Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Super (2010 Indian film)

2026-05-07T01:27:36Z

FernBenes17766: made new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Super
| image = Upendra-super.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| writer = Upendra
| screenplay = Upendra
| starring = Upendra [[Nayanthara]] [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Ashok Kashyap
| editing = Thirupathi Reddy
| studio = [[Rockline Productions]]
| distributor = Rockline Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|3}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
}}

'''''Super''''' (originally known only by the [[Vitarka mudra|Vitarka Mudrā]] hand symbol, 👌) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[dystopian]] [[political drama]] film written and directed by [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2010 |title=Upendra promises treat for Tamil, Telugu, Kannada fans |url=http://www.indiatalkies.com/2010/03/upendra-promises-treat-tamil-telugu-kannada-fans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025310/http://www.indiatalkies.com/2010/03/upendra-promises-treat-tamil-telugu-kannada-fans.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |website=India Talkies}}</ref> The film was released on 3 December 2010 in its [[Kannada]] version, and on 11 March 2011 in its [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version, which had a few scenes reshot with [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] and [[Sadhu Kokila]] switching roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upendra untitled film out on 11th in Telugu |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/64568.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306181714/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/64568.html |archive-date=6 March 2011 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> This [[Utopian and dystopian fiction|utopian]] film has a concept of a contrasting futuristic India set in the year 2030, and the contemporary image of India.<ref name="autogenerated1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101210021848/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14959267&ctid=5&cid=2427 Super: A revolutionary concept]. Sify.com.</ref>

The film revolves around Subash, a [[non-resident Indian]] who is challenged by his fiancée who has a modern outlook, to change India. The film shows Subash trying to bring change to India. The film generated large amounts of coverage in media, as it marked the end of Upendra's ten-year hiatus from directing. The film received positive critical acclaim, with critics praising the concept and screenplay.

With the title of the film depicted only by a symbol, its stars [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Nayanthara]] and is produced by [[Rockline Venkatesh]], while [[V. Harikrishna]] scored the music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2010 |title=Super Muhurtha |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/upendra-super-muhurtha-080210.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721115930/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/upendra-super-muhurtha-080210.html |archive-date=21 July 2012 |website=Oneindia}}</ref>

==Plot ==
Subash Chandra Gandhi resides in London and owns the multi-billion dollar company, Gandhi and Gandhi. He falls in love with Indira; because he hopes that she is a traditional girl. Indira, however, is on a mission to kill Gandhi, since he is responsible for her older sister falling into a coma.

After Indira left him, she gives Gandhi the challenge to remain an ordinary citizen in India, disclosing her mission. Gandhi goes to Bangalore to attempt her challenge but fails miserably. Societal attitudes deeply disturb him, and when his father reaches Bangalore from London to take him back, Gandhi makes the decision to continue residing in India and change the fortune of the common man.

Around this time, Indira, now also in India, hatches a plot to kill Gandhi. With 10 million pounds from his father in India, Gandhi starts a multinational company of Rowdies, subsequently becoming the chief minister of the state.

After becoming the chief minister, Gandhi rapes Indira, while an Indian state gets auctioned off.

==Cast==
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Subhash Chandra Gandhi (the name is a [[portmanteau]] of [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]—the former is known for his revolutionary views to attaining [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom]], and the latter, for his non-violence){{efn|Gandhi had a [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi#Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)|clash]] with Bose, who had been elected president in 1938. Their main points of contention were Bose's lack of commitment to democracy, and lack of faith in non-violence.}}
* [[Nayanthara]] as Indira
* [[Tulip Joshi]] as Mandira, Indira's elder sister
* [[R. N. Sudarshan]] as Subash's father
* [[Shylashri]] as Subash's mother
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as ''Chaddi'' brother
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as ''Chaddi'' brother (term ''[[chaddi]]'' means ''shorts'' and is a [[parody]] on the [[G. Janardhana Reddy|Bellary Reddy Brothers]] who are alleged to have involved in mining scam)<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/the-rise-of-the-reddy-brothers-18261.php The rise of the Reddy brothers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326164727/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/the-rise-of-the-reddy-brothers-18261.php? |date=26 March 2010 }}. Ndtv.com (23 March 2010).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2011 |title=Hindu - Loot in Bellary |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2810/stories/20110520281010100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519102140/http://flonnet.com/fl2810/stories/20110520281010100.htm |archive-date=19 May 2011 |website=Flonnet}}</ref>
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Police Officer
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Chief Minister
* [[Yograj Bhat]] is featured as an off-screen narrator (uncredited)
* [[Rockline Venkatesh]] (producer) guest stars as the leader of a folk dance troop
* Deepak Madhuvanahalli as the Chief Minister in 2030

==Production==
[[File:Buddha Yoga Mandir, Swabhimaan Park, Sector 3, HSR Layout, Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|125px|[[Buddha]] statue showing the [[Vitarka mudra]], hand gesture.]]
Upendra returned to direction after nearly ten years. The nameless film was originally represented only by the hand symbol (seen in posters) and Upendra wanted the audience to name the film. The hand symbol could mean ''zero'', or ''three'' or the ''[[Om]]'' symbol or ''[[Vitarka Mudrā]]'' (an ancient [[Buddhist]] gesture), public and media stuck to calling it ''Super''.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/20710/tv-talk.html 'People should title my film' - Upendra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316172439/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/20710/tv-talk.html |date=16 March 2011 }}. ''Deccan Herald''.</ref>

Shooting began on 18 February 2010 at the Kanteerava Indoor Stadium with the planned schedule for 90 days which included various locations in [[Bengaluru]], [[Dubai]] and [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chitraloka Super info |url=http://chitraloka.com/news/139-kannada-movie-news/2008-upendra-directional-movie.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131220535/http://chitraloka.com/news/139-kannada-movie-news/2008-upendra-directional-movie.htm |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref> It was produced by Rockline Venkatesh under the banner Rockline Productions, which is its 25th venture. The film saw the debut of Tamil-Malayalam actress Nayanthara in Kannada films. Being a multilingual film, several artists from Telugu and Tamil film industries like Ali, Kadal Dandapani, Jeeva are also featured.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100417021324/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nayantaras-kannada-film-debut/112060-8-71.html Nayantara's Kannada debut]. Ibnlive.in.com (31 March 2010).</ref>

Prior to release, much information about the film was kept under wraps. During the promotion of the film at an interview on a radio station, Upendra expressed his disappointment being labeled as a "different director" and explained that most of his directorial ventures deal with the things that he had undergone in his real life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Dec 2010 |title=Upendra says, "I'm not at all different director." |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/upendra-not-different-director-031210.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707181730/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/upendra-not-different-director-031210.html |archive-date=7 July 2012 |website=Oneindia}}</ref> When asked about the ten-year break, Upendra said he thought he would work on his acting career, but then it sucked him in like a vacuum which he could not get out of. After reaching a point where he was afraid he had lost his ability to direct films, he had to fight his fear and that is when he started working on the script of ''Super''.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/117405/i-afraid-wouldnt-able-direct.html ‘I was afraid I wouldn’t be able to direct’ - Upendra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206070954/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/117405/i-afraid-wouldnt-able-direct.html |date=6 December 2010 }}. ''Deccan Herald''.</ref>

==Theme==
A symbol being the title of the film, it is replete with symbolism from the [[Title sequence#Movies|title sequence]] is displayed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=3 December 2010 |title=Super (Hand Symbol) - movie review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2010/super-movie-review-031210.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022005101/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/reviews/2010/super-movie-review-031210.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=3 December 2010 |website=[[Filmibeat]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Super'' depicts a [[Utopian]] India in the year 2030 where Indians are pictured to be wealthy, hard-working, and are seen wearing traditional clothing consisting of [[Ilkal saree]] and [[Dhoti|panche]]. In contrast, [[westerners]] are the ones taking care of menial jobs like taxi driving, janitorial, etc. It is a future where the [[Indian rupee]] is worth 70 times the [[pound sterling]] and people who cannot speak [[Kannada]] are considered illiterates (and Westerners are visibly apologetic about the same). From this setting, the film regresses back to the current year 2010 where India is beset with problems of corruption, [[Red tape|red-tapism]], pollution and unemployment. [[Political satire]] is played out by using sounds of horses and donkeys when ministers appear on the screen, which represents the political [[horse trading]] witnessed in recent times in the state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article866776.ece Lokayukta begins preliminary probe into horse-trading charge in Karnataka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173450/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article866776.ece |date=21 October 2012 }}. ''The Hindu''. (3 November 2010).</ref> Scenes of raping Indira and the auctioning process of an entire Indian state are interspersed to draw a parallel between the two.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hero announces the rape of Nayantara |url=http://www.gulte.com/entertainment.php?telugu-cinema-news=hero-announces-the-rape-of-nayantara&page=movie_update_full&link=6546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060221/http://www.gulte.com/entertainment.php?telugu-cinema-news=hero-announces-the-rape-of-nayantara&page=movie_update_full&link=6546 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=7 December 2010 |publisher=Gulte}}</ref> The film finds a climax back in 2030 where a foreigner asks an Indian as to who was responsible for all the good changes in India, and the film ends abruptly again with the index finger pointing at the audience, symbolizing that it's the people who are ultimately responsible for the course of a nation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Super
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 November 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Akash Audio
| producer = V. Harikrishna
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The ''Super'' soundtrack album rights was acquired by Madhu Bangarappa of Akash Audio for a record price of {{INR}}12.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Nov 2010 |title=Stage set for Upendra's Super audio release |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/upendra-super-audio-release-081110.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723022718/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/upendra-super-audio-release-081110.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |website=Oneindia}}</ref> Composed by V Harikrishna, the album has five songs and Upendra has penned lyrics for three and remaining two have been written by [[Yograj Bhat]] and [[V.Manohar|V Manohar]]. It was officially released on 19 November at Leela Palace by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 Nov 2010 |title=Puneet, Raghanna launch Uppi's Super music |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/puneet-raghanna-launch-super-music-221110.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708032736/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/puneet-raghanna-launch-super-music-221110.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |website=Oneindia}}</ref>

Unlicensed copies of the album were available online within hours after the release, and a team was formed by the production unit to fight audio infringement. This resulted in some Kannada music websites being brought down permanently.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Nov 2010 |title=Super Producers plan squads to fight audio piracy |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=2010112420101124111354554c5875f2a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723224455/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=2010112420101124111354554c5875f2a |archive-date=23 July 2011 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 Nov 2010 |title=Kannada songs site shuts down |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=2010112820101128050654399cd02a9b4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723224537/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=2010112820101128050654399cd02a9b4 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaayi Kaayi Uppinakaayi
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Chorus
| lyrics1 = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]

| title2 = Sikkapatte Ishtapatte
| extra2 = Upendra
| lyrics2 = [[Yograj Bhat]]

| title3 = Come on Come on
| extra3 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| lyrics3 = [[V. Manohar]]

| title4 = Yeri Mele Yeri
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]], [[Shamitha Malnad]], Upendra
| lyrics4 = Upendra

| title5 = Look at the Style
| extra5 = Naveen Madhav
| lyrics5 = Upendra
}}

==Release==

===India===

In Karnataka, the film was released at over 180 theaters on 3 December 2010. The Telugu version of the film was released on 11 March 2011 in more than 95 screens across [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 Dec 2010 |title=Upendra's Super rakes in Rs. 2.5 cr at Box Office |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/upendra-super-rs25-crores-box-office-061210.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209160816/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/upendra-super-rs25-crores-box-office-061210.html |archive-date=9 December 2010 |website=Oneindia}}</ref> Fearing copyright violation, the production team postponed the international release to mid-2011 as there were chances of film getting leaked on the Internet during overseas release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Dec 2010 |title=Rockline Venkatesh overwhelmed by Super success |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/rockline-venkatesh-super-success-141210.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708021022/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/top-stories/2010/rockline-venkatesh-super-success-141210.html |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film personality [[Rajinikanth]] flew to [[Bangalore]] to attend a private screening of the film arranged by the producer Rockline Venkatesh. The film saw a special screening in [[Infosys]] at its [[Mysore]] campus. It was also screened at the fourth Bengaluru International Film Festival (BIFF) in December 2011 as part of the 'political satire' category.<ref name="oneindia1">[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/upendra-super-bengaluru-international-film-fest-121211.html Upendra's Super to be screened at 4th Bengaluru International Film Festival]. Oneindia. (12 December 2011).</ref> The film was later dubbed into Hindi as ''Rowdy Leader 2'' by Goldmines Telefilms in 2017.<ref name="supergoodmovies1">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2011 |title='Super' 100 it is Super Time |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/13984/sandalwood/Super-100-it-is-Super-Time-News-Details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530013301/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/13984/sandalwood/Super-100-it-is-Super-Time-News-Details |archive-date=30 May 2016 |access-date=17 March 2011 |website=Supergoodmovies.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2010 |title=Upendra Kannada Film Super Box Office Report, Collections |url=http://www.cinemagupshup.com/kannada/kannada-box-office-report/upendra-kannada-film-super-box-office-report-collections/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222021816/http://www.cinemagupshup.com/kannada/kannada-box-office-report/upendra-kannada-film-super-box-office-report-collections/ |archive-date=22 December 2010 |website=Cinemagupshup.com}}</ref>

===Overseas release===
''Super'' was released in the US by Upendra's close friend Shivamurthy.<ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/news/144-films-news/3299-upendra-directional-movie.html Super To USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223025752/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/144-films-news/3299-upendra-directional-movie.html |date=23 February 2011 }}. Chitraloka.com.</ref> The film was screened in USA's Chicago and [[Edison, New Jersey]]. It was scheduled for two shows in the town of [[Matthews, North Carolina]] on 23 and 24 April at [[Cinemark Theatres]].<ref>[http://www.cinemark.com/movie-detail.aspx?node_id=20441 Super at Cinemark Theatres - Matthews, NC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142319/http://www.cinemark.com/movie-detail.aspx?node_id=20441 |date=28 July 2011 }}. Cinemark.com.</ref> In the city of [[Garland, Texas]], it was screened in August 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2011 |title=Walnut Theaters, Garland, Texas |url=https://www.walnuttheatres.com/walnut/home.do?param=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202215458/http://www.walnuttheatres.com/walnut/home.do?param=5 |archive-date=2011-02-02 |website=Walnut theatres}}</ref> The film was released in Australia in late August 2011, by a Kannada film distributor in Australia, Arunroopesh. It was screened in [[Melbourne]], Sydney, [[Adelaide]], [[Brisbane]] and [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]].

==Reception==

===Box office===
====Kannada====
In Karnataka, the film was released at over 180 theaters on 3 December 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upendra Kannada Film Super Box Office Report, Collections |url=http://www.cinemagupshup.com/kannada/kannada-box-office-report/upendra-kannada-film-super-box-office-report-collections/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222021816/http://www.cinemagupshup.com/kannada/kannada-box-office-report/upendra-kannada-film-super-box-office-report-collections/ |archive-date=22 December 2010 |access-date=7 December 2010 |website=Cinema Gupshup |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film reported sold-out shows all over the state of Karnataka.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101207134728/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/04/stories/2010120465140400.htm Super-duper opening for Upendra film]. The Hindu (4 December 2010).</ref> Some fans who could not get hold of tickets any other way bought them on the [[Ticket resale|black market]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_upendra-s-super-draws-huge-crowds-to-theatres-on-day-1_1476299 Upendra’s Super draws huge crowds to theatres on Day 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206004507/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_upendra-s-super-draws-huge-crowds-to-theatres-on-day-1_1476299 |date=6 December 2010 }}. ''Daily News and Analysis''.</ref> It celebrated 100 days of run at over 90 centres, 125 days of run at its main centre and 175 days of run at PVR in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="supergoodmovies1" />

====Telugu====
After receiving good response for the audio track, ''Super'' was released in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in its [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version on 11 March 2011.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110306081522/http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu-version-of-super-on-march-11-news-kannada-lddq3Gjccjd.html Telugu version of Super on March 11]. Sify (3 March 2011).</ref> Screened at more than 95 theaters across [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Super'' had an opening across the state.<ref>[http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1103/25/1110325035_1.htm 'ಸೂಪರ್' ಸೂಪರ್ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಿದೆ ಟಾಲಿವುಡ್!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917012634/http://kannada.webdunia.com/entertainment/regionalcinema/newsgossips/1103/25/1110325035_1.htm |date=17 September 2011 }}. Kannada.webdunia.com.</ref> [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] was quite happy about receiving extraordinary reviews from Telugu and English daily newspapers and websites.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Upendra happy with Telugu reviews |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/upendra-happy-with-telugu-reviews-news-kannada-ldqmDgfaifcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927182235/http://www.sify.com/movies/upendra-happy-with-telugu-reviews-news-kannada-ldqmDgfaifcsi.html |archive-date=27 September 2015 |access-date=29 May 2018 |work=Sify |language=en}}</ref> The distributors were quite happy about the response received throughout Andhra Pradesh.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110319092135/http://www.sify.com/movies/upendra-happy-with-telugu-reviews-news-kannada-ldqmDgfaifc.html Upendra happy with Telugu reviews]. Sify.com (16 March 2011).</ref> According to the box office analysts of Andhra Pradesh, the film surprisingly caught the attention of the B, C centre audience in a big way and scored good success.<ref>[http://greatandhra.com/viewnews.php?id=34376&cat=1&scat=4 'Tollywood 2011': A Round Up On Hits And Flops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426185903/http://www.greatandhra.com/viewnews.php?id=34376&cat=1&scat=4 |date=26 April 2012 }}. Greatandhra.com (19 December 2011).</ref>

===Critical reception===
Critically, the film was widely well received with the [[Times of India]] rating it 4/5 stars and describing that the film "succeeds in keeping the audience entertained with witty dialogs, neat script and lively narration, along with Upendra's antics, and, at times, his strange make-up."<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/movie-reviews/Super/movie-review/7042116.cms Super movie review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726132638/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/movie-reviews/Super/movie-review/7042116.cms |date=26 July 2013 }}. ''The Times of India''.</ref> [[Deccan Herald]] termed the film as "something extraordinary" and praised Upendra's grand return to the direction "by confusing and exciting the audience right from the movie’s inception, with a hotchpotch of his trademark films and roles" while downplaying the characterization of heroines.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/117845/super.html Super movie review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622035654/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/117845/super.html |date=22 June 2011 }}. ''Deccan Herald''.</ref>

[[Sify]] called it a "revolutionary concept" in story-telling which "will make people ponder over the contemporary events and see how the country is plundered by the greedy politicians and corporate community."<ref name="autogenerated1" /> [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] also rated it 4/5 stars with a consensus that "Upendra still has all it takes to churn movies that are 'his style,' but contemporary in nature and he puts forth a message through this film as well, as he ruthlessly mocks the current political scenario."<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-upendra-is-back_1476319 DNA India 'Super' review - Upendra is back!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930011832/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-upendra-is-back_1476319 |date=30 September 2012 }}. ''Daily News and Analysis''.</ref> Other reviewers have largely appreciated the multifaceted film for its technicality, complex script dished out in an out-of-the-box narratorial technique while keeping the commercial aspect intact.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2010/super-movie-review-031210.html Super (Hand Symbol) - movie review] . Oneindia. (3 December 2010).</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-super/20101203.htm Upendra is super!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206014841/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-super/20101203.htm |date=6 December 2010 }}. Rediff.com (3 December 2010).</ref> Performances of all artists, especially Upendra's, has been another highlighted feature of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Dec 2010 |title=Upendra excels as actor and director in 'Super' |url=http://www.indiatalkies.com/2010/12/upendra-excels-actor-director-super-kannada-film-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025327/http://www.indiatalkies.com/2010/12/upendra-excels-actor-director-super-kannada-film-review.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |website=India Talkies}}</ref>

==Special screenings==

In 2011, [[Rajinikanth]] attended a private screening of ''Super'' arranged by the producer Rockline Venkatesh. "It all started a couple of months ago when I met Rajini sir and told him about the film I was going to produce with Uppi as director. When he heard the story of the film, he was very happy," said Rockline. "When he learnt that it was a hit, he was thrilled and asked me to hold a screening for him, too."<ref name="Daithota 2011">{{Cite web |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=30 January 2011 |title=I like watching Upendra's films: Rajinikanth |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-like-watching-Upendras-films-Rajinikanth/articleshow/7384776.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131220535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-like-watching-Upendras-films-Rajinikanth/articleshow/7384776.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=26 April 2014 |website=[[Indiatimes]]}}</ref> After the screening, Rajinikanth commented: "I like watching Upendra's films and this was no exception. He is an excellent director and is one of a kind in the country. The kind of subject he has chosen is excellent. We need more films of this kind which are thought-provoking and also well-made. It's amazing that a film of this scale has been made in Kannada. If I get an opportunity and an impressive script, I'd like to do a Kannada film in the future."<ref name="Daithota 2011" />

The film saw a special screening in [[Infosys]] at its [[Mysore]] campus where thousands of employees, which included non-Kannadigas, watched the film.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121019234615/http://www.sify.com/movies/super-screened-in-infy-campus-news-kannada-lcbrqUfcfda.html Super screened in Infosys Campus]. Sify.com (1 February 2011).</ref> It was screened at the fourth [[Bangalore International Film Festival]] (BIFF) in December 2011.<ref name="oneindia1" />

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan=6|[[58th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
|Rockline Productions
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2011 |title=The 58th Filmfare Award (South) winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/allu-arjun-mamooty-win-at-south-filmfare-awards-381403.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915131628/https://www.news18.com/news/india/allu-arjun-mamooty-win-at-south-filmfare-awards-381403.html |archive-date=15 September 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020 |website=CNN-News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Jun 2011 |title=Idea Filmfare awards ceremony on July 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Idea-Filmfare-awards-ceremony-on-July-2/articleshow/8807111.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516155648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-11/hyderabad/29646891_1_filmfare-awards-tarun-rai-filmfare-trophy |archive-date=16 May 2012 |access-date=31 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|Upendra
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]]
|[[Nayanthara]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]]
|[[V. Manohar]] for "Come On Come On Director"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer - Male]]
|Upendra for ("Sikka Patte")
|{{nom}}
|-
|}
* [[Udaya Film Awards|2013 Udaya Film Award for Best Screenplay]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eng |first=David |title=2013 Udaya Film Awards – winners |url=https://www.chinokino.com/2013/03/2013-udaya-film-awards-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126142253/https://www.chinokino.com/2013/03/2013-udaya-film-awards-winners.html |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref>
* [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suvarna Film Awards 2011]] - ''Favorite Film Award, Favorite Director Award''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-29 |title=Suvarna Awards: Winners announced |url=https://news.yahoo.com/news/suvarna-awards-winners-announced-133327422.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126142016/https://news.yahoo.com/news/suvarna-awards-winners-announced-133327422.html |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Film}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502181327/http://www.rocklineproductions.com/banner.html|title=Official website|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2012}}
* {{IMDb title|1807022|Super}}

{{Upendra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Super}}
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Upendra]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the future]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 2030s]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]

Kalinga (region)

2026-04-28T16:33:51Z

FernBenes17766: new

{{Short description|Historical region of India}}
{{Distinguish|Kalinga people}}
{{About|the region|other uses|Kalinga (disambiguation){{!}}Kalinga}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalinga
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_caption = Kalinga among Vedic states
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Odisha]] {{small|(central and southern)}}
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] {{small|(northern)}}
}}
| established_title = 
| established_date = c. 1100 BCE
| founder = [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|King Kalinga of Mahabharata]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (only in parts of Northern AP)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank1_name_sec1 = Ancient and Medieval Capitals
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tosali]], [[Sisupalgarh]], [[Dantapuram]], [[Pithapuram|Prishtapura]], [[Mukhalingam|Kalinganagara]], [[Cuttack]], [[Jajpur]]
}}

'''Kalinga''' is a historical region of [[India]]. It is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between the [[Ganges]] and the [[Godavari]] rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]] now encompasses all of [[Odisha]] and some part of northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]. At its widest extent, the Kalinga region also included parts of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]], extending up to [[Amarkantak]] in the west.<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |pages=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=9788120611948 |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref> In the ancient period it extended until the bank of the [[Ganges]] river.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first=DK |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.148266/page/n21/mode/1up?q=north-east&view=theater |title=Historical Geography and dynastic History of Orissa |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=1975 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |pages=6–7 |language=English}}</ref>

The [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]''. In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] control as a result of the [[Kalinga War]]. It was subsequently ruled by several regional dynasties whose rulers bore the title ''Kalingādhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga"); these dynasties included [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]], [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishtha]], [[Mathara dynasty|Mathara]], [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhakta]], [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]], [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhaumkara]], [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]], and [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]. The medieval era rulers to rule over the Kalinga region were the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsa]] [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]], [[Bhoi dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book|first=L.S.S. |last=O'Malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA30|year=2007|access-date=2 February 2021|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|pages=30}}</ref> [[Paralakhemundi Estate|Paralakhemundi Gangas]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145916 |publisher=Indian History Congress |date=2005–2006|jstor = 44145916|access-date=31 December 2020|title = Formation of Orissa Province and Role of Oriyas in Berhampur|last1 = Padhy|first1 = S. C.|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume = 66|pages = 1030–1040}}</ref><ref name="GAJAPATI">{{citation |title=Odisha District Gazetteers Gajapati |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Gajapati_Gazetteer.pdf |page=51 |date=2002 }}</ref> and the zamindaris of [[Ganjam]] and [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7900 |title=Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in each Department |publisher=Madras University |last1=Maclean |first1=C.D. |date=1877 }}</ref>

== Extent ==

<mapframe text="Extreme points of Kalinga, as mentioned in the historical records" width="350" height="350" zoom="5" longitude="84" latitude="19.5">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {
"marker-symbol": "monument",
"title": "[[Amarkantak|Amarakantaka]]"
},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [ 81.753221, 22.682229 ]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {
"marker-symbol": "monument",
"title": "Mouth of [[Godavari River|Godavari]]"
},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [ 82.343778, 16.729472 ]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {
"marker-symbol": "monument",
"title": "Mouth of [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]]"
},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [ 87.968555, 22.172039 ]
}
}
]
}
</mapframe>

The Kalinga region is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between [[Ganges]]<ref name=":0" /> and the [[Godavari]] rivers. However, its exact boundaries have fluctuated at various times in the history.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1996|p=1}} According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga [[janapada]] originally comprised the area covered by the [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sudama Misra |title=Janapada state in ancient India |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana |year=1973 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se1oyofmPLMC }}</ref> Confirming the existence till the river Ganga DK Ganguly used references from accounts of Pliny and the Mahabharata.<ref name=":0" /> He wrote " Pliny has evidently made an unnecessary duplication.<ref name=":0" /> Unfortunately the identification of these tribes and their location are rendered difficult by the nature of the description which appears to be erroneous and confusing.<ref name=":0" /> Pliny was guided by his notion about the existence of more than one Kalinga settlement from which the Indian writers are also not completely free.<ref name=":0" /> But the above account of Pliny is important for it shows that Kalinga extended in the north-east up to the Ganges.<ref name=":0" /> That the territory of the Kalingas stretched onwards from the Ganges seems to be corroborated by the following passages of the Trithyatra section of the Vanaparvam."<ref name=":0" /> Scholars like RC Majumdar mentions Kalinga was from Mahanadi to Godavari. However the simple mention of Ganga as the northern boundary of Kalinga by Pliny as stated above and Mahabharata talking about Baitarani, a river which is north of Mahanadi and borders Odisha and Jharkhand at one point and falls into Bay of Bengal in Bhadrak district of Odisha, passing through Kalinga, nullifies this claim. It looks like Prof. Majumdar has focused Gupta period when Kalinga indeed had shrunk till Mahanadi in north. Some Jain chronicles while describing about Jain [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha|Pasvanath]] notes, when he came to Kalinga to preach Jainism, he took rest in a place in [[Balasore district|Balasore]] district of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=AK |title=A Note on the Relation of Parasvanatha and Mahavira with Kalinga |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1978 |volume=39 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139344 |pages=137–141 |jstor=44139344 }}</ref> Balasore is north of Baitarani river and borders Bengal. This also confirms Kalinga extending north of [[Baitarani River]].

In the ancient Indian literature, the Kalinga region is associated with the [[Mahendragiri, Odisha|Mahendragiri]] mountain located in the [[Ganjam district]] of [[Odisha]], near its border with [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=167}}

At times, the southern border of Kalinga extended further up to the [[Krishna River]].The Kalinga region encompasses the whole of present-day[[Odisha]]: the north-eastern part of Odisha was included in the distinct [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]] region.{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|pp=168–171}} Utkala gradually lost its identity, and came to be considered as a part of Kalinga.{{sfn|Mano Mohan Ganguly|1912|p=11}} In the Adiparva of Mahabharata it is mentioned that Arjuna moved to Kalinga crossing Ganga. Interestingly, it distinguishes Kalinga from [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendragiri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first=DK |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.148266/page/n23/mode/1up?q=jagama |title=Historical Geography and Dynastic history of Orissa |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=1975 |location=Calcutta |pages=8–9 |language=English}}</ref> That means only north of Mahendragiri till Ganga river was considered Kalinga then. Arjuna was moving from north to south in the eastern part of India. Adiparva mentions he moved from Gaya and Ganga then came to Anga, Vanga and Kalinga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=MN |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217199/page/n279/mode/1up?q=Kalinga |title=The Prose English Translation Of The Mahabharata |publisher=Elysium Press |year=1895 |location=Calcutta |pages=291 |language=English}}</ref> In the Gupta period Kalinga was subdivided into smaller countries. After the decline of Guptas, the [[Mathara dynasty|Matharas]] were one of the kingdoms who claimed to rule over Kalinga by acquiring the title of ''Kalingādhipati''.{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|p=4,5,7}} The Mathara territory stretched from ''Mahanadi'', which is believed to be [[Asika#Geography|Badanadi]] or Bara river in Southern Ganjam(literally meaning "big river", same as [[Mahanadi]], Badanadi or Badanai was also locally called Mahanadi until 20th century<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maltby |first=Thomas James|editor-last=Leman|editor-first=George Downton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpEIAAAAQAAJ&dq=mahanadi&pg=PA2 |title=The Ganjam District Manual |publisher=W. H. Moore at Lawrence Asylum Press |year=1882 |location=Madras |page=2 |isbn=978-1241495909}}</ref>) in the north to [[Godavari River|Godavari]] in south along the east coast, since all the inscriptions by them and the localities mentioned in them were within these two rivers.{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|p=6}} Like the Matharas, the [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhaktas]] and subsequently the early [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] continued to use the title of ''Kalingādhipati'' ruling over the same region.{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|p=13}} The [[List of rulers of Odisha#Vigraha dynasty (575–630)|Vigrahas]] of South Toshali whose territory comprised the region south of [[Mahanadi]] also claimed to rule over ''Kalinga-rashtra'' ("Kalinga kingdom").{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|p=53}} The Vigrahas were ousted by [[List of rulers of Odisha#Mudgalas dynasty (580 CE–?)|Mudgalas]] of North Toshali or Utkala by 603–04 CE who themselves were invaded by [[Shashanka]].{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|pages=52–54, 58}} The [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhavas]] who emerged as ''Maha-Samanta'' of Shashanka declared themselves independent after 620 CE and acquired the title of ''Sakala-Kalingādhipati'' ("Lord of whole of Kalinga").{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|pages=60–64}} The [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Karas]] took over the Shailodbhava territory and made the Eastern-Gangas their feudatories,
and the [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshis]] under Janmejaya made inroads into the Bhauma-Kara kingdom up to coastal Odisha and acquired the title of ''Trikalingādhipati'' ("Lord of the three Kalingas"). The [[Gajapati Empire]] of Odisha in 15-16th century was known as Kalinga in some of the contemporary sources.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyanagar |first=Krishnaswamy|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10153803066441675.pdf |title=Sources of Vijaynagar History |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |year=1919 |location=Madras |pages=91, 131–132 |isbn=978-8180942808}}</ref>

The eastern boundary of Kalinga was formed by the sea (the [[Bay of Bengal]]). Its western boundary is difficult to pinpoint, as it varied with the political power of its rulers. However, the [[Puranas|Puranic literature]] suggests that Kalinga extended up to the [[Amarkantak|Amarakantaka]] hills in the west.{{sfn|Chandramani Nayak|2004|p=6}}

Several ancient inscriptions mention the term "[[Trikalinga]]", which has been interpreted in several ways. According to one theory, Trikalinga refers to the widest extent of Kalinga. However, the [[Eastern Chalukya]] records suggest that Kalinga and Trikalinga were two distinct regions, with Trikalinga denoting the hilly region to the west of Kalinga.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1996|p=19}}

Some scholars have misinterpreted the text of Mahabharata and have said river [[Baitarani River|Vaitarani]] was the northern border of Kalinga. However the text says river Vaitarani passes through Kalinga <ref name=":0" /> and Pandavas came to Kalinga after crossing Ganga. Therefore, this assumption is wrong. In the south it was bounded by the country of the Āndhras, although its southern border varied often and reached [[Elamanchili]] and [[Cheepurupalli]] in the [[Visakhapatnam district]] or even Piṣṭapura or [[Pithapuram]]{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|p=3}} to the north-east of the [[Godavari River|Godāvarī]] river, although it did not reach the river itself, which was in Āndhra territory. On the west, Kaliṅga had established its suzerainty over the tribes in inland hills so that its authority reached till the [[Amarkantak|Amarakaṇṭaka]] range.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|pp=87–89}}

== History ==

=== Antiquity ===
The name of the region is derived from a tribe of the same name. According to the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the progenitors of the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] and of their neighbouring tribes were brothers. These neighbours included the [[Anga]]s, the [[Vanga kingdom|Vangas]], the [[Pundra kingdom|Pundras]], and the [[Suhma kingdom|Suhmas]].{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=168}}

The Kalingas occupied the extensive territory stretching from river ''[[Baitarani River|Baitarani]]'' in [[Odisha]] to the ''Varahanandi'' in the [[Visakhapatnam district]].{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1988|p=18}} Its capital in the ancient times was the city of ''Dantakura'' or [[Dantapura]] (now ''Dantavaktra'' fort near [[Chicacole]] in the [[Srikakulam district]], washed by the river ''Languliya'' or ''Langulini'').{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1988|p=18}}

The kingdom of Kaliṅga was already existent at the time of the [[Brahmana]] texts, which mention its king Karaṇḍu as a contemporary of [[Nagnajit]] of [[Gandhara|Gāndhāra]] and of Bhīma of [[Vidarbha]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|pp=87–89}}

According to the {{transliteration|pi|Mahāgovinda Suttanta}}, the king Sattabhu of Kaliṅga was a contemporary of Reṇu of [[Videha]] and Dhataraṭṭha or Dhṛtarāṣṭra of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāsī]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|pp=87–89}}

Kaliṅga was mentioned by both [[Pāṇini]] and [[Baudhāyana]], with the latter considering it as a part of India.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|pp=87–89}}

=== Ancient Kalinga : Kalinga kingdom (c. 1100 – 261 BCE) ===

[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|Kalinga located in eastern Indian coast, in [[Vedic period]] in c. 1100 BCE]]

==== Kalinga dynasty (I) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE) ====
{{main|Kalinga (Mahabharata)}}

According to [[Mahabharata]] and some [[Puranas]], the prince 'Kalinga' founded the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga kingdom]], in the current day region of coastal [[Odisha]], including the North Sircars.<ref name=enHindu>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=Bali%20Kalinga%20Vanga&pg=PA18|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|isbn=9788170223740|access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/mbh:kalingas|title=Kalingas|website=www.ancientvoice.wikidot.com|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref> The Mahabharata also mentions one 'Srutayudha' as the king of the Kalinga kingdom, who joined the [[Kauravas|Kaurava]] camp.<ref name=maha>{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Second Book Sabha Parva|publisher=Echo Library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPpAfsrooXsC&q=mahabharata%20Srutayudha%20kalinga&pg=PA10|author=Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|year= 2008|access-date=28 October 2012|page=10|isbn=9781406870442}}</ref> In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, 'Sattabhu', have been mentioned.<ref name=hem>{{cite book|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hemchandra|title=Political History Of Ancient India|year=2006|publisher=Genesis Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&q=Mahagovinda%20Suttanta%20kalinga&pg=PA75|access-date=25 October 2012|page=75|isbn=9788130702919}}</ref>
;Known rulers are –
* King Kalinga, (founder of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga kingdom]])
* King Odra, (founder of [[Odra kingdom]])
* [[Srutayudha]]
* Srutayush
* Manimat
* Chitrangada
* Subahu
* Virasena
* Sudatta
* Nalikira
* Yavanaraj
* Dantavakkha or Dantavakhra (c. 9th century BCE)
* [[Avakinnayo Karakandu]] (c. late 9th to early 8th century BCE)
* Vasupala (c. 8th century BCE)

==== Kalinga dynasty (II) (c. 700 – 350 BCE) ====

This dynasty is mentioned in '''''Chullakalinga Jataka''''' and '''''Kalingabodhi Jataka'''''. The last ruler of First Kalinga dynasty is said to have broken away from the [[Danda kingdom]] along with the kings of [[Asmaka]] and [[Vidarbha]] as its feudal states, and established rule of Second Kalinga dynasty.
;Known rulers are –
* Dandaki
* Mahakalinga
* [[Chullakalinga]]
* [[Kalinga II]] (c. 7th – 6th century BCE)

;Other or late Kalinga rulers according to Dāṭhavaṃsa are –

This was probably another dynasty or late rulers of Second Kalinga dynasty, which is mentioned in ''[[Dāṭhavaṃsa]]''.
;Known rulers are –
* Brahmadatta (c. 6th – 5th century BCE)
* Sattabhu
* Kasiraja
* Sunanda
* Guhasiva

==== Suryavamsha of Kalinga (c. 350 – 261 BCE) ====
;Known rulers are –
* Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE)

His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per [[History of Maldives|Maldivian history]], established the first kingdom [[List of Maldivian monarchs#Solar dynasty (Aditta Vansa)|Dheeva Maari]] and laid the foundation of the '''Adeetta dynasty''' (Aditta Vansa).<ref name="Mohamed 2005 9">{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Naseema |title=First Settlers |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_2005_num_70_1_3970 |journal=Note on the Early History of the Maldives |date=2005 |page=9 |doi=10.3406/arch.2005.3970 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref>

=== Pre-classical Kalinga ===

==== Annexation by Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE) ====
{{see also|Nanda dynasty}}

Kalinga was believed to be briefly annexed by Nanda ruler [[Mahapadma Nanda]] between 345 and 340 BCE.

[[File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|thumb|Possible extent of the Nanda Empire under its last ruler [[Dhana Nanda]]]]

The Nanda empire appears to have stretched from present-day [[Punjab]] in the west to [[Odisha]] ''(Kalinga)'' in the east.{{sfn|Johannes Bronkhorst|2011|p=12}} Nandas control of Kalinga region is corroborated by the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of the later king [[Kharavela]] (c. 2nd or 1st century BCE).{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}

When [[Chandragupta Maurya]] [[Conquest of the Nanda Empire|rebelled against the Nandas]], Kalingas broke away from the empire of [[Magadha]] in 322 BCE.

==== Hathigumpha Inscription of Kalinga ====
{{see also|Hathigumpha inscription}}

The Hathigumpha inscription suggests that a king named Nandaraja had excavated an aqueduct there in the past. Assuming that Nandaraja refers to a king of the [[Nanda dynasty]], it appears that the Kalinga region was annexed by the Nandas at some point.{{sfn|Jagna Kumar Sahu|1997|p=24}} It appears to have become independent again after the fall of the Nandas. It is described as "[[Calingae]]" in [[Megasthenes]]' ''Indica'' (3rd century BCE):

{{blockquote|The Prinas and the Cainas (a tributary of the [[Ganges]]) are both navigable rivers. The tribes which dwell by the Ganges are the Calingae, nearest the sea, and higher up the Mandei, also the Malli, among whom is Mount Mallus, the boundary of all that region being the Ganges.|Megasthenes fragm. XX.B. in Pliny. ''Hist. Nat.'' V1. 21.9–22. 1.<ref name="Megasthenes Indica">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdstate.edu/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321164350/http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/Megasthene-Indika.pdf|url-status=dead|title=South Dakota State University Homepage | South Dakota State University|archivedate=21 March 2015|website=www.sdstate.edu}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|The royal city of the Calingae is called Parthalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 1,000 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in "procinct of war."|Megasthenes fragm. LVI. in Plin. ''Hist. Nat.'' VI. 21. 8–23. 11.<ref name="Megasthenes Indica"/>}}

==== Kalinga War and annexation by Maurya Empire (c. 261 – 225 BCE) ====
{{see also|Kalinga War|Mauryan Empire}}

[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|thumb|Maurya Empire at Ashoka's regin in 250 BCE]]

[[Ashoka]] [[Kalinga War|invaded Kalinga]] in 261 BCE and re-annexed into [[Magadhan Empire|Magadha Empire]].
After the final battle near the [[Dhauli|Dhauli hills]], the capital [[Tosali]] fell to the Mauryas where the headquarters of the Mauryan province of Kalinga was also located.
Kalinga broke away from the Mauryan empire during the rule of [[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]] in 224 BCE.

==== Mahameghavahana Empire (c. 224 BCE – 250 CE) ====
{{main|Mahameghavahana dynasty}}

[[File:Map of the Maha-Meghavahanas.png|thumb|Map of the Maha-Meghavahanas, circa 20 BCE]]

After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region came under the control of the [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]] family, whose king [[Kharavela]] described himself as the "supreme Lord of Kalinga".{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=167}} Kharavela was the greatest ruler of empire who ruled during the second or first century BCE and the primary source for his reign is sourced from the rock-cut [[Hathigumpha inscription]]. The inscription describes yearly records of his reign and also credits him with public infrastructure projects, welfare activities, patronage of the arts, and many military victories and also patronising religions such as Jainism while the inscription also describes him as a devotee of all religions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA176 |year=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 }}</ref>

=== Post-classical Kalinga ===

==== Gupta Empire ====
{{see also|Gupta Empire}}

[[File:Map of the Gupta Empire.png|thumb|Gupta Empire on its zenith in 350 CE, under [[Samudragupta]]]]

Kalinga came under Gupta suzerainty in the 4th century CE. After the Gupta withdrawal, it was ruled by several minor dynasties, whose rulers bore the title ''Kalingadhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga"). These included the [[Mathara dynasty|Matharas]], [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhaktas]], [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishthas]] and [[Nala dynasty|Nalas]].{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|p=219}} They were followed by the [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhavas]] and the early [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]].

==== Shailodbhava dynasty ====

{{see also|Shailodbhava dynasty}}
In the 7th century, the Shailodbhavas ruled parts of eastern India and their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-day Ganjam, Khordha and Puri districts. King Madhavaraja II claimed the title ''Sakala-Kalingadhipati'' ("the lord of the entire Kalinga").{{sfn|Tripathy|1997|pp=64–65}} During the 8th–10th centuries, the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]] ruled the region, although they called their kingdom "Tosala" (derived from Tosali, the ancient capital of Kalinga).{{sfn|Umakanta Subuddhi|1997|p=32}}

====Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty====

{{see also|Somavamshi dynasty}}
The Somavamshis ruled parts of present-day Odisha in eastern India between the 9th and the 12th centuries with their capitals included Yayatinagara and Abhinava-Yayatinagara (modern Jajpur). They ruled the Dakshina Kosala region claiming the title ''Kosalendra'' ("lord of Kosala"), following which they conquered the Kalinga and the Utkala regions in present-day Odisha, succeeding the Bhauma-Karas. Thus they called themselves the lord of Kalinga, [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], and Utkala.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=25}} They also introduced a new style of art and architecture in Odisha.{{sfn|Walter Smith|1994|p=26}}

===Medieval Kalinga===

==== Eastern Ganga dynasty ====

{{see also|Eastern Ganga dynasty}}
[[File:Map of the Eastern Gangas.png|thumb|Territorial Extent Of Eastern Gangas]]
During the 11th–15th century, the Eastern Gangas became the dominant power in the region, and bore the title ''Kalingadhipati''. After succeeding the Somavanshis, they assumed various titles viz. ''Trikalingadhipathi'' or ''Sakala Kalingadhipathi'' (Lord of three Kalinga or all three Kalingas namely [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] proper (South), [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]] (North), and [[Dakshina Kosala]] (West)). Their capital was originally located at Kalinganagara (modern [[Mukhalingam]]), and was later transferred to Kataka (modern [[Cuttack]]) during the reign of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in the 12th century.{{sfn|Dineschandra Sircar|1971|p=169}} He also built the famous [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]].

Following repeated invasions from the northern regions, [[Narasimhadeva I]], the son of [[Anangabhima Deva III]], invaded southern Bengal in 13th cen., defeated its ruler, captured the capital ([[Gauḍa region|Gauda]]), and built the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple]] at Konark to commemorate his victory. Narasimhadeva I was also the first king to use the title of '''Gajapati''' or ''Lord of war elephants'' or ''King with an army of elephants'' among the Odishan kings in the 1246 CE inscription at the [[Kapilash Temple]].<ref>{{citation |title=History of Odisha (From Earliest Times to 1434 A.D.) |publisher=DDCE Utkal University |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper-16.pdf |pages=109, 111 |author=Manas Kumar Das |date=24 June 2015 }}</ref> With the death of Narasimha in 1264, the Eastern Gangas began to decline and were succeeded by the Suryavamsi [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]] in 1434.

====Gajapati Empire====

{{see also|Gajapati Empire}}
[[File:Map of Gajapatis (1).png|thumb|Map of Suryavamsi Gajapatis circa 1450]]
The last [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] ruler Bhanudeva IV was dethroned by [[Kapilendra Deva]] in 1435. This event marked the foundation of the [[Gajapati Empire]]{{efn|Also known as the Routray dynasty<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|last=Sen|first=Sailendra|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|pages=121–122}}</ref>}} that ruled over the regions of [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]] (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh). [[Prataparudra Deva]] was the last great king of the [[Gajapati Empire|Suryavamsi Gajapatis]].

====Bhoi dynasty====
{{see also|Bhoi dynasty}}
After the death of Prataprudra Deva in 1540 his sons Kalua Deva and Khakura Deva were made kings and later assassinated by their minister [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] laying the foundation of the Bhoi dynasty. They could only control the Odisha coast, the interior regions fell under the [[Orissa Tributary States|Garhjat Kings]].

====Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Mukunda Deva====

{{see also|Mukunda Deva}}
[[Mukunda Deva]] who traced his descent from the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] of [[Vengi]]<ref name="Patnaik1989">{{cite book|author=Durga Prasad Patnaik|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC&pg=PA4|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-248-2|pages=4–}}</ref> rebelled and killed the last two successors of the Bhoi dynasty and declared himself an independent ruler in 1559 on Northern Odisha coast over the Bhoi dynasty's territories but [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] formed a kingdom in the region of Bengal which proved a potential threat to Mukunda Deva.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book|first=L.S.S. |last=O'Malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA30|access-date=2 December 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|page=30}}</ref> The fall of the Gajapatis meant the weakening of the centralised authority in the region and the subsequent fragmentation and independence of the tributary and feudal states.

==Influence==
The merchant [[Kaundinya I]], who became the co-founder of the [[Funan]] kingdom (centered in modern [[Cambodia]]) after he married the local [[Nāga]] princess [[Queen Soma|Soma]] also has his origins from the ancient Kalinga region.<ref name="Churn">{{Cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&q=the+ocean+of+churn&pg=PP1|title=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History|pages=82–84|year=2016|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-86057-61-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarling|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-southeast-asia/917298863AB03D1105768B453E3A4183|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|year= 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139055482|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=DGE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqnCQgAACAAJ|title=History of South East Asia|year=1981|publisher=Macmillan Education UK|isbn=9780333241646|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Statue of Kaundinya I and Queen Soma.jpg|thumb|Statue of Kaundinya I and Queen Soma]]

According to scholar [[R. C. Majumdar]], the 8th century CE [[Shailendra dynasty]] of Java likely originated from Kalinga and the dynasty was also powerful in Cambodia and Champa(Annam) region.<ref>{{citation |title=The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty: Present Status of the Question |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/595536 |publisher=American Oriental Society |page=83 |last=Briggs |first=Lawrence Palme |journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=April–June 1950 |volume = 70|issue = 2|doi = 10.2307/595536|jstor = 595536|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1933|pp=121–141}} The Shailendras are considered to have been a [[thalassocracy]] and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia and the dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of both the [[Mataram kingdom]] of Central Java, for some period and the [[Srivijaya|Srivijaya kingdom]] in Sumatra.

Burma went by the name of Kalinga-rattha (likely observed in the old Indo-Chinese records for Pegu) and there is evidence of very early merchant settlements and Buddhist missions in the southern Mon regions and by the 2nd century CE, the rule of Kalinga migrants centered around Kale, the Arakan River valley and Pegu, around the Gulf of Martaban. The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near Yangon is thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the Gulf of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Durga Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|date=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-248-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Kalinga_and_Burma-A_Study_%20in_%20Ancient_Relations.pdf |title=Kalinga and Burma – A Study in Ancient Relations |author=Benudhar Patra |date=November 2005 |publisher=Orissa Review |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506102936/https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Kalinga_and_Burma-A_Study_%20in_%20Ancient_Relations.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As per Maldivian history, the first kingdom [[List of sultans of the Maldives#Solar dynasty|Dheeva Maari]] was established before 3rd century BC by Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya of the Solar dynasty, an exiled prince and son of King Brahmaadittiya of the Kalinga kingdom and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.<ref name="Mohamed 2005 9"/>

In the Philippines according to Eric Casino, a king of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] was called Kiling; Casino posited that the king was not of Visayan origin but was rather of Indian origin, basing solely on the likelihood that the name Kiling was the same as the Malay term [[Keling]] (albeit this term is pronounced with a schwa) which refers to Indians.<ref>Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.</ref>

Derived from Kalinga is the still current term [[Keling]] or [[Kling]], used in parts of [[Southeast Asia]] to denote a person of the [[Indian subcontinent]] or [[Indian diaspora]] and at present having some derogatory and pejorative connotations, especially in Malaysia.<ref name=Minerva>{{cite book| title=Minerva English-Malay Malay-English Dictionary |author=Aiman Mohamad|year=1991 |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = KBBI – Keling | work = Kamus Besar bahasa Indonesia | url = http://kbbi.web.id/Keling}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = 'Keling' and proud of it | author = M. Veera Pandiyan | work = The Star online | date = 10 August 2016 | url = http://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/along-the-watchtower/2016/08/10/keling-and-proud-of-it-the-k-word-deemed-to-be-derogatory-and-offensive-to-the-indian-community-sinc/}}</ref> The 16th-century Portuguese traveller [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]] wrote of the Keling community in Melaka who lived in the northern part of the city of [[Malacca]](Melaka). The merchants were known as Quelins (Kling, the people of Kalinga from India).<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Notices Of South India From Megasthenes To Ma Huan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505186 |page=311 |author=KA Nilakanta Sastri |date=1939}}</ref>

Nissanka Malla, a ruler from Sri Lanka, who ruled the country from 1187 to 1196, mentioned that he was a member of a royal family of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], born at [[Sinhapura]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rasanayagam |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9DpMY206bMC&pg=PA322 |title=Ancient Jaffna |last2=Rasanayagam |first2=M. C. |date=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0210-6 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>https://odishastatemaritimemuseum.org/User/MaritimeHistory#:~:text=From%20archaeological%20evidences%20and%20literary%20sources%2C%20it,Java%2C%20Sumatra%2C%20Brahmadesa%2C%20Simhala%2C%20Bali%2C%20Malay%20etc.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Kalinga, India}}
* [[History of Odisha]]
* [[List of rulers of Odisha]]
* [[Kalinga script]], derived from Brahmi script
* [[Keling]]
* [[Kalingga kingdom]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Johannes Bronkhorst |author-link=Johannes Bronkhorst |title=Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BaX58-E5-3MC&pg=PA17 |year=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-20140-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Chandramani Nayak |title=Trade and Urban Centres in Ancient and Early Medieval Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZIAAAAYAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=New Academic |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dutt |first=Tara |title=Nabarangpur District Gazetteer |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3605ff764c617d3cd28dbbdd72be8f9a2/uploads/2018/05/2018050468.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=Odisha State Government |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204050629/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3605ff764c617d3cd28dbbdd72be8f9a2/uploads/2018/05/2018050468.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author1=Irfan Habib |author2=Vivekanand Jha |title=Mauryan India |series=A People's History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Aligarh Historians Society / [[Tulika Books]] |isbn=978-81-85229-92-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mohanty |first=Indrajit |title=Jeypore – A Historical Perspective |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/70-72.pdf |year=2013 |publisher=Government of Odisha State |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330225751/https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/70-72.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=Jagna Kumar Sahu |title=Historical Geography of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjhuAAAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Decent Books |isbn=978-81-86921-00-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCcpkqesJ0C&pg=PA1 |year=1996 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1194-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dineschandra Sircar |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC&pg=PA167 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 }}
* {{cite book |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |date=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-0465-1 |edition=2nd }}
* {{cite book |author=Mano Mohan Ganguly |title=Orissa and Her Remains – ancient and Medieval: (District Puri) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMJIAQAAIAAJ |year=1912 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company }}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}
* {{cite book |first1=Snigdha |last1=Tripathy |title=Inscriptions of Orissa |volume=I – Circa 5th–8th centuries A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUiYu3XByNgC |year=1997 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] and [[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1077-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Umakanta Subuddhi |chapter=Economic Life of Orissa under the Bhauma-Karas |editor=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik |title=Economic History of Orissa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA32 |year=1997 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Walter Smith |title=The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0MQmNx8g2gC&pg=PA21 |year=1994 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0793-8 }}
* {{cite book |first=John |last=Briggs |title=History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, till the Year AD 1612 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-rise-of-the-mahomedan-power-in-india-till-the-year-ad-1612/794CF1B0884CF4C470A225252E493D94 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite journal |author=R. C. Majumdar |first1=R. C. |title=IV. Les rois Šailendra de Suvarnadvîpa |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |date=1933 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=121–141 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1933.4618 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1933_num_33_1_4618 }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)| ]]

Vaigai Express

2026-04-24T03:26:52Z

FernBenes17766:

{{Short description|Highspeed train service in Tamil Nadu}}
{{for|the 2017 Tamil-language film|Vaigai Express (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 00ced1
| name = Vaigai Superfast Express
| image = Vaigai SF Express with WAP7.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Vaigai Superfast Express at Chennai Egmore
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|High Speed Intercity Superfast Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1977|08|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| start = {{rws|Chennai Egmore}} '''(MS)'''
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Madurai Junction}} '''(MDU)'''
| distance = {{convert|493|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 30minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = * 3 A/C Chaircar Seater
* 13 Non A/C Chair Car Seater
* 3 Unreserved
* 1 EOG
* 1 Second Class Luggage Rake with Divyangjan compartment
* 1 Pantry
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| catering = On-board
| observation = Windows in all carriages
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Overhead racks Baggage carriage
| autorack =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] Loco from [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]] earlier was [[WDP-3A]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] (Overhead Electric Traction)
| trainnumber = 12635 / 12636
| line_used = MS-TPJ [[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord Line]], TPJ-MDU Main Line
| speed = {{convert|72|km/h|abbr=on}} (Maximum permissible Speed: 130 Kmph)
| trainlength = 22 Coaches ([[LHB coach]])
| owners = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| routenumber = 7/7A
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Madurai}}
| sharing = [[Pallavan Express]]
| map = [[File:Vaigai Express (Madurai-Chennai) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

'''The 12635 / 12636 Vaigai Superfast Express''' is an Daily [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|High Speed Intercity Superfast Express]] train which runs daily between [[Madurai]] and [[Chennai|Chennai Egmore]], via [[Tiruchirappalli]]. It is operated by the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] and was introduced due to increasing demand for a day train between the cities during the 1970s. It was the first instance in which a high-speed train was introduced on a [[Metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] railway within the Southern Railway zone. This train is fondly called as '''King of Southern Railways.''' Vaigai Express shares rake with [[Pallavan Express]] running between [[Chennai Egmore]] and [[Karaikudi Junction]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Kovai Express Most Popular Among Tamil Nadu Passengers, Next Comes Vaigai Express, Shows RTI Reply |url=https://www.news18.com/india/kovai-express-most-popular-among-tamil-nadu-passengers-next-comes-vaigai-express-shows-rti-reply-8244157.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== History and background ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
The train, which was first started from Madurai, is named after the Vaigai River, which flows through the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Names of trains |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/Etymology%20of%20Train%20Names%20of%20Indian%20Railways.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506170749/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/Etymology%20of%20Train%20Names%20of%20Indian%20Railways.pdf |page=77 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |website=indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=27 November 2022 |quote=Contents & Interpretation of the author only, not official}}</ref>

On 15{{nbsp}}August 1977 at 6:00{{nbsp}}a.m.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-15 |title=Vaigai, the Express which saw many firsts, turns 48 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/vaigai-the-express-which-saw-many-firsts-turns-48/articleshow/123324094.cms#:~:text=Introduced%20on%20Aug%2015,%201977,to%20run%20at%20100%20kmph. |access-date=2025-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>, Down Train No. 135 Vaigai Express began its inaugural journey from [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]] to [[Chennai Egmore|Madras Egmore]], with 16 yellow and green livery coaches and a matching YDM4 diesel loco. When introduced, the train had 16 coaches, hauled by twin-YDM4 diesel locos. On that day, the train clocked the fastest run between the two locations, in 7 hours and 15 minutes, entering Madras Egmore at 1:05 p.m. that afternoon. In doing so, it had matched the speed of many broad-gauge high-speed trains on the Southern Railway. The train was later slowed to a time of 7 hours and 40 minutes for safety purposes.

By 1984 the coach positions and rakes were changed to 8 cars after the changes in operation pattern of [[Pallavan Express|Pallavan Superfast Express]] to Tiruchchirappalli instead of operating from Madurai owing to which the new rake sharing pattern is the present operating pattern.

Both Vaigai and Pallavan were the only SuperFast trains of Chennai - Tiruchchirappalli - Madurai section till 2001.

At that time the train had only three stops: [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Villupuram Junction]], [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]] and [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul Junction]]. Later, due to demands, the number of stops was increased.

From 1999 onwards, Vaigai Superfast Express was converted from the metre gauge to the broad gauge, to be hauled by diesel locomotives manufactured by [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop|Golden Rock]]. From 12{{nbsp}}February 2014 to 9 July 2015, the Vaigai Express was hauled by an electric locomotive, in the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] class.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2014 |title=First electric engine pulls out of Madurai |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/first-electric-engine-pulls-out-of-madurai/article5680167.ece |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Since 9 July 2015, it has been regularly hauled by electric locomotives in the WAP-7 class, maintained by the Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2015 |title=More WAP-7 locos for Madurai division |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/more-wap7-locos-for-madurai-division/article7409701.ece |access-date=25 November 2022 }}</ref> The train has also been updated with a modern [[LHB coach]], from 30 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2019 |title=Vaigai and Pallavan express trains to get LHB coach |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vaigai-and-pallavan-express-trains-to-get-lhb-coaches/articleshow/70003115.cms |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322174115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vaigai-and-pallavan-express-trains-to-get-lhb-coaches/articleshow/70003115.cms |archive-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Record-breaking runs ===
On 3 March 2022, the Vaigai Express train made a historic record by covering a distance of 495 kilometres from Madurai to Chennai in '''6 hours and''' '''40 minutes'''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sundar |first1=S. |date=5 March 2022 |title=Vaigai Express breaks its own speed record |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vaigai-express-breaks-its-own-speed-record/article65193731.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vaigai-express-breaks-its-own-speed-record/article65193731.ece |archive-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> Despite departing at 7:26 a.m. with a delay of 21 minutes, the 12636 MDU-MS line reached its destination at 2:07 p.m., 23 minutes prior to its scheduled time. In doing so, it broke its own inaugural record of 7 hours 5 minutes established on 15 August 1977.

This record was broken once more on 15 October 2022, when the train covered the distance from Madurai to Chennai in '''6 hours and 34 minutes'''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2022 |title=Vaigai Express reaches Chennai in record time |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vaigai-express-reaches-chennai-in-record-time/article66018539.ece |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122130928/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vaigai-express-reaches-chennai-in-record-time/article66018539.ece |archive-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>[[File:Vaigai Superfast Exp.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Vaigai Superfast Express at Chennai Egmore]]

== History of uniqueness ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
It was the only train at that time in [[Southern Railway zone|SR]] which had completely tube-lighted interiors and sun-control sliding glass shutters installed for the first time in all its eight-second class coaches.

This is the only [[Metre-gauge railway|MG]] train on the SR to be fitted with specially enhanced buffers and certified to run at 110 km/h.

For the first time on the MG, the ICF manufactured two 40-seat AC chair car coaches exclusively for the Vaigai and [[Pallavan Superfast Express|Pallavan express]] and used in those trains.

It was the first train in [[Madurai railway division]] that ran on electric traction after the completion of 92 km long [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25-KV]] overhead railway electrification of [[Dindigul Junction|Dindigul]] - [[Tiruchirappalli Junction|Trichy]] Section on 6 September 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2011 |title=Vaigai Express runs on electric traction |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vaigai-express-runs-on-electric-traction/article2430264.ece |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125140417/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vaigai-express-runs-on-electric-traction/article2430264.ece |archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

== Accident ==
Between August 1978 to January 1979 Vaigai Express was involved in accidents twice. On 21 December 1978 it dashed against two boulders between Talanallur and Vriddhachalam Town stations and on 22 December 1978, it derailed at Tiruchirappalli station.<ref>[https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2057/1/lsd_06_07_01-03-1979.pdf Lok Sabha Debates] Page no. 98</ref>

== Rakes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd700;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd700;"| 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0000ff;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0000ff;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0000ff;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffa500;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffd700;" | 20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffd700;" | 21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#804a00;" | 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]|| EOG || UR || UR || C1 || C2 || C3 || D1 || D2 || D3 || D4 || D5 || D6 ||D7||PC|| D8|| D9 || D10 || D11 || D12 || UR || UR || SLR
|}

== See also ==
*[[Pandian Express]]
*[[Pallavan Express]]
*[[Rockfort Express]]
*[[Pearl City Express]]
*[[Nellai Express]]
*[[Chennai Egmore–Kanniyakumari Express]]
*[[Chendur Express]]
*[[Pothigai Express]]
*[[Ananthapuri Express]]
*[[Boat Mail Express]]
*[[Chemmozhi Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/1708/779/790 Vaigai Express]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Rail-fans-celebrate-39th-anniversary-of-Vaigai-Express-launch/articleshow/53709203.cms 39th Birthday Celebration for Vaigai Exrpress]

{{commons category}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaigai Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Madurai]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1977]]

Sati-un-Nissa

2026-04-20T16:36:25Z

FernBenes17766:

[[File:Mumtaz Mahal with attendant.jpg|thumb|Mumtaz Mahal with an attendant, possibly Sati-un-Nissa. ]]
'''Sati-un-Nissa''', also known as '''Sati-un-nisa''', '''Sati al-Nisa Khanam''', '''Sati-al-Nesāʾ''' (born in [[Amol]] before 1580 — died in [[Lahore]], 23 January 1647) was an [[Indo-Persian]] physician, a lady-in-waiting to [[Mumtaz Mahal]], [[mahaldar]] of [[Shah Jahan]], and tutor to their daughters [[Jahanara Begum]] and [[Gauhar Ara Begum]].

==Life==
Sati-un-Nissa was born in the Mazandaran province of Persia in a family of scholars and doctors. [[Taleb Amoli]] was her younger brother,{{sfn|Sarkar|1917|p=151}} while her maternal uncle was chief physician to the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] Shah [[Tahmasp I]].{{sfn|Losensky|2004}}

Little is known of her early life in Iran. She was likely born in or before 1580 as she is known to be older than Taleb whose birth is given around that year. Her brother had made his way to India, eventually becoming [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]]'s poet laureate (''malek al-šoʿarā'') in 1619. On his death in 1626 or 1627, Sati-un-Nissa adopted his two young daughters and brought them up as her own. There is a letter from Taleb to Jahangir asking permission to welcome his sister to India.{{sfn|Losensky|2004}} Upon her husband Nasira's death in India, she joined the service of Mumtaz Mahal, the empress of Shah Jahan. With her knowledge of medicine and courtly etiquette, she was promoted to the head of the Empress' establishment,{{sfn|Sarkar|1917|p=152}} and named ''muhr-dar'', the bearer of her seal.{{sfn|Kinra|2015|p=26}} She was a tutor to [[Jahanara Begum]], Mumtaz's daughter, whom she taught the [[Persian language]]. Under her tutelage, Jahanara became a respected poet.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=177}} Sati-un-Nissa was an acclaimed reciter and teacher of Quran recitation.{{sfn|Lohman|Davary|Ayubi|Cannon|2013}}

Sati-un-Nissa was appointed as ''Sadr-i-Nath'', an officer in charge of grants to the needy, by Shah Jahan.{{sfn|Iftikhar|2016|p=187}} In particular, she was responsible for the disbursement of support to indigent women, especially unwed virgins who needed [[dowry]] for marriage,{{sfn|Hansen|1986|p=94}} and to answer petitions by widows, scholars and theologians.{{sfn|Hansen|1986|p=104}} As ''mahaldar'' (or chief matron), she was expected to be the Emperor's eyes and ears in the imperial harem. She would read to him the reports received from the public (''waqia-nawis'') and private (''khufyan-nawis'') news writers, and respond to them on his dictation.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=37}}

At Mumtaz Mahal's death during childbirth in 1631, Sati-un-Nissa escorted her body to Agra for burial.{{sfn|Sarkar|1917|p=152}} It is reported that Shah Jahan, bereft with grief, was unable to look on his newborn daughter, Gauhar Ara, who was then raised by Sati-un-Nissa.{{sfn|Grewal|2007|p=173}}

Jahanara became the female head of the imperial family. As her chief assistant, Sati-un-Nissa was expected to convey presents to the brides of the royal princes. Returning with the gifts from the brides' families, she organised displays of the amassed gifts in public exhibitions at [[Agra Fort]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1917|p=153}}
[[File:AGRA FORT DOME.jpg|thumb|Sati-un-Nissa's tomb. ]]
Her younger daughter died from complications following childbirth. A broken-hearted Sati-un-Nissa did not recover from this grief, and died a few days later in Lahore on 23 January 1647.{{sfn|Sarkar|1917|p=155}} Shah Jahan ordered Rupees 10,000 to be spent on her funeral. A year later, her body was moved to [[Agra]] to be interred in a tomb built especially for her, near the outer quadrangle of the [[Taj Mahal]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1917|pp=155-156}} The tomb is extant today, east of the Fatehpuri Mosque and southwest of the Taj's forecourt.{{sfn|Hasan|1987|p=43}}

==In popular culture==
[[Nina Epton]]'s novel ''Beloved Empress, Mumtaz Mahal'' is written from the point of view of Sati-un-Nissa.{{sfn|Tyabji|1997|p=53}} She also appears in [[Kathryn Lasky]]'s ''Jahanara, Princess of Princesses''.{{sfn|Lasky|2002|p=7}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=Royina |title=In the Shadow of the Taj: A Portrait of Agra|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310265-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Waldemar|title=The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India|year=1986|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-0225-4}}
*{{cite thesis|first=Javed|last=Hasan|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144513956.pdf|title=Settlement Patterns and Locality Names in Tajganj|year=1987|institution=Aligarh Muslim University}}
*{{cite book|title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval India|first=Rukhsana|last=Iftikhar|year=2016|publisher=Notion|isbn=9789386073730}}
*{{cite book|last=Kinra|first=Rajeev |title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary|year=2015|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-28646-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Lasky|first=Kathryn|authorlink=Kathryn Lasky|title=Jahanara, Princess of Princesses|year=2002|publisher=Scholastic Inc.|isbn=978-0-439-22350-8}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Lohman|first1= Laura|first2=Bahar|last2=Davary|first3= Zahra|last3=Ayubi|first4=Byron|last4=Cannon|title=Qurʾān|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women|year=2013|isbn=9780199764464|publisher=Oxford University}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/taleb-amoli|title=Taleb Amoli|first=Paul|last=Losensky|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|year=2004}}
*{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Soma|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Books|isbn=978-81-212-0760-7}}
*{{cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|authorlink=Jadunath Sarkar|title=Anecdotes of Aurangzib, and Historical Essays|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10154207275171675.pdf|year=1917|publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons|location=Calcutta}}
*{{cite journal|journal=The Book Review|volume=21|year=1997|first=Laila|last=Tyabji|authorlink=Laila Tyabji|title=''The Penguin Book of Classical Indian Love Stories and Lyrics'', by Ruskin Bond; ''Beloved Empress, Mumtaz Mahal'', by Nina Epton}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nissa, Sati-un}}

[[Category:17th-century Iranian medical doctors]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:People from Amol]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Iranian Quran reciters]]
[[Category:Indian Quran reciters]]
[[Category:17th-century women medical doctors]]

Rommel Rodrigues

2026-04-18T08:59:59Z

FernBenes17766: added the entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian writer and filmmaker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rommel Rodrigues
| image = Rommel Rodigues1.png
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Journalist, author, screenwriter, film director, and producer
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Rommel Rodrigues''' is an Indian author, [[film director]], [[screenwriter]], and producer based in [[Mumbai]]. He worked as a [[journalist]] for Indian newspapers, covering crime, business, politics, and current affairs. Until 2024, he served as spokesperson and head of media and communication for the Mumbai Regional Congress Committee, a branch of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Mumbai Regional Congress Committee spokesperson calls on ANTCC Campaign Committee |url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/115626/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Andaman Sheekha |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Films ==
Rodrigues co-wrote and served as associate director for ''[[The Attacks of 26/11]]'', a 2013 film directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?section=entertainment&xfile=data/entertainment/2013/March/entertainment_March1.xml |author=Jha |first=Subhash K |title=The Attacks of 26/11 a stunning wake-up call |work=Khaleej Times |date=March 1, 2013 |access-date=March 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2013/03/04/interview-with-the-man-who-wrote-the-face-of-2611/ |author=Miss Malini |title=Interview with the man who wrote The Face of 26/11 |work=MissMalini.com |date=March 5, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2013}}</ref> He produced and directed the Marathi film ''Gurukul'', based on his own script, which promotes the traditional ''lavani'' dance form.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Asha-croons-a-lavani/articleshow/45257027.cms |title=Asha croons a lavani |work=The Times of India |date=December 11, 2014 |access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rodrigues-aims-to-promote-lavani-via-his-film-gurukul-115072000657_1.html |title=Rodrigues aims to promote lavani via his film Gurukul |work=Business Standard |date=July 20, 2015 |access-date=July 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themetrognome.in/art-and-culture/film/review-gurukul |title=Review: Gurukul |last=Shet |first=Ravi |date=August 10, 2015 |website=The Metrognome}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Kasab: The Face of 26/11'' {{ISBN|978-0-14-341547-3}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/special-prosecutor-praises-book-on-surviving-mumbai-attacks-gunman-1.796829 | author= Pamela Raghunath | title= Special prosecutor praises book on surviving Mumbai attacks gunman | work=Gulf News | date=21 April 2011 | accessdate= 21 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article175913.ece | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128121032/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article175913.ece | url-status= dead | archive-date= 28 January 2015 | author= Mohan Ramamoorthy | title= The Kasab story in three parts | work=The New Indian Express | date=2 January 2011 | accessdate= 2 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://afternoondc.in/city-news/the-terror-tracker/article_18884 | author= The Afternoon | title= The Terror Tracker | work= Afternoon | date= 22 February 2011 | accessdate= 22 February 2011}}</ref>
* ''Everything You Wanted to Know About Business & Economics'' {{ISBN|93-80200-50-1}}
* ''Simplifying Business, Economics & Jargons'' {{ISBN|978-93-80200-69-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Rodrigues |first=Rommel |title=Illusion of Justice - 18-Steps Program to Overhaul the Indian Judicial System |publisher=Thomson Reuters |isbn=978-93-95696-62-3 |edition=1 |publication-place=India |date=3 December 2023 |page=228 |language=en}}
* Editor - ''The Market Mafia : Chronicle of India's High-Tech Stock Market Scandal & The Cabal That Went Scot-Free'' {{ISBN|1-64951-847-1}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Rommel}}
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Journalists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:03Z

FernBenes17766: added first data w/ refs...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{For|the constituency in Bihar|Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 188
| map_image = 188-Rajpur, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Barwani district|Barwani]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]]
| established = 1957
| mla = [[Bala Bachchan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Devisingh Patel
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Rajpur''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of the central Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is located in [[Barwani district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Mangilal Tajsingh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Devisingh Lonyaji
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|B. Mahadu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Veersingh Devisingh
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|Barkubhai Chouhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Diwan Singh Vitthal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan=2|[[Bala Bachchan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Diwansingh Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Devisingh Patel
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan=3|[[Bala Bachchan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajpur<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bala Bachchan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:100333}}
|percentage = 47.75
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Antar Singh Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:99443}}
|percentage = 47.33
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1683}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = -1.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:890}}
|percentage = 0.42
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210106}}
|percentage = 83.11
|change = +3.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajpur<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bala Bachchan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:85513}}
|percentage = 47.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Antersingh Devisingh Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:84581}}
|percentage = 47.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Vijay Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:2411}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3358}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:932}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178176}}
|percentage = 80.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajpur<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Bala Bachchan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 82167
|percentage = 49.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Devisingh Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 70971
|percentage = 42.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jyoti Sukhlal Kamred
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 4415
|percentage = 2.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ranchod Mavde
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1932
|percentage = 1.16
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Karan Daulatram
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1830
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ratansingh Subhan Mehta
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1824
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3223
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 11196
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 166362
|percentage = 77.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
[[Rajpur, Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|21.94|75.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barwani district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ponnambalamedu

2026-04-15T17:15:55Z

FernBenes17766: added first info from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian mountain summit}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
[[File:Makara jyothi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Makaravilakku]] (''Holy flame'') shown lit atop Ponnambalamedu]]
'''Ponnambalamedu''' is where the fire lit event of [[Makaravilakku]] is conducted by the [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] annually in the presence of nearly half a million pilgrims annually. It is a summit in the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges of [[Pathanamthitta District]], [[Perunad]] grama panchayat, [[Kerala]], India. It is located near the [[Sabarimala]] [[Ayyappan]] temple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETLegalWorld.com |title=Kerala HC restricts access into Ponnambalamedu near Sabarimala, following recent incident of trespass - ET LegalWorld |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/kerala-hc-restricts-access-into-ponnambalamedu-near-sabarimala-following-recent-incident-of-trespass/100483080 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=ETLegalWorld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

Raman Nair, who headed the Devaswom Board under the Congress government said “It’s the police and officials of the Travancore Devaswom Board who would jointly light the fire at Ponnambalamedu on the orders of the state government.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=K. A. |date=2023-01-16 |title=The myth of Sabarimala's Makaravilakku is bust, but the controversy still rages on |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/the-myth-of-sabarimalas-makaravilakku-is-bust-but-the-controversy-over-it-still-rages-on/#:~:text=The%20South%20First-,The%20myth%20of%20Sabarimala's%20Makaravilakku%20is%20bust,%20but%20the%20controversy,on%20Ponnambalamedu%20hill%20is%20manmade. |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Ponnambalamedu'' is derived from the [[Malayalam]] words ''Pon'' (gold), ''Ambalam'' (temple) and ''Medu'' (hill). The compound word is meant to refer to ''the hill of the golden temple''.<ref name="hindubooks">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindubooks.org/temples/kerala/sabarimala/page2.htm|title=SABARIMALA|work=The Hindu Universe|accessdate=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701110251/http://hindubooks.org/temples/kerala/sabarimala/page2.htm|archive-date=1 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Location==
Ponnambalamedu is located at a distance of {{convert|4|km}} from the Sabarimala Ayyappan temple.<ref name="pioneer">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/122089-millions-behold-makara-jyoti-in-kerala.html|title=Millions behold Makara Jyoti in Kerala|date=15 January 2013|work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|accessdate=15 January 2013|location=[[Pathanamthitta]]}}</ref> The summit of the hill is at an altitude of {{convert|1170|m}} from [[mean sea level]].<ref name="msn">{{cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4810298&page=3|title=In the name of God, give us the truth|last=Shankar|first=R|date=18 January 2011|work=[[MSN]] News India|accessdate=16 January 2013|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120112659/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4810298&page=3|archive-date=20 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The hill is in the Goodrickal range of the [[Ranni Forest Division]] and has been included as a part of the [[Periyar National Park]], a tiger reserve. Ponnambalamedu has been characterized as an ecologically sensitive area by forest officials in the region and has been identified as a critical habitat for tigers.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article1455157.ece|title=Ponnambalamedu to be part of PTR|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|date=14 February 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 January 2013|location=[[Pathanamthitta]]}}</ref> The hill is also near the Kochupamba Power Substation, owned and operated by the Kerala State Electricity Board. The substation supplies electricity to the Sabarimala temple. Access to the peak of Ponnambalamedu is through an unpaved forest road controlled by local forest department authorities.<ref name="msn"/>

==History==
Historically, the summit of the hill was a place of worship for the local tribal population. The rituals of these tribes, most notably the lighting of Makaravilakku, were taken over by the Travancore Devasvom Board following higher number of pilgrims visiting Sabarimala.<ref name="Zee">{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/the-light-on-markarsamkarama-day-an-aarti_751058.html|title=The light on Markarsamkarama day an 'aarti’|date=7 January 2012|work=[[Zee News]] India|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> There are also reports stating that there was an Ayyappan temple at the summit of the hill which was maintained by local tribes. It was reported that these tribal people began the ritual of Makaravilakku by lighting large quantities of [[camphor]] and wood, and subsequently quenching the flame using a wet blanket three times at the time of the annual festival. After the takeover by the Devasvom Board, a platform for lighting the flame was constructed in the place of the temple.<ref name="msn"/>

Today the annual festival is held at the Ayyappan temple in Sabarimala in the month of January. A ''holy flame'' is lit at Ponnambalamedu to commemorate the religious event. The event of Makaravilakku at Ponnambalamedu is witnessed by nearly half a million people each year.<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=132150|title=Thousands witness 'makaravilakku'|date=14 January 2013|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|accessdate=20 January 2013|location=[[Kerala]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114083436/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=132150|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pioneer"/>

==Makaravilakku==
{{main|Makaravilakku}}
''Makaravilakku'' is the ceremonial lighting of a “holy flame” atop ''Ponnambalamedu'' during the annual festival at Sabarimala. This event marks the culmination of the pilgrimage season, which lasts for about two months. The flame is lit in synchrony with the Deeparathana ritual at the ''Sabarimala'' temple, symbolizing the conclusion of the festival.<ref name="Zee"/> The flame is lit using camphor at the summit. Makaravilakku, which was thought to be a miraculous event by most visiting pilgrims, was later proven to be a "make-believe" hoax, being lit by members of the Travancore Devasvom Board and local police, which eventually led to the deaths of many pilgrims in a [[crowd crush]].<ref name="dh">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/129783/content/214288/scaling-heights.html|title=Spotlight again on lighting of Makara Vilakku at hill shrine|last=Gopakumar|first=P|date=16 January 2013|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|accessdate=16 January 2013|location=[[Theni]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Hills of Kerala]]
[[Category:Ayyappan]]

Khorsing Engti

2026-04-13T15:46:05Z

FernBenes17766: done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khorsing Engti
| native_name = খোৰছিং ইংটি
| image = Khorsing Engti ALA portrait.jpg
| image_size = 190

| office = [[Government of Assam|Cabinet Minister, Assam]]
| term_start = 21 May 2006
| term_end = 24 May 2016
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname = Departments
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Hill Areas Development|Animal Husbandry and Veterinary|Mines and Minerals {{small|(2006–15)}}}}
| predecessor = [[Gobinda Chandra Langthasa]]
| successor = {{ubl|[[Sarbananda Sonowal]] {{small|(HAD)}}|[[Atul Bora (AGP politician)|Atul Bora]] {{small|(AH&V)}}|[[Girindra Mallik]] {{small|(Mines)}}}}

| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]]
| term_start1 = 11 May 2006
| term_end1 = 19 May 2016
| predecessor1 = Dharamsing Teron
| successor1 = [[Joyram Engleng]]
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1991
| predecessor2 = Dorsing Terang
| successor2 = Babu Rongpi

| parents = {{ubl|Pan Engti|Banreh Tokbipi}}
| children = 6
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Permola Beypi
| birth_place = Pan Engti gaon, [[Howraghat]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|December 1948}}
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Khorsing Engti''' (born December 1948) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] from the state of [[Assam]]. He is a former Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Howraghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howraghat]] (having won in the 1985, 2006 and 2011 elections) and a minister in the [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-31 |title=Who's Who |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/khorsing-engti-2011.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731203539/http://assamassembly.gov.in/khorsing-engti-2011.html |archive-date=31 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-27 |title=Tarun Gogoi ministry expanded, 18 ministers sworn in |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/tarun-gogoi-ministry-expanded-18-ministers-sworn-in_708985.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Assam reshuffle: All ministers of Tarun Gogoi ministry resign |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-reshuffle-all-ministers-of-tarun-gogoi-ministry-resign/articleshow/45944651.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Howraghat Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/howraghat-assam-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engti, Khorsing}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Sambalpur–Jammu Tawi Express

2026-04-11T03:38:37Z

FernBenes17766:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Sambalpur–Jammu Tawi Express
| image = Sambhalpur jammu tawi express.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = Jammu -Sambalpur Express At [[Tundla Junction railway station|Tundla Junction]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1980|05|05}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Sambalpur}} (SBP)
| stops = 66
| end = {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} (JAT)
| distance = {{convert|2348|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 51h 10m
| frequency = 4 days a week {{efn|Runs four days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18309 / 18310
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18309 / 18310 '''Sambalpur–Jammu Tawi Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Sambalpur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} in India. It is currently being operated with 18309/18310 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170803172459/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170325/jsp/jharkhand/story_142481.jsp#.WNaW49J97IU More berths for train to south]</ref><ref>[http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1453&did=14823224184834A5FB2F24DEC67388B65A355CB006314.web91 REGULATION OF SER TRAINS]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171636/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161223/jsp/jharkhand/story_126217.jsp#.WFyxldJ97IU Jalandhar stop for Amritsar trains – Repair work forces change in schedule]</ref>

==Service==

The 18309/Sambalpur–Jammu Tawi Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 2348 km in 51h 25m. The 18310/Jammu Tawi–Sambalpur Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 2348 km in 49h 40m.

==Route and halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Sambalpur Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Jharsuguda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bamra}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajgangpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hatia}}
* {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ramgarh Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Barkakana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barwadih Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daltonganj}}
* [[Garwa Road Junction railway station|Garwa Road Junction]]
* {{stnlnk|Chopan}}
* {{stnlnk|Chunar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Aligarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}
* [[Phillaur Junction railway station|Phillaur Junction]]
* [[Phagwara Junction railway station|Phagwara Junction]]
* {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pathankot Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}}'''.

==Coach composition==

The train has [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 1 Parcel Van
* 3 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake.

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar|Santragachi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Sambalpur to Jammu Tawi.

==Slip coaches==

The train used to get attached/detached to/from 18101/18102 [[Muri Express]] at {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}} to continue till Jammu Tawi. This system was in use till March 2020.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction twice at:

* {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Pathankot Junction}}.

==See also==

* [[Phillaur Junction railway station|Phillaur Junction]]
* [[Rourkela Junction railway station]]
* [[Jammu Tawi railway station]]
* [[Tatanagar–Amritsar Jallianwalla Bagh Express]]
* [[Muri Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1002 18109/Rourkela–Jammu Tawi Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1003 18110/Jammu Tawi–Rourkela Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambalpur-Jammu Tawi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Rourkela]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2003]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Bigg Boss Marathi season 1

2026-03-28T10:33:41Z

FernBenes17766: Starting new details

{{Short description|Indian Marathi reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 1
| image = Bigg Boss Marathi 1.png
| image_size = 300
| bgcolor = #24bcfb
| caption =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| num_days = 98
| num_housemates = 18
| winner = [[Megha Dhade]]
| runner_up = [[Pushkar Jog]]
}}
| num_episodes = 99
| network = [[Colors Marathi]] [[Voot|Voot Select]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|04|15}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2018|07|22}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''Bigg Boss Marathi 1''''' is the first season of the [[Bigg Boss Marathi|Marathi version]] of the [[reality television]] show ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' broadcast in India.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 June 2018|title=Bigg Boss set to enter Marathi homes|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/bigg-boss-set-to-enter-marathi-homes-180412|website=Indian Television|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> The grand premiere was held on 15 April 2018 on [[Colors Marathi]] and [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] hosted this season of the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-marathi-premiere-has-mahesh-manjrekar-as-host-15-celeb-contestants/story-taHF4UANyWO7Kf5CVacmoM.html|title=Bigg Boss Marathi premiere had Mahesh Manjrekar as a host, 15 celeb contestants|date=16 April 2018|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref> For this season of ''Bigg Boss'', a lavish house set has been constructed in [[Lonavala]]. The Grand Finale aired on 22 July 2018 and [[Megha Dhade]] was declared as the winner and [[Pushkar Jog]] as the Runner-up.

== Housemates status ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background: #24bcfb;color: black"| Sr no.
! scope="col" style="background: #24bcfb;color: black"|Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#24bcfb;color: black"|Day entered
! scope="col" style="background: #24bcfb;color: black"|Day exited
! scope="col" style="background: #24bcfb;color: black"|Status
|-
| 1
| Megha
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Pushkar
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Smita
| Day 1
| Day 98
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Sai
| Day 1
| Day 98
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd runner-up
|-
| 5
| Aastad
| Day 1
| Day 98
|style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th runner-up
|-
| 6
| Sharmishtha
| Day 39
| Day 98
| style="background:#F5F5DC;"| 5th runner-up
|-
| 7
| Resham
| Day 1
| Day 91
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Nandkishor
| Day 47
| Day 84
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Usha
| Day 1
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Bhushan
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Tyagraj
| Day 40
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Sushant
| Day 1
| Day 52
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| 13
| Jui
| Day 1
| Day 49
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|14
|Harshada
|Day 32
|Day 38
| {{CGuest|Guest}}
|-
| 15
| Rutuja
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| 16
| Rajesh
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 17
| Anil
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 18
| Vineet
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 19
| Aarti
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
===Original entrants===
The housemates in the alphabetical order:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/meet-the-contestants-of-bigg-boss-marathi-mahesh-manjrekar-5139089/|title=Meet the contestants of Bigg Boss Marathi|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 April 2018|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>

* Aarti Solanki - Comedian who participating the comedy reality show ''[[Fu Bai Fu]]'' and the dancing reality show ''[[Eka Peksha Ek]]''.
* Aastad Kale - Television actor who has appeared in television show ''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]''.
* Anil Thatte - Journalist.
* Bhushan Kadu - Comedian and actor who appeared in the Marathi show Comedy Express.
* [[Jui Gadkari]] - Television actress who was in the television show ''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]''.
* [[Megha Dhade]] - Film actress who has appeared in several Marathi films, including ''Superstar''. She also participated in the Marathi reality show ''[[Jhunj Marathmoli]]''.
* [[Pushkar Jog]] - Film actor and producer who participated in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] Dancing reality shows.
* [[Rajesh Shringarpure]] - Film and television actor. who acted in many Marathi films, including [[Zenda (film)|Zenda]], Swarajya and Television serials.
* [[Resham Tipnis]] - Film and television actress who has appeared in many Marathi and Bollywood Films. She also did a small role in Bollywood Movie [[Baazigar]].
* Rutuja Dharmadhikari - Television actress who rose to fame after her performance in a Marathi horror show ''[[Ratris Khel Chale]]''.
* [[Sai Lokur]] - Film actress and model. She is known for her role in Bollywood film [[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]] alongside [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]].
* [[Smita Gondkar]] - Film actress, model and [[stunt rider]] who rose to fame after her appearance in Marathi music video ''Pappi De Paarula''.
* Sushant Shelar - Film actor who did many [[Marathi Play|Marathi play]]s and [[film]]s.
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] - Film and television actress who has appeared in Marathi and Bollywood films. She is known for her Performance in Hindi daily soap ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Pavitra Rishta fame Usha Nadkarni confirms participation in Bigg Boss Marathi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-pavitra-rishta-fame-usha-nadkarni-confirms-participation-in-bigg-boss-marathi/articleshow/63566705.cms|access-date=2021-01-29|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Vineet Bhonde - Television actor who appeared in Marathi comedy show ''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''.

===Wild-Card entrants===
* [[Sharmishtha Raut]] - Television actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-sharmishtha-raut-shares-the-real-reason-for-entering-the-house/articleshow/64314914.cms|title= Bigg Boss Marathi: Sharmishtha Raut entered the house as a wildcard entry|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref> She mainly acted in Marathi television serials.
* [[Tyagraj Khadilkar]] - an actor and singer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi: Tyagraj Khadilkar to enter the house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-tyagraj-khadilkar-to-enter-the-house-feels-megha-and-sushant-are-tough-competitors/articleshow/64319383.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-13|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330100658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-tyagraj-khadilkar-to-enter-the-house-feels-megha-and-sushant-are-tough-competitors/articleshow/64319383.cms |archive-date=2019-03-30 }}</ref>
* Nandkishor Chaughule - an actor and comedian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-nandkishor-chaughule-to-enter-the-house-as-a-wildcard-entry/articleshow/64414238.cms|title= Bigg Boss Marathi: Nandkishor Chaughule entered the house as a wildcard entry|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref>

===Guest entrant===
* [[Harshada Khanvilkar]] - Television actress. She is known for her performance in ''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]'' as Akkasaheb. She was guest for 1 week.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi: Harshada Khanvilkar to enter the house - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-harshada-khanvilkar-to-enter-the-house/articleshow/64204248.cms|access-date=2020-12-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; width:100%;"
! width="2%" style="background:#24bcfb" | Week(s)
! width="2%" style="background:#24bcfb" | Day(s)
! width="40%" style="background:#24bcfb" | Guest(s)
! width="30%" style="background:#24bcfb" | Purpose of Visit
|-
| rowspan="3" |Week 1
| rowspan="2" |Day 0
|Vineet's wife
|''To support Vineet''
|-
|Usha's brother
|''To support Usha''
|-
|Day 7
|Sharad Upadhye
|''For Future Prediction of Contestants''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astrologer Sharad Upadhye to visit Bigg Boss Marathi house - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/astrologer-sharad-upadhye-to-visit-bigg-boss-marathi-house/articleshow/63867490.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |Week 3
|Day 15
|Smita Thatte (Anil's wife)
|''For Motivating Anil Thatte''
|-
| rowspan="4" |Day 16
|Prasenjit Kosambi
| rowspan="4" |''For [[Maharashtra Day]] Special''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi Written update, May 1, 2018, Day 12: Priyadarshan Jadhav and Prasenjeet Kosambi enter the Bigg Boss house to celebrate Maharashtra Day - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-written-update-may-1-2018-day-12-priyadarshan-jadhav-and-prasenjeet-kosambi-enter-the-bigg-boss-house-to-celebrate-maharashtra-day/articleshow/63996649.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Priyadarshan Jadhav]]
|-
|Aarti Solanki
|-
|Vineet Bhonde
|-
| rowspan="2" |Day 21
|[[Swwapnil Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" |''To promote film "[[Ranangan]]"''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swapnil Joshi, Sachin Pilgaonkar Shake A Leg With Mahesh Manjrekar On Bigg Boss Marathi|date=6 May 2018|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-6-may-2018-day-21-show-highlights-swapnil-joshi-and-sachin-pilgaonkar-shake-a-leg-with-mahesh-manjrekar-on-bigg-boss-marathi-3038277/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202040946/https://www.india.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-6-may-2018-day-21-show-highlights-swapnil-joshi-and-sachin-pilgaonkar-shake-a-leg-with-mahesh-manjrekar-on-bigg-boss-marathi-3038277/ |archive-date=2020-12-02 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |Week 4
| rowspan="2" |Day 28-29
|[[Hrishikesh Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" |''To promote film "[[Cycle (2017 film)|Cycle]]"''
|-
|Dipti Lele
|-
|Day 32-38
|[[Harshada Khanvilkar]]
|''As Guest Contestant''
|-
| rowspan="16" |Week 9
| rowspan="5" |Day 58
| Abhijeet Nadkarni (Usha's son)
| rowspan="13" |''To surprise contestants in the statue task''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi: Family members enter the house making contestants emotional - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-family-members-enter-the-house-making-contestants-emotional/articleshow/64560377.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Smita's mother
|-
|Rishika Seth (Resham's daughter)
|-
|Supriya Patankar (Sharmishtha's sister)
|-
|Veena Lokur (Sai's mother)
|-
| rowspan="8" |Day 59
|Pramod Kale (Aastad's father)
|-
|Kadambari Kadu (Bhushan's wife)
|-
|Prakrita Kadu (Bhushan's son)
|-
|Megha's mother
|-
|Sakshi Pawaskar (Megha's daughter)
|-
|Jasmine Jog (Pushkar's wife)
|-
|Felisha Jog (Pushkar's daughter)
|-
|Nandkishor's wife
|-
| rowspan="3" |Day 63
|Aarti Solanki
| rowspan="3" |''For motivating contestants''
|-
|[[Rajesh Shringarpure]]
|-
|Anil Thatte
|-
| rowspan="3" |Week 12
| rowspan="3" |Day 80-81
|[[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
| rowspan="3" |''To perform Saasu-Suun Task''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi: Sukanya Mone Kulkarni and Atisha Naik to enter the BB house - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-sukanya-mone-kulkarni-and-atisha-naik-to-enter-the-bb-house/articleshow/64840365.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Atisha Naik]]
|-
|Bhagyashree Limaye
|-
| rowspan="6" |Week 13
| rowspan="4" |Day 87-88
|[[Sachit Patil]]
| rowspan="4" |''To perform BB Hotel Task''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi written update, July 10, 2018: Day 62, Bigg Boss house turned into a hotel - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-written-update-july-10-2018-day-62-bigg-boss-house-turned-into-a-hotel/articleshow/64943133.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Veena Jagtap
|-
|Omprakash Shinde
|-
|[[Surabhi Hande]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Day 90
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| rowspan="2" |''To spend time with contestants''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi written update, July 13, 2018: Day 65, Mahesh and Medha Manjrekar enter the BB house - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-written-update-july-13-2018-day-65-mahesh-and-medha-manjrekar-enter-the-bb-house/articleshow/64985808.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Medha Manjrekar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Grand Finale
| rowspan="2" |Day 99
|[[Mahesh Kale]]
|''To Promote show "[[Sur Nava Dhyas Nava]]"''
|-
|[[Sai Tamhankar]]
|''Special appearance''
|}

=== Special episode (4 hours) ===
* 15 April 2018
* 22 July 2018

==Nominations table==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" |
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 1
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 2
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 3
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 4
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 5
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 6
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 7
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 8
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 9
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 10
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 11
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 12
! rowspan=2 style="width: 6%;" | Week 13
! colspan="5" style="width: 6%;" | Week 14
|-
! Day 92
! colspan=4 style="background:#FFD700" | Day 98
|- style="background:#87CEEB;" |
! style="background:#87CEEB;" | Nominees for Captaincy
| Anil Sai Smita Vineet
| Aastad Smita
| Megha Resham Sai
| Jui Pushkar
| <s>Jui</s> Pushkar <s>Rutuja</s> Smita
| Pushkar Sushant
| Megha Sushant
| Aastad <s>Resham</s> Sushant
| Sai Tyagraj
| Aastad Megha Pushkar
| Nandkishor Resham Sai
| Aastad Pushkar
| Aastad <s>Megha Nandkishor Pushkar Resham</s> Sai <s>Sharmishtha Smita</s>
|Aastad Megha Pushkar Resham Sai Sharmishtha Smita
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" colspan=4 rowspan=3 |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;" | House Captain
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Vineet'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Aastad'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Megha'''
| '''<s>Jui</s> Bhushan'''
| '''Smita'''
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" rowspan=2 |''No Captain''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Megha'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Sushant'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Sai'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Pushkar'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Resham'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Pushkar'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Sai'''
| style="background:#cfc" |'''Usha'''
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| Pushkar (to save)
| Pushkar Anil
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Resham (to save)
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" colspan=2|''Not eligible''
| Smita
| Sai (to save) Resham (to evict)
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Smita Nandkishor
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|-
! colspan="19" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! colspan="4" | Evict
! {{nowrap|Evict / Save}}
! Evict
! {{nowrap|Evict / Save}}
! {{nowrap|Safe Zone}}
! colspan="2" | Evict
! ''none''
! Evict
! {{nowrap|Prize Money}}
! ''None''
! colspan="4" |''WIN''
|-
! colspan="19" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Megha
| Rutuja Aastad
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Smita Resham
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Sushant
| Jui {{nowrap|(to evict)}}
| ''House Decision''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Out
| Nandkishor Bhushan
| Aastad
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Nandkishor Smita
| Gave ₹ 4,40,000
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Winner''' (Day 98)
|-
! Pushkar
| Rutuja Jui
| Resham Sushant
| Rajesh
| Smita
| Usha (to save)
| ''House Decision''
| Resham (to evict)
| In
| Smita Bhushan
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Gave ₹ 4,50,000
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| colspan="4" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st runner-up''' (Day 98)
|-
! Smita
| Usha Aarti
| Pushkar Jui
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Not eligible''
| Aastad
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|''House Decision''
| Sushant (to evict)
| In
| Pushkar Sharmishtha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Sai Megha
| Kept ₹ 4,10,000
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''2nd runner-up''' (Day 98)
|-
! Sai
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Usha Rajesh
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Resham Smita
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Not eligible''
| Resham
| Rajesh (to evict)
|''House Decision''
| Aastad (to evict)
| In
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Nandkishor Smita
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Nandkishor Smita
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''3rd runner-up''' (Day 98)
|-
! Aastad
| Usha Rutuja
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Sushant
| Rutuja
| Sushant (to evict)
| ''House Decision''
| Pushkar (to evict)
| Out
| Sharmishtha Usha
| Megha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Megha Sai
| Kept ₹ 4,30,000
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''4th runner-up''' (Day 98)
|-
! Sharmishtha
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| In
| Bhushan Resham
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Smita Resham
| Gave ₹ 3,50,000
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:#F5F5DC;" |'''5th runner-up''' (Day 98)
|-
! Resham
| Rutuja Usha
| Anil Vineet
| Resham
| Megha
| Sai (to evict)
| ''House Decision''
| Sai (to evict)
| Out
| Sharmishtha Megha
| Sai Sharmishtha
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Megha Sai
| Kept ₹ 4,20,000
| style="background:salmon;" | Aastad (to save)
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
! Nandkishor
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Pushkar Megha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Megha Sai
| colspan="6" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
! Usha
| Smita Pushkar
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Anil Resham
| Resham
| Bhushan
| Megha (to save)
| ''House Decision''
| Jui (to evict)
| Out
| Aastad Smita
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Bhushan
| Rutuja Pushkar
| Pushkar Anil
| Pushkar
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;"|''Not eligible''
| ''House Decision''
| Usha (to save)
| Out
| Sharmishtha Nandkishor
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
! Tyagraj
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Exempt''
| Out
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! Sushant
| Rutuja Megha
| Anil Pushkar
| Sushant
| Anil
| Pushkar (to evict)
| ''House Decision''
| Smita (to save)
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| colspan="10" style="background:#FFCCFF" |''Walked'' (Day 52)
|-
! Jui
| Rutuja Bhushan
| Anil Vineet
| Jui
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Rutuja (to evict)
| ''House Decision''
| Bhushan (to save)
| colspan="13" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Rutuja
| Resham Bhushan
| Resham Jui
| Jui
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Resham (to evict)
| colspan="13" style="background:#FFCCFF" |''Walked'' (Day 35)
|-
! Rajesh
| Rutuja Usha
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Anil Pushkar
| Rajesh
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |''In Secret Room''
| Aastad (to save)
| colspan="13" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! Anil
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Usha Aarti
| Vineet Smita
| Bhushan
| Usha
| style="background:salmon;" | {{nowrap|Bhushan (to save)}}
| colspan="13" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! Vineet
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Anil Resham
| style="background:salmon;" | Anil {{nowrap|(to evict)}}
| colspan="15" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! Aarti
| Smita Rutuja
| style="background:salmon;" |Usha {{nowrap|(to save)}}
| colspan="16" style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 7)
|-
! colspan="19" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 01|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 02|2]]''
| ''[[#endnote 03|3]]''
| ''none''
| ''[[#endnote 04|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 05|5]]'',''[[#endnote 06|6]]'',''[[#endnote 07|7]]''
| ''[[#endnote 04|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 04|4]]'',''[[#endnote 08|8]]''
| ''[[#endnote 09|9]]''
| ''[[#endnote 04|4]]'',''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| ''[[#endnote 04|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 11|11]]''
| ''[[#endnote 04|4]]''
| colspan="5" | ''[[#endnote 12|12]]''
|-style="background:#B2FFFF;"
! Against Public Vote
| Aarti Anil Bhushan Rutuja Smita Usha
| Anil Jui Pushkar Resham Smita Vineet
| Bhushan Jui Rajesh Resham Sushant
| Aastad Anil Jui Rutuja Sushant Usha
| Jui Pushkar Rajesh Resham Rutuja Sai Sushant
| Aastad Megha Sai Sushant Usha
| Aastad Jui Pushkar Resham Sai Sushant
| Aastad Bhushan Megha Resham Tyagraj Usha
| Bhushan Sharmishtha Smita
| Aastad Megha Nandkishor Resham Sharmishtha Smita
| Aastad Sai Sharmishtha Smita Usha
| Nandkishor Megha Sai Sharmishtha Smita
| Aastad Resham Smita
| Megha Sai Sharmishtha Smita
| colspan="4" | Aastad Megha Pushkar Sai Sharmishtha Smita
|-
! {{nowrap|Secret Room}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |'''Rajesh'''
| colspan="16" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Walked
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#FFCCFF" |'''Rutuja'''
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#FFCCFF" |'''Sushant'''
| colspan="10" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Aarti'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Vineet'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Anil'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Rajesh'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Jui'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Tyagraj'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Bhushan'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Usha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Nandkishor'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Resham'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| style="background:#FDD5B1;" |'''Sharmishtha'''
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''Aastad'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Sai'''
|-
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Smita'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Pushkar'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Usha '''
|}
</blockquote>

===Notes===
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#87CEFA|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was in the Secret Room.
*{{note|1|Note 1}}: On Day 1, housemates had to choose 4 housemates for being the House Captain. In the task, Vineet won the House Captain title, Sai won Immunity & Anil was directly nominated.
*{{note|2|Note 2}}: On Day 7, Aarti had a power to give immunity to one housemate for the next week. She chose Usha to be immune.
*{{note|3|Note 3}}: On Day 22, Rajesh was fake evicted and moved to the secret room.
*{{note|4|Note 4}}: Nomination was a part of a task.
*{{note|5|Note 5}}: Housemates had to mutually decide to nominate 5 housemates for eviction.
*{{note|6|Note 6}}: Harshada stayed for a week as a Guest.
*{{note|7|Note 7}}: Voting lines were closed for the week, as Rutuja walked due to illness.
*{{note|8|Note 8}}: On Day 52, Sushant walked from the house due to illness.
*{{note|9|Note 9}}: This week, House Captain had a special power to directly nominate one housemate for eviction. Sai chose to nominate Smita.
*{{note|10|Note 10}}: This week the voting lines are closed.
*{{note|11|Note 11}}: Prior to the nomination. Both wild-cards Nandkishor & Sharmishtha were given a secret task. If they succeeded, they will be immune from nomination, but both of them failed and they were directly nominated for eviction.
*{{note|12|Note 12}}: For this week, Public voted to win and not to save.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/bigg-boss-marathi/3498215 ''Bigg Boss Marathi''] at [[JioCinema]]
* {{IMDb episodes|9673434}}

{{Bigg Boss Marathi}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss Marathi seasons|01]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]

Game Changer (film)

2026-03-27T20:33:36Z

FernBenes17766:

{{short description|2025 film directed by S. Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Game Changer
| image = Game Changer Telugu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Shankar]]
| story = [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| writer =
| screenplay = S. Shankar {{infobox | decat=yes | child=yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Sai Madhav Burra]]
}}
| producer = {{Ubl|[[Dil Raju]]|Shirish}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ram Charan]]
* [[Kiara Advani]]
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
* [[S. J. Suryah]]
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]]
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[Jayaram]]
* [[P. Samuthirakani|Samuthirakani]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Tirru]]
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]] [[Ruben (editor)|Ruben]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|1|10|}}
| runtime = 165 minutes 151 minutes (trimmed version)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC Suggests Two Major Changes To Ram Charan's Game Changer; Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/cbfc-suggests-two-major-changes-to-ram-charans-game-changer-deets-inside-aa-9176435.html |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=News18}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|350{{ndash}}500 crore}}{{efn|While [[Times Now]] stated that the film was made on a budget of over {{INR}}350 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title='Game Changer' Tickets And Advance Booking: Ram Charan's Film Is Posed For A Great Start |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/game-changer-tickets-and-advance-booking-ram-charans-film-is-posed-for-a-great-start-article-117018995 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Times Now |language=en |quote=While the budget of the Ram Charan-starrer has reportedly been around Rs 425 plus crore, the film’s pre-release business too has been stunning.}}</ref> [[The Economic Times]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-31 |title=Ram Charan's 'Game Changer' recovers half its budget even before trailer release: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ram-charans-game-changer-recovers-half-its-budget-even-before-trailer-release-report/articleshow/116808794.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |quote=The film, with a budget of Rs 400 crore, has already recouped 50% of its cost ....}}</ref> and [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Ticket prices hiked for Ram Charan's 'Game Changer', permission for 1am shows denied |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/ticket-prices-hiked-for-ram-charans-game-changer-permission-for-1am-shows-denied-460136-2025-01-09 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en |quote=Made at a budget of around ₹400 crore, Ram Charan's latest film has logged stellar advance bookings for day 1 in India so far.}}</ref> both published that the film cost {{INR}}400 crore to make. [[Box Office India]] stated that the film was made on a budget of {{INR}}425 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Game Changer Dull First Week - Emergency and Azaad Opening |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8936 |access-date=2025-01-17 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> while [[Daily News and Analysis]] stated that the film was made on a budget of {{INR}}500 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=Game Changer: Ram Charan's Film Budget, Cast Remunerations, Box Office Prediction, Here's Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-game-changer-ram-charan-s-film-budget-cast-remunerations-box-office-prediction-here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-3126378 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=DNA India |language=en |quote=The film is reportedly being made with a budget of ₹500 crore.}}</ref>|name="budget"}}
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|195 crore}}<ref name=":12" />
}}
'''''Game Changer''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Political fiction|political]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]], in his Telugu debut, and produced by [[Dil Raju]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]. The film stars [[Ram Charan]] in [[dual role]]s, alongside [[Kiara Advani]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Jayaram]] and [[P. Samuthirakani|Samuthirakani]].
The film featured original score and soundtrack was composed by [[Thaman S]]. While cinematography and editing were handled by [[Tirru]] and [[Shameer Muhammed]] and [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] respectively.

The film was officially announced in February 2021, with its title revealed in March 2023. [[Principal photography]] began in October 2021 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in July 2024, following multiple production delays. Filming took place across various locations in [[India]], as well as international destinations including [[Japan]], [[China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Cambodia]] and [[New Zealand]].

''Game Changer'' was released on 10 January 2025, coinciding with the festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]]. The film received mixed reviews from critics, praising the actors’ performances, action sequences and background score, but criticizing its screenplay and editing. Despite the high opening day collection, it emerged as Shankar's second major [[box-office bomb]], following ''[[Indian 2]]'' (2024).<ref name="pinkvilla.com">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Game Changer (Hindi) Final Worldwide Box Office: Ram Charan and Kiara Advani's political drama to end run with JUST Rs 39 crore globally |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/game-changer-hindi-final-worldwide-box-office-ram-charan-and-kiara-advanis-political-drama-to-end-run-with-just-rs-39-crore-globally-1368636 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Talwar |first=Puja |date=20 January 2025 |title=When big films flop, who should take the fall? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/when-big-films-flop-who-should-take-the-fall-1855270 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ram Nandan successfully clears the [[Civil Services Examination|UPSC]] exam to become a [[District Magistrate]] and is posted to [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. However, on his way to his posting, he is attacked by a gang sent by his former college rival, "Sand" Simha, who is involved in illegal sand mining under the protection of Minister Bobbili Mopidevi. Mopidevi is the son of [[Chief Minister]] Bobbili Sathyamoorthy and the younger brother of [[Home Minister]] Bobbili Munimanikyam. Though Mopidevi aspires to become the Chief Minister, he fears that the position will go to his elder brother due to seniority.

Upon assuming office, Ram summons the district's wrongdoers for a meeting and pleads with them to stop their illegal activities. When they mock him, he takes action by raiding their bases of operations, a rice trading factory, exposing the adulteration of rice. He subsequently seals the factory and demolishes a mall built on illegal land by one of the wrongdoers.

Years ago, Ram was initially pursuing an [[MBBS]] degree but had severe anger issues, particularly when witnessing injustice. His love interest, Deepika, disapproved of his aggressive nature and encouraged him to pursue civil services through the UPSC exam, specifically advising against joining the [[Indian Police Service]], due to his violent nature. Unfortunately, Ram misses the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cutoff by six marks and becomes an IPS officer, leading Deepika to leave him. Eventually, he reappears for the exam, qualifies as an IAS officer, and begins searching for Deepika.

After years apart, Ram finally finds Deepika living in an old-age home, and they rekindle their love. During a [[political rally]] for the CM's party, a mentally challenged elderly resident, Parvathy, unexpectedly interrupts the event and begins revealing Sathyamoorthy's past crimes. As she speaks, Sathyamoorthy is shocked to see her and suffers a fatal heart attack, but not before forgiving her for exposing his misdeeds. When Mopidevi attempts to attack Parvathy, Ram defends her and humiliates Mopidevi in front of the crowd by slapping him, causing a major political scandal.

Furious at his father's betrayal after he dismisses him for [[corruption]], Mopidevi murders Sathyamoorthy and uses public sympathy to become the next Chief Minister. Meanwhile, Ram is suspended for attacking Mopidevi and is later arrested on fabricated charges just before his wedding with Deepika. As Sathyamoorthy's funeral pyre is about to be lit, the media airs his final statement, in which he publicly endorses Ram as the next Chief Minister. Shocked by the revelation, the people rally behind Ram. Around the same time, Sabha, a veteran political figure, reveals to Ram that he is the biological son of Appanna, the original founder of Abhyudhyam Party, Sathyamoorthy's political party, and a revered leader.

Many years ago, Appanna and his wife, Parvathy, had protested against corruption, refusing bribes from industrialists. However, his trusted allies, Sathyamoorthy and Mukundha, betrayed him, choosing personal power over principles. When Appanna attempted to dissolve the party, they murdered him, leaving Parvathy mentally unstable while Ram was separated from her as a child. To cover up the crime, Sathyamoorthy killed Mukundha and raised Mukundha's sons—Mopidevi and Munimanikyam—as his own.

With this revelation, Ram reunites with his biological mother and prepares to assume the Chief Ministership, but Mopidevi refuses to withdraw his complaint against Ram, making him ineligible for the position. Ram steps down and is suspended from the government under charges of misusing the Goonda Act. Mopidevi assumes power as the new CM, but soon faces severe opposition from IAS officers across the country, who demand Ram's reinstatement. Eventually, Ram is appointed as the [[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Election Commission Officer]], and state elections are announced to take place in two months, restricting Mopidevi's ability to make policy changes.

To discredit Ram, Mopidevi approaches the Election Commission, attempting to prove that Ram is the biological son of Appanna and Parvathy, accusing him of bias and claiming that he is secretly working to revive his father's party. Ram denies the allegations, stating that his adopted parents are his only real family, prioritizing the fairness of the elections over his own identity. Parvathy is brought in for confirmation, but when she claims Ram as her own son, he publicly denies it, citing her mental condition as unreliable evidence. Heartbroken, Parvathy later learns about [[DNA testing]] and, realizing its implications, commits suicide by jumping into a vat of [[sulfuric acid]], devastating Ram.

The elections proceed, but Mopidevi and his allies attempt to rig the results by destroying [[voting machines]]. Ram thwarts their efforts and ensures the machines reach the counting center safely.

In the [[post-credits scene]], the newly revived Praja Abhyudhyam Party, led by Sabha and inspired by Appanna's original principles, wins by a landslide, and Ram is elected as the new Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ram Charan]] in a [[dual role]] as:
**[[District collector]] [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|ASP]] [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] H. Ram Nandan [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]], [[Indian Police Services|IPS]] officer of Andhra Pradesh, Chief Electoral Officer, Later [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
**Appanna, Ram's father and the founder of Abhyudayam Party
* [[Kiara Advani]] as Dr. Deepika, Ram's love interest-turned-wife
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Parvathy, Appanna's wife and Ram's mother
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as Bobbili Mopidevi, Acting [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] as Bobbili Sathyamurthy, Bobbili Mopidevi's father and Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Jayaram]] as Bobbili Munimanikyam, Bobbili Mopidevi's elder brother and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Sabha, Appanna's companion and Sathyamurthy's best friend
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as "Side" Satyam, Ram Nandan's assistant
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as "Sand" Simha, Bobbili Mopidevi's deputy and Ram's rival from college
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Mukundha, Appanna's friend; Munimanikyam and Mopidevi's biological father
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Ram's adoptive father
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as an eve teaser
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Professor K. P., Deepika's father
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as a senior party worker
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Bobbili Mopidevi's assistant
* [[Raghu Babu]] as a party worker
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Ram's friend
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Ram's friend
* Venkatesh Kakumanu as Ram's friend
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Ram's friend
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Ram's friend
* [[Sudharshan]] as Ram's friend
* Rocket Raghava as Munimanikyam's supporter
* [[Praveena]] as Ram's adoptive mother
* Racha Ravi as a local goon
* Kishore Kumar Polimera as Appanna's companion
* [[Viswant Duddumpudi]]<ref name="I">{{Cite web |title=Viswant and Ananya Sharma join Game Changer |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/gamechanger-vishwant-ananyasharma.html |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref> as Raghav, Ram's adoptive brother
* Ananya Sharma<ref name="I" /> as Ram's adoptive sister
* Rohini Reddy Noni
* [[Gautham Raju]] as a traffic police constable
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Biyyam Bhimarao
* [[Krishnudu]] as Mall Malleshwarao
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as a local goon
* Naga Mahesh as Police SP
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as a Yoga trainer
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as a College Professor
* Sekhar
* Thotapalli Madhu
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Reporter
* Kadambari Kiran as a police officer
* [[Yashika Aannand]] as a bystander near "Side" Sathyam
* Akshaya Naik
* Mounika Reddy as Deepika's friend
* [[Gangavva]] as Villager
* Mallika
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Chief Secretary P. Mallikarjuna Rao
* Sreedhar Reddy Nalla
* Vadlamani Srinivas as plate manufacturer
* DD Srinivas
* Pradeep Kabra as Chotu
* Rajsekhar Aningi as a reporter
* Pawon Ramesh
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as a voter
* [[Brahmanandam]] as District Collector Kalyana Sundaram (cameo)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The [[Production of Indian 2 and Indian 3|production of ''Indian 2'']] faced significant delays following an on-set accident,<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=20 February 2020 |title=3 killed during 'Indian 2' film shoot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/3-killed-during-indian-2-shoot/article30864990.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219230448/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/3-killed-during-indian-2-shoot/article30864990.ece |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stalin |first=J Sam Daniel |date=20 February 2020 |title=3 Assistant Directors Killed After Crane Crashes On Sets Of Kamal Haasan's "Indian 2" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/3-assistant-directors-killed-after-crane-crashes-on-kamal-haasans-indian-2-set-2182827 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621080742/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/3-assistant-directors-killed-after-crane-crashes-on-kamal-haasans-indian-2-set-2182827 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> compounded by the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|nationwide COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]], which created uncertainty about the film's resumption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=5 June 2020 |title=South Indian film industry loses business to Covid-19 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/south-indian-film-industry-loses-business-to-covid-19/article31755393.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614114428/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/south-indian-film-industry-loses-business-to-covid-19/article31755393.ece |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2021 |title='Indian 2' is shelved or not? Here's the truth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/indian-2-is-shelved-or-not-heres-the-truth/articleshow/80875946.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314023752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/indian-2-is-shelved-or-not-heres-the-truth/articleshow/80875946.cms |archive-date=14 March 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During this time, director [[S. Shankar]] shifted his focus to other projects and began developing a script for a potential multi-starrer film intended for a multi-language release, with [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] considered for one of the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=23 October 2020 |title=Resume film or let me work on another project: Shankar's ultimatum to ''Indian 2'' producers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/resume-film-or-let-me-work-on-another-project-shankars-ultimatum-to-indian-2-producers/articleshow/78810167.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125204237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/resume-film-or-let-me-work-on-another-project-shankars-ultimatum-to-indian-2-producers/articleshow/78810167.cms |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-04 |title=Shankar to direct a multi starrer film ahead of 'Indian 2'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-to-direct-a-multi-starrer-film-ahead-of-indian-2/articleshow/78995591.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112233440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-to-direct-a-multi-starrer-film-ahead-of-indian-2/articleshow/78995591.cms |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Shankar eventually collaborated with [[Dil Raju]]'s [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2017 |title=Kamal Haasan to star in S Shankar's sequel of Indian, confirms producer Dil Raju |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-to-star-in-s-shankars-sequel-of-indian-confirms-producer-dil-raju-4097355.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812233025/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-to-star-in-s-shankars-sequel-of-indian-confirms-producer-dil-raju-4097355.html |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> which had initially planned to produce ''Indian 2'' before stepping away, with [[Lyca Productions]] taking over.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2017 |title=Kamal Haasan, Shankar announce Indian 2 on Bigg Boss Tamil |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-shankar-announce-indian-2-on-bigg-boss-tamil-4869270/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812231515/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-shankar-announce-indian-2-on-bigg-boss-tamil-4869270/ |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=15 September 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2017 |title=Shankar-Kamal Haasan's Indian 2 could be taken over by Lyca Productions; final negotiations on |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shankar-kamal-haasans-indian-2-could-be-taken-over-by-lyca-productions-final-negotiations-on-4162997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101175849/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shankar-kamal-haasans-indian-2-could-be-taken-over-by-lyca-productions-final-negotiations-on-4162997.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2017 |title=Production change for Kamal Haasan's Indian 2? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/23/production-change-for-kamal-haasans-indian-2-1680990.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812231523/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/23/production-change-for-kamal-haasans-indian-2-1680990.html |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=21 October 2017 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 12 February 2021, the production house officially announced the project, with [[Ram Charan]] confirmed as the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-12 |title=It's official: Director Shankar's next film is with Ram Charan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-director-shankars-next-is-with-ram-charan/articleshow/80881076.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214062242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-director-shankars-next-is-with-ram-charan/articleshow/80881076.cms |archive-date=2021-02-14 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title=Ram Charan is ready for Shankar's 'cinematic brilliance', announces new film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/shankar-to-direct-ram-charan-in-dil-raju-production-7185456/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226125536/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/shankar-to-direct-ram-charan-in-dil-raju-production-7185456/ |archive-date=2024-12-26 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was [[Working title|tentatively titled]] ''RC15'' and ''SVC50'', referencing Charan's 15th film as an actor and the production company's 50th project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-12 |title=Ram Charan will team up with director Shankar, confirms Sri Venkateswara Creations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-will-team-up-with-director-shankar-confirms-sri-venkateswara-creations/articleshow/80881434.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107135732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-will-team-up-with-director-shankar-confirms-sri-venkateswara-creations/articleshow/80881434.cms |archive-date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title=Chiranjeevi shares excitement over Ram Charan's film with Shankar |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/chiranjeevi-shares-excitement-over-ram-charans-film-shankar-143369 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107135829/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/chiranjeevi-shares-excitement-over-ram-charans-film-shankar-143369 |archive-date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Although initial reports suggested it would be a historical action film, it was later clarified to be a political action drama.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-12 |title=Ram Charan to team up with director Shankar for a historical drama? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-to-team-up-with-director-shankar-for-a-historical-drama/articleshow/80876183.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214062102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-to-team-up-with-director-shankar-for-a-historical-drama/articleshow/80876183.cms |archive-date=2021-02-14 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The official title, ''Game Changer'', was unveiled on 27 March 2023, coinciding with Charan's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2023-03-27 |title=Birthday boy Ram Charan's RC 15 with director Shankar is now Game Changer. Title announcement video out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/birthday-ram-charan-rc-15-director-shankar-game-changer-title-announcement-video-2351843-2023-03-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525143445/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/birthday-ram-charan-rc-15-director-shankar-game-changer-title-announcement-video-2351843-2023-03-27 |archive-date=2023-05-25 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2024, it was reported that the film was produced on a budget of ₹300–400 [[crore]].<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite web |last=Kathirvelan |first=N. |date=2024-12-18 |title=Director Shankar Exclusive: 'கேம் சேஞ்சர்' - 'இந்தியன் 3' - 'வேள்பாரி'... இயக்குநர் ஷங்கர் ஷேரிங்ஸ்! |trans-title=Director Shankar Exclusive: ''Game Changer'', ''Indian 3'', ''Velpaari'', director Shankar shares |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/director-shankar-interview-about-game-changer-indian-3-and-vel-pari-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219040132/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/director-shankar-interview-about-game-changer-indian-3-and-vel-pari-movies#bypass-sw |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref> Ram Charan was paid ₹65 crore for his role, while Shankar adopted a [[revenue sharing|revenue-sharing]] model, taking a smaller advance and opting to receive a substantial share of the film's profits as remuneration to support its production.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Keval |first=Varun |date=2025-01-07 |title=Ram Charan's Game Changer Movie: Pre-Release Business and Box Office Expectations |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ram-charans-game-changer-movie-pre-release-business-and-box-office-expectations-935526 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107143850/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ram-charans-game-changer-movie-pre-release-business-and-box-office-expectations-935526 |archive-date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "Just because these films deal with politics, people boil down the issues spoken about to just one word: corruption. But there are different facets to it; there are different kinds of governance, and in this film, we have tried to explore the powers and boundaries of an IAS officer [...] as a story evolves, it might shape up to carry a few resemblances to real life, but we didn't design the character based on a single person."
| source = — Shankar on developing the story of ''Game Changer''<ref name=":6" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
''Game Changer'' was initially developed as an interim project during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, along with the adaptation of ''Veera Yuga Nayagan Velpari'' (2019), based on the ruler of Parambu nādu [[Vēl Pāri]], by author-politician [[S. Venkatesan]], a [[Spy fiction|spy thriller]] which demanded shooting in foreign locales and [[Science fiction film|science fiction action film]] that needed a fresh face in the leading role and extensive [[visual effects]]. Due to the restrictions of film production in that period, he wanted something different that would be produced on a restricted budget and felt that the process of adapting another director's story that excited him.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-01-06 |title=Director Shankar interview: On 'Game Changer,' Ram Charan's explosive energy, and whether films can propagate a change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-shankar-interview-on-game-changer-ram-charans-explosive-energy-and-whether-films-can-propagate-a-change/article69064616.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107134303/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-shankar-interview-on-game-changer-ram-charans-explosive-energy-and-whether-films-can-propagate-a-change/article69064616.ece |archive-date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He listened to the narration of numerous directors and finalized on the original story written by [[Karthik Subbaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Not Shankar, but Karthik Subbaraj wrote the story of Ram Charan's RC 15. Read details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/not-shankar-but-karthik-subbaraj-wrote-the-story-of-ram-charan-s-rc-15-read-details-1910804-2022-02-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620162737/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/not-shankar-but-karthik-subbaraj-wrote-the-story-of-ram-charan-s-rc-15-read-details-1910804-2022-02-09 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref>

Shankar also expressed his interest on doing a Telugu film, attributed to the success of the Telugu-dubbed versions of his films.<ref name=":6" /> Speaking to Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''The Hindu'', he added: "I approached it the usual way I do all my films. But because it's my first straight Telugu film, and since the story demanded it, I had to inculcate Telugu culture, lifestyle and traditions."<ref name=":6" /> [[Sai Madhav Burra]] contributed to the dialogues,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=Ram Charan & Shankar's 'RC15' to be wrapped up by December |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ram-charan-shankars-rc15-to-be-wrapped-up-by-december/articleshow/92724557.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711223732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ram-charan-shankars-rc15-to-be-wrapped-up-by-december/articleshow/92724557.cms |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> while lyricist [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and [[Farhad Samji]] did the same for its Tamil and Hindi versions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-09 |title=Lyricist Vivek to pen the Tamil dialogues for 'RC15' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lyricist-vivek-to-pen-the-tamil-dialogues-for-rc15/articleshow/86062294.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911071900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lyricist-vivek-to-pen-the-tamil-dialogues-for-rc15/articleshow/86062294.cms |archive-date=2021-09-11 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Vivek and S. Venkatesan also contributed to the screenplay with Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-28 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Lyricist Vivek on board as writer of RC 15 with Shankar; Ram Charan to play an IAS officer |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-lyricist-vivek-board-writer-rc-15-shankar-ram-charan-play-ias-officer-717152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505023847/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-lyricist-vivek-board-writer-rc-15-shankar-ram-charan-play-ias-officer-717152 |archive-date=2021-05-05 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-29 |title=RC 15: Lyricist Vivek roped into pen screenplay, dialogues for Ram Charan's next with Shankar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc-15-lyricist-vivek-roped-into-pen-screenplay-dialogues-for-ram-charans-next-with-shankar/articleshow/82306240.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508233133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc-15-lyricist-vivek-roped-into-pen-screenplay-dialogues-for-ram-charans-next-with-shankar/articleshow/82306240.cms |archive-date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Lok Sabha MP Venkatesan Worked As 'One Of The Script Writers' For Ram Charan's film 'Game Changer' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/lok-sabha-mp-venkatesan-worked-as-one-of-the-script-writers-for-ram-charans-film-game-changer-article-116422632/amp |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Initially, [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and Shankar's norm composer [[A. R. Rahman]], were reported to score the music for the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2021 |title=Anirudh Ravichander to compose music for Ram Charan-Shankar film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anirudh-ravichander-to-compose-music-for-ram-charan-shankar-film/articleshow/81205085.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301210105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anirudh-ravichander-to-compose-music-for-ram-charan-shankar-film/articleshow/81205085.cms |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=10 March 2021 |title=AR Rahman to team up with Shankar for his period drama with Ram Charan? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-to-team-up-with-shankar-for-his-period-drama-with-ram-charan-1777586-2021-03-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311122038/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-to-team-up-with-shankar-for-his-period-drama-with-ram-charan-1777586-2021-03-10 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> but on [[Dil Raju]]'s request, [[Thaman S]] was chosen to compose the film's music, in his first collaboration with the director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2021 |title=Thaman on board to compose music for RC15 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2021/07/06/thaman-on-board-to-compose-music-for-rc15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620172446/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2021/07/06/thaman-on-board-to-compose-music-for-rc15 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=dtnext.in}}</ref> [[Tirru]] was signed on as the cinematographer, also in his first time association with the director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=24 April 2022 |title=Tirru, still the DoP of RC15, to rejoin the team soon |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/04/24/tirru-still-the-dop-of-rc15-to-rejoin-the-team-soon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327100950/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/04/24/tirru-still-the-dop-of-rc15-to-rejoin-the-team-soon |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=DT next}}</ref> Editor [[Shameer Muhammed]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Shameer Muhammed in Shankar's RC15 with Ram Charan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shameer-muhammed-in-shankars-rc15-with-ram-charan/articleshow/88385459.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912101027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shameer-muhammed-in-shankars-rc15-with-ram-charan/articleshow/88385459.cms |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> action choreography duo [[Anbariv]] and production designer Avinash Kolla were recruited as a part of the technical crew.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2023 |title=Ram Charan's new film titled Game Changer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-charan-s-new-film-titled-game-changer-175092 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620165743/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-charan-s-new-film-titled-game-changer-175092 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> Dance choreographers of the film include [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Jani Master]], [[Prem Rakshith]], [[Bosco Martis]], [[Ganesh Acharya]], and Sandy.<ref name=":4" />

=== Casting ===
Charan reportedly played [[dual role]] as a father and son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=Ram Charan plays a double role in RC 15 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/feb/22/ram-charan-plays-double-role-in-rc-15-29892.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223092604/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/feb/22/ram-charan-plays-double-role-in-rc-15-29892.html |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Shankar complimented that Charan had a "suppressed explosive energy" within, further adding "His performance reflects this; even when he subtly conveys something, you feel a power surging, ready to explode. He knows where to keep it low-key and how to unleash this energy when the scenes require it from him."<ref name=":6" />

In late February, it was reported that South Korean actress [[Bae Suzy]] would play the female lead pairing opposite Charan, in her Indian film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=Ram Charan to Romance K-Drama Actress Suzy Bae in Upcoming Indian Film Helmed by Shankar? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-to-romance-k-drama-actress-suzy-bae-in-upcoming-indian-film-helmed-by-shankar-3489710.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307142332/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-to-romance-k-drama-actress-suzy-bae-in-upcoming-indian-film-helmed-by-shankar-3489710.html |archive-date=2021-03-07 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Afterwards, [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was considered to play the female lead,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-18 |title=#RC15: Rashmika Mandanna to play a journalist in Ram Charan starrer? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc15-rashmika-mandanna-to-play-a-journalist-in-ram-charan-starrer/articleshow/82128905.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508012434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc15-rashmika-mandanna-to-play-a-journalist-in-ram-charan-starrer/articleshow/82128905.cms |archive-date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> before [[Kiara Advani]] was finalized for that role in July 2021;<ref name=":7" /> this would mark her second collaboration with Charan after ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019).<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Kiara Advani to share screen with Ram Charan for the second time in Shankar's #RC15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kiara-advani-to-share-screen-with-ram-charan-for-the-second-time-in-shankars-rc15/articleshow/84915077.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815121701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kiara-advani-to-share-screen-with-ram-charan-for-the-second-time-in-shankars-rc15/articleshow/84915077.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=15 August 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] was cast in a pivotal role, while [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Jayaram]], and [[Naveen Chandra]] were all confirmed to be a part of the film during their presence at the puja ceremony.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=#RC15 muhurtam pooja: Cast and crew of Shankar's Ram Charan and Kiara Advani starrer revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc15-cast-and-crew-of-shankars-ram-charan-and-kiara-advani-starrer-revealed/articleshow/86028501.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510111854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc15-cast-and-crew-of-shankars-ram-charan-and-kiara-advani-starrer-revealed/articleshow/86028501.cms |archive-date=10 May 2022 |access-date=2021-12-11 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[S. J. Suryah]] was confirmed to be part of the film in September 2022, playing the antagonist.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2022 |title=SJ Suryah Joins Shankar-Ram Charan's RC15, Remuneration Revealed |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sj-suryah-joins-shankar-ram-charans-rc15-remuneration-revealed-5929975.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912031753/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sj-suryah-joins-shankar-ram-charans-rc15-remuneration-revealed-5929975.html |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was formally launched with a [[muhurat shot]] on 8 September 2021 at [[Annapurna Studios]] in [[Hyderabad]] with a traditional [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja ceremony]] attended by [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Chiranjeevi]], and [[S. S. Rajamouli]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2021-09-08 |title=Shankar and Ram Charan's 'RC15' launched, new poster released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shankar-and-ram-charans-rc15-launched-new-poster-released/article36355139.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211022046/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shankar-and-ram-charans-rc15-launched-new-poster-released/article36355139.ece |archive-date=11 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=8 September 2021 |title=Ram Charan, Shankar's film RC15 to launch today. Ranveer Singh, Rajamouli, Chiranjeevi to attend |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-and-director-shankar-s-film-muhurat-today-ranveer-singh-rajamouli-to-grace-event-1850393-2021-09-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411065854/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-and-director-shankar-s-film-muhurat-today-ranveer-singh-rajamouli-to-grace-event-1850393-2021-09-08 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 22 October 2021 and the first schedule was completed in the first week of November. Filming took place in [[Maharashtra]] at [[Pune]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]] and [[Phaltan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Samriddhi |date=3 November 2021 |title=Ram Charan, Kiara Advani wrap up first schedule of Shankar's RC15 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-kiara-advani-wrap-up-first-schedule-of-shankar-s-rc15-1872946-2021-11-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125083324/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-kiara-advani-wrap-up-first-schedule-of-shankar-s-rc15-1872946-2021-11-03 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> Later that month, the second schedule began with a song shoot that was held for 10 days, at a specially erected set in [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref name=":8" /> The song, which also included international dancers, was choreographed by [[Jani Master]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |title=RC 15: International dancers roped in for Ram Charan's next with Shankar. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc-15-international-dancers-roped-in-for-ram-charans-next-with-shankar-see-pics/articleshow/87924229.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125083323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rc-15-international-dancers-roped-in-for-ram-charans-next-with-shankar-see-pics/articleshow/87924229.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that nearly {{INRConvert|23|c}} was spent on the song.<ref>{{Cite news |title='RC 15': Shankar spends crores on a single song; Deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rc-15-shankar-spends-crores-on-a-single-song-deets-inside/articleshow/89033993.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125083324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rc-15-shankar-spends-crores-on-a-single-song-deets-inside/articleshow/89033993.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> During the schedule, the team also shot a 7-minute action sequence. [[Anbariv]] and others were hired to design these action sequences in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Director Shankar to Spend Rs 70 Crore for 7-minute Action Sequence in Ram Charan's RC 15 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-shankar-to-spend-rs-70-crore-for-7-minute-action-sequence-in-ram-charans-rc-15-4427234.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152519/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-shankar-to-spend-rs-70-crore-for-7-minute-action-sequence-in-ram-charans-rc-15-4427234.html |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The third schedule for the film commenced in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=14 February 2022 |title=Ram Charan lands in Rajahmundry for RC15 shoot, gets mobbed by fans. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-lands-in-rajahmundry-for-rc15-shoot-gets-mobbed-by-fans-watch-video-1912768-2022-02-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215162710/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-lands-in-rajahmundry-for-rc15-shoot-gets-mobbed-by-fans-watch-video-1912768-2022-02-14 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> Planned for about 20 days, the shoot took place in [[Andhra Pradesh]] at [[Rajahmundry]], [[Kakinada]], [[Kovvur]] and other nearby places of [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] and [[East Godavari district (1925–2022)|East Godavari]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=Ram Charan : గోదావరి జిల్లాల్లో RC15 షూటింగ్.. {{!}} RC 15 shooting in godavari districts |url=https://10tv.in/movies/rc-15-shooting-in-godavari-districts-363238.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152005/https://10tv.in/movies/rc-15-shooting-in-godavari-districts-363238.html |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |publisher=10TV |language=telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=Ram Charan and Shankar to resume 'RC15' shoot |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ram-charan-and-shankar-to-resume-rc15-shoot |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204152008/https://telanganatoday.com/ram-charan-and-shankar-to-resume-rc15-shoot |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Later the same month, it was reported that filming for ''[[Indian 2]]'', also directed by Shankar, which the production was halted for two and a half years,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Kajal Aggarwal to make acting comeback after welcoming first child, to join Indian 2 sets from September |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kajal-aggarwal-set-for-acting-comeback-after-pregnancy-to-join-indian-2-sets-from-sep-13-101659673958048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823211806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kajal-aggarwal-set-for-acting-comeback-after-pregnancy-to-join-indian-2-sets-from-sep-13-101659673958048.html |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> would take place after wrapping up the film shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=Indian 2 shooting to resume only after Vikram and RC15 are wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/indian-2-shooting-to-resume-only-after-vikram-and-rc15-are-wrapped-up/articleshow/89748531.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309123630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/indian-2-shooting-to-resume-only-after-vikram-and-rc15-are-wrapped-up/articleshow/89748531.cms |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Charan took a break from filming to take part in the success celebrations of ''[[RRR]]'' and returned to filming in April.<ref name=":9" /> He and Advani began a 20-day schedule at [[Amritsar]] in April, to film their college portions.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Ram Charan shoots at Amritsar University for Shankar's directorial 'RC15' along with Kiara Advani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-shoots-at-amritsar-university-for-shankars-directorial-rc15-along-with-kiara-advani/articleshow/90682827.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411065854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-shoots-at-amritsar-university-for-shankars-directorial-rc15-along-with-kiara-advani/articleshow/90682827.cms |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Here's what Ram Charan and Kiara Advani are up to in Amritsar |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-what-ram-charan-and-kiara-advani-are-up-to-in-amritsar-53064.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411065854/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-what-ram-charan-and-kiara-advani-are-up-to-in-amritsar-53064.html |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> For undisclosed reasons, [[R. Rathnavelu]] joined the unit in Amritsar to complete the remaining portions in place of Tirru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2022 |title=Tirru, still the DoP of RC15, to rejoin the team soon |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/tirru-still-the-dop-of-rc15-to-rejoin-the-team-soon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327100956/https://www.dtnext.in/amp/story/cinema/2022/04/24/tirru-still-the-dop-of-rc15-to-rejoin-the-team-soon |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=DT NEXT |language=en}}</ref> In May, the crew shot a schedule in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janani |first=K. |date=6 May 2022 |title=Ram Charan resumes Shankar's RC 15 in Vizag, tells Upasana that holiday has to wait. See pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-resumes-shankar-s-rc-15-in-vizag-tells-upasana-that-holiday-has-to-wait-see-pic-1946211-2022-05-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506144614/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-resumes-shankar-s-rc-15-in-vizag-tells-upasana-that-holiday-has-to-wait-see-pic-1946211-2022-05-06 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

By July 2022, 60% of the filming was completed with Shankar intending to wrap up filming by December.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Ram Charan Game Changer: రామ్‌చ‌ర‌ణ్ ఫ్యాన్స్‌కు గుడ్‌న్యూస్ - గేమ్‌ఛేంజ‌ర్‌ సూప‌ర్ అప్‌డేట్ రివీల్ చేసిన‌ శంక‌ర్‌ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/game-changer-update-ramcharan-movie-climax-shoot-wrapped-up-121683683170681.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517091558/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/game-changer-update-ramcharan-movie-climax-shoot-wrapped-up-121683683170681.html |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times Telugu]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Earlier the same month, a massive song involving around 1000 dancers was shot in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and Hyderabad.<ref name=":10" /> After the song shoot, an action sequence involving 1200 fighters was planned.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=RC 15 EXCLUSIVE: Ram Charan & Kiara Advani shoot for song with 1000 dancers; Film wrap by Shankar in December |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/rc-15-exclusive-ram-charan-kiara-advani-shoot-song-1000-dancers-film-wrap-shankar-december-1155857 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912084926/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/rc-15-exclusive-ram-charan-kiara-advani-shoot-song-1000-dancers-film-wrap-shankar-december-1155857 |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> In August, Shankar confirmed that he would be shooting both ''Game Changer'' and ''Indian 2'', simultaneously.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=Shankar gears up to resume Ram Charan's 'RC15' shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-gears-up-to-resume-ram-charans-rc15-shooting/articleshow/93792699.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912085433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-gears-up-to-resume-ram-charans-rc15-shooting/articleshow/93792699.cms |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The filming was planned to resume in early September in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam.<ref name=":2" /> In November 2022, 10 days of a schedule was filmed in [[New Zealand]], where the team picturized an expensive song across multiple exotic locations in the country.<ref name=":1" />

In February 2023, filming resumed with a few scenes shot at [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]], [[Visakhapatnam]], followed by [[Simhachalam]] and [[Charminar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-13 |title=Ram Charan to act as an IAS officer and a politician in RC15: Leaked Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-to-essay-dual-role-in-rc15-suggest-leaks-from-films-sets-7072435.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213165656/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-to-essay-dual-role-in-rc15-suggest-leaks-from-films-sets-7072435.html |archive-date=13 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=RC15: Ram Charan heads to Vizag with furry friend Rhyme for shoot of Shankar's film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rc15-ram-charan-heads-vizag-furry-friend-rhyme-shoot-shankars-film-1082054 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506095131/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rc15-ram-charan-heads-vizag-furry-friend-rhyme-shoot-shankars-film-1082054 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> A few pictures of scenes from the set were leaked online during the filming at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-13 |title=Ram Charan's Grand Entry With A Chopper From The Sets Of RC 15 Is Winning The Internet |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-making-grand-entry-in-chopper-on-rc-15-sets-leaks-online-goes-viral-7072915.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213165654/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-making-grand-entry-in-chopper-on-rc-15-sets-leaks-online-goes-viral-7072915.html |archive-date=13 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> In March 2023, a song involving 100 dancers, choreographed by [[Prabhu Deva]], was shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2023 |title=RC 15 Team, Prabhu Deva Welcome Ram Charan on Film's Sets With Naatu Naatu Dance; Watch Viral Video |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rc-15-team-prabhu-deva-welcome-ram-charan-on-films-sets-with-naatu-naatu-dance-watch-viral-video-7330393.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327095427/https://www.news18.com/movies/rc-15-team-prabhu-deva-welcome-ram-charan-on-films-sets-with-naatu-naatu-dance-watch-viral-video-7330393.html |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=News18}}</ref> In April 2023, Shankar revealed that he would be shooting the climactic scenes soon.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} On 26 April 2023, filming of the climactic scenes started under the supervision of Anbariv, in a special set in [[Shamshabad]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Charan shot high combat scenes with 1200 fighters for the same.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charan's Fight With 1200 Folks In Game Changer Climax |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994593288/Charans-Fight-With-Folks-In-Game-Changer-Climax |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620185528/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994593288/Charans-Fight-With-Folks-In-Game-Changer-Climax |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=indiaherald.com}}</ref> On 9 May, filming of the climax was wrapped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2023 |title=Shankar wraps up 'Game Changer' climax; moves to 'Indian 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-wraps-up-game-changer-climax-moves-to-indian-2/articleshow/100117688.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620222755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-wraps-up-game-changer-climax-moves-to-indian-2/articleshow/100117688.cms |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In July, an action sequence choreographed by [[Anbariv]] was wrapped in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Charan's Game Changer: Stage set for a high-octane action episode, latest schedule update here |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ram-charans-game-changer-stage-set-for-a-high-octane-action-episode-latest-schedule-update-here/2ce45b254836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101173856/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ram-charans-game-changer-stage-set-for-a-high-octane-action-episode-latest-schedule-update-here/2ce45b254836 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref> [[Mysore]] schedule was started on 23 November,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=New Shooting Schedule Of Ram Charan-starrer Game Changer Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/new-shooting-schedule-of-ram-charan-starrer-game-changer-out-8672166.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231161220/https://www.news18.com/movies/new-shooting-schedule-of-ram-charan-starrer-game-changer-out-8672166.html |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=News18}}</ref> and was wrapped early December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Ram Charan visits Chamundeshwari temple in Mysuru while shooting for Game Changer; fans mob him for photos. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-fans-mob-chamundeshwari-temple-mysuru-video-101701596890152.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231162230/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-fans-mob-chamundeshwari-temple-mysuru-video-101701596890152.html |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In late December, a short schedule in Hyderabad, featuring Srikanth, Samuthirakani, S. J. Suryah, and others was wrapped up.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The final schedule was completed in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-08 |title=It's a wrap for Ram Charan-Shankar's 'Game Changer' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-ram-charan-shankars-game-changer/article68380552.ece |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In December 2024, it was reported that the filming lasted for 240 days, in which Ram Charan's portion were reportedly shot for 192 days.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

===Post-production===
In an interview, editor [[Shameer Muhammed]] told that the film was initially 7 to 7.5 hours long, which he trimmed down to 3.5 hours before another editor joined the project and shortened it even further. He also shared that his experience working with Shankar was "terrible".<ref>{{cite news |author1=HT Entertainment Desk |title=Ram Charan's Game Changer editor Shameer Muhammed recalls ‘terrible experience’ working with Shankar: ‘I left the film’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charans-game-changer-editor-shameer-muhammed-recalls-terrible-experience-working-with-shankar-101748158322235.html |access-date=5 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's first look and title was revealed on 27 March 2023, coinciding with Charan's birthday. The teaser of the film was released on 9 November 2024 in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Charan-Kiara Advani's Game Changer Teaser To Be Unveiled At Grand Event In Lucknow On November 9 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-swag-unmissable-in-game-changer-teaser-promo-kiara-advani-2630791-2024-11-09 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 2 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Game Changer trailer: Ram Charan pulls off multiple looks in father-son saga for righteousness. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/game-changer-trailer-ram-charan-pulls-off-multiple-looks-in-father-son-saga-for-righteousness-watch-101735814696353.html |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |date=2 January 2025 }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Game Changer (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack is composed by [[Thaman S]], in his first musical collaboration, along with his third overall collaboration, with Shankar, after making his acting debut in ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003), and ''[[Eeram]]'' (2009), which was produced by Shankar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Music director Thaman joins Shankar-RamCharan's #RC15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-director-thaman-joins-shankar-ramcharans-rc15/articleshow/84545217.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211020545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-director-thaman-joins-shankar-ramcharans-rc15/articleshow/84545217.cms |archive-date=11 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-11 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It also marks the fourth time Shankar is working with another music composer besides his regular collaborator, [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2021 |title=Composer Thaman is excited to be on board for 'brother' Ram Charan's RC15 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/composer-thaman-on-board-for-ram-charan-director-shankar-rc15-7411677/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620162737/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/composer-thaman-on-board-for-ram-charan-director-shankar-rc15-7411677/ |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> The audio rights for the film were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=Saregama Secures The Audio Rights Of Ram Charan-starrer Game Changer |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/saregama-secures-the-audio-rights-of-ram-charan-starrer-game-changer-8653719.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108110103/https://www.news18.com/movies/saregama-secures-the-audio-rights-of-ram-charan-starrer-game-changer-8653719.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=News18}}</ref>

The soundtrack featured seven songs, with lyrics written by [[Anantha Sriram]], [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Kasarla Shyam]] and [[Roll Rida]]. Four of them—"Jaragandi",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Charan's birthday - From mixed response for Jaragandi to key updates on his next films, the global star had an eventual day |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ram-charans-birthday-from-mixed-response-for-jaragandi-to-key-updates-on-his-next-films-the-global-star-had-an-eventual-day/05de37d624262 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref> "Raa Macha Macha"<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2024 |title=Game Changer song Raa Macha Macha OUT: Ram Charan's dance steps and Thaman's music in the folk-style number are a banger |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/game-changer-song-raa-macha-macha-out-ram-charans-dance-steps-and-thamans-music-in-the-folk-style-number-are-a-banger-1351141 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930112256/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/game-changer-song-raa-macha-macha-out-ram-charans-dance-steps-and-thamans-music-in-the-folk-style-number-are-a-banger-1351141 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Naa Naa Hyraanaa"<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2024 |title=Ram Charan's Game Changer Third Single Release Date Locked |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/global-star-ram-charan-dil-raju-shankars-game-changer-third-single-to-release-on-november-28-1840826 |access-date=24 November 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> and "Dhop"<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2024 |title="Dhop" from Game Changer Released: Lyrical Video Out Now |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/tollywood/dhop-game-changer-released-lyrical-video-out-now-361076 |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=Sakshi Post}}</ref>—were released as singles, prior to the album's release on 4 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Game Changer (Telugu) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3wuQ79aExSzvo3n5tmM9Yx?si=4maBZHXJTpK4fFCme_QNfw |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=Spotify}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Game Changer'' was theatrically released on 10 January 2025, coinciding with [[Sankranti]] weekend, in standard and [[IMAX]], [[4DX]], [[Dolby Cinema]], and [[Qube Cinema|Qube EPIQ]] formats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DH Web Desk |date=2025-01-03 |title=Ram Charan's much-anticipated 'Game Changer' all set for IMAX release |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ram-charans-much-anticipated-game-changer-all-set-for-imax-release-3340428 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Apart from the original Telugu language, it was also released in the Tamil and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |date=2025-01-02 |title='Game Changer' trailer: Ram Charan takes on the corrupt in Shankar's magnum opus |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/game-changer-trailer/article69053663.ece/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, as with the rest of the world, the film was initially released on the same day; however, in a version which was classified 12A by the [[British Board of Film Classification]] (BBFC) for moderate violence, threat, reference to suicide and sexual violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Game Changer |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/game-changer-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3mtcy |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

Previously, the film was announced to release on [[Christmas]] 2024, but due to unfinished post-production work it was eventually postponed to the current date due to ''[[Vishwambhara|Viswambhara]]'' being delayed due to production delays.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Baisakhi |date=22 July 2024 |title=WATCH: Ram Charan's Game Changer aims for Christmas release, confirms producer Dil Raju |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/watch-ram-charans-game-changer-aims-for-christmas-release-confirms-producer-dil-raju-1330692 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TNN |date=12 October 2024 |title=Shankar & Ram Charan's 'Game Changer' to release postponed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-ram-charans-game-changer-to-release-postponed/articleshow/114171328.cms |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Distribution===
The Tamil dubbed version of the film is being distributed by Adityaram and T. Muruganantham, under SVC Adityaram Movies and Rockfort Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title='Game Changer': Ram Charan-Shankar movie becomes first ever Indian film to host a pre-release event in the USA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/game-changer-ram-charan-shankar-movie-becomes-first-ever-indian-film-to-host-a-pre-release-event-in-the-usa/article68901922.ece#:~:text=Produced%20by%20Dil%20Raju%20and%20Shirish%20under%20the%20banners%20Sri,other%20actors%20in%20the%20movie. |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=The Hindu Bureau |language=en}}</ref> [[Anil Thadani]] of [[AA Films]] acquired the distribution rights of the dubbed Hindi version for [[North India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa 2,' Ram Charan's 'Game Changer,' Prabhas' 'Kalki,' NTR Jr's 'Devara' Snapped Up for India Distribution by AA Films (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/allu-arjun-pushpa-2-ram-charan-game-changer-prabhas-kalki-ntr-jr-devara-india-distribution-1235972328/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418185020/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/allu-arjun-pushpa-2-ram-charan-game-changer-prabhas-kalki-ntr-jr-devara-india-distribution-1235972328/ |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital distribution rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] for ₹105 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Ram Charan's Game Changer Digital Rights Sold To Amazon Prime Video For Whopping Rs 105 Crore: Report |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/ram-charans-game-changer-digital-rights-sold-to-amazon-prime-video-for-whopping-rs-105-crore-report-article-108684153 |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=zoomtventertainment |language=en}}</ref> The film began streaming on Amazon Prime Video from 7 February 2025 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=Game Changer OTT release: When and where to watch Ram Charan-Kiara Advani film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/game-changer-ott-release-ram-charan-kiara-advani-film-prime-video-feb-7-stmp-2674519-2025-02-04 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> The Hindi dubbed version began streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2025 |title=Ram Charan and Kiara Advani starrer 'Game Changer' OTT release: Find out where to watch the film in Hindi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-and-kiara-advani-starrer-game-changer-ott-release-find-out-where-to-watch-the-film-in-hindi/articleshow/118724309.cms |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception==
=== Critical response ===
Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "In essence, ''Game Changer'' is an unmistakable Shankar creation fuelled and delivered with Ram Charan's charisma."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |date=10 January 2025 |title=Game Changer Movie Review |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/game-changer-review-70758.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' also rated the film 3.5 out of 5, calling the performances of Ram Charan and Anjali as "powerhouse" and "strong impact" respectively, and noted, "Game Changer stands out as a solid political drama with exceptional performances, making it a must-watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer review: A gripping political drama fuelled by stellar performances |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/game-changer-review-a-gripping-political-drama-fuelled-by-stellar-performances-80532 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "Overall, Game Changer is a well-executed commercial film. Shankar's grand scale and Ram Charan's brilliant performance, combined with strong supporting roles and technical excellence, make it a compelling watch for enthusiasts of the genre". The critic also praised the performance of Anjali and S. J. Suryah.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Game Changer Movie Review : Ram Charan and Shankar deliver a grand political drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/game-changer/movie-review/117105664.cms |access-date=2025-01-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3.0/5 and wrote, "''Game Changer'' is yet another mass-appealing anti-corruption saga from Shankar that works due to the clapworthy moments, twists and turns, relatable goings-on and performances of Ram Charan and S. J. Suryah."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=Game Changer review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/game-changer/critic-review/game-changer-movie-review/game-changer-is-yet-another-mass-appealing-saga-from-shankar/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

Prathamesh Jadhav of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated ''Game Changer'' 3/5 stars, calling it a grand and entertaining political drama with standout performances from Ram Charan and Anjali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Prathamesh |date=10 January 2025 |title=Game Changer Review: Ram Charan, Shankar's Political Drama Is Grand & Entertaining |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/game-changer-review-ram-charan-shankars-political-drama-is-grand-entertaining |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "With style and swag in abundance, ''Game Changer'' is like the quintessential masala entertainer. The film serves up a little bit of everything in its narrative — action, drama, music, romance, exotic locations and sentiment. The screenwriting could have been better."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer Movie Review: Ram Charan Film Is Visually Beautiful But Lacks Emotional Depth |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/game-changer-movie-review-ram-charan-impresses-fans-with-mass-entertainer-review-117098890 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "Ram Charan shines in this social drama that has a predictable plot, narrated in a decent manner."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avad Mohammad |date=10 January 2025 |title=Game Changer review:A passable political thriller with Shankar's signature style |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/game-changer-review-a-passable-political-thriller-with-shankars-signature-style/bd2d7c629b156 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described Ram Charan's portrayal of Appanna as "Ram Charan's best performance after ''Rangasthalam''." She remarked, "Director Shankar's latest has fun segments featuring Ram Charan and SJ Suryah, but the hasty narrative leaves little room for emotional heft."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-10 |title='Game Changer' movie review: This Shankar, Ram Charan, SJ Suryah film chooses instant gratification over emotional heft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/game-changer-movie-review-the-fun-is-tailormade-for-instant-gratification/article69083917.ece |access-date=2025-01-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Game Changer'' is essentially a lot of nice segments that are stitched together in the hope that it would make a good film. Now, individually, these segments have a sense of purpose, but together, they sometimes become incoherent due to the lack of focus."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer movie review: A riveting Ram Charan anchors a middling Shankar showreel that needed more upgrades |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/game-changer-the-rule-movie-review-a-riveting-ram-charan-anchors-a-middling-shankar-showreel-that-needed-upgrades-9771339/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "It is high time that Shankar rethinks his way to grandeur filmmaking. [...] ''Game Changer'' presents potential ideas but falls short in delivering a lasting impact."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer review: Ram Charan excels, Shankar settles for mediocrity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/game-changer-review-ram-charan-excels-shankar-settles-for-mediocrity-2662790-2025-01-10 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "But here's the thing: a three-hour canvas of hero-uses-rules-to-thwart-villains can only stretch so far without fraying, especially when the film itself doesn't treat it too much reverence."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer Movie Review: Big ideas, thin characters, little feeling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jan/10/game-changer-movie-review-big-ideas-thin-characters-little-feeling |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[News18]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "While mainstream Indian cinema has changed significantly in terms of style and content, Shankar's constant bet on his old ideas seems to be surprising. A lot remains the same in this film, which is ironically titled Game Changer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Game Changer Review: Ram Charan Shines In Shankar's Usual Anti-Corruption Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/game-changer-review-ram-charan-shines-in-shankars-usual-anti-corruption-film-9184376.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Goutham S of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Game Changer is undoubtedly one of the biggest movies to release this year, but it fails to live up to the expectations it set. While director Shankar is known for addressing societal issues at the core of his films, this movie feels stuck in the 1990s style of Indian cinema in terms of execution."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer movie review: Ram Charan starrer political actioner falls flat in a clichéd narrative with no change in Shankar |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/game-changer-movie-review-ram-charan-starrer-political-actioner-falls-flat-in-a-cliched-narrative-with-no-change-in-shankar-1366683 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "''Game Changer'' is never found wanting in the matter of giving plausibility a wide berth and finding easy answers to complex conundrums. The film has a second half that is far better than the first, but taken together they do not add up."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Game Changer Review: Ram Charan Shines But The Film Doesn't |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/game-changer-review-ram-charan-shines-but-the-film-doesnt-2-stars-7442411 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Director Shankar has to give up his old ideas and come back with refreshing story which doesn't have any shade or resemblance to his earlier blockbusters."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer: Ram Charan tries hard to salvage a cliched political potboiler |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/ram-charans-game-changer-movie-review-rating-shankar-magic-waning-1853218 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Amit Bhatia of [[ABP News|''ABP Live'']] gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "Game Changer' fails to live up to its grand title. While Ram Charan's performance is a saving grace, the predictable storyline, over-the-top execution, and lack of originality weigh the film down."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Amit |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer Review: Ram Charan, Kiara Advani Starrer Falls Flat, Shankar's Telugu Debut Disappoints |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-game-changer-review-ram-charan-kiara-advani-starrer-falls-flat-shankar-telugu-debut-disappoints-1743152 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "In ''Game Changer,'' filmmaker [[Karthik Subbaraj]] gets the credit for the story. Of course, it's not as unwatchable as ''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]'' or ''[[Indian 2]]'', but is that genuinely a compliment?"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title='Game Changer' movie review: Ram Charan and Kiara Advani's film is forgettable but not as awful as Indian 2 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/game-changer-movie-review-ram-charan-and-kiara-advanis-film-is-forgettable-but-not-as-awful-as-indian-2-13851527.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Game Changer is strictly average, even as you're rooting for it to be something more. It succeeds in staying focused on what it sets out to do - call out corruption in Indian politics - but gives you nothing more. And after Shankar's last outing, ''Indian 2'', maybe that's a win."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=2025-01-10 |title=Game Changer review: Ram Charan-Shankar film is an expensive masterclass on electoral politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/game-changer-review-ram-charan-shankar-film-is-an-expensive-masterclass-on-electoral-politics-101736482306005.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film had an estimated worldwide gross of ₹203.19 crore.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=Saiyaara becomes 2nd biggest movie of 2025; THESE are top 10 highest-grossing films of the year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/saiyaara-becomes-2nd-biggest-movie-of-2025-these-are-top-10-highest-grossing-films-of-the-year/3927364/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14209618}}

{{S. Shankar}}

[[Category:2020s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kakinada]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Films set in Japan]]
[[Category:Films set in China]]
[[Category:Films set in Cambodia]]
[[Category:Films set in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films set in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]
[[Category:Dolby Cinema films]]
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Dinesh Thakur

2026-03-25T20:10:07Z

FernBenes17766: rework section as per guidelines and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Indian theatre director (1947–2012)}}
{{for|the mathematician|Dinesh Thakur (mathematician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{infobox person
| name = Dinesh Thakur
| image = Dinesh Thakur.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dinesh Thakur
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1947|08|08}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India.
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|09|20|1947}}
| death_place =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Kirori Mal College]], New Delhi
| years_active = 1971–2012
| known_for = Ank Theatre Company
| occupation = [[Theatre director]], [[Actor]]
| children = Mahesh Thakur
| awards =
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20100221082747/http://www.anktheatregroup.com/ Ank Theatre Group]
}}
'''Dinesh Thakur''' (8 August 1947<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/article3917473.ece|title=Actor-director Dinesh Thakur passes away|date=20 September 2012|work=thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref> – 20 September 2012) was an Indian [[theatre director]], actor in theatre, television and [[Hindi film]], where most notably he appeared as one of the leads in ''[[Rajnigandha]]'' 1974 and directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]], which won both [[Filmfare Best Movie Award]] and the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]]. Dinesh Thakur was born in 1947 in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He was the founder-director of ANK productions, a [[Mumbai]]-based theatre company, established in 1976.<ref name=di>{{cite news |title=TV is, for me, the mega-festival of ignorance |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000521/spectrum/main5.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=21 May 2000 }}</ref>

Though he mainly appeared as character roles in Hindi films, as a screenwriter and story writer, he is known for writing the story and screenplay of ''[[Ghar (1978 film)|Ghar]]'' (1978), which won him the 1979 [[Filmfare Best Story Award]].

He died on 20 September 2012 due to kidney failure.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==

Dinesh Thakur did his graduation from [[Kirori Mal College]] (KMC), [[Delhi University]], where was also part of the KMC dramatic society.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/All-the-worlds-a-stage-at-DU/articleshow/1669456.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811091743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-06-22/delhi/27827189_1_societies-kirori-mal-amitabh-bachchan|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=All the world's a stage at DU|date=22 June 2006|first1=Abantika|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Ghosh}}</ref>

He made his film debut in 1971, with ''[[Mere Apne]]'', written and directed by [[Gulzar]], and followed it up with [[Basu Bhattacharya]]'s ''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]]'' (1971) and later in ''[[Griha Pravesh (1979 film)|Griha Pravesh]]'' (1979). 1974 saw him appearing in [[Basu Chatterjee]]'s landmark in middle cinema, ''[[Rajnigandha]]'' (1974), alongside [[Amol Palekar]] and [[Vidya Sinha]], which won the [[Filmfare Best Film Award]], and went on appear in several films with both the directors in the coming years.

He established 'Ank Theatre Group' in 1976, dedicated solely to Hindi theatre in Mumbai; though it started flourishing in a big way with the advent on [[Jennifer Kapoor]]'s [[Prithvi Theatre]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prithvi, pioneer in theatre |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/11/07/stories/2003110701340600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101014620/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/11/07/stories/2003110701340600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 November 2003 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Mere Apne]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Jalte Badan]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Rajnigandha]]'' (10 Sep 1974) as Naveen Ad Filmmaker
* ''[[Parinay]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Faslah]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Kalicharan]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Karm]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Madhu Malti]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Ghar (1978 film)|Ghar]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Naiyya]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]'' (1979) as Jaimal Rathod
* ''[[Griha Pravesh (1979 film)|Griha Pravesh]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Khwab]]'' (1980)
* ''[[The Burning Train]]'' (1980) as Ticket Checker (TC)
* ''La nouvelle malle des Indes'' (1981) TV mini-series
* ''Sitara'' (1980)
* ''[[Agni Pareeksha (1981 film)|Agni Pareeksha]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Baghavat]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Aamne Samne (1982 film)|Aamne Samne]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Manju (film)|Manju]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Kanoon Kya Karenga]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Aaj Ki Awaz]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Sanjhi]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Ulta Seedha]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Surkhiyaan]]'' 1985)
* ''[[Palay Khan (film)|Palay Khan]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Raj Dulari]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Aakhri Baazi]]'' (1989) as Durjan
* ''[[Panchvati]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Hum Se Na Takrana]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Zakhmi Rooh]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Geetanjali (1993 film)|Geetanjali]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Shanti (TV series)|Shanti]]'' (1994) TV series
* ''[[Aastha]]''(1997)
* ''[[Aakhri Sanghursh]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Fiza]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Nyaay]]'' TV series (2000–2001)
* ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' TV series (2000)
* ''Dil Pardesi Ho Gaya'' (2003)
* ''Nigehbaan: The Third Eye'' (2005)

==Plays==
* ''Hai Mera Dil'', adaption of Broadway play by Norman Barasch and Carroll Moore, also made into 1964 American comedy film, ''[[Send Me No Flowers]]'' with starring Rock Hudson, Doris Day and Tony Randall.<ref>{{cite news |title=1000 shows, and still going strong: V. Gangadhar on Dinesh Thakur's record-breaking play Hai Mera Dil |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050410/spectrum/main3.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=10 April 2005 }}</ref>
* ''Jin Lahore Nai Dekhya'', [[Asghar Wajahat]]
* ''Tughlaq'', [[Girish Karnad]], (translated into [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] by [[B.V. Karanth]])
* ''Baki Itihas'' and ''Pagla Ghora'', by [[Badal Sircar]]
* ''Suno Janmejaya'' by Shri Ranga
* ''Jaat Hi Poochho Sadhu Ki'', [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
* ''Khamosh! Adalat Jaari Hai'', [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
* ''Kamala'', [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
* ''Adhe Adhure'', [[Mohan Rakesh]]
* ''Rakt-Beej'', [[Shanker Shesh]]
* ''Mahabhoj'', [[Mannu Bhandari]]
* ''Atamkatha'', [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]]
* ''Gaganbhedi'', [[Vasant Kanetkar]]
* ''Hangamakhez'', [[Agha Hashar Kashmiri]]
* ''Sheh Ye Maat'', [[B.M. Shah]]<ref name=di/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0856897}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100221082747/http://www.anktheatregroup.com/ Ank Theatre Group, Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090918180405/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/7810/index.html Dinesh Thakur Filmography] [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Dinesh}}
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Kirori Mal College alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi theatre]]

Chakram (2005 film)

2026-03-25T18:26:13Z

FernBenes17766: refine formatting per standard format and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chakram
| image = Chakram poster.jpg
| writer =
| screenplay = Satyanand Krishna Vamsi
| story = Krishna Vamsi
| starring = [[Prabhas]] [[Asin]] [[Charmy Kaur]]
| director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| producer = C. Venkatraju G. Sivaraju
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]] [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]] [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2005|3|25}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| studio = Geeta Chitra International
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Chakram''''' ({{translation|Wheel}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-written by [[Krishna Vamsi]]. It stars [[Prabhas]], [[Asin]] and [[Charmy Kaur]]. The music was composed by [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]. The film was released on 25 March 2005 to mixed reviews and became a flop at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=2005-12-30 |title=Dubbed films rule yet again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091816/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |archive-date=2015-07-06 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Putting behind a flop (Chakram), Prabhas has clearly arrived with Chatrapathi, another big hit directed by S.S. Rajamouli.}}</ref> However, it won two [[Nandi Awards]]. It was dubbed in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] under the same name and in [[Malayalam]] as ''Dharma Chakram''.

== Plot ==
Chakram ([[Prabhas]]) is a foreign returnee who has a dream of building a hospital at [[Pulivendula]]. He is in love with his colleague and cousin Lakshmi ([[Asin]]), who studied medicine with him abroad. For an unknown reason, he runs away from his marriage hall. He then moves to [[Hyderabad]] and stays in a place called "Sahara Colony". There, he helps all the people solving their problems and to smile again. Seeing all this, another girl who is also named Lakshmi ([[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]]) slowly falls in love with Chakram. Chakram left because he found out that he has blood cancer and will die soon.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prabhas]] as Chakram
*[[Asin]] as Lakshmi
*[[Charmy Kaur]] as Lakshmi
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Peddi Reddy, Chakram's father
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Chakram's mother
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Lakshmi's (Asin) father
*[[Rajya Lakshmi (actress)|Rajya Lakshmi]] as Lakshmi's (Charmy) mother
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Lakshmi's (Charmy) grandmother
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Ram Prasad
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Auto Driver
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Watchman
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Conman
*[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as Giri
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]]
*[[Shiva Reddy]]
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]]
*Delhi Rajeswari
*Narayana Rao
*[[Ilavarasi|Kalpana]]
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Henchman
*[[B. Padmanabham]] as himself
* Bill Bitra
*[[Brahmanandam]] as railway T.C. (Cameo)
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Chakram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 February 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 29:01
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Chakri
| prev_title = [[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Bhageeratha (film)|Bhageeratha]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:01
| title1 = Na Peru Chakram
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]
| length1 = 5:07
| title2 = Sony Cell Phone
| lyrics2 = [[Kandikonda]]
| extra2 = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length2 = 4:54
| title3 = Oke Oka Mata
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| length3 = 5:30
| title4 = Koncham Karanga
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length4 = 4:26
| title5 = Rangeli Holi
| lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 4:46
| title6 = Jagamanta Kutumbam
| lyrics6 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra6 = [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]
| length6 = 4:18
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined that "despite spending lavishly, a wafer-thin plot ensures a loser".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28chakram.htm | title=Chakram is cliched fare|work=[[Rediff.com]] }}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' said that "On the whole, ''Chakram'' disappoints".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chakram.html|title=Chakram - Telugu cinema Review - Prabhas, Asin, Charmi - Krishna Vamsi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "Not worth a watch unless there is nothing better around".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/chakram/telugu/76396.html|title=Chakram Review|work=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - [[Krishna Vamsi]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] - [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]] for "Jagamantha Kutumbam"

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0455385|title=Chakram}}

{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}

[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]
[[Category:2005 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{2000s-romantic-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

Jugantar

2026-03-25T14:40:28Z

FernBenes17766: updated information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|Secret revolutionary group operating in Bengal for Indian independence}}
{{About|the political party|the newspaper|Jugantar Patrika}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''Jugantar''' or '''Yugantar''' ({{langx|bn|যুগান্তর}} ''Jugantor''; [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''New Era'' or ''Transition of an Epoch'') was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in [[Bengal]] for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. This association, like [[Anushilan Samiti]], started in the guise of a suburban health and fitness club while secretly nurturing revolutionaries. Several Jugantar members were arrested, hanged, or deported for life to the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] and many of them joined the [[Communist Consolidation]] in the [[Cellular Jail]].

==The beginning==
The Jugantar party was established in April 1906 by leaders like [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]], [[Hemchandra Kanungo]], and Upen Banerjee.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Jugantar Party |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jugantar_Party |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Along with 21 revolutionaries, they started to collect arms, explosives and manufactured bombs. The headquarters of Jugantar were located at 27 Kanai Dhar Lane then 41 Champatola 1st Lane in [[Kolkata]].<ref>Mukhopadhyay Haridas & Mukhopadhyay Uma. (1972) ''Bharater svadhinata andolané 'jugantar' patrikar dan'', p15.</ref>

==Activities==
[[File:Jugantar Possessed Cast Iron Bomb Shells - 1930 CE - Kolkata 2017-02-05 5145.JPG|thumb|The Jugantar party possessed cast iron bombshells those manufactured in 1930 by themselves.]]
Some senior members of the group were sent abroad. One of the first batches included [[Surendra Mohan Bose]], [[Tarak Nath Das]] and [[Guran Ditt Kumar]], who, since 1907, were extremely active among the Hindu and Sikh immigrants on the Western coast of North America. These units were to compose the future [[Ghadar Party]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ker |first=James Campbell |authorlink=J. Campbell Ker |title=Political Trouble in India, 1907–1917 |year=1960 |orig-year=First published 1917 |location=[[Calcutta]] |publisher=Editions Indian |pages=208, 210, 218, 227–228 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12832/page/n244/mode/1up |oclc=1129475950}}</ref> In Paris [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] alias '''Hem Das''', along with [[Senapati Bapat|Pandurang M. Bapat]], obtained training in explosives from the Russian anarchist Nicholas Safranski.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4JuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910 |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563350-4 |page=90 |language=en}}</ref> After returning to Kolkata, [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] joined the combined school of 'self-culture' (''anushilan'') and opened a bomb factory at a garden house in [[Maniktala]], a suburb of Calcutta. However, the attempted murder of Kingsford, the-then district Judge of [[Muzaffarpur]] by [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] (30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries. The prisoners were tried in the famous [[Alipore bomb case|Alipore bomb conspiracy case]] in which several activists were deported for life to the [[Cellular Jail]] in Andaman.

In 1908, as a next step, Jugantar chose to censure persons connected with the arrest and trial of revolutionaries involved in the Alipore Bomb Case. On 10 February 1909, Ashutosh Biswas, who conducted the prosecution of Kanai and Satyen for the murder of Naren Gosain (a revolutionary turned approver), was shot dead by Charu Basu in the Calcutta High Court premises. Samsul Alam, Deputy Superintendent of Police, who conducted the Alipore Case was shot and killed by Biren Dutta Gupta on the stairs of Calcutta High Court building on 24 January 1910. Charu Basu and Biren Dutta Gupta were later hanged.<ref>''Rowlatt Report''; Samanta, op. cit.</ref>

Several including [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] were arrested in connection with the murder of Police inspector Samsul Alam on 24 January 1910 in [[Calcutta]] and other charges. Thus started the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]] that tried the prisoners for treason, waging war against the Crown and tampering with the loyalty of Indian soldiers, such as those belonging to the [[Jat Regiment]] posted in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], and soldiers in Upper Indian Cantonments.<ref>The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the [[10th Jats]] Regiment) (cf: ''Sedition Committee Report'', 1918)</ref>

==The German plot==
{{Main|Hindu German Conspiracy}}
''Nixon's Report'' corroborates that Jugantar under [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] counted a good deal on the ensuing [[World War]] to organise an armed uprising with the Indian soldiers in various regiments.<ref>Samanta, op. cit. Vol II, p 591</ref> During [[World War I]] the Jugantar Party arranged importation of German arms and ammunitions<ref>'' Rowlatt Report'' (§109-110)</ref> (notably the 32 bore German automatic pistols) via [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]] alias [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|Chatto]] and other revolutionaries residing in Germany. They had contacted Indian revolutionaries active in the United States, as well as Jugantar leaders in Kolkata. Jatindra Nath Mukherjee informed [[Rash Behari Bose]] to take charge of Upper India, aiming at an All-Indian Insurrection with the collaboration of native soldiers in different cantonments. History refers to it as the Hindu German Conspiracy. To raise fund, the Jugantar party organized a series of dacoities, organized robbery by armed gangs, which came to be known as ''Taxicab dacoities'' and ''Boat dacoities'', in order to procure funds to prepare the ground for working out the ''Indo-German Conspiracy''.

The first of the Taxicab dacoities took place at [[Garden Reach]], [[Kolkata]] on 12 February 1915, by a group of armed revolutionaries under the leadership of Narendra Bhattacharya under the direct supervision of Jatindranath Mukherjee. Similar dacoities were organized on different occasions and in various parts of Calcutta. Dacoities were accompanied by political murders in which the victims were mostly zealous police officers investigating into the cases, or approvers who helped the police.

==Failure of the German plot==
On receiving instructions from Berlin, Jatindra Nath Mukherjee selected Naren Bhattacharya (alias [[M. N. Roy]]) and Phani Chakravarti (alias Pyne) to meet the German legation at Batavia. The Berlin committee had decided that the German arms were to be delivered at two or three places like Hatia on [[Chittagong]] coast, Raimangal in the [[Sunderbans]] and [[Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. The plan was to organize a [[guerrilla]] force to start an uprising in the country, backed by a mutiny among the Indian Armed Force.
The whole plot leaked out locally owing to a native traitor and,{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} internationally, through [[Czech people|Czech]] revolutionaries in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Voska |first1=Emanual Victor |author1-link=Emanuel Viktor Voska |last2=Irwin |first2=Will |author2-link=Will Irwin |year=1940 |title=Spy and Counterspy |publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co. |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Masaryk |first1=Thomas Garrigue |author-link=Tomáš Masaryk |year=1969 |orig-year=First published 1927 |title=The Making of a State |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofstate0000masa |publisher=Howard Fertig |page=242}}</ref> As soon as the information reached the British authorities, they alerted the police, particularly in the delta region of the [[Ganges]], and sealed all the sea approaches on the eastern coast from [[Noakhali]]-[[Chittagong]] side to Orissa. Sramajibi Samabaya and Harry & Sons of Calcutta, the two business concerns run respectively by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] and [[Harikumar Chakrabarti]] which were taking an active part in the Indo-German Conspiracy were searched.
The police learned that Bagha Jatin was in Balasore awaiting a German arms delivery. Police went on to find out the hiding places of Bagha Jatin and associates and after a gun-fight, the revolutionaries were either killed or arrested.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} The German plot thus failed.

==Unification and failure==

Following these major setbacks, and in the new circumstances of the colonial powers practising their divide and rule policy, there was an attempt to unify the revolutionary factions in Bengal. Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were brought close by the joint leadership of [[Narendra Mohan Sen]] of Anushilan, and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] of Jugantar. However, this merger failed to revive the revolutionary activities up to the expected level.<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Revolutionary Terrorism |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Terrorism |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Notable members==


* [[Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya]] (1882–1962)
* [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] (1895–1915)
* [[Khudiram Bose]] (1889–1908)
* [[Satyendranath Bosu]] (1882–1908)
* [[Prafulla Chaki]] (1888–1908)
* [[Ambika Chakrabarty]] (1891–1962)
* [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] (1880–1957)
* [[Hemchandra Kanungo|Hemchandra Das Kanungo]], alias '''Hem Das''' (1871–1951)
* [[Taraknath Das]] (1884–1958)
* [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]] (1894–1979)
* [[Kanailal Dutta]] (1888–1908)
* [[Ullaskar Dutta]]
* [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]] (1887–1954)
* [[Santi Ghose]] (1916–1989)
* [[Surendra Mohan Ghose]] alias Madhu Ghosh (1893–1976)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pansy Chhaya |year=1973 |chapter=Ghosh, Surendra Mohan (1893-) |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=II |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |location=Calcutta |pages=63–64 |oclc=58642818}}</ref>
* [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] (1872–1950)
* [[Barin Ghosh]] (1880–1959)
* [[Ganesh Ghosh]] (b. 1900 )
* [[Arun Chandra Guha]] (b. 1892)
* [[Bagha Jatin]] alias Jatindra Nath Mukherjee (1879–1915)
* [[Hare Krishna Konar]] (1915–1974)
* [[Bhavabhushan Mitra]]
* [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]] (1901–1931)
* [[Satyendra Chandra Mitra]] (1888–1942)
* [[Mohit Moitra]]
* [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]] (1866–1976)
* [[Subodh Chandra Mullick]]
* [[Surya Sen]] (1894–1934)
* [[M. N. Roy]] (1889–1954)

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Hindu-German Conspiracy}}
{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalism]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Organisations of Indian independence movement]]

Mubarak (actor)

2026-03-15T02:32:16Z

FernBenes17766: New

{{short description|Indian character actor and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Mubarak
| image = Mubarak actor.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mubarak in the film ''Veer Kunal''
| birth_name = Mubarak Merchant
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1909|01|30}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|07|26|1909|01|30}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other_names =Moby
| occupation = {{ubl|Actor|Film director}}
| known_for =
| years_active = 1929–1975
| parents =
}}

'''Mubarak''' (born '''Mubarak Merchant'''; 30 January 1909 – 26 July 1986) was an Indian film director and actor, who played character roles in [[Hindi cinema]] from early 1930s to mid 1970s.

==Personal life==
Mubarak was born in an affluent family of [[Mumbai|Bombay]] on 30 January 1909 and was fondly called "Moby" by his friends. Mubarak was the son of a construction engineer but was orphaned at a young age. He later grew up in a [[Parsis|Parsi]] household. After attending St. Xavier High School and later St. Xavier College, he made his film debut with ''Pati Patni'' in 1929.

A popular and respectable figure of the film industry, not much is known about his personal life. He retired from his career in the mid-1970s and died on 26 July 1986. He was 77.

==Career==
Mubarak started his career at the age of twenty with [[Chandulal Shah]]'s ''Pati Patni''. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Mubarak continued to appear in a string of films which included ''Vasal ki Raat'' (1930), ''Noor Jahan'' (1931), ''Sati Mahananda'' (1933) and ''Maharani'' (1934). The talkies brought newer opportunities for Mubarak when he learned the correct diction and fundamental tricks of voice control under the guidance of English actor and playwright Grant Anderson. A slew of box office successes followed for Mubarak, who, by the late forties, has been a part of films like ''Kangan'', ''[[Naya Sansar]]'', ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'', ''[[Tansen (film)|Tansen]]'' (in which he portrayed Emperor [[Akbar]]), ''Zaban'', ''Manorma'', ''[[Tadbir]]'' and ''[[Shabnam (1949 film)|Shabnam]]''.

His stately visage and regal bearing made him an apt choice to play [[Gangadhar Rao]] in [[Sohrab Modi]]'s costume drama ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (1953 film)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''. Later that year, he reprised his role of Akbar in the 1953 film ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'' followed by ''[[Nagin (1954 film)|Nagin]]'' which had him portraying a Nagi chieftain. [[Raj Kapoor]] starrer ''[[Phir Subha Hogi]], [[Main Nashe Mein Hoon]]'', [[Dev Anand]]'s ''[[Maya (1961 film)|Maya]], [[Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai]]'', [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'', [[B. R. Chopra]]'s ''[[Humraaz (1967 film)|Humraaz]]'' are some of his memorable films. His last film appearance was in [[Shyam Benegal]]'s film ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]'' (1975) after which he left the film industry and retired.

==Selected filmography==
Mubarak appeared in more than a hundred films, some of which are listed below
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* ''Pati Patni''
* ''Gori Bala''
* ''Vasal Ki Raat''
* ''Bar Ke Pobar''
* ''Blood Feuds''
* ''Namak Haram Kaun''
* ''Dilawar''
* ''Nur Jahan''
* ''Veer Kunal''
* ''Sati Mahananada''
* ''Josh-E-Inteqam''
* ''Pardesi Saiyaan''
* ''Banarsi Thug''
* ''Aakhri Galti''
* ''Aurat Ka Dil''
* ''Noor-E-Islam''
* ''Nari Raj''
* ''Prem Laksha''
* ''Talismi Hira''
* ''Sheila''
* ''Kal Ki Baat''
* ''Saathi''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ia601405.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/28/items/filmindia19373803unse/filmindia19373803unse_jp2.zip&file=filmindia19373803unse_jp2/filmindia19373803unse_0119.jp2&id=filmindia19373803unse&scale=4&rotate=0|title= Natraj Films|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>
* ''Sitara''
* ''Bala Joban''
* ''Maharani''
* ''Jeevan Natak''
* ''Humari Betiyan''
* ''Kangan''
* ''Kon Kis Ka''
* ''[[Bahurani (1940 film)|Bahurani]]'' (Also director)
* ''[[Naya Sansar]]''
* ''Kanchan''
* ''Shobha''
* ''Usha Haran''
* ''Fariyaad''
* ''Aage Kadam''
* ''Bhaktaraj''
* ''Ujala''
* ''Mata''
* ''[[Ek Raat]]''
* ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]''
* ''Tansen''
* ''Zabaan''
* ''Manorama''
* ''Pannadai''
* ''[[Tadbir]]''
* ''Riwaaj''
* ''Renuka''
* ''Maang''
* ''Rim Jhim''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ia802805.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/12/items/filmindia194915unse/filmindia194915unse_jp2.zip&file=filmindia194915unse_jp2/filmindia194915unse_0543.jp2&id=filmindia194915unse&scale=4&rotate=0 |title= Hindustan Chitra|publisher=FilmIndia|access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>
* ''[[Shabnam (1949 film)|Shabnam]]''
* ''[[Sheesh Mahal (1950 film)|Sheesh Mahal]]''
* ''[[Samadhi (1950 film)|Samadhi]]''
* ''[[Nadaan (1951 film)|Nadaan]]''
* ''[[Madhosh (1951 film)|Madhosh]]''
* ''[[Stage (film)|Stage]]''
* ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]''
* ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (1953 film)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
* ''Shama Parwana''
* ''[[Nagin (1954 film)|Nagin]]''
* ''Prabhu Ki Maya''
* ''[[Abe-Hayat (film)|Abe Hayat]]''
* ''Heer''
* ''Anjaan''
* ''Champakali''
* ''[[Begunah]]''
* ''[[Farishta (1958 film)|Farishta]]''
* ''[[Phir Subha Hogi]]''
* ''Night Club''
* ''[[Hum Hindustani]]''
* ''[[Main Nashe Mein Hoon]]''
* ''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1961 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]''
* ''[[Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai]]''
* ''[[Maya (1961 film)|Maya]]''
* ''[[Yeh Dil Kisko Doon]]''
* ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]''
* ''[[Chhoti Chhoti Baten]]''
* ''[[Aaye Din Bahar Ke]]''
* ''[[Hamraaz]]''
* ''[[Ek Nanhi Munni Ladki Thi]]''
* ''[[Barkha Bahar]]''
* ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0610799}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mubarak}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]

Modi script

2026-03-14T23:30:03Z

FernBenes17766: minor add layout after review also and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Historical script used in the Maratha Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}{{Infobox writing system
|name=Mōḍī
|native_name=मोडी / {{Script|Modi|𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲}}
|sample=Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png
|caption=A verse from the ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'' in the {{IAST|Mōḍī}} script
|time=c. 1200 or c. 1600–c. R1950<ref name=ty>{{Cite web |url=http://www.typoday.in/2014/spk_papers14/rajendrathakre-typo14.pdf |title=Reviving the Modi Script |date=28 February 2014 |website=Typoday |last=Bhimraoji |first=Rajendra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082007/http://www.typoday.in/2014/spk_papers14/rajendrathakre-typo14.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="prop"/> (Two different origin theories)
|type=[[Abugida]]
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic script]]
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]
|footnotes=
|fam4=[[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
|fam5=[[Gupta script|Gupta]]
|fam6=[[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]
|fam7=[[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]]
|sisters=[[Gujarati alphabet|Gujarati]], [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]], [[Devanagari]], [[Nandinagari]],
[[Gunjala Gondi]]
|languages='''Primary''' [[Marathi language|Marathi]] '''Sometimes''' [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]]<ref name=ty/><ref name=prop/>
|iso15924=Modi
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11600.pdf U+11600–U+1165F] 
[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11212r2-n4034-modi.pdf Final Accepted Script Proposal]
|note=none
}}
{{brahmic}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = uncommon [[Unicode]] characters
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Modi
| image = Replacement character.svg
| link = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt = <?>
| compact = yes
}}

'''Modi''' ({{langx|mr|मोडी}}, 𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲‎, {{IAST|Mōḍī}}, {{IPA|mr|moːɖiː}})<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=%22mudiya+script%22&pg=PA3898 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Volume V|last=Sahitya |first=Akademi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi New Delhi |year=1992 |isbn=81-260-1221-8 |page=3898}}</ref> is an old script used to write the [[Marathi language]], which is the primary language spoken in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[western India|India]]. There are multiple theories concerning its origin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2017 |title=Krishnaji Mhatre – A life dedicated to Modi |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/krishnaji-mhatre-a-life-dedicated-to-modi/articleshow/61192544.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810173220/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/krishnaji-mhatre-a-life-dedicated-to-modi/articleshow/61192544.cms |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The Modi script was used alongside the [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] to write Marathi until the 20th century when the [[Balbodh]] style of the [[Devanagari|Devanagari script]] was promoted as the standard writing system for Marathi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |date=May 2017 |title=Marathi of a Single Type: The demise of the Modi script |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/marathi-of-a-single-type-the-demise-of-the-modi-script/184EC94C15CF5A58E6CD0CA39A83DB64 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=662–685 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X15000542 |s2cid=148081127 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name "Modi''"'' may be derived from the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] verb ''moḍaṇe'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: मोडणे), which means "to bend or break". Modi is believed to be derived from broken Devanagari characters, which lends support to that particular etymology.<ref name=prop>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11212r2-n4034-modi.pdf |title=N4034: Proposal to Encode the Modi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |first1=Anshuman |last1=Pandey |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=5 November 2011}}</ref>

== Origin theories ==
=== Hemāḍpant origin theory ===
{{See also|Hemadpant|label 1=Hemāḍpant}}

[[Hemadpant|Hemāḍpant]] was a minister during the reign of Mahadeva<ref name=":1">{{Cite arXiv |eprint=1406.6140 |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Sadanand A |title=Offline Handwritten MODI Character Recognition Using HU, Zernike Moments and Zoning |last2=Borde |first2=Prashant L |last3=Manza |first3=Ramesh R |last4=Yannawar |first4=Pravin L |class=cs.CV |year=2014}}</ref> (ruled 1261–1271) and the initial years of the reign of [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty#Ramachandra|Rāmachandra]] (ruled 1271 to 1309)<ref>Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center by Carl W. Ernst p.107</ref> of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava Dynasty]].<ref name="palkhi">{{cite book |last=Mokashi |first=Digambar Balkrishna |title=Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage |date=1 July 1987 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=0-88706-461-2 |page=37}}</ref><ref name="ref_Gurinder_Singh_Mann_Sikh3">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |date=1 March 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn=0-19-513024-3 |page=1}}
</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.modilipi.in/2008/09/mo-is-name-of-one-of-scripts-used-to.html#.VIeGyRrj66w |title=Modi Lipi Alphabets |date=September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025053100/http://www.modilipi.in/2008/09/mo-is-name-of-one-of-scripts-used-to.html |archive-date=25 October 2013}}</ref>

==== Creation subtheory ====
Hemāḍapanta created the Modi script.<ref name="ref_Gurinder_Singh_Mann_Sikh3"/>

==== Refinement subtheory ====
The Modi script already existed in the 13th century; it was refined and introduced as an official script for Marathi by Hemāḍpant.<ref name="ty"/>

==== Sri Lanka subtheory ====
Hemāḍpant brought the Modi script to India from Sri Lanka.<ref name="prop"/><ref name=":0" />

=== Bāḷājī Avajī Chitnis origin theory ===
{{Hatnote|See also: [[Khando Ballal]], Bāḷājī Avajī's son}}
Bāḷājī Avajī Chitnis was the secretary of state to the Maratha king [[Shivaji]] Maharaj (ruled 1642–1680).<ref name="prop"/>

== History ==
There are various styles of the Modi script associated with a particular era. Many changes occurred in each era <ref name="prop"/><ref name=":1" />

=== Proto-Modi ===
The proto-Modi, or ''ādyakālīn (आद्यकालीन्)'' style appeared in the 12th century.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Yādava Era ===
The Yādava Era style, or ''yādavakālīn (यादवकालीन्)'', emerged as a distinct style in the 13th century during the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yādava Dynasty]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Bahamanī Era ===
The Bahamanī Era style, or ''bahamanīkālīn (बहमनीकालीन्)'', appeared in the 14th–16th centuries during the years of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Chatrapati Shivaji Era ===
During the rule of [[Shivaji]], the Shivaji style, or ''shivakālīn (शिवकालीन्)'', which was during the 17th century, the Chitnisi style of the Modi script developed.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Peshwa Era ===
In the [[Peshwa|Peshwa Era]], or ''peshvekālīn (पेश्वेकालीन्)'', various Modi styles proliferated during the time of the Maratha Empire and lasted until 1818. The distinct styles of Modi used during this period were Chitnisi, Bilavalkari, Mahadevapanti, and Ranadi. Even though all of these were quite popular, [[Chitnis]]i was the most prominent and frequently used script for Modi writing.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Post-independence Era ===
[[File:Marathi Modi script stamp.png|thumb|An effort to conserve the Modi Script under [[India Posts|India Post]]'s My Stamp scheme. Here, the word '[[Marathi language|Marathi]]' is printed in the Modi script.]]
The use of Modi has diminished since the independence of India. Now the Balbodh style of Devanagari is the primary script used to write Marathi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati papers |last1=Chhatrapati |first1=Shahu |publisher=Shahu Research Institute |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6RHAAAAMAAJ |volume=7 |last2=Sangave |first2=Vilas Adinath |last3=Khane |first3=B. D. |author-link=Chhattrapati Shahu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207083216/https://books.google.com/books?id=w6RHAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.modilipi.in/2011/02/modi-script-of-maharashtra-script-which.html |title=History Of Modi Lipi |website=Modi Lipi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025183435/http://www.modilipi.in/2011/02/modi-script-of-maharashtra-script-which.html#.VIQQuhrj66w |archive-date=25 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Revival Efforts ===
Linguists in [[Pune]] spearheaded the Modi script revival movement in 2014.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Band-of-researchers-enthusiasts-strive-to-keep-Modi-script-alive/articleshow/30761335.cms |title=Band of researchers, enthusiasts strive to keep Modi script alive |date=21 February 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141210021102/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Band-of-researchers-enthusiasts-strive-to-keep-Modi-script-alive/articleshow/30761335.cms |archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> By 2025, over 400 students had been trained to understand it.<ref name="MSN">{{Cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/society-culture-and-history/history/modi-lipi-sees-revival-due-to-maratha-reservation-issue/ar-AA1MiEPI |author-first=Dheeraj |author-last=Bengrut |title=Modi Lipi sees revival due to Maratha reservation issue|date=11 September 2025 |website=MSN |url-status=live |archive-url = |archive-date=}}</ref> Additionally, a primary school has begun teaching the Modi script to the next generation.<ref name="Smart">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-village-school-seeks-to-revive-ancient-modi-script-9208518/ |author-first = Pallavi |author-last = Smart |title=School in Maharashtra village seeks to revive ancient ‘Modi’ script, three-four letters at a time |date=16 March 2024 |website=Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20251023170054/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-village-school-seeks-to-revive-ancient-modi-script-9208518/ |archive-date=2025-10-23}}</ref>

==Description==

=== Overview ===
The Modi script derives from the [[Nāgarī script|Nāgari]] family of scripts and is a modification of the Balbodh style of the Devanagari script intended for continuous writing. Although Modi is based upon Devanagari, it differs considerably from it in terms of letter forms, rendering behaviours, and orthography. The shapes of some consonants, vowels, and vowel signs are similar. The differences are visible in the behaviours of these characters in certain circumstances, such as consonant-vowel combinations and consonant conjuncts, which are standard features of Modi orthography. The Modi script has 46 distinctive letters, of which 36 are consonants and 10 vowels.<ref name="prop"/>

=== Cursive features ===
The Modi script has several characteristics that facilitate writing, minimising having to lift the pen from the paper for dipping in ink while moving from one character to the next. Some characters are "broken" versions of their Devanagari counterparts, and many characters are more circular in shape. These characteristics make Modi a sort of [[cursive]] style of writing Marathi. The cursive nature of the script also allowed scribes to easily make multiple copies of a document if required.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Modi script glyphs.png|thumb|left|Shown here is a picture showing all the Modi script characters in the kotem1 clip font.]]

=== Features of the letters ===
Numerous modifications are made to the Modi script in writing as "shortcuts", reflecting its history as a quasi-shorthand form of Devanagari.

The consonants fall into three broad categories: 1) Those that always retain their isolated form and attach their dependent vowel forms in a way common to most Indic scripts; 2) Those that take on a "contextual" form and change their form only in the presence of a dependent vowel immediately after, in which case those vowel forms are attached to the contextual form of the consonant in a uniform way as done with the consonants in Category 1 and with most other Indic alphabets; and 3) Those that form ligatures in the presence of vowel following the consonants. The ligatures are generally determined by the shape of the consonant and the presence of a loop on the right.

Regarding conjuncts, as in Devanagari, ''ksha'' and ''tra'' have special conjuncts, while other consonants typically occupy half forms or contextual forms. The letter ''ra'' is special, as it can take different visual positions as the first consonant in a conjunct cluster depending on whether it is palatalized or not. As the second consonant in a cluster, however, it functions almost identically as in Devanagari.

Alternative forms of the letter ''ra'' are also used to make multisyllabic clusters involving it. This is seen in ''kara'', ''tara'', ''sara'', and a few others as a subjoined ''ra'' to the bottom right of a letter, and in joining at the end of other syllables, it is seen with a curved head. Following dependent vowel signs like -aa and punctuation marks like dandas, the ''ra'' also joins underneath, and any additional vowel marks are written directly on top of the subjoined ''ra''.

Modi also has an empty circle that indicates abbreviations, which also may have been borrowed by [[Goykanadi]], used for writing [[Konkani language|Konkani]], which is closely related to [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

=== Head stroke ===
The head stroke in Modi is unlike Devanagari in that it is typically written before the letters are, in order to produce a "ruled page" for writing Modi in lines. Thus, there are no word boundaries that can be visibly seen, since the head stroke does not break between words.

=== Usage ===
The Modi script was frequently used as a [[shorthand]] script for swift writing in business and administration. Modi was used primarily by administrative people as well as businessmen in keeping their accounts and writing Hundis (credit notes). Modi was also used to encrypt the message since not all people were well-versed in reading this script.<ref name=":2" />

== Printing and typing ==

=== Printing ===
Before printing in Marathi was possible, the Modi script was used for writing prose and Balbodh was used for writing poetry. When printing in Marathi became possible, choosing between Modi and Balbodh was a problem. [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] published the first book on Marathi grammar in 1805 using Balbodh since printing in the Modi script was not available to him in [[Serampore]], Bengal. At the time Marathi books were generally written in Balbodh. However, subsequent editions of William Carey's book on Marathi grammar, starting in 1810, were written in the Modi script.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC |title=Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy |last=Rao |first=Goparaju Sambasiva |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=1994|isbn=9788171880577 |pages=48 and 49 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC |archive-date=7 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of the Marathi Language |last=Carey |first=William |publisher=Serampore Mission Press |year=1805 |isbn=9781108056311 |location=Serampore |author-link=William Carey (missionary)}}</ref> Using [[offset printing]] machines (previously [[Lithography]]) printing was in vogue. 

=== Typing ===
[[File:Shukla Modi.svg|thumb|200px|The word 'Modi' in modern Modi script]]
Most Modi fonts are [[clip font]]s. Some well-known Modi clip fonts include kotem1, developed by Ashok Kothare; Hemadree, developed by Somesh Bartakke; ModiGhate, developed by Sameer Ghate; and Modi Khilari, developed by Rajesh Khilari. Of these fonts, Hemadree and Modi Khilar' are the ones currently available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=other docs - Google site managed by Vishal Telangre |url=https://sites.google.com/site/vishaltelangrecom/blogstore/other-documents |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=googlesite.vishaltelangre.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Download free MoDi Khilari 1 Regular font |url=https://www.dafontfree.net/freefonts-modi-khilari-1-f28414.htm |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=www.dafontfree.net |language=en}}</ref> Some other fonts for Modi use [[Devanagari (Unicode block)|Devanagari Unicode Block]] to render Modi characters. The Modi script was included in Unicode for the first time in version 7.0.<ref name="prop"/><ref>[http://babelstone.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10whats-new-inunicode-70.html BabelStone: What's new in Unicode 7.0 ]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This inclusion has recently led to the development of [[Unicode font]]s for Modi, such as MarathiCursive and Noto Sans Modi. Also, a [[Unicode]] [[keyboard layout]] for Modi, named 'Modi (KaGaPa Phonetic)', has been recently added in the [[X keyboard extension|XKB]] keyboard stack,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Added in(modi-kagapa) (93ea944c) · Commits · xkbdesc / xkeyboard-config |url=https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/xkeyboard-config/xkeyboard-config/-/commit/93ea944c2599584a4dd1add1725fafd19fef2535 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=GitLab |date=12 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> which is mainly used in [[Linux]] based operating systems. The character mapping of this keyboard layout is similar to the existing Marathi (KaGaPa Phonetic) layout, but uses Modi's dedicated Unicode block for typing.

== Documents in the Modi script ==
Most documents in Modi are handwritten. The oldest document in the Modi script is from 1389 and is preserved at the [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal|Bhārat Itihās Sanshodhan Mandal (BISM)]] in Pune.<ref name=":1" /> The majority of documents and correspondence from before Shivaji Raje Bhonsle's times are written in the Modi script.<ref name=":2" />{{Clear}}

== Numerals ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|Modi numeral
|𑙐
|𑙑
|𑙒
|𑙓
|𑙔
|𑙕
|𑙖
|𑙗
|𑙘
|𑙙
|-
|Hindu-Arabic numeral
|0
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7
|8
|9
|}

==Unicode==
{{See also|Modi (Unicode block)}}
The Modi alphabet (U+11600–U+1165F) was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

{{Unicode chart Modi}}

== Sample Text ==
Modi

𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘰 𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲𑘓𑘲 𑘤𑘻𑘩𑘳 𑘎𑘼𑘝𑘳𑘎𑘹𑙁
𑘢𑘨𑘲 𑘀𑘦𑘵𑘝𑘰𑘝𑘹𑘮𑘱 𑘢𑘺𑘕𑘰𑘭𑘲 𑘕𑘲𑘽𑘎𑘹𑙁
𑘋𑘭𑘲 𑘀𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘨𑘹 𑘨𑘭𑘲𑘎𑘹𑙁 𑘦𑘹𑘯𑘪𑘲𑘡𑙂

-[[Dnyaneshwar]]

Devanagari (Balbodh)

माझा मराठीची बोलू कौतुके।
परि अमृतातेहि पैजासी जिंके।
ऐसी अक्षरे रसिके। मेळवीन॥

-संत ज्ञानेश्वर

Roman ([[IAST]])

mājhā marāṭhīcī bolū kautuke|
pari amṛtātehi paijāsī jiṃke|
aisī akṣare rasike| mel̤avīna||

-saṃta jñāneśvara

==See also==
*[[Balbodh]]
*[[Clip font]]
*[[Cursive]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/modi.htm Modi at Omniglot]
* [http://www.modilipi.com/ Website about the Modi script]
* [http://www.modinikam.com/news.html Read latest news in Modi Script]
{{Marathi language topics}}
{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi Script}}
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Marathi language]]

Postage stamps and postal history of the Indian states

2026-03-14T07:28:33Z

FernBenes17766: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{For|the postal history of India|Postage stamps and postal history of India}}
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|right|250px|British Indian Empire as shown in the 1909 [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]]]
The [[native states]] of India, also known as feudatory or princely states, were typically vassals under a local or regional ruler who owed allegiance to the [[British Raj]]. There were about 675 native states in all but many were not parts of [[British India]] proper because they never become possessions of [[the Crown|the British Crown]]; rather, they were tied to it in a system of [[subsidiary alliance]]s. Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the suzerainty of the Raj was terminated and native states had to choose between independence or [[Instrument of Accession|formal accession]] by either India or Pakistan. In practice, all of the native states had acceded or been annexed by the end of 1949.

For postal purposes, many native states ran their own services and their stamp issues have been termed feudatory by the main catalogues such as [[Stanley Gibbons Ltd]].{{efn|The most widely accepted catalogue for postage stamps of the Indian States is published by Stanley Gibbons Ltd. Elsewhere, a wealth of information resides in articles that have been published in journals like the Philatelic Journal of India, the India Post (published by the [https://www.indiastudycircle.org India Study Circle]), the London Philatelist (published by the [[Royal Philatelic Society London]]), and others that are available at many of the philatelic libraries (see [[List of philatelic libraries]]).}} There were exceptions in the form of six [[Postal convention states of India|convention states]] who made separate postal arrangements with the Raj and used British India stamps that were overprinted with the state's name.

==Stamp-issuing native states==
{{Further|Postage stamps and postal history of the postal convention states of India}}
[[File:Hyderabad0-5anna1871scott1.jpg|thumb|150px|One of the earliest postage stamps of Hyderabad state, the half-anna 1871 Stanley Gibbons ser 4]]
[[File:Nabha_Two_rupees_Queen_Victoria_1897_SG31.jpg|thumb|right|150 px|Two [[rupee]]s 1897 [[Queen Victoria]] head of [[Nabha]], a convention state]]
[[File:Orchha_1914_2_a_red_brown.JPG|thumb|150px|Two anna red-brown 1916 postage stamp of [[Orchha]] state]]
[[File:Anchal pozt box kerala.jpg|thumb|150px|A post box from [[Travancore]] period known as ''Anchal petty'' still being used in [[Kerala]]]]
The native states which issued postage stamps have been categorised as either [[Postal convention states of India|convention states]] or [[Native states|feudatory states]]. The words 'convention' and 'feudatory' in this sense referred solely to postal arrangements with or in relation to [[British India]].<ref>Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', pp. 358, 370.</ref>

In all, there were some 675 feudatory states at various times,<ref>Meyer ''et al'', ''1908 Gazetteer'', p. 60.</ref> but not all issued postal stamps and/or stationery. Many of the first issues were printed locally, using [[Primitives (stamps)|primitive]] methods such as [[typography]] and so they can be very rare. There was low quality of printing and design in many cases and collectors sometimes informally refer to them as "Uglies".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Healey |first1=Matthew |title=India feudatory 'Uglies' shine at Cherrystone auction |date=30 August 2017 |publisher=Amos Media Company |location=Sidney, Ohio |url=https://www.linns.com/news/us-stamps-postal-history/2017/august/india-feudatory-uglies-cherrystone-auction.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415033737/https://www.linns.com/news/us-stamps-postal-history/2017/august/india-feudatory-uglies-cherrystone-auction.html |archivedate=15 April 2019}}</ref> All remaining feudatory issues were replaced by stamps of the Republic of India on 1 April 1950 and most were declared obsolete from 1 May 1950 – there was one exception in the ''[[Anchal post|Anchal]]'' stamps of [[Travancore-Cochin]] which remained current until 1 July 1951.<ref name="SG370">Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', p. 370.</ref>

There were six convention states: [[Chamba State|Chamba]],<ref>Stewart-Wilson, ''Chamba, Faridkot, Gwalior'', pp. 9–15</ref> [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]],<ref name="CFG33">Stewart-Wilson, ''Chamba, Faridkot, Gwalior'', pp. 33–38.</ref> [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]],<ref>Stewart-Wilson, ''Chamba, Faridkot, Gwalior'', pp. 45–56.</ref> [[Jind State|Jind]],<ref name="JNP1">Stewart-Wilson, ''Jhind, Nabha, Patiala'', pp. 1–12.</ref> [[Nabha State|Nabha]]<ref>Stewart-Wilson, ''Jhind, Nabha, Patiala'', pp. 33–43.</ref> and [[Patiala State|Patiala]].<ref>Stewart-Wilson, ''Jhind, Nabha, Patiala'', pp. 63–79.</ref> They all used stamps of British India which were [[overprint]]ed{{efn|The practice of overprinting is also referred to as "surcharging" though in most of these cases the monetary value of the postage stamp was never altered.}} with the name of the state in Latin or Hindi/Urdu letters, or both.<ref name="SG358">Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', p. 358.</ref> The Gibbons catalogue omits minor varieties of these stamps which had printing errors such as smaller letters, broken letters, unequal inking and unequal spacing.<ref name="SG358"/> The convention issues were replaced by those of the Republic of India on 1 April 1950 but remained current until 31 December of that year, becoming obsolete from 1 January 1951.<ref name="SG358"/>

The native states which issued stamps were as follows. Unless otherwise stated, the currency in use was 12 [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] = 1 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|anna]]; 16 annas = 1 [[Indian rupee|rupee]]. The dates are the starting and ending dates of stamp issue validity:<ref>Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', pp. 358–418.</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; width:80%;"
|-
|+ Native states of India which issued postage stamps, 1864–1951
! scope="col" width="15%" | State
! scope="col" width="5%" | From
! scope="col" width="5%" | To
! scope="col" width="75% | Notes and citations
|-
| {{sort|Alwar|[[Alwar State|Alwar]]}}
| 1877
| 1902
| A feudatory state in [[Rajputana]], northern India. Issued five stamps with values of {{frac|1|4}} or 1 anna. The last issue was released in 1901 and the stamps became obsolete towards the end of 1902.<ref name="SG370"/>
|-
| {{sort|Bamra|[[Bamra State|Bamra]]}}
| 1888
| 1894
| A feudatory state in the [[Central Provinces]]. Issued forty stamps with values ranging from {{frac|1|4}} anna to 1 rupee. The last issue was released in 1893 and the stamps became obsolete during 1894.<ref>Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', pp. 370–371.</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Barwani|[[Barwani State|Barwani]]}}
| 1921
| 1948
| A feudatory state in what is now [[Madhya Pradesh]]. All stamps of Barwani are typographed. A total of 41 stamps were issued with values ranging from {{frac|1|4}} anna to 4 annas. The stamps became obsolete on 1 July 1948, soon after the final issue.<ref>Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', pp. 371–372.</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Bhopal|[[Bhopal State|Bhopal]]}}
| 1876
| 1949
| A feudatory state in what is now [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Bhopal tried to remain independent after Partition but was effectively annexed by India on 1 June 1949. A total of 354 stamps were issued with values ranging from 3 pies to 1 rupee, the last in July 1949 and became obsolete from 1 May 1950.<ref>Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', pp. 372–378.</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Bhor|[[Bhor State|Bhor]]}}
| 1879
| 1901
| A feudatory state south-east of [[Bombay]] in what is now [[Maharashtra]]. Bhor was the only state belonging to the [[Poona Agency]], under the [[Bombay Presidency]]. It became part of India on 8 March 1948. Only two officially recognised stamps were issued, both in 1879, with values of half an anna and one anna. The state's post offices were closed in 1895.<ref name="SG378">Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', p. 378.</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Bijawar|[[Bijawar State|Bijawar]]}}
| 1935
| 1937
| A feudatory state in the [[Central Provinces]]. A total of ten stamps were issued from 1935 to 1937 with values ranging from 3 pies to 1 rupee. These stamps were discontinued in 1939.<ref name="SG378"/>
|-
| {{sort|Bundi|[[Bundi State|Bundi]]}}
| 1894
| 1950
| A feudatory state in the northern region of [[Rajputana]]. Bundi issued 56 postal and 52 official stamps until it became part of the new state of [[Rajasthan]] in 1948.<ref>Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', pp. 378–381.</ref> Along with [[Jaipur]] and [[Kishangarh]], Bundi continued to run its own postal service within Rajasthan until 1 April 1950. In 1949, there was a further issue of seven Bundi stamps, carrying a Rajasthan handstamp (see also Rajasthan below).<ref>Gibbons, ''1968 Commonwealth'', p. 408.</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Bussahir|[[Bussahir]]}}
| 1895
| 1901
|
|-
| {{sort|Chamba|[[Chamba State|Chamba]]}}
| 1886
| 1948
| A convention state.
|-
| {{sort|Charkhari|[[Charkhari State|Charkari]]}}
| 1894
| 1943
|
|-
| {{sort|Cochin|[[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]}}
| 1892
| 1949
| For later issues, see Travancore-Cochin.
|-
| {{sort|Dhar|[[Dhar State|Dhar]]}}
| 1897
| 1901
|
|-
| {{sort|Duttia|[[Datia State|Duttia]]}}
| 1893
| 1920
|
|-
| {{sort|Faridkot|[[Faridkot State|Faridkot]]}}
| 1879
| 1901
| Faridkot was a [[Cis-Sutlej states|Cis-Sutlej]] Sikh feudatory state which issued its own stamps from 1879 before joining the postal convention on 1 January 1887.<ref name="CFG33"/>
|-
| {{sort|Gwalior|[[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]}}
| 1885
| 1949
| A convention state.
|-
| {{sort|Hyderabad|[[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]}}
| 1869
| 1950
|
|-
| {{sort|Idar|[[Idar State|Idar]]}}
| 1939
| 1944
|
|-
| {{sort|Indore|[[Indore State|Indore]]}}
| 1886
| 1947
|
|-
| {{sort|Jaipur|[[Jaipur State|Jaipur]]}}
| 1904
| 1949
|
|-
| {{sort|Jammu|[[Jammu]]}}
| 1867
| 1877
|
|-
| {{sort|Jammu and Kashmir|[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
| 1866
| 1894
|
|-
| {{sort|Jasdan|[[Jasdan State|Jasdan]]}}
| 1942
| 1948
|
|-
| {{sort|Jhalawar|[[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]]}}
| 1887
| 1890
|
|-
| {{sort|Jind|[[Jind State|Jind]]}}
| 1874
| 1948
| Jind was a Cis-Sutlej feudatory state which issued its own stamps from 1874 before joining the postal convention in July 1885; its stamps from the feudatory period became invalid for postage, but they continued to be used for revenue purposes.<ref name="JNP1"/>
|-
| {{sort|Kashmir|[[Kashmir]]}}
| 1866
| 1878<ref>Stanley Gibbons Ltd.''Stanley Gibbons' Simplified Stamp Catalogue''; 24th ed., 1959. London: Stanley Gibbons Ltd.' p. 776</ref>
|
|-
| {{sort|Kishangarh|[[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]}}
| 1899
| 1947
|
|-
| {{sort|Morvi|[[Morvi State|Morvi]]}}
| 1931
| 1948
|
|-
| {{sort|Nabha|[[Nabha State|Nabha]]}}
| 1885
| 1948
| A Cis-Sutlej convention state.
|-
| {{sort|Nandgaon|[[Nandgaon State|Nandgaon]]}}
| 1892
| 1895
|
|-
| {{sort|Nowanuggur|[[Nawanagar State|Nowanuggur]]}}
| 1877
| 1895
|
|-
| {{sort|Orchha|[[Orchha State|Orchha]]}}
| 1913
| 1942
|
|-
| {{sort|Patiala|[[Patiala State|Patiala]]}}
| 1884
| 1947
| A Cis-Sutlej convention state.
|-
| {{sort|Poonch|[[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]]}}
| 1876
| 1894
|
|-
| {{sort|Rajasthan|[[Rajasthan State|Rajasthan]]}}
| 1949
| 1950
|
|-
| {{sort|Rajpipla|[[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]]}}
| 1880
| 1886
|
|-
| {{sort|Shahpura|[[Shahpura State|Shahpura]]}}
| 1914
| 1948
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Sandeep |title=Shahpura – a newly discovered stamp issuing Indian Princely State |url=https://www.rfrajola.com/Jaiswal2/Jaiswal2.pdf |website=Frajola |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427064839/http://www.rfrajola.com/Jaiswal2/Jaiswal2.pdf |archivedate=27 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|Sirmoor|[[Sirmoor]]}}
| 1879
| 1902
|
|-
| {{sort|Soruth|[[Saurashtra region|Soruth]]}}
| 1864
| 1950
|
|-
| {{sort|Travancore|[[Travancore]]}}
| 1888
| 1947
|
|-
| {{sort|Travancore-Cochin|[[Travancore-Cochin]]}}
| 1949
| 1951
|
|-
| {{sort|Wadhwan|[[Wadhwan State|Wadhwan]]}}
| 1888
| 1892
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of Bahawalpur]] (1945–1949)

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last=Gibbons |first=Stanley |title=British Commonwealth, Ireland and South Africa |series=Postage Stamp Catalogue, Part 1 |year=1968 |publisher=Stanley Gibbons Ltd |location=Strand, London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Sir William Stevenson |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Cotton |first3=James Sutherland |last4=Risley |first4=Sir Herbert Hope |title=The Indian Empire, Administrative |series=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |year=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press – under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council |volume=IV |location=Oxford |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/toc.html?volume=4}}
* {{cite book |last=Stewart-Wilson |first=Sir Charles |title=Chamba, Faridkot, Gwalior |series=British Indian Adhesive Stamps surcharged for Native States |volume=I |year=1897 |publisher=The Philatelic Society of India |location=Calcutta}}
* {{cite book |last=Stewart-Wilson |first=Sir Charles |title=Jhind, Nabha, Patiala |series=British Indian Adhesive Stamps surcharged for Native States |volume=II |year=1898 |publisher=The Philatelic Society of India |location=Calcutta}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Masson |first=David Parkes |authorlink=David Parkes Masson |title=Jammu and Kashmir, Part I |year=1900 |publisher=Philatelic Society of India |location=Calcutta & Lahore}}
* {{cite book |last=Masson |first=David Parkes |title=Jammu and Kashmir, Part II |year=1901 |publisher=Philatelic Society of India |location=Calcutta & Lahore}}
* {{cite journal |last=Masson |first=David Parkes |title=Sirmoor I |volume=10 |date=1906 |journal=British Journal of India |location=Calcutta}}

{{PostalhistoryAsia}}

[[Category:Princely states of India|*]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Philately of India]]
[[Category:Postal system of India|States, Indian]]

Kanchrapara Railway Workshop

2026-03-12T05:58:43Z

FernBenes17766: new

{{short description|Railway workshop in India}}
{{primary sources|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kanchrapara Railway Workshop
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt = 150 yr logo
| image_alt =
| former_name =
| type = Government Sector
| industry = [[Rail Transport]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1863}}
| hq_location = [[Kanchrapara]], [[West Bengal]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| parent = [[Indian Railways]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Surendra Kumar (CWM, [[Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers|IRSEE]], July 2019-present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,265,446,878|title=Contacts|website=Eastern Railway}}</ref>|Pramod Gupta(July 2018- July 2019)|Manoj Mahajan (July 2015-July 2018)}}
| operating_income= {{INRConvert|853.5|c}}
| num_employees= 7025
| num_employees_year = September 2024
| homepage = {{URL|1=er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,265,446|2=Kanchrapara_Workshop}}
}}{{coord|22.938|88.444|display=title}}

The '''Kanchrapara Railway Workshop''' is one of the major workshops of [[Indian Railways]], and is located in the [[Sealdah]] division of the [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It is divided into two complexes — Loco Complex and Carriage Complex. It caters to the major overhauling of a large product mix of IR, including locomotives ([[WAP7]], [[WAP4]], [[WAG9]], [[WAG7]], [[WAG5]], [[WAM4]]), ICF Coaches, EMUs, MEMUs, DEMUs, Tower Cars, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,265,446,2054|title= Milestones in POH of Rolling Stock |website=Eastern Railway|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref> Its mention can be found in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s short story "Patol Babu Superstar", which was also included in the Class 10 English Communicative Curriculum of the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].

== History ==
Kanchrapara Railway Workshop was established in 1863.<ref name=":0" /> Initial activities included the periodic overhauling of steam locomotives, wooden body Carriage and Wagons. The workshop also carried out overhauling and repair of aircraft during world war as well as manufacture of armoured cars and hand-grenade shells. This workshop also had the privilege of turning out the first electric locomotive after Periodic Overhauling (POH) in 1965 and the first Electric Multiple Unit motor coach was turned out after POH in the very same year.

== Organizational structure ==
The workshop is headed by an SAG grade officer designated as Chief Workshop Manager.

== Loco Complex ==
This is first complex which was established as part of workshop. Being used for overhauling of locomotives, it was named loco complex. Active shops :
[[File:22530_wap4_hwh_off-poh_kpa.jpg|thumb|right|22530_WAP4_HWH after POH+RC+RP on 16-02-2019]]
* Wheel Shop (Shop 2A) : It carries out rediscing/overhauling of wheel sets of electric locomotives and EMUs.
* Heavy Corrosion Repair Shop
* Welding Shop (Shop 3)
* Locomotive POH and Erection Shop (Shop 11)
* EMU POH and Erection Shop (Shop 11A)
* Apparatus Overhauling Shop (Shop 9 and 9A)
* Armature Rewinding Shop (Shop 14)
* Bogie Overhauling and Mechanical Repair Shop (Shop 10)
* Crane Maintenance Shop (Shop 6)
* EC Loco Shop (Shop 12).

=== Stores Depot ===
It caters to the requirements of workshop as well as loco sheds and EMU carsheds of Eastern Railway. It is headed by a Senior Scale Officer under independent charge.

== Carriage Complex ==
This part was established in 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in//view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,265,446,2053|title=HISTORY OF KANCHRAPARA WORKSHOP |website=Eastern Railway|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>
> WHEEL SHOP (SHOP NO-20),
> EMU CORROSION REPAIR SHOP (SHOP NO-17),
> ICF CORROSION REPAIR SHOP (SHOP NO- 18),
> PAINT SHOP (SHOP NO-19)
> BLACKSMITH SHOP (SHOP NO-24)
> BOGIE REPAIR SHOP (SHOP NO-25)
> ELECTRICAL SHOP (SHOP NO-26)
> PLUMBING SHOP (SHOP NO-27)
> MECHANICAL TRANSPORT SHOP (SHOP NO-33)

== Halisahar Stores Depot ==
It is headed by Deputy Chief Material Manager, an Indian Railway Stores Service officer.

== Kanchrapara Railway Hospital ==
It is headed by Chief Medical Superintendent.

== Performance Figures ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |Product
|00-01
|01-02
|02-03
|03-04
|04-05
|05-06
|06-07
|07-08
|08-09
|09-10
|10-11
|11-12
|12-13
|13-14
|14-15
|15-16
|16-17
|17-18
|-
| rowspan="2" |Loco
|T
|69
|78
|72
|77
|72
|78
|78
|90
|82
|71
|72
|72
|78
|79
|92
|98
|97
|100
|-
|A
|74
|76
|69
|72
|72
|75
|76
|74
|75
|72
|78
|72
|75
|84
|96
|104
|101
|101
|-
| rowspan="2" |EMU
|T
|
|744
|828
|900
|936
|903
|936
|960
|1080
|993
|996
|1008
|1080
|1139
|1164
|1356
|1419
|1444
|-
|A
|690
|742
|821
|839
|881
|890
|917
|912
|896
|1000
|993
|1008
|1073
|1207
|1328
|1472
|1393
|1407
|-
| rowspan="2" |DEMU
|T
|
|
|
|
|
|
|30
|33
|18
|15
|54
|40
|76
|68
|77
|99
|100
|88
|-
|A
|6
|4
|14
|2
|20
|30
|30
|11
|24
|17
|32
|25
|56
|51
|46
|86
|36
|82
|-
| rowspan="2" |ICF
|T
|
|444
|420
|528
|540
|526
|537
|513
|480
|504
|480
|480
|480
|480
|480
|540
|540
|540
|-
|A
|395
|424
|475
|464
|514
|533
|543
|507
|491
|502
|480
|480
|467
|473
|506
|544
|541
|542
|-
| rowspan="2" |Armature
|T
|
|336
|336
|336
|360
|408
|408
|360
|
|492
|492
|492
|478
|445
|475
|520
|510
|506
|-
|A
|331
|345
|313
|393
|324
|350
|350
|258
|254
|272
|308
|304
|330
|377
|412
|426
|483
|506
|-
| colspan="2" |Manpower
|12423
|12159
|11782
|11490
|11220
|10933
|10649
|10255
|10121
|9760
|9610
|9255
|9139
|9522
|9219
|8828
|8372
|8128
|}

== Supervisors' Training Centre ==
It is headed by Vice Principal (an Assistant Scale officer). Apart from supervisors, it also imparts training to technicians.

== Notable Achievements ==
[[File:DMSL.jpg|thumb|Dual Mode Shunting Loco.]]

* Dual Mode Shunting Loco.
*25 kV CUM Battery Operated Shunting Car,
*Self Powered Inspection Car.
*Self Powered Medical Relief Van.

== Certifications ==

# ISO 9001 in September 2005<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,265,446|title=Eastern Railway|website=www.er.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>
# ISO 14001 in March, 2018<ref name=":0" />
# OHSAS 18001 in March, 2018<ref name=":0" />
# ISO 3834 (Welding Quality Assurance)<ref name=":0" /> in Jan 2018.
# ISO 50001<ref name=":0" /> in June 2018
# 5-S<ref name=":0" /> on selective shops since December 2017 (Shop 2A,11,17).

== Clubs/Welfare Institutes ==

=== Railway Officers' Club ===
[[File:ROC KPA.jpg|thumb|Railway Officers' Club]]
It is primarily meant for conferences and railway cultural events. It includes sports facilities like Lawn Tennis (turf), Badminton (wooden court), Billiards, swimming pool, etc. for railway employees only. The halls and open spaces are also open for public booking.

Officers' Rest House is a part of it and can be used by any officer of Govt. of India for official/private purpose.

Apart from Railway Officers' Club, various other institute with sports and cultural facilities have been established by railways.

=== Bell Institute ===
It includes Football ground, Badminton Court, Cultural hall, etc. It is open for public booking.

=== Kazi Nazrul Institute ===

It is used largely for cultural events etc. It is open for public booking.

=== Khudiram Bose Institute ===
It includes Football ground and auditorium for cultural events. It is open for public booking.{{Gallery
|title=Establishment of KPA Workshop
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:5S Certificate.jpg
|alt1=5S certificate for POH of Electric Locomotives, SHOP 11
|5S certificate for POH of Electric Locomotives, SHOP 11
|File:Testing Shed.jpg
|alt2=Electric Loco testing and despatch shed..
|Electric Loco Testing Shed
|File:Wheel park.jpg
|alt3=Wheel Park
|Wheel Park
|File:Kpa gate18.jpg
|alt4=Gate 18
|Officers' Gate (Gate 18, loco complex)
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,265,446,560 Official Page]
* [http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,265,446,560,563 Activities]
* [https://www.google.co.in/maps/@22.9390807,88.4445985,15z Bell Institute]

[[Category:Railway workshops in India]]

Podanur Junction railway station

2026-03-12T02:12:18Z

FernBenes17766:

{{Short description|Railway station in Coimbatore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Podanur Junction
| type = [[rail station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Podanur Junction railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Podanur railway station.
| address = [[Podanur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| line = [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line]] [[Coimbatore–Pollachi line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 5
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 8
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|1862}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PTJ
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Salem}}}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}
{{Salem–Palakkad sector|collapse=yes}}
'''Podanur Junction railway station''' (station code: PTJ) is an [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Podanur]], [[Coimbatore]]. It comes under the purview of the [[Salem railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]] and is categorised as NSG-4 under the [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance|Indian railway station classification system]].

== History ==
Train service in [[Coimbatore]] started with the opening of the railway station at [[Podanur]] in 1862 as a part of the Podanur–[[Madras]] line connecting the west coast with the rest of India.<ref name="FT">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Podanur-welcoming-in-the-first-train/article13994001.ece|title=Podanur – welcoming in the first train|date=22 September 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164743/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Podanur-welcoming-in-the-first-train/article13994001.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title= IR History–Early days|publisher= IRFCA|access-date= 23 December 2013|archive-date= 7 March 2005|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050307181407/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|url-status= live}}</ref> It was the third functional railway station within the boundaries of the present day [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Rename">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=S. Senthil|date=23 October 2023|title=Podanur to be renamed as Coimbatore South station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Oct/23/podanur-to-be-renamed-as-coimbatore-south-station-2626335.html |access-date=29 March 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Old">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/podanur-railway-station-third-oldest-in-tamil-nadu-awaits-restoration/article67566470.ece|title=Podanur Railway Station, third oldest in Tamil Nadu, awaits restoration|date=24 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203022846/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/podanur-railway-station-third-oldest-in-tamil-nadu-awaits-restoration/article67566470.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
A [[Coimbatore–Mettupalayam branch line|branch line]] connecting Podanur with [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]] became operational in February 1873.<ref name="NMR">{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624367745307-1233.pdf|title=Nilgiri Mountain Railway|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528121939/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624367745307-1233.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Until 1956, the Coimbatore Railway Division was functioning with Podanur as the headquarters before the headquarters was shifted to [[Olavakkode]] which became [[Palakkad railway division]].<ref name="Old"/> The station became part of the newly formed [[Salem railway division]] in 2006. {{As of|2023}}, it is classified as a NSG-5 station (annual revenue between 10 and 100 million rupees and 1–2 million passengers handled).<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Railway list of stations|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf|publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems|access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2024|page=1|date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177784|title=Categorization of Railway Stations|date=21 March 2018|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925075945/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177784|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Lines ==
The station has five platforms and is reworked under Amrit bharat station scheme of Indian Railways. The station serves as satellite junction of Coimbatore in [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line]] and the [[Coimbatore–Pollachi line]] with the Coimbatore–Mettupalayam line branching out from the [[Coimbatore North Junction railway station|Coimbatore North Junction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/podanur-junction-ptj/432|title=Podanur Junction|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Services ==
This station handles long-distance trains and local trains.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-02/coimbatore/32507573_1_railway-station-podanur-and-coimbatore-southern-railway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131185121/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-02/coimbatore/32507573_1_railway-station-podanur-and-coimbatore-southern-railway |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Podanur junction wears a deserted look | access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |work=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |archive-date= 3 July 2013}}</ref> The station is located in Coimbatore south region serves as an important halt for all Passenger and long-distance train.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/will-coimbatores-gain-be-podanurs-loss/article3513609.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=V.S.| last=Palaniappan | title=Will Coimbatore's gain be Podanur's loss?|date=11 June 2012|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

On 11 March 2026, the [[Podanur – Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express|16619/16620 Podanur–Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express]] was flagged off from Podanur station, marking the introduction of the first dedicated long-distance train service originating from Podanur towards eastern India. This development strengthened the station’s importance in long-distance passenger connectivity and expanded direct rail links from the Coimbatore region.

== See also ==
*[[Transport in Coimbatore]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/ The official website of Southern railway]

{{Coimbatore}}
{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

{{Coord|10|57|00|N| 76|59|00|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Salem railway division]]

Assamese musical instruments

2026-03-06T14:28:26Z

FernBenes17766: Starting a entry

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of [[musical instrument|musical instruments]] used in [[traditional music]] of [[Assam]], [[India]].Folk instruments of assam

== List ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-khol
! Name of instrument
!Name in Assamese!! Notes
|
|-
| [[Pepa (instrument)|Pepa]]
|পেঁপা|| Pepais a [[wind instrument]] and has a major role in [[Assamese music]].
|-
| Toka
|টকা|| Toka is an important Assamese musical instrument. It is made up of [[bamboo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anvesha.co.in/assamese/toka_as.htm |title=Home |publisher=Anvesha.co.in |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231113712/http://www.anvesha.co.in/assamese/toka_as.htm |archive-date=2014-12-31 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xobdo.org|title=Xobdo multilingual online dictionary search result |access-date=31 December 2014 |website=Xobdo multilingual online dictionary |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231122429/https://www.xobdo.org/ |archive-date=31 December 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Gogona]]
|গগণা|| Gogona is a popular Assamese instrument. It is made of bamboo which is vibrated to produce sound.
|-
|[[Xutuli]]
|সুতুলি|| Xutuli is used by Assamese people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anvesha.co.in/assamese/xutuli_as.htm |title=Home |publisher=Anvesha.co.in |date= |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231114024/http://www.anvesha.co.in/assamese/xutuli_as.htm |archive-date=2014-12-31 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| [[Flute|Banhi]]
|বাঁহী|| Banhi or bamboo flute is popular in Assam.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| Been
|বীন|| Been is an old Assamese instrument<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anvesha.co.in/assamese/bin_as.htm |title=Home |publisher=Anvesha.co.in |date= |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231114252/http://www.anvesha.co.in/assamese/bin_as.htm |archive-date=2014-12-31 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhor tal|Bhortal]]
|ভোঁৰতাল|| Bhortal is used in [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite culture]] of Assam mostly. It is made up of metal.<ref name="anveshaHome">{{cite web |url=http://www.anvesha.co.in/taal_en.htm |title=Taal |publisher=Anvesha.co.in |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527231544/http://www.anvesha.co.in/taal_en.htm |archive-date=2016-05-27 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| Khram
|খ্ৰাম|| Khram is a long instrument.<ref name="সাদিন">লোকবাদ্য তুমি নাথাকিলে বসন্তক আদৰিম কিদৰে, তাৰিখ: ৬ এপ্ৰিল, ২০১২, আহৰণ: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ২০১২, পৃষ্ঠা: ৯</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
| Madol
|মাডল|| Madol is popular in Assam.<ref name="সাদিন"/><ref name=":0" />
|-
| Bihutal
|বিহুতাল|| Bihutal is a small kind of patital. It is made up of [[metal]].<ref name="সাদিন"/>
|-
| [[Tokari]]
|টোকাৰী|| Tokari is played in Assam very often.<ref name="সাদিন"/>।<ref>{{cite web|title=টোকাৰী |url=http://www.xobdo.org/dic/tokari|accessdate=21 Feb 2023|website=Xobdo.org}}</ref>
|-
| Xinga
|শিঙা|| Xinga is a wind instrument<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Khol]]
|খোল|| Khol is popular in Assamese music. It is a two faced drum, played with hands. It was originally brought from erstwhile Bengal and modified here with the emergence of Vaishnavism.
|-
| [[Doba (instrument)|Doba]]
|ডবা|| Dobas are played in [[namghar]]s. It is a drum beaten usually with sticks or hands.<ref name=":0" /> It is also used in assamese bhaona. In ancient times it was used as a communication drum as well as to signify war or occasion.
|-
| [[Mridangam|Mridongo]]
|মৃদঙ্গ|| This is a unique traditional percussion instrument which used to be very common in the folk music of Assam played by native ethnic groups along with religious traditions and rites but is now very hard to find except in some selected areas due to emergence of the Khol brought from erstwhile Bengal. The Mridonga of Assam is quite similar to the Khasi Ksing if we compare them. It was considered a holy instrument.
|-
| Dogor<ref name=":0" />
|ডগৰ||
|-
| Dotara
|দোতোৰা|| Dotara is a [[stringed instrument]] and has two [[String (music)|strings]].<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Naqareh|Nagara]]
|নাগাৰা|| Nagara is common between Assamese masses. It consists of two drums played together.
|-
| [[Bihu Dhol]]
|ঢোল|| Dhol is a two faced [[drum]], played with a [[Drum stick|stick]] and a [[hand]]. Assamese dhol is comparatively smaller than other dhols but relatively produce loud [[sound]].
|-
| Bor Dhol
|বৰ ঢোল|| It is a large aboriginal log drum played mostly by the Keot(Kaibarta) community of Lower Assam in various indigenous festivals & other occasions producing a deep base tribal sound. It has two sides, one of which is played by hand and the other by a (mari)stick.
|-
| [[Kali (Instrument)|Kahlia/Kaila]]
|কালীয়া/কাইলা|| It is a pipe (seven holed) instrument producing a high pitch sound. It is almost similar to the Khasi Tangmuri.
|-
| Joi Dhol
|জয় ঢোল|| It is a type of drum played mostly in the undivided Darrang region by the Keot(Kaibarta) ethnic group originally in Shamanistic origin dance and festivals. It has two sides, one of which is played with hand and the other with a stick producing a distinctive sound.

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Musical instruments of Assam| ]]
[[Category:Music of Assam|Instruments]]

Karuna (1966 film)

2026-03-04T09:15:27Z

FernBenes17766: new

{{Short description|1966 Indian film by K. Thankappan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karuna
| image =
| caption =
| director = K. Thankappan
| producer = K. Thankappan
| writer = [[Kumaranasan]] [[Vaikkom Chandrasekharan Nair]] (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] [[Sankaradi]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Giri Movies
| distributor = Giri Movies
| released = {{Film date|1966|11|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Karuna''''' is a 1966 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed and produced by K. Thankappan. The film stars [[Devika]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] and [[Sankaradi]]. [[G. Devarajan]] composed the music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=187|title=Karuna|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/a.php?7566|title=Karuna|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[Devika]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[T. K. Balachandran]]
*Vijaya Rani
*Renuka

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by G. Devarajan and the lyrics were written by [[Kumaranasan]] and [[O. N. V. Kurup]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Anupama Kripaanidhi" || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Kumaranasan]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Budhdham Saranam - Karuna Than Mani" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Enthinee Chilankakal" || [[P. Susheela]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 4 || "Kalpatharuvin Thanalil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]], Chorus || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 5 || "Karayaayka Bhaagini" || K. J. Yesudas || [[Kumaranasan]] ||
|-
| 6 || "Madhuraapuri" || [[P. Susheela]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 7 || "Poothu Poothu" || [[S. Janaki]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 8 || "Samayamaayilla Polum" || P. Susheela || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 9 || "Thaazhuvathenthe" || [[Kamukara]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 10 || "Uthara Madhura Veedhikale" || K. J. Yesudas || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 11 || "Vaarthinkal Thoni" || K. J. Yesudas || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 12 || "Varnothsavame" || M. S. Padma || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0254482|Karuna}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

S. P. Bhayankar

2026-03-03T22:01:32Z

FernBenes17766: added initial pg from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = S. P. Bhayankar
| image = S._P._Bhayankar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Acharya Aatreya]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Pushparajan
| screenplay = Pushparajan
| producer = V. B. Rajendra Prasad
| director = [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Sridevi]] [[Vijayashanti]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = S. Navakanth
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| based_on = ''[[Post Mortem (1982 film)|Post Mortem]]'' (1982)
| studio = Jagapathi Art Pictures<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0871887/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_25 |title=S.P. Bhayankar (Overview) |work=IMDb |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715223729/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0871887/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1984|5|1}}
| runtime = 145 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''S.P. Bhayankar''''' is a 1984 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[thriller film]], produced and directed by [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]] under his Jagapathi Art Pictures banner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/SP-Bhayankar/23760 |title=S.P. Bhayankar (Banner) |work=Know Your Films |access-date=9 November 2016 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109223209/http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/SP-Bhayankar/23760 |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Vijayashanti]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/sp-bhayankar-movie/17272 |title=S.P. Bhayankar (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com |access-date=9 November 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018082912/http://www.gomolo.com/sp-bhayankar-movie/17272 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sp-bhayankar-1984-telugu-movie/cast-crew |title=S.P. Bhayankar (Review) |work=Filmiclub |access-date=9 November 2016 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109153754/http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sp-bhayankar-1984-telugu-movie/cast-crew |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Post Mortem (1982 film)|Post Mortem]]'' (1982).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sainavideo.com/post-mortem/ |title=S.P. Bhayankar (Original) |work=Saina |access-date=9 November 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114158/http://sainavideo.com/post-mortem/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{citations needed|date=November 2022}}
The film begins in a town where Father James a Catholic Priest is adored by everyone. George Bhayankar is a justice-seeking ruffian who defies violations against the poor and Father always tries to mitigate him. Once, Bhayankar disputes with Parishudham a millionaire and head of the town. Bhayankar’s sister Mary loves Johnny the son of Parishudham. Since Bhayankar is anti-rich & ferocious Mary takes Father’s help. Meanwhile, Johnny leaves abroad when Mary becomes pregnant and confesses to Father. Then he promises to find a solution, but the conversation is overheard and misinterpreted by Bhayankar’s love interest Lakshmi. She divulges to Bhayankar that Father is responsible for the deed. So, he revolts against him, and gets arrested but succeeds in absconding. The next day, the public is startled to see Mary’s dead body hanging from a tree. Assuming it is a suicide they bury the corpse without a postmortem. However, Father suspects something fishy, so, he approaches his twin S.P. John Yugandhar a sheer cop to perform the postmortem and he exhumes Mary's coffin. Here as a flabbergast, he finds Father James' dead body in it. Thereupon, Bhayankar is supposed as the culprit, and S.P. immediately begins an investigation to break the mystery behind missing Mary's dead body and Father's death. In that process, S.P. & Bhayankar encounter and move pawns on each other. During that time, Bhayankar learns the actuality through Mary’s friend Mumtaz and repents. Parallelly, S.P. horrifies everybody in the guise of Father’s ghost to uncover the real victim. In their trials, S.P. & Bhayankar spot seized Johnny and he reveals that Mary's death is not suicide, it's a murder. At that same time, a man in veil shoots which misfires and Johnny died. Shockingly, he turns to Parishudham who killed Mary as he detests knitting her with his son. Afterward, due to fear of postmortem he seeks to dispose of the body which is witnessed by Father, therefore, he slaughtered him too. Finally, the movie ends with S.P. & Bhayankar ceasing Parishudham.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Father James & S.P. John Yugandhar (dual role)
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as George Bhayankar
*[[Sridevi]] as Devi
*[[Vijayashanti]] as Lakshmi
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Johnny
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Mohammad
*[[P. L. Narayana]]
*Hema Sundar as Parishudam
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Chinna
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Mary
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Ankhamma
*Samyuktha as Mumtaz
*[[Silk Smitha]] as [[item number]]
*Dubbing Janaki
{{colend}}

==Crew==
*'''Art''': S. Krishna Rao
*'''Choreography''': Prakash
*'''Fights''': Madhavan
*'''Dialogues - Lyrics''': [[Acharya Aatreya]]
*'''Playback''': [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
*'''Music''': [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
*'''Story- Screenplay''': Pushparajan
*'''Editing''': A. Sanjeevi
*'''Cinematography''': S. Navanth
*'''Producer - Director''': [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
*'''Banner''': Jagapathi Art Pictures
*'''Release Date''': 1 May 1985

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = S. P. Bhayankar
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1984
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 21:14
| label =
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = [[Janani Janmabhoomi]]
| prev_year = 1984
| next_title = Abhimanyudu
| next_year = 1984
}}

Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Lyrics were written by [[Acharya Aatreya]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Nenu Okasari"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:26
|-
|2
|"Vastu Vastu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:45
|-
|3
|"Kassu Bussu"
|P. Susheela
|4:17
|-
|4
|"Um Kani Kani"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:24
|-
|5
|"Aaja Dekho Maja"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:22
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0871887}}

[[Category:1984 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]

Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam

2026-03-03T21:08:11Z

FernBenes17766: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Bharathan]]
| producer =
| writer = [[John Paul Puthusery]]
| screenplay = John Paul Puthusery
| starring = [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = Vasanth Kumar
| editing = Bharathan
| studio = Noble Pictures
| distributor = Noble Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1989}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Bharathan]]. The film stars [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. The film has musical score by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2179|title=Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam|access-date=2014-09-25|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/oru-sayahnathinte-swapnam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073543/http://spicyonion.com/title/oru-sayahnathinte-swapnam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam|access-date=2014-09-25|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/oru/oru-sayahnathinte-swapnam/mid_33299/|title=Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam|access-date=2014-09-25|publisher=apunkachoice.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film tells the story of the inmates of an old age home called Snehalayam and Captain Alice Cherian, who comes there for work.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Capt. Alice Cherian
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Brigadier R. K. Menon
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Roy Mathew
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Dr. Kuriakose
*[[Jagathi Sreekumar]] as Stephan
*[[Thikkurisi Sukumaran Nair]] as Govinda Pillai
*[[Sankaradi]] as Pisharadi
*[[Bahadoor]] as Kunju Krishna Kaimal
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Thankamani
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Mariamma
*[[Adoor Bhawani]] as Veronica
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Saraswathiamma
*[[Philomina]]
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]]
*[[Ravi Vallathol]] as Kunju Krishna Kaimal's son
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Ouseppachan]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ariyaatha Doorathilenguninno" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Ariyaatha Doorathilenguninno" || K. S. Chithra, [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 3 || "Kaanana Chaayakal" || K. S. Chithra || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 4 || "Mukilukal Mooli" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 5 || "Nilaavum Kinaavum" || M. G. Sreekumar || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155931}}
* {{YouTube|id=AVc8XpNDF84|title=Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam}}

{{Bharathan}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathan]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Thyagi

2026-03-03T05:18:12Z

FernBenes17766: improved section for clarity for accuracy

{{short description|1982 film by C. V. Rajendran}}
{{for|the 1947 film|Thiyagi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thyagi 1982 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. V. Rajendran]]
| producer = G. Hanumantharao
| writer = [[Aaroor Dass]] (dialogues)
| story = H. K. Anantha Rao
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[Major Sundarrajan]] [[V. S. Raghavan]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = P. Gopala Krishnan
| editing = K. Gopala Rao
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios|Padmalaya Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1982|09|03|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thyagi''''' ({{IPAc-en|θ|j|ɑː|ɡ|ɪ}} {{Translation|Martyr}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]], directed by [[C. V. Rajendran]] and produced by G. Hanumantharao. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Major Sundarrajan]] and [[V. S. Raghavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=221-230 |url=https://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp23.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121431/http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp23.htm |archive-date=14 June 2018 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1981 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Antha (film)|Antha]]''. The film was released on 3 September 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
[[Inspector-general of police#India|IG]] Ganesh takes up the place of his doppelganger criminal and don, Kanwarlal to infiltrate their gang, collect evidence and bring them to book.

In the course of his work as Kanwarlal, he has to see the tortured death of his pregnant wife, and his sister being raped and murdered. He is forced to ignore the death of his mother too. He bears through all this in the interest of seeing his mission through due to his patriotic nature. He gets caught eventually by the gang and is tortured brutally. He endures all the sacrifices and brings them to court only for them to get acquitted by extra-judicial means.

Seeing all his sacrifices go to waste, he loses his control and kills all involved with his own hands and stands as the culprit in the eyes of the law.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Inspector-general of police#India|IG]] Ganesh/Kanwarlal
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Kamala
*[[Sripriya]] as Rajani
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
*[[Major Sundarrajan]]
*[[V. S. Raghavan]]
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Baig
*[[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Prathap
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Major Sundarrajan]]
*[[Y. G. Parthasarathy]]
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiyagi |url=https://gaana.com/album/thiyagi-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215222/https://gaana.com/album/thiyagi-tamil |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thyagi Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thyagi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927040425/https://mossymart.com/product/thyagi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thyagi Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/thyagi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923073351/https://macsendisk.com/product/thyagi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thottil Kattum
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:25
| title2 = Mullai Poovena
| lyrics2 = Kannadasan
| extra2 = P. Susheela, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Vandhaley Maadhu
| lyrics3 = Kannadasan
| extra3 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:17
| title4 = Yennai Yaar
| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:11
| title5 = Aadungadi
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length5 = 5:18
| total_length = 22:35
}}

== Controversy ==
''Thyagi'' was initially denied a censor certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]]. One of the members claimed that the makers of the film retained the scenes which were deleted in the original Kannada film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pratap |first=Anita |date=23-29 May 1982 |title=Producers protest against unjustified censorship |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20974/page/n399/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230416110751/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20974/page/n399/mode/2up |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |magazine=Sunday |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=9 |issue=49}}</ref>

==Reception==
Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' found the plot similar to ''[[Sangili (1982 film)|Sangili]]'' which also starred Ganesan and directed by Rajendran but the director has shown variation in dealing the subject and praised Ganesan's acting in dual roles and concluded that it is obvious that the censor board has troubled the film more than cruel people torturing Ganesan in the film.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=19 September 1982 |title=தியாகி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-09-19/page/n51/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230416105916/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-09-19/page/n51/mode/2up |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=50 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{C. V. Rajendran}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 action films]]
[[Category:1982 controversies]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about torture]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Rajendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]

Anustup Majumdar

2026-02-15T11:40:28Z

FernBenes17766:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Anustup Majumdar
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Anustup Prabir Majumdar
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|4|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandannagore]], [[West Bengal]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]] [[Googly]]
| role = [[Batsman]]
| club1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| year1 = 2004/05–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Pune Warriors India]]
| year2 = 2012
| clubnumber2 =
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 102
| runs1 = 5,936
| bat avg1 = 41.80
| 100s/50s1 = 18/25
| top score1 = 159
| deliveries1 = 1,167
| wickets1 = 21
| bowl avg1 = 40.66
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/29
| catches/stumpings1 = 79/-
| column2 = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| matches2 = 102
| runs2 = 3,211
| bat avg2 = 42.81
| 100s/50s2 = 7/15
| top score2 = 111[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 144
| wickets2 = 3
| bowl avg2 = 67.33
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/38
| catches/stumpings2 = 47/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 37
| runs3 = 526
| bat avg3 = 20.23
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 48[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 6
| wickets3 = 1
| bowl avg3 = 14.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/14
| catches/stumpings3 = 13/–
| date = 11 February
| year = 2026
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31750.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Anustup Majumdar''' ({{langx|bn|অনুষ্টুপ মজুমদার}}; born 30 April 1984) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31750.html Anustup Majumdar – ESPNcricinfo]</ref>

He was born in Chinsurah and spent his early life there before moving onto Liluah. He plays for the Mohun Bagan cricket team in the CAB division. He is a right-hand batsman and [[leg-break]] bowler. He was a part of [[Pune Warriors]] squad in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/content/squad/556284.html Pune Warriors India Squad – IPL 2012]</ref> Majumdar has played for [[India A cricket team]] in 2012. He was instrumental in the Bengal squad of 2019–2020 ranji trophy, where he scored a crucial 149 in the semi-finals against Karnataka in Eden gardens to reach 311 1st innings total and eventually went on to play the finals against Saurastra. This knock is remembered as one of the best in Bengal's [[Ranji Trophy]] history.

He was the leading run-scorer for Bengal in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]], with 560 runs in six matches.<ref name="Ranji1718">{{cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12014;team=1623;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2017/18: Bengal batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=31750}}

{{Bengal cricket squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Anustup}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Pune Warriors India cricketers]]
[[Category:Seth Anandram Jaipuria College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Cricketers from West Bengal]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1980s-stub}}

Phom Naga

2026-02-02T15:13:22Z

FernBenes17766:

{{Short description|Naga ethnic group native to the Northeast Indian state of Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Phom Naga
| population = 52,682 (2011)
| region1 =
| pop1 = Longleng district [[Nagaland]], India
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706082737/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 July 2018|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| languages = [[Phom language]]
| religions = [[Protestantism]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Naga people}}
[[File:Phom Warrior in action.jpg|thumb|left|150px|A Phom artist is performing at the Hornbill Festival, 2025]]
The '''Phoms''' are a [[Naga people|Naga]] [[ethnic group]] native to the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Nagaland]]. Their traditional territory lies between the territories of [[Konyak people|Konyak]] in the north-east, the [[Ao Naga|Ao]] in the west and the [[Chang Naga|Chang]] in the south. Phoms celebrate several festivals in a year of which Monyiü is the biggest. It is celebrated from April 1 to 6 every year. Other traditional festivals include Moha, Bongvüm and Paangmo. They primarily inhabit the [[Longleng district|Longleng District]].

A distinguished traditional Phom dish called 'Anphet' is famed among the community. It is especially made during the Monyiü festival and is of great cultural importance. One of the most significant occasion of the Phom Nagas is the celebration of "Phom Day" on June 6. It is celebrated every year commemorating the Peace Making Day that was signed in June 6, 1952 marking an end to all head hunting practices and enmity among the Phom Nagas. This day is also declared as public holiday for the Phoms by the state government.

== Economy ==
[[File:The making of traditional pottery by the Phom of Nagaland, Northeast India. Published in EAZ 57, 2023.jpg|thumb|Traditional pottery of the Phom Nagas.]]
Agriculture is the traditional occupation of the Phoms. They practices [[jhum cultivation]]. The Phoms also have a tradition of pottery, bamboo work and spinning.<ref name="Ved_NE_Ency_5">{{cite book | title = Encyclopaedia Of North-east India Vol# 5 | author = Ved Prakash | year = 2007 | publisher = Atlantic | isbn = 978-81-269-0707-6 | pages = 2129–2131 }}</ref>

== Origin ==

The origin of the Phoms, like that of other [[Naga people]], is uncertain. Some folklores similar to that of the [[Ao Naga|Ao Nagas]], states that their ancestors originated from stones.<ref name="Braja_Identity_2005">{{cite book | title = Naga Identity | author = Braja Bihari Kumara | publisher = Concept | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-81-8069-192-8 | page = 54 }}</ref> They also believe that their great ancestors lived in Yingnyiüshang (a mountain in Longleng) and separated to different villages following a saga in the Yingnyiü hills significant to the Phom's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mystical Tale of Yingnyushang - Pride of the Phom Nagas |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/mystical-tale-of-yingnyushang-pride-of-the-phom-nagas/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Phom culture, tradition and language is closely related to the [[Konyak Naga]]s of Nagaland and the [[Wancho Naga]]s of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

=== Clothing ===
After the advent of Christianity, many modern Phoms have adopted contemporary clothing, though traditional dress is worn during festivals. The traditional Phom dressing was indicative of the social status of the wearer. The ordinary clothing included a white (''vihe-ashak'') or a dark blue (''nempong-ashak'') shawl-like body wrap. A man who had [[headhunting|taken a head]] or offered feasts had the privilege to wear a cowrie-ornamented shawl (''fanet-henyü''). The women used to wear skirts called ''shung-nang'', which came in different colors, designs and bands.<ref name="Ved_NE_Ency_5"/>

=== Practices ===
Before arrival of Christianity, like the [[Konyak people|Konyaks]] and the [[Chang Naga|Chang]], they used to expose the dead bodies on raised platforms instead of burying them.<ref name="Ved_NE_Ency_5"/>

== Festivals ==
The Phoms have four major festivals, the most important of which is Monyü. The others are Moha, Bongvüm and Paangmo.<ref name="tuensang_nic_fest">{{cite web | url = http://tuensang.nic.in/Phom.htm | title = The Festivals of Phom Tribe | publisher = Tuensang District Administration | access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

=== Monyiü ===
Monyü is the most important traditional festival of the Phoms. It is a 12-day festival, which marks the end of winter and onset of summer (usually 1–6 April). The festival involves community feasting, dancing, singing and social work (such as repairs and construction of bridges). During the festival, the men present their married daughters or sisters with pure [[rice beer]] and special food to show their affection and respect.

One or two days before the festival, its arrival is signaled by beating log drums with a distinct tune called ''Lan Nyangshem''. The priests or the village elders predict whether the festival would bring a blessing or a curse.<ref name="tuensang_nic_fest"/>

; Day 1 (''Shongten-Laiphen'')
: Overall preparation is done for the festivities. Households participate in collection of wrapping leaves and bamboos.

; Day 2
: Brewing of rice beer.

; Day 3 (''Aiha Okshok'')
: Feasting, dancing and merry-making.
The second day is for compulsory brewing of all kinds of rice beer.

; Day 4 (''Chingi Okshok'')
: General festivity and arrival of guests from neighbouring villages.

; Day 5 (''Paangmohah'')
: Parties of men wear colorful costumes and indulge in drinking, dancing and celebrating with friends.

; Day 6
: Elders feast by exchanging pure rice beer and meat. The young villagers feast together at the outskirts of the village.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:People from Longleng district]]

Kapol Co-operative Bank

2026-01-31T05:21:52Z

FernBenes17766: stub

{{Short description|Bank in Mumbai, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kapol Co-operative Bank Limited
| type = [[Cooperative bank]]
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Financial services]]
| founded = 1939
| defunct = 2023
| fate = Licence cancelled, under liquidation
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = Maharashtra, Gujarat
| products = [[Deposit account|Deposit]]s, [[loan]]s, [[banking services]]
| website = {{URL |https://www.kapolbank.com/}} (archived)
}}

The '''Kapol Co-operative Bank Limited''' was an Indian multi-state scheduled urban [[co-operative bank]] based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was established in 1939 and primarily served the Kapol community and operated branches in Maharashtra and Gujarat.

In 2023, the bank faced significant financial irregularities and fraud allegations, leading to stringent regulatory actions by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). In 2023, the RBI cancelled its banking licence due to inadequate capital and poor earning prospects, and the bank was placed under liquidation.<ref name="RBI2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=56393 |title=RBI Press Release: Cancellation of Licence |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=25 September 2023 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Mint2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/rbi-cancels-licence-of-the-kapol-co-operative-bank-over-earnings-prospects-11695718315797.html |title=RBI cancels licence of Kapol Bank over earnings prospects |publisher=Mint |date=26 September 2023 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
According to the company, it was founded in 1939 as a credit society for the Kapol community, and later evolved into a scheduled urban co-operative bank. It expanded its footprint in Maharashtra and Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |title=The kapol Co-Oprative Bank ltd. |url=https://www.kapolbank.com/about.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.kapolbank.com}}</ref> but began facing financial and governance challenges by the early 2000s.

In 2003, a bank director was granted bail in an extortion case.<ref>{{cite web |date=2003 |title=Kapol Bank Director Granted Bail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Kapol-bank-director-granted-bail/articleshow/34608589.cms |access-date=31 August 2025 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> In 2013, director Hiren Mehta was arrested for aiding three businessmen in siphoning off ₹14.5 crore through forged letters of credit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/co-op-bank-director-arrested-for-aiding-3-siphon-off-rs-14cr/articleshow/27259411.cms |title=Co-op bank director arrested for aiding siphoning of ₹14 crore |publisher=Times of India |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref> In 2019, former bank officer Jayanta Dimbeshwar Das was arrested for his role in a ₹15 crore letters of credit scam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/on-the-run-for-5-years-bank-officer-held-for-aiding-15-crore-letters-of-credit-scam/articleshow/72314113.cms |title=On the run for 5 years, bank officer held for aiding ₹15 crore scam |publisher=Times of India |date=1 December 2019 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

In March 2017, the RBI imposed restrictions under Section 35A of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]], limiting withdrawals to ₹3,000 per account and prohibiting new loans or deposits without prior approval.<ref name="RBI2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/english/scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=2138 |title=RBI Press Release: Kapol Bank placed under Directions |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=31 March 2017 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017 |title=RBI Puts Curbs on Kapol Bank Withdrawals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/rbi-puts-curbs-on-kapol-bank-withdrawals/articleshow/57958198.cms |access-date=31 August 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> These curbs were extended multiple times, including through April 2021 and October 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/cooperative/urban/no-respite-for-kapol-co-op-bank/ |title=No Respite for Kapol Co-op Bank |publisher=Indian Cooperative |date=2021 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/english/scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=3354 |title=RBI Press Release: Extension of Directions till Oct 2022 |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=30 April 2022 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

In June 2021, Kapol Bank consented to a potential merger with [[Cosmos Co-operative Bank Ltd|Cosmos Co-operative Bank]], who has previously acquired five banks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Ram |date=2021-06-24 |title=Kapol Co-op bank takes first step towards amalgamation with Pune-based Cosmos Bank |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/kapol-co-op-bank-takes-first-step-towards-amalgamation-with-pune-based-cosmos-bank/article34953208.ece |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In January 2025, the Reserve Bank of India approved the merger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RBI clears National, Cosmos Co-operative Bank merger, effective January 6 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/banking/rbi-clears-national-cosmos-co-operative-bank-merger-effective-january-6-125010300993_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104133657/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/banking/rbi-clears-national-cosmos-co-operative-bank-merger-effective-january-6-125010300993_1.html |archive-date=2025-01-04 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 September 2023, the RBI cancelled the bank's licence, citing non-compliance with capital and operational requirements under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and its inability to pay depositors in full.<ref name="RBI2023" /><ref name="BusinessStandard2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/rbi-cancels-licence-of-mumbai-based-the-kapol-co-operative-bank-123092500957_1.html |title=RBI cancels licence of Mumbai-based Kapol Bank |publisher=Business Standard |date=25 September 2023 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/banking/rbi-cancels-licence-of-kapol-cooperative-bank-in-mumbai/104002378 |title=RBI cancels licence of Kapol Bank in Mumbai |publisher=ET BFSI |date=28 September 2023 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/rbi-cancels-license-of-mumbai-based-the-kapol-co-operative-bank-4422858 |title=RBI Cancels Licence of Kapol Bank (Mumbai edition) |publisher=NDTV |date=25 September 2023 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

On 8 November 2023, the Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies (CRCS) ordered the bank's liquidation and appointed Shardul S. Jadhav as liquidator.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crcs.gov.in/public/uploads/society_notification/654e0e5192f7e_liquidationorderofkapolcoopbankltd.pdf |title=Liquidation Order (Official CRCS PDF) |publisher=Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref> By July 2023, the [[Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation]] (DICGC) had disbursed ₹230.16 crore to 96.09% of depositors, covering insured deposits up to ₹5 lakh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/kapol-cooperative-bank-rbi-clarifies-issues-raised-by-customers/72831.html |title=Kapol Bank: RBI Clarifies Issues Raised by Customers |publisher=Moneylife |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref> In April 2024, the RBI excluded the bank from the Second Schedule of the RBI Act, 1934. The liquidator's term was extended to November 2025 to address ongoing recovery and legal proceedings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://crcs.gov.in/public/uploads/society_notification/672dbaa3c78fd_thekapolurbancooperativebankltdextesionorder.pdf |title=Liquidator's term extended (Official CRCS Order) |publisher=Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies |date=2024 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/nagar-ucb-kapol-co-op-bank-term-of-liquidators-extended/ |title=Nagar UCB & Kapol Co-op Bank: Term of liquidators extended |publisher=Indian Cooperative |date=2024 |access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of banks in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/kapol-co-operative-bank/news |title=Economic Times – Kapol Co-op Bank Topic Page |access-date=31 August 2025}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/topic/kapol-co-operative-bank/ |title=India.com – Kapol Co-op Bank Latest Updates |access-date=31 August 2025}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/topic/kapol-bank |title=ABP Live – Kapol Bank Topic Page |access-date=31 August 2025}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/tags/kapol-co-operative-bank.html |title=Moneycontrol – Kapol Co-op Bank Tag Page |access-date=31 August 2025}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/search?type=news&q=kapol+co-operative+bank |title=Business Standard – Search results for Kapol Co-op Bank |access-date=31 August 2025}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/tag/kapol-cooperative-bank |title=ET BFSI – Archive Page for Kapol Co-op Bank |access-date=31 August 2025}}

{{Banking in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapol Co-operative Bank}}
[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1939]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]

Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi

2026-01-22T15:42:19Z

FernBenes17766: correct content additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Autonomous university in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
| other_name = IIIT-D, IIIT Delhi
| image = IIITD Campus 2024.jpg
| caption = The campus in 2024
| logo = IIIT-Delhi Insignia.svg
| established = {{start date and age|2008}}
| affiliation =
| type = [[State university (India)|State university]]
| director = [[Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava]]
| chairperson = Rajesh Srivastava
| colours = {{color box|#3FADA8}}  {{color box|#808080}}
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|25|acre}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| address = Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|28|32|40|N|77|16|21|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| dean =
| postalcode = 110020
}}

'''Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi''' ('''IIIT-Delhi''') is a state university located in [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ITeS/Dikshit_launches_IT_institute_in_Delhi/articleshow/3361968.cms |title= Dikshit launches IT institute in Delhi|date=13 Aug 2008 |work=The Economic Times|access-date=2008-08-14}}</ref> IIIT Delhi offers B.Tech., M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=View|url=https://jacdelhi.nic.in/webinfo/File/ViewFile?FileId=14&LangId=P|access-date=2021-11-11|website=jacdelhi.nic.in}}</ref> IIITD also offers PhD degrees to students through the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities.

==History==
IIIT-D started at the [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology]] ([[Netaji Subhash University of Technology|NSUT]]) campus at Sector 3, Dwarka, Delhi. It was founded as a State University<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/pub_notice_satatadd.pdf List of State Universities approved by UGC Page 22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331030719/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/pub_notice_satatadd.pdf |date=31 March 2010 }}. Department of Expenditure. Ministry of Finance. 10 October. 2007</ref> by an act of the Delhi Government (The ''IIIT Delhi Act, 2007'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iiitd.ac.in/sites/default/files/docs/about/IIIT-Delhi%20Act.pdf |title=The IIIT Delhi Act, 2007 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721213703/http://www.iiitd.ac.in/sites/default/files/docs/about/IIIT-Delhi%20Act.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2008, with seed support from the Government of NCT of Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/New_tech_varsity_in_Delhi_by_2008_/articleshow/2588978.cms |title= New tech varsity in Delhi by 2008 |date=2 Dec 2007 |work=The Times of India|access-date=2009-08-14}}</ref> The institute began with its first batch of 60 students on 8 September 2008 from NSUT (NSIT at that time). IIIT-Delhi moved to its current permanent campus in August 2012. The campus was inaugurated by [[Sheila Dikshit]], former [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], in October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiitd.ac.in/events/new-campus-inauguration |title=Inauguration of new campus by SMT. Sheila Dikshit | IIIT-Delhi |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503182856/http://www.iiitd.ac.in/events/new-campus-inauguration |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The university is accredited an 'A' grade by NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council), and has been accorded 12-B status by the University Grants Commission (UGC).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/about | title=Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi }}</ref>
IIIT-Delhi is an autonomous university, with the board fully authorized to take important decisions of its own volition.

==Campus==
IIIT Delhi operates from its campus in [[Okhla Industrial Estate]], Phase III, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://iiitd.blogspot.in/2012/07/iiit-delhi-moves-into-its-own-campus-in.html |title= IIIT Delhi moves into its own campus|date=28 July 2012 |work=IIIT-D Blog|access-date=2012-07-28}}</ref> Its campus is spread over 25 acres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FAQs {{!}} IIIT-Delhi|url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/about/faq|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.iiitd.ac.in}}</ref>
[[File:Academic Block of IIITD.jpg|thumb|New Academic Block]]
[[File:IIITD Campus 2024.jpg|thumb|Main Building]]
The campus consists of an academic complex, a library and information center, a dining and recreation centre, and hostels.

===Phase 2 Development===
[[Arvind Kejriwal]], the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] inaugurated Phase-II of the campus on 21 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/delhi-chief-minister-arvind-kejriwal-inaugurates-new-phase-ii-building-at-iiit-delhi-campus-1904238|title=Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal Inaugurates New Phase II Building At IIIT Delhi Campus|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> New Academic Block, Lecture Hall Block, Residential (Faculty Residence) Block, Hostel Block H1, Hostel Block H2, and Sports Block are built in the campus and collectively called Phase II. The eight-storey [[Research and development|R&D]] Block which includes 4 hundred-seater lecture halls, 58 labs, 24 discussion rooms, 7 meeting rooms, 116 faculty rooms and office spaces has been operational since August 2017. 
The 11-storeyed Hostel Block H1 which has 21 married accommodation facility and 197 double-seater rooms has been functional since February 2018. 
The Residential faculty has 12 stories with 44 flats, which are occupied since March 2018. The six-storey Lecture Hall Block with one 500-seater and two 300-seater lecture theaters, classrooms and instructions labs became functional in August 2018. 
The newly built sports block is equipped with various facilities such as a badminton court, a heated indoor swimming pool, table tennis tables, a gym, a yoga room, and 2 squash rooms. The institute also has a multi-purpose sports field, two tennis courts, a basketball court, and a volleyball field. The Phase II expansion of IIIT-D is estimated to enhance its student uptake from over 1,800 in 2015 to 3,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/delhi/220818/iiit-delhi-phase-ii-campus-inaugurated.html|title=IIIT-Delhi Phase II campus inaugurated|date=2018-08-22|work=The Asian Age|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration ==
===Leadership===

* Chairpersons of the Board of Governors
** ''[[Kiran Karnik|Mr. Kiran Karnik]]'' (2008–2024): Former President of NASSCOM, instrumental in establishing IIIT-Delhi's foundational vision.
** ''Prof. Rajesh Srivastava'' (2024-Present): Professor at IIT Roorkee, bringing academic excellence to the institute's governance.
* Directors
** ''[[Pankaj Jalote|Prof. Pankaj Jalote]]'' (2008-2018): Founding Director, played a pivotal role in shaping the institute's academic and research framework.
** ''Prof. Ranjan Bose'' (2018-2025): Formerly at IIT Delhi, focusing on advancing IIIT-Delhi's research initiatives.
** ''[[Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava|Prof Gajendra P. S. Raghava]]'' (2025-Present): Director, known for developing open source software in Bioinformatics

===Funding===
The land and infrastructure of IIIT-D is funded by the Government of Delhi.
A grant of Rs 4,21,00,000 (4CR) has been earmarked for the development of the IIIT-D Innovation & Incubation Center by the Department of Science of technology, Government of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://iiitd.ac.in/sites/default/files/docs/ariia/ARI-U-0105.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412164626/https://iiitd.ac.in/sites/default/files/docs/ariia/ARI-U-0105.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The university reported an expenditure of Rs '58,79,45,226'(58CR) in the financial year of 2018–2019.

=== Governance ===
IIIT-Delhi was established by the Government of Delhi in 2008 as per the IIIT-Delhi Act. The IIIT-Delhi Act ensures administrative and academic autonomy. The general council is the highest body overseeing the institute, and advises the [[vice-chancellor]]. The chancellor of the institute is the [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]], who also chairs the general council of the institute. The board of governors consists of the director, the chairman, four experts, two government nominees and two professors. The board decides the salaries, the number of positions and selects the four experts. The Senate and board can start degrees/programs. The Senate is empowered to take all academic decisions. The institute's operational head is the director. Overall policy making and governance rests with the board of governors (BOG).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iiitd.ac.in/about/bog |title=Governance of IIIT-Delhi | IIIT-Delhi |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140518073453/http://www.iiitd.ac.in/about/bog |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Academics==
===Admission===
The B.Tech. admissions to various programs of IIIT-D are done through [https://jacdelhi.nic.in/WebInfo/Page/Page?PageId=1&LangId=P Joint Admission Counselling Delhi] (JAC Delhi) together with [[Indira Gandhi Delhi Technological University for Women]], [[Delhi Technological University]], [[Netaji Subhash University of Technology]] and [[Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Admission Counselling Delhi 2021|url=https://jacdelhi.nic.in/WebInfo/Page/Page?PageId=1&LangId=P|access-date=28 June 2017|publisher=Joint Admission Counselling Delhi}}</ref> on the basis of JEE Main rank.

B.Tech. admission to Computer Science and Design (CSD) program can also be done through IIIT-D's direct admission process using [[UCEED]] rank. Some seats of the CSD program are reserved for direct admission process using the [[UCEED]] rank as of 2021.<ref name="iiitd_2021_csd-csss">{{Cite web|title=B.Tech. (CSD) & B.Tech. (CSSS) Admissions through IIITD Admissions Process 2021 {{!}} IIIT-Delhi|url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/admission/btech/2021/csd-csss|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.iiitd.ac.in}}</ref>

B.Tech. admission to Computer Science and Social Sciences (CSSS) program can also be done on the basis of class XII marks (with Mathematics being a mandatory subject in class XII).<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.Tech. in Computer Science and Social Sciences {{!}} IIIT-Delhi|url=https://www.iiitd.ac.in/academics/btech/csss|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.iiitd.ac.in}}</ref> Some seats of the CSSS program are reserved for direct admission using this process as of 2021.<ref name="iiitd_2021_csd-csss"/>

Candidates availing direct admission to the CSD & CSSS programs must be from [[Delhi|NCT of Delhi]].

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| QS_A_2023 = 351–400
| THE_W_2023 = 601–800
| THES_A_2022 = 177
| THES_E_2022 = 188
|NIRF_E_2024=85}}

Internationally, IIIT-Delhi was ranked 351–400 in Asia on the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' of 2023.<ref name="Rankings_QS_A_2023" /> It was ranked 601–800 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2023,<ref name=Rankings_THE_W_2023/> 177 in Asia in 2022<ref name=Rankings_THES_A_2022/> and 188 among emerging economies.<ref name=Rankings_THES_E_2022/>

In India, IIIT-Delhi was ranked 85 among engineering institutes by [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

IIITD was ranked 14th among engineering institutions in India in 2020 by [[India Today]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=An|first=Shelly|date=June 28, 2020|title=Tech Central|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/best-colleges/story/20200706-tech-central-1693116-2020-06-28|access-date=2020-06-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

===Library===
The Library and Information Center of the institute is housed in a separate building and is automated with the help of [[RFID]] Technology with EM security. The library is on the first floor and has a large collection of print and electronic media in areas including [[computer science]], [[electronics]] and [[communications]], [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]], [[humanities]] and [[sciences]]. A common study area for students is on the ground floor and several labs are on the upper floors. As of 2019, the library contains 10000+ books, 10000+ Ebooks and 700+ Kindles. There is also a reading room facility open 24 hours per day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi catalog|url=http://library.iiitd.edu.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-about.pl|access-date=2020-07-23|website=library.iiitd.edu.in}}</ref>

=== Faculty ===
IIIT-D has 88 regular faculty members and 16 visiting faculty members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIIT Delhi Annual Report 2020-2021|url=https://www.flipbookpdf.net/web/files/uploads/5461e47fe521c53191c3b860858ed4a69a03b47aFBP23162779.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

All regular faculty members have a Ph.D. Degree from reputed universities across the globe. 55% of the faculty members have done their Ph.D. Degree from abroad.

Out of the 104 faculty members, 79 are male and 25 are female.

The CSE & ECE departments alone have approximately 50% of the working faculty strength.

== Student Life ==

=== Cultural and non-academic activities ===

=== E-Summit ===
The Institute Organises its annual Entprepreneurial Summit by E-Cell IIIT Delhi, aiming to foster Entrepreneurial culture at IIIT Delhi.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Edition
!Notable Speakers
|-
|2025
|[https://www.linkedin.com/in/meeta-rajivlochan-276a109b Meeta R. Lochan], [[Meenakshi Lekhi]], D.C Pandey, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/sandeep-jain-/ Sandeep Jain], Haseeb Khan, Kaustubh Agarwal, etc.
|-
|2024
|Sanjeev Bikhchandani, Ayush Mehra, Ishan Sharma, Nitin Vijay(NV sir)
|-
|2023
|Ashneer Grover, Nischay Malhan(Triggered Insaan)
|}
There were many more Notable Speakers and impactful events organised, keep yourself updated with [https://www.instagram.com/esummit_iiitd/ E-Summit IIIT Delhi Instagram] and [https://www.instagram.com/ecell_iiitd/ E-Cell IIIT Delhi Instagram].

=== Odyssey ===
The institute organises its annual cultural fest Odyssey.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Edition
!Notable Performers
|-
|2024
|KRSNA, Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy
|-
|2023
|Samay Raina, Van Moon, Salim–Sulaiman, Bhoomi Trivedi, Akhil,
|}

=== Esya ===
Esya is the annual technical fest of the college.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}

{{Universities in Delhi}}
{{Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indraprastha Institute Of Information Technology}}
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2008]]

Patna–Ranchi Vande Bharat Express

2026-01-19T12:26:12Z

FernBenes17766: added basic post nd citations

{{Short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| color2 =
| name = Patna Junction - Ranchi Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = The 8 coacher Patna-Ranchi VB Express train skipping Namkom and heading towards [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Jn.]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|06|27}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways (ECR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} '''(PNBE)'''
| stops = 6
| end = {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} '''(RNC)'''
| distance = {{cvt|380|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 06 hrs
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 22349 / 22350
| line_used = *[[Patna–Gaya line]]
*[[Asansol–Gaya section|Gaya–Asansol section (till Koderma Jn)]]
*[[Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat Express) [[Special:Diff/1183623994|has been deleted]].}}
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|63.33|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[East Central Railway zone|Rajendra Nagar Coaching Complex (Patna)]]
| map = {{Patna-Ranchi VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 22349/22350 '''Patna ''-'' Ranchi ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 20th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Patna]] in [[Bihar]] with the city of [[Ranchi]] in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Ranchi Patna Vande Bharat: मई से चलेगी रांची पटना वंदे भारत ट्रेन! 6 घंटे में तय करेगी दूरी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-ranchi-vande-bharat-express-8-coaches-train-will-run-from-may-10-will-cover-distance-in-6-hours-6056487.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Good news for rail passengers! Indian Railways to introduce Vande Bharat Express on THIS route |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-good-news-for-rail-passengers-indian-railways-to-introduce-ranchi-patna-vande-bharat-express-details-inside-3076189/ |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=Financialexpress |date=6 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The train was flagged off by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 27 June 2023 via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Flags Off Patna-Ranchi Vande Bharat Express: Route, Timing, Ticket |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-modi-flags-off-patna-ranchi-vande-bharat-express-route-timing-ticket-2627535.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Vande Bharat express: इस दिन से दौड़ेगी पटना टू रांची वंदे भारत ट्रेन, जानिए क्या है शेड्यूल और टाइमिंग |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/vande-bharat-express-patna-to-ranchi-train-will-run-from-may-10-covering-distance-in-6-hours-rjs |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Jn]], [[Jehanabad railway station|Jehanabad]], [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya Jn]], [[Koderma Junction railway station|Koderma Jn]], [[Hazaribagh Town railway station|Hazaribagh Town]], [[Barkakana Junction railway station|Barkakana Jn]], [[Mesra,_Ranchi#Transport|Mesra]] and [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Jn]]. It will be operated with train numbers 22349/22350 on a 6 days a week basis. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Narendra Modi to virtually flag off Ranchi-Patna Vande Bharat Express on June 27 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/jharkhand/pm-narendra-modi-to-virtually-flag-off-ranchi-patna-vande-bharat-express-on-june-27/na20230624142545738738195 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Blitz India |date=24 June 2023 |title=The wait for Vande Bharat Express is over, will run from Ranchi to Patna on June 27, will run six days a week, reservation begins |url=https://www.weeklyblitz.net/news/the-wait-for-vande-bharat-express-is-over-will-run-from-ranchi-to-patna-on-june-27-will-run-six-days-a-week-reservation-begins/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=BLiTZ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2023 |title=PM to flag off Patna-Ranchi Vande Bharat on June 27 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/pm-modi-to-flag-off-patna-ranchi-vande-bharat-express-via-video-conference-5-trains-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-27-101687623370949.html |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
It is the eighteenth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and the sixth '''[[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat Express) [[Special:Diff/1183623994|has been deleted]].}}''' which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 22349/22350 Patna Jn - Ranchi Jn Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|379|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|62|km/h}}. The service has 6 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== Incidents ==
On 25 June 2023, before the inaugural run of this new Vande Bharat Express train, it met with a disruptive case after unidentified miscreants pelted stones near the [[Barkakana Junction railway station|Barkakana Jn]] under [[Dhanbad railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway zone (ECR)]]. This incident took place when it was performing the 3rd trial run while heading back to [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Jn]] from [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Jn]]. No casualties were reported during the incident. <ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2023 |title=Patna-Ranchi Vande Bharat stoned during 3rd trial run |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-ranchi-vande-bharat-stoned-during-3rd-trial-run/articleshow/101265478.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Patna Junction railway station]]
* [[Ranchi Junction railway station]]
* [[Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category: Transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category: Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]

1945–46 Santosh Trophy

2026-01-19T10:55:52Z

FernBenes17766: Starting a details.

{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 1945–46
| other_titles = National Football Championship
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = India
| num_teams = 10
| winners = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html RSSSF]</ref>
| count = 2
| second = [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]
| matches = 9
| goals = 31
| attendance =
| scoring_leader = [[Fred Pugsley]] (9 goals)
| dates = 30 September – 11 October 1945
| prev_season = [[1944–45 Santosh Trophy|1944–45]]
| next_season = [[1946–47 Santosh Trophy|1946–47]]
| extra_information = 60 minute matches
}}

The '''1945–46 Santosh Trophy''' was the third edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the main [[States and union territories of India|State]] competition for [[football in India]]. It was held in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Bengal defeated Bombay 2–0 in the final.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oLI-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=SEwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5067%2C775139 Bengal wins Santosh Trophy], Indian Express, 12 OCtober, 1945</ref>

[[Fred Pugsley]], an Anglo-Burmese footballer who had moved to India temporarily during the [[World War II|war]], scored seven goals in Bengal's win over Rajputana. This is a record in Santosh Trophy that was later equalled by [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] in [[1974–75 Santosh Trophy|1974-75 Jalandhar nationals]].

Western India Football Association (WIFA) renamed itself as Bombay just before the tournament.

==Matches==
{{football box
|team1= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|team2= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]]
|score1 = 2
|score2 = 1
|goals1=
* Rammohan Rao {{goal|5|o.g.}}
* Rabbani {{goal|8}}
|goals2=
* Arnikandasami {{goal|3}}
|stadium=
|referee= S.C. Ghosh
|date = 30 September 1945 <ref name=ab4>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/UkpyZ3dqeXA5UXlzdGhLZktCdnBsUT09 Amrita Bazar Patrika], 2 October 1945</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|team2= [[Uttar Pradesh football team|United Provinces]]
|score1 = 1
|score2 = 0
|goals1=
* Ahmed {{goal|7}}
|stadium=
|referee= Jayram
|date = 1 October 1945 <ref name=ab2/>
}}

{{football box
| team1 = [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[North-West India Football Association|N.W.I.F.A]]
| score1 = 4
| score2 = 0
| goals1 = * Arnold {{goal}}
* Tipple {{goal}}
* Cocklin {{goal}} {{goal}}
| stadium =
| referee = Atkinson
| date = 2 October 1945 <ref name=ab2>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/ZTdqVkcwaktURHgrZ0VtRm5ncmpMUT09 Amrita Bazar Patrika], 4 October 1945</ref>
| event =
| time =
| round =
| report =
| goals2 =
| attendance =
}}

Bombay led 2–0 at half time
----
{{football box
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajputana]]
| score1 = 7
| score2 = 0
| goals1 = * [[Fred Pugsley|Pugsley]] {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}}
| stadium =
| referee = Atkinson
| date = 4 October 1945 <ref name=ab1>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/nw_document/csssc_abp/abp/16158 Bengal's Runaway Victory. Rajputana trounced by 7 clear goals : Pugsley scores all the goals], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 6 October 1945, p.8 </ref>
}}

Bengal led by five goals at half-time. The tournament schedule was adjusted because Bengal arrived a day late.
----

{{football box
| team1 = [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
| score1 = 1
| score2 = 0
| goals1 = * Mahmood {{goal|22}}
| stadium =
| referee = Atkinson
| date = 6 October 1945 <ref>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/MnNkSVR6Z3hJRGFxcnZXbE9XM2d4QT09 Amrita Bazar Patrika], 7 October 1945</ref>
}}
[[Syed Moinuddin|Moin]] of Hyderabad was sent off 13 minutes from the end.
----
{{football box
| team1 = [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[Dacca football team|Dacca]]
| score1 = 3
| score2 = 0
| goals1 = * Cocklin {{goal}} {{goal}}
* Tipple {{goal}}
| stadium =
| referee = S.C.Ghosh
| date = 7 October 1945 <ref name="md1">[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/nw_document/csssc_abp/abp/16186 Amrita Bazar Patrika], 8 October 1945, p.6</ref>
}}

== Semifinal==
{{football box
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 5
| score2 = 0
| goals1 = * Ghosh {{goal}}
* [[Fred Pugsley|Pugsley]] {{goal}} {{goal}}
* S. Nandy {{goal}}
* Apparao {{goal}}
| stadium =
| referee = Gopalan
| date = 8 October 1945 <ref>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/VlVNSkxWeTJBSEhwWXpyUjl6RThHQT09 Amrita Bazar Patrika], 9 October 1945</ref>
}}
{{football box
| team2 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
| team1 = [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]
| score1 = 3
| score2 = 2
| goals1 = * Thomas {{goal}} {{goal}}
* Dhakuram {{goal}}
| goals2 = * Yusuf {{goal}}
* Roshan Ali {{goal}}
| stadium =
| referee = S.C. Ghosh
| date = 9 October 1945 <ref name=ab3>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/a3YxVTkrdldxdXpKMDUxamJ5UmhQUT09 Amrita Bazar Patrika], 10 October 1945</ref>
}}
Bombay led 2–0 at half time.

== Final ==
{{football box
| team1 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]
| score1 = 2
| score2 = 0
| goals1 = * [[Rabi Das]] {{goal|5}}
* S. Nandy {{goal}}
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| referee = Atkinson
| date = 11 October 1945 <ref name=ab>[http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/SmlTendOcmxqdEsvc1hnK0tCZG9Mdz09 Bengal regains lost honours], Amrita Bazar Patrika, 12 October 1945</ref>
}}

Bengal scored their goals in the 5th minute of both halves. Das scored from a cross by [[Fred Pugsley|Pugsley]]. Nandy was assisted by S. Ghosh in the second goal. The trophy was presented by Justice Kama.

==Squads==
* Bengal : [[Ismail Jan|Ismail]]; S Das and [[Taj Mohammad Sr.|Taj Mohammad]]; D. Chandra, [[Talimeren Ao|T. Aao]] and [[Mahabir Prasad (footballer)|Mahabir Prasad]]; [[Rabi Das]], Apparao, [[Fred Pugsley|Pugsley]], S. Ghosh and S. Nandy (captain). Also : D. Sen, P. Chakroborty, D. Paul, A. Dey, [[Alauddin Khan (footballer)|Alauddin]], A. Mozumdar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-1-41-233#?open=true&xywh=-4004%2C0%2C14861%2C9678&cv=5|title=Amrita Bazar Patrika [Daily]. Vol: 77; Issue:249; Page:06 (06 September 1945)|language=bn|access-date=16 January 2026|website=eap.bl.uk|archive-date=19 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119073904/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-1-41-233#?open=true&xywh=-3541%2C-538%2C13931%2C10753&cv=5|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Bombay : [[Sanjeeva Uchil|Sanjiva]]; D.M. Mandon (captain) and [[Thenmadom Varghese|Papen]]; Arnold, Robinson and Govind; Vandockum, Tipple, Cocklin, McCall and Dhakuram<ref name=ab/> Also : Shetty
* Delhi : [[Osman Jan|Osman]]; S.M. Bhukari and Rahmat; Bashir, [[Afzal Khan (footballer)|Afzal]] and S. A. Hashmi; Yusuf, Roshan Ali, Buland Akhtar, Atma Ram and M.P. Khan.<ref name=ab3/> Also : Mahmud (defender), Hasan (mid), Habib, Rabbani, M. Faiyaz (forwards)<ref name=ab4/>
* Dacca : G. Burton; D. Dutta and [[Sheikh Shaheb Ali|Shaheb Ali]]; H. Mitra, S. Guha and R. Sen; S. Bose, A. Roy, P. Mukerjee, A. Rachia and A. Das<ref name="md1"/> Also : B. Bose, R. Talukdar, C. Bose, Bailey, S. Sen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-1-41-261#?open=true&xywh=-4004%2C0%2C14861%2C9678&cv=5|title=Amrita Bazar Patrika [Daily]. Vol: 77; Issue:277; Page:06 (04 October 1945)|language=bn|access-date=16 January 2026|website=eap.bl.uk|archive-date=19 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119105427/https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-1-41-261#?open=true&xywh=-3540%2C-538%2C13931%2C10753&cv=5|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Hyderabad : Eeriah; Sher Khan and [[Norbert Fruvall|Fruvall]]; Hadi, Jamal and [[Muhammad Noor|Noor]]; S Susay, A Susay, Shamsher, Azeem and Mahmood. Also [[Syed Moinuddin|Moin]]
* N.W.I.F.A : Yacoob; [[Ibrar Hussain Bali]] and [[Saeed Mirza (footballer)|Saeed]]; Yoya Jan, [[Ghulam Muhammad (footballer)|Ghulam Muhammad]] and Arshad; Akbarjan, Gilbert, Rahim, Ataullah and Amjad
* Mysore : Bama; Palladi and Jayram; [[Sattar Basheer|Baseer]], S. Mohiuddin and Sumugan; Borolingam, Karim, Nanjunda, Ahmed and [[Sarangapani Raman|Raman]]; Also : [[T. Shanmugham|Shanmugam]]
* United Provinces : Arthur; Kazim and Rajaram; Wajihul, Aziz and Mahabir; Kullu, Abid, Furhat, Mahmud and Qader <ref name=ab2/>
* Madras : S. Moni; Rammohan Rao and K. Mani; A. D. Parthasarathy, Jaganathan and Murugesan; Arnikandasami, Ganesan, Vishwesara Rao, Hanumantha Rao and Thangaraj<ref name=ab4/>

The day after the final, a match was played between All India and Europeans.

*Indian XI : [[Osman Jan|Osman]] (Delhi); [[Taj Mohammad Sr.|Taj Mohammad]], and [[Thenmadom Varghese|Papen]] (Bombay); [[T. Shanmugham|Shanmugham]] (Mysore), [[Talimeren Ao|T. Ao]] (Bengal) and [[Mahabir Prasad (footballer)|Mahabir Prasad]] (Bengal); [[Santosh Nandy|S. Nandy]] (Bengal), Apparao (Bengal), [[Rabi Das]] (Bengal), [[Sarangapani Raman|Raman]] (Mysore) and Dhakuram (Bombay)
:Reserves : [[Ismail Jan|Ismail]] (Bengal), S. Das (Bengal), D. Chandra (Bengal), A. Rudra (Dacca) and Thomas (Bombay)

*Europeans : Lambert ([[Corps of Military Police (India)|CMP]]), Hamilton ([[Royal Navy|Navy]]) and Tipple ([[Royal Air Force|RAF]]) and Arnold (Navy), Robinson (Embarkation Headquarters (EHQ)) and Airog (Navy); Shanks (RAF), Gallacher (CMP), Cocklin (Navy), McCall (EHQ) and Sutton (CMP) <ref name=ab/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1945-46 Santosh Trophy}}
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:1945–46 in Indian football]]

List of companies in Gujarat

2025-12-30T00:29:45Z

FernBenes17766: New

{{Short description|Gujarat based companies}}

[[Gujarat]] is a state along the western coast of [[India]]. This is a '''list of [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]/[[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]]-indexed conglomerates''' or '''[[public companies]]''' with corporate offices in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Companies based in Gujarat |url=https://www.mca.gov.in/bin/dms/getdocument?mds=BcuSCd0nD3i8Z8peFTNNmQ%253D%253D&type=download |website=mca.gov.in}}</ref>

== List ==
The list below is a list of [[public companies]] headquartered in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSE indexed conglomerates |url=http://www.nse-india.com/content/indices/ind_cnx500list.csv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226145231/http://www.nse-india.com/content/indices/ind_cnx500list.csv |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=20 February 2016 |publisher=NSE}}</ref>
{{Dynamic list|multiple=no}}

{{row numbers|
{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable" width{{=}}"100%" style{{=}}"font-size: 0.85em;"
|-
!'''S/N'''
!'''Company Name'''
!Headquarters City
!'''Sector'''
!'''Official Website'''
!'''Ref(s)'''
'''BSE ID/NSE ID'''
! [[List of public sector undertakings in India|State Controlled]]
|-
|_row_count
|Aarvee Denims & Exports Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Textile]]
|[http://www.aarveedenims.com/]
|{{BSE|514274}}
{{NSE|AARVEEDEN}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|ABC Bearings Ltd
|[[Bharuch]]
|[[Manufacturing]] ([[Bearing (mechanical)|Bearings]])
|[http://www.abcbearings.com/]
|{{BSE|505665}}
{{NSE|ABCBEARING}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Adani Enterprises|Adani Enterprises Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|Diversified ([[Infrastructure]], [[Information technology|IT]], [[Mining]], [[Defense industry|Defence]] etc.)
|[https://www.adani.com/]
|{{BSE|512599}}
{{NSE|ADANIENT}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Adani Green Energy|Adani Green Energy Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Renewable energy|Renewable Energy]]
|[https://www.adanigreenenergy.com/]
|{{BSE|541450}}
{{NSE|ADANIGREEN}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Adani Ports & SEZ|Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Logistics]] & [[Port|Ports]]
|[https://www.adaniports.com/]
|{{BSE|532921}}
{{NSE|ADANIPORTS}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Adani Power|Adani Power Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Power Generation|Power generation]] & [[Electric power distribution|distribution]]
|[https://www.adanipower.com/]
|{{BSE|533096}}
{{NSE|ADANIPOWER}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Alembic Pharmaceuticals|Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Pharmaceuticals]]
|[https://www.alembicpharmaceuticals.com/]
|{{BSE|533573}}
{{NSE|ALEMBICLTD}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Apar Industries Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Electrical Equipment]]
|
|{{BSE|532259}}
{{NSE|APARIND}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Ami Organics Ltd
|[[Surat]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.amiorganics.com/]
|{{BSE|543267}}
{{NSE|AMIORGANZ}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Arvind Fashions Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Retail]] ([[Apparel]] & [[Fashion accessory|Accessories]])
|[https://www.arvindfashions.com/]
|{{BSE|539254}}
{{NSE|ARVINDFASN}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Arvind (company)|Arvind Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Textile]]
|[https://www.arvind.com/]
|{{BSE|500101}}
{{NSE|ARVIND}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|20 MICRONS
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[ Mining ]] and Metals
|
|{{BSE|533022}}
{{NSE|20MICRONS}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Ashima Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Textile]]
|[https://www.ashima.in/]
|{{BSE|521030}}
{{NSE|ASHIMASQ}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Astral (company)|Astral Limited]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Plastic pipework|Pipes]] & [[Adhesive|Adhesives]]
|[https://www.astralpipes.com/]
|{{BSE|532830}}
{{NSE|ASTRAL}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Atul (company)|Atul Ltd]]
|[[Valsad]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.atul.co.in/]
|{{BSE|500027}}
{{NSE|ATUL}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Balaji Amines Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.balajiamines.com/]
|{{BSE|530449}}
{{NSE|BALAMINES}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Bank of Baroda]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Banking]]
|[http://www.bankofbaroda.in/]
|{{BSE|532134}}
{{NSE|BANKBARODA}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Banco Products India Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|Auto Ancillaries
|
|{{BSE|500039}}
{{NSE|BANCOINDIA}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Bhageria Industries Ltd
|[[Surat]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://bhageriagroup.com/]
|{{BSE|539448}}
{{NSE|BHAGERIYA}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Cadila Pharmaceuticals|Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Pharmaceuticals]]
|[https://www.cadilapharma.com/]
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Chemcon Speciality Chemicals Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://cscpl.com/]
|{{BSE|543233}}
{{NSE|CHEMCON}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Deep Industries Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Oil and Gas]]
|[https://www.deepindustries.com/]
|{{BSE|532760}}
{{NSE|DEEPIND}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Dishman Carbogen Amcis|Dishman Carbogen Amcis Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Pharmaceuticals]] & [[Contract manufacturer|Contract Manufacturing]]
|[https://www.dishmangroup.com/]
|{{BSE|540701}}
{{NSE|DISHMAN}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Deepak Nitrite|Deepak Nitrite limited]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.godeepak.com/]
|{{BSE|506401}}
{{NSE| DEEPAKNTR}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Eris Lifesciences Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Pharmaceuticals]]
|[https://www.eris.co.in/]
|{{BSE|540596}}
{{NSE|ERIS}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Gokul Refoils and Solvent Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Edible oils|Edible Oils]] & [[Agro-Processing]]
|[https://www.gokulgroup.com/]
|{{BSE|532980}}
{{NSE|GOKULREFO}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited|Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.gacl.com/]
|{{BSE|530001}}
{{NSE|GUJALKALI}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|[[Gujarat Ambuja Exports Limited|Gujarat Ambuja Exports Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Agro-Processing]] & [[Trading]]
|[https://www.ambujaexim.com/]
|{{BSE|524226}}
{{NSE|GAEL}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Gujarat Apollo Industries Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Manufacturing]] & [[Industrial machinery|Industrial Machinery]]
|[https://www.apollo.co.in/]
|{{BSE|522217}}
{{NSE|GUJAPOLLO}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Tatva Chintan Pharma Chem Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Pharmaceutical]] & [[Speciality Chemicals]]
|
|{{BSE|543321}}
{{NSE|TATVA}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Gujarat Gas|Gujarat Gas Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Oil and Gas]]
|[https://www.gujaratgas.com/]
|{{BSE|539336}}
{{NSE|GUJGASLTD}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|Transpek Industries Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|
|{{BSE|506687}}
{{NSE|TRANSPEK}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation|Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Mining]]
|[https://www.gmdcltd.com/]
|{{BSE|532181}}
{{NSE|GMDCLTD}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|[[Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers & Chemicals|Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd]]
|[[Bharuch]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.gnvfc.com/]
|{{BSE|500670}}
{{NSE|GNFC}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|Gujarat Pipavav Port Ltd
|[[Amreli]]
|[[Transportation]] & [[Shipping port|Shipping Ports]]
|[https://www.apmterminals.com/en/pipavav]
|{{BSE|533248}}
{{NSE|GPPL}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|[[Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals|Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.gsfclimited.com/]
|{{BSE|500690}}
{{NSE|GSFC}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|Gujarat State Petronet Ltd
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|[[Oil and Gas]]
|[https://www.gspcgroup.com/gspl.html]
|{{BSE|532702}}
{{NSE|GSPL}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|Gujarat Themis Biosyn Ltd
|[[Ankleshwar]]
|[[Pharmaceuticals]]
|[http://www.gujaratthemis.com/]
|{{BSE|532067}}
{{NSE|THEMISPHAR}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|[[Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam|Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Power Generation]] & [[Electric power distribution|Distribution]]
|[https://www.guvnl.com/]
|{{BSE|532015}}
{{NSE|GUVNL}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|Gujarat Venture Finance Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Financial services|Financial Services]]
|[https://www.gvfl.com/]
|{{BSE|511509}}
{{NSE|GVFL}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|Jyoti Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Electrical equipment]]
|[http://www.jyoti.com/]
|{{BSE|504076}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|JMC Projects (India) Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Infrastructure]] & [[Construction]]
|[https://www.jmcprojects.com/]
|{{BSE|522263}}
{{NSE|JMCPROJECT}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|KPI Green Energy Ltd.
|[[Surat]]
|[[Renewable energy|Renewable Energy]]
|[https://www.kpigreenenergy.com/]
|{{BSE|542323}}
{{NSE|KPIGREEN}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|KP Energy Ltd.
|[[Surat]]
|[[Renewable energy|Renewable Energy]]
|[https://www.kpenergy.in/]
|{{BSE|539686}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Kiri Industries Ltd
|[[Surat]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.kiriindustries.com/]
|{{BSE|532943}}
{{NSE|KIRIINDUS}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[L&T Technology Services]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Information technology]] & [[Service industries|Services]]
|[http://www.ltts.com/]
|{{BSE|540115}}
{{NSE|LTTS}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Mangalam Drugs and Organics Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Pharmaceuticals]]
|[http://www.mangalamdrugs.com/]
|{{BSE|532637}}
{{NSE|MANGALAM}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Meghmani Organics Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|[https://www.meghmani.com/]
|{{BSE|532865}}
{{NSE|MEGH}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Mishtann Foods Limited
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Food]]
|[https://www.mishtann.com/]
|{{BSE|539594}}
|
|-
|_row_count
| RR KABELS
|[[ Vadodara]]
| [[Electrical cable|Cables]]
|
|{{ BSE|543981}}
{{ NSE| RRKABEL}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Nirma|Nirma Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Consumer goods|Consumer Goods]] - [[Household products|Household]] & [[Personal Products]]
|[https://www.nirma.co.in/]
|{{BSE|500310}}
{{NSE|NIRMA}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[ONGC|ONGC Petro additions Ltd]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Oil and Gas]]
|[https://www.opalindia.in/]
|{{BSE|541450}}
{{NSE|OPAL}}
|{{yes}}
|-
|_row_count
|Patel Integrated Logistics Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Logistics]] & [[Warehousing]]
|[https://www.patel-india.com/]
|{{BSE|526381}}
{{NSE|PATINTLOG}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Ratnamani Metals and Tubes Ltd
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Manufacturing]] - [[Steel]]
|[https://www.ratnamani.com/]
|{{BSE|520111}}
{{NSE|RATNAMANI}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Shaily Engineering and Plastics Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Plastic]]
|
|{{BSE|501423}}
{{NSE|SHAILY}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Styrenix Performance Material Limited
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Chemicals]]
|
|{{BSE|506222}}
{{NSE|STYRENIX}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Shilchar Technology Limited
|[[Vadodara]]
|Electrical Equipment
|
|{{BSE|531201}}
{{NSE|SHILCHAR}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Sadbhav Engineering|Sadbhav Engineering Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Infrastructure]] & [[Construction]]
|[https://www.sadbhavengg.com/]
|{{BSE|532710}}
{{NSE|SADBHAVENG}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Sadbhav Engineering|Sadbhav Infrastructure Project Ltd]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Infrastructure]] & [[Construction]]
|[https://www.sadbhavinfra.co.in/]
|{{BSE|539346}}
{{NSE|SADBHIN}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|Voltamp Transformers Ltd
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Electrical equipment]]
|[https://www.voltamptransformers.com/]
|{{BSE|532757}}
{{NSE|VOLTAMP}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Zydus Lifesciences|Zydus Lifesciences Limited]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Pharmaceuticals]]
|[http://www.zyduslife.com/]
|{{BSE|532321}}
{{NSE|ZYDUSWELL}}
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Arete Group]]
|[[Vapi]]
|[[Real Estate]]
|[http://www.aretegroup.in/]
|
|}
}}
== See also ==
* [[List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of companies of Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Portalbar|Companies|India|Lists}}
{{India topics}}
{{Economy of India related topics}}
{{Asia topic|List of companies of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Companies in Gujarat}}
[[Category:Gujarat-related lists|Conglomerates]]
[[Category:Lists of companies of India by state or union territory|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gujarat|Companies based in Gujarat]]

Achanta mandal

2025-12-10T05:55:45Z

FernBenes17766: adjust citations also and updated info for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Achanta Mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.598|N|81.811|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Achanta]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 73.01
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 60,711
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|pages=404|accessdate=5 November 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 37
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}
'''Achanta Mandal''' is one of the 46 [[mandal]]s in [[West Godavari district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4981-achanta-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Achanta mandal - West Godavari|accessdate=5 November 2017}}</ref> Its headquarters are located in [[Achanta]]. The mandal is bordered by [[Godavari River]] to the north, [[Yelamanchili mandal]] to the east, [[Poduru mandal]] to the south, and [[Penugonda mandal]] to the west.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in West Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/WestGodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=5 November 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220632/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/westgodavari.html|archivedate=29 April 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Achanta Mandal had a population of 60,711, 30,614 males and 30,097 females, resulting in a female to male ratio of 983:1,000. There were 17,477 households, with an average of 3-4 people per household.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/West_Godavari/Achanta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204030442/http://indiagrowing.com/andhra_pradesh/west_godavari/achanta|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 February 2013|title=Population of Achanta Mandal|publisher=India Growing|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref> 5,665 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,829 are boys and 2,836 are girls, with a female to male ratio of 1,002:1,000 males. The average [[Literacy in India|literacy]] rate stands at 77.36% with 22,697 males and 19,884 females.{{cn|date=June 2018}} [[Schedule Caste]] represents 26.6% of the population (16,159 people), and [[Schedule Tribe]] represents 0.6% (374 people).{{cn|date=June 2018}}

=== Employment ===
{{As of|2011|alt=In 2011}}, 30,259 people (19,304 male; 10,955 female) were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Achanta Mandal. 23,191 people describe their work as main work (employed for six months or more): 1,997 cultivators (owners), 16,390 agricultural laborers, 685 in household industry, and 4,119 in other work areas. 7,068 people are marginal workers (employed for less than six months).{{cn|date=June 2018}}

== Administration ==
Achanta Mandal is administered under the [[Achanta (Assembly constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|work=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31|accessdate=5 November 2017|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> of [[Narsapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is one of the twelve mandals that falls under the [[Narasapuram revenue division]].

== Towns and villages ==
{{As of|2011|alt=In 2011}}, the mandal had 10 settlements, all of which are small villages. In terms of population, [[Achanta]] is the largest and Kandaravalli is the smallest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vlist.in/sub-district/04981.html|title=Villages in Achnata Mandal|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref> The settlements in the mandal are Achanta, [[Achanta Vemavaram]], [[Bhimalapuram]], [[Kandaravalli]], [[Karugorumilli]], [[Kodamanchili]], [[Koderu]], [[Pedamallam]], [[Penumanchili]], and [[Valluru, Achanta mandal|Valluru]].

== Education ==
The mandal plays a major role in education for the rural students of nearby villages. Primary and secondary school education is imparted by [[Government of India|government]], aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=5 November 2017|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For the academic year 2015–2016, the mandal had more than 6,466 students enrolled in over 80 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=5 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020147/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Eluru]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{West Godavari district}}

[[Category:Mandals in West Godavari district]]

Vizianagaram Estate

2025-12-09T23:37:52Z

FernBenes17766:

{{Short description|Feudal estate of the Madras Presidency in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Vizianagaram Estate
| common_name = Vizianagaram
| nation =
| subdivision =
| era =
| year_start = 1591
| date_start =
| event_start = Established
| year_end = 1949
| date_end =
| event_end = Abolition of the estate
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat = Vijayanagaram coa.JPG
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 900000
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| capital = Vizianagaram
| today = India
}}
[[File:West Entrance of the Vizianagaram fort 02.JPG|thumb|West Entrance of the Vizianagaram fort.]]
'''Vizianagaram Estate''' was a [[zamindari]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] in India. The name is derived from its founder Raja Vijayaram Raj who established a sovereign kingdom by claiming independence from the kingdom of [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore]] in 1711. It formed alliances with the [[French Indies Company|French]] and British [[East India Company]] to annexe the neighbouring principalities of [[Bobbili Estate|Bobbili]], [[Kurupam]], [[Paralakhemundi state|Paralakhemundi]] and [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore]]. However, they fell out with the British and as a result were attacked and defeated in the [[Battle of Padmanabham]]. They were annexed as a tributary estate like other principalities and remained so, until their accession to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1949.<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/v/vizianagram.html Vizianagram (Zamindari)]</ref>

==History==
Amala Raju (Founder of the Vizianagaram branch) of [[Pericchedi]] ruling clan built Pusapadu village and started ruling family of '[[Pusapati]]'. He established himself as a tributary of the [[Kingdom of Jeypore]] of Odisha.

[[Vizianagaram]] was founded named it after Vijay Rama Raju, spelled with a Z to differentiate it from the [[Vijayanagar Empire]] in Hampi. They obtained the title of Gajapathi, after aiding the British forces of the [[Northern Circars]] against [[Vikram Dev]] I of [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore Kingdom]] in the 18th century.

In 1754, Pusapati Vijaya Rama Gajapathi Raju, of the ruling family of Vizianagaram, made an alliance with the French, but a few years later the territory was ceded to the British.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Vizianagram |volume=28 |page=165}}</ref> It remained under their control until independence in 1947.

[[Vizianagaram Fort]] was constructed in the year 1712–1714 A.D. Traditionally five Vijayas or signs of victory were present at the inception of this fortress. It was named Vizia-nagaram (place of victory) after its founder Vijaya Rama Raju and the foundations were laid on Tuesday (Jayavaram in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]), the tenth day ([[Vijayadashami|Vijayadasami]]) of the Dasara Festival in the year Vijaya of the [[Hindu calendar]]. In 1827 Maharajah Vijay Rama Gajapati Raju III had several honors conferred on him by the British Government. Lord Northbrook obtained for him the title of His Highness, and had his name enrolled among those of chiefs entitled to return visits from the Viceroy.

The revenue of the estate is nearly about 26lakhs by 1938 and nearly about 30 lakhs by the time of abolition. They paid a peskash of 4,96,580/- by 1877.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&dq=kanchumarti&pg=PA458-IA31|title= Vizianagaram Zamindari peskash|last1= MacLean|first1= Charles Donald|year= 1879}}</ref>

After the [[Battle of Padmanabham]] they were reduced from the position of Princely State to Zamindari of the [[Madras Presidency]]<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_345.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 24, p. 339.]</ref> in 1794 and made the Permanent settlement in the year 1802–03. They were also conferred with Maharaja titles .

==List of title-holders==
The prominent people who have held this title include :
#Pusapati Sitaram Chandra Raju
#Pusapati Amala Gajapati Raju
#Pusapati Rachi Gajapati Raju
#Pusapati Tama Gajapati Raju
#Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju I
#Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju
#Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapathi Raju II (1760–1794)
#Pusapati Narayanadev Gajapati Raju (1794–1845)
#Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju III (1845–1879)
#[[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju|Sir Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju II]] (1850–1897)
#Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju IV (1897–1922)
#Pusapati Alak Narayanadev Gajapati Raju (1922–1937)
#[[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju|Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju V]] (1945–1995). His eldest son is Ananda (below) and second son is [[Pusapati Ashok Gajapati Raju|Ashok Gajapati Raju]], the cabinet minister.

===Other prominent members===
* [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja|P.S. Kumaraswamy Raja]] – Former chief minister of [[Madras State]] (1949–1952)<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.oneindia.com/list-of-chief-ministers-of-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> and governor of [[Odisha]] (1954–1956).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha Governor List |url=https://www.oneindia.com/odisha-governors-list/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=OneIndia}}</ref>
*[[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram|Vijayananda Gajapathi Raju]], better known as ''Vizzy'', a politician and former [[cricket]] [[Indian national cricket captains|captain]] of [[Indian cricket team|India]], was the Maharajkumar (prince) of Vizianagram, being the second son of Maharaja Vijayarama Gajapati Raju IV (1897–1922).
*Pusapati Ananda Gajapathi Raju (1950–2016), elder son of [[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju]] and former Chairman of Simhachalam temple trust board and MANSAS (1995–2016)
*[[Pusapati Ashok Gajapati Raju|Ashok Gajapati Raju]], younger son of [[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju]], is a prominent politician and the Union Cabinet Minister for [[Civil Aviation]] in the [[Narendra Modi]] cabinet. Chairman of [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam|Simhachalam temple]] trust board and MANSAS (2016–20, 2021–present).<ref>{{cite web|title=HC reinstates Ashok Gajapathi Raju as the chairman of MANSAS Trust |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/temple-post-sanchaitas-appointment-quashed/article34816540.ece |website=The Hindu |date=14 June 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Uma Gajapathi Raju]], former wife of Pusapati Ananda Gajapathi Raju and former MP of [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
*Sanchaita Gajapathi Raju, daughter of Pusapati Ananda Gajapathi Raju and former Chairman of Simhachalam temple trust board and MANSAS (2020-21).<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanchaita Gajapati Raju’s appointment, scrapped by Andhra Pradesh HC, Ashok Gajapati Raju back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/sanchaita-gajapati-rajus-appointment-scrapped-by-andhra-pradesh-hc-ashok-gajapati-raju-back/articleshow/83529784.cms |website=The Times of India |last=Lanka |first=Venu |date=15 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra HC cancels appointment of Sanchaita Gajapathi as MANSAS trust chairperson |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andhra-hc-cancels-appointment-sanchaita-gajapathi-mansas-trust-chairperson-150657 |website=The News Minute |date=14 June 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Vidya Singh|Vidya Gajapathi Raju Singh]] , daughter of Pusapati Vishweswar Gajapathi Raju, brother of Raja Saheb P.V.G Raju. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Gajapathi Raju Singh, Princess of Vijayanagaram |url=https://www.chennaicitynews.net/business/wild-milan-festive-season-two-days-exhibition-inaugurated-by-princess-of-vijayanagaram-ms-vidya-gajapathi-raju-singh-ghun-jain-siri-chandana/|website=chennaicitynews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Gajapathi Raju Singh, Princess of Vijayanagaram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Jul/30/royal-women-straddled-two-worlds-with-ease-945871.html|website=Thenewindianexpress}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Battle of Padmanabham]]
*[[List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1206600/ Dowager Rani Lalitha Kumari Devi ... vs The Raja Of Vizianagaram And Ors. on 25 April, 1952]
{{Princely states of the Madras States Agency}}
{{Vizianagaram district}}
{{coord|18|7|N|83|25|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

DMAT scam

2025-12-03T11:18:34Z

FernBenes17766: created the data basic info

The '''DMAT scam''' was a ₹10,000 [[crore]] (US${{Format price|{{to USD|100000000000|IND|year=2015}}}}) dental and medical college admission scam,<ref name="HT10Jun15">{{cite web | title=R10,000 cr scam: Thousands of admissions in medical colleges through DMAT under scanner in MP | website=hindustantimes.com | date=2015-06-10 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/r10-000-cr-scam-thousands-of-admissions-in-medical-colleges-through-dmat-under-scanner-in-mp/article1-1356821.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609212645/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/r10-000-cr-scam-thousands-of-admissions-in-medical-colleges-through-dmat-under-scanner-in-mp/article1-1356821.aspx | archive-date=2015-06-09 | url-status=dead }}</ref> which was fully exposed in June 2015 in [[Madhya Pradesh]] when the Controller of Dental and Medical Admission Test (DMAT) exam, Yogesh Uprit, was arrested. Indore based RTI activist and [[whistleblower]] Dr. [[Anand Rai]] was the first to complain against the mass irregularities in admissions into the private medical colleges. In 2015, he filed a petition in the [[Supreme Court of India]] demanding [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigation in the alleged scam.<ref name="TI10Jun15">{{cite web | title=Madhya Pradesh DMAT exam cancelled | website=tribuneindia.com | date=June 10, 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/madhya-pradesh-dmat-exam-cancelled/104907.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711135828/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/madhya-pradesh-dmat-exam-cancelled/104907.html | archive-date=2015-07-11 | url-status=dead }}</ref> After hearing the plea, the Supreme Court of India said that the DMAT scam was worse than the [[Vyapam scam]]. After that, notices to Central and State governments were issued and asked why the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe should not be ordered.<ref name="test">{{cite web | last=Choudhary | first=Amit Anand | title=MP's DMAT scam seems to be worse than Vyapam scam, Supreme Court says | website=The Times of India | date=2015-07-17 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/MPs-DMAT-scam-seems-to-be-worse-than-Vyapam-scam-Supreme-Court-says/articleshow/48106366.cms }}</ref> On August 13, 2015, CBI told the Supreme Court that the DMAT scam is many times larger than the Vyapam scam. However, due to a shortage of manpower resources, it could not be investigated by the agency.<ref>{{cite web | last=Choudhary | first=Amit Anand | title=MP DMAT scam bigger than Vyapam: CBI tells Supreme Court | website=The Times of India | date=2015-08-13 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/MP-DMAT-scam-bigger-than-Vyapam-CBI-tells-Supreme-Court/articleshow/48461145.cms | access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref> On September 4, 2015, the Supreme Court of India issued a notice to the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh government]] and sought a reply from the state.<ref>{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Harish V | title=Supreme Court notice to MP government over DMAT scam | website=India Today | date=2015-09-05 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/supreme-court-notice-to-mp-government-over-dmat-scam-261308-2015-09-04 }}</ref>

== Scam ==
The Dental and Medical Admission Test (DMAT) is an examination held for admission into the private medical colleges of Madhya Pradesh, India. This exam is conducted by the Association for Private Medical and Dental Colleges (APDMC) and this scam had been running since its inception in 2006.<ref name="HT10Jun15"/> An irregularity came to the forefront when the first complaint of fraud by Dr. Jai Chandra was made in 2013.<ref name="HT13Jun15">{{cite web | title=Madhya Pradesh: DMAT scam could have been busted 2 years ago | website=hindustantimes.com | date=2015-06-13 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-dmat-scam-could-have-been-busted-2-years-ago/article1-1358261.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614113622/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-dmat-scam-could-have-been-busted-2-years-ago/article1-1358261.aspx | archive-date=2015-06-14 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, on September 16, 2013, two people named Surendra Singh Chauhan and Ranveer Singh were arrested on the charges of duping around a dozen students from [[Andhra Pradesh]] for ₹ 1.35 crore. The duped students were promised admission to the private medical colleges of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="TOI23Sep13">{{cite web | title=DMAT scam: Interpreter used to deal with clients | website=The Times of India | date=2013-09-23 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/DMAT-scam-Interpreter-used-to-deal-with-clients/articleshow/22925003.cms }}</ref>

An engineering student from Chhattisgarh, named Rocky was asked to interact with the aspirants and their kin, as the arrested duo were not good in spoken English. Later during the course of investigation, it was found that Rocky was not involved in the crime but was used only to interact with the victims.<ref name="TOI23Sep13" />

== Investigation ==
After the confession of DMAT officials of being involved in the scam, the police team seized the hard disk and electronic records from the DMAT’s office.<ref name="TOI23Sep13" /> The arrested duo used to work as admission agents for engineering colleges and also helped students to clear the semester exams. However, in order to earn more, they shifted the focus towards admission in medical colleges, which is comparatively more lucrative. In 2013, police said that it is difficult to assess the depth of the scam but the financial background of accused is a clear indication of huge amount of money involved in it.<ref name="TOI23Sep13" /> By the end of 2013, around dozen interstate gangs were arrested.<ref name="TOIOct1013">{{cite web | last=Sirothia | first=Ankur | title=Dental and Medical Admission Test: Scamsters operated in cyber cafes, colleges | website=The Times of India | date=2013-10-10 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Dental-and-Medical-Admission-Test-Scamsters-operated-in-cyber-cafes-colleges/articleshow/23920256.cms }}</ref>

The police tried to extract some information from the DMAT controller A W Khan, but he died on October 5, 2013, during interrogation. His death was a roadblock to the investigation.<ref name="TOIOct1013" /> However, later the investigating team found some lead that suggested the involvement of private medical college authorities in the forgery, which led to the arrest of Controller of Dental and Medical Admission Test (DMAT) exam, Yogesh Uprit.<ref name="HT10Jun15" />

In July 2015, the appellate authority of Admission and Fee Regulatory Committee (AFRC), a statutory body for professional colleges, pointed to a massive scam involving private colleges. The candidates used to pay between ₹ 15 [[Lakh]] to ₹ 1 crore to get the admission in undergraduate or postgraduate courses.<ref name="TIE7Jun15">{{cite web | last=Ghatwai | first=Milind | title=Almost all entrance tests in Madhya Pradesh since 2006 rigged, says accused | website=The Indian Express | date=2015-06-07 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/almost-all-entrance-tests-since-2006-rigged-says-accused/ }}</ref>

== Modus operandi ==
The gangs operated from internet cafes to the college premises. They used to introduce themselves as the personal assistants of college directors, doctors and claimed to yield considerable influence in the office of DMAT.<ref name="TOIOct1013" /> The candidates who paid the amount were directed to leave the OMR sheet blank and were filled later. The state quota and NRI seats used to get filled up against the seats that were vacated on the last day of the admission process.<ref name="TIE7Jun15" />

During the course of investigation, the police team found that the aspirants who paid to the gang used to get exact numbers in the examination as was needed to get the admission in the college of their choice.<ref name="TOIOct1013" />

== Accused ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Name !! Role !! Status !! Source
|-
| 1 || Anupam Chouksey || He was DMAT Secretary and Director of LN Medical College. After the arrest he confessed of accepting the admission forms of two candidates past due date || Out on bail || <ref name="TP21Oct13">{{cite web | title=DMAT scam: Secretary arrested, sent to judicial custody till November 1 | website=The Pioneer | date=2013-10-21 | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/dmat-scam-secretary-arrested-sent-to-judicial-custody-till-november-1.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=DMAT scam accused alleges attack, seeks police protection | website=hindustantimes.com | date=2015-08-04 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/dmat-scam-accused-alleges-attack-seeks-police-protection/article1-1376529.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816012040/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/dmat-scam-accused-alleges-attack-seeks-police-protection/article1-1376529.aspx | archive-date=2015-08-16 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2 || Yogesh Urpit || Former Director of Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board (MPPEB). He told the investigators that the modus operandi of [[Vyapam scam]] and DMAT scam was the same || Out on bail || <ref name="TOI6Jun15" />
|-
| 3 || Surendra Singh Chauhan || A class X dropout, he confessed to have managed admissions of more than 50 students in past few years. On August 2, 2015, unidentified people tried to kill him but he escaped with minor bullet injuries. He said he wanted to file a PIL seeking a CBI inquiry into the death of ex-DMAT controller A W Khan, who died under mysterious circumstances during the investigation. Due to his sudden death the probe was derailed || Out on bail || <ref name="TOI23Sep13" /><ref>{{cite web | last=Naveen | first=P | title=Another Vyapam: Key accused in DMAT scam shot at | website=The Times of India | date=2015-08-04 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Another-Vyapam-Key-accused-in-DMAT-scam-shot-at/articleshow/48336582.cms }}</ref>
|-
| 4 || Ranveer Singh Anand || An engineer by profession || Arrested || <ref name="TOI23Sep13" />
|-
| 5 || Sandeep || A native of Uttar Pradesh || Arrested || <ref name="TOI2Oct13">{{cite web | title=DMAT scam: Six-member gang busted, two arrested | website=The Times of India | date=2013-10-02 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/DMAT-scam-Six-member-gang-busted-two-arrested/articleshow/23385361.cms }}</ref>
|-
| 6 || Rajendra Singh || A resident of Rewa (M.P) and a member of BJP. He worked as a contractor for parking lots in Bhopal || Arrested || <ref name="TOI2Oct13" />
|-
| 7 || Adarsh Kumar alias Aditya || A native of Bihar and a student of National Institute of Technology (Raipur). The team recovered ₹ 5 lakh from him || Arrested || <ref name="TOI2Oct13" />
|-
| 8 || Jitu alias Dr. Raghuvanshi || He used to introduce himself as a doctor but never talked to the victims via his mobile phone. Instead, he asked them to drop him an [[SMS]] on the pretext of being in the operation theatre || On the run || <ref name="TOI2Oct13" />
|-
| 9 || Abhijeet Gupta || - || On the run || <ref name="TOI2Oct13" />
|-
| 10 || Sumit || - || On the run || <ref name="TOI2Oct13" />
|-
| 11 || Akhilesh Singh || - || On the run || <ref name="TOI2Oct13" />
|}

== Allegations against state government ==
The investigation team had come across specific inputs on the involvement of ministers, judicial members, police officers and others at high position in the Madhya Pradesh government. Indore based whistleblower Dr. [[Anand Rai]] alleged that huge amount of black money is involved in the scam and the business of illegal admissions was going on since 2006.<ref name="TOI6Jun15">{{cite web | last=Naveen | first=P | title=Four Madhya Pradesh ministers under scanner in new Rs 4000 cr 'DMAT scam' | website=The Times of India | date=2015-06-06 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Four-Madhya-Pradesh-ministers-under-scanner-in-new-Rs-4000-cr-DMAT-scam/articleshow/47563935.cms }}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]], an opposition party, has alleged that Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]'s kin were the beneficiaries in the DMAT scam. The charge has been strongly denied by the ruling [[Bharatiya Janta Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="HINDUJUN14">{{cite web | title=Chouhan kin among beneficiaries of DMAT scam, alleges Congress | website=The Hindu | date=2015-06-13 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chouhan-kin-among-beneficiaries-of-dmat-scam-alleges-congress/article7313794.ece }}</ref>

== Exam cancellation ==
Due to continuous revelations of collusion between Vyapam and DMAT authorities and threats from a whistleblower to name judges allegedly involved in the scam, the state examination body on July 10, 2015, cancelled the admission test to be held on July 12, 2015. However, the officials said that the examination was postponed due to some technical reasons.<ref name="TI10Jun15" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Corruption in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:Education scandals]]

Jaunpur Assembly constituency

2025-11-26T18:14:18Z

FernBenes17766:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaunpur
| map_image = 366-Jaunpur.svg
| mla = [[Girish Chandra Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,35,634
| constituency_no = 366
}}

'''Jaunpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Jaunpur in the [[Jaunpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Jaunpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 366 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3242-uttar-pradesh-1957/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Yadavendra Dutt Dubey]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3244-uttar-pradesh-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Kailashpati
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Jang Bahadur
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Om Prakash<ref name="election1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Kamla Prasad Singh
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Chandrasen<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Arjun Singh Yadav<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Lal Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Mohammad Arshad Khan
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Afzal Ahmad<ref name="election1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Surendra Pratap Singh<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Javed Ansari<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Nadeem Javed<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Girish Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaunpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Girish Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:97760}}
|percentage = 39.35
|change = -0.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Mohd. Arshad Khan|votes={{formatnum:89708}}|percentage=36.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Saleem Khan|votes={{formatnum:30579}}|percentage=12.31|change=-6.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Nadeem Javed|votes={{formatnum:12150}}|percentage=4.89|change=-29.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Abhayraj|votes={{formatnum:6228}}|percentage=2.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Vikassheel Insaan Party|candidate=Anjoo|votes={{formatnum:2445}}|percentage=0.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:542}}|percentage=0.22|change=-0.65}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:8052}}|percentage=3.24|change=-2.2}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:248447}}|percentage=57.03|change=-0.72}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Girish Chandra Yadav]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Nadeem Javed by a margin of 12,284 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jaunpur.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Jaunpu<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Girish Chandra Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:90324}}
|percentage = 40.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nadeem Javed
|votes = {{formatnum:78040}}
|percentage = 34.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dinesh Tandan
|votes = {{formatnum:41877}}
|percentage = 18.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Sher Bahadur
|votes = {{formatnum:5797}}
|percentage = 2.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1939}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12284}}
|percentage = 5.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:225577}}
|percentage = 57.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.75|82.68|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Jaunpur district]]

Baidyanath Mukhopadhyay

2025-11-13T06:56:10Z

FernBenes17766: general fix details as per guidelines and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Educationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Baidyanath Mukhopadhyay
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| fields = Educationism
| workplaces =
| patrons =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = 
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Social reformer during Bengal Renaissance
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baidyanath Mukhopadhyay''' was an educationist, born in [[Calcutta]],{{when|date=November 2021}} and a social reformer during the [[Bengal Renaissance]], who contributed to the foundation of the [[Hindu School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/kolkata-202-year-old-hindu-school-to-introduce-teaching-in-english/1787194/lite/|title=Kolkata: 202-year-old Hindu School to introduce teaching in English|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date= 7 December 2019|access-date=4 June 2022|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215184145/https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/kolkata-202-year-old-hindu-school-to-introduce-teaching-in-english/1787194/lite/|archive-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Front view of the Hindu School in College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|The [[Hindu School]] in [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], August 2022, which was co-founded by Mukhopadhyay.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Baidyanath}}
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{Educationist-stub}}

Kiran Srinivas

2025-11-03T07:52:32Z

FernBenes17766: stub

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kiran Srinivas
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Kiran Srinivas at the launch of ''Nirutta''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1985|03|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Hitha Chandrashekar]]|2019}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2008-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Kiran Srinivas''' (born March 25, 1985) is an Indian television and film actor known for his work in Hindi television and Kannada films. He received critical acclaim for the role of a drug addict, "Roy D'Souza" in [[Channel V India]]'s ''[[Paanch 5 Wrongs Make A Right]]'' and played "Dev" in [[Viacom 18|Colors]]'s ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''. He was also seen portraying "Dr. Ishaan Srinivas" in [[Bindass]]'s show ''[[Zindagi Wins]]''. He had also acted in ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence|Gumrah]]'' on [[Channel V India]], ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' on [[Zing (TV channel)|Zing TV]] and ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' on [[Bindass]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131006/entertainment-sandalwood/article/24-shades-namma-kiran-srinivas|title=24 shades of namma Kiran Srinivas|author=|date=|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124953/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131006/entertainment-sandalwood/article/24-shades-namma-kiran-srinivas|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mumbai-takes-me-more-seriously-sandalwood-actor-kiran-srinivas-1725793|title=Mumbai takes me more seriously: Sandalwood actor Kiran Srinivas |work=dnaindia.com|date=9 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Filmmakers-here-are-racist-Kiran-Srinivas/articleshow/9408110.cms|title=Filmmakers here are racist: Kiran Srinivas|author=|date=|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dramatize.com/actor/kiran-srinivas/bio/ |title=Kiran Srinivas |work=dramatize.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094118/https://dramatize.com/actor/kiran-srinivas/bio/ |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/I-am-Not-a-Half-baked-Actor-Anymore/2014/07/03/article2312328.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914010823/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/I-am-Not-a-Half-baked-Actor-Anymore/2014/07/03/article2312328.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2014|title=I am Not a Half-baked Actor Anymore|author=|date=|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Srinivas was born and raised in [[Bangalore]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. He married [[Hitha Chandrashekar]] on 2 December 2019.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hitha-chandrashekar-and-kiran-srinivas-to-get-married/articleshow/67898969.cms|title=Hitha Chandrashekar and Kiran Srinivas to get married|publisher=E Times|author=|date=February 9, 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
*''Note: all television series are in Hindi, unless otherwise noted.''
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel/Platform
! class="unsortable" |Notes
!class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
|2013-14
|''[[Paanch 5 Wrongs Make A Right]]''
|Roy D'Souza
|[[Channel V India]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''
|Dev
|[[Colors TV]]
|Supporting Role
|
|-
|''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
|Prateek
|Channel V India
|rowspan="4"|Episodic Role
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Nikhil Chauhan
|[[Bindass]]
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Abhimanyu
|rowspan="2"|[[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]]
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Lakshya
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Zindagi Wins]]''
|Dr. Ishaan Srinivas
|Bindass
|rowspan="2"|Lead role
|
|-
|''[[Stories by Rabindranath Tagore]]''
|Dalia/Nawaz
|[[Epic TV]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2016
|''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
|Dr. Amol