]], derive most of their ancestry from local Natufian hunter-gatherers and have less [[Anatolian hunter-gatherers|Neolithic Anatolian]] ancestry than Levantines. The presence of [[Iranian hunter-gatherers|Neolithic Iranian]] ancestry among modern Arabs can be attributed to [[Pre-modern human migration|migrations]] during the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Almarri |first1=Mohamed A. |last2=Haber |first2=Marc |last3=Lootah |first3=Reem A. |last4=Hallast |first4=Pille |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=The genomic history of the Middle East |journal=Cell |volume=184 |issue=18 |pages=4612–4625 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013 |pmid=34352227 |pmc=8445022 }}</ref> The Natufian population displays also ancestral ties to Paleolithic [[Taforalt]] samples, the makers of the Epipaleolithic [[Iberomaurusian]] culture of the Maghreb.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salem |first1=Nada |last2=van de Loosdrecht |first2=Marieke S. |last3=Sümer |first3=Arev Pelin |last4=Vai |first4=Stefania |last5=Hübner |first5=Alexander |last6=Peter |first6=Benjamin |last7=Bianco |first7=Raffaela A. |last8=Lari |first8=Martina |last9=Modi |first9=Alessandra |last10=Al-Faloos |first10=Mohamed Faraj Mohamed |last11=Turjman |first11=Mustafa |last12=Bouzouggar |first12=Abdeljalil |last13=Tafuri |first13=Mary Anne |last14=Manzi |first14=Giorgio |last15=Rotunno |first15=Rocco |date=2 April 2025 |title=Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage |journal=Nature |volume=641 |issue=8061 |language=en |pages=144–150 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-08793-7 |pmid=40175549 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |pmc=12043513 |bibcode=2025Natur.641..144S }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Demographics of the Arab world]]
* [[Maghrebi Arabs]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|group=a}}
{{Reflist}}

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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Price-Jones, David. ''The Closed Circle: an Interpretation of the Arabs''. Pbk. ed., with a new preface by the author. Chicago: I. R. Dee, 2002. xiv, 464 p. {{ISBN|1-56663-440-7}}
* Ankerl, Guy. ''Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western.'' INU PRESS, Geneva, 2000. {{ISBN|2-88155-004-5}}.
* {{Cite book|last=Bitar|first=Amer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4oBEAAAQBAJ|title=Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications|date=2020|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-57397-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.lasportal.org/Pages/Welcome.aspx www.LasPortal.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161202074825/http://arabculturefund.org/home/index.php ArabCultureFund AFAC] (archived 2 December 2016)

{{Arab diaspora}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arabs| ]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia| ]]
[[Category:Semitic-speaking peoples]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in North Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Muslim ethnic groups in Africa]]
[[Category:Muslim communities in Asia]]

Chennai Central railway station

2026-03-27T18:44:09Z

Filmifunda022: minor cleanup

{{short description|Railway terminus in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{redirect|Chennai Central|other uses}}
{{redirect|Madras Central|the poem by Vijay Nambisan|Madras Central (poem)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| style = Indian Railways
| name = Chennai Central Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station
| other_name = {{ubl |Chennai Central |Madras Central |M.G.R. Chennai Central}}
| native_name_lang =
| image = Chennai Central .jpg
| image_caption = Front facade of Chennai Central
| address = [[Poonamallee High Road]], [[Periamet]], [[Chennai]]
| system = {{ubl|[[Indian Railways]]|[[Chennai Suburban Railway]]}}
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0825|80.2750|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{cvt|3.465|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Government of India]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| line = {{ubl |[[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Chennai–Bengaluru]] |[[Howrah–Chennai main line|Chennai–Howrah]] |[[Mumbai–Chennai line|Chennai–Mumbai]] |[[New Delhi–Chennai main line|Chennai–New Delhi]]}}
| platform = 17 (12 main station + 5 [[Moore Market Complex railway station|Chennai Suburban Terminal]])
| tracks =
| other = {{ubl |[[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]] |
[[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Chennai Suburban]] ([[Chennai Park railway station|Park]]) | [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban Railway]] [[Chennai MRTS]] ([[Chennai Park Town railway station|Park Town]]) |{{ric|Chennai Metro}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} ([[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central metro station|Central]])}}
| architect = {{ubl|George Harding |[[Robert Chisholm (architect)|Robert Chisholm]]}}
| architectural_style = {{ubl |[[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] |[[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Origin and development of Southern Railway |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12705/10/10_chapter%202.pdf |work=Shodhganga |access-date=25 December 2013 |page=6}}</ref>}}
| parking = Available
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| status = Operational
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MAS<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=5 |date=2023–24}}</ref>
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Chennai}}
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1873}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|df=yes|1931}}
| former =
| passengers = 730,000 per day (2023)<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |last1=Anbuselvan |first1=B. |title=Chennai Central becomes India's first 'silent' railway station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Feb/27/chennai-central-becomes-indias-first-silent-railway-station-2551344.html |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=27 February 2023 }}</ref>
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{ubl|200 [[Express trains in India|Mail/Express]]|1000 [[Chennai Suburban|Suburban]]/[[Multiple units of India|MU]]}} per day (2023)<ref name="TNIE"/>
| map_type = India Chennai
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
}}
'''Chennai Central''' (officially '''Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station''', formerly '''Madras Central''') (station code: '''MAS'''), is a [[Railway stations in Chennai|railway station]] in [[Chennai]], India. It is one of the busiest railway stations in [[South India]], being the second largest revenue generating station in India and is a major rail hub in the country.<ref name="Data">{{cite report|url=https://railway-stations-classification.pages.dev/|title=Indian Railways Station Classification, Revenue, and Footfall data for 2024|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is classified as a [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|NSG–1]] category station and comes under the purview of the [[Chennai railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Railway List of Stations |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=1 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is situated in the neighbourhood of [[Periamet]], with the main entrance situated on the [[EVR Periyar Salai|Poonamallee High road]]. It caters to various inter-city [[Express trains in India|express trains]], with [[Multiple units of India|multiple units]], and [[Chennai suburban|suburban]] services operating from the adjacent [[Moore Market Complex railway station|suburban terminal]].

The Madras Central station was built in 1873 and became the terminus of the [[Madras Railway]] in the city. The building was designed by architect George Harding and was further modified as per the design of [[Robert Chisholm (architect)|Robert Chisholm]] in 1900. Designed in a mixed [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] and [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque architecture]], it is one of the [[Heritage structures in Chennai|prominent landmarks]] in Chennai. The station had undergone a series of renovations since then. It became part of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] in 1908, and later as a part of the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways in 1951. The station underwent modifications and expansions in 1959.

The railway lines at the station was [[Railway electrification|electrified]] in 1979. The Moore Market Complex, adjacent to the main terminal, was opened in 1986 to accommodate suburban services, and ticket offices. The station underwent further expansion in 1998, with the addition of a new building to the west. It was renamed to Chennai Central in 1998 to reflect the [[List of renamed places in India|name change]] of the city from Madras to Chennai in 1996. It was rechristened in honour of former chief minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]] on 5 April 2019. After the renaming, it became the second-longest name of a railway station after the station at [[Llanfairpwllgwyngyll|Llanfair]] in [[Wales]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nanisetti|first1=Serish|title=Chennai Central loses the honour of having longest railway station name by 1 letter|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-central-loses-the-honour-of-having-longest-railway-station-name-by-1-letter/article26831709.ece|access-date=16 April 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 April 2019}}</ref>

{{As of|2024}}, it is the third highest revenue earning station of the Indian Railways.<ref name="Data"/> As per a 2007 report published by the Indian Railways, the station was rated as one of the cleanest in South India.<ref name="Clean">{{cite web |title=Cleanliness and Sanitation on Indian Railways |work=[[Indian Railways]] |url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2006_2007/Railways/Report_no_6/chap_2.pdf |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424062153/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2006_2007/Railways/Report_no_6/chap_2.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Construction and early development ===
[[File:Central Railway Station, Madras 1880.jpg|thumb|left|Central station as seen from the [[Buckingham Canal]] {{circa|1880}}]]

The first railway line in India became operational in [[Madras]] in 1837.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ|title=Reports, Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers, Madras Presidency|last1=Smith|first1=John Thomas|year=1839|publisher=R. W. Thorpe|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713020727/https://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hist">{{cite report|url=https://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=Indian Railways|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101121/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FR">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065026/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Madras Railway]] was established in 1845,<ref name="Hist"/> and the first main line in [[South India]] between [[Royapuram]] and [[Arcot]] became operational on 1 July 1856.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr |title=On Forgotten Road |date=31 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> The extension of the line to [[Vyasarpadi]], required a second station in Madras.<ref name="South">{{cite web |title=The Railway of the South |date=5 March 2003 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/05/stories/2003030500200300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031116035753/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/05/stories/2003030500200300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite web |last=Kurian |first=Nimi |title=Long history of service |date=18 August 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/08/18/stories/2006081803360100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820133544/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/08/18/stories/2006081803360100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

In 1873, Madras Central was established as a second terminus to decongest the [[Royapuram railway station|Royapuram station]], which was later used for [[Chennai Port|port]] movements. The station with four platforms, was built at [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]] around the slopes of [[Periamet]]. It came up on an open area, which was once owned by Joao Pereira, a [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] merchant, who settled in Madras in the 17th century CE, and later fell into disuse.<ref name="South"/><ref name="History"/> The station underwent further modifications, which were completed in 1900.<ref name="History"/>

[[File:Central Station, Madras - Tuck Oilette 1911.jpg|thumb|left|Central station – [[Raphael Tuck & Sons|Tucks]] Oilette (1911)<ref name="Tucks">{{cite web |title=Madras Series A: Central Station |url=http://www.tuckdb.org/postcards/87893 |work=TuckDB |access-date=24 January 2015}}</ref>]]

In 1907, the Madras Central station became the main terminus of the Madras Railway,<ref name="Transport">{{cite web |last=Muthiah |first=S. |title=Integrating transport |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 May 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3390781.ece |access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> after the line from [[Chennai Beach railway station|beach]] was extended further south, and trains were then terminated at the station rather than Royapuram. The [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] was formed in 1908 and took over the administration of the station from the Madras Railway.<ref name="History"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The South's first station |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/26/stories/2003022600240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702084613/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/26/stories/2003022600240300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2003 |access-date=12 November 2012 |date=26 February 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The headquarters of the railway company was built adjacent to the station in 1922.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |title=Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background |publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601024404/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> With the opening of the [[Chennai Egmore railway station]] in 1908, plans were made to link Madras Central and Egmore.<ref name="Transport"/> In 1931, [[electric traction]] was introduced on the [[Chennai suburban|suburban]] route Madras beach and [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |title=Brief on Railway Electrification |work=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926072829/http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency During the Year 1875–76 |page=260 |publisher=Government Press |year=1877}}</ref>

=== Expansion and further development ===
[[File:Chennai central suburban station building aerial view.jpg|thumb|left|The suburban terminal at [[Moore Market Complex]] (left), added in 1986, with platforms of the main terminal (right)]]

In 1951, the station became part of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. In 1959, the station was expanded and additional changes were made to the layout.<ref name="History"/> The [[Railway electrification|electrifiction]] of the main lines at the station began in 1979, with the tracks along the seven platforms electrified on 29 December 1979.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Electrification |work=IRFCA |url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> In the 1980s, the Southern Railway started looking for land for the expansion of the station. When the adjacent [[Moore Market]] building was destroyed in a fire in 1985, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] transferred the land to the Railways. The 13-storied [[Moore Market Complex]] opened in 1986 and houses the suburban terminus, railway reservation counters, and other offices.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sriram |first=V. |title=To market, to market... |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 October 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20081020-in-the-city-737858-2008-10-10 |access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> Following the renaming of the city of Madras in 1996, the station became known as Chennai Central.<ref name="History" />

[[File:Chennai_Central_side.jpg|thumb|left|Side view of the west extension building added in 1998]]

To cater to increasing passenger movement, the main building was extended in 1998 with the addition of a new building on the western side with a similar architecture to the original, and the number of platforms increased to 12.<ref name="History" /> In the late 1990s, [[IRCTC]] installed modular stalls and food plazas along the platforms.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=Arjun |last2=Khaja |first2=Fathima |date=23 August 2013 |title=On the Track |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Source=Find&Key=TOICH/2013/08/23/44/Ar04401.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_DAILY_2009&DOCID=657247&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Erailways%29&skin=TOINEW&AppName=1&PageLabel=44%20&ViewMode=HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111604/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Source=Find&Key=TOICH/2013/08/23/44/Ar04401.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_DAILY_2009&DOCID=657247&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Erailways)&skin=TOINEW&AppName=1&PageLabel=44%20&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> In 2005, the buildings were re-painted in light brown, and were quickly repainted in the original brick-red colour after a public campaign.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vydhianathan |first=S. |date=7 March 2005 |title=Chennai Central gets back its brick-red colour |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/07/stories/2005030712000300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309041955/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/07/stories/2005030712000300.htm |archive-date=9 March 2005}}</ref>

In the 2000s, there were multiple plans for further expansion and development of the station, including plans for a second terminal near the Moore Market Complex,<ref name="Second">{{cite news |last=Vydhianathan |first=S. |title=Second terminal at Chennai Central proposed |date=26 October 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/26/stories/2004102610770100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041201070212/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/26/stories/2004102610770100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> and multi-level platforms to accommodate intercity and suburban services at various levels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Central station to be upgraded |work=One India |date=14 June 2007 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/06/14/chennai-central-station-to-be-upgraded-1181808494.html |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303101954/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/06/14/chennai-central-station-to-be-upgraded-1181808494.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Giri |first=Greeshma Gopal |title=Rs 100-cr facelift for Chennai Central Station |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 November 2009 |url=http://www.tniusnews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=55&Itemid=89&limitstart=63 |access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Vijaya |title=Chennai Central station to get world-class facilities in 5 years |date=10 August 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/10/stories/2009081059280600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813071206/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/10/stories/2009081059280600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> However, the projects did not materialise.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adimathra |first=George |title=Chennai Central plan diverted to slow line |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=30 March 2011 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-central-plan-diverted-slow-line-579 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155502/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-central-plan-diverted-slow-line-579 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> In 2013, [[Track ballast|ballast]]-less tracks were expanded to all.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M. G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station, Chennai Egmore Railway Station to get washable tracks |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 February 2013 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/02/14&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00504&ViewMode=HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113404/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/02/14&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00504&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> In the mid 2010s, the Indian Railways announced plans for redevelopment of the station with private partnership.<ref>{{cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |title=Central Station Makeover Hits a Bump |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 June 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/central-station-makeover-hits-a-bump/article18959259.ece |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Central Square, Chennai|Central Square]] was developed in the area around the station.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai to get Rs 400 crore 'Central Square'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-to-get-Rs-400-crore-Central-Square/articleshow/48978365.cms|date=16 September 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|author2=Aloysius Xavier Lopez and Deepa H. Ramakrishnan|title=CMRL plans a towering monolith near Central|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 September 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-plans-towering-monolith-near-central/article19679300.ece|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar|first=Sunitha|title=One square to link them all|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 September 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/one-square-to-link-them-all/article19679301.ece|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> In February 2019, a {{cvt|100|ft}} flag mast was installed at the front of the main building of the station at a cost of {{INRconvert|1.5|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tricolour flies at a 100-ft high at Central |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 February 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tricolour-flies-at-a-100-ft-high-at-central/article26285303.ece |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> On 6 March 2019, the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced that the station will be renamed after [[M. G. Ramachandran]], the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Central railway station to be renamed after MGR: Modi announces|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chennai-central-railway-station-be-renamed-after-mgr-modi-announces-97853|access-date=1 April 2019|work=The News Minute|date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/apr/09/central-station-sans-chennai-may-cause-confusion-among-commuters-1961965.html|title=Central station sans Chennai may cause confusion among commuters|date=9 April 2019|access-date=14 June 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 5 April 2019, the station was officially renamed as "Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station".<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Manikandan |title=Chennai Central railway station renamed after AIADMK founder MGR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chennai-central-railway-station-renamed-after-aiadmk-founder-mgr/story-BbpgnA17d5GCUPtsFxwpIN.html |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=5 April 2019}}</ref>

== Layout and architecture ==
[[File:Chennai Central Station panorama.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view in 2008]]

Chennai Central lies on the intersection of [[EVR Periyar Salai|Poonamallee High road]], Pallavan Salai, and [[Wall Tax Road, Chennai|Wall Tax Road]] in the Park Town area in Central Chennai. The main entrance is located on the Poonamallee High road, with the eastern side opening on to the Wall Tax road, and the western entrance leading to the suburban terminal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Central stn on alert after intel warns of 'attack' |location=Chennai |date=19 May 2010 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-19/chennai/28288665_1_railway-station-death-anniversary-railway-protection-force |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102070256/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-19/chennai/28288665_1_railway-station-death-anniversary-railway-protection-force |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> The [[Buckingham Canal]] runs beneath the main and suburban terminals. As the portion of canal running near the terminus is covered for about {{cvt|250|m}}, it often leads to garbage accumulation and necessitates regular desilting.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |title=Out with the dirt: canal clean-up after 14 years |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 September 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/out-with-the-dirt-canal-cleanup-after-14-years/article3923587.ece |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>

The main terminal of the station is spread over an area of {{cvt|51182|m2}} with a built up area of {{cvt|14062|m2}}.<ref name="Make">{{cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |title=Central Station Makeover Hits a Bump |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 June 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/central-station-makeover-hits-a-bump/article18959259.ece |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref>
The building was originally designed by George Harding and built in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] and [[Romanesque Revival architecture]] in 1873.<ref name="History"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Brief History of the Division |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Venkataraman |first=G. |title=History of Historical Building and Monuments in and around Chennai |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/History_of_Historical_Monuments_in_and_around_Chennai.pdf |access-date=2 November 2012 |work=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]}}</ref> The station was modified further by the design of [[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]], with the addition of the central clock tower, caps on the main towers, and other changes, and the redesign was eventually completed in 1900.<ref name="History"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Madras – The Architectural Heritage|isbn=81-901640-0-7|page=53}}</ref> It has been declared as a [[Heritage structures in Chennai|heritage building]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Roorkee experts to help save heritage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/roorkee-experts-to-help-save-heritage/article3506069.ece |access-date=23 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 June 2012}}</ref> The clock tower, the tallest of the towers of the main building, has four faces and reaches a height of {{cvt|136|ft}}<ref name="Clock">{{cite news |last=Sujatha |first=R. |title=Man perches atop clock tower of Chennai Central |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 August 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3735388.ece |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> The clock is set to chime every quarter of an hour and every hour.<ref name="History" /><ref name="TOI" /> The station building has been painted in maroon colour since its inception in 1873.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madhavan |first=D. |title=Chennai Central Station gets facelift after 5 years |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 October 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/central-station-gets-a-facelift-after-five-years/article7808013.ece |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Kovai Express 2017 (2).jpg|thumb|A platform at the station]]
[[File:Central_Railway_Station_interior_vrvbaan042k24_(108).jpg|thumb|Main concourse]]

The station has 17 [[bay platform]]s including five at the suburban terminal. The platforms one to eleven, averaging about {{cvt|600|m}} in length, can accommodate trains with up to 24 coaches. A shorter platform designated as 2A, can accommodate trains with 18 coaches.<ref name="Platform">{{cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |title=Four platforms to be extended at Chennai Central Station |location=Chennai |date=24 November 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/24/stories/2009112450020100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127073921/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/24/stories/2009112450020100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Venkat |first=Vidya |title=Cleaning machines offer little help to sanitary workers at Central Station |date=22 May 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/22/stories/2008052257950500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601202036/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/22/stories/2008052257950500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> There are various waiting areas with the main waiting hall capable of accommodating up to 1,000 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Ram M |title=When Mr Bean Comes Calling at the Central Railway Station |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 December 2015 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/When-Mr-Bean-Comes-Calling-at-the-Central-Railway-Station/2015/12/29/article3200408.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193845/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/When-Mr-Bean-Comes-Calling-at-the-Central-Railway-Station/2015/12/29/article3200408.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> However, the main concourses are often crowded.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ananthakrishnan |first=G. |date=5 November 2012 |title=A waste of Central space |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-waste-of-central-space/article4065092.ece?homepage=true |url-access=limited |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> The station has three [[split-flap display|split-flap]] timing boards,<ref>{{cite web |author=Velupillai |first=Krishna |date=3 January 2008 |title=New timing boards at Chennai central station |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1170918.ece?textsize=large&test=1 |access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> and electronic display boards, that mention train timings and platform number.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2012 |title=Return of display boards brings cheer to rail passengers |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/return-of-display-boards-brings-cheer-to-rail-passengers/article3494350.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New display facility at Central |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/30/stories/2009113057400200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180311/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/30/stories/2009113057400200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=12 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 November 2009}}</ref> There are seven passenger operated enquiry terminals,<ref>{{cite news |author=Sreevatsan |first=Ajai |date=7 May 2011 |title=Erratic PNR machines irk passengers |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/07/stories/2011050751110200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512012648/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/07/stories/2011050751110200.htm |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref> a passenger information center, and information kiosks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Railway—Harbinger for Progressive Changes |publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]] |year=2012 |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1300682744278-SR_GM_Annual%20Issue.pdf |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> However, most platforms are not equipped with individual coach position display boards.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arita |date=30 June 2012 |title=Lack of display system on platforms at Central leaves passengers clueless |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3585859.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> On 26 September 2014, Chennai Central became the first in the country to get free Wi-Fi connectivity. The facility is being provided by RailTel, a public sector telecom infrastructure provider.<ref>{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Vivek |title=Central station is first in country to get free Wi-Fi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 September 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/central-station-is-first-in-country-to-get-free-wifi/article6450331.ece?ref=sliderNews |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref>

There are various commercial establishments such as bookshops, restaurants, and eateries inside the station. [[Drinking water]] is supplied by taps located along the platforms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central station lacks drinking water facility |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=6 September 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/central-station-lacks-drinking-water-facility-927 |access-date=8 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906112431/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/central-station-lacks-drinking-water-facility-927 |archive-date=6 September 2012 }}</ref> In September 2018, a 5,000-litre [[reverse osmosis]] plant was commissioned in the station, with the water distributed through kiosks located across the platforms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Central railway station gets 5,000 litre drinking water plant |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 September 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-central-railway-station-gets-5000-litre-drinking-water-plant/articleshow/65888595.cms |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> The station has about ten toilets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |date=9 February 2013 |title=Stations lacking |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/stations-lacking/article4390426.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> Licensed railway porters provide baggage services to the passengers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vidya |first=Venkat |title=Treading rough and rugged tracks, loaded with woes |date=25 May 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/25/stories/2008052558450300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527112800/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/25/stories/2008052558450300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> Four-seater battery operated vehicles are available for ferrying passengers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Platform car at Chennai Central for elderly, disabled |date=8 January 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Platform-car-at-Chennai-Central-for-elderly-disabled/articleshow/3953723.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114003449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-08/chennai/27999615_1_car-costs-seater-car-train |url-status=live |archive-date=14 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> Following a [[Madras High Court]] order in 2012,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bustling Central lacks emergency care: PIL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Bustling-Central-lacks-emergency-care-PIL/articleshow/17329636.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126152650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/chennai/35318739_1_emergency-equipment-room-railway-station-medical-care |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Set up health centre at Central Station in three months: Court |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/set-up-health-centre-at-central-station-in-three-months-court/article4210744.ece |access-date=19 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 December 2012}}</ref> a medical care centre was opened on 15 April 2013.<ref>{{cite news |first=A |last=Subramani |title=24-hour emergency medicare facility soon at Chennai central railway station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/24-hour-emergency-medicare-facility-soon-at-Chennai-central-railway-station/articleshow/17653975.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526143732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/chennai/35868013_1_emergency-medical-care-centre-chennai-central-railway-medical-stores |url-status=live |archive-date=26 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 December 2012}}</ref> The centre has three beds, and is staffed with three doctors, four nurses, and a paramedic team. It is equipped with oxygen cylinders, an [[electrocardiogram]], a [[defibrillator]], resuscitation equipment, and an ambulance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=Chennai Central gets 24/7 emergency medical centre |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 April 2013 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/04/16&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00202&ViewMode=HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181627/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/04/16&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00202&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref>

The station has parking facilities for about 1,000 two-wheelers, and four-wheelers each.<ref>{{cite news |author=Yogesh Kabirdoss |title=Parking fee hike at Central draws commuter's ire |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1309521.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416185858/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1309521.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=12 November 2012 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=22 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Liffy |title=Relief for car parking lot users at Central station |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 April 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article1978901.ece |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> A premium car park, with a capacity to accommodate 80 cars, is located between the main building and suburban terminal.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kannal Achuthan |title='Premium' parking lot for cars at Chennai Central to be opened |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/08/stories/2008030854430600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314030207/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/08/stories/2008030854430600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2008 |access-date=12 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Premium parking lot reopens at Central railway station |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/premium-parking-lot-reopens-at-central-railway-station/article30301633.ece |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 December 2019}}</ref> The station is divided into two zones for cleaning and maintenance, staffed by about 70 personnel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Varma |first=M. Dinesh |title=New agency undertakes cleaning of Egmore station |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 December 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-agency-undertakes-cleaning-of-egmore-station/article4171806.ece |access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref> Trains arriving at the station undergo primary maintenance, which involves exterior and interior cleaning, filling water, cleaning of toilets, and required mechanical and electrical overhaul. About 405 maintenance employees are employed by the Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=K. |title=Maintenance not on right track |work=The Asian Age |date=20 July 2012 |url=http://www.asianage.com/chennai/maintenance-not-right-track-904 |access-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721085318/http://www.asianage.com/chennai/maintenance-not-right-track-904 |archive-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cleanliness drive in railway stations |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 July 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cleanliness-drive-in-railway-stations/article504748.ece |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Vijay |title=Southern Railway goes in for bio-toilets in trains |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 October 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/southern-railway-goes-in-for-biotoilets-in-trains/article4029576.ece |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

=== Security ===
The [[Railway Protection Force]] is responsible for the security of the station. A government railway police station is located on the first floor,<ref>{{cite news |last=Peter |first=Petlee |title=Rail passengers find it hard to locate police station |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/25/stories/2009052558670400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529175047/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/25/stories/2009052558670400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2009 |access-date=12 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 May 2009}}</ref> and is headed by a [[deputy superintendent]].<ref>{{cite news |title=At Central, railway police feel the heat! |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/21/stories/2005052113520300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523112623/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/21/stories/2005052113520300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2005 |access-date=12 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 May 2005}}</ref> The police operate a helpline known as ''Kaakum karangal'' ('Protecting hands'). The station is divided into six sectors and is staffed by 24 police personnel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway police launches two helplines |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 May 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3371573.ece |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> In May 2022, a [[bomb squad]] started functioning at the station.<ref>{{cite news |title=RPF bomb squad for Chennai Central |location=Chennai |date=3 May 2002 |url=http://hindu.com/2002/05/04/stories/2002050401470500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230103711/http://www.hindu.com/2002/05/04/stories/2002050401470500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> In 2009, a security boundary wall was erected along the western side, and surveillance cameras were installed at the platforms in the suburban terminal. Two security booths were established, one each at the main and the suburban terminii.<ref>{{cite news |title=S Railway sanctions Rs 15-cr scheme |location=Chennai |date=11 June 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/S-Railway-sanctions-Rs-15-cr-scheme/articleshow/4641932.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103131053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-11/chennai/28169059_1_security-scheme-southern-railway-surveillance-cameras |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> In 2009, 39 [[CCTV]] cameras were installed in the main terminal and a central control room was established.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central station CCTV nets its first suspect |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/09/stories/2009020956700100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212125826/http://hindu.com/2009/02/09/stories/2009020956700100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2009 |access-date=12 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 February 2009}}</ref> In 2012, about 120 cameras were added in the station.<ref>{{cite news |last=Varma |first=M. Dinesh |title=Chennai Central, Egmore to come under high-tech security blanket |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-central-egmore-to-come-under-hightech-security-blanket/article4072722.ece |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> On 15 November 2012, an integrated security system was launched at the station, which included installation of 54 IP-based cameras, under-vehicle scanning system at entries and exits, and personal and X-ray baggage screening systems. In addition, explosive detection and disposal squads were deployed. Existing cameras were also integrated to the news system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Central gets 360-degree surveillance |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=16 November 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-central-gets-360-degree-surveillance-694 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409235846/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-central-gets-360-degree-surveillance-694 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hi-tech security system launched at Central, Egmore rail stations |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 November 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hitech-security-system-launched-at-central-egmore-rail-stations/article4099114.ece |access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

== Network and services ==
[[File:Chennai Central Mysuru Mini VB Express train.jpg|thumb|[[Vande Bharat Express]] at the station]]

Chennai Central serves as one of the terminii of the various trunk routes of the Indian Railways viz. [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Chennai–Bengaluru]], [[Howrah–Chennai main line|Chennai–Howrah]], [[Mumbai–Chennai line|Chennai–Mumbai]], and [[New Delhi–Chennai main line|Chennai–New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|title=Decongestion of Trunk railway routes|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529114915/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|url-status=live}}</ref> The terminus is connected to the nearby Egmore station, by a circuitous {{cvt|11.2|km}} route via Chennai Beach. While there were proposals to connect the two termini by means of an elevated track,<ref>{{cite news |last=Vydhianathan |first=S. |title=Central-Egmore link project stone-laying tomorrow |location=Chennai |date=15 April 2003 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/15/stories/2003041504850400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182755/http://www.hindu.com/2003/04/15/stories/2003041504850400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nitish lays foundation for Central-Egmore rail link |work=[[Business Line]] |date=17 April 2003 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/04/17/stories/2003041700461700.htm |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> the plan was late dropped.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vydhianathan |first=S. |title=Central-Egmore rail link may fail to get official nod |date=21 October 2002 |url=http://hindu.com/2002/10/21/stories/2002102102880500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191604/http://hindu.com/2002/10/21/stories/2002102102880500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Balaji |first=J. |title=Central-Egmore link: Railways presses for NOC |date=2 September 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/02/stories/2008090258150100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903221249/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/02/stories/2008090258150100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> It is a [[terminal station]], and the lines branch out from the nearby [[Basin Bridge Junction railway station|Basin Bridge Junction]], which results in congestion and traffic challenges due to the non-availability of platforms at Chennai Central.<ref name="Second" /> A bridge across the Buckingham Canal connects the terminus with the railway yards and stations to the north. The {{cvt|33.02|m}}-long bridge, carries six tracks, and was completed in March 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Case Study on Replacement of Screw Piles by Well Foundation Under Running Traffic |publisher=Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering |url=http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=12101:4.pdf |access-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174455/http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=12101:4.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Chennai Central is one of the busiest railway stations in [[South India]] and a major rail hub in the country.<ref name="Data"/> {{As of|2023}}, it handles about 200 [[Express trains in India|Mail/Express]] trains, and the suburban terminus handles about 1000 Suburban/[[Multiple units of India|Multiple Unit]] services daily. It handles about 730,000 passengers per day.<ref name="TNIE" /> The station is also a major transit point for [[freight trains]]. It handles sea food and other cargo from the port.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 November 2012 |title=No more fish stench at Central railway station |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/nov/13/no-more-fish-stench-at-central-railway-station-424819.html |access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> It also serves as a main transit station for [[India Post]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=26 June 2012 |title=It's a long transit for parcels at Central |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/its-a-long-transit-for-parcels-at-central/article3570257.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> In 2024, the station generated a revenue of {{INRconvert|12.993|b}}, and was the third highest revenue earning station of the Indian Railways.<ref name="Data"/>

== Yards and sheds ==
A coach maintenance depot is located at the northern side of the terminus, where trains are checked, cleaned and readied for the next trips. It is the largest train care centre under the Southern Railway, and is equipped with 14 pit lines including two lines to accommodate 24-coach trains, and the rest designed to park 18-coach trains.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]] |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,494 |access-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424084130/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C304%2C374%2C492%2C494 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=Railway staff battle muck, indifference |location=Chennai |date=9 July 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-09/chennai/32603604_1_basin-bridge-special-trains-pit-lines |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103092906/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-09/chennai/32603604_1_basin-bridge-special-trains-pit-lines |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> The Water used for washing are out into the Buckingham Canal by means of drainage channels. However, as the yard is located in a basin area, water does not drain quickly enough,<ref>{{cite news |title=Clean-up starts at Basin Bridge train care centre |location=Chennai |date=18 July 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/chennai/32730271_1_pit-lines-train-care-centre-basin-bridge-train |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103164507/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/chennai/32730271_1_pit-lines-train-care-centre-basin-bridge-train |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> and leads to pest infestation and other hygiene issues.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=Passengers panic as pests overrun dirty train bogies |date=29 October 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/chennai/34797147_1_sleeper-coaches-bogies-pests-and-rodents |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103150228/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/chennai/34797147_1_sleeper-coaches-bogies-pests-and-rodents |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Train care centre in Chennai needs thorough overhaul |date=31 July 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-31/chennai/32961094_1_southern-railway-pit-lines-train |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-31/chennai/32961094_1_southern-railway-pit-lines-train |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

The terminus has a trip shed for housing [[electric locomotives]], located to the north of the train care centre.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saqaf |first=Syed Muthahar |author2=R. Rajaram |title=Electric locomotive trip shed at Tiruchi junction |location=Chennai |date=23 August 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/23/stories/2010082355420600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827215427/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/23/stories/2010082355420600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> Locomotive sheds at [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]], and [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tondiarpet|Tondiarpet]], also serve for housing locomotives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Locomotive Sheds |work=IRFCA |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref> There is a goods shed at [[Salt Cotaurs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Freight Sheds and Marshalling Yards |work=IRFCA |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-yard.html |access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
[[File:Central Square park.jpg|thumb|Thoroughfare at [[Central Square, Chennai|Central Square]]]]

The station forms an important junction for various lines of the suburban network. Moore Market complex, serves as the hub for suburban trains on the [[North Line, Chennai Suburban|North]], [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North]], and [[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West South lines]].<ref name="Map1">{{cite web|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/9/1/8/592918/0/linemap.pdf|title=Chennai rail map|work=Indiarail Info|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Map2">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/docs/maps/chennai_mrts_suburban_map.pdf|title=Chennai rail map|work=IRFCA|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The [[Chennai Park (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Chennai Park]] suburban station, that forms part of the [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South]], and [[South West Line, Chennai Suburban|South West lines]], is situated across the Central station. The [[Chennai Park Town (Chennai MRTS)|Park Town]] station, which is part of the [[Chennai MRTS]] network, is located adjacent to the Park station.<ref name="Map1"/><ref name="Map2"/> The [[Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central metro station|Central metro station]], serves as the intersection of the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue]] and [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Lines]] of the Chennai metro. A series of subways and passageways in the Central Square connect the station to the other side of the road, and the nearby suburban and metro stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=First skywalk to link Chennai Central with GH |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 June 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article3559907.ece |access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Metro rail seals fate of shops near Central |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 July 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3666956.ece |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> However, jaywalking prevails as a substantial number of commuters prefer crossing the road, at times resulting in accidents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hawkers force public to choose road over subways |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=6 August 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/hawkers-force-public-choose-road-over-subways-986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155457/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/hawkers-force-public-choose-road-over-subways-986 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=13 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hemalatha |first=Karthikeyan |title=Central: Where jaywalkers, callous bus drivers face off |date=4 June 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Central-Where-jaywalkers-callous-bus-drivers-face-off/articleshow/8717641.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103102733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-04/chennai/29620564_1_bus-drivers-mtc-drivers-bus-bay |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

Chennai Central is serviced by buses operated by the [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]], accessible from the bus lanes in front of the main entrance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mini-bus facility at airport fails to take off |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3350248.ece |first=Asha |last=Sridhar |date=25 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> There are prepaid auto and taxi stands at the station premises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Auto and taxi drivers badly hit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3466783.ece |first=Lavanya |last=M |date=29 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Autos in short supply at Chennai Central railway station |location=Chennai |date=3 January 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Autos-in-short-supply-at-Chennai-Central-railway-station/articleshow/11346657.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103164647/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-03/chennai/30584112_1_prepaid-autorickshaw-counter-chennai-central-railway-station-passengers |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
On 14 August 2006, a fire broke out at the station, which destroyed a book store.<ref>{{cite news |title=Platform car at Chennai Central for elderly, disabled |work=[[Business Line]] |date=14 August 2006 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/08/14/stories/2006081402611500.htm |access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>

On 29 April 2009, four passengers were killed and 11 were injured, when a suburban train was hijacked by an unidentified man, who later rammed it into a stationary [[cargo train|goods train]] at the [[Vyasarpadi Jeeva railway station]], {{cvt|4|km}} northwest of Chennai Central.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vijaya Kumar |first=S. |author2=S. Vydhianathan |title=Hijack leads to train collision, 4 die |date=30 April 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043058200100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502133100/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043058200100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref> The train, which was scheduled to depart at 5:15 am, was hijacked at 4:50 am, with 35 passengers onboard, and accelerated to {{cvt|92|kph}} before collision.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bizarre Rail Accident in Chennai Kills 4 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=29 April 2009 |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=659124 |access-date=22 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175943/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=659124 |archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=7 killed in train accident in Tamil Nadu |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 April 2009 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/7-killed-in-train-accident-in-tamil-nadu-45948-2009-04-28 |access-date=22 September 2012}}</ref>

On 6 August 2012, a man climbed atop the clock tower of the station's main building, and had to be brought back by the police and railway officials.<ref name="Clock"/>

On 1 May 2014, two [[2014 Chennai train bombing|low-intensity blasts]] occurred in two coaches of the stationary [[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express]], killing one female passenger and injuring at least fourteen others.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/blasts-at-chennai-central-railway-station-kill-1-cops-detain-suspect-1503989.html |title=Blasts at Chennai Central railway station kill 1, cops detain suspect |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=May 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohan |first1=Gopu |title=1 killed and 14 injured after twin blasts hit train at Chennai station |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/live-blast-at-chennai-central-station-10-feared-injured-reports/ |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 October 2014 }}</ref>

In 2020, there were various disruption in train services due to [[COVID-19]], with majority of the services suspended for nearly six months.<ref>{{cite news|title=Passengers stranded as 16 trains from, via Chennai cancelled due to COVID-19|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/mar/18/passengers-stranded-as-16-trains-from-via-chennai-cancelled-due-to-covid-19-2118415.html|access-date=5 December 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After six months, train services from Chennai to Kerala and Karnataka to resume on Sunday|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/sep/24/after-six-months-train-services-from-chennai-to-kerala-and-karnataka-to-resume-on-sunday-2201398.html|access-date=5 December 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=24 September 2020 }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159918 - Chennai Central Station.jpeg|thumb|2009 [[India Post]] commemorative stamp]]

Chennai Central has featured in various media and other pop culture in the region. Many films and television programs have been filmed at the station and the surroundings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece |title=When Tamil cinema and railways cross tracks in Chennai |date=18 August 2025 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vardhan |first=Harsh |title=Indian Steam in Cinema |publisher=IRFCA.org |date=October 2006 |url=http://irfca.org/articles/cinema-steam.html |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref>

The station was the subject of a 1989 poem ''[[Madras Central (poem)|Madras Central]]'' by [[Vijay Nambisan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpoetry.org/awardsgeneral.htm |title=Award Winning Poems |work=Indian Poetry |access-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034355/http://www.indianpoetry.org/awardsgeneral.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiauncut.com/iublog/article/madras-central-vijay-nambisan/ |title=''Madras Central'' by Nambisan |work=India Uncut |access-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208092415/http://indiauncut.com/iublog/article/madras-central-vijay-nambisan/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, [[India Post]] released a [[postal stamp]] featuring the station.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mariappan |first=Julie |title=Ripon Buildings to get stamp of recognition |location=Chennai |date=13 July 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ripon-Buildings-to-get-stamp-of-recognition/articleshow/6160667.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909194527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-13/chennai/28278943_1_special-postage-philatelic-bureau-stamp |url-status=live |archive-date=9 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1873]]
[[Category:Chennai Central railway station| ]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai railway division]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai]]
[[Category:Railway centrals in India]]

Pushpa Kamal Dahal

2026-03-20T04:14:13Z

Filmifunda022:

{{Short description|Former Prime Minister of Nepal}}
{{Redirect|Prachanda}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pushpa Kamal Dahal
| native_name = {{Nobold|पुष्पकमल दाहाल}}
| image = Prime Minister of Nepal Pushpa Kamal Dahal "Prachanda".jpg
| caption = Dahal in 2023
| order = 33rd
| office = Prime Minister of Nepal
| president = {{ubl|[[Bidya Devi Bhandari]]|[[Ram Chandra Paudel]]}}
| deputy = {{ubl|[[Purna Bahadur Khadka]]|[[Bishnu Prasad Paudel]]|[[Narayan Kaji Shrestha]]|[[Rabi Lamichhane]]|[[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]]}}
| term_start = 26 December 2022
| term_end = 15 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
| successor = [[K. P. Sharma Oli]]
| president1 = Bidya Devi Bhandari
| term_start1 = 4 August 2016
| term_end1 = 7 June 2017
| predecessor1 = K. P. Sharma Oli
| successor1 = Sher Bahadur Deuba
| deputy1 = {{ubl|[[Bimalendra Nidhi]]|[[Bijay Kumar Gachhadar]]}}
| president2 = [[Ram Baran Yadav]]
| term_start2 = 15 August 2008
| term_end2 = 25 May 2009
| deputy2 = [[Bamdev Gautam]]
| predecessor2 = [[Girija Prasad Koirala]]
| successor2 = [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]]
| office3 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Nepal)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| president3 = Ram Chandra Paudel
| primeminister3 = K. P. Sharma Oli
| term_start3 = 15 July 2024
| term_end3 = 12 September 2025
| predecessor3 = Sher Bahadur Deuba
| successor3 =
| president4 = Ram Baran Yadav
| primeminister4 = [[Sushil Koirala]]
| term_start4 = 11 February 2014
| term_end4 = 11 October 2015
| predecessor4 = Ram Chandra Paudel
| successor4 = Sushil Koirala
| president5 = Ram Baran Yadav
| primeminister5 = Madhav Kumar Nepal
| term_start5 = 25 May 2009
| term_end5 = 6 February 2011
| predecessor5 = Girija Prasad Koirala
| successor5 = Ram Chandra Paudel
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Senior party positions|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
| office6 = Chairman of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist Centre)]]
| term_start6 = 8 March 2021
| term_end6 = 26 September 2025
| predecessor6 = Position re-established
| successor6 =
| term_start7 = 1994
| term_end7 = 2018
| predecessor7 = Position established
| successor7 = Position abolished{{efn|Party merged with [[CPN (UML)]] to form [[Nepal Communist Party|NCP]]}}
| office8 = Chairman of the [[Nepal Communist Party]]
| alongside8 = K. P. Sharma Oli
| term_start8 = 17 May 2018
| term_end8 = 8 March 2021
| predecessor8 = Position established
| successor8 = Position abolished{{Collapsed infobox section end|Senior party positions|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Parliamentary offices|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|Pratinidhi Sabha]]
| term_start9 = 26 March 2026
| term_end9 =
| constituency9 = [[Eastern Rukum 1]]
| succeeding9 = Purna Bahadur Gharti
| term_start10 = 22 December 2022
| term_end10 = 12 September 2025
| constituency10 = [[Gorkha 2 (constituency)|Gorkha 2]]
| predecessor10 = [[Baburam Bhattarai]]
| successor10 = Kavindra Burlakoti (elect)
| term_start11 = 4 March 2018
| term_end11 = 18 September 2022
| constituency11 = [[Chitwan 3]]
| predecessor11 = [[Krishna Bhakta Pokharel]]
| successor11 = [[Bikram Pandey]]
| office12 = Member of the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] / [[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Legislature Parliament]]
| term_start12 = 21 January 2014
| term_end12 = 14 October 2017
| constituency12 = Siraha 5
| predecessor12 = Mahendra Paswan
| successor12 = ''Constituency abolished''
| term_start13 = 28 May 2008
| term_end13 = 28 May 2012
| predecessor13 = ''Constituency created''
| successor13 = [[Rajendra Kumar KC]]
| constituency13 = [[Kathmandu 10 (constituency)|Kathmandu 10]]{{Collapsed infobox section end|Parliamentary offices|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
| birth_name = Ghanashyam Dahal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lewade, [[Dhikur Pokhari]] [[Village Development Committee (Nepal)|VDC]], [[Pokhara]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
| party = [[Nepali Communist Party]]
| otherparty = {{ubl|[[CPN (Maoist Centre)]] (1994–2018; 2021–2025)|[[Nepal Communist Party]] (2018–2021)|[[Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre)|CPN (Unity Centre)]] (1991–1994)|[[Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal)|CPN (Mashal)]] (1984–1991)|[[Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (historical)|CPN (Masal)]] (1983–1984)|[[Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention)|CPN (Fourth Convention)]] (before 1983)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Sita Poudel|1969|2023|end=d.}}
| children = 4, including [[Renu Dahal|Renu]]
| relatives =
| nickname = Prachanda
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science]], [[Tribhuvan University]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| native_name_lang = ne
}}

'''Pushpa Kamal Dahal'''{{efn|{{langx|ne|पुष्पकमल दाहाल}}}} (born '''Ghanashyam Dahal'''; 11 December 1954), also known as '''''Prachanda''''',{{efn|{{Langx|ne|प्रचण्ड}}, {{IPA|ne|prʌˈt͡sʌɳɖʌ|pron}}, {{Translation|}} "fierce")}} is a Nepalese politician. He has been prime minister of Nepal three times: from 2008 to 2009, from 2016 to 2017, and again from December 2022 until July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dahal elected 39th prime minister of Nepal |url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2016/08/03/dahal-elected-as-39th-prime-minister |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=Kathmandu Post |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106153136/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2016/08/03/dahal-elected-as-39th-prime-minister |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2022 |title=Maoist chief Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda' becomes Nepal's new PM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/pushpa-kamal-dahal-prachanda-appointed-new-prime-minister-nepal-8343712/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105033353/https://indianexpress.com/article/world/pushpa-kamal-dahal-prachanda-appointed-new-prime-minister-nepal-8343712/ |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His third term ended on 12 July 2024 after he lost a vote of confidence in parliament. He was then replaced by [[K. P. Sharma Oli]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nepal poised for new government after prime minister loses confidence vote |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nepal-poised-for-new-government-after-prime-minister-loses-confidence-vote-2024-07-12/ |website=Reuters |date=12 July 2024 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> After leaving office, Dahal became the [[Leader of the Opposition (Nepal)|Leader of the Opposition]] on 15 July 2024, remaining in that position until September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leader of the Opposition (Nepal) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Nepal) |website=Wikipedia |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

Having been drawn to left-wing politics after seeing severe poverty during his youth, Dahal joined the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention)]] in 1981, and later became general secretary of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal)]] in 1989.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/others/feature/aug/news_feature01.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203020014/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/others/feature/aug/news_feature01.php|date=3 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="Lawoti-Pahadi3">{{cite book |title=The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the twenty-first century |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-415-77717-9 |editor=Mahendra Lawoti and Anup K. Pahadi}}</ref> This party later became the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (1994)|Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]]. Dahal was the leader of the CPN (M) during the [[Nepalese Civil War|country's civil war]] and [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|subsequent peace process and the 1st Nepalese constituent assembly.]] In the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 elections]], CPN(M) emerged as the largest party, and Dahal became prime minister in August of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPU PARLINE database: NEPAL (Sambidhan Sabha) ELECTIONS IN 2008 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2386_08.htm |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=archive.ipu.org |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101095617/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2386_08.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He resigned from the post on 4 May 2009, after his attempt to sack the then [[Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)|army chief]], [[Rookmangud Katawal]], was opposed by then [[President of Nepal|President]] [[Ram Baran Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कटवालको आत्मकथा पढ्दा |url=https://www.setopati.com/sahityapati/15948/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=Setopati |language=en-US}}</ref> Dahal was sworn in as prime minister for a second time in 2016, as per an agreement to form a rotational government with the [[Nepali Congress]], and resigned on 24 May 2017 to make way for Congress' [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda' Resigns As Nepal Prime Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pushpa-kamal-dahal-prachanda-resigns-as-nepal-prime-minister-1697767 |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164059/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pushpa-kamal-dahal-prachanda-resigns-as-nepal-prime-minister-1697767 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general election]], Dahal was sworn in as prime minister again in December 2022, with support from a coalition of parties including [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|CPN (UML)]], [[Rastriya Swatantra Party]] and [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dahal sworn in as prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/26/dahal-sworn-in-as-prime-minister |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108004432/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/26/dahal-sworn-in-as-prime-minister |url-status=live }}</ref> Dahal remained in power for 19 months, changing alliances between the UML and Congress three times, before he was ousted by a failed motion of confidence in the parliament on 12 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Dahal loses vote of confidence in House |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/12/prime-minister-pushpa-kamal-dahal-ousted-after-losing-floor-test |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born Ghanashyam Dahal on 11 December 1954 in Lewade, [[Dhikur Pokhari]], a [[Village Development Committee (Nepal)|VDC]] 20 km north from [[Pokhara]], to Muktiram and Bhawani, a [[Brahmin]] Hindu family.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prachanda elected Prime Minister of Nepal |date=16 August 2008 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Prachanda-elected-Prime-Minister-of-Nepal/article15282412.ece |access-date=13 December 2017 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212211610/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Prachanda-elected-Prime-Minister-of-Nepal/article15282412.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He later changed his name during a [[matriculation examination]] to Pushpa Kamal (meaning: [[Nelumbo nucifera|''Lotus Flower'']]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821145221/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/15/content_9366494.htm "Profile: Prachanda, from commander to prime minister."] Chinaview.cn, 15 August 2008</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819134909/http://english.cri.cn/2947/2008/08/18/1321s395641.htm Nepali PM Prachanda Sworn In]. English.cri.cn. Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/09/13/0809131815_it_nostalgia_time_prachanda_india.html |title=It will be nostalgia time for Prachanda in India |access-date=28 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617020931/http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/09/13/0809131815_it_nostalgia_time_prachanda_india.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 }}. news.indiainfo.com. 13 September 2008</ref> At the age of eight, his family migrated to the [[Terai]], a fertile lowland region in southern [[Nepal]], and settled in [[Chitwan District]].<ref name=":2" /> In the 1950s, his father Muktiram moved to Indian state of [[Assam]], where he worked as a firewood collector, and returned home in 1961.<ref name=":2" /> In 1971, Pushpa Kamal Dahal moved to [[Kathmandu]] for his studies, and was enrolled in [[Patan Multiple Campus]] for two years.<ref name=":2" /> He moved back to Chitwan and received a diploma of science in agriculture from [[Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science]] (IAAS) in [[Rampur, Chitwan]].<ref name=":3">[[Somini Sengupta]], and he was also a high school teacher in Aarught of Gorkha district.[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/30/magazine/30maoists.html?pagewanted=6&ei=5090&en=6325acb2413a7226&ex=1288328400 "Where Maoists Still Matter"], ''[[The New York Times]],'' 30 October 2005.</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Adhikari |first=Aditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7pvDwAAQBAJ |title=The Bullet and the Ballot Box: The Story of Nepal's Maoist Revolution |date=7 October 2014 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78168-564-8 |pages=5–10 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901111623/https://books.google.com/books?id=H7pvDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> After completing studies and failing to find jobs in bureaucracy, Dahal became a schoolteacher in a village, where he worked until 1979. He was also a home teacher at the same village.<ref name=":2" />

==Nepalese Civil War==
{{See also|Nepalese Civil War}}
[[File:Prachanda.jpg|thumb|left|Dahal speaking at a rally in [[Pokhara]].]]

On 4 February 1996, [[Baburam Bhattarai]] gave the government, led by [[Nepali Congress]] Prime Minister [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]], a [[40-Point Demands|list of 40 demands]], threatening civil war if they were not met.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=DeVotta |first=Neil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6XbCgAAQBAJ |title=An Introduction to South Asian Politics |date=23 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36973-8 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> The demands related to "nationalism, democracy, and livelihood" and included such line items as the "domination of foreign capital in Nepali industries, business and finance should be stopped", and "discriminatory treaties, including the [[Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|1950 Nepal-India Treaty]], should be abrogated", and "land under the control of the feudal system should be confiscated and distributed to the landless and the homeless."<ref name=":0" /><ref>[[Baburam Bhattarai]], [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/document/papers/40points.htm "40 Point Demand"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704165400/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/document/papers/40points.htm |date=4 July 2017 }}, ''South Asia Intelligence Review'', 4 February 1996</ref> After that, and until 26 April 2006, Dahal directed the military efforts of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist Centre)]] towards establishing areas of control, particularly in the mountainous regions and in western Nepal.<ref name=":1" /> The 40 demands were whittled down to 24 in subsequent political negotiations.<ref name=":1">[http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/ktmpost/2003/apr/apr28/index1.htm "Maoists Demand Interim Constitution,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927091159/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishdaily/ktmpost/2003/apr/apr28/index1.htm |date=27 September 2008 }} ''Kathmandu Post'', 28 April 2003</ref>

In late 2004 or early 2005, relations between Dahal and Baburam Bhattarai soured.<ref>Singh Khadka, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4517585.stm "Nepal's Maoist leadership divisions"], BBC News, 6 May 2005.</ref> This was reportedly due to disagreement on power-sharing inside the party. Bhattarai was unhappy with the consolidation of power under Dahal.<ref name="TVNZ_479664" /> At one point, Dahal expelled Bhattarai from the party, though he was later reinstated.<ref name="TVNZ_479664">{{cite news |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/news_world_story_skin/479664 |title=Official expelled from Maoist party |date=15 March 2005 |work=[[Television New Zealand]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |archive-date=13 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613085934/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/news_world_story_skin/479664 |url-status=live }}</ref> They later reconciled at least some of their differences.<ref>Charles Haviland, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4707058.stm "Meeting Nepal's Maoist leader"], BBC News, 16 June 2005.</ref><ref>Sanjay Upadhya, [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0602/S00154.htm "Nepal: Maoists hide more than they reveal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223042035/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0602/S00154.htm |date=23 February 2006 }}, ''[[Scoop (news website)|Scoop]]'', 16 February 2005.</ref> On 22 November 2005, Dahal and the [[Seven Party Alliance]] released a 'twelve-point agreement' that expressed areas of agreement between the CPN(M) and the parties that had won a large majority in the last parliamentary election in 1999.<ref name=":5" /> Among other points, this document stated that the dictatorial monarchy of [[King Gyanendra]] was the chief impediment to progress in Nepal.<ref name=":5" /> It claimed further that the [[Maoists]] were committed to human rights and [[Freedom of the press|press freedoms]] and a [[multi-party system]] of government.<ref name=":5" /> It pledged self-criticism and the intention of the Maoists and the Seven Parties to not repeat past mistakes.<ref name=":5">Unofficial translation, [http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2005/nov/nov25/12-point_Maoist_MoU.php "The 12-point agreement between the Maoists and the seven-party alliance as listed in statement by Pushpa Kamal Dahal on Tuesday,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829004402/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2005/nov/nov25/12-point_Maoist_MoU.php |date=29 August 2008 }} ''Nepal News'', 25 November 2005</ref>

On 26 April 2006, [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist Centre)]] announced a [[ceasefire]] with a stated duration of 90 days.<ref name=":6" /> The move followed weeks of massive protests—the [[April 2006 Nepalese general strike]]— in [[Kathmandu]] and elsewhere that had forced [[Gyanendra of Nepal|King Gyanendra]] to give up the personal dictatorship he had established on 1 February 2005, and restore the parliament that had been dissolved in May 2002.<ref name=":6" /> A new government was then established by the Seven-Party Alliance. The parliament and the new government supported the ceasefire and started negotiations with the Maoists on the basis of the twelve-point agreement. The two sides agreed that a new constituent assembly would be elected to write a new constitution and decide the fate of the monarchy. The Maoists wanted this process to end with Nepal becoming declared as a republic.<ref name=":6">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4949066.stm "Nepal Maoist rebels declare truce,"] [[BBC]], 27 April 2006</ref>

==Premierships==
[[File:Baburam and prachanda.jpg|thumb|left|Dahal (third from left), [[Baburam Bhattarai]] (fourth from left)]]

=== First premiership ===
{{see also|First Dahal cabinet}}

Dahal met for talks with Prime Minister [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] on 16 June 2006, which was thought to be his first visit to the capital Kathmandu in more than a decade.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5085760.stm "Maoists to join Nepal government,"] [[BBC]], 16 June 2006</ref><ref>[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-612387108,prtpage-1.cms "Power Play,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112085204/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-612387108,prtpage-1.cms |date=12 January 2009 }} ''The Times of India'' 3 November 2001</ref> This meeting resulted in the [[Comprehensive Peace Accord]] to dissolve parliament, incorporate the CPN(M) into a new interim government, draft a new constitution, and disband the CPN(M)'s "people's governments" operating in rural Nepal. The two sides also agreed to disarm at a later date, under international supervision.<ref>Maseeh Rahman, [https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1799696,00.html "After a decade of fighting, Nepal's Maoist rebels embrace government,"] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 17 June 2006</ref> On 18 September 2007, the CPN(M) left the coalition government ahead of the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|Constituent Assembly election]], demanding the declaration of a republic by parliament, and a system of [[proportional representation]] in the election. The CPN(M) rejoined the government on 30 December 2007, after an agreement to abolish the monarchy following the election, and to have a system of partial proportional representation in the election.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31175720071230 "Nepal Maoists rejoin cabinet after monarchy deal,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928035410/https://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31175720071230 |date=28 September 2020 }} [[Reuters]], 30 December 2007</ref> Following power-sharing discussions that lasted several months, Dahal was elected as prime minister by the Constituent Assembly on 15 August 2008, and he was sworn in as prime minister on 18 August 2008.<ref name="sworn">[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/aug/aug18/news09.php "PM Dahal sworn in"]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Nepalnews, 18 August 2008.</ref>

The decade-long war ultimately led the Maoists to Nepal's parliament. After winning a remarkable majority in the Constitutional Assembly elections, Dahal was nominated for the Prime Ministership by the party.<ref>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL223504.htm "Nepal Maoists want their chief as president"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204052154/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL223504.htm |date=4 February 2008 }}, Reuters (AlertNet), 25 January 2008.</ref> In the April 2008 Constituent Assembly election, he was elected from Kathmandu constituency-10, winning by a large margin, and receiving nearly twice as many votes as his nearest rival, the candidate of the [[Nepali Congress]]. He also won overwhelmingly in Rolpa constituency-2, receiving 34,230 votes against 6,029 for Shanta Kumar Oli of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)]], CPN(UML).<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/apr/apr13/news07.php "Prachanda wins from Rolpa-2 as well"]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Nepalnews, 13 April 2008.</ref> With the CPN(M) appearing to have won the election, Dahal pledged that the party would work together with other parties in crafting the new constitution, and he assured the international community, particularly India and China, that the party wanted good relations and co-operation. He also said that the party had expressed its commitment to multi-party democracy through the election.<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/apr/apr12/news11.php "'We want to continue working with parties and the int'l community,' says Prachanda."]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Nepalnews, 12 April 2008.</ref>

=== Second premiership ===
{{see also|Second Dahal cabinet}}

In August 2016 Pushpa Kamal Dahal was elected for a second stint as Prime Minister of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy |title=New PM Prachanda will bring Indo-Nepal ties back on track, hopes India |date=4 August 2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-pm-prachanda-will-bring-indo-nepal-ties-back-on-track-hopes-india/articleshow/53544117.cms |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804193939/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-pm-prachanda-will-bring-indo-nepal-ties-back-on-track-hopes-india/articleshow/53544117.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Dahal became the 24th prime minister since Nepal's adoption of multi-party democracy in 1990 and the eighth since the [[Nepal#Republic (2008)|abolition of the monarchy]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters |date=3 August 2016 |title=Maoist chief Prachanda elected as Nepal prime minister |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Maoist-chief-Prachanda-elected-as-Nepal-prime-minister/articleshow/53523388.cms }}</ref> He resigned from the post of prime minister on 24 May 2017 and was succeeded by [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] of the Nepali Congress in June.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepalese PM announces resignation – Xinhua | English.news.cn |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/24/c_136311901.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524134613/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/24/c_136311901.htm |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prachanda resigns as Nepal Prime Minister making way for Sher Bahadur Deuba to take over |date=24 May 2017 |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/international/article/prachanda-resigns-as-nepal-prime-minister-making-way-for-sher-bahadur-deuba-to-take-over/61620 |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Third premiership ===
{{see also|Dahal cabinet, 2022}}

Pushpa Kamal Dahal was appointed [[prime minister]] for the third time on 25 December 2022, following the [[2022 Nepalese general election]].<ref name = "r">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2022 |title=President Bhandari appoints Dahal as new PM, swearing-in on Monday |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/president-bhandari-appoints-dahal-as-new-pm-swearing-in-on-monday |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231212701/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/president-bhandari-appoints-dahal-as-new-pm-swearing-in-on-monday |url-status=live }}</ref> He won the vote of confidence in the House on 10 January 2023 after 268 out of the present 270 members voted in favor of him.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=10 January 2023 |title=Nepal's new PM secures vote of confidence in parliament |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepals-new-pm-secures-vote-of-confidence-in-parliament |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110170621/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepals-new-pm-secures-vote-of-confidence-in-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following Dahal's support for the candidature of [[Ram Chandra Poudel]] in the [[2023 Nepalese presidential election|presidential election]], the CPN (UML) withdrew its support from the government, and Dahal again joined hands with the Congress to revive the pre-election alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UML pulls out of government |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/02/27/uml-pulls-out-of-government-1677481576 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

Dahal condemned the actions of [[Hamas]] during the [[Gaza war]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal PM Pushpa Kamal Dahal condemns Hamas terror attacks in Israel |url=http://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-pm-pushpa-kamal-dahal-condemns-hamas-terror-attacks-in-israel20231008093755/ |agency=ANI |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012235229/http://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-pm-pushpa-kamal-dahal-condemns-hamas-terror-attacks-in-israel20231008093755/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but also expressed support for [[Palestine]] and spoke in favor of a [[2023 Gaza war ceasefire|ceasefire]], saying "we support the oppressed, those who deserve independence. We support Palestine".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal supports Palestinian cause, Dahal tells Russian news agency TASS |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/11/30/nepal-supports-palestinian-cause-dahal-tells-russian-news-agency-tass |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

On 4 March 2024, Dahal ended his coalition with the Nepali Congress and formed a new coalition with the CPN (UML) and other smaller parties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal's communist parties join forces to form a new coalition government |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-communist-parties-new-government-coalition-ee620c7596f3356de2103b1ad3f86a3c |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Associated Press |date=4 March 2024 |language=English |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304152506/https://apnews.com/article/nepal-communist-parties-new-government-coalition-ee620c7596f3356de2103b1ad3f86a3c |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 July however, the CPN (UML) left its coalition with Dahal and formed a coalition instead with the Nepali Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2024 |title=Key partner withdraws support from Nepal's government to join new coalition |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-politics-government-crisis-80a8567e1a9e79f96b4a2225160f80d5 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> On 12 July, Dahal lost a [[Motion of no confidence|vote of confidence]] in the House after 194 out of the present 258 members voted against his favour leading to the end of his third tenure as prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=Nepal's prime minister loses a confidence vote forcing him to step down |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-prime-minister-confidence-vote-parliament-politics-27923b7dbc25d20c6b90a9b8fbf3c8cf |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Bhadra |last2=Chutel |first2=Lynsey |date=12 July 2024 |title=Nepal's Prime Minister Loses Confidence Vote, Adding to the Turmoil of Monsoon Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/12/world/asia/nepal-prime-minister-confidence-vote.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1969, Dahal married Sita Poudel (5 July 1954 – 12 July 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2023/12/310501/ | title=PM Dahal's wife Sita passes away | access-date=13 July 2023 | archive-date=13 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713101716/https://english.khabarhub.com/2023/12/310501/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/amp/sita-a-guiding-force-in-the-political-journey-of-pm-dahal/news.html.twig | title=Sita: A guiding force in the political journey of PM Dahal | work=My Republica | access-date=13 July 2023 | archive-date=13 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713101715/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/amp/sita-a-guiding-force-in-the-political-journey-of-pm-dahal/news.html.twig | url-status=live }}</ref> when he was fifteen.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Guneratne |first1=Arjun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8BnAgAAQBAJ |title=Pathways to Power: The Domestic Politics of South Asia |last2=Weiss |first2=Anita M. |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-2599-2 |pages=306–320 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101143128/https://books.google.com/books?id=b8BnAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> They had three daughters (including [[Renu Dahal]]) and a son.<ref name=":2" />

In keeping with Marxist ideology, Dahal is an [[Atheism|atheist]], having stopped practicing Hinduism in his teenage years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghimire |first=Yubaraj |date=6 October 2009 |title=Atheist Prachanda Attends Prayers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/atheist-prachanda-attends-prayers/ |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==Publications==
* {{cite book |title=Problems & Prospects of Revolution in Nepal: A Collection of Articles by Com. Prachanda and Other Leaders of the CPN (Maoist) |publisher=Janadisha Publications}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website}}

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Vrishni heroes

2026-03-17T00:12:01Z

Filmifunda022: quick update

{{short description|Ancient Indian legendary heroes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=350
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| image1=Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg
| caption1=Vrishni heroes on the coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria]], circa 190-180 BCE: [[Samkarshana]], with [[Gada (mace)|Gada]] mace and [[plow]], and [[Vāsudeva]], with [[Shankha]] (a pear-shaped case or conch) and [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]] wheel.<ref name="US437">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=436–438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |page=50 |jstor=20111096 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref><ref name="Iconography of Balarāma">{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Nilakanth Purushottam |title=Iconography of Balarāma |date=1979 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-107-2 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22 |language=en}}</ref> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the two deities.<ref name="DS215"/> Another variation [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt7FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44].<ref>{{cite book |title=Art and History: Texts, Contexts and Visual Representations in Ancient and Early Medieval India |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-88414-31-9 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt7FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |language=en}}</ref>
| image2=Kondamotu_Vrishni_relief,_4th_century_CE,_Hyderabad_State_Museum.jpg
| caption2=The five Vrishni heroes [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]], [[Vāsudeva]], [[Pradyumna]],
[[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], [[Aniruddha]] standing around enthroned [[Narasimha]]. Kondamotu Vrishni heroes relief, 4th century CE, [[Hyderabad State Museum]]. The Vrishni heroes remained major divinities until the 5th century CE, when they lost preeminence to [[Vishnu]].<ref name="IH224">{{cite book |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |page=A-224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA224 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CRA27">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Christopher R. |title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005411-3 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |language=en}}</ref>
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The '''Vrishni heroes''' ([[IAST]]: ''[[Vrishni|Vṛṣṇi]] vīras''), also referred to as '''''Pancha-viras''''' ([[IAST]]: ''Pañca vīras''; 'the five heroes'), are a group of five legendary, potentially semi-historical deified heroes who are found in the literature and archaeological sites of [[ancient India]].<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211a">{{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211 |year=1997|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10758-4 |pages=211–220, 236}}</ref><ref name="Murthy1990"/> Their earliest worship is attestable in the clan of the [[Vrishni]]s near [[Mathura]] by 4th-century BCE.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211a"/><ref name="Flood1996p119">{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/119 119]–120}}</ref><ref name="DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30">{{cite book|author=Christopher Austin|editor=Diana Dimitrova and Tatiana Oranskaia|title=Divinizing in South Asian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2JgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-12360-0|pages=30–35}}</ref> Legends are associated with these deified heroes, some of which may be based on real, historical heroes of the Vrishni clan.<ref name="US437"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |pages=49–50 |jstor=20111096 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref> Their early worship has been variously described as cross-sectarian, much like the cult of the [[Yaksha]]s, related to the early [[Bhagavata]] tradition of [[Hinduism]], and with possible links to [[Jainism]] as well.<ref name="SRQ211"/> They and their legends – particularly of [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]] – have been an important part of the [[Vaishnava|Vaishnava tradition]] of Hinduism.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211a"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=23–25, 239}}; For their regional significance in contemporary Hinduism, see: [a] {{cite journal | last1=Couture | first1=André | last2=Schmid | first2=Charlotte | last3=Couture | first3=Andre | title=The Harivaṃśa, the Goddess Ekānaṃśā, and the Iconography of the Vṛṣṇi Triads | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=121 | issue=2 | year=2001 | doi=10.2307/606559 | pages=173–192| jstor=606559 }}; [b] {{cite journal|title= Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms| author = Doris Srinivasan|journal = Archives of Asian Art| volume=32| year=1979| pages = 39–54|jstor= 20111096}}</ref><ref name="Murthy1990">{{cite book|author=R Champakalakshmi|editor=H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy|title=Essays on Indian History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMg8K5dPZUC&pg=PA52|year=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-211-0|pages=52–60}}</ref>

The Vrishnis were already known in the late [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature. They are also mentioned by [[Pāṇini]] in ''Astadhyayi'' verse 6.2.34, while Krishna is referred to as Krishna ''Varshneya'' ("the Vrishni") in verse 3.187.51 of the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name="jgw127">{{cite book|author=Joanna Gottfried Williams|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |year=1981|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-06498-2|pages=127–131}}</ref> Beyond texts, their importance in ancient India is attested by the ancient inscriptions found near Mathura and coins discovered in the ruins of [[Ai-Khanoum]] (Afghanistan), bearing images of the two main Vrishni heroes, with Greek and [[Brahmi]] legends.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211a"/>

The cult of the Vrishni heroes existed as an independent cult in [[Mathura]], as suggested by the [[Mora Well Inscription]], and was then later gradually amalgamated into [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>"The absorption of the Vrishni heroes into the Vaishnava mainstream is very gradual. The amalgamation process was preceded and concurrent with a cult of the several Vrishni heroes. Inscriptional evidence indicates the existence of such cult in Mathura." in {{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |date=1981 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06498-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref> The deification of the Vrishni heroes centered around the cult of [[Vasudeva-Krishna]], known as [[Bhagavatism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |date=1981 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06498-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref> Epigraphical evidence suggests that their legends and worship swiftly expanded to other parts of India by the start of the common era.<ref name="DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30"/><ref name="US436">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |pages=436–440 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA436 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Joanna Gottfried |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |date=1981 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06498-0 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref>

The Vrishni heroes are generally identified as [[Samkarshana]] ([[Balarama]]-Samkarshana, son of [[Vasudeva Anakadundubhi]] and [[Devaki]]),<ref name="US437" /><ref name="jgw127" /> [[Vāsudeva]] ([[Vāsudeva-Krishna]], another son of Vasudeva Anakadundubhi and [[Devaki]]),<ref name="US437" /><ref name="jgw127" /> [[Pradyumna]] (son of [[Vāsudeva-Krishna]] and [[Rukmini]]),<ref name="US437" /> [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] (son of [[Vāsudeva-Krishna]] and [[Jambavati]]),<ref name="US437" /> and [[Aniruddha]] (son of Pradyumna).<ref name="US436" />

Probably as late as the 1st century CE, the cult of the Vrishni heroes (''Vīravāda'') retained more importance than the [[Chatur-vyūha|Vyuha doctrine]] (''Vyūhavāda''), the subsequent cult of emanations that evolved from the Vrishni hero cult.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |page=A222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA222 |language=en}}</ref> Still later, it evolved into the ''Avatāravāda'' system of incarnations of [[Vishnu]].<ref name="JS73">{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Julia |title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-43263-2 |pages=73–74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR73 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, according to [[Doris Srinivasan]], "the absorption of the Vrishni hero into the Vaishnava worship is very gradual. The amalgamation process was preceded and concurrent with a cult of several Vrishni heroes".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |date=1981 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06498-0 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref>

The Vrishni heroes also have distinct individual qualities: [[Vāsudeva]] is also associated with gentleness and strength, [[Samkarsana]] with knowledge, [[Pradyumna]] with female power, Samba with male power and [[Aniruddha]] with ferociousness and sovereignty.<ref name="VIA">"Gentleness and strength are associated with Vasudeva, knowledge with Samkarsana, (Narasimha) female power with Pradyumna (Varaha) and ferociousness and sovereignty with Aniruddha (Kapila)." {{cite book |last1=Kamalakar |first1=G. |last2=Veerender |first2=M. |title=Vishnu in Art, Thought & Literature |date=1993 |publisher=Birla Archeological & Cultural Research Institute |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMcYAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Identity==
[[File:Vrishni triad shown in a rock painting at Tikla, M.P. 3rd-2nd century BCE.jpg|thumb|290px|Vrishni triad shown in a rock painting at [[Tikla]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], 3rd-2nd century BCE. These would be [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]] (with plough and mace), [[Vāsudeva]] (with mace and wheel) and a female deity, probably [[Ekanamsha]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vinay K. |title=Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art |journal=Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta |date=January 2019 |page=71 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40656540 |language=en}}</ref>]]

[[File:Rama Krishna at Chilas.jpg|thumb|290px|(Bala)rama and Krishna at [[Chilas]]. The [[Kharoshthi]] inscription nearby reads ''Rama [kri]ṣa''. 1st century CE.<ref name="DS215"/>]]
The historical roots and the identity of the Vrishni heroes are unclear. Several interpretations have been proposed.

===Local heroes turned deities===
According to Rosenfield, the five heroes of the Vrishnis may have been ancient historical rulers in the region of Mathura, and Vāsudeva and Krishna "may well have been kings of this dynasty as well".<ref name="JMR151"/> According to the [[Vayu Purana]] (97.1-2), the five Vrishni heroes were originally human, and their names were Samkarshana, Vāsudeva, Pradyumna, Samba, and Aniruddha.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The heroes would then have evolved into Vaishnavite deities through a step-by-step process: 1) deification of the Vrishni heroes 2) association with the God [[Narayana]]-[[Vishnu]] 3) incorporation into the [[Vyuha]] concept of successive emanations of the God.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |page=50 |jstor=20111096 }}</ref> Epigraphically, the deified status of Vāsudeva in particular is confirmed by his appearance on the coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria]] (190-180 BCE) and by the devotional character of the [[Heliodorus pillar]] inscription (circa 110 BCE).<ref name="DS51"/> Later, the association with [[Narayana]] ([[Vishnu]]) is suggested by the [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions]] of the 1st century BCE.<ref name="DS51">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |page=51 |jstor=20111096 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref> It is generally thought that "by the beginning of the Christian era, the cult of Vasudeva, Vishnu and Narayana amalgamated".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Subburaj |first1=V.V.K. |title=Basic Facts of General Knowledge |date=2004 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7254-234-4 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mjae1kdYUC&pg=PA68 |language=en}}</ref> By the 2nd century CE, the "''avatara'' concept was in its infancy", and the depiction of Vishnu with his four emanations (the ''[[Chatur-vyūha]]''), consisting of the Vrishni heroes minus Samba, starts to become visible in art at the end of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |page=439 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439 |language=en}}</ref>

Banerjee too considered that they may have been semi-deified legendary kings who came to be considered as Vishnu's [[avatar]]s.<ref name="JMR151"/> This would lead to an early form of Vaishnavism, currently described as the [[Pancaratra]] system.<ref name="JMR151"/> Also according to Gavin Flood – an Indologist and scholar of Hinduism, Vāsudeva may have originated in a real Vrishni hero or king, but the lineage is difficult to establish.<ref name="Flood1996p119"/> This Vasudeva became deified in the Vrishni clan, its worship being traceable to the 4th century text of [[Pāṇini]], which mentions ''Vāsudevaka'' or a "devotee of Vāsudeva".<ref name="Flood1996p119"/> Vāsudeva then fused with Krishna of the Yadavas clan.<ref name="Flood1996p119"/> Over time, Vāsudeva was identified with Krishna and Vishnu.<ref name="Flood1996p119"/>

According to Christopher Austin, the Vrishni heroes are characters linked to the end of the ''Mahabharata'', reflecting the three generations of Vrishnis of Krishna from the [[Bhagavad Gita]] fame, his son, his grandson along with the Balarama (Samkarshana). This view is supported by Srinivasan and Banerjee based on evidence in two Puranic passages and the Mora well inscription.<ref name="DimitrovaOranskaia2018p30"/> In early [[Hinduism]], the five Vrishni heroes have been identified as [[Vāsudeva-Krishna]], [[Samkarsana]]-[[Balarama]], [[Pradyumna]], [[Aniruddha]] and [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] as known from the Medieval [[Vayu Purana]].<ref name="SRQ211"/><ref name="VSA253"/>

===Early coinage (3rd-2nd century BCE)===
The Vrishni heroes appear on the coinage of [[Agathocles of Bactria]], circa 190-180 BCE: [[Samkarshana]], with [[Gada (mace)|Gada]] mace and [[plow]], and [[Vāsudeva]], with [[Shankha]] (a pear-shaped case or conch) and [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]] wheel.<ref name="US437"/><ref name="Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |page=50 |jstor=20111096 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref><ref name="Iconography of Balarāma">{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Nilakanth Purushottam |title=Iconography of Balarāma |date=1979 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-107-2 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22 |language=en}}</ref> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the two deities.<ref name="DS215"/>

On some of the Indian punch-marked coins, three individuals appear without attributes, possibly deities [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]], [[Vāsudeva]] and [[Ekanamsha]] in the late 4th-2nd century BCE.<ref>Described and illustrated in {{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |date=1989 |volume=39 |issue=1/4 |pages=116–117 |jstor=29756891 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> The same type of coins was excavated in [[Besnagar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology 1978-79 A review |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=90 Plate LI |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201978-79%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref>

On some post-Mauryan punch-marked coins, possible depictions of Saṃkarṣaṇa-Balarama appear.<ref name="MHA"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Susan Verma |last2=Ray |first2=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19374-6 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |language=en}}</ref> He is shown wielding a mace and a plough.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence |url=https://www.academia.edu/25807197 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MHA">"Post-Mauryan punch-marked coin" {{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215 |language=en}}</ref> These punch-marked coins are dated to the 2nd century BCE, and may be associated with Mathura.<ref name="DS215"/>

<gallery widths="150px" heights="100px">
Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg|Coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria]] (190-180 BCE)<ref name="US437"/>
Mauryan Empire. Circa late 4th-2nd century BC.jpg|Mauryan Empire. Late 4th-2nd century BC
Mauryan punch-marked coin with three deities 4th-2nd century BCE.jpg|Mauryan punch-marked coin with three deities 4th-2nd century BCE
Besnagar silver punch-marked coins (anthropomorphical).jpg|Punch-marked coins excavated in Besnagar
Mauryan Balarama Coin 3rd-2nd Century CE (detail).jpg|Post-Mauryan punch-marked coin with possible Balarama (detail)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Doris|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art|date=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10758-8|page=215|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215|language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Jainism===
Another theory has been proposed by Heinrich Luders. Based on an analysis of 10th to 12th century Jaina texts, Luders proposed that Vrishnis may have roots in Jainism, noting the co-existence of the Jain and Vrishni-related archaeological findings in Mathura, and the strength of Jainism at that time in Mathura.<ref name="SRQ211"/> He names the Vrishni heroes as Baladeva, Akrura, Anadhrsti, Sarana and Viduratha – all Jain heroes and with Akrura as the commander.<ref name="SRQ211"/>

===Cross-sectarian deities===
According to Quintanilla, the cult of the Vrishnis may have been cross-sectarian, much like the cult of the [[Yakshas]], and "may not necessarily represent the roots of Vaiṣṇava theology at Mathura".<ref name="SRQ211">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4 |pages=211–213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA212 |language=en}}</ref>

==Devotional structures and symbolism (circa 115 BCE)==
[[File:Heliodorus_pillar_(cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Heliodorus pillar]] was erected to [[Vāsudeva]] by the Greek [[Heliodorus (ambassador)|Heliodorus]] in 115 BCE. It was crowned by a [[Garuda]] capital.]]
[[File:Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar,_Besnagar.jpg|thumb|upright|Excavation of the Vrishni Temple, with elliptic plan. The Heliodorus pillar appears in the immediate background.]]
{{main|Heliodorus pillar}}
Several pillar capitals with symbolic statuary associated with the Vhrishni heroes have been found in [[Besnagar]] around the site of the [[Heliodorus pillar]], dated to about 115 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Christopher R. |title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Scion of the Avatara |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005412-0 |pages=23–24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvarDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Heliodorus pillar]] inscription explains that the pillar erected to honour [[Vāsudeva]] is a [[Garuda]]-vajra, although the Garuda statue has not been found.<ref name="MD">{{cite journal |last1=Dass |first1=Meera I |title=Helliodorus Pillar from Besnagar: ITS Capital and Worship |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2001 |volume=62 |pages=1136–1137 |jstor=44155935 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>"Heliodorus Pillar from Besnagar: Its Capital and Worship." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Mumbai 77-78: 32-41, 2002-2003</ref> According to Susan L. Huntington, the Garuda capital on the Heliodorus pillar was probably similar to [[:File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Male Figure on Horseback (9220433942).jpg|a portable Garuda standard illustrated]] on one of the nearly contemporary reliefs at [[Bharhut]].<ref name="SLH66"/> In Bharhut, a man riding a horse is seen holding a portable pillar-standard, crowned by a bird-man creature similar to a [[Kinnara]].<ref name="SLH66"/> The same concept of Garuda pillar may have been adopted for the Heliodorus pillar.<ref name="SLH66">"The rider of the horse holds a portable pillar-standard (dhvaja stambha) related to the stationary type seen since Maurya and pre-Maurya times, here probably intended as a royal insignia. It is interesting to note resemblance between this standard with its square abacus, lotus capital, and bird-man creature called a kinnara and what was probably the original concept of the Heliodorus Garuda pillar at Vidisa. Since this particular sculpture of the Bharhut vedika was dedicated by an individual from [[Vidisa]], as indicated by an inscription, this resemblance is even more remarkable and may indicate that the Bharhut form was based specifically on the Vedika pillar, or a common prototype." in {{cite book |last1=Huntington |first1=Susan L. |title=The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain |date=1985 |publisher=Weatherhill |isbn=978-0-8348-0183-7 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ag_qAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Other sculptures and pillar capitals were found near the Heliodorus pillar, and it is thought they were dedicated to Vāsudeva's kinsmen, otherwise known as the Vrishni heroes and objects of the [[Bhagavata]] cult.<ref name="IH222">{{cite book |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |page=A-222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA222 |language=en}}</ref> These are a ''tala'' (fan-palm capital), a ''makara'' (crocodile) capital, a banyan-tree capital, and a possible statue of the goddess Lakshmi, also associated with the Bhagavat cult.<ref name="IH224"/> Just as Garuda is associated with Vāsudesa, the fan-palm capital is generally associated with [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]], and the ''makara'' is associated with [[Pradyumna]].<ref name="VVG81">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vinay K. |title=Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art |journal=Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta |date=January 2019 |page=81 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40656540 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CRA24">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Christopher R. |title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Scion of the Avatara |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005412-0 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvarDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |language=en}}</ref> The banyan-tree capital with ''ashtanidhis'' is associated with Lakshmi.<ref name="IH224">{{cite book |title=Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |page=A-224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA224 |language=en}}</ref> In effect, the findings surrounding the Heliodorus pillar suggest the cult of a trio of the Vrishni heroes in this time and area, composed of the three deities Vāsudesa, [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]] and [[Pradyumna]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Christopher R. |title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Scion of the Avatara |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005412-0 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvarDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |language=en}}</ref>

===Vrishni Temple structure===
Excavations suggests that these various pillars with their symbolic capitals were standing in line at the site, and that the Heliodorus pillar was just one of them, standing at the end of the line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Julia |title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-43263-2 |pages=73–74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR74 |language=en}}</ref> Although the pillars are [[aniconic]], it is probable that now lost sculptures representing the deities, broadly similar to the depictions on [[Vāsudeva]] and [[Samkarshana]] on the coins of [[Agathocles of Bactria]] (190-180 BCE), were located in adjoining shrines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Julia |title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-43263-2 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR75 |language=en}}</ref>

The 1963–65 excavations at the site suggest that the site had an elliptical shrine – possibly dating to the 4th to 3rd-century BCE – with a brick foundation and likely a wooden superstructure.{{sfn|John Irwin|1974|pp=166-170}}{{sfn|M D Khare|1967}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108207|title=Gupta Art Vol.ii|last=Agrawala|first=Vasudeva S.|date=1977}}</ref> This was destroyed by a flood around 200 BCE. New soil was then added and the ground level raised to build a new second temple to Vāsudeva, with a wooden pillar (Garuda dhvaja) in front of the east-facing elliptical shrine.{{sfn|John Irwin|1974|pp=166-170}}{{sfn|M D Khare|1967}} This too was destroyed by floods sometime in the 2nd-century BCE.{{sfn|John Irwin|1974|pp=166-170}} In late 2nd-century BCE, after some ground preparation, yet another Vāsudeva temple was rebuilt, this time with eight stone pillars aligned in the north-south cardinal axis. Only one of these eight pillars have survived: the Heliodorus pillar.{{sfn|John Irwin|1974|pp=166-170}}{{sfn|M D Khare|1967}}

{{clear}}
<gallery widths="130px" heights="180px">
File:Deity_Krishna-Vasudeva_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_190-180_BCE.jpg|Depiction of Vasudeva circa 190-180 BCE.
File:Garuda_pillar_from_Bharhut_relief.jpg|The ''[[Garuda]]'', symbol of [[Vāsudeva]], was probably similar to this design from [[Bharhut]], circa 100 BCE.<ref name="SLH66"/>
Besnagar fan-palm capital.jpg|The fan-palm capital, found next to the Heliodorus pillar, is associated with [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]].<ref name="VVG81"/><ref name="CRA24"/>
File:Besnagar Makara pillar capital.jpg|The ''[[Makara]]'' capital, found at the site of the Heliodorus pillar, is associated with [[Pradyumna]].<ref name="IH222"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ayyar|first1=Sulochana|title=Costumes and Ornaments as Depicted in the Sculptures of Gwalior Museum|date=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-002-4|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9eHPXL6UE0C&pg=PA13|language=en}}</ref><ref name="VVG81"/><ref name="CRA24"/> 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=VIENNOT|first1=Odette|title=Le Makara dans la Décoration des Monuments de l'Inde Ancienne : Positions et Fonctions|journal=Arts Asiatiques|date=1958|volume=5|issue=3|page=184|jstor=43484068}}</ref> [[Gwalior Museum]]
File:Kalpadruma.jpg|A pillar capital shaped as a [[Kalpadruma]] tree, also found nearby at Besnagar, probably associated with [[Lakshmi]].<ref name="IH222"/><ref name="VVG81"/>
</gallery>

==Saṃkarṣaṇa in Indo-Scythian coinage (1st century BCE)==
[[File:Maues Balarama.jpg|thumb|upright|Saṃkarṣaṇa-Balarama with mace and plough, striding forward with billowing scarf, on the coinage of [[Maues]] (90-80 BCE).]]
[[Samkarshana|Saṃkarṣaṇa]], the Vrishni elder and the leading divinity until the rise to precedence of Vāsudeva, is known to appear on the coinage of the [[Indo-Scythian]] rulers [[Maues]] and [[Azes I]] during the 1st century BCE.<ref name="DS215"/><ref name="DS22"/> These coins show him holding a mace and a plough.<ref name="DS215">{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DS22">{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2049-1 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CRA80"/>

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:Maues coinage with Balarama.jpg|Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of [[Maues]] (90-80 BCE)<ref name="CRA80"/>
File:Samkarsana on the coinage of Maues.jpg|Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of [[Maues]] (90-80 BCE)<ref name="CRA80"/>
File:BalaramaMauesCoin1stCenturyBCE.jpg|Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of [[Maues]] (90-80 BCE)<ref name="CRA80">{{cite book|last1=Errington|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Trust|first2=Ancient India and Iran|last3=Museum|first3=Fitzwilliam|title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan|date=1992|publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust|isbn=978-0-9518399-1-1|page=80 with image and description of the same coin type: "Indian God Balarama walking to left, holding club and plough"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref>
File:Azes coinage with Balarama image.jpg|Samkarsana-Balarama on a coin of [[Azes I|Azes]] (58-12 BCE)
</gallery>

== Ghosundi Inscriptions (1st century BCE) ==
[[File:Vasudeva in the Ghosundi Fragment A inscription.jpg|thumb|The name ''Vāsudevā'' (<big>'''𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸'''</big>) in the [[Brahmi script]], in the [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions|Ghosundi inscription]], 1st century BCE.]]
{{main|Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions}}
The two major Vrishni heroes Saṃkarṣaṇa and Vāsudeva, still in their proper seniority order, are again mentioned in the [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions]], dated to the 1st century BCE. For the first time they seem to be associated to a higher divinity, as the inscription mention that their cult is made on a precinct of [[Narayana]].

==Mora Vrishni heroes (circa 15 CE)==
[[File:Mora Vrishni Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|thumb|Torso said to be from one of the five Vrishni Heroes, Mora, circa 15 CE, [[Mathura Museum]].<ref name="VSA253">"We have actually discovered in the excavations at the Mora shrine stone torsos representing the Vrishni Heroes (...) Their style closely follows that of the free-standing Yakshas in that they are carved in the round. They are dressed in a ''dhoti'' and ''uttaraya'' and some types of ornaments as found on the Yaksha figures, their right hand is held in ''ahbayamudra''..." in "{{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D |date=1965 |publisher=Prithivi Prakashan |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJo0AQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>This statue appears in Fig.51 as one of the statues excavated in the Mora mound, in {{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=151–152 and Fig.51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SRQ211"/>]]
{{main|Mora Well Inscription}}

The Vrishni heroes are mentioned in the [[Mora Well Inscription]] in Mathura, dated to the time of the [[Northern Satraps]] [[Sodasa]], in which they are called ''[[Bhagavata]]m''.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211">{{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA211 |year=1997|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10758-4|pages=211–214, 308–311 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name="Quintanilla2007p260">{{cite book|author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC |year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15537-4|page=260}}</ref><ref name=Vemsani203>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=202–203}}</ref> Statue fragments were found in Mora, which are thought to represent some of the Vrishni heroes.<ref name="VSA253"/><ref name="JMR151">{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=151–152 and Fig.51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA151 |language=en}}</ref> Two uninscribed male torsos were discovered in the mound, both of high craftsmanship and in Indian style and costume.<ref name="JMR151"/> They are similar with minor variations, suggesting they may have been part of a series.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=H. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.24 |date=1937 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526/page/n247 199]-200 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56526}}</ref> They share some sculptural characteristics with the [[Yaksha]] statues found in Mathura, such as the sculpting in the round, or the clothing style.<ref name="VSA253"/> Sonya Rhie Quintanilla also supports an attribution of the torso to the five Vrishnis, and dates them to around the time of [[Sodasa]] (circa 15 CE), which is confirmed on artistic grounds.<ref name="SRQ211"/>

==Vrishni Temples (circa 15 CE)==
Mention of Vrishni Temples appears in the [[Mora Well Inscription]], which describes a pratima (murti, images), a stone shrine (temple) and calls the [[five Vrishnis]] as ''bhagavatam''.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211"/><ref name="Quintanilla2007p260"/><ref name=Vemsani203/> The inscription is dated to the early decades of the 1st century CE during the reign of [[Sodasa]], probably circa 15 CE.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p211"/>

A decorated doorjamb, also probably belonging to a Temple, on which is inscribed the [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription]], is dedicated to deity [[Vāsudeva]], and mentions the rule of the [[Northern Satrap]] [[Sodasa]], and has similar carving to the Mora doorjamb. The decoration of these and many similar doorjambs from Mathura consists in [[Scroll (art)|scrolls of grapevines]]. They are all dated to the reign of Sodasa, circa 15 CE and constitute a secure dated artistic reference for the evaluation of datation of other Mathura sculptures.<ref name="SRQ171">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA171 |language=en}}</ref> It has been suggested that the grapevine design had been [[:File:Gandhara floral scrolls.jpg|introduced from the Gandhara area]] in the northwest, and maybe associated with the northern taste of the [[Northern Satraps|Satrap]] rulers.<ref name="RB142">{{cite book |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 |date=2018 |publisher=The Classical Art Research Centre. Archaeopress. University of Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n149 142]–143 |url=https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt}}</ref> These designs may also be the result of the work of northern artists in Mathura.<ref name="RB142"/> The grapevine designs of Gandhara are generally considered as originating from [[Hellenistic art]].<ref>"Honeysuckle, grapevine, triton and acanthus mouldings are some of the Hellenistic features." in {{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |last2=Ghosal |first2=Pranati |title=Buddhism and Gandhāra Art |date=2004 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7305-264-4 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMufAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="400px" heights="100px">
File:Vasu doorjamb horizontal.jpg|The [[Vasu Doorjamb Inscription|Vasu doorjamb]], dedicated to [[Vāsudeva]] "in the reign of Sodasa", [[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. [[Mathura Museum]], GMM 13.367<ref name="SRQ171"/>
File:Mora doorjamb designs Mathura, 1st century CE.jpg|[[Mora well inscription|Mora doorjamb]] with [[Scroll (art)|grapevine design]], probably belonging to a Vrishni Temple at Mora, near [[Mathura]], circa 15 CE. [[State Museum Lucknow]], SML J.526.<ref name="SRQ171"/>
</gallery>

==Chamunda Tila Vrishni symbols (1st century CE)==
[[File:Chamunda Tila pillar capital, Mathura (background).jpg|thumb|Chamunda Tila pillar capital.]]
The ''Chamunda Tila'' pillar capital, also found in Mathura, may be another example of the Vrishni cult in the area of Mathura, this time using the Vrishni ''lanchana'' symbols around a central figure.<ref name="VKG80">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Vinay K. |title=Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art |work=Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan festschrift volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta |date=January 2019 |pages=80–81 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40656540 |language=en}}</ref>

This pillar capital uses five symbols on both sides: a lion, a palm leaf, a [[makara]], an adorned woman, and Yaksha in central position, with a probable top symbol missing.<ref name="VKG80"/> The ''Tāladdhvaja'' (palm leaf column) is known to symbolize [[Samkarsana]], the ''Garuḍadhvaja'' ([[garuda]] column) symbolizes [[Vāsudeva]], the ''Makaradhvaja'' ([[makara]] crocodile column) symbolizes [[Pradyumna]], and the ''Ṛṣyadhvaja'' (white antilope column) corresponds to [[Aniruddha]].<ref>"A shrine of Aniruddha, the fourth of the 'vyuhas', which had within its precincts a 'rsyadhvaja', i. e. a column bearing on its top the figure of a 'rsya' or a white antelope which was his characteristic 'lanchana'." in {{cite book |title=Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art |date=1937 |publisher=Indian Society of Oriental Art |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1zrAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VKG80"/> The lion pillar capital corresponds to Samba.<ref name="VKG80"/> The function of the adorned woman is Shri Rukmani.<ref name="VKG80"/>

The central figure uses the iconography of a Yaksha, pointing to the association of Vrishni iconography with Yasha iconography, as seen in the [[:File:Mora_Vrishni_Mathura_circa_15_CE.jpg|Mora statue]] found with the [[Mora Well Inscription]].<ref name="VKG80"/>

==Triads (1st-2nd century CE)==
A few triads are known from Mathura, dated to the 1st-2nd century CE, showing Vāsudeva and Saṃkarṣaṇa with their attributes, together with a female standing in the middle, thought to be [[Ekanamsha]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Couture |first1=André |last2=Schmid |first2=Charlotte |title=The Harivaṃśa, the Goddess Ekānaṃśā, and the Iconography of the Vṛṣṇi Triads |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=2001 |volume=121 |issue=2 |page=181, image of the trio in Figure 1 |doi=10.2307/606559 |jstor=606559 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |date=1981 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06498-0 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA130 |language=en}}</ref> In these triads, the kinship of the warrior heroes is still emphasized, with the depiction focusing on the elder brother, the younger brother and the sister, with a prominence still given to the elder brother Samkarsana.<ref name="DS131"/> They are still presented as warrior "''[[kshatriya]]''" heroes who are not yet fully deified or considered as royals, and are only the object of [[Bhakti]] devotional worship towards ancestral heroes, focusing on their enshrined icons.<ref name="DS131">{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |date=1981 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06498-0 |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131 |language=en}}</ref>

==Caturvyūha (2nd century CE)==
[[File:Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd century CE, Mathura Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Vāsudeva]] and his Vrishni kinsmen emanating from him.]]
{{main|Caturvyūha}}
The famous "[[Chatur-vyūha]]" statue in [[Mathura Museum]] is an attempt to show in one composition [[Vāsudeva]] together with the other members of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Pancharatra]] system: [[Samkarsana]], [[Pradyumna]] and [[Aniruddha]], with [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]] missing, Vāsudeva being the central deity from whom the others emanate.<ref name="CV"/> The back of the relief is carved with the branches of a [[Kadamba tree]], symbolically showing the relationship being the different deities.<ref name="CV"/>

Vāsudeva is fittingly in the center with ornate crown and flower necklace, making the [[Mudra|Abhaya Mudra]] and holding his decorated heavy mace on the side, his elder brother [[Balarama]] to his right under a serpent hood, his son [[Pradyumna]] to his left (lost), and his grandson [[Aniruddha]] on top.<ref name="CV">{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Pran Gopal |last2=Paul |first2=Debjani |title=Brahmanical Imagery in the Kuṣāṇa Art of Mathurā: Tradition and Innovations |journal=East and West |date=1989 |volume=39 |issue=1/4 |pages=132–136, for the photograph p.138 |jstor=29756891 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
Vishnu image rear view, background, Mathura Museum.jpg|Tree and branches sculpted in the back, showing their genealogical relationship.
File:Caturvyuha, Balarama under his snake hood holding a cup.jpg|[[Samkarsana]]-[[Balarama]] under his snake hood holding a cup
File:Caturvyuha, vasudeva's mace held by one of his supplementary hands.jpg|Vasudeva's ornate mace held by one of his supplementary hands
</gallery>

==Cult images of Vāsudeva (2nd-3rd century CE)==
[[File:Vishnu_statuette,_3rd-4th_century_CE,_Udayagiri,_Vidisha_District.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|{{center|Vasudeva-Krishna with his three attributes (a mace, a wheel and a conch) and an ''Abhaya mudra'' hand gesture, but without an aureole, terracotta.<ref name="CS">For English summary, see page 80 {{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |pages=60–88 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401}}</ref>}}]]
Cult images of [[Vāsudeva]] continued to be produced until the 4th century CE, the worship of this Mathuran deity being much more important than that of [[Vishnu]] during that period.<ref name="CS"/> Statues dating to the 2nd and 3rd century show a possibly four-armed Vāsudeva standing with his attributes: the wheel, the mace and the conch, his right hand saluting in ''[[Abhaya mudra]]''.<ref>Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3 in {{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |page=60 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401}}{{free access}}</ref> Only with the Gupta period, did statues focusing on the worship of [[Vishnu]] himself start to appear, using the same iconography as the statues of Vāsudeva, but with the addition of an [[aureole]] starting at the shoulders.<ref name="CS">For English summary, see page 80 {{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |pages=60–88 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401}}</ref>

From the 4th century CE, independent devotional statues of Vāsudeva-Krishna become very rare, and are replaced by statues of Vishnu with the addition of an aureole.<ref name="CS80">{{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |pages=60–88, English summary p.80 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This suggests with a high probability that the human face in the statues of Vishnu, including those known as ''[[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]]'', is actually the face of his human emanation, Vāsudeva-Krishna.<ref name="CS80"/>

==Kondamotu Vrishni heroes (4th century CE)==
A relief from Kondamotu, [[Guntur district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], dates to the 4th century CE, and shows the Vrishni heroes standing in genealogical order around [[Narasimha]].<ref name="CRA27"/><ref name="VVG74">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vinay K. |title=Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art |journal=Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta |date=January 2019 |pages=74–75 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40656540 |language=en}}</ref> From left to right, they are: [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]], holding a mace and a ploughshare topped by the depiction of a lion, [[Vāsudeva]], with a hand in ''abhaya mudra'' and the other hand on the hip holding a conch shell.<ref name="VVG74"/> Vāsudeva also has a crown, which distinguishes him from the others.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA217 |language=en}}</ref> Then follow [[Pradyumna]], holding a bow and an arrow, [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], holding a wine goblet, and [[Aniruddha]], holding a sword and a shield.<ref name="VVG74"/> The fact that they stand around Narasimha suggests a fusion of the Satvata cult with the Vrishni cult.<ref name="VVG74"/>
[[File:Kondamotu Vrishni relief, 4th century CE, Hyderabad State Museum.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|The five Vrishni heroes [[Saṃkarṣaṇa]], [[Vāsudeva]], [[Pradyumna]], [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], and [[Aniruddha]] standing around enthroned [[Narasimha]]. Kondamotu Vrishni heroes relief, 4th century CE, [[Hyderabad State Museum]].<ref name="CRA27"/>]]

==Evolution as avatars of Vishnu (4th century CE-)==
[[File:The God Vishnu in Three Incarnations. Northern India (Mathura), Gupta period, mid-5th century AD. Boston Museum.jpg|thumb|upright|Saṃkarṣaṇa appears as a lion, while [[Aniruddha]] appears as a boar in this [[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]] statue, showing Vishnu in his three main emanations, mid-5th century. [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Boston Museum]].<ref name="DS39"/><ref name="CS">For English summary, see page 80 {{cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Charlotte |title=Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa? |journal=Arts Asiatiques |date=1997 |volume=52 |pages=60–88 |doi=10.3406/arasi.1997.1401 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_1997_num_52_1_1401}}</ref>]]
The Vrishni heroes for the most part became avatars of [[Vishnu]], and were incorporated in the [[Vaishnavite]] system from the 4th century CE.<ref name="CS80"/><ref>"The absorption of the Vrishni hero into the Vaishnava worship is very gradual. The amalgamation process was preceded and concurrent with a cult of several Vrishni heroes". {{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India |date=1981 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-06498-0 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref> The avatars were combined in the Vishnu statuary from this time, in statues known as ''[[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]]''.<ref name="CS80"/>

Saṃkarṣaṇa came to be associated with the lion, which is his [[theriomorphic]] aspect.<ref>"Samkarsana is represented by his theriomorphic form, the lion..." in {{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |pages=253–254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA253 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DS39">{{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |pages=39–54 |jstor=20111096 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref> He can be identified as [[Narasimha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=241 Note 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA241 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VIA"/> Saṃkarṣaṇa appears as a lion in some of the [[Caturvyūha]] statues (the Bhita statue), where he is an assistant to [[Vāsudeva]], and in the ''[[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]]'' when his lion's head protrudes from the side of [[Vishnu]]'s head.<ref name="DS39"/>

[[Aniruddha]] came to be associated with the boar, which is his [[theriomorphic]] aspect, also known as [[Varaha]].<ref>"The glorious Aniruddha should be Varaha who rescued the Earth" in {{cite book |last1=Rangarajan |first1=Haripriya |title=Varāha Images in Madhya Pradesh: An Iconographic Study |date=1997 |publisher=Somaiya Publications |isbn=978-81-7039-214-9 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJTpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Aniruddha (is represented) by his theriomorphic form, the boar" in {{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA254 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DS39"/> Aniruddha appears as a boar in some of the [[Caturvyūha]] statues, where he is an assistant to [[Vāsudeva]], and in the ''[[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]]'' when his boar's head protrudes from the side of [[Vishnu]]'s head.<ref name="DS39"/>

In the ''Vaikuntha Chaturmurti'', especially in the statues from [[Kashmir region|Kashmir]], [[Pradyumna]] also appears sometimes in the back of the head of the central Vishnu, as a fearsome deity, also known as Kapila.<ref>"The Vishnudharmmottara (78.1.1) sometimes directly identifies Pradyumna with Kapila" {{cite book |last1=Ohri |first1=Vishwa Chander |last2=Khanna |first2=Amar Nath |last3=Culture |first3=Himachal Pradesh (India) Dept of Languages & |title=History and culture of the Chamba State, a western Himalayan kingdom: collected papers of the seminar held at Chamba in 1983 |date=1989 |publisher=Books & Books |page=117 |isbn=9788585016258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyduAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

===Symbolic system===
The ''caturvyuha'', this [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] polycephalic aspect of Vishnu formed by the four Vrishni heroes as his emanations (a ''Saumya'' benevolent face to the east, a ''Simha'' lion face to the south, a ''Varaha'' boar face to the north, a ''Raudra'' terrible human face to the west) is described in detail in the ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'' (compiled between the 4th and the 7th century CE).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lubotsky |first1=Alexander |title=The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa |journal=Ars Orientalis |date=1996 |volume=26 |page=67 |jstor=4629500 |issn=0571-1371}}</ref><ref>Kramrisch, Stella. ''The Vishnudharmottara Part III: A Treatise On Indian Painting And Image-Making''. Second Revised and Enlarged Edition, Calcutta: Calcutta University Press, 1928, p.5.</ref> This is to be understood in conjunction with the description of the four ''[[Vyūha]]s'' Saṃkarṣaṇa, Vāsudeva, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha, also presented as emanations of Vishnu, as known from the [[Pancaratra]] doctrine.<ref>''Vishnudharmottara Purana'' [https://archive.org/details/vishnudharmottar031493mbp/page/n87 Book III, Chapter 47 (p.69-70)] and [https://archive.org/details/vishnudharmottar031493mbp/page/n129 Book III, Chapter 85 (p.113-114)]</ref><ref name="EPR"/> This establishes multiple correspondences between the deities and their symbols:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Atherton |first1=Cynthia Packert |title=The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10789-2 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C&pg=PA78 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1-2. A.D. 300-985 |date=1982 |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=866 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MMKAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EPR">{{cite book |last1=Parlier-Renault |first1=Edith |title=Temples de l'Inde méridionale: VIe-VIIIe siècles. La mise en scène des mythes |date=2007 |publisher=Presses Paris Sorbonne |isbn=978-2-84050-464-1 |pages=38–42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGN0-IV0pwoC&pg=PP43 }}</ref>

{{Pancaratra}}

==Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh (6th century CE)==
[[File:Seated_Vishnu_Deogarh_Dasavatara.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Vāsudeva at Deogarh. He holds the wheel, the conch and salutes in [[Abhaya Mudra]].<ref name="AL"/>]]
{{main|Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh}}
The [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh|Dashavatara Temple]] in Deogarh is closely related to the iconic architectural temple structure described in the [[Viṣṇudharmottara purāṇa]], and can be interpreted as an architectural representation of the ''[[Caturvyuha]]'' concept and the [[Pancaratra]] doctrine, centering on the depictions of the four main emanations of [[Vishnu]]: [[Vāsudeva]], [[Samkarshana]], [[Pradyumna]] and [[Aniruddha]].<ref name="AL">{{cite journal |last1=Lubotsky |first1=Alexander |title=The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa |journal=Ars Orientalis |date=1996 |volume=26 |pages=65–80 |jstor=4629500 |issn=0571-1371}}</ref> According to Lubotsky, it is likely that the entrance is dedicated to the [[Vāsudeva]] aspect of Vishnu; the Anantashayana side is his role as the creator ([[Aniruddha]]); the sage form of Nara-Narayana side symbolizes his preservation and maintainer role in cosmic existence ([[Pradyumna]]); and the Gajendramoksha side represents his role as the destroyer ([[Samkarsana]]).<ref name="AL"/>

==Later depictions of the Vrishni heroes==
The Vrishni heroes – particularly Krishna and Balarama – are still found in some Vaishnava [[Hindu temple]]s.

<gallery widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
11th century Balarama, Lakshmi (Shubadra), Vasudeva (Krishna, Jagannath).jpg|11th century Balarama, Lakshmi (or perhaps, Subhadra), Vasudeva (Krishna, Jagannath)
ParthasarathyTemple EasternThoranaEntrance BeachRoad (Vrishni detail).jpg|The five Vrishni heroes standing in the [[Parthasarathy Temple]], Eastern Torana Entrance. From left to right: [[Balarama]], [[Rukmini]], [[Vasudeva-Krishna]] (center), [[Pradyumna]], [[Aniruddha]] and [[Satyaki]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Balarama]]
*[[Vaishnavism]]
*[[Vasudeva]]
*[[Vrishni]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Vrishni heroes}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Early Vaiṣṇava Imagery: Caturvyūha and Variant Forms |journal=Archives of Asian Art |date=1979 |volume=32 |pages=39–54 |jstor=20111096 |issn=0066-6637}}
*{{cite journal|author = John Irwin|title= The Heliodorus Pillar at Besanagar|journal=Purātattva |volume=8 |publisher=Archaeological Society of India (co-published Art and Archaeology Research Papers, USA)|year=1974|pages =166–176}}
*{{cite journal| author= M D Khare|title= Discovery of a Vishnu temple near the Heliodorus pillar, Besnagar, Dist. Vidisha (MP)| year=1967 |volume=13 | journal=Lalit Kala | jstor=44138838| pages=21–27}}
*{{cite journal| author= M D Khare|title= The Heliodorus Pillar – A Fresh Appraisal: A Rejoinder| year=1975 |volume=36 | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | jstor=44138838| pages=92–97}}

{{Mathura Museum}}

[[Category:Mathura art]]
[[Category:Deified men]]

Tirur

2026-03-15T00:42:11Z

Filmifunda022: expanded article additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Municipality in Kerala, India}}

{{about|the town in Kerala state, India|the location in Tamil Nadu state|Tirur Village}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tirur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Tirur town (2).png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A skyview of Tirur junction
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9|N|75.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council (India)|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Tirur Municipality
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = Ibrahim Haji Keezhedath ([[IUML]])
| leader_title2 = Vice Chairperson
| leader_name2 = Sindhu Mangalassery ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.55
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2
| population_total = 56,058
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 676101,676102
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0494
| registration_plate = KL-55
| website = {{URL|https://tirurmunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tirur''' ({{IPA|ml|t̪iɾuːr|lang}}) is a major municipal town in [[Tirur Taluk]], [[Malappuram district]], in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]], spread over an area of {{convert|16.55|km2}}.

It is one of the major business centers in [[Malappuram district]] and is situated {{convert|26|km}} west of [[Malappuram]] and {{convert|52.5|km}} south of [[Kozhikode]], on the [[Shoranur–Mangalore section]] under [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]].

Tirur is a major trading centre for [[Electronics|electronic devices]] and [[seafood]] in [[Malabar District|Northern Kerala]] and has an average elevation of {{convert|2|m}} above the sea level.

==History==
[[File:Wagon Tragedy Memorial, Tirur.jpg|thumb|[[Wagon tragedy|Wagon Tragedy Memorial Hall]]]]
The medieval [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] was mainly centred in and around present-day [[Tirur Taluk]].<ref>John Warren (1825) [https://books.google.com/books?id=nttCAAAAcAAJ A Collection of Memoirs on Various Modes According to which Nations of the Southern Part of India Divide Time] from [[Google Books]]</ref> Puthiyangadi region in Tirur served as the headquarters of the medieval [[Kingdom of Tanur|feudal principality of Tanur]],<ref name="askh">Kerala History, A. Shreedhara Menon, 2007 Edition, D C Books, Kottayam</ref> who were allied on various occasions to the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorins of Calicut]], prior to the [[East India Company]] rule in the region (1792–1858) and subsequent [[British Raj]] (1858–1947). [[Tirur railway station]], built in 1861, is the oldest railway station in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/its-a-long-way-to-world-class-station/article30071292.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Tirur Railway line |date=25 November 2019 |access-date= 5 July 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Tirur had a population of 53,650, of which 48% are male and 52% female. Tirur has an average literacy rate of 95%, higher than the national average of 71.0%: male literacy is 96%, and female literacy is 94%. In Tirur, 13% of the population is under six years of age. [[Tirur Assembly constituency]] is part of [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date = 19 October 2008
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date = 4 March 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Tirur Railway Station 1.jpg|thumb|[[Tirur railway station]]]]
* Railway station: [[Tirur railway station]] is one of the major railway stations in northern Kerala. Almost every train stops here, connecting the district to the rest of the country. It is also the oldest railway station in the state. The first railway line in Kerala was established in 1861 from Beypore to Tirur. It is 19 miles long (30.5 km), which was commissioned by the southwest line of the Madras railway company.
* Road: Tirur is well connected to the other cities by road, even though no National Highway passes through the town. The Chamravattom bridge connects [[Kochi]] with [[Kozhikode]]. There are regular buses plying between Tirur and nearby major towns and cities like [[Malappuram]], [[Ponnani]], [[Manjeri]], [[Puthanathani]], [[Valanchery]], [[Kuttippuram]], [[Kottakkal]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Parappanangadi]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Guruvayur]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kochi]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Kottayam]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Bangalore]] and all major cities. There are a few private buses offering overnight journeys to [[Bangalore]].
* Nearest airport: [[Calicut International Airport]] is approximately {{convert|35|km|mi}} away.

== Educational institutions ==
There are many educational institutions in Tirur region.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:350px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Type
! style="width:80px;" | Sector
|-
| [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]], [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur|Thunchan Parambu]]<ref name="Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University">{{cite news|url=http://malayalamuniversity.edu.in/en/|title=Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University}}</ref> Tirur
| style="text-align: center;" | University
| Govt.
|-
| Thunchan Memorial Government College,<ref name="Thunchan Memorial Govt. College">{{cite news|url=http://tmgctirur.org/|title=Thunchan Memorial Govt. College}}</ref> Vakkad
| style="text-align: center;" | Post Grad. College
| Govt.
|-
| [[Cochin College of Engineering and Technology]], Athippatta-Valanchery
| style="text-align: center;" | Professional College
| Self-financing
|-
| [[MES College of Engineering]], [[Kuttippuram]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Professional College
| Self-financing
|-
| Ansar Arabic College (AAC), [[Valavannur]]
| Post Grad. College
| Government-Aided
|-
| SSUS Regional Centre Tirur,<ref name="SSUS Regional Centre Tirur">{{cite news|url=http://www.ssus.ac.in/index.php/regional-centres/tirur/over-view|title=SSUS Regional Centre Tirur}}</ref> Thazhethara
| style="text-align: center;" | Post-grad. College
| Private
|-
| [[Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation]] (KELTRON) Knowledge Centre, Naduvilangadi
| style="text-align: center;" | Professional
| Govt.
|-
| Seethi Sahib Memorial Polytechnic College, Tirur<ref name="SSM Polytechnic">{{cite news|url=http://www.ssmpoly.ac.in/|title=SSM Polytechnic}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"|Polytechnic
| Government-Aided
|-
| Food Craft Institute<ref name="Food Craft Institute">{{cite news|url=http://www.foodcraft.s5.com/index.htm|title=Food Craft Institute}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" |Professional
| Govt.
|-
| MDPS<ref name="MDPS ITI">{{cite news|url=http://mdpsitc.org/|title=MDPS Pvt ITI}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | ITI
| Govt.
|-
| [[Institute of Human Resources Development|IHRD]] Extension Centre<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ihrd.ac.in/index.php/extension-study-centre/115-extension-centretirur.html/|title=IHRD Extension Centre}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;"| Professional
| Govt.
|-
| [[Muslim Educational Society|MES Central School, Tirur]]<ref name="MES Central School Tirur">{{cite news|url=http://mestcs.com//|title=MES Central School}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|- AMS
| [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] English School,<ref name="Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan English School">{{cite news|url=http://questionpaper.in/School5474-BHARATIYA-VIDYA-BHAWAN-ENG-MEDIUM-SCHOOL-THIRUNAVAYA-MALAYAPPURAM-KERALA-THIRUNAVAYA-MALAPPURAM.aspx|title=Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan English School}}</ref> Tirunavaya
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|-
| MET High School, Alathiyur<ref name="MET High School">{{cite news|url=http://metalathiyur.org//|title=MET High school}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|-
| [[Nair Service Society|NSS]] English School, Tirur
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|-
| TIC Secondary School
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|-
| Fathima Matha English School
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|-
|JMHSS Tirur
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|-
|K.H.M.H.S.S Alathiyur,
|Higher secondary School
|Aided
|- AMS Higher secondary school Pazamkulangara, Tirur
| MET Tirur Central School<ref name="MET Tirur Central School">{{cite news|url=http://www.mettcs.com/Default.aspx|title=MET Tirur Central School}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|-
| Bafakhy YatheemKhana Vocational Higher Secondary School, Valavannur, Kadungathukund
| style="text-align: center;" | Higher Secondary School
| Aided
|-
| MSM Higher Secondary School, Kallingaparamba
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Aided
|-
| Govt. HSS, Cheriyamundam
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Govt.
|-
| Govt. Girls HSS, B. P. Angadi
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Govt.
|-
| Govt. Boys HSS
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Govt.
|-
| Govt. HSS, Ezhur
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Govt.
|-
| Govt. HSS, Niramaruthur
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Govt.
|-
| NMHSS, Thirunavaya
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Private
|-
| GVHSS, Paravanna
| style="text-align: center;" | High School
| Govt.
|-
| Vallathol AUP School, Mangalam
| style="text-align: center;" | Aided School
| Aided
|-
|A.M.U.P School, Areekkad
|UP School
|Aided
|-
|}
<mapframe text="Tirur Municipality" width=300 height=300 align=right >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q13112532"}</mapframe>

{{Geographic Location|width=auto|
|title =
|North = [[Kozhikode]]
|Northeast = [[University]]
|Northwest = [[Parappanangadi]], [[Tanur, India|Tanur]]
|West = [[Arabian Sea]]
|Centre = Tirur
|East = [[Malappuram]], [[Valanchery]]
|Southeast = [[Kuttippuram]]
|South = [[Ponnani]], [[Ernakulam]]
}}

==Notable people from Tirur==
===Tirur region===
* [[Abdurahiman Randathani]] - politician and former MLA.
* [[Achyutha Pisharadi]] - a [[Sanskrit grammarian]], [[astronomer]] and [[mathematician]].
* [[Adil Ibrahim]] - actor.
* [[Azad Moopen]] - doctor and businessman.
* [[B. M. Kutty]] - journalist.
* [[C. Radhakrishnan]] - writer and film director.
* [[Damodara|Damodara Nambudiri]] - [[mathematician]].
* [[Dileep K. Nair]] - Educationist.
* [[Govinda Bhattathiri]] - [[mathematician]].
* [[Hemanth Menon]] - actor.
* [[K. V. Ramakrishnan]], poet.
* [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]] - Resurrector of Mohiniyattam.
* [[Kurukkoli Moideen]], Politician and MLA.
* [[Kuttikrishna Marar]] - literary critic.
* [[Malayath Appunni]] - poet and children's writer.
* [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] - [[mathematician]] and [[Sanskrit]] poet.
* [[Mohammed Irshad]] - Footballer.
* [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohamed Salah]] - footballer.
* [[N. Samsudheen]] - Politician and MLA.
* [[P. Nandakumar]] - Politician and MLA.
* [[Parameshvara Nambudiri]] - [[mathematician]].
* [[Pulapre Balakrishnan]] - Economist and Educationalist.
* [[Ranjith Padinhateeri]] - biological physicist.
* [[Ravi Vallathol]] - actor.
* [[Salman Kalliyath]] - Footballer.
* [[Sadheer Ali Tirur]] - Poet and Politician.
* [[T. M. Nair]] - Political activist.
* [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] - poet.
* [[Tirur Nambissan]] - Kathakali singer.
* [[V. Abdurahiman]] - Minister of [[Kerala]].
* [[Vaidyaratnam Triprangode Moossad]] - physician.
* [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] - poet.
* [[Tirur Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] - actor.

===Kottakkal region===
* [[Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier]] - physician.
* [[Manorama Thampuratti|K C Manorama Thampuratti]] (eminent [[Sanskrit]] poet)
* [[K. C. Manavedan Raja]] ([[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]] during 1932–1937)
* [[M. K. Vellodi]] (Indian civil servant, diplomat, former Cabinet Secretary)
* Dr. K. C. K. E Raja, former Vice Chancellor Kerala University and Director General of Health Services.
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]], Actress
* [[U. A. Beeran]]
* [[Jayasree Kalathil]], Researcher.
* [[P. K. Warrier]]
* [[Kottakkal Sivaraman]] (eminent [[Kathakali]] artist)
* [[V. C. Balakrishna Panicker]]
* [[Kottakkal Madhu]] ([[Kathakali]] singer)
* [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]] (politician, MLA, former [[Member of Parliament]])
* [[Sachin Warrier]] (playback singer and composer)

===Valanchery region===
* [[Azhvanchery Thamprakkal]] - Former feudal lords.
* [[K T Jaleel]], politician and former minister.
* [[Zakariya Mohammed]], director, scriptwriter and actor.
* [[Unni Menon]], playback singer.
* [[Shweta Menon]], actress.
* [[Aneesh G. Menon]], actor.
* [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], poet.
* [[K. V. Ramakrishnan]], poet.
* [[Iqbal Kuttippuram]], Screenwriter.
* Kuttippuram Kesavan Nair, poet.
* [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], poet.
* [[V. P. Sanu]], politician.
* [[Ahmad Kutty]], North American professor.
* [[Faisal Kutty]], Lawyer, law professor, public speaker, orator.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tirur City, Malappuram district (3).jpg
File:Tirur City, Malappuram district (1).jpg
File:Tirur City, Malappuram district (4).jpg

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ayyaya]]
* [[Niramarutur]]
* [[Padinjarekkara Beach]]
* [[Puthiyakadpuram]]
* [[Tuncan Parambu|Tunchan Parambil]]
* [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]]
* [[Vairankode Vela]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.thunchanmemorial.com/ Thunchan Memorial Research Centre - Official Website]
* [http://garudankavu.com/ Vellamassery GarudanKavu - Official Website]

{{Malappuram district}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Palakkad Railway Division}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]

Ashok Kumar Singh (Paroo politician)

2026-03-10T17:21:39Z

Filmifunda022: starting bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = November 2005
| term_end = 14 November 2025
| image =
| constituency = [[Paroo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Paroo]]
| predecessor = Mithilesh Prasad Yadav
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|11|05|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=बिहार विधान सभा सचिवालय - सप्तदश बिहार विधान सभा मे माननीय सदस्यों की जन्म तिथि एवं टर्मवार सूची |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427090929/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live |language=Hindi}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| successor = Shankar Prasad Yadav
}}
'''Ashok Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar]], a four term Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], and senior leader of BJP in Bihar. He has won elections four times in a row from [[Paroo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paroo Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/paroo.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2020|title=Paroo Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Ashok Kumar Singh of BJP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/paroo-election-result-2020-live-updates-paroo-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3062240.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashok Kumar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PAROO(MUZAFFARPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11084|access-date=|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashok Kumar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PAROO(MUZAFFARPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2384|access-date=|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASHOK KUMAR SINGH(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Paroo(MUZAFFARPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=1223|access-date=|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Recently he was in the news for getting phone calls threatening his life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार में बीजेपी विधायक को जान से मारने की धमकी, नाम पूछने पर बोला- गोली मारेंगे तब पता चल जाएगा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-threatened-to-kill-bjp-mla-ashok-kumar-singh-of-paru-in-muzaffarpur-district-bihar-4380157.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ashok Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

Moria people

2026-03-08T05:41:14Z

Filmifunda022: Put Up New Info

{{Short description|Indigenous Assamese Muslim group in Assam, India}}'''Maria Muslims''' (also spelled '''Moriya''' or '''Moria''' Muslims) are an indigenous [[Islam in Assam#Indigenous Muslims|Muslim community of Assam]] in [[northeast India]], traditionally associated with brass and bell-metal metalworking.<ref name="Mipun" />{{Sfn|Hussain|2021}}They are considered part of the Assamese-speaking Muslim population rather than Bengali-origin migrant Muslims. Historically, the Maria (Moriya) are believed to descend from Mughal Muslim soldiers who settled in Assam after the [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]] of the early 16th century.{{Sfn|Gait|1933}}{{Sfn|Guha|2007}} According to ethnographic studies, these Muslim soldiers were captives from the 1532 invasion led by Turbak Khan; after being defeated by the Ahoms, they remained in Assam and became metalworkers, eventually being known as "Moriyas".<ref name="Mipun">{{cite web |last=Mipun |first=Bijay |title=The Morias of Assam and their Changing Livelihood |website=International Union for the Scientific Study of Population |date=2012 |url=https://iussp.org/en/event/paper/moria%E2%80%99s-assam-and-their-changing-livelihood |access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term '''Moriya''' (also spelled '''Maria''' or '''Moria''') is believed to derive from the Assamese word ''moriyā'' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]:{{Lang|As|মৰিয়া}}) which meaning "one who hammers or beats metal", reflecting the community’s historical occupation as brass and bell-metal workers.<ref name="Mipun" /> The root ''mor'' or ''mar'' in Assamese implies striking or shaping metal objects, and the term gradually became a community label.{{Sfn|Samiuddin|Khanam|p=492|2008}}<ref name="Mahanta 2019">{{cite journal |last=Mahanta |first=Snigdha |year=2019 |title=Moria community of Assam and their spoken language |url=https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2019/IJRSS_MARCH2019/IJRSSMarch19_IJMR.pdf |journal=International Journal of Research in Social Sciences |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=2236–2239 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419084130/https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2019/IJRSS_MARCH2019/IJRSSMarch19_IJMR.pdf |access-date=2025-08-03 |archive-date=19 April 2024 }}</ref> Though the name sounds similar to "[[Miya people|Miya]]", which denotes Bengali-origin Muslims in Assam, the Maria/Moriya are culturally and linguistically distinct.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |last=Firaque |first=Kabir |author2=Agarwala, Tora |title=Assam's Muslims: why some have been declared 'indigenous' and some left out |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2022-07-13 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-assam-indigenous-muslims-8022121/ |access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>

==Historical origins==
The Moriyas are traditionally believed to be descendants of Mughal Muslim prisoners of war taken by the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahoms]] after General [[Turbak's invasion of Assam|Turbak Khan's invasion]] in 1532. These captives settled permanently in Assam and took up the trade of brass and bell-metal craft.{{Sfn|Hussain|2021}}<ref name="Mipun" />

By the late 19th century, Moriyas were recognized in the [[Census of India]] as a distinct low-status Muslim group. The 1891 and 1901 censuses listed "Moriya Musalmans" separately in the Assamese Muslim population.<ref name="Mipun" /><ref name="Mahanta_IJMSS_2017">{{Cite journal
| last = Mahanta
| first = Snigdha
| title = A Brief Analysis on Historical and Socio-Cultural Aspects of Moria Community of Assam
| journal = International Journal in Management and Social Science
| volume = 5
| issue = 12
| date = December 2017
| pages = 314-8
| issn = 2321-1784
| url = https://ijmr.net.in/current/2017/December,-2017/faJkGb3rIjub9Td.pdf
| publisher = International Journal in Management and Social Science
}}</ref>

In July 2022, the Government of Assam officially recognized the Moriyas as one of five "indigenous Assamese Muslim" communities, distinct from later migrant Muslims such as the Bengali-speaking Miya.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |last=Firaque |first=Kabir |author2=Agarwala, Tora |title=Assam's Muslims: why some have been declared 'indigenous' and some left out |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2022-07-13 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-assam-indigenous-muslims-8022121/ |access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>

==Culture and traditions==
The Maria/Moriya community follows [[Sunni Islam]], participating in major Islamic festivals and rituals. However, their social customs are influenced by Assamese Hindu practices, and many of their cultural traditions resemble those of Assamese society.{{sfn|Guha|1992||p=91}}<ref name="Mahanta 2019"/> For instance, they celebrate local festivals, conduct marriages and funerals in Assamese custom, and speak Assamese as their native language.<ref name="Mahanta 2019"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=মৰিয়া জনগোষ্ঠী অসমীয়া জাতিৰ এটা অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংগ - Mahabahu.com |url=https://mahabahu.com/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103085557/https://mahabahu.com/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9C/ |archive-date=2023-01-03 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=mahabahu.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Traditionally, the community was engaged in metal craft. Over time, this occupation shaped their identity and contributed to their lower socioeconomic status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQNuGd79qyQC |title=Fundamentals of Indian Art |date=1960 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |language=en}}</ref> In 1975, the Assam government categorized the community under the "Other Backward Class" classification.<ref name="Mipun" />

The community also maintains institutions such as the ''All Assam Goriya-Moriya-Deshi Parishad'', which represents Assamese Muslim groups. In 2022, this organization welcomed the state’s move to recognize Moriyas as indigenous Muslims.<ref name="IE" />

Moriyas speak Assamese as their mother tongue, often with a slight dialectal variation, such as elongated vowels. They once maintained a sociolect or "secret" internal dialect, but it is now largely obsolete.<ref name="Mahanta 2019" />

Traditional products such as ''dīgaon'' (brass cooking vessels) and ''kans narir tal'' (gram pans) are part of Assamese rural household life and are often attributed to Moriya craftsmen.<ref name="Mipun" />

==Demographic distribution==
The Maria/Moriya population is concentrated in around 66 villages across 11 districts of Assam, with an estimated population of approximately 200,000.<ref name="Mipun" /> They are particularly found in eastern and southern Assam districts like [[Dibrugarh]], [[Sivasagar]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], and [[Nagaon]]. Small pockets also exist in urban areas like [[Guwahati]] (e.g., Hajo and Uzan Bazar).<ref name="Mipun" />{{Sfn|Hussain|2021}}

==See also==
*[[Islam in Assam]]
*[[Meitei Pangals]]
*{{Ill|Goriya People|as|গৰীয়া}}
*[[Deshi people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|title=North East India: The Human Landscape|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNhqEQAAQBAJ&dq=Moria+muslims+of+assam&pg=PA166|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|date=2014-01-01|isbn=978-93-5125-047-0|language=en|first=Manis Kumar|last=Raha|pages=168–98}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://minorities.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/wmd_uneecopscloud_com_oid_3/menu/document/cultural_identity.pdf |title=Report of the Sub-Committee on Cultural Identity of Indigenous Assamese Muslims |last=Hussain |first=Wasbir |date=31 July 2021 |access-date=16 November 2025 |institution=Government of Assam, Welfare of Minorities & Development Department |type=Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426000000/https://minorities.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/wmd_uneecopscloud_com_oid_3/menu/document/cultural_identity.pdf |archive-date=2025-04-26}} [https://archive.org/details/cultural_identity Alt URL]
* {{Cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward |title=A History of Assam |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co |year=1933 |pages=108–163 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279345 |access-date=2025-08-03}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Guha |first=Pradyot Kumar |title=The Habitat, Economy and Society: A Case Study of Maria Muslims of Assam |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Department of Geography and Applied Geography, [[University of North Bengal]] |location= |date=1992 |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/items/d92b7ebf-6553-4219-a1e0-1955b2a8ae0c |place=Siliguri, Darjeeling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217151655/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/items/d92b7ebf-6553-4219-a1e0-1955b2a8ae0c |archive-date=2025-02-17 |access-date=3 August 2025}}
* {{cite thesis
| last = Ahmed
| first = Md Taijuddin
| title = Occupational Mobility: A Case Study of the Maria Community of Assam
| degree = PhD
| institution = Gauhati University
| location = Assam, India
| date = 2002
| url = http://hdl.handle.net/10603/68452
| access-date = 14 November 2025
| others = Sakiya Khan (advisor)
| hdl = 10603/68452
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nofil |first=Zafri Mudasser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADNazgEACAAJ |title=The Identity Quotient: The Story of the Assamese Muslims |date=2021 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications Pvt Limited |isbn=978-93-88409-87-2 |pages=31–42 |language=en |oclc=1242018438}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Pradyot Kumar |title=The Moria Muslims of Assam: A Study on the Cultural Variability and Drift |date=2007 |publisher=Abhijeet Publications |isbn=978-81-89886-16-5 |ol=16694893M |language=en |lccn=2007389217 |oclc=163625501}}
* {{Cite web |title=Moriya : Buranji – Samaj – Sanskriti মৰিয়া বুৰঞ্জী – সমাজ – সংস্কৃতি – পুলিন কলিতা & ইনতাজ আলি (Asam Sahitya Sabha) |url=https://scientiabooks.in/product/moriya-buranji-samaj-sanskriti/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251204230943/https://scientiabooks.in/product/moriya-buranji-samaj-sanskriti/ |archive-date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Assamese books shopping in India |language=as}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Abida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEXFxCK-ulUC |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |publication-date=2008 |pages=492–4 |language=en |oclc=295034951}}
* {{Cite Thesis |last=Nath |first=Ripunjay |date=May 2009 |title=Aspects of Muslim Society in Assam (1205 to 1682 A.D.) |url=https://www.academia.edu/39205266 |publisher=Nalanda University |pages=20–5 |chapter=(2) Formation of Assam is Muslim society:Moria |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251229200746/https://www.academia.edu/39205266/ASPECTS_OF_MUSLIM_SOCIETY_IN_ASSAM_1205_TO_1682_A_D_ |archive-date=2025-12-29}}

== External links ==
* [https://solidstatetechnology.us/index.php/JSST/article/view/3975 Culture and Language of the Moriya Community of Assam]
* [https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/national-news/role-and-contribution-of-moriya-community-in-development-of-assamese-society-highlighted Role and contribution of Moriya community in development of Assamese society highlighted]

[[Category:Muslim communities in Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Assam]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim ethnoreligious groups]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]

Vengeance Is Mine (1935 film)

2026-03-07T07:06:27Z

Filmifunda022: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vengeance is Mine
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Sarvottam Badami]]
| producer = [[Sagar Movietone]]
| writer = [[K. M. Munshi]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sabita Devi]]|[[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]]|[[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]|[[K. C. Dey]]}}
| music = S. P. Rane
| cinematography = [[Faredoon Irani]]
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Sagar Movietone
| released = {{Film date|1935}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vengeance is Mine''''' (Ver Ni Vasulat) also called ''Vair Ka Badla'' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1935|1935]] social [[Hindi]] film directed by [[Sarvottam Badami]] based on [[K. M. Munshi]]'s story.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1994-IA30|access-date=30 September 2014|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=2–}}</ref> After directing three regional language films for [[Sagar Movietone]], Badami was now directing films exclusively in Hindi. After the first Hindi film he directed [[Chandrahasa (1933 film)|Chandrahasa]] (1933), he shifted his focus to socially relevant topics and made two films based on Munshi's stories, ''Vengeance is Mine'' (1935) and ''[[Dr. Madhurika]]'' (1935).<ref name="Narwekar1994">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ|access-date=30 September 2014|year=1994|publisher=Flicks Books|isbn=9780948911408}}</ref> ''Vengeance is Mine'' was made on a story Munshi had written in [[Gujarati language]] as "Ver Ni Vasulat" in 1913 under the nom de plume "Ghanshyam".<ref name="Das1995">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA286|access-date=30 September 2014|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|pages=286–}}</ref> The cast included [[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]], [[Sabita Devi]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Sitara Devi]], Padma Devi and [[Mehboob Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film370623.htm|title=Vengeance is Mine|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]]
* [[Sitara Devi]]
* [[Mehboob Khan]]
* [[Sabita Devi]]
* [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]
* Padma Shaligram
* Ansari

==Song list==
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/es111275/songs/#tabs|title=Vengeance is Mine|publisher=Muvyz, Inc|access-date=30 September 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title
|-
| 1
| "Aao Aao Mere Rajdulare"
|-
| 2
| "Aji Wah Wah Pran Pyare Tum Chhail Chhabile Baanke"
|-
| 3
| "Ghamjuda Dard Juda Ranj Juda"
|-
| 4
| "Har Ghanshyam Hari"
|-
| 5
| "Jitney Tare Gagan Mein Utne Shatru Hoya"
|-
| 6
| "Jo Main Aisa Jaanti Preet Kiye Dukh Hoye"
|-
| 7
| "Kasht Pade Kaayar Ghabraaye"
|-
| 8
| "Phool Chunane Jo Gayi Main Sajani"
|-
| 9
| "Rovat Bhaag Suhag Ko Nain Swami Chhin Liyo"
|-
| 10
| "Yeh Saara Kasht Mit Sakta Hai Kuchh Din Shaant Hone Se"
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0155342 }}

{{Sarvottam Badami}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:1935 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sarvottam Badami]]

{{1930s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jayanth Kaikini

2026-03-06T16:52:26Z

Filmifunda022: small improve structure after review further and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Poet, Writer, Playwriter, Columnist}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jayant Kaikini
| image = Jayanth Kaikini.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|01|24}} {{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
| birth_place = [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]]
| occupation = Poet, Author, Essayist, Lyricist
| period = 1974–present
| genre = Poetry, short stories, essays, lyrics
| subject =
| awards = DSC Prize for South Asian Literature
Kusumagraj Award
Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award
| signature =
| footnotes =
| honorific_prefix = Dr
| spouse = Smita Kaikini
| children = Srajana Kaikini
Ritwik Kaikini
}}

'''Jayant Kaikini''' (born 24 January 1955) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-10 |title=ಕಣಜ » » ಕೆಲವು ನವ್ಯೋತ್ತರ ಕನ್ನಡ ಕತೆಗಾರರು: ಜಯಂತ ಕಾಯ್ಕಿಣಿ |url=http://kanaja.in/archives/100291 |access-date=2024-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210205937/http://kanaja.in/archives/100291 |archive-date=10 February 2014 }}</ref> is a poet, short story writer, playwright, columnist in Kannada and a lyricist and script writer in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. He has published seven short story collections, six poetry collections, four essay collections and three plays so far. He is valued as one of the best writers in Kannada literature and has revolutionized the field by giving it a fresh new perspective.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=11 November 2014|title=The Best of Both Worlds – Jayant Kaikini|url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/jayant-kaikini/|access-date=7 September 2021|website=Karnataka.com}}</ref> He has bagged many notable awards like '[[Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award|Karnataka Sahitya Academy]]' award(1974,1982,1989,1996), Kusumagraj National Literary Award (2010),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada poet Jayant Kaikini chosen for Kusumagraj National Literary award |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-poet-jayant-kaikini-chosen-2476548 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Katha Award for Creative Fiction (1996),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katha Prize Stories: 5 – KATHA – Online Story Shop |url=https://books.katha.org/product/katha-prize-stories-5/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> DSC South Asian Literature Prize (2018) amidst others. Kaikini is regarded as one of the most significant writers in Kannada today.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayant Kaikini|url=https://www.iuemag.com/january2013/jayant-kaikini.php|access-date=7 September 2021|website=www.iuemag.com|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907215656/https://www.iuemag.com/january2013/jayant-kaikini.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaikini has been conferred the [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] from [[Tumkur University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Nandakumar|first=Prathibha|date=25 January 2015|title=A case for Jayanth Kaikini's literary genius|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/jayanth-kaikini-kannada-poets-rangadindodishtu-doora-karnataka-sahitya-academy/articleshow/46005619.cms|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907220526/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/jayanth-kaikini-kannada-poets-rangadindodishtu-doora-karnataka-sahitya-academy/articleshow/46005619.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dr Kaikini was born in [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] to [[Gourish Kaikini]], a thinker, litterateur and high school teacher, and Shanta Kaikini, a social worker. After graduating with an M.Sc. in [[Biochemistry]] from [[Karnataka University]], [[Dharwad]], he moved to [[Mumbai]] where he worked as a chemist in pharmaceutical companies for many years.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dinesh|first=Chetan|date=20 January 2019|title=Quick Take With Jayant Kaikini|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-articulations/quick-take-713643.html|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> Jayant Kaikini began his career working as a production chemist, eventually working also as a copywriter for advertising agencies in Bombay for 23 years<ref>{{Cite web |last=madur |date=2014-11-11 |title=The Best of Both Worlds - Jayant Kaikini |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/jayant-kaikini/ |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Karnataka.com |language=en-US}}</ref> before moving to Bangalore, where he held several key institutional positions - as founder of Kannada television channels Etv Kannada, Zee Kannada, becoming the literary editor of a monthly magazine Bhavana and hosting a widely popular television talk-show series Namaskara while being intellectually associated with the Kannada film industry writings dialogues, scripts.

== Career and Work ==

Kaikini has published a number of poetry collections including ''Rangadindondishtu Doora, Kothitheertha, Shravana Madhyana, Neelimale, Theredashte Bagilu''. He is the author of short stories collections for ''Dagadoo Parabana Ashwamedha, Aamruthaballi Kashaya, Shabda Teera, Bannada kaalu, Toofan Mail, Ondu Jelebi, Charminar, Anarkaliya Safety Pin'' and ''Vichitraseneya Vaikhari''.<ref name=":1" /> His work in translation No Presents Please has won widespread acclaim and accolades across the globe, including the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature. His first work in translation was Dots and Lines in 2004 published by Indialog.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kunhikrishnan |first=K. |date=2005 |title=Review of Dots and Lines (Short Stories), Viswanath |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23346590 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=49 |issue=1 (225) |pages=189–191 |jstor=23346590 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

In acclaimed literary critic G S Amur's words, "Jayant has a genuinely humanistic approach, to life and even his portraits of lonely and alienated individuals are not isolated from life in the community."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amur |first=G.S. |date=1991 |title=Kannada Scene: Renewals |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23336890 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=34 |issue=2 (142) |pages=135–142 |jstor=23336890 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> "As a poet Jayant Kaikini finds his subject in the contradictions of existence which are rather acute for a young man uprooted from his rural environment and placed in an urban situation."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amur |first=G.S. |date=1989 |title=In Search of New Directions |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44292262 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=32 |issue=1 (129) |pages=141–149 |jstor=44292262 |issn=0019-5804 |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222130514/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44292262 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jayant Kaikini's initial foray into lyricism for Kannada film industry includes movies like Girish Kasarvalli's Dweepa, Nagabarana's Chigurida Kanasu. Renowned Kannada film actor and singer [[Dr. Rajkumar|Dr.Rajkumar]] sung his song "[https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/bandhuve/IlgZARVeUF0 Bandhuve O Bandhuve]", composed by [[V. Manohar]]. He is credited with revolutionising the Kannada cinematic vocabulary with new and modern imagery that belongs to our lived worlds. Kaikini's hit song 'Anisutide' penned for Yograj Bhat's [[Mungaaru Male]], shot him to an unprecedented adoration amidst listeners of Kannada cinema music. Thereafter, the combinations of Jayant Kaikini, [[Yogaraj Bhat|Yograj Bhat]], [[Mano Murthy]] and playback singers [[Sonu Nigam|Song Nigam]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] produced repeated hit songs for films such as [[Gaalipata]], [[Milana (film)|Milana]], Geleya, Moggina Manasu etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayant Kaikini: A hit song gave me a new career at 50 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/jayant-kaikini-a-hit-song-gave-me-a-new-career-at-50-882625.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Before his lyrical career, Kaikini was popular for hosting the curated Namasakara series on four cultural laureates in Kannada namely, [[Dr. Rajkumar|Dr Rajkumar]], [[Kuvempu|KuVemPu]], [[D. R. Bendre|D.R.Bendre]] and [[Shivaram Karanth|Shivarama Karanth]]. "Rasa Rushige Namaskara" produced for [[Colors Kannada|Etv Kannada]] was dedicated to Rashtrakavi [[Kuvempu]].<ref name=":1" /> This show was very popular across Kannada speaking community in the world. "Kadala Theerada Bharghavanige Namaskara" was dedicated to [[Shivaram Karanth|Shivarama Karanth]]. He has been jury member on the reality show "Yede tumbi Haaduvenu" along with the legendary singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[Kannada]] music director and lyricist [[Hamsalekha]].

Kaikini received the Karnataka Sahitya Academy award for his first poetry collection at the age of nineteen in 1974. He received the same award again in 1982, 1989 and 1996 for his short story collections.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 April 2018|title=Being Jayanth|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/being-jayanth/articleshow/63648862.cms|access-date=7 September 2021|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907215657/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/being-jayanth/articleshow/63648862.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been awarded the [[Dinakara Desai]] award for his poetry,<ref name=":0" /> the B. H. Sridhar award for fiction,<ref name=":0" /> the Katha National award and Rujuwathu trust fellowship, the Kusumagraj Award, Masti Prashasti amidst several other honours for his writings as well as an honorary Doctorate from [[Tumkur University]].

He lives in [[Bangalore]] with his wife Smita Kaikini,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2018 |title=Being Jayanth |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/being-jayanth/articleshow/63648862.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907215657/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/being-jayanth/articleshow/63648862.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> an analytic chemist by training and an archivist by passion who manages the Kaikini family archives. His daughter Srajana Kaikini is a philosopher, artist, curator, professor <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2009|title=B'lore: Srajana Kaikini wins International Recognition for Creative Architectural Concept|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=63125|access-date=7 September 2021|website=[[Daijiworld Media|www.daijiworld.com]]|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907213827/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=63125|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Srajana Kaikini|url=https://iscp-nyc.org/resident/srajana-kaikini|access-date=7 September 2021|website=iscp-nyc.org|language=en-US}}</ref> and son Ritwik Kaikini is an artist, music composer, writer, educator.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-21 |title='Our true worth comes from our dedication,' says Ritwik Kaikini |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/21/our-true-worth-comes-from-our-dedication |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222130512/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Mar/21/our-true-worth-comes-from-our-dedication |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from Kannada, Jayant is fluent in Konkani, Marathi, Hindi and English.

== Selected works ==

=== Poetry ===

* Rangadindondishtu Doora (1974)
* Kotitheertha (1982)
* Shravana Madhyahna (1987)
* Neelimale (1997)
* Jayant Kaikini Kavithegalu (2003)
* Ondu Jilebi (2008)
* Vichitra Senana Vaikhari(2021)
* Ello maleyagide(2012: Collection of Film songs penned by him)

=== Short Stories ===

* Theredashte Baagilu (1982)
* Gaala (1982)
* Dagadoo Parabana Ashwamedha (1989)
* Amruthaballi Kashaya (1996)
* Jayanth Kaikini Kathegalu (2003)
* Bannada Kaalu (1999)
* Toofan Mail (2005)
* Charminaar (2012)
* No Presents Please... (2018)
* Anaarkaliya Safetypin (2021)

=== Essays ===

* Bogaseyalli Male (2001)
* Shabda Theera (2004)
* Touring Talkies (2009)
* Gulmohar (2018)
* Taari Dande (2024)

=== Plays ===

* Sevanti Prasanga (1997)
* Ithi Ninna Amrutha (1999)
* Jategiruvanu Chandeera (2004)
* Rupantara Natakagalu (2018)

=== Songs ===

* " Bandhuve " (''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]'')
* "Parichayisu" (''Prema Pallakki'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Prema Pallakki Jukebox|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtCSfhsWBLY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/QtCSfhsWBLY| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|website=YouTube.com|publisher=Lahari Music}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* "We Are OK" (''[[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]]'')
* "Ee Sanje Yakaagide" (''[[Geleya]]'')
* "Ninnindale" (''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'')
* "Male Nintu Hoda Mele" (''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'')
* "Anisutide Yaako Indu" (''[[Mungaru Male]]'')
* "Kunidhu Kunidhu Baare" (''Mungaru Male'')
* "Male Baruva Haagide" (''[[Moggina Manasu]]'')
* "Madhuvana Karedare" (''Inti Ninna Preetiya'')
* "Belad Minuguta" (''Psycho'')
* "Hey Mouna" (''[[Krishna (2007 film)|Krishna]]'')
* "Minchaagi Neenu" (''[[Gaalipata]]'')
* "Poorva Para"
* "Maleya Haniyalli" (''Januma Janumadallu'')
* "Yaaro Kooda Ninna Haage" (''[[Love Guru (2009 film)|Love Guru]]'')
* "Yello Maleyaagide" (''[[Manasaare]]'')
* "Ondu Kanasu" (''Manasaare'')
* "Onde Ninna" (''Manasaare'')
* "Chalisuva Cheluve" (''[[Ullasa Utsaha]]'')
* "Nee Sanihake Bandare" (''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'')
* "Kudi Notave" (''Parichaya'')
* "Eruveya" ("Kinnare")
* "Turthinalli Geechida" (''[[Chowka]]'')
* "Madhura Pisumatige" (''Birugali'')
* "Hoovina Baanadanthe Yaarigu Kaanadanthe" (''Birugaali'')
* "Aaaramage Yiddenaanu" (''Gokula'')
* "neenendare nannolage" (''[[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]'')
* "Hrudayave Bayaside Ninnane" (''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'')
* "Ninna Gungalle" ''[[Lifeu Ishtene]]''
* "Paravashanaadenu" (''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'')
* "Yenendu Hesaridali" (''[[Anna Bond]]'')
* "Neeralli Sanna" (''[[Hudugaru]]'')
* "Kanna Minche Jaahiratu Kaliyuva Hrudayake" (''[[Victory (2013 film)|Victory]]'')
* "Yenano Helalende" (''[[Dyavre]]'')
* "Jiya Teri Jiya Mere" (''[[Bhajarangi]]'')
*"Ninna Danigagi Ninna Karegagi" (''[[Savaari 2]]'')
*"Ello Mareyaagi " (''[[Savaari 2]]'')
* "Jeene Laga" (''[[Jaathre]]'')
* "Nenape Nitya Mallige" (''[[Kendasampige]]'')
* "Kanasali Nadesu" (''[[Kendasampige]]'')
* "Mareyada Pustaka" (''[[Rathavara]]'')
* "Mouna Thaalide Dhaari" (2014) (''[[Ninnindale]]'')
* "Malage Malage" (''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Rikki]]'')
* "Yele Mareyali" (''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Rikki]]'')
* "Helilla Yarallu Naanu" (''[[Krishna-Rukku]]'')
* "Muddagi Neenu" (''[[Ganapa (2015 film)|Ganapa]]'')
* "Nanna Kanasina Roovaari" ([[Sipaayi (2016 Kannada Film)|Sipaayi]])
* "Sariyaagi" ([[Mungaru Male 2]])
* Bere Yaro Baredantide Salanu (''[[Kaddipudi]]'')
* Kaagadada Doniyalli (''[[Kirik Party (soundtrack)|Kirik Party]]'')
* Aakasha Neene (Ambari)
* Roopasi (''[[Mugulu Nage]]'')
* Badukina Bannave (''[[Tagaru]]'')
* Balma (''[[Tagaru]]'')
* Jeeva Sakhi (''[[Tagaru]]'')
* Aleva moda ("Aleva moda")
* Tajaa Samachara (''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]'')
* Gamanisu (''[[Mungaru Male 2]]'')
* Naanaadada Maatellva (''Gaalipata 2'')
* Neenu Bagehariyada (''Gaalipata 2'')
* Muthinantha Mathu (''[[Shubhamangala (2022 film)|Shubhamangala]]'')
* "Hejjeye Roopisu" (''[[Nodidavaru Enanthare]]'')
* "Malagiru Kanda" (''Nodidavaru Enanthare'')
* Udisuve (''[[Pancharangi]]'')
* Ninnaya (''[[Pancharangi]]'')

== Awards for films ==

[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2009): ''[[Gaalipata]]'' – "Minchagi Neenu Baralu"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/entertainment/3313-57th-filmfare-awards-south-2010-list-of-winners.html |title=57th Filmfare Awards South 2010 - List of Winners |access-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003180707/http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/entertainment/3313-57th-filmfare-awards-south-2010-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2010): ''[[Manasaare]]'' – "Yello Maleyaagide"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2015): ''[[Kendasampige]]'' – "Nenape Nithya Mallige"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://updatebro.com/filmfare-awards-kannada-full-show-winners-list/|title=Kannada Filmfare Awards 2018 Full Show, Nominees & Winners|date=18 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2016): ''[[Mungaru Male 2]]'' – "Sariyagi Nenapide"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]](2021) : [[Act 1978|Act -1978]]- " Telado Moda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards South 2022 Kannada Nominations {{!}} Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173254/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations |url-status=live }}</ref>"

Nominated

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2010): ''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'' – "Ni Sanihake Bandare"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2011): ''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'' – "Hrudayave"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2012): ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' – "Paravashanaadenu"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2013): ''[[Anna Bond]]'' – "Yenendhu Hesaridali"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2014): ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' – "Jiya Teri"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2017): ''[[Mugulu Nage]]'' – "Roopasi Summane"
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2018): ''[[Tagaru]]'' – "Badukina Bannave"
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2022): ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' – "Neenu Bagehariyada Haadu"
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]] (2023): ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]'' – "Preethisuve"

[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]

* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue Writer]] for [[Chigurida Kanasu]] [[2003–04 Karnataka State Film Awards|2003–04]]
* "[[Best Lyricist]]" for [[Mungaru Male]] (2006–07)
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story Writer]] for [[Illiralare Allige Hogalare]] [[2019-20 Karnataka State Film Awards|2019-20]]

== Awards for literary works ==

* [[Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry|Karnataka Sahitya Akademi]] Award for Rangadindondishtu Doora (1974)
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Theredashte Baagilu (1982)
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Dagadoo Parabana Ashwamedha (1989)
* Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Amruthaballi Kashaya (1996)
* Kusumagraj National Award for Poetry (2010)
* Honorary Doctorate from Tumkur University in 2011 for his Contribution to Kannada Literature and Cinema.
* Dinakar Desai Award for Poetry (2004)
* B.H.Shridhara Award for Amruthaballi Kashaya (1997)
* Katha Award from Delhi for Amruthaballi Kashaya
* [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]] 2018 for his translated work ''No Presents Please...''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|date=15 May 2020|title='Bogaseyalli Male', a documentary on how Mumbai influenced a writer's journey|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bogaseyalli-male-a-documentary-on-how-mumbai-influenced-a-writers-journey/article31585328.ece|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>

{{Commons category}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
[[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]]

[[K. S. Nissar Ahmed|K. S. Nisar Ahamed]]

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|title=When words flow|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/665166/when-words-flow.html|website=Deccan Herald|date=17 March 2018 |access-date=27 March 2018}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaikini, Jayanth}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Kahtey Hain Mujhko Raja

2026-03-03T23:36:35Z

Filmifunda022: new new entry - done

{{Unreferenced|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kahtey Hain Mujhko Raja
| image = Kahte Hain Mujhko Raja poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Biswajeet]]
| producer = [[Biswajeet]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Biswajeet]] [[Rekha]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Jayeeta Movie Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|01|02|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kahtey Hain Mujhko Raja''''' ({{Translation|They call me king}}) is a 1975 [[Bollywood]] [[film]] directed and produced by [[Biswajeet]]. The film stars [[Biswajeet]], [[Rekha]] in lead roles, along with [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] in special roles. The music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]].

==Cast==
* [[Biswajeet]] as
** Raja Thakur
** Rajaram "Raja"
*[[Rekha]] as Reena
*[[Dharmendra]] as Balram (Guest Appearance)
*[[Hema Malini]] as Courtesan (Guest Appearance)
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as ASP Shankar
*[[Alka (actress)|Alka]] as Radha Thakur
*[[Bipin Gupta]] as Thakur
*[[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] as Thakurain
*[[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Randhir Thakur

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Yeh Lo Main Aa Gaya"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Bam Chik, Cham Chik"
| Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Aiyo Re, Gaya Kaam Se Tera Deewana, Bahak Gaya Na"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Maine Kab Chaha Ke Dulha Banunga, Ban Hi Gaya To"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Liyo Na Babu Tanik Piyo Na"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Jiya Mein Toofan Jagake"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0367922|title=Kahtey Hain Mujhko Raja}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Adhwaytham

2026-03-03T21:25:46Z

Filmifunda022: basic refine references for clarity and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adhwaytham
| image = Advaitham.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Theatrical-release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = [[P. V. Gangadharan]]
| writer = [[T. Damodaran]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Jayaram]] [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] [[Revathi]] [[M. G. Soman]]
| music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ({{small|score}})
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Grihalakshmi Productions
| distributor = Kalpaka Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|9|3}}
| runtime = 181 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Adhwaytham''''' ({{Literal translation|[[Nonduality (spirituality)|Non-duality]]}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Political cinema|political]] [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and written by [[T. Damodaran]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]] in the lead alongside an [[ensemble cast ]] of [[Jayaram]], [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]], [[Revathi]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], and [[M. G. Soman]]. The songs in the film were composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] and the [[film score]] was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].

==Plot==
Swami Amritananda arrives in [[Kerala]] on a mission to bring peace at the state, which is burning with communal riots. Swamiji, who is worshiped and respected all over the world, receives death threats from different corners. Lakshmi IAS, the District Collector, is assigned to look after Swamiji's security. She warns Swamiji about the tensed situation and the dangers waiting him outside. The presence of Lakshmi, who had been the lover of Swamiji in his past, brings back old memories to him.

Years ago in the 1960’s, Swami Amritananda was Shivaprasad, the only son of his mother Saraswathy, who had to undergo unpleasant experiences in her home from her own elder brother Sreedharan and brother-in law Krishnan Kutty Menon, a police officer, who was loyal to the government. The Communist party in those days was facing strong restrictions from the government for its anti-state activities. Shivan had always been a headache for his mother, for his rebellious nature. But Lakshmi, Sreedharan's daughter, was in love with him, which was opposed bitterly by Sreedharan and family. Shivan, slowly got involved with the Communist movement and in short time became their political goonda. Shivan gets involved in several petty crimes and thus invites more anger from his uncle Krishnan Kutty Menon. Karthy, a lady party worker with strong naxalite leanings develops a strong passion towards Shivan, but he is unaware of it. Vasu, his close friend since childhood, is a fun loving character, who always saves Shivan from several issues.

Shekharan, the party leader identifies the potential of Shivan and cunningly decides to use it maximum for his own personal benefit. Unaware of the shrewd tactics by Shekharan, Shivan gets involved in several crimes, one after another. One day, Karthy, in order to separate Lakshmi from Shivan, fabricates a story about her relation with him. She succeeds in making Lakshmi believe about her illicit affair with Shivan. Thinking that Shivan was just double dating her, Lakshmi informs police about Shivan's hideout and he is arrested and sentenced for a couple of years. This incident changes Shivan completely. He turns into a hardcore criminal, and develops a hatred towards Lakshmi.

In the late 1970’s, the political scene in the state changes. The Communist Party wins power, and Shivan is released from jail. He is appointed as the chairman of the Temple Devaswom, and Lakshmi is now an IAS officer, who is now holding the post of Devaswom Administrator under Shivan. He tries maximum to belittle her. Shivan, now a corrupt and merciless person, now tries the maximum to loot the temple. The temple staff under Sreekanta Poduval tries to protest, but ends in vain. Vasu is brought into the temple by Shivan, to create a division among the temple staff. Lakshmi tries to convince Vasu, but he expresses loyalty to Shivan, his close friend, without knowing his corrupt ways or political ambitions. Vasu, with in this time falls for the daughter of Thantri Parameshwaran Namboothiri, the head priest of the temple. But she avoids him completely. Vasu, a lower caste by birth, has no chance to win her, who is already engaged to Chitran Namboothiri.

Under the instructions of Shekharan, Shivan steals the sacred ornament and during the investigation the Thantri is arrested for the theft. Shivan's motive behind the plan was to regain Krishnan Kutty's house. Upon being confronted by the Thantri's daughter, Vasu withdraws his statement against the Thantri. Due to the embarrassment he faced after release, the Thantri kills himself.

Vasu soon gains a position in the Devaswom Board, and sides with the common people instead of Shivan during the meetings. Upon realizing that he could be a threat, Shekharan cleverly reveals Vasu's real motives in front of everyone to get him kicked out. On the flip side, he is allowed to stay as he repented his mistakes. Following these incidents, Shivan and Vasu's friendship goes through a rough phase.

Later, Lakshmi learns that Karthy, who was in jail at that point, had made her believe a false story because of the party's agenda. Upon revealing the truth to Shivan, Vasu goes on to fix his relationship with Shivan. Vasu soon confronts Shekharan and threatens to reveal the truth to the cops; soon after he leaves, some goons under the aegis of Pathrose, an accomplice of Shekharan, follow him to finish him off. Upon coming to know about the plans, Shivan hurries to save Vasu. After a showdown with some goons, Shivan learns that Vasu had been killed by Pathrose before his arrival. After Vasu's death, Shivan attempts to take Shekharan's life; instead, the police are called and Shivan is arrested. Meanwhile, Shivan's mother Saraswathy passes away thinking that he killed Vasu. After his mother's death, Shivan leaves his home to live a spiritual life in various temples around the country, thus eventually making him a renowned spiritual cult leader.

Back to the present, Shekharan and his accomplices plan to kill Swami Amritananda in an attempt to save their face. The plan is to kill Swami Amritananda during the "Ratha-Yatra" using a bomb. As soon as Lakshmi learns about the plan through Kaiyathan, a former aide of Shekharan, she does everything in her right to save Swami's life; in the process, she gives her own life to save the Swami.

After Lakshmi's death, Swamiji goes back to Shivan's avatar to seek revenge for everything he lost. Finally, he kills Shekharan, Pathrose, Krishnan Kutty Menon, and all their other accomplices. In the end, Shivan accepts his actions in front of the town and urges them to stay united, instead of being divided.

==Cast==
*[[Mohanlal]] as Swami Amritananda / Shivaprasad / Shivan
**[[Vineeth Kumar]] as young Shivaprasad
*[[Jayaram]] as Vasu, Shivan's Childhood Friend
*[[Revathi]] as Lakshmi IAS, Shivan's Cousin and Lover
*Soumya as Sreedevi Thampuratti, Vasu's Love Interest
*[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Karthi
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Shekharan
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as DIG Sheshadri Iyer, Corrupt Police Officer and Shekharan's Accomplice
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Krishnankutty Menon, Corrupt Police Officer, Shivan and Lakshmi's Uncle, and Shekharan's Accomplice
*[[Srividya]] as Saraswathy, Shivan's Mother
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Sreekantan Pothuval
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as Sreedhara Menon, Saraswathy's Elder brother and Lakshmi's Father
*[[Sukumari]] as Naniyamma, Vasu's Mother
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Thantri Parameshwaran Namboothiri, Sreedevi's Father
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kaiyathan, Shekharan's Aide
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Chithran Namboothiri
*[[Captain Raju]] as Pathrose, Shekharan's Accomplice
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Brahmadathan Namboothirippadu, Shivan's Father
*[[Sankaradi]] as Gopalan Pillai, Former State Minister
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Goonda
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Goonda
*[[Alummoodan]] as State Minister
*Pavithran as Goonda
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Shivan and Lakshmi's grandmother (Sreedharan and Saraswathy's mother)
*[[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Krishnankutty Menon's Wife (Sreedharan and Saraswathy's younger sister)
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Pookoya Thangal, an influential Muslim political leader
*[[Kunjandi]] as Driver
*[[K. T. C. Abdullah]] as Press Reporter

== Production ==
The filming took place in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]. The [[art director]] was [[Sabu Cyril]]. The film features sequences in temple [[Set construction|set]], for that they created a temple similar to the [[Guruvayur Temple|Guruvayur Lord Krishnna Temple]] in Kozhikode.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sebastian|first=Shevlin|title=Creating sets true to life|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/nov/23/creating-sets-true-to-life-1541504.html|access-date=23 November 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171029150728/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/nov/23/creating-sets-true-to-life-1541504.html|archive-date=29 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanath |first=Chandrakanth |date=8 May 2017 |title='Invite me to Mollywood if no one else can do it' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/08/invite-me-to-mollywood-if-no-one-else-can-do-it-1602571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613091958/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/08/invite-me-to-mollywood-if-no-one-else-can-do-it-1602571.html |archive-date=13 June 2017 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |page=2}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Adwaytham
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|1992|9|19}}
| recorded = 1991
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = JS Audio
| producer = [[P. V. Gangadharan]]
| prev_title = [[Vellanakalude Nadu]]
| prev_year = 1988
| next_title = [[Manichitrathazhu]]
| next_year = 1993
}}

The song "Ambalappuzhe" is a popular number from the film. It was composed after the lyrics were written. Composition took place at the Woodlands Hotel in [[Chennai]] in 1992. Priyadarshan, M. G. Sreekumar, and lyricist [[Kaithapram Damodaran|Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] was also present along with composer Radhakrishnan. They wanted a song relating to temple. Both Priyadarshan and Sreekumar wanted the song to start with the line [[Ambalappuzha]], where [[Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple]] is situated. Right after, Kaithapram wrote the first line "Ambalappuzhe Unni Kannanodu Nee" for which Radhakrishnan prepared a tune, this continued for each line after line. Recording took place at the Kothandapani Studio in Chennai, where Sreekumar and K. S. Chithra sang it together. [[Musical notation]]s were given at 07:00 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] in the morning, recording was finished by 01:00 PM. Instruments such as [[violin]] and [[flute]] were used. The song features Jayaram in the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=കുമാർ|first=ഡി. അരുൺ‌|title=ധോണിപുത്രി പാടിയ ആ പാട്ടിന്റെ കഥ...|url=http://localnews.manoramaonline.com/alappuzha/local-news/2017/10/28/alappuzha-sigers.html|access-date=29 October 2017|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171029153338/http://localnews.manoramaonline.com/alappuzha/local-news/2017/10/28/alappuzha-sigers.html|archive-date=29 October 2017|language=ml|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =

| all_lyrics = [[Kaithapram Damodaran]]
| all_music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]

| title1 = Mazhavilkkothumbil
| extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = {{Duration|04:44}}

| title2 = Neelakkuyile Cholloo
| extra2 = M. G. Sreekumar, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length2 = {{Duration|04:24}}

| title3 = Ambalappuzhe
| extra3 = M. G. Sreekumar, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = {{Duration|05:10}}

| title4 = Thallikkalayillenkil
| extra4 = Sujatha Mohan
| length4 = {{Duration|00:45}}

| title5 = Paavamam Kishna
| extra5 = M. G. Sreekumar
| length5 = {{Duration|06:28}}

| title6 = Krishna Krishna
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra
| length6 = {{Duration|00:38}}
}}

==Release==
Adhwaytham released on 3 September 1992 and became a huge success in box office ran 125 days in kozhikode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adwaitham (1992) - MSIDb |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?4111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083009/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4111 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B. S. |first=Shibu |date=4 September 2016 |title=Mollywood marvels |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/sep/04/mollywood-marvels-1515942.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201103739/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/sep/04/Mollywood-marvels-1515942.html |archive-date=1 February 2019 |page=2 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Awards==

* Kerala Film Chamber Award for Best Social Criticism Film<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Chamber Award-1992 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71-IMVz0diA&t=630s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/71-IMVz0diA |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|website=[[YouTube]]| date=26 October 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254936}}

{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1992 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]

Hridayame Sakshi

2026-03-03T21:09:48Z

Filmifunda022: refined lead further

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hridayame Sakshi
| image = Hridayame Sakshi.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = N.C. Menon
| writer = [[A. Sheriff]]
| screenplay = A. Sheriff
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] [[K. P. Ummer]] [[Sankaradi]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = [[Vipindas]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1977|10|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Hridayame Sakshi''''' ({{Translation|The Heart is Witness}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[I. V. Sasi]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[K. P. Ummer]] and [[Sankaradi]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=716|title=Hridayame Saakshi|access-date=2014-10-15|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?155|title=Hridayame Saakshi|access-date=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/hridhayame-sakshi-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091928/http://spicyonion.com/title/hridhayame-sakshi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Hridhayame Sakshi|access-date=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Murali
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Kamala
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Vasudevan
*[[Sankaradi]] as Kurup
*[[Bahadoor]] as Narayanan

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ezhu Nirangalilethu Manoharam" || [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]], [[K. P. Brahmanandan]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Manassillengil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Manassupole Jeevitham" || [[P. Susheela]], Chorus || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Pirinju Povukayo" || [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]], Chorus, Saibaba || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Vasanthame Nee Vannu" || [[S. Janaki]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0280723|Hridhayame Sakshi}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Immanuel (film)

2026-03-03T20:43:53Z

Filmifunda022: added lead additionally and improved wording after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Immanuel
| image = Immanuel_malayalam.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = [[Lal Jose]]
| producer = [[S. George]]
| writer = A.C. Vijeesh
| starring = [[Mammooty]] [[Fahadh Faasil]] [[Reenu Mathews]] [[Salim Kumar]] [[Guinness Pakru]]
| music = [[Afzal Yusuf]]
| cinematography = [[Pradeep Nair]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| studio = Cyn-Cyl Celluloid
| distributor = Play House & Tricolor Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|04|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹3 crore
| gross = ₹11 crore
}}
'''''Immanuel''''', also publicized as '''''Emmanuel''''',<ref name=TOIpreview/><ref name=DCpreview/> is a 2013 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] [[comedy-drama film]], directed by [[Lal Jose]] and produced by [[S. George]].<ref name=TOIpreview>{{cite news|title=Lal- Mammootty pair up again !|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Lal-Mammootty-pair-up-again-/articleshow/13249390.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311211840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-and-interviews/31764974_1_box-office-christian-emmanuel|url-status=live|archive-date=11 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> The film stars [[Mammootty]] in the title role with [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Reenu Mathews]]. Lal Jose has stated that it is a "soft film sans hullabaloo" and "essentially tells the story of Immanuel's intrinsic goodness even in the face of adversity."<ref name="TH1">{{cite news|title=On Location: Immanuel - Money matters|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/on-location-immanuel-money-matters/article4364416.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film follows the character of Immanuel who works in a book publishing firm owned by Joseph. When the company is closed down due to unexpected reasons, Immanuel and his family find it difficult to make both ends meet.<ref>{{cite news|title=Emmanuel starts rolling|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-06/news-and-interviews/36173074_1_mammootty-debutant-lal-jose|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034402/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-06/news-and-interviews/36173074_1_mammootty-debutant-lal-jose|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> He then gets a job in a private insurance company which is managed by Jeevan Raj. The movie gives an unvarnished portrayal of the ruthless ways in which private insurance companies work, with scant regard for humanity. Immanuel is cheated by his colleague, Venkatesh, who grabs his customer and takes the credit. Non-performers are forced to leave the organization without prior notice. The clients are repeatedly denied their claims on flimsy grounds while the company makes a profit. The film portrays the battle between the ruthless company and Immanuel who tries to set things right for the customers.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mammootty]] as Immanuel
*[[Fahadh Faasil]] as Jeevan Raj
*[[Reenu Mathews]] as Annie
* Gouri Shankar as Robin
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Suku (Peon)
*[[Guinness Pakru]] as Kannadi Kavi Shivan
*[[Sunil Sukhada]] as Joseph
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Venkatesh
*[[P. Balachandran]] as Gopinathan Nair
*[[Bijukuttan]] as Driver
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Chandy
*[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Simon
*[[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Madhavettan
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Jabbar
*[[Anil Murali]] (cameo) as Velayuthan
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Dr. Ramakrishnan
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] (cameo) as Rajasekharan
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] (cameo) as Kuwait Kumaran
*Suja Menon as Saritha
*[[Sukumari]] as Khadeejumma
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] s Chandy's wife
*[[Devi Ajith]] as Sandy Wilson
*T Parvathy
*[[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]] (cameo) as Jenniffer
*Deepika Mohan as Immanuel's co-worker at DTP Center
*Anjana Appukuttan as Immanuel's neighbour
{{colend}}

==Production==
The casting for ''Immanuel'' began in mid-2012,<ref>{{cite web|title=Mammootty in Lal Jose's Emmanuel|url=http://www.keralathanima.com/movies/mammootty-in-lal-joses-emmanuel.html|publisher=Kerala Hanima|access-date=9 February 2013|archive-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402004247/http://www.keralathanima.com/movies/mammootty-in-lal-joses-emmanuel.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> with both [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] and [[Balachandra Menon]] rumored to be taking part in the film.<ref name="BB">{{cite web|title=Balachandra Menon says 'No' to Lal Jose's 'Immanuel'|url=http://www.balconybeats.com/2012/actors/balachandra-menon-says-no-to-lal-joses-immanuel/|publisher=Balcony Beats|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> Jose denied rumors that Abraham would be acting in the film and Menon also denied that he would perform due to conflicting schedules with his personal life.<ref name="BB" /><ref>{{cite news|title=It is just another rumour: Lal Jose|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-02/news-and-interviews/36094556_1_lal-jose-john-abraham-rumour|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214160430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-02/news-and-interviews/36094556_1_lal-jose-john-abraham-rumour|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> Actor [[Mammootty]] was confirmed as the lead actor, with [[Fahadh Faasil]] also performing in the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fahad to play negative role in Lal Jose's Immanuel|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/News/Fahad%20to%20play%20negative%20role%20%20in%20Lal%20Jose's%20'Immanuel'.-4945-1|publisher=Metro Matinee|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> Fahadh was initially said to be performing a "negative role" in ''Immanuel'', which Jose later stated untrue and that Fahadh would be portraying a company executive.<ref name=DCpreview>{{cite news|title=Fahadh not a villain in Lal Jose's 'Emmanuel'|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130129/entertainment-mollywood/article/fahadh-not-villain-lal-jose%E2%80%99s-emmanuel|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130408225111/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130129/entertainment-mollywood/article/fahadh-not-villain-lal-jose%E2%80%99s-emmanuel|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2013|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref> In early January 2013, Jose announced that he had cast, a newcomer, [[Reenu Mathews]], as Mammootty's wife in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lal Jose introduces yet another actress|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-04/news-and-interviews/36131245_1_lal-jose-mammootty-archana-kavi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214160433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-04/news-and-interviews/36131245_1_lal-jose-mammootty-archana-kavi|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref>

The filming began in [[Kochi]] in January 2013.<ref name="TH1" />

==Release==
The film was released on 5 April 2013.

===Critical reception===
Smitha of [[Oneindia.in|OneIndia]] gave the movie 4/5 stars and stated, "''Immanuel'' is a touching, heartwarming and poignant tale of human values, endurance and goodness in people" and that the movie "is worth watching this weekend and seems to have all ingredients that might make it a superhit."<ref name=oneindia>{{cite web|title=Immanuel Movie Review - Perfect to watch this weekend|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/immanuel-movie-review-106968.html|author=Smitha|work=[[Oneindia.in|OneIndia]]|date=5 April 2013|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408073947/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/reviews/2013/immanuel-movie-review-106968.html|url-status=live}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref>

Aswin J Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the movie 3/5 stars, and said that "''Immanuel'' is the latest embodiment among the newly developed breed of characters who absorb all pain, rage and agony with an enduring smile," but stated that "the problem with ''Immanuel'' is that whatever he (Immanuel) does in the film looks more divine than human."<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=Immanuel Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Immanuel/movie-review/19425912.cms|author=Aswin J Kumar|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 April 2013|access-date=8 April 2013}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Now running.com rated Immanuel above average. Veeyen said that "'Emmanuel' is a film that talks of the trying times that we live in. It's a delicate film with modest intentions, but which nevertheless remains a miniature gem with a distinct shine. He also praised the performance of mammooty. 'Mammootty is incredibly good as Emmanuel' Veeyen wrote."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11682/malayalam/emmanuel/4184/review.htm|title=Emmanuel Review|publisher=nowrunning.com|access-date=11 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222183339/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11682/malayalam/emmanuel/4184/review.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-cinema-8211-first-half-of-2013-progress-report-news-malayalam-nhgry4ccbfgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719221836/https://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-cinema-8211-first-half-of-2013-progress-report-news-malayalam-nhgry4ccbfgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2021|title=Malayalam cinema – First Half of 2013 Progress Report|work=[[Sify]]|date=8 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/problem-of-plenty-despite-fresh-ideas-new-artists-malayalam-film-industry-suffers-rs-150-crore-loss/articleshow/29019120.cms|title=Problem of plenty|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=19 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/lal-jose-eyeing-bollywood-with-diamond-necklace-remake-642179.html|title=Lal Jose eyeing Bollywood with 'Diamond Necklace' remake|work=[[News18]]|date=30 September 2013}}</ref> The film ran for 125 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pycker.com/articles/times-when-mammoottys-character-name-and-movie-title-were-the-same|title=9 Times When Mammootty's Character Name And Movie Title Were The Same|work=Pycker|date=13 April 2019}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains four songs composed by [[Afsal Yusuf]], and the lyrics by [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] and [[N. M. Shyam]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Ennodu Koode"
| [[Jayaram Ranjith]] [[Divya S. Menon]]
|-
| 2
| "Maanathudichathu"
| [[Najim Arshad]], [[Saptaparna Chakraborty]]
|-
| 3
| "Paathakal (D)"
| [[Reshma Menon]], [[Carl Franais]]
|-
| 4
| "Paathakal"
| [[Carl Franais]], [[Ajeesh Ashokan]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2787096|Immanuel}}

{{Lal Jose}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Afzal Yusuf]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lal Jose]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]

Thakka Thakka

2026-03-03T03:35:18Z

Filmifunda022: adding some stub w/ refs

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Sanjeev}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thakka Thakka
| image = Thakka Thakka.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Sanjeev
| producer =
| writer = Sanjeev
| starring = [[Vikranth]] [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] [[Aravinnd Singh]] Parvati Nirban [[Aruldoss]] Rahul Venkat
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Sarang]]
| editing = [[Sreejith Sarang]]
| studio = Versatile Studio
| distributor = [[S. Thanu|Kalaipuli International]]
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| released = {{Film date|2015|08|28|df=yes}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thakka Thakka''''' ({{translation|''Attack''}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by Sanjeev,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/thaakka-thaakka-to-release-on-august-28th.html|title=Arya and Jayam Ravi might face a surprise 3rd contender!|author=Avinash Pandian|website=Behindwoods |date=10 August 2015|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> whose elder brother, [[Vikranth]], plays the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikranth-starts-his-second-innings-news-tamil-nf5nk4ibfcesi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213434/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikranth-starts-his-second-innings-news-tamil-nf5nk4ibfcesi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Vikranth starts his second innings!|work=SIFY|author=Moviebuzz|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=27 July 2020}} - {{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vijays-brothers-for-piravi-vijay-vikranth-29-05-13.html|title=Vijay's brothers for Piravi|work=Behindwoods|date=29 May 2013|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2016}}</ref> The film, earlier titled ''Piravi'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vishal-is-my-well-wisher/2013/05/29/article1609983.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224830/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vishal-is-my-well-wisher/2013/05/29/article1609983.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2013|title='Vishal is my well-wisher'|work=The New Indian Express|date=29 May 2013|author=Rinku Gupta|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2020}} - {{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/arya-vishal-and-vishnu-come-together-for-a-promo-song-for-thakka-thakka.html|title=Arya, Vishal and Vishnu - All for Friendship|work=Behindwoods|author=Jyothsna|date=18 June 2015|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> also stars Rahul Venkat, [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], [[Leema Babu]] and Parvati Nirban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Parvati-gearing-up-with-her-acting-career/2013/08/13/article1731323.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814094810/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Parvati-gearing-up-with-her-acting-career/2013/08/13/article1731323.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2013|title=Parvati gearing up with her acting career|work=The New Indian Express|author=Rinku Gupta|date=13 August 2013 |publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> It was released by S. Thanu's Kalaipuli International on 28 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vijays-producer-to-release-vikranths-thaakka-thaakka.html|title=The Vijay Connect in Vikranth's next|work=Behindwoods|author=Avinash Pandian |date=13 June 2015|publisher=|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Hindi as ''Phir Se Mafiaraaj''.

==Plot==
The story follows the life of two orphans: Sathya and Karthi. In Sathya's youth, his mother Thulasi was exploited as a sex worker by a man named Bala. After she gives birth to Sathya, he is presumed dead and is buried alive. Thulasi saves him and cares for him until Bala kills her. Sathya meets Karthi and they become friends, working for a restaurant owner named Annachi. Karthi is love with a girl named Indu while her friend Saranya often fights with Sathya. Things go awry when Indu is kidnapped by her uncle and is to be sold along with other girls as a sex slave. Karthi is killed in the process, and Sathya must fight the goons on his own.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Vikranth]] as Sathya
*[[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as Indhu
*[[Aravinnd Singh]] as Karthi
*Parvati Nirban as Saranya
*[[Aruldoss]] as Bala
*Rahul Venkat as Paraman
*[[Charle]] as Indhu's father
*[[Uma (Tamil actress)|Uma]] as Sarasu, Indhu's mother
*[[Bose Venkat]] as Kasi
*[[Leema Babu]] as Thulasi
*Thavasi as Annachi
*Yogi Ram as Kumaru
*Anjana
*Ranjini
*Sarithiran
*Neil
*Kalaikumar
*Master Shashikiran as Young Sathya
*Master Darshan as Young Karthi
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and [[Vishnu Vishal]] appeared in a promotional song.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishal-Arya-and-Vishnu-dance-for-friendship/articleshow/46757876.cms|title=Vishal, Arya and Vishnu dance for friendship |work=Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2016}} - {{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-vishnu-and-vishal-s-special-cameo-for-vikranth-news-tamil-pd5lmWfiifeba.html|title=Arya, Vishnu and Vishal's special cameo for Vikranth|work=SIFY|author=Moviebuzz|date=31 March 2015|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref>
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]] in his Tamil debut. The album was released by the [[Saregama]] label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saregama.com/album/thaakka-thaakka_107989|title=Thaakka Thaakka by Various Artistes|publisher=Saregama|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Soundtrack listing
|-
! # !! Title !! Performer(s)
|-
| 1 || Thakka Thakka || [[Haricharan]]
|-
| 2 || Saaral Mazhai || [[Saindhavi]], Abhay
|-
| 3 || Yaar Ivano || Sanjeevkumar, [[Jakes Bejoy]]
|-
| 4 || Thedi Thedi || [[Jakes Bejoy]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
| 5 || Yaaro Yaar || Pradeep
|-
| 6 || Egambaney || Ayyadurai
|-
| 7 || Edhum Sollamal || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Haricharan]]
|}

==Critical reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Thakka Thakka is the kind of film that shows spirit even though it doesn't come together as a whole. There are moments that stand out, but the film lacks the tautness in writing that could have made it into a gripping action film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thakka-Thakka/movie-review/48719683.cms|title=Thakka Thakka|work=Times of India|date=27 April 2016|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Thakka Thakka's predictable, wafer-thin plot actually makes even seem like meritorious literary work in comparison."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thakka-thakka-movie-review-an-empty-jewellery-box/article7591509.ece|title= Thakka, Thakka: An empty jewellery box|author=Sudhir Srinivasan|date=29 August 2015 |work=The Hindu|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the film 2 out of 5 and wrote, "On the whole what promises to be a thrilling action film loses track mid-way."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thaakka-thaakka/thaakka-thaakka-review.html|title=Thaakka Thaakka movie review|author=Behindwoods Review Board|work=Behindwoods|date=28 August 2015|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> ''Silverscreen'' wrote, "Everything about Thaakka Thaaka, from the title, to the posters, to the trailers and promos, made it a point to tell the audience that the film is about action. The filmmakers wanted the film to be 'hard-hitting'. Perhaps they took the term too seriously, because most of the film is full of 'hard-hitting' stunts – punches, throat-slitting, stabbing, and hitting people with long iron rods."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/reviews/action-misunderstood-thaakka-thaakka-movie-review/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011522/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/reviews/action-misunderstood-thaakka-thaakka-movie-review/|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|title=Action Misunderstood : Thaakka Thaakka Movie Review|website=Silverscreen|author=Niveda Manohar|date=29 August 2015|publisher=|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4987572}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jakes Bejoy]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2015 action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Naharsinhji

2026-02-27T12:36:34Z

Filmifunda022: Put Up New Post!

{{short description|Maharana of Danta (1823–1847)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharana]]
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]]
| reign = {{circa|1823}} – {{circa|1847}}
| predecessor = [[Jagatsinhji]]
| successor = [[Zalamsinhji]]
| death_date = {{circa|1847}}
| father = [[Abhaisinhji]]
| dynasty = [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]]
}}
'''Naharsinhji''' was the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]] from 1823 until 1847.

== Early life and family ==
Naharsinhji was born to [[Abhaisinhji]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=DANTA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803184937/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/danta.html |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He married and had issue, including two sons, [[Zalamsinhji]] and [[Harisinhji]], and a daughter, Daulat Kanwar, who married Sheo Singh of [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lala |first=Sitaram |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112413 |title=History Of Sirohi Raj From The Earliest Times To The Present Day |date=1920 |pages=242}}</ref> He and his brother [[Jagatsinhji]] did not enjoy a cordial relationship.<ref name=":1" /> To bring peace between the two, the nobles of [[Danta State|Danta]] made them partake in the ritual of Kasumba.<ref group=Note name=Note01/><ref name=":1" /> [[Jagatsinhji]], having no son of his own, wished to adopt one so that, in due course, the boy would succeed him on the throne of [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Master |first=Framroz Sorabji |url=http://archive.org/details/mahikanthadirect00mast |title=The Mahi Kantha directory |date=1922 |publisher=Rajkot : [s.n.] |others=University of California Libraries |pages=159–160}}</ref> However, Naharinhji refused, saying that he would not do obeisance at his own son's feet.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Following this episode, [[Jagatsinhji]]'s advisers turned him against Naharsinhji, and Jagatsinhji, who had begun to fear that Naharsinhji wanted to take his life, left [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Naharsinhji, however, managed to convince Jagatsinhji to return to [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Reign ==
Upon the death of his brother [[Jagatsinhji]] in 1823, he succeeded him as the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James MacNabb |url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924070623537 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |date=1883 |publisher=Bombay : Gov. Central Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=416}}</ref> In 1836, when [[Jawan Singh]], the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]], was to arrive in his state for the privilege of [[Ambaji Mata Temple|Ambaji Mata]], he went to [[Ambaji]] to receive him and gave him a warm and proper welcome.<ref name=":1" /> Later, when the [[Governor of Bombay]] paid a visit to [[Sadra, Gandhinagar|Sadra]], he went there to meet him, and the [[Governor of Bombay|Governor]], in return, presented him with a rich [[Khalat|khilat]], or dress of honour.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died in 1847 and was succeeded by his son, [[Zalamsinhji]], as the [[Maharana]] of [[Danta State|Danta]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Manu Nandshankar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48807 |title=Hind Rajasthan |date=1896 |pages=93}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note01>Kasumba, or opium drinking, was a ritual that was prevalent among [[Rajput]]s. On occasions when a quarrel between two parties was settled, they would drink opium-water to rejoice, and as a mark that the cause of the offence had been forgotten by the parties.</ref>
}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]

Demographics of districts of Gujarat

2026-02-25T18:44:22Z

Filmifunda022: new

{{Short description|none}}
The population of [[Gujarat]] was 60,439,692 (31,491,260 males and 28,948,432 females) according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND024_Gujarat.pdf |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919152632/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND024_Gujarat.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The population density is {{convert|308|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|persons |persons|sp=us}}, lower than other Indian states. As per the census of 2011, the state has a [[sex ratio]] of 918 females for every 1000 males, one of the lowest (ranked 24) among the 29 states in India.

{{Historical populations
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1901 | 9094748
| 1911 | 9803587
| 1921 | 10174989
| 1931 | 11489828
| 1941 | 13701551
| 1951 | 16263000
| 1961 | 20633000
| 1971 | 26697000
| 1981 | 34086000
| 1991 | 41310000
| 2001 | 50671000
| 2011 | 60383628
}}

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |S.No.
! rowspan="2" |[[District]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes|Code]]<ref name="distcodes">{{cite web |date=12 February 2018 |title=NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2 |url=https://eforms.nic.in/docs/assets/download/NIC_Policy_on_format_of_e-mail_Address.pdf |access-date=10 May 2021 |publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India |pages=5–10 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510062132/https://eforms.nic.in/docs/assets/download/NIC_Policy_on_format_of_e-mail_Address.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Headquarters
! rowspan="2" |Year of Formation
! rowspan="2" |Area (km2)
! colspan="2" |Population
! rowspan="2" |Population
density (/km2)

2011
! rowspan="2" |Taluks
! rowspan="2" |'''Total Villages'''
! rowspan="2" |[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative assembly constituencies]]
! rowspan="2" |[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Gujarat (26)|Lok sabha constituencies]]
! rowspan="2" |District Map
! rowspan="2" |Taluka Map
|-
!2001 Census<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranking of Districts by Population Size, 2001 and 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/gujarat/statement-1.xls |access-date=3 May 2012 |work=[[2011 census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
!2011 Census<ref name="census11">{{cite web |title=Ranking of Districts by Population Size, 2001 and 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/gujarat/statement-1.xls |access-date=3 May 2012 |work=[[2011 census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|1
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|AH
|[[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad City]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|8087
|5,673,090
|7,045,313
|890
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Ahmedabad city (tehsil)|Ahmadabad]]
|-
|2
|[[Bavla (tehsil)|Bavla]]
|-
|3
|[[Daskroi Taluka|Daskroi]]
|-
|4
|[[Detroj-Rampura]]
|-
|5
|[[Dhandhuka (tehsil)|Dhandhuka]]
|-
|6
|[[Dholera]]
|-
|7
|[[Dholka Taluka|Dholka]]
|-
|8
|[[Mandal (tehsil)|Mandal]]
|-
|9
|[[Sanand (tehsil)|Sanand]]
|-
|10
|[[Viramgam Taluka|Viramgam]]
|}
|558<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Ahmedabad District, Government Of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://ahmedabad.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]]
|-
|2
|[[Sanand Assembly constituency|Sanand]]
|-
|3
|[[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia]]
|-
|4
|[[Vejalpur Assembly constituency|Vejalpur]]
|-
|5
|[[Vatva Assembly constituency|Vatva]]
|-
|6
|[[Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency|Ellisbridge]]
|-
|7
|[[Naranpura Assembly constituency|Naranpura]]
|-
|8
|[[Nikol Assembly constituency|Nikol]]
|-
|9
|[[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]]
|-
|10
|[[Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency|Thakkarbapa Nagar]]
|-
|11
|[[Bapunagar Assembly constituency|Bapunagar]]
|-
|12
|[[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]]
|-
|13
|[[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur]]
|-
|14
|[[Jamalpur-Khadiya Assembly constituency|Jamalpur-Khadiya]]
|-
|15
|[[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]
|-
|16
|[[Danilimda Assembly constituency|Danilimda]] (SC)
|-
|17
|[[Sabarmati Assembly constituency|Sabarmati]]
|-
|18
|[[Asarwa Assembly constituency|Asarwa]] (SC)
|-
|19
|[[Daskroi Assembly constituency|Daskroi]]
|-
|20
|[[Dholka Assembly constituency|Dholka]]
|-
|21
|[[Dhandhuka Assembly constituency|Dhandhuka]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|34
|[[Dahegam Assembly constituency|Dahegam]]
|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|-
|35
|[[Gandhinagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar South]]
|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|-
|43
|[[Vatva Assembly constituency|Vatva]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|46
|[[Nikol Assembly constituency|Nikol]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|47
|[[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|48
|[[Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency|Thakkarbapa Nagar]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|49
|[[Bapunagar Assembly constituency|Bapunagar]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|44
|[[Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency|Ellis Bridge]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|50
|[[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|51
|[[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|52
|[[Jamalpur-Khadiya Assembly constituency|Jamalpur-Khadiya]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|53
|[[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|54
|[[Danilimda Assembly constituency|Danilimda]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|56
|[[Asarwa Assembly constituency|Asarwa]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|}
|[[File:Ahmedabad_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|[[File:અમદાવાદ જિલ્લો તાલુકાઓ સાથે.svg|150x150px]]
|-
|2
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]
|AM
|[[Amreli]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,393,880
|1,513,614
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Amreli]]
|-
|2
|[[Babra, Gujarat|Babra]]
|-
|3
|[[Bagasara]]
|-
|4
|[[Dhari, Gujarat|Dhari]]
|-
|5
|[[Jafrabad]]
|-
|6
|[[Khambhat|Khambha]]
|-
|7
|Kunkavav vadia
|-
|8
|[[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]]
|-
|9
|Lilia
|-
|10
|[[Rajula]]
|-
|11
|[[Savarkundla]]
|}
|598
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
|-
|2
|[[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]]
|-
|3
|[[Lathi Assembly constituency|Lathi]]
|-
|4
|[[Savarkundla Assembly constituency|Savarkundla]]
|-
|5
|[[Rajula Assembly constituency|Rajula]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|94
|[[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]
|-
|95
|[[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]]
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]
|-
|96
|[[Lathi Assembly constituency|Lathi]]
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]
|-
|97
|[[Savarkundla Assembly constituency|Savarkundla]]
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]
|-
|98
|[[Rajula Assembly constituency|Rajula]]
|[[Amreli district|Amreli]]
|-
|99
|[[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|-
|101
|[[Gariadhar Assembly constituency|Gariadhar]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|}
|[[File:Amreli_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|3
|[[Anand District|Anand]]
|AN
|[[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1997
|}
|
|1,856,712
|2,090,276
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|-
|2
|[[Anklav]]
|-
|3
|[[Borsad]]
|-
|4
|[[Khambhat]]
|-
|5
|[[Petlad]]
|-
|6
|[[Sojitra]]
|-
|7
|[[Tarapur, Gujarat|Tarapur]]
|-
|8
|[[Umreth]]
|}
|365
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Khambhat Assembly constituency|Khambhat]]
|-
|2
|[[Borsad Assembly constituency|Borsad]]
|-
|3
|[[Anklav Assembly constituency|Anklav]]
|-
|4
|[[Umreth Assembly constituency|Umreth]]
|-
|5
|[[Anand Assembly constituency|Anand]]
|-
|6
|[[Petlad Assembly constituency|Petlad]]
|-
|7
|[[Sojitra Assembly constituency|Sojitra]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Anand Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|108
|[[Khambhat Assembly constituency|Khambhat]]
|[[Anand district|Anand]]
|-
|109
|[[Borsad Assembly constituency|Borsad]]
|[[Anand district|Anand]]
|-
|110
|[[Anklav Assembly constituency|Anklav]]
|[[Anand district|Anand]]
|-
|111
|[[Umreth Assembly constituency|Umreth]]
|[[Anand district|Anand]]
|-
|112
|[[Anand Assembly constituency|Anand]]
|[[Anand district|Anand]]
|-
|113
|[[Petlad Assembly constituency|Petlad]]
|[[Anand district|Anand]]
|-
|114
|[[Sojitra Assembly constituency|Sojitra]]
|[[Anand district|Anand]]
|}
|[[File:Anand_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|4
|[[Aravalli District|Aravalli]]
|AR
|[[Modasa]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2013
|}
|
|908,797
|1,039,918
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|Bayad
|-
|2
|[[Bhiloda]]
|-
|3
|[[Dhansura]]
|-
|4
|[[Malpur, Aravalli|Malpur]]
|-
|5
|[[Meghraj]]
|-
|6
|[[Modasa]]
|}
|682
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Bhiloda Assembly constituency|Bhiloda]] (ST)
|-
|2
|[[Modasa Assembly constituency|Modasa]]
|-
|3
|[[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]]
|}
|
|[[File:Aravalli_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|5
|[[Banaskantha District|Banaskantha]]
|BK
|[[Palanpur]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|2,502,843
|3,116,045
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Amirgadh]]
|-
|2
|[[Bhabhar, Gujarat|Bhabhar]]
|-
|3
|Danta
|-
|4
|Dantiwada
|-
|5
|[[Deesa]]
|-
|6
|[[Deodar, Gujarat|Deodar]]
|-
|7
|[[Dhanera]]
|-
|8
|[[Kankrej, Gujarat|Kankrej]]
|-
|9
|Lakhani
|-
|10
|[[Palanpur]]
|-
|11
|[[Suigam]]
|-
|12
|[[Tharad]]
|-
|13
|[[Vadgam]]
|-
|14
|[[Vav, Gujarat|Vav]]
|}
|1250
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
|-
|2
|[[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad]]
|-
|3
|[[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]]
|-
|4
|[[Danta Assembly constituency|Danta]] (ST)
|-
|5
|[[Vadgam Assembly constituency|Vadgam]] (SC)
|-
|7
|[[Palanpur Assembly constituency|Palanpur]]
|-
|8
|[[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]]
|-
|9
|[[Deodar Assembly constituency|Deodar]]
|-
|10
|[[Kankrej Assembly constituency|Kankrej]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|7
|[[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|-
|8
|[[Tharad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tharad]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|-
|9
|[[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|-
|10
|[[Danta Assembly constituency|Danta]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|-
|12
|[[Palanpur Assembly constituency|Palanpur]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|-
|13
|[[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|-
|14
|[[Deodar Assembly constituency|Deodar]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|}
|[[File:Banaskantha_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|6
|[[Bharuch District|Bharuch]]
|BR
|[[Bharuch]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,370,104
|1,550,822
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Bharuch]]
|-
|2
|[[Amod, Gujarat|Amod]]
|-
|3
|[[Ankleshwar]]
|-
|4
|[[Hansot]]
|-
|5
|[[Jambusar]]
|-
|6
|[[Jhagadia]]
|-
|7
|[[Netrang]]
|-
|8
|Vagra
|-
|9
|Valia
|}
|647
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|147
|[[Karjan Assembly constituency|Karjan]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|149
|[[Dediapada Assembly constituency|Dediapada]]
|[[Narmada district|Narmada]]
|-
|150
|[[Jambusar Assembly constituency|Jambusar]]
|[[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
|-
|151
|[[Vagra Assembly constituency|Vagra]]
|[[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
|-
|152
|[[Jhagadiya Assembly constituency|Jhagadiya]]
|[[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
|-
|153
|[[Bharuch Assembly constituency|Bharuch]]
|[[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
|-
|154
|[[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar]]
|[[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
|}
|[[File:Bharuch_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|7
|[[Bhavnagar District|Bhavnagar]]
|BV
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|2,065,492
|2,393,272
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|-
|2
|[[Gariadhar]]
|-
|3
|[[Ghogha]]
|-
|4
|[[Jesar]]
|-
|5
|[[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]]
|-
|6
|[[Palitana]]
|-
|7
|[[Sihor]]
|-
|8
|[[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]]
|-
|9
|Umrala
|-
|10
|[[Vallabhipur]]
|}
|800
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva (Bhavnagar)]]
|-
|2
|[[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]]
|-
|3
|[[Gariadhar Assembly constituency|Gariadhar]]
|-
|4
|[[Palitana Assembly constituency|Palitana]]
|-
|5
|[[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]]
|-
|6
|[[Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar East]]
|-
|7
|[[Bhavnagar West Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar West]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency Number
!Name
!District
|-
|100
|[[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|-
|102
|[[Palitana Assembly constituency|Palitana]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|-
|103
|[[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|-
|104
|[[Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar East]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|-
|105
|[[Bhavnagar West Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar West]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|-
|106
|[[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada]]
|[[Botad district|Botad]]
|-
|107
|[[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
|[[Botad district|Botad]]
|}
|[[File:Bhavnagar_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|8
|[[Botad District|Botad]]
|BT
|[[Botad]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2013
|}
|
|547,567
|656,005
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Botad]]
|-
|2
|[[Barwala Taluka|Barwala]]
|-
|3
|[[Gadhada]]
|-
|4
|[[Ranpur, Gujarat|Ranpur]]
|}
|53
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada]] (SC)
|-
|2
|[[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
|}
|
|[[File:Botad_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|9
|[[Chhota Udaipur District|Chhota Udaipur]]
|CU
|[[Chhota Udaipur]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2013
|}
|
|909,799
|1,071,831
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
|2
|[[Bodeli]]
|-
|3
|Jetpur pavi
|-
|4
|Kavant
|-
|5
|[[Nasvadi]]
|-
|6
|[[Sankheda]]
|}
|894
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|128
|[[Halol Assembly constituency|Halol]]
|[[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
|-
|137
|[[Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|[[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
|138
|[[Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Jetpur]]
|[[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
|139
|[[Sankheda Assembly constituency|Sankheda]]
|[[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
|140
|[[Dabhoi Assembly constituency|Dabhoi]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|146
|[[Padra Assembly constituency|Padra]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|148
|[[Nandod Assembly constituency|Nandod]]
|[[Narmada district|Narmada]]
|}
|[[File:Chhota_Udaipur_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|10
|[[Dahod District|Dahod]]
|DA
|[[Dahod]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1997
|}
|
|1,635,374
|2,126,558
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Dahod]]
|-
|2
|[[Devgadh Baria|Devgadh baria]]
|-
|3
|Dhanpur
|-
|4
|Fatepura
|-
|5
|Garbada
|-
|6
|[[Limkheda]]
|-
|7
|[[Sanjeli]]
|-
|8
|[[Jhalod]]
|-
|9
|Singvad
|}
|696
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|123
|[[Santrampur Assembly constituency|Santrampur]]
|[[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]]
|-
|129
|[[Fatepura]]
|[[Dahod district|Dahod]]
|-
|130
|[[Jhalod Assembly constituency|Jhalod]]
|[[Dahod district|Dahod]]
|-
|131
|[[Limkheda Assembly constituency|Limkheda]]
|[[Dahod district|Dahod]]
|-
|132
|[[Dahod Assembly constituency|Dahod]]
|[[Dahod district|Dahod]]
|-
|133
|[[Garbada Assembly constituency|Garbada]]
|[[Dahod district|Dahod]]
|-
|134
|[[Devgadhbariya]]
|[[Dahod district|Dahod]]
|}
|[[File:Dahod_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|11
|[[Dang District, India|Dang]]
|DG
|[[Ahwa]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|186,712
|226,769
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Ahwa]]
|-
|2
|[[Subir]]
|-
|3
|[[Waghai]]
|}
|311
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
|[[File:Dang_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|12
|[[Devbhoomi Dwarka District|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
|DD
|[[Khambhalia]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2013
|}
|
|623,091
|752,484
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Bhanvad]]
|-
|2
|Kalyanpur
|-
|3
|[[Khambhalia]]
|-
|4
|Okhamandal
|}
|249
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Khambhaliya Assembly constituency|Khambhaliya]]
|-
|2
|[[Dwarka (Vidhan Sabha constituency of Gujarat)|Dwarka]]
|}
|
|[[File:Devbhoomi_Dwarka_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|13
|[[Gandhinagar District|Gandhinagar]]
|GA
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1964
|}
|
|1,334,731
|1,387,478
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|-
|2
|[[Dahegam|Dehgam]]
|-
|3
|[[Kalol, Gandhinagar|Kalol]]
|-
|4
|[[Mansa, Gujarat|Mansa]]
|}
|302
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Dahegam Assembly constituency|Dahegam]]
|-
|2
|[[Gandhinagar South Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar South]]
|-
|3
|[[Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar North]]
|-
|4
|[[Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|-
|5
|[[Kalol, Gandhinagar Assembly constituency|Kalol (Gandhinagar)]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency Number
!Name
!District
|-
|36
|[[Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar North]]
|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|-
|38
|[[Kalol, Gandhinagar Assembly constituency|Kalol]]
|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|-
|40
|[[Sanand Assembly constituency|Sanand]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|41
|[[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|42
|[[Vejalpur Assembly constituency|Vejalpur]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|45
|[[Naranpura Assembly constituency|Naranpura]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|55
|[[Sabarmati Assembly constituency|Sabarmati]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|}
|[[File:Gandhinagar_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|14
|[[Gir Somnath District|Gir Somnath]]
|GS
|[[Veraval]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2013
|}
|
|1,059,675
|1,217,477
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Gir Gadhada Taluka|Gir-Gadhada]]
|-
|2
|[[Kodinar]]
|-
|3
|[[Sutrapada]]
|-
|4
|[[Talala, Gujarat|Talala]]
|-
|5
|[[Una, Gujarat|Una]]
|-
|6
|Veraval
|}
|345
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]]
|-
|2
|[[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]]
|-
|3
|[[Kodinar Assembly constituency|Kodinar]] (SC)
|-
|4
|[[Una (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Una]]
|}
|
|[[File:Gir_Somnath_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|15
|[[Jamnagar District|Jamnagar]]
|JA
|[[Jamnagar]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,281,187
|1,407,635
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Jamnagar]]
|-
|2
|[[Dhrol]]
|-
|3
|[[Jam Jodhpur|Jamjodhpur]]
|-
|4
|[[Jodia, Gujarat|Jodiya]]
|-
|5
|[[Kalavad]]
|-
|6
|[[Lalpur, Jamnagar district|Lalpur]]
|}
|113
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Kalavad Assembly constituency|Kalavad]] (SC)
|-
|2
|[[Jamnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Jamnagar Rural]]
|-
|3
|[[Jamnagar North Assembly constituency|Jamnagar North]]
|-
|4
|[[Jamnagar South Assembly constituency|Jamnagar South]]
|-
|5
|[[Jamjodhpur Assembly constituency|Jamjodhpur]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency Number
!Name
!District
|-
|76
|[[Kalavad Assembly constituency|Kalavad]]
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
|-
|77
|[[Jamnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Jamnagar Rural]]
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
|-
|78
|[[Jamnagar North Assembly constituency|Jamnagar North]]
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
|-
|79
|[[Jamnagar South Assembly constituency|Jamnagar South]]
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
|-
|80
|[[Jamjodhpur Assembly constituency|Jamjodhpur]]
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
|-
|81
|[[Khambhaliya Assembly constituency|Khambhaliya]]
|[[Devbhumi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
|-
|82
|[[Dwarka (Vidhan Sabha constituency of Gujarat)|Dwarka]]
|[[Devbhumi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
|}
|[[File:Jamnagar_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|16
|[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|JU
|[[Junagadh]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,388,498
|1,525,605
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Junagadh|Junagadh City]]
|-
|2
|[[Bhesan, Surat|Bhesana]]
|-
|3
|Junagadh Rural
|-
|4
|[[Keshod]]
|-
|5
|Malia
|-
|6
|[[Manavadar]]
|-
|7
|[[Mangrol, Gujarat|Mangrol]]
|-
|8
|[[Mendarda]]
|-
|9
|[[Vanthali]]
|-
|10
|[[Visavadar]]
|}
|547
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]]
|-
|2
|[[Junagadh Assembly constituency|Junagadh]]
|-
|3
|[[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
|-
|4
|[[Keshod Assembly constituency|Keshod]]
|-
|5
|[[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol (Junagadh)]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|86
|[[Junagadh Assembly constituency|Junagadh]]
|[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|-
|87
|[[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
|[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|-
|89
|[[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol]]
|[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|-
|90
|[[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]]
|[[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
|-
|91
|[[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]]
|[[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
|-
|92
|[[Kodinar Assembly constituency|Kodinar]]
|[[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
|-
|93
|[[Una, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Una]]
|[[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
|}
|[[File:Junagadh_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|17
|[[Kutch]]
|KA
|[[Bhuj]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,526,321
|2,090,313
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Abdasa Taluka|Abdasa]]
|-
|2
|[[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]]
|-
|3
|[[Bhachau]]
|-
|4
|[[Bhuj]]
|-
|5
|[[Gandhidham]]
|-
|6
|[[Lakhpat]]
|-
|7
|[[Mandvi]]
|-
|8
|[[Mundra]]
|-
|9
|[[Nakhatrana Taluka|Nakhatrana]]
|-
|10
|[[Rapar]]
|}
|1389
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]]
|-
|2
|[[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi (Kachchh)]]
|-
|3
|[[Bhuj Assembly constituency|Bhuj]]
|-
|4
|[[Anjar Assembly constituency|Anjar]]
|-
|5
|[[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]] (SC)
|-
|6
|[[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency Number
!Name
!District
|-
|1
|[[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]]
|[[Kutch district|Kachchh]]
|-
|2
|[[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi]]
|[[Kutch district|Kachchh]]
|-
|3
|[[Bhuj Assembly constituency|Bhuj]]
|[[Kutch district|Kachchh]]
|-
|4
|[[Anjar Assembly constituency|Anjar]]
|[[Kutch district|Kachchh]]
|-
|5
|[[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]]
|[[Kutch district|Kachchh]]
|-
|6
|[[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]]
|[[Kutch district|Kachchh]]
|-
|65
|[[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
|[[Morbi district|Morbi]]
|}
|[[File:Kutch_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|18
|[[Kheda District|Kheda]]
|KH
|[[Nadiad]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,806,929
|2,053,769
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Kheda]]
|-
|2
|Galteshwar
|-
|3
|[[Kapadvanj]]
|-
|4
|Kathlal
|-
|5
|[[Mahudha]]
|-
|6
|Matar
|-
|7
|Mehmedabad
|-
|8
|[[Nadiad]]
|-
|9
|Thasra
|-
|10
|[[Vaso, India|Vaso]]
|}
|620
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Matar Assembly constituency|Matar]]
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|-
|4
|
|-
|5
|
|-
|6
|
|-
|7
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|57
|[[Daskroi Assembly constituency|Daskroi]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|58
|[[Dholka Assembly constituency|Dholka]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|115
|[[Matar Assembly constituency|Matar]]
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|-
|116
|[[Nadiad Assembly constituency|Nadiad]]
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|-
|117
|[[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency|Mehmedabad]]
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|-
|118
|[[Mahudha Assembly constituency|Mahudha]]
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|-
|120
|[[Kapadvanj Assembly constituency|Kapadvanj]]
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|}
|[[File:Kheda_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|19
|[[Mahisagar District|Mahisagar]]
|MH
|[[Lunavada]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2013
|}
|
|861,562
|994,624
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Balasinor]]
|-
|2
|[[Kadana]]
|-
|3
|[[Khanpur taluka|Khanpur]]
|-
|4
|[[Lunavada|Lunawada]]
|-
|5
|[[Santrampur]]
|-
|6
|[[Virpur (Mahisagar)|Virpur]]
|}
|941
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
|[[File:Mahisagar_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|20
|[[Mehsana District|Mehsana]]
|MA
|[[Mehsana]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,837,696
|2,027,727
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Mehsana]]
|-
|2
|[[Becharaji]]
|-
|3
|[[Jotana taluka|Jotana]]
|-
|4
|[[Kadi taluka|Kadi]]
|-
|5
|[[Kheralu]]
|-
|6
|[[Satlasana]]
|-
|7
|[[Unjha]]
|-
|8
|[[Vadnagar]]
|-
|9
|[[Vijapur]]
|-
|10
|[[Visnagar]]
|}
|614
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]]
|-
|2
|[[Unjha Assembly constituency|Unjha]]
|-
|3
|[[Visnagar Assembly constituency|Visnagar]]
|-
|4
|[[Bechraji Assembly constituency|Bechraji]]
|-
|5
|[[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi]] (SC)
|-
|6
|[[Mahesana Assembly constituency|Mahesana]]
|-
|7
|[[Vijapur Assembly constituency|Vijapur]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" |[[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|21
|[[Unjha Assembly constituency|Unjha]]
|[[Mehsana district|Mahesana]]
|-
|22
|[[Visnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Visnagar]]
|[[Mehsana district|Mahesana]]
|-
|23
|[[Bechraji Assembly constituency|Bechraji]]
|[[Mehsana district|Mahesana]]
|-
|24
|[[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi]]
|[[Mehsana district|Mahesana]]
|-
|25
|[[Mahesana Assembly constituency|Mahesana]]
|[[Mehsana district|Mahesana]]
|-
|26
|[[Vijapur Assembly constituency|Vijapur]]
|[[Mehsana district|Mahesana]]
|-
|37
|[[Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|}
|[[File:Mehsana_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|21
|[[Morbi District|Morbi]]
|MB
|[[Morbi]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2013
|}
|
|825,301
|960,329
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Halvad]]
|-
|2
|[[Maliya taluka|Maliya]]
|-
|3
|[[Morbi Taluka|Morbi]]
|-
|4
|[[Tankara]]
|-
|5
|[[Wankaner]]
|}
|78
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
|-
|2
|[[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]]
|-
|3
|[[Wankaner Assembly constituency|Wankaner]]
|}
|
|[[File:Morbi_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|22
|[[Narmada District|Narmada]]
|NR
|[[Rajpipla]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1997
|}
|
|514,083
|590,379
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Dediapada]]
|-
|2
|[[Garudeshwar taluka|Garudeshwar]]
|-
|3
|[[Nandod taluka|Nandod]]
|-
|4
|[[Sagbara Taluka|Sagbara]]
|-
|5
|[[Tilakwada]]
|}
|527
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
|[[File:Narmada_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|23
|[[Navsari District|Navsari]]
|NV
|[[Navsari]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1997
|}
|
|1,229,250
|1,330,711
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Navsari]]
|-
|2
|[[Vansda]]
|-
|3
|[[Chikhli, Gujarat|Chikhli]]
|-
|4
|[[Gandevi]]
|-
|5
|[[Jalalpore]]
|-
|6
|[[Khergam]]
|}
|389
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" |[[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|163
|[[Limbayat Assembly constituency|Limbayat]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|164
|[[Udhana Assembly constituency|Udhna]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|165
|[[Majura Assembly constituency|Majura]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|168
|[[Choryasi Assembly constituency|Choryasi]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|174
|[[Jalalpore Assembly constituency|Jalalpore]]
|[[Navsari district|Navsari]]
|-
|175
|[[Navsari Assembly constituency|Navsari]]
|[[Navsari district|Navsari]]
|-
|176
|[[Gandevi Assembly constituency|Gandevi]]
|[[Navsari district|Navsari]]
|}
|[[File:Navsari_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|24
|[[Panchmahal District|Panchmahal]]
|PM
|[[Godhra]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,381,002
|1,642,268
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Goghamba|Ghoghamba]]
|-
|2
|[[Godhra]]
|-
|3
|[[Halol]]
|-
|4
|[[Jambughoda]]
|-
|5
|[[Kalol, Panchmahal|Kalol]]
|-
|6
|[[Morwa Hadaf taluka|Morwa Hadaf]]
|-
|7
|[[Shehera taluka|Shehera]]
|}
|604
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" |[[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|119
|[[Thasra Assembly constituency|Thasra]]
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|-
|121
|[[Balasinor Assembly constituency|Balasinor]]
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|-
|122
|[[Lunawada Assembly constituency|Lunawada]]
|[[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]]
|-
|124
|[[Shehra Assembly constituency|Shehra]]
|[[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
|-
|125
|[[Morva Hadaf Assembly constituency|Morva Hadaf]]
|[[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
|-
|126
|[[Godhra Assembly constituency|Godhra]]
|[[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
|-
|127
|[[Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency|Kalol]]
|[[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
|}
|[[File:Panchmahal_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|25
|[[Patan District|Patan]]
|PA
|[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2000
|}
|
|1,181,941
|1,342,746
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|-
|2
|[[Chanasma]]
|-
|3
|[[Harij]]
|-
|4
|[[Radhanpur]]
|-
|5
|[[Sami taluka|Sami]]
|-
|6
|[[Sankheswar taluka|Sankheswar]]
|-
|7
|[[Santalpur]]
|-
|8
|[[Sarasvati taluka|Sarasvati]]
|-
|10
|[[Siddhpur|Sidhpur]]
|}
|521
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]]
|-
|2
|[[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]]
|-
|3
|[[Patan (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
|-
|4
|[[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|11
|[[Vadgam Assembly constituency|Vadgam]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|-
|15
|[[Kankrej Assembly constituency|Kankrej]]
|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
|-
|16
|[[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]]
|[[Patan district|Patan]]
|-
|17
|[[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]]
|[[Patan district|Patan]]
|-
|18
|[[Patan, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|[[Patan district|Patan]]
|-
|19
|[[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
|[[Patan district|Patan]]
|-
|20
|[[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]]
|[[Mehsana district|Mahesana]]
|}
|[[File:Patan_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|26
|[[Porbandar District|Porbandar]]
|PO
|[[Porbandar District|Porbandar]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1997
|}
|
|536,854
|586,062
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Porbandar]]
|-
|2
|[[Kutiyana]]
|-
|3
|[[Ranavav]]
|}
|149
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Porbandar Assembly constituency|Porbandar]]
|-
|2
|[[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|73
|[[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
|74
|[[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
|75
|[[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
|83
|[[Porbandar Assembly constituency|Porbandar]]
|[[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]
|-
|84
|[[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]]
|[[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]
|-
|85
|[[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]]
|[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|-
|88
|[[Keshod Assembly constituency|Keshod]]
|[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|}
|[[File:Porbandar_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|27
|[[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
|RA
|[[Rajkot]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|2,488,885
|3,015,229
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Rajkot]]
|-
|2
|[[Dhoraji]]
|-
|3
|[[Gondal, India|Gondal]]
|-
|4
|[[Jam Kandorna|Jamkandorna]]
|-
|5
|[[Jasdan]]
|-
|6
|[[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]]
|-
|7
|[[Kotada Sangani taluka|Kotada Sangani]]
|-
|8
|[[Lodhika taluka|Lodhika]]
|-
|9
|[[Paddhari]]
|-
|10
|[[Upleta]]
|-
|11
|[[Vinchchiya taluka|Vinchchiya]]
|}
|856
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Rajkot East Assembly constituency|Rajkot East]]
|-
|2
|[[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]]
|-
|3
|[[Rajkot South Assembly constituency|Rajkot South]]
|-
|4
|[[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural]] (SC)
|-
|5
|[[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
|-
|6
|[[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]]
|-
|7
|[[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur (Rajkot)]]
|-
|8
|[[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|66
|[[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]]
|[[Morbi district|Morbi]]
|-
|67
|[[Wankaner Assembly constituency|Wankaner]]
|[[Morbi district|Morbi]]
|-
|68
|[[Rajkot East Assembly constituency|Rajkot East]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
|69
|[[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
|70
|[[Rajkot South Assembly constituency|Rajkot South]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
|71
|[[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
|72
|[[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|}
|[[File:Rajkot_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|28
|[[Sabarkantha District|Sabarkantha]]
|SK
|[[Himmatnagar]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,173,734
|1,388,671
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Himatnagar]]
|-
|2
|[[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]
|-
|3
|[[Khedbrahma]]
|-
|4
|[[Poshina]]
|-
|5
|[[Prantij]]
|-
|6
|[[Talod]]
|-
|7
|[[Vadali, Gujarat|Vadali]]
|-
|8
|[[Vijaynagar taluka|Vijaynagar]]
|}
|702
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Himatnagar Assembly constituency|Himatnagar]]
|-
|2
|[[Idar Assembly constituency|Idar]] (SC)
|-
|3
|[[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbrahma]] (ST)
|-
|4
|[[Prantij Assembly constituency|Prantij]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|27
|[[Himatnagar Assembly constituency|Himatnagar]]
|[[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
|-
|28
|[[Idar Assembly constituency|Idar]]
|[[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
|-
|29
|[[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbrahma]]
|[[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
|-
|30
|[[Bhiloda Assembly constituency|Bhiloda]]
|[[Aravalli district|Aravalli]]
|-
|31
|[[Modasa Assembly constituency|Modasa]]
|[[Aravalli district|Aravalli]]
|-
|32
|[[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]]
|[[Aravalli district|Aravalli]]
|-
|33
|[[Prantij Assembly constituency|Prantij]]
|[[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
|}
|[[File:Sabarkantha_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|29
|[[Surat District|Surat]]
|ST
|[[Surat City]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|4,996,391
|6,079,231
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Surat]]
|-
|2
|[[Bardoli]]
|-
|3
|[[Choryasi Taluka|Choryasi]]
|-
|4
|[[Kamrej]]
|-
|5
|[[Mahuva, Surat|Mahuva]]
|-
|6
|[[Mandvi]]
|-
|7
|[[Mangrol, Gujarat|Mangrol]]
|-
|8
|[[Olpad]]
|-
|9
|[[Palsana taluka|Palsana]]
|-
|10
|[[Umarpada]]
|}
|729
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|155
|[[Olpad Assembly constituency|Olpad]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|159
|[[Surat Purva Assembly constituency|Surat East]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|160
|[[Surat Uttar Assembly constituency|Surat North]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|161
|[[Varachha Road Assembly constituency|Varachha Road]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|162
|[[Karanj Assembly constituency|Karanj]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|166
|[[Katargam Assembly constituency|Katargam]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|-
|167
|[[Surat Pashchim Assembly constituency|Surat West]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
|}
|[[File:Surat_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|30
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|SN
|[[Surendranagar]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|1,370,843
|1,585,268
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Chotila]]
|-
|2
|[[Chuda taluka|Chuda]]
|-
|3
|[[Dasada taluka|Dasada]]
|-
|4
|[[Dhrangadhra]]
|-
|5
|[[Lakhtar taluka|Lakhtar]]
|-
|6
|[[Limbdi]]
|-
|7
|[[Muli taluka|Muli]]
|-
|8
|[[Sayla Taluka|Sayla]]
|-
|9
|[[Thangadh]]
|-
|10
|[[Wadhwan]]
|}
|654
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|[[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]] (SC)
|-
|2
|[[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limdi]]
|-
|3
|[[Wadhwan Assembly constituency|Wadhwan]]
|-
|4
|[[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]]
|-
|5
|[[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhangadhra]]
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|39
|[[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|59
|[[Dhandhuka Assembly constituency|Dhandhuka]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|-
|60
|[[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]]
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|-
|61
|[[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limbdi]]
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|-
|62
|[[Wadhwan Assembly constituency|Wadhwan]]
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|-
|63
|[[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]]
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|-
|64
|[[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhrangadhra]]
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|}
|[[File:Surendranagar_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|31
|[[Tapi district|Tapi]]
|TA
|[[Vyara]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2007
|}
|
|719,634
|806,489
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Nizar taluka|Nizar]]
|-
|2
|[[Songadh]]
|-
|3
|[[Uchchhal|Uchhal]]
|-
|4
|[[Valod]]
|-
|5
|[[Vyara]]
|-
|6
|[[Kukarmunda]]
|-
|7
|[[Dolvan taluka|Dolvan]]
|}
|523
|
|
|[[File:Tapi_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|32
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|VD
|[[Vadodara|Vadodara City]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1960
|}
|
|2,732,003
|3,093,795
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Vadodara]]
|-
|2
|[[Dabhoi]]
|-
|3
|[[Desar taluka|Desar]]
|-
|4
|[[Karjan]]
|-
|5
|[[Padra]]
|-
|6
|[[Savli]]
|-
|7
|[[Sinor, Gujarat|Sinor]]
|-
|8
|[[Waghodia]]
|}
|694
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|135
|[[Savli Assembly constituency|Savli]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|136
|[[Vaghodiya Assembly constituency|Vaghodiya]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|141
|[[Vadodara Shaher Assembly constituency|Vadodara City]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|142
|[[Sayajigunj Assembly constituency|Sayajigunj]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|143
|[[Akota Assembly constituency|Akota]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|144
|[[Raopura Assembly constituency|Raopura]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|145
|[[Manjalpur Assembly constituency|Manjalpur]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|}
|[[File:Vadodara_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|33
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|VL
|[[Valsad]]
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|1966
|}
|
|1,410,680
|1,703,068
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Talukas
|-
|1
|[[Valsad]]
|-
|2
|[[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]]
|-
|3
|[[Kaparada taluka|Kaprada]]
|-
|4
|[[Pardi]]
|-
|5
|[[Umargam|Umbergaon]]
|-
|6
|[[Vapi]]
|}
|460
|
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
|-
|1
|
|-
|2
|
|-
|3
|
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |[[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
!Constituency number
!Name
!District
|-
|173
|[[Dangs Assembly constituency|Dangs]]
|[[Dang district, India|Dang]]
|-
|177
|[[Vansda Assembly constituency|Vansada]]
|[[Navsari district|Navsari]]
|-
|178
|[[Dharampur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Dharampur]]
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|-
|179
|[[Valsad Assembly constituency|Valsad]]
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|-
|180
|[[Pardi Assembly constituency|Pardi]]
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|-
|181
|[[Kaparada Assembly constituency|Kaprada]]
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|-
|182
|[[Umbergaon Assembly constituency|Umbergaon]]
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|}
|[[File:Valsad_in_Gujarat_(India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
|Total
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''Talukas''': 252
|
|
|
|
|}

== List of Regional Transport Office districts in Gujarat ==
{{main|List of Regional Transport Office districts in Gujarat}}
'''GJ—[[Gujarat]]'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:7%" | Code
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Office location
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Jurisdiction area
! scope="col" style="width:36%" class="unsortable" | Annotations
|-
| GJ-1
| Ahmedabad City(West)
| parts of [[Ahmedabad district]]
|
|-
| GJ-2
|[[Mehsana]]
|[[Mehsana district]]
|
|-
| GJ-3
|[[Rajkot]]
|[[Rajkot district]]
|
|-
| GJ-4
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|[[Bhavnagar district]]
|
|-
| GJ-5
|[[Surat]] city
| parts of [[Surat district]]
|
|-
| GJ-6
|[[Vadodara]] city
| parts of [[Vadodara district]]
|
|-
| GJ-7
|[[Nadiad]]
|[[Kheda district]]
|
|-
| GJ-8
|[[Palanpur]]
|[[Banaskantha district]]
|
|-
| GJ-9
|[[Himmatnagar]]
|[[Sabarkantha district]]
|
|-
| GJ-10
|[[Jamnagar]]
|[[Jamnagar district]]
|
|-
| GJ-11
|[[Junagadh]]
|[[Junagadh district]]
|
|-
| GJ-12
|[[Bhuj]]
| parts of [[Kutch District]]
|
|-
| GJ-13
|[[Surendranagar city|Surendranagar]]
|[[Surendranagar district]]
|
|-
| GJ-14
|[[Amreli]]
|[[Amreli district]]
|
|-
| GJ-15
|[[Valsad]]
|[[Valsad district]]
|
|-
| GJ-16
|[[Bharuch]]
|[[Bharuch district]]
|
|-
| GJ-17
|[[Godhra]]
|[[Panchmahal district]]
|
|-
| GJ-18
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|[[Gandhinagar district]]
| Also [[GSRTC]] buses are registered here.
|-
| GJ-19
|[[Bardoli]]
| parts of [[Surat district]]
|
|-
| GJ-20
|[[Dahod]]
|[[Dahod district]]
|
|-
| GJ-21
|[[Navsari]]
|[[Navsari district]]
|
|-
| GJ-22
|[[Rajpipla]]
|[[Narmada district]]
|
|-
| GJ-23
|[[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|[[Anand district]]
|
|-
| GJ-24
|[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|[[Patan district]]
|
|-
| GJ-25
|[[Porbandar]]
|[[Porbandar district]]
|
|-
| GJ-26
|[[Vyara]]
|[[Tapi district]]
|
|-
| GJ-27
|[[Ahmedabad]](East), [[Vastral]]
| parts of [[Ahmedabad district]]
|
|-
| GJ-28
|[[Pal, Surat]] rural
| parts of [[Surat district]]
|
|-
| GJ-29
|[[Vadodara]] rural
| parts of [[Vadodara district]]
|
|-
| GJ-30
|[[Waghai]]
|[[Dang District, India|Dang district]]
|
|-
| GJ-31
|[[Modasa]]
|[[Aravalli district|Aravalli]]
|
|-
| GJ-32
|[[Veraval]]
|[[Gir Somnath]]
|
|-
| GJ-33
|[[Botad]]
|[[Botad district]]
|
|-
| GJ-34
|[[Chhota Udaipur]]
|[[Chhota Udaipur district]]
|
|-
| GJ-35
|[[Lunawada]]
|[[Mahisagar district]]
|
|-
| GJ-36
|[[Morbi]]
|[[Morbi district]]
|
|-
| GJ-37
|[[Khambhaliya]]
|[[Devbhoomi Dwarka district]]
|
|-
| GJ-38
|[[Bavla]]
|[[Ahmedabad Rural]]
|
|}

== Distribution of population ==
The following table shows the distributions of male and female populations of Gujarat's districts, as of 2011:
{| class="wikitable"
!Census year<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
!Population
!Absolute
!Percentage ('''±% p.a.)'''
!Males
!Females
|-
|1901
|9,094,748
| -
| -
|4,654,875
|4,439,873
|-
|1911
|9,803,587
|708,839
|7.79
|5,037,852
|4,765,735
|-
|1921
|10,174,989
|371,402
|3.79
|5,233,462
|4,941,527
|-
|1931
|11,489,828
|1,314,839
|12.92
|5,906,646
|5,583,182
|-
|1941
|13,701,551
|2,211,723
|19.25
|7,060,352
|6,641,199
|-
|1951
|16,262,657
|2,561,106
|18.69
|8,331,922
|7,930,735
|-
|1961
|20,633,350
|4,370,693
|26.88
|10,633,902
|9,999,448
|-
|1971
|26,697,475
|6,064,125
|29.39
|13,802,494
|12,894,981
|-
|1981
|34,085,799
|7,388,324
|27.67
|17,552,640
|16,533,159
|-
|1991
|41,309,582
|7,223,783
|21.19
|21,355,209
|19,954,373
|-
|2001
|50,671,017
|9,361,435
|22.66
|26,385,577
|24,285,440
|-
|2011
|60,439,692
|9,768,675
|19.28
|31,491,260
|28,948,432
|}

=== By District ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |'''District'''
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Rank
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" |'''Population'''
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Rural(%)
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Urban(%)
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Sex ratio
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Female
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Total
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Share(%)
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Female per 1000 Male
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male per 1000 Female
|-
|Ahmedabad
|1
|3,788,051
|3,426,174
|7,214,225
|11.94
|15.96
|84.04
|904
|110.562
|-
|Surat
|2
|3,402,224
|2,679,098
|6,081,322
|10.06
|20.26
|79.74
|787
|126.991
|-
|Vadodara
|3
|2,153,736
|2,011,890
|4,165,626
|6.89
|50.41
|49.59
|934
|107.050
|-
|Rajkot
|4
|1,974,445
|1,830,113
|3,804,558
|6.29
|41.81
|58.19
|927
|107.887
|-
|Banaskantha
|5
|1,610,379
|1,510,127
|3,120,506
|5.16
|86.70
|13.30
|938
|106.639
|-
|Bhavnagar
|6
|1,490,201
|1,390,164
|2,880,365
|4.77
|58.95
|41.05
|933
|107.196
|-
|Junagadh
|7
|1,404,356
|1,338,726
|2,743,082
|4.54
|66.96
|33.04
|953
|104.902
|-
|Sabarkantha
|8
|1,244,231
|1,184,358
|2,428,589
|4.02
|85.02
|14.98
|952
|105.055
|-
|Panch Mahals
|9
|1,226,961
|1,163,815
|2,390,776
|3.96
|86.00
|14.00
|949
|105.426
|-
|Kheda
|10
|1,185,727
|1,114,158
|2,299,885
|3.81
|77.23
|22.77
|940
|106.424
|-
|Jamnagar
|11
|1,114,192
|1,045,927
|2,160,119
|3.57
|55.05
|44.95
|939
|106.527
|-
|Dohad
|12
|1,068,651
|1,058,435
|2,127,086
|3.52
|90.99
|9.01
|990
|100.965
|-
|Anand
|13
|1,087,224
|1,005,521
|2,092,745
|3.46
|69.66
|30.34
|925
|108.125
|-
|Kachchh
|14
|1,096,737
|995,634
|2,092,371
|3.46
|65.18
|34.82
|908
|110.155
|-
|Mahesana
|15
|1,056,520
|978,544
|2,035,064
|3.37
|74.73
|25.27
|926
|107.969
|-
|Surendranagar
|16
|909,917
|846,351
|1,756,268
|2.91
|71.71
|28.29
|930
|107.511
|-
|Valsad
|17
|887,222
|818,456
|1,705,678
|2.82
|62.74
|37.26
|922
|108.402
|-
|Bharuch
|18
|805,707
|745,312
|1,551,019
|2.57
|66.15
|33.85
|925
|108.103
|-
|Amreli
|19
|771,049
|743,141
|1,514,190
|2.51
|74.47
|25.53
|964
|103.755
|-
|Gandhinagar
|20
|723,864
|667,889
|1,391,753
|2.30
|56.84
|43.16
|923
|108.381
|-
|Patan
|21
|694,397
|649,337
|1,343,734
|2.22
|79.08
|20.92
|935
|106.939
|-
|Navsari
|22
|678,165
|651,507
|1,329,672
|2.20
|69.23
|30.77
|961
|104.092
|-
|Tapi
|23
|402,188
|404,834
|807,022
|1.34
|90.15
|9.85
|1,007
|99.346
|-
|Narmada
|24
|301,086
|289,211
|590,297
|0.98
|89.52
|10.48
|961
|104.106
|-
|Porbandar
|25
|300,209
|285,240
|585,449
|0.97
|51.20
|48.80
|950
|105.248
|-
|The Dangs
|26
|113,821
|114,470
|228,291
|0.38
|89.19
|10.81
|1,006
|99.433
|}

== List of districts in Gujarat by Human Development Index ==

{{Empty section|date=February 2023}}

== List of developmental administrative units of Gujarat ==

{{Empty section|date=February 2023}}

== List of revenue divisions of Gujarat ==

{{Empty section|date=February 2023}}

==List of Legislative Assembly Constituencies==
{{See also|List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat Legislative Assembly}}
Following is the list of the constituencies of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat Vidhan Sabha]] since the delimitation of legislative assembly constituencies in 2008. At present, 13 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the [[Dalit|Scheduled Castes]], and 27 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]].

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="9" |[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Gujarat.svg]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Electors (2022)<ref name="voter data 2022">{{Cite web |title=All Assembly Constituency Detail |url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/All_ACDetails.aspx |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat State |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113170314/https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/All_ACDetails.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update after|2022}}
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2017)<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713055624/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |District<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name=gjceo/>
|-
!Male
!Female
!Others
!Total
|-
| 1 || [[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]]
|128507
|120977
|0
|{{formatnum: 249484}} || {{formatnum:223787}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
|-
| 2 || [[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi (Kachchh)]]
|130353
|123316
|0
| 253669|| {{formatnum:225037}}
|-
| 3 || [[Bhuj Assembly constituency|Bhuj]]
|145587
|141359
|2
| 286948|| {{formatnum:255860}}
|-
| 4 || [[Anjar Assembly constituency|Anjar]]
|136453
|130612
|0
| 267065|| {{formatnum:229528}}
|-
| 5 || [[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]] (SC)
|165621
|146579
|6
| 312206|| {{formatnum:277717}}
|-
| 6 || [[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]]
|127970
|115942
|2
| 243914|| {{formatnum:216398}}
|-
| 7 || [[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
|153853
|138593
|2
| 292448|| {{formatnum:257102}}|| rowspan="9" |[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
|-
| 8 || [[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad]]
|126819
|112334
|2
| 239155|| {{formatnum:209291}}
|-
| 9 || [[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]]
|137620
|124780
|0
| 262400|| {{formatnum:229012}}
|-
| 10 || [[Danta Assembly constituency|Danta]] (ST)
|129406
|122087
|3
| 251496|| {{formatnum:219029}}
|-
| 11 || [[Vadgam Assembly constituency|Vadgam]] (SC)
|148041
|142908
|1
| 290950|| {{formatnum:261136}}|| [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
|-
| 12 || [[Palanpur Assembly constituency|Palanpur]]
|144534
|135314
|2
| 279850|| {{formatnum:251440}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
|-
| 13 || [[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]]
|147980
|136080
|2
| 284062|| {{formatnum:250833}}
|-
| 14 || [[Deodar Assembly constituency|Deodar]]
|129974
|116080
|0
| 246054|| {{formatnum:215498}}
|-
| 15 || [[Kankrej Assembly constituency|Kankrej]]
|149958
|135618
|1
| 285577|| {{formatnum:252198}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
|-
| 16 || [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]]
|153247
|141689
|2
| 294938|| {{formatnum:259055}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Patan district|Patan]]
|-
| 17 || [[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]]
|147988
|137519
|1
| 285508|| {{formatnum:259534}}
|-
| 18 || [[Patan (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
|155745
|145804
|13
| 301562|| {{formatnum:272074}}
|-
| 19 || [[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
|137544
|128111
|0
| 265655|| {{formatnum:238205}}
|-
| 20 || [[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]]
|114625
|106545
|1
| 221171|| {{formatnum:200990}}|| rowspan="7" |[[Mahesana district|Mahesana]]
|-
| 21 || [[Unjha Assembly constituency|Unjha]]
|119287
|111120
|4
| 230411|| {{formatnum:213263}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
|-
| 22 || [[Visnagar Assembly constituency|Visnagar]]
|117991
|109924
|1
| 227916|| {{formatnum:211833}}
|-
| 23 || [[Bechraji Assembly constituency|Bechraji]]
|131184
|123537
|16
| 254737|| {{formatnum:233171}}
|-
| 24 || [[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi]] (SC)
|143725
|133311
|2
| 277038|| {{formatnum:257276}}
|-
| 25 || [[Mahesana Assembly constituency|Mahesana]]
|144747
|134791
|2
| 279540|| {{formatnum:259469}}
|-
| 26 || [[Vijapur Assembly constituency|Vijapur]]
|114587
|108009
|11
| 222607|| {{formatnum:209787}}
|-
| 27 || [[Himatnagar Assembly constituency|Himatnagar]]
|140473
|134820
|19
| 275312|| {{formatnum:253254}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]|| rowspan="7" |[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
|-
| 28 || [[Idar Assembly constituency|Idar]] (SC)
|144588
|138777
|7
| 283372|| {{formatnum:259926}}
|-
| 29 || [[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbrahma]] (ST)
|142184
|135644
|5
| 277833|| {{formatnum:236186}}
|-
| 30 || [[Bhiloda Assembly constituency|Bhiloda]] (ST)
|156603
|152592
|13
| 309208|| {{formatnum:280546}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Aravalli district|Aravalli]]
|-
| 31 || [[Modasa Assembly constituency|Modasa]]
|135440
|130595
|19
| 266054|| {{formatnum:245869}}
|-
| 32 || [[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]]
|123957
|118533
|0
| 242490|| {{formatnum:223265}}
|-
| 33 || [[Prantij Assembly constituency|Prantij]]
|131876
|123369
|2
| 255247|| {{formatnum:237328}}|| [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
|-
| 34 || [[Dahegam Assembly constituency|Dahegam]]
|110649
|107596
|13
| 218258|| {{formatnum:201423}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
|-
| 35 || [[Gandhinagar South Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar South]]
|187020
|176988
|10
| 364018|| {{formatnum:305157}}
|-
| 36 || [[Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar North]]
|129201
|122956
|8
| 252165|| {{formatnum:232536}}|| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|-
| 37 || [[Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|117525
|110727
|7
| 228259|| {{formatnum:212999}}|| [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
|-
| 38 || [[Kalol, Gandhinagar Assembly constituency|Kalol (Gandhinagar)]]
|127085
|120166
|2
| 247253|| {{formatnum:224175}}|| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|-
| 39 || [[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]]
|154227
|144671
|3
| 298901|| {{formatnum:271166}}|| rowspan="21" |[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]|| [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
|-
| 40 || [[Sanand Assembly constituency|Sanand]]
|142750
|134464
|5
| 277219|| {{formatnum:243471}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|-
| 41 || [[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia]]
|215451
|203513
|12
| 418976|| {{formatnum:352340}}
|-
| 42 || [[Vejalpur Assembly constituency|Vejalpur]]
|195104
|185413
|16
| 380533|| {{formatnum:326977}}
|-
| 43 || [[Vatva Assembly constituency|Vatva]]
|208381
|180033
|19
| 388433|| {{formatnum:311887}}|| [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
|-
| 44 || [[Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency|Ellisbridge]]
|133179
|132350
|4
| 265533|| {{formatnum:244140}}|| [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
|-
| 45 || [[Naranpura Assembly constituency|Naranpura]]
|127690
|121120
|6
| 248816|| {{formatnum:229840}}|| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|-
| 46 || [[Nikol Assembly constituency|Nikol]]
|136323
|117601
|8
| 253932|| {{formatnum:231586}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
|-
| 47 || [[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]]
|155220
|138465
|33
| 293718|| {{formatnum:264314}}
|-
| 48 || [[Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency|Thakkarbapa Nagar]]
|127362
|114249
|8
| 241619|| {{formatnum:223432}}
|-
| 49 || [[Bapunagar Assembly constituency|Bapunagar]]
|107924
|97361
|13
| 205298|| {{formatnum:189648}}
|-
| 50 || [[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]]
|156533
|137756
|8
| 294297|| {{formatnum:268373}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
|-
| 51 || [[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur]]
|107070
|101294
|10
| 208374|| {{formatnum:195577}}
|-
| 52 || [[Jamalpur-Khadiya Assembly constituency|Jamalpur-Khadiya]]
|108303
|104719
|3
| 213025|| {{formatnum:198179}}
|-
| 53 || [[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]
|142832
|132477
|7
| 275316|| {{formatnum:251431}}
|-
| 54 || [[Danilimda Assembly constituency|Danilimda]] (SC)
|135712
|125307
|14
| 261033|| {{formatnum:230680}}
|-
| 55 || [[Sabarmati Assembly constituency|Sabarmati]]
|144154
|130773
|16
| 274943|| {{formatnum:253585}}|| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
|-
| 56 || [[Asarwa Assembly constituency|Asarwa]] (SC)
|112694
|103845
|3
| 216542|| {{formatnum:202566}}|| [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
|-
| 57 || [[Daskroi Assembly constituency|Daskroi]]
|199438
|182852
|7
| 382297|| {{formatnum:311615}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
|-
| 58 || [[Dholka Assembly constituency|Dholka]]
|128672
|121326
|2
| 250000|| {{formatnum:230940}}
|-
| 59 || [[Dhandhuka Assembly constituency|Dhandhuka]]
|142661
|127207
|1
| 269869|| {{formatnum:245475}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
|-
| 60 || [[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]] (SC)
|135493
|124850
|2
| 260345|| {{formatnum:237526}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|-
| 61 || [[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limdi]]
|149191
|134381
|4
| 283576|| {{formatnum:259915}}
|-
| 62 || [[Wadhwan Assembly constituency|Wadhwan]]
|153211
|143157
|5
| 296373|| {{formatnum:269165}}
|-
| 63 || [[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]]
|135115
|122034
|9
| 257158|| {{formatnum:230619}}
|-
| 64 || [[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhangadhra]]
|158942
|145410
|4
| 304356|| {{formatnum:276771}}
|-
| 65 || [[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
|146766
|135999
|2
| 282767|| {{formatnum:256015}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Morbi district|Morbi]]|| [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
|-
| 66 || [[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]]
|126270
|119324
|0
| 245594|| {{formatnum:224579}}|| rowspan="7" |[[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
|-
| 67 || [[Wankaner Assembly constituency|Wankaner]]
|143087
|133658
|1
| 276746|| {{formatnum:244664}}
|-
| 68 || [[Rajkot East Assembly constituency|Rajkot East]]
|154370
|138813
|2
| 293185|| {{formatnum:260007}}|| rowspan="8" |[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|-
| 69 || [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]]
|177959
|172616
|5
| 350580|| {{formatnum:316710}}
|-
| 70 || [[Rajkot South Assembly constituency|Rajkot South]]
|132228
|124922
|4
| 257154|| {{formatnum:242500}}
|-
| 71 || [[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural]] (SC)
|188200
|169701
|7
| 357908|| {{formatnum:300077}}
|-
| 72 || [[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
|132225
|120421
|0
| 252646|| {{formatnum:228824}}
|-
| 73 || [[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]]
|117308
|109371
|8
| 226687|| {{formatnum:213098}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
|-
| 74 || [[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur (Rajkot)]]
|142317
|130524
|1
| 272842|| {{formatnum:253435}}
|-
| 75 || [[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]]
|137951
|128766
|1
| 266718|| {{formatnum:250620}}
|-
| 76 || [[Kalavad Assembly constituency|Kalavad]] (SC)
|119284
|111489
|2
| 230775|| {{formatnum:215156}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]|| rowspan="7" |[[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
|-
| 77 || [[Jamnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Jamnagar Rural]]
|127645
|120818
|0
| 248463|| {{formatnum:223516}}
|-
| 78 || [[Jamnagar North Assembly constituency|Jamnagar North]]
|132812
|126561
|5
| 259378|| {{formatnum:218785}}
|-
| 79 || [[Jamnagar South Assembly constituency|Jamnagar South]]
|116201
|112109
|7
| 228317|| {{formatnum:206582}}
|-
| 80 || [[Jamjodhpur Assembly constituency|Jamjodhpur]]
|115597
|108606
|1
| 224204|| {{formatnum:205251}}
|-
| 81 || [[Khambhaliya Assembly constituency|Khambhaliya]]
|152815
|145414
|8
| 298237|| {{formatnum:264794}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Devbhoomi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
|-
| 82 || [[Dwarka (Vidhan Sabha constituency of Gujarat)|Dwarka]]
|148579
|138671
|6
| 287256|| {{formatnum:262232}}
|-
| 83 || [[Porbandar Assembly constituency|Porbandar]]
|133794
|128071
|5
| 261870|| {{formatnum:237908}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
|-
| 84 || [[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]]
|114724
|107177
|1
| 221902|| {{formatnum:199281}}
|-
| 85 || [[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]]
|128668
|117784
|0
| 246452|| {{formatnum:234814}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|-
| 86 || [[Junagadh Assembly constituency|Junagadh]]
|146565
|138332
|16
| 284913|| {{formatnum:256321}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
|-
| 87 || [[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
|134098
|122390
|2
| 256490|| {{formatnum:240552}}
|-
| 88 || [[Keshod Assembly constituency|Keshod]]
|125476
|117407
|1
| 242884|| {{formatnum:225272}}|| [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
|-
| 89 || [[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol (Junagadh)]]
|116659
|110680
|0
| 227339|| {{formatnum:206403}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
|-
| 90 || [[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]]
|131758
|127236
|2
| 258996|| {{formatnum:235083}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
|-
| 91 || [[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]]
|118829
|113041
|3
| 231873|| {{formatnum:208194}}
|-
| 92 || [[Kodinar Assembly constituency|Kodinar]] (SC)
|118314
|113237
|3
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|-
| 93 || [[Una (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Una]]
|135108
|128271
|6
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|-
| 94 || [[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
|115044
|105521
|9
| 220574|| {{formatnum:211917}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Amreli district|Amreli]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
|-
| 95 || [[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]]
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|4
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|-
| 96 || [[Lathi Assembly constituency|Lathi]]
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|106206
|0
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|-
| 97 || [[Savarkundla Assembly constituency|Savarkundla]]
|130722
|120842
|6
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|-
| 98 || [[Rajula Assembly constituency|Rajula]]
|139385
|130657
|1
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|-
| 99 || [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva (Bhavnagar)]]
|122463
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|3
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|-
| 100 || [[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]]
|129539
|119268
|2
| 248809|| {{formatnum:222131}}|| [[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
|-
| 101 || [[Gariadhar Assembly constituency|Gariadhar]]
|116437
|109682
|2
| 226121|| {{formatnum:203724}}|| [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
|-
| 102 || [[Palitana Assembly constituency|Palitana]]
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|133456
|1
| 276696|| {{formatnum:249837}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
|-
| 103 || [[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]]
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|2
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|-
| 104 || [[Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar East]]
|133684
|128659
|3
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|-
| 105 || [[Bhavnagar West Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar West]]
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|125652
|27
| 261728|| {{formatnum:241893}}
|-
| 106 || [[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada]] (SC)
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|126371
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| 261776|| {{formatnum:241795}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Botad district|Botad]]
|-
| 107 || [[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
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|139100
|5
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|-
| 108 || [[Khambhat Assembly constituency|Khambhat]]
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|111188
|1
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|-
| 109 || [[Borsad Assembly constituency|Borsad]]
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|124130
|5
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|-
| 110 || [[Anklav Assembly constituency|Anklav]]
|113040
|108058
|1
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|-
| 111 || [[Umreth Assembly constituency|Umreth]]
|136109
|130430
|1
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|-
| 112 || [[Anand Assembly constituency|Anand]]
|156595
|151973
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|-
| 113 || [[Petlad Assembly constituency|Petlad]]
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|115249
|99
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|-
| 114 || [[Sojitra Assembly constituency|Sojitra]]
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|104954
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|-
| 115 || [[Matar Assembly constituency|Matar]]
|127547
|121828
|7
| 249382|| {{formatnum:226336}}|| rowspan="7" |[[Kheda district|Kheda]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
|-
| 116 || [[Nadiad Assembly constituency|Nadiad]]
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|133619
|47
| 271155|| {{formatnum:248542}}
|-
| 117 || [[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency|Mehmedabad]]
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|10
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|-
| 118 || [[Mahudha Assembly constituency|Mahudha]]
|127102
|120337
|4
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|-
| 119 || [[Thasra Assembly constituency|Thasra]]
|138170
|131373
|5
| 269548|| {{formatnum:250240}}|| [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
|-
| 120 || [[Kapadvanj Assembly constituency|Kapadvanj]]
|150177
|145396
|11
| 295584|| {{formatnum:272685}}|| [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
|-
| 121 || [[Balasinor Assembly constituency|Balasinor]]
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|138335
|5
| 284088|| {{formatnum:258931}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
|-
| 122 || [[Lunawada Assembly constituency|Lunawada]]
|145277
|138649
|2
| 283928|| {{formatnum:260748}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]]
|-
| 123 || [[Santrampur Assembly constituency|Santrampur]] (ST)
|119047
|114167
|5
| 233219|| {{formatnum:208640}}|| [[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]
|-
| 124 || [[Shehra Assembly constituency|Shehra]]
|132068
|125601
|0
| 257669|| {{formatnum:233401}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
|-
| 125 || [[Morva Hadaf Assembly constituency|Morva Hadaf]] (ST)
|113562
|110981
|0
| 224543|| {{formatnum:199749}}
|-
| 126 || [[Godhra Assembly constituency|Godhra]]
|140258
|135779
|7
| 276044|| {{formatnum:252511}}
|-
| 127 || [[Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency|Kalol (Panchmahal)]]
|131269
|124482
|1
| 255752|| {{formatnum:233692}}
|-
| 128 || [[Halol Assembly constituency|Halol]]
|139927
|129723
|4
| 269654|| {{formatnum:249215}}|| [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
| 129 || [[Fatepura Assembly constituency|Fatepura]] (ST)
|123462
|124485
|5
| 247952|| {{formatnum:210654}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Dahod district|Dahod]]|| rowspan="6" |[[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]
|-
| 130 || [[Jhalod Assembly constituency|Jhalod]] (ST)
|132956
|132162
|6
| 265124|| {{formatnum:224394}}
|-
| 131 || [[Limkheda Assembly constituency|Limkheda]] (ST)
|108161
|110331
|5
| 218497|| {{formatnum:187327}}
|-
| 132 || [[Dahod Assembly constituency|Dahod]] (ST)
|135744
|136881
|4
| 272629|| {{formatnum:235579}}
|-
| 133 || [[Garbada Assembly constituency|Garbada]] (ST)
|140502
|143604
|1
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|-
| 134 || [[Devgadhbariya Assembly constituency|Devgadhbariya]]
|128826
|131930
|1
| 260757|| {{formatnum:222384}}
|-
| 135 || [[Savli Assembly constituency|Savli]]
|116237
|111360
|4
| 227601|| {{formatnum:211873}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
|-
| 136 || [[Vaghodiya Assembly constituency|Vaghodiya]]
|125454
|118016
|3
| 243473|| {{formatnum:222082}}
|-
| 137 || [[Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Chhota Udaipur]] (ST)
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|129406
|2
| 266268|| {{formatnum:241916}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
| 138 || [[Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur (Gujarat Assembly constituency)|Jetpur (Chhota Udaipur)]] (ST)
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|129339
|0
| 265890|| {{formatnum:244930}}
|-
| 139 || [[Sankheda Assembly constituency|Sankheda]] (ST)
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|133033
|2
| 272090|| {{formatnum:253685}}
|-
| 140 || [[Dabhoi Assembly constituency|Dabhoi]]
|116650
|111551
|0
| 228201|| {{formatnum:201868}}|| rowspan="8" |[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
| 141 || [[Vadodara City Assembly constituency|Vadodara City]] (SC)
|155744
|147146
|11
| 302901|| {{formatnum:274421}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
|-
| 142 || [[Sayajigunj Assembly constituency|Sayajigunj]]
|152933
|145318
|33
| 298284|| {{formatnum:273249}}
|-
| 143 || [[Akota Assembly constituency|Akota]]
|138149
|134050
|96
| 272295|| {{formatnum:247729}}
|-
| 144 || [[Raopura Assembly constituency|Raopura]]
|150472
|144927
|58
| 295457|| {{formatnum:273417}}
|-
| 145 || [[Manjalpur Assembly constituency|Manjalpur]]
|134015
|126045
|6
| 260066|| {{formatnum:232669}}
|-
| 146 || [[Padra Assembly constituency|Padra]]
|120578
|113683
|4
| 234265|| {{formatnum:215128}}|| [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
| 147 || [[Karjan Assembly constituency|Karjan]]
|107531
|103341
|11
| 210883|| {{formatnum:198209}}|| [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
|-
| 148 || [[Nandod Assembly constituency|Nandod]] (ST)
|117884
|113730
|1
| 231615|| {{formatnum:220199}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Narmada district|Narmada]]|| [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
| 149 || [[Dediapada Assembly constituency|Dediapada]] (ST)
|109180
|109692
|1
| 218873|| {{formatnum:193550}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
|-
| 150 || [[Jambusar Assembly constituency|Jambusar]]
|123498
|114858
|7
| 238363|| {{formatnum:222524}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
|-
| 151 || [[Vagra Assembly constituency|Vagra]]
|111192
|105860
|12
| 217064|| {{formatnum:198507}}
|-
| 152 || [[Jhagadiya Assembly constituency|Jhagadiya]] (ST)
|129646
|125130
|7
| 254783|| {{formatnum:232305}}
|-
| 153 || [[Bharuch Assembly constituency|Bharuch]]
|146856
|140439
|16
| 287311|| {{formatnum:255324}}
|-
| 154 || [[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar]]
|128659
|117510
|16
| 246185|| {{formatnum:221057}}
|-
| 155 || [[Olpad Assembly constituency|Olpad]]
|235851
|208386
|12
| 444249|| {{formatnum:359736}}|| rowspan="16" |[[Surat district|Surat]]|| [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
|-
| 156 || [[Mangrol, Surat Assembly constituency|Mangrol (Surat)]] (ST)
|112079
|108234
|3
| 220316|| {{formatnum:200778}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
|-
| 157 || [[Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency|Mandvi (Surat)]] (ST)
|119884
|123961
|1
| 243846|| {{formatnum:226028}}
|-
| 158 || [[Kamrej Assembly constituency|Kamrej]]
|291832
|244603
|5
| 536440|| {{formatnum:428700}}
|-
| 159 || [[Surat East Assembly constituency|Surat East]]
|108266
|105381
|17
| 213664|| {{formatnum:201331}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
|-
| 160 || [[Surat North Assembly constituency|Surat North]]
|86032
|76751
|13
| 162796|| {{formatnum:157251}}
|-
| 161 || [[Varachha Road Assembly constituency|Varachha Road]]
|120735
|94564
|7
| 215306|| {{formatnum:198634}}
|-
| 162 || [[Karanj Assembly constituency|Karanj]]
|100923
|74879
|7
| 175809|| {{formatnum:161275}}
|-
| 163 || [[Limbayat Assembly constituency|Limbayat]]
|167272
|132373
|13
| 299658|| {{formatnum:259916}}|| rowspan="3" |[[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
|-
| 164 || [[Udhana Assembly constituency|Udhana]]
|154444
|112312
|15
| 266771|| {{formatnum:233618}}
|-
| 165 || [[Majura Assembly constituency|Majura]]
|150281
|125636
|8
| 275925|| {{formatnum:245040}}
|-
| 166 || [[Katargam Assembly constituency|Katargam]]
|174865
|143295
|0
| 318160|| {{formatnum:277541}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
|-
| 167 || [[Surat West Assembly constituency|Surat West]]
|129179
|124509
|3
| 253691|| {{formatnum:222041}}
|-
| 168 || [[Choryasi Assembly constituency|Choryasi]]
|312337
|236203
|25
| 548565|| {{formatnum:416953}}|| [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
|-
| 169 || [[Bardoli Assembly constituency|Bardoli]] (SC)
|136822
|126775
|4
| 263601|| {{formatnum:225423}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
|-
| 170 || [[Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency|Mahuva (Surat)]] (ST)
|111009
|116190
|0
| 227199|| {{formatnum:214634}}
|-
| 171 || [[Vyara Assembly constituency|Vyara]] (ST)
|107626
|113243
|4
| 220873|| {{formatnum:207406}}|| rowspan="2" |[[Tapi district|Tapi]]
|-
| 172 || [[Nizar Assembly constituency|Nizar]] (ST)
|136035
|141989
|0
| 278024|| {{formatnum:254673}}
|-
| 173 || [[Dangs Assembly constituency|Dangs]] (ST)
|94681
|93902
|2
| 188585|| {{formatnum:166443}}|| [[Dang district, India|Dang]]|| [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
|-
| 174 || [[Jalalpore Assembly constituency|Jalalpore]]
|118621
|113941
|11
| 232573|| {{formatnum:216288}}|| rowspan="4" |[[Navsari district|Navsari]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
|-
| 175 || [[Navsari Assembly constituency|Navsari]]
|123779
|122958
|15
| 246752|| {{formatnum:228781}}
|-
| 176 || [[Gandevi Assembly constituency|Gandevi]] (ST)
|144848
|144031
|10
| 288889|| {{formatnum:270785}}
|-
| 177 || [[Vansda Assembly constituency|Vansda]] (ST)
|145707
|150143
|0
| 295850|| {{formatnum:274532}}|| rowspan="6" |[[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
|-
| 178 || [[Dharampur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Dharampur]] (ST)
|123371
|123445
|0
| 246816|| {{formatnum:226287}}|| rowspan="5" |[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|-
| 179 || [[Valsad Assembly constituency|Valsad]]
|131837
|128586
|2
| 260425|| {{formatnum:243885}}
|-
| 180 || [[Pardi Assembly constituency|Pardi]]
|134834
|120261
|3
| 255098|| {{formatnum:220849}}
|-
| 181 || [[Kaparada Assembly constituency|Kaprada]] (ST)
|132339
|127906
|3
| 260248|| {{formatnum:232230}}
|-
| 182 || [[Umbergaon Assembly constituency|Umbergaon]] (ST)
|148772
|130060
|3
| 278835|| {{formatnum:244482}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of districts of Gujarat]]
* [[Economy of Gujarat]]
* [[Gujarat]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}{{Gujarat}}{{Districts of India}}

[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Districts of Gujarat| ]]

Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering

2026-02-19T00:14:51Z

Filmifunda022: updated citations per standard format

{{Short description|Engineering college in Navi Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering
|image = Logo-ltjss.png
|type = [[Private University|Private]]
|undergrad =2160 (approx)
|postgrad = 61/batch (approx)
|faculty =125 (approx)
|accreditation = [[National Accreditation and Assessment Council|NAAC Grade A]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Institutes with valid Accreditation |url=http://naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions_accredited_by_NAAC_whose_accreditation_period_is_valid_030622nn.xls |website=NAAC |publisher=National Assessment and Accreditation Council |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>
| affiliation = [[AICTE]], [[University of Mumbai]]
|city = [[Navi Mumbai]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|country = [[India]]
|chairman = [[Satish Chaturvedi]]
|principal = Subhash Shinde
|coordinates =
|website = [https://ltce.in/ https://ltce.in/]
|established = {{start date and age|1994}}
| free_label = Acronym
| free = LTCE, LT, LTC & LTCoE
}}

'''Lokmanya Tilak JanKalyan Shikshan Sanstha's Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering, Kopar Khairane, Navi Mumbai''', established in 1994 is an engineering college in [[Navi Mumbai]]. The college is affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]] and the official engineering degrees are issued by the same. The college is approved by [[AICTE]], [[New Delhi]] and is recognized by the government of [[Maharashtra]].

== History ==
{{unreferencedsect|date=February 2026}}
The college was established in 1994 under the banner of '''LTJSS'''. The institute is named after the Indian freedom fighter [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]; an eminent, mathematician, great educationist and social reformer.

Founded in 1983 by Dr. [[Satish Chaturvedi]], '''LTJSS''' is a corpus of 30 institutions''(engineering, architecture, pharmacy)'' across India. Other institutions under the LTJSS umbrella include [[Priyadarshini College of Engineering]], an A+ grade NAAC accredited university in Nagpur, and Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology.

[[File:Front view ltce.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Front View]]

Initially, undergraduate engineering comprised Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer engineering tracks. In 2001, LTCE added the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering department. Postgraduate programs were offered around the mid-2010's. In 2020, three new Computer Science and Engineering specialized departments were introduced due to the growing demand for AI and IoT:
* Data Science
* Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
* IoT and Cyber Security including Block Chain Tech

== Academic Divisions ==
LTCE offers undergraduate [[B.E.]] courses in various engineering fields. It also offers other postgraduate course degrees(M.E. and Ph.D.) The total number of undergraduate students per batch is 540.

===Undergraduate (B.E.)===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Branch !! Duration !! Year of Establishment !! Intake
|-
| [[Computer Engineering]] || 4 || 1994 || 120
|-
| [[Mechanical Engineering]] || 4 || 1994 || 120
|-
| [[Electrical Engineering]] || 4 || 1995 || 60
|-
| [[Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering]] || 4 || 2001 || 60
|-
| [[Computer Science and Engineering]] ([[Data Science]]) || 4 || 2020 || 60
|-
| Computer Science and Engineering ([[Artificial Intelligence]] and [[Machine Learning]]) || 4 || 2020 || 60
|-
| Computer Science and Engineering ([[IoT]] and Cyber Security including [[Blockchain]] Tech) || 4 || 2020 || 60
|}

===Postgraduate (M.E., Ph.D.)===
* Mechanical Engineering
* Computer Engineering

== Campus and College Life ==
The 2.8-acre college campus is located in [[Koparkhairane]] and consists of two buildings and a field.

The mechanical engineering [[workshop]] is located on the ground floor. Computer labs, a library, and a large seminar hall(used frequently for guest seminars, academic conferences, and cultural activities) are located on the fifth level. The library comprises a multimedia lab, providing free access to technical journal papers ([[IEEE]], collection of NPTEL lectures, [[IETE]]).

The R&D lab was established in 2004 to encourage and foster in-house research projects. The college is located near industrial brands in [[Navi Mumbai]], such as [[Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City]], [[Siemens]], [[Pfizer]], [[Larson and Toubro]], Nocil Limited (part of [[Dow Chemical Company]]), [[Reliance Silicones]], Tifil. The students and engineering faculty are actively involved with securing research projects from industries for the final year project thesis.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

===Student Clubs===
* Catharsis: College Magazine
* MESA: Mechanical Engineering Student Association
* Prakalp: Inter-college Project Expo
* Robocon team: Internal student team participating in [[ABU Robocon]], a highly competitive international robotic competition
* Tantragyan: Project Competition
* TechZephyr: Technical Festival
* WDC: Women Development Cell, an internal club for passionate feminist thinkers
* Zephyr: Annual Cultural Festival held every Spring
* CESA, CSI & GDSC i.e Google Developer Student Club, etc.

== Student Career Fair & Hiring ==
Major recruiters include [[AWS]], [[Byju's]], [[IBM]], [[Tech Mahindra]], [[Infosys]], [[Capgemini]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Cognizant]] and [[Accenture]]. The complete list of students placed in the 2021-22 fiscal year can be found on the college website.<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 LTCE Student Placement Detailed Records |url=https://www.ltce.in/placement-detail-2021-22.php}}</ref> In the 2021-22 fiscal year, 95 companies visited the college for recruiting and hired a total of 230 students. The highest package received by a student that year was around 10LPA.

==See also==
*[[Navi Mumbai#Education|Educational Institutes in Navi Mumbai]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Memorials to Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
[[Category:Education in Navi Mumbai]]

Abha Singh

2025-12-18T07:10:02Z

Filmifunda022: corrected details as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian activist and High Court advocate}}
{{Advert|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Abha Singh
|image=
|caption=Abha Singh Attending an event organised by her NGO, Rann-Samar
|occupation = [[Lawyer]]
|spouse = [[Yogesh Pratap Singh]]
| children = Aditya Pratap & Isha Singh
| website = [http://www.abhasingh.in www.abhasingh.in]
}}
'''Abha Singh''' is an Indian [[Activism|activist]] and [[advocate]] currently practising in the [[High Court]] of Judicature at Bombay. Her activism has focused on women's rights, [[gender equality]], and [[justice]].

She runs an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] by the name Rann-Samar that provides free [[legal assistance]] to women and slum dwellers who claim to have been unfairly persecuted by local authorities and builders for land that is rightfully theirs.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== Education ==
Singh attended [[Loreto Convent Lucknow|Loreto Convent]], [[Lucknow]] and graduated from [[Isabella Thoburn College]], Lucknow. She completed an M.Phil on Child Rights from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi and her LL.B. from [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]]. In 1994 she cleared the [[Civil Services Examination (India)|UPSC examination]] and joined the [[India Post|Indian Postal Service]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/abha-singh-director-of-postal-services-for-maharashtra-and-goa-resigns-5534634259_1.html|title=Abha Singh, Director of Postal Services for Maharashtra & Goa resigns|access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh started her career as a customs appraiser at Bombay Custom House in 1991 and remained there till 1994. Next, she joined the [[Indian Postal Service]] and later started her practice as a lawyer in the [[Bombay High Court]].

=== Indian Postal Service ===
Singh joined the [[Indian Postal Service]] in 1995. During her stint as Director of Postal Services in Uttar Pradesh, she pioneered the usage of solar panels to power post offices to improve service to remote villages.

=== Law ===
Singh has been a part of many cases which also includes social cases in India. Some of the cases that she had participated in as a lawyer are -
# When Justice [[Markandey Katju|Markanday Katju]], in his capacity as the Chairman of the [[Press Council of India]] wrote to the [[List of governors of Maharashtra|governor of Maharashtra]] asking him to pardon [[Sanjay Dutt]] for his involvement in the 1993 bomb blasts. She was the first to bring to the notice of the public that he was exerting undue influence and wrote to the governor rebutting his assertions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/pci-chief-justice-markandey-katju-slammed-for-writing-to-governor-to-pardon-sanjay-dutt-india-today-157079-2013-03-25|title=Advocate Abha Singh slams Katju for seeking pardon for Sanjay Dutt|access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/abha-singh-urges-governor-not-to-pardon-sanjay/article4551863.ece|title=Abha Singh urges Governor not to pardon Sanjay|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
# She was responsible for highlighting Zaibunissa Kazi’s case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-rpi-activists-protest-outside-yerawada-jail-over-sanjay-dutt-s-release-on-parole-for-a-month-1931089|title=RPI activists protest outside Yerawada Jail over Sanjay Dutt's release on parole for a month {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=7 December 2013|work=dna|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
# When the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]] gave the notice to demolish the “Puncham Pyao” water fountain opposite [[Bombay Gymkhana]] she successfully fought for them and got a stay from the Court.
# Accused [[All India Bakchod|AIB]] for organising [[All India Bakchod Knockout|AIB Knockout]] for spreading obscenity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/aib-roast-police-register-fir-against-actors-complainants-lawyer-says-show-was-pre-scripted-2096563.html|title=AIB roast: Police register FIR against actors, complainant's lawyer says the show was 'pre-scripted'|date=13 February 2015|work=Firstpost|access-date=1 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/videos/advocate-abha-singh-opens-up-about-aib-roast/621627|title=Advocate Abha Singh opens up about 'AIB Roast'|work=Midday}}</ref>
# She has been pursuing the [[Salman Khan]] Hit-and-Run case and is an active legal participant in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2017 |title=Blackbuck poaching case: Why is Salman Khan keeping quiet if falsely implicated? Activist hits out at actor |language=en-US |work=dna |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-Blackbuck-poaching-case-Why-is-Salman-Khan-keeping-quiet-if-falsely-implicated-Activist-hits-out-at-actor-2296979 |access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='I enjoyed Dabangg' |language=en |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/i-enjoyed-dabangg/article7214115.ece |access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Author ===
Abha Singh launched her book ''Stree – Dasha aur Disha'' which promotes [[women empowerment|women's empowerment]] by highlighting real-time cases and their legal recourse, and aims to educate women about their rights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tahseen |first=Ismat |date=16 January 2019 |title=Celebs come together at Abha Singh's book launch |work=[[The Times of India|TOI]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/celebs-come-together-at-abha-singhs-book-launch/articleshow/67556770.cms}}</ref> [[Gul Panag]], [[Bhagyashree]] and other celebrities praised her on launching the book.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murdeshwar |first=Sachin |date=10 January 2019 |title=Celebrities & Politicians praised Firebrand lawyer Abha Singh on launching Stree – Dasha aur Disha |work=apnnews.com |url=https://www.apnnews.com/celebrities-politicians-praised-firebrand-lawyer-abha-singh-on-launching-stree-dasha-aur-disha/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/videos/gul-panang-bhagyashree-other-celebs-praised-lawyer-abha-singh-on-launching-her-book-57652.html|title=Gul Panang, Bhagyashree & other celebs praised lawyer Abha Singh on launching her Book|work=[[filmibeat]]|access-date=23 January 2019|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419161944/https://www.filmibeat.com/videos/gul-panang-bhagyashree-other-celebs-praised-lawyer-abha-singh-on-launching-her-book-57652.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/parties-events/abha-singh-book-launch-stree-dasha-aur-disha-with-gul-panag-poonam-dhillon-bhagyashree-part-2-2/|title=Abha Singh Book launch Stree-Dasha Aur Disha with Gul Panag, Poonam Dhillon & Bhagyashree|work=[[bollywood hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://afternoondc.in/city-news/abha-singh-launches-stree-dasha-aur-disha/article_239256|title=Abha Singh launches 'Stree - Dasha aur Disha'|work=[[The Afternoon Despatch & Courier]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/poonam-and-bhagyashree-speak-for-women-empowerment-at-a-book-launch.html|title=Poonam And Bhagyashree Speak For Women Empowerment At A Book Launch|work=[[deccan chronicle|Deccan Chronicle]]}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Activism ===
In 2018 she cohosted a seminar on [[LGBT]] rights, [[adultery]], and the [[pothole]] menace in the city of Mumbai alongside [[advocate]] Aditya Pratap.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mattoo |first=Seema |date=27 July 2018 |title=Mumbaikars take a pledge to be the change |work=[[The Times of India|TOI]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/mumbaikars-take-a-pledge-to-be-the-change/articleshow/65163234.cms}}</ref>

She has advocated for [[menstrual leave]] for women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/period-leave-or-not-heres-what-women-have-to-say/301033|title=Period Leave Or Not? Here's What Women Have To Say|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|outlook]]india}}</ref>

Abha Singh held a round table discussion in [[Mumbai]] on how to make the Prevention of [[Sexual Harassment]] (POSH) Act, 2013 more effective in the corporate world.

Singh partnered with Akancha Srivastava on a campaign against [[cyber-stalking]]. Called Akancha Against [[Harassment]], the campaign seeks to bring awareness among citizens about the issue of young people, especially girls, being targeted online, their activities tracked and which could even result in real-life manifestations like bullying, harassment and even, in some cases, criminal activities like kidnapping.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/dairy/abha-singhs-campaign-against-cyber-stalking/article_240569|title=Abha Singh's campaign against cyber-stalking|work=afternoondc.in}}</ref>

Singh offers [[legal aid]] to women with her [[radio show]] 'Dhun badal ke toh dekho', cohosted with [[Vidya Balan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sakaltimes.com/art-culture/%E2%80%98dhunn-badalke-toh-dekho%E2%80%99-say-vidya-balan-and-abha-singh-32135|title='Dhunn Badalke Toh Dekho', say Vidya Balan and Abha Singh|work=sakal times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidya-balan-to-offer-free-legal-aid-to-women-with-her-radio-show/articleshow/68068741.cms|title=Vidya Balan to offer free legal aid to women with her radio|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-gossips/vidya-balan-provide-free-legal-aid-women-radio-show/|title=Vidya Balan to provide free legal aid to women? Deets inside|work=bollywoodbubble.com}}</ref>

Abha Singh gave a seminar on 'Will and succession' for Amdavadi women on 1 March organised by the JITO Ladies Wing, Ahmedabad chapter with an aim to make women aware of their rights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Mukti |date=27 February 2019 |title=Will and succession seminar for Amdavadi women on March 1 |work=[[The Times of India|TOI]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/will-and-succession-seminar-for-amdavadi-women-on-march-1/articleshow/68188618.cms |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>

Singh said the state government can regulate [[Dance bar|dance bars]] but cannot prohibit them. Abha Singh said she is happy that the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] quashed the state government's provision to install CCTV cameras in [[dance bar]]s as it violated the right to [[privacy]] and discouraged people from coming to dance bars.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra: Activists welcome Supreme Court verdict on dance bars, hailed the order as 'progressive' |work=dnaindia |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-activists-welcome-supreme-court-verdict-on-dance-bars-hailed-order-as-progressive-2709057}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Activists laud verdict; Maharashtra government cautious |work=deccanchronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180119/activists-laud-verdict-maharashtra-government-cautious.html}}</ref> She also said the state government was responsible for some of these women "facing penury" without being provided an alternate means of [[employment]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2019 |title=Activists call SC verdict on Maharashtra dance bars a 'great victory', express hope of ex-performers returning to profession |work=[[firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/activists-call-sc-verdict-on-maharashtra-dance-bars-a-great-victory-express-hope-of-ex-performers-returning-to-profession-5914641.html |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2018 |title=Speak up Mumbai: After Supreme Court's censure should dance bars start in the city again? |work=[[Dna India|dnaindia]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-speak-up-mumbai-after-supreme-court-s-censure-should-dance-bars-start-in-the-city-again-2649094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2019 |title=Dance bars: NCP accuses Maharashtra government of 'nexus' with bar owners after SC judgement |work=[[Scroll.in]] |url=https://scroll.in/latest/909829/dance-bars-ncp-accuses-maharashtra-government-of-nexus-with-bar-owners-after-sc-judgement |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>

Singh believes that women need to be educated for the development of the country. Such is her passion for women’s rights that even on her vacation, Abha Singh and her daughter have gone to [[Riyadh]] to study the situation of women there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dna-women-s-marathon-from-riyadh-to-running-1660841|title='DNA' women's marathon: From Riyadh to running|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]}}</ref>

Abha Singh walked the ramp for [[fashion designer]] Shaina NC’s [[Fashion Show]] to raise funds for Cancer Patients Aid Association in Mumbai. [[Sonam Kapoor]], Pretty Zinta, [[Karan Johar]], and [[Shweta Bachchan Nanda]], among others, walked the ramp to create awareness.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/abha-singh-walks-the-ramp-for-cancer-awareness/articleshow/68752875.cms|title=Abha Singh walks the ramp for Cancer Awareness|work=[[Times of india|TOI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hellomumbainews.com/entertainment/fashion-show-for-cancer-patients-abha-singh-walks-the-ramp/|title=Fashion Show For Cancer Patients, Abha Singh Walks The Ramp|work=hellomumbainews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/dairy/abha-singh-zooms-into-action/article_243775|title=Abha Singh zooms into action|work=[[Afternoon Despatch & Courier|afternoondc]].in}}</ref>

== Speeches ==
In May 2017, Singh spoke at [[TEDx]] Oxbridge. Entitled "Why laws in place do not empower women?"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/23702|title=TEDxOxbridge|work=[[TEDx]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlTEEpbzVes|title=Why laws in place do not empower women? Abha Singh TEDxOxbridge|work=[[TEDx]], [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

Singh was a keynote speaker at the Global Forum of the XIN Philanthropy Conference 2018 in New Delhi hosted by the Alibaba Foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Alibaba Foundation hosts the Global Forum of the XIN Philanthropy Conference 2018 in New Delhi |work=spoindia.org |url=https://spoindia.org/alibaba-foundation-hosts-the-global-forum-of-the-xin-philanthropy-conference-2018-in-new-delhi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Abha Singh is busier than ever |work=[[Afternoon Despatch & Courier|afternoondc]].in |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/dairy/abha-singh-is-busier-than-ever/article_231311}}</ref>

Singh delivered a talk on the #[[MeToo]] Movement and its effect on Indian [[Corporate Culture|corporate culture]] at India Dialogues, [[Columbia University]], New York <ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2020 |title=Abha Singh delivers a talk at India Dialogues at Columbia University, New York, on the #MeToo Movement |work=indiaeducationdiary.in |url=http://indiaeducationdiary.in/abha-singh-delivers-talk-india-dialogues-columbia-university-new-york-metoo-movement/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2018 |title=Eminent policymakers, economists, activists in US discuss issues being faced in India |work=[[business-standard.com]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/eminent-policymakers-economists-activists-in-us-discuss-issues-being-faced-in-india-118120400525_1.html}}</ref>

Singh spoke at She/Talks [[Mumbai]], an event organised by SheThePeople.TV in association with the Consulate General of Canada in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=We Are All Change Makers: Abha Singh At She/Talks Mumbai |work=shethepeople.tv |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/shweta-ganesh-kumar-times-of-amma}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Singh's father was a gallantry award-winning [[police officer]].{{According to whom|date=May 2022}} One of her primary influences was her mother who had the unique distinction of being the first woman from her village to attain Post-Graduation in 1961 from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]].

She is married to [[Yogesh Pratap Singh]], who was formerly an officer in the [[Indian Police Service]] and currently serves as a lawyer in [[Bombay High Court]].

== Rann-Samar Foundation ==
Singh runs an NGO named Rann-Samar, which helps people who cannot afford [[legal assistance]] from professional lawyers. The foundation has helped construct [[toilets]] in [[rural areas]] and organises beautician courses for women convicts in Lucknow Jail.

Rann-Samar provides [[computer training]] to convicts of [[Lucknow]] Jail and Jaunpur Jail. Around 200 convicts have been trained in Lucknow Jail in a span of one year.

== Awards ==
* [[Tata Consultancy Services]] and [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Group]] Women Achievers Award in April 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mayapuri.com/that-i-am-born-a-woman-is-my-biggest-award-sushmita-sen/abha-singh-and-leah-tata-at-the-i-am-woman-awards-to-celebrate-the-inspiration-of-women-an-educationist-karan-gupta-initiative/|title=Abha Singh and Leah Tata at the I Am Woman Awards to celebrate the inspiration of women, an Educationist Karan Gupta initiative|work=[[Mayapuri (magazine)|mayapuri]].com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Shatabdi Varsh Samman by [[Bank of Baroda]] for outstanding contribution to society through dissemination of knowledge in July 2008.
* Government Citizen Karmaveer Puraskaar by the Confederation of NGOs, New Delhi.
* 2007 [[Lead India]] finalist
* Mumbai Mayors award on [[International Women's Day]] in March 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/city-sees-an-award-ceremony-that-celebrates-the-inspiration-of-women/articleshow/63971074.cms|title=Mumbai hosts an award ceremony that celebrates the inspiration of women|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[I Am Woman Awards|I Am Woman Award]] in 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/weblite/news/parties-and-events/celebs-grace-woman-awards/|title=Celebs grace I Am Woman awards|work=[[bollywood hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://youthincmag.com/i-am-woman-honouring-extraordinary-and-inspirational-woman|title='I Am Woman', Honouring Extraordinary And Inspirational Women|work=youthincmag.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Abha}}
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tadikonda

2025-12-05T03:01:23Z

Filmifunda022: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tadikonda
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Tadikonda road.jpg
| image_caption = Tadikonda Main Road
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16.41667|N|80.45417|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Tadikonda
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=120 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Ravela [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=7 May 2019 |pages=14,276 }}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 5179
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668111 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 18505
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522xxx
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8663
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Tadikonda''' is a village in [[Guntur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Tadikonda [[mandal]] of [[Guntur revenue division]].<ref name="census" /> It forms a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]].<ref name="apcrda">{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] |publisher=[[Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Andhra Pradesh]] |accessdate=17 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511092238/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archivedate=11 May 2019 |page=4 |url-status=live |date=30 December 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of| 2018}} census, Tadikonda village has population of 18505 of which 9119 are males while 9386 are females. Average Sex Ratio of Tadikonda village is 1029 which is higher than Andhra Pradesh state average of 993. The population of children with age 0-6 is 1704 which makes up 9.21 % of total population of village. Child Sex Ratio for the Tadikonda as per census is 1007, higher than Andhra Pradesh average of 939. Literacy rate of Tadikonda village was 71.17 % compared to 67.02 % of Andhra Pradesh.

== Government and politics ==

Lam [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref> The ward members are headed by a [[Sarpanch]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKEQxEtNR-AC&q=village%2520ward%2520member&pg=PA117|title=Social Science|publisher=Vk Publications|isbn=9788179732144|page=117|language=en}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Tadikonda lies on [[Thulluru]]-[[Guntur]] route. A.P.S.R.T.C., the state-owned road transport corporation, operates bus services from [[Guntur]]. Buses plying to [[Vaddamanu]], [[Thullur]], [[Velagapudi]] ([[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat|Secretariat]]) and [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|High Court]] ([[Nelapadu, Amaravati|Nelapadu]]) pass through the village.

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Sankheda furniture

2025-10-10T11:34:07Z

Filmifunda022: adding initial article added tags - done

[[File:Sankheda furniture in a living room setting.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Sankheda furniture in a living room setting]]

'''Sankheda furniture''' is colourful [[teak]] wood furniture of [[Gujarat]], India, treated with [[lacquer]] and painted in traditional bright shades of maroon and gold.<ref name=Sarkar>{{Cite news|last= Sarkar |first= Samir
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020302/windows/main4.htm|title=Sankheda changes colours|date=2 March 2002|access-date=27 January 2016|newspaper=Tribune India}}</ref> It is made in [[Sankheda]] village and hence its name.{{Sfn|Tyagi|2008|p=24}} The village is located about {{convert|45|km|0}} from [[Vadodara]].{{Sfn|Pandya|2007|p=46}}

In recent years, colour innovation has been adopted with black, blue, green, ivory, copper, silver and burgundy shades. The product is not only widely marketed in India but is exported to many countries including Europe and [[West Asia]]. Now with the adoption of chemical pigments, instead of the traditional [[organic dye]]s and pulp of [[Pandanus tectorius|kewda leaves]] (fragrant screw pine) as a colouring base, the [[palette (painting)|palette]] has many colours to offer for painting the furniture. However, the "tinfoil patterns with transparent lacquer coating" is the basic traditional method which is continued,{{Sfn|Pandya|2007|p=46}} with polishing done with agate.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRxuAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College.|page=135}}</ref>

The product is protected under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act (GI Act) 1999 of the Government of India. It was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks on 5 July 2007 under the title "'''Sankheda''' '''Furniture'''" and listed at GI Application number 100 under Class 20 on 5 July 2007 as a handicraft item.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|title=Journal 29 – Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks|date=31 March 2005|access-date=27 January 2016|publisher=Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003703/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_30March2015.pdf |title=State Wise Registration Details Of G.I Applications |access-date=26 January 2016 |publisher=Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327150038/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_30March2015.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_58.pdf|title=Geographical Indications Journal No. 58|date=9 May 2014|access-date=27 January 2016|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Sankheda furniture corner table.jpg|thumb|right|Sankheda furniture corner table]]
According to historical records this type of furniture was reported in the 17th century by George Rocques, a French writer and James Forbes, a British civil servant. At that time teak wood used to make this furniture was transported from [[Valsad]] and painted with indigenous colours. The product was then exported from [[Surat]] and [[Khambhat]] ports.<ref name=Sarkar/>

A local legend narrated to the origin of this craft form is that a spiritually oriented person, to avoid Mughal invaders, came to Sankheda and stayed in a hut with a wood cutter who looked after him. After staying with him for a long period he suddenly disappeared. However, the night he vanished from the village, the wood cutter saw him in his dream and the sagely person blessed him with skills of craftsmanship in carpentry. The wood cutter then became a carpenter and started carving furniture using lacquer coating.<ref name=Sarkar/>

To promote this craftsmanship, a training institute has been established in [[Ahmedabad]].{{Sfn|Dept|1965|p=49}}

==Products==
Apart from traditional furniture in a wide range of three piece settees, headboards, beds, garden swings, dressing tables, rocking chairs, tables, screens, divan, etc., {{Sfn|Christian|2006|p=10}}{{Sfn|Ward|1998|p=16}} other handicraft innovations introduced in this format are wall-hangings, pedestal lamps, flower vases and pen stands, toys, kitchen ware and support for hammocks.<ref name=Sarkar/> Though the design appears fragile, the furniture is durable and lasts for a long period.{{Sfn|Christian|2006|p=10}} It is a custom among the Gujarati community to gift this traditional furniture as an auspicious gift during marriage.<ref name=Sarkar/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{commons category}}
'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book|last= Christian |first=Sonal |title=Gujarati Dictionary and Phrasebook: English-Gujarati, Gujarati-English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNVG8ox5EjQC&pg=PA10|year=2006|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-7818-1051-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Pandya |first=Kaushik |title=A journey to the glorious Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4MMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Akshara Prakashan|isbn=9788170570851 }}
*{{cite book|last= Tyagi |first=Amar |title=Let's Know Handicrafts of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eggCrlgpYMIC&pg=PA24|year=2008|publisher=Star Publications|isbn=978-1-905863-18-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Ward|title=Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7EHTBl_pyQC&pg=PA16|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|isbn=978-81-250-1383-9}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankheda Furniture}}
[[Category:Indian woodwork]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian furniture]]
[[Category:Furniture by style]]

Kunjra

2025-09-25T17:55:29Z

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{{Short description|Community in India and Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Kunjra
| image = File:Kunjra or Kabariya (Greengocer) – East Bengal c.1860s.webp
| image_caption = Kunjra or Kabariya (Greengocer) – East Bengal c.1860s
| region1 =
| pop1 = 1,828,584 (1.3988% of population of Bihar){{efn|According to [[2022 Bihar caste-based survey]]}}
| popplace = [[India]]
| langs =
| rels = [[Islam]]
}}

The '''Kunjra''' (pronounced as '''Koonjrda''' or '''Koonjda''') are a community found in [[North India]], [[Central India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book |first1=N. K. |last1=Singh |first2=A. P. |last2=Mishra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H8HT5OMWVssC&q=Mirasi&pg=PA563 |title=Global Encyclopaedic Enthnography Of Indian Muslim (3 vol. set) |date=August 2008 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-297-9 |pages=435–440 |language=en}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
They are included in the [[Other Backward Class]] category in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/lib_obc/OBC/Home/Achievements |title=Department of Commission for OBC |access-date=6 August 2009 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324012406/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/lib_obc/OBC/Home/Achievements |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Common}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

Hammam-e-Qadimi

2025-08-15T15:24:16Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = '''Hammām-ye Qadīmi'''
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption =
| facilities = Public Bathing Area, Steam Room
| location = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| address =
| coordinates =
| operator =
| owner =
| website =
| opened_date = 1700s
| closed_date =
| renovation_date =
| awards =
}}

'''Hammam-e-Qadimi''' is a functional 18th century [[Turkish bath]] in [[Bhopal, India]].<ref name="Gianani2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/bhopals-300-year-old-hidden-hammam/|title=Bhopal's 300-Year-Old Hidden Hammam|last=Gianani|first=Kareena|date=22 June 2016|publisher=[[National Geographic]]|language=English|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref>

Erected in the early 1700s during the rule of the [[Gondi people|Gonds]],<ref name="Gianani2016"/> Hammam-e-Qadimi was gifted to Hajjam Hammu Khalida when [[Dost Mohammad of Bhopal|Dost Mohammad Khan]] became [[Nawab]] of the city.<ref name="Gianani2016"/> The Indo-Turkish bath is owned by a descendant of Hajjam Hammu Khalida, Mohammad Sajid, and has been kept in his family for five generations.<ref name="IT2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/turkish-bath-spa-steam-bath-nawab-lifest-15910-2016-06-23|title=A tale of India's 300-year-old Turkish hammam|date=23 June 2016|publisher=[[India Today]]|language=English|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref> The oil used for the massages offered in Hammam-e-Qadimi is a special recipe of Sajid's family.<ref name="IT2016"/>

Hammam-e-Qadimi was built in the style of the [[Çemberlitaş Hamamı]] of [[Istanbul]] and was constructed near a mosque so that individuals visiting the mosque may perform their [[Wudu|ablutions]] before going there to pray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/080118/400-year-old-turkish-spa-a-big-hit-in-bhopal.html|title=400-year-old Turkish spa a big hit in Bhopal|last=Nath|first=Rabindra|date=8 January 2018|publisher=[[The Asian Age]]|language=English|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Gianani2016"/><ref name="IT2016"/> Sanchari Pal describes the interior of Hammam-e-Qadimi:<ref name="Pal2016"/>
{{blockquote|The public bathing area of Hammam-e-Qadami consists of many windowless chambers. The main steam room is a chamber in which thick, hand-hewn slabs of limestone are laid over a hollowed-out floor, with a small, circular glass aperture in the vaulted roof letting light into the chamber. The steam is generated by burning logs in the arched basement, which heats water in a large copper vessel. The steam is transferred through copper pipes embedded in the walls and is trapped inside the steam room using a series of doors and chambers. These chambers form stages of a gradual transition from the hot and humid 60 Celsius steam chamber to the relatively cool and dry rooms outside. From the rooftop, five openings called the ''naak'' and ''kaan'' (nose and ears) of the hammam can be seen. These openings maintain the ventilation within the building.<ref name="Pal2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/59898/relive-medieval-bathing-rituals-at-this-300-years-old-hammam-indias-only-functional-turkish-bath/|title=Demystifying the 18th century Hammam in Bhopal|last=Pal|first=Sanchari|date=28 June 2016|publisher=The Better India|language=English|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref>}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Tourism in Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Hammam (Red Fort)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Hammams]]

Lanji

2025-07-30T16:03:12Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lanji
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = statutory town
| image_skyline = Lanji town and gateway, Madhya Pradesh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Gateway of Lanji
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = top
| coordinates = {{coord|21.5074|80.5512|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = Lanji
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census_2011"/>
| population_total = 13,558
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 481222
| area_code_type = STD code
| area_code = 07635
| registration_plate = MP-50 (RTO - Balaghat)
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lanji''' is a statutory town in the [[Lanji tehsil]] of [[Balaghat district]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Census_2011"/> It is administered by a [[nagar panchayat]], and is part of the [[Lanji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lanji assembly constituency]] and the Lanji [[community development block in India|community development block]].

Lanji is located close to the Madhya Pradesh's border with [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Maharashtra]]. It is located approximately 62 km from the district headquarters [[Balaghat]]. It is home to the Koteshwar [[Shiva]] temple, Gangli-raja (a site of the [[Gondwana Kingdom]]), the Lanji Fort (site under archeological survey of India) and a very beautiful waari dam is situated about 10 km distance from lanji.

== History ==

Lanji was earlier known as Lanjika, and was ruled by a branch of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura]]. During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period, it was a ''mahal'' (administrative division), as mentioned in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]''. Before the formation of the [[Balaghat district]] in 1867, it was a [[pargana]] (administrative unit).<ref name="Census_2011"/>

== Demographics ==

|The Lanji Nagar Panchayat has population of 13,558; including 6,837 males and 6,721 females.<ref name="Census_2011">[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/23/2340_PART_A_DCHB_BALAGHAT.pdf District Census Handbook: Balaghat]</ref>

[[Hindi]] is the major language spoken here; notable minority languages include [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and some rural languages. Lanji is home to migrants from other areas, including from [[Chhattisgarh]] in east, [[Maharashtra]] in south, and other parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in north.

== Geography ==

The Lanji [[tehsil]] is situated on the border of [[Madhya Pradesh]] with [[Maharashtra]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. The land includes [[plateau]], [[forest]], and the [[Maikal Hills]].

A local pond shaped like the number "52" is called "Bawan talab" ("52 talab") by some locals.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

== Education ==

Lanji has several schools, including

* Government Model Higher Secondary School Lanji
*[[Saket Public School Lanji]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationportal.mp.gov.in/RTESR/Public/Recognized_Private_Schools.aspx|title=RTE Recognized Private Schools|website=educationportal.mp.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref>
*Central India Academy Lanji<ref name=":0"/>
*Pali Academic Institution, Bisoni, Lanji<ref name=":0" />
*Sarswati Shishu Mandir, Lanji<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vidyabharatialumni.org/school/212892/RTESR/Public/Recognized_Private_Schools.aspx|title=RTE Recognized Private Schools|website=vidyabharatialumni.org |access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>

== Economy ==

Rice is the main crop in Lanji, and seed is sown at the beginning of the rainy season in June–July.

== Tourism ==
Notable tourist places in and around Lanji include:

*Lanji Fort & Temple
*Lanjkayi Temple
*Koteshwar Temple
*Balaji Temple
*Gangli Raja
*Lodama Waterfall
*Beautiful natural lake view point at Waari (about 10 km from lanji)
*Sai Temple at Kakodi (About 7 km from lanji)
*Son river is main source of tourism and cropping <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balaghat.nic.in/|title=Balaghat Website|website=balaghat.nic.in|access-date=2019-06-08|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628200742/https://balaghat.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Lanji Fort (Lanji Ka Kila) ==
Lanji Fort (also known as [https://balaghatnews.com/balaghat/lanji-ka-kila-balaghat-history/ Lanji Ka Kila]) is a historical fort located in Lanji, Balaghat district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Built in the 12th century by Raja Malukoma, the fort is an important symbol of Rajput architecture and medieval defense systems. It is known for its massive stone walls, intricate carvings, and a deep moat that once contained crocodiles for security. Inside the fort, there is an ancient temple dedicated to Princess Hasla, who is revered for her bravery and sacrifice. The fort also has religious significance due to the Mahakali, Vishnu, and Ganesha temples nearby. Although the fort is now in ruins, it remains a site of historical and cultural importance and is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

== Politics ==

Lanji is administered by a [[nagar panchayat]].<ref name="Census_2011"/>

It is part of the [[Lanji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lanji Vidhan Sabha constituency]]. [[Hina Kaware]], the Deputy Speaker of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], is the current legislator from Lanji and Kirnapur.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhopal/congress-mla-hina-kawre-madhya-pradesh-deputy-speaker-5532626/ |title=Madhya Pradesh: Congress MLA whose father was killed by Maoists is deputy speaker |date=11 January 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-hina-kawre-elect-madhya-pradesh-deputy-speaker-1428382-2019-01-11 |title=Congress MLA Hina Kawre elected Madhya Pradesh deputy speaker amid din | website=India Today |language=en |date=2019-01-11 }}</ref> Past legislators include [[Bhagwat Bhau Nagpure]].

In the past, [[Naxalites]] have operated in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/villager-shot-dead-by-suspected-maoist-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/62193291.cms|title=Villager shot dead by suspected maoist in Madhya Pradesh - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref>

==Naxalism==
Lanji is suffering from naxalism, many naxalite have active there. Generally it is very common problems in South East Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/buzz/video/hindi/news-zone/pair-pasar-rahi-hai-naksali-gatividhiya-7511586|title=पैर पसार रहीं हैं नक्सली गतिविधियां|website=DailyHunt|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Balaghat district]]

List of Shia Muslim scholars of Islam

2025-07-20T08:00:13Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of Shia scholars of Islam]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

G. V. Raja Award

2025-07-17T10:08:57Z

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{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

'''G.V. Raja Award''' was instituted by [[Government of Kerala]] in 2018 for sports persons from Kerala. It is the highest honor of the state in sports and it is coordinated by [[Kerala State Sports Council]] every year. The award was instituted in the memory of [[G. V. Raja]], the founding president of Kerala State Sports Council with a cash prize of 3 Lakh rupees, plaque and certificate.<ref name="aninews-1"">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Kerala announces sports awards, Muhammad Anas wins GV Raja award |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/kerala-announces-sports-awards-muhammad-anas-wins-gv-raja-award20200116133825/ |publisher=Asian News International (ANI) |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129091443/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/kerala-announces-sports-awards-muhammad-anas-wins-gv-raja-award20200116133825/ |archive-date=2021-11-29 |access-date=2024-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sportstar-1"">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-15 |title=Kerala honours Sreejesh with Lt Col GV Raja Award |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/kerala-honours-sreejesh-with-lt-col-gv-raja-award/article7888383.ece |publisher=sport Star(The hindu) |language=English}}</ref><ref name="prdlive-1"">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-19 |title=കുഞ്ഞ് മുഹമ്മദിനും മയൂഖ ജോണിക്കും ജി.വി രാജ പുരസ്കാരം |url=https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/136499 |publisher=PRD,Kerala Gov |language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref name="prdlive-2"">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-18 |title=ജി.വി. രാജ അവാർഡ് വിതരണം |url=https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/136499 |publisher=PRD,Kerala Gov |language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref name="asianetnews-1"">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=ജോബി ജോർജിന് ജി വി രാജ പുരസ്കാരം; അവാർഡ് ഏഷ്യൻ ഗെയിംസ് റിപ്പോർട്ടിംഗിന്. |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/other-sports/gv-raja-awards-joby-george-q46qlu |publisher=Asianet |language=Malayalam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127175139/https://www.asianetnews.com/other-sports/gv-raja-awards-joby-george-q46qlu |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2024-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress-1"">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-28 |title=G V Raja Awards for 2017 for Jinson Johnson and Neena V |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2019/Feb/27/g-v-raja-awards-for-2017-for-jinson-johnson-and-neena-v-1944624.html |publisher=New Indian Express |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://dsya.kerala.gov.in/award/award_winners/5 Kerala Olympians]
* [https://imagestest.thehindu.co.in/details-page.php?id=203449909&highlights=AKSHAYA%20AWARD%202004 GV RAJA AWARDS ANILDA THOMAS ROOPESH KUMAR KERALA]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Kerala awards]]

Rohit Joseph Tirkey

2025-07-13T11:00:05Z

Filmifunda022:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Shankar Oram]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
}}
'''Rohit Joseph Tirkey''' (born 1989)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]. He won the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]] Odisha Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Biju Janata Dal]] from [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community in Sundergarh District.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Biramitrapur, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJD's ROHIT JOSEPH TIRKEY wins Biramitrapur with 84116 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/biramitrapur-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548387-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Biramitrapur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/biramitrapur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916786.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tirkey is from Raghunathpali, [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh District]], Odisha. He is the son of former MLA George Tirkey. He completed his Class 12 and did a certificate course as a Trade Machinist technician in Mechanical Engineering at Don Bisco, Luluah, [[Howrah]], West Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rohit Joseph Tirkey(BJD):Constituency- BIRAMITRAPUR (ST)(SUNDARGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=396 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tirkey won from Biramitrapur Assembly constituency representing [[Biju Janata Dal]] in the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 84,116 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Shankar Oram]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 6,884 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biramitrapur (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024: Biramitrapur (ST) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/constituency-show/biramitrapur |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirkey, Rohit Joseph}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Sundergarh district]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Meghalaya women's cricket team

2025-06-24T15:59:22Z

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{{short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Meghalaya Women
| image =
| captain = Debasmita Dutta
| founded = 2012
| ground =
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Senior Women's T20 League|SWTL]]
| title2wins = 0
}}

The '''Meghalaya women's cricket team''' is a women's cricket team that represents the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]]. They were formed in 2012, and have competed in the Indian women's domestic system since the 2018–19 season, in the [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] and the [[Senior Women's T20 League]].<ref name="team"/>

==History==
Meghalaya Women first played in 2012, in the BCCI Associate Members Women's Tournament, playing four matches, losing two with the other two matches curtailed by rain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/16/BCCI_Associate_Members_Womens_Tournament_2011-12.html |title=BCCI Associate Members Women's Tournament 2011/12 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> The team joined the full Indian domestic system ahead of the 2018–19 season, after an expansion of teams in Indian domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-well-deserved-opportunity-for-northeastern-states-bihar-puducherry-to-exhibit-/313770 |title=A Well-Deserved Opportunity For Northeastern States, Bihar, Puducherry |work=Outlook India |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> In their first season, they competed in the [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|Senior Women's One Day League]], finishing 3rd out of 9 in the Plate competition, and in the [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|Senior Women's T20 League]], finishing 6th out of 7 in their group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2018-19.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2018/19 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/32/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2018-19.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2018/19 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>

In the 2019–20 season, Meghalaya again finished 6th in their group in the [[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 League|Senior Women's T20 League]]. However, in the [[2019–20 Senior Women's One Day League|Senior Women's One Day League]], the team finished 3rd in the Plate Competition and gained promotion, with 7 wins from their 9 matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/33/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2019-20.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2019/20 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/33/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2019-20.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2019/20 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> The following season, 2020–21, with only the One Day League going ahead, Meghalaya finished bottom of Group E in the Elite Competition, losing all five of their matches, and were relegated to the Plate Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/34/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2020-21.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2020/21 Points Tables |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> They finished third in the Plate Group of the One Day Trophy in 2021–22, but lost all of their matches in Elite Group A of the T20 Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/35/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2021-22.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2021/22 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/230/senior-womens-t20-trophy |title=Senior Women's T20 Trophy 2021/22 |publisher=BCCI |access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> In 2022–23, the side won just one match in the T20 Trophy, and none in the One Day Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2022-23.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2022/23 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/36/Inter_State_Womens_Twenty20_Competition_2022-23.html |title=Inter State Women's Twenty20 Competition 2022/23 |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref>

==Seasons==
===Women's Senior One Day Trophy===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings<ref name="team">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/19/19215/19215.html |title=Meghalaya Women |website=CricketArchive |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | P
! scope="col" | W
! scope="col" | L
! scope="col" | T
! scope="col" | NR
! scope="col" | NRR
! scope="col" | Pts
! scope="col" | Pos
|-
! scope="row" | [[2018–19 Senior Women's One Day League|2018–19]]
| Plate
| 8 || 5 || 1 || 1 || 1 || +1.737 || 24 || 3rd
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2019–20 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2019–20]]
| Plate
| 9 || 7 || 2 || 0 || 0 || +0.408 || 28 || 3rd
| style="background: #cfc;" | Promoted
|-
! scope="row" | [[2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2020–21]]
| Elite Group E
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || –4.575 || 0 || 6th
| style="background: #ffbbbb;" | Relegated
|-
! scope="row" | [[2021–22 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2021–22]]
| Plate
| 6 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || +0.025 || 16 || 3rd
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior One Day Trophy|2022–23]]
| Group C
| 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 0 || –2.318 || 0 || 7th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

===Senior Women's T20 League===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings<ref name="team"/>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | P
! scope="col" | W
! scope="col" | L
! scope="col" | T
! scope="col" | NR
! scope="col" | NRR
! scope="col" | Pts
! scope="col" | Pos
|-
! scope="row" | [[2018–19 Senior Women's T20 League|2018–19]]
| Group C
| 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 0 || −3.466 || 4 || 6th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2019–20 Senior Women's T20 League|2019–20]]
| Group A
| 6 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 1 || −3.585 || 6 || 6th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2021–22 Women's Senior T20 Trophy|2021–22]]
| Elite Group A
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || –4.609 || 0 || 6th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior T20 Trophy|2022–23]]
| Group A
| 7 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 1 || –1.785 || 6 || 7th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

==See also==
* [[Meghalaya cricket team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Indian women's cricket team in West Indies in 2011–12

2025-06-03T07:30:15Z

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#REDIRECT [[India women's cricket team in the West Indies in 2011–12]]

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Nirad Kumar Saha

2025-04-23T17:43:45Z

Filmifunda022: Adding a biography basic info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Nirad Kumar Saha''' was an Indian politician, belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected to the [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Joynagar seat]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in a [[1972 Joynagar by-election|by-election held June 6, 1972]].<ref name=who/><ref name="e">Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120117074622/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls Bye-election results 1952-95]''</ref> The by-election had been called after the death of legislator [[Prosun Kumar Ghosh]].<ref name=who>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=I78yAAAAMAAJ Who's who 1972: General Election, March 1972]''. West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat, 1974. p. 63</ref> Saha obtained 25,053 votes (80.25%), in an election that was boycotted by the left-wing alliance.<ref name="e"/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=xYGUGhfd6NIC Asian Recorder]''. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1972. p. 10858</ref> Saha lost the Joynagar seat in the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in third place with 11,063 votes (19.36%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203744/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Nirad}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

List of birds of Bangalore

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#REDIRECT [[List of birds of Bengaluru]]

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Neozomus

2024-08-19T05:17:20Z

Filmifunda022: Adding basic article with sources.

{{Short description|Genus of shorttailed whipscorpions}}

{{Speciesbox
| parent_authority = Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995
| genus = Neozomus
| species = tikaderi
| authority = (Cokendolpher, Sissom & Bastawade, 1988)
}}

'''''Neozomus''''' is a [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] genus of [[Hubbardiidae|hubbardiid]] short-tailed whipscorpions, first described by Reddell & Cokendolpher in 1995.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reddell |first1=James |last2=Cokendolpher |first2=James |date=1995 |title=Catalogue, bibliography, & generic revision of the order Schizomida (Arachnida) |journal=Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological Monographs |volume=4 |pages=1–170}}</ref> Its single species, '''''Neozomus'' ''tikaderi''''' is distributed in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Genus: Neozomus Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1995 |url=https://wac.nmbe.ch/order/schizomida/species/690 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=World Schizomida Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q18092577|from2=Q10599046}}

[[Category:Hubbardiidae]]
[[Category:Schizomida genera]]
[[Category:Monotypic arachnid genera]]

{{Arachnid-stub}}

Thenzawl Golf Course

2023-11-12T18:39:41Z

Filmifunda022: adding first article and citations - done

{{short description|In Thenzawl, India}}
{{Infobox golf facility
|name = Thenzawl Golf Course
|image = Thenzawl gold course birds eye view.jpg
|imagesize = 250
|caption =
| coordinates =
|location = [[Thenzawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|establishment = 2020
|type = Public
|owner = [[Government of Mizoram]]
|operator =
|holes = 18
|tournaments =
|website = {{URL|http://thenzawlgolfclub.com}}
|course1 =
|designer1 = Graham Cooke and Associates.
|par1 = 72
|length1 = {{convert|7500|yd}}
}}

The '''Thenzawl golf course''' is a public [[golf course]] in a meadow at [[Thenzawl]] in [[Mizoram]], India. The golf course is set at an altitude of 2568 feet. It is owned by the State Government of [[Mizoram]]. The course extends over 105 acres and the play space is 75 acres and comprises 18 holes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram Gets Its First Golf Resort |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2020/08/06/mizoram-gets-its-first-golf-resort/ |website=northeasttoday |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Thenzawl golf course.jpg|thumb|300px|Thenzawl golf course]]
The golf course was inaugurated by Union minister of state for culture and tourism (independent charge) [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Thenzawl Golf Resort project inaugurated in Mizoram |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Thenzawl-Golf-Resort-project-inaugurated-in-Mizoram |website=Projectstoday |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> on 4 August 2020. This golf course has been developed under [[Swadesh Darshan Scheme]] at the cos tof ₹64.48 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=India’s tourism ministry inaugurates Thenzawl Golf Resort project in Mizoram |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/08/04/indias-tourism-ministry-inaugurates-thenzawl-golf-resort-project-in-mizoram/ |website=business traveller |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> The Golf Course has been designed by Graham Cooke and Associates, a Canadian firm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian firm helping Mizoram develop world-class golf course |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/canadian-firm-helping-mizoram-develop-world-class-golf-course-117051200917_1.html |website=business standard |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Union Tourism Minister inaugurates Thenzawl Golf Resort project in Mizoram |url=http://www.newsonair.nic.in/News?title=Union-Tourism-Minister-inaugurates-Thenzawl-Golf-Resort-project-in-Mizoram&id=396499 |website=newsonair |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> It also has automated sprinkler irrigation system by Rain Bird, USA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prahlad Singh Patel virtually inaugurates Thenzawl Golf Resort project implemented in Mizoram |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/business/11726-prahlad-singh-patel-virtually-inaugurates-thenzawl-golf-resort-project-implemented-in-mizoram |website=hotelierindia |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:Thenzawl gold course log house.jpg|thumb|300px|Thenzawl golf course log house]]
[[File:Thenzawl 18 hole golf course.jpg|thumb|300px|Thenzawl 18 hole golf course]]
Accommodation for golfers is provided by the golf club with an annex with thirty fully furnished log of Siberian pinewoods.<ref>{{cite web |title=tourism mizoram |url=https://tourism.mizoram.gov.in/cont/70 |publisher=tourism mizoram |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
[[Tourism in Mizoram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Golf clubs in India}}
{{Mizoram}}

{{coord missing|Mizoram}}

[[Category:Sport in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Golf clubs and courses in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Serchhip district]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2020]]

Jaintia Hills

2016-06-16T23:47:52Z

Filmifunda022: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills]]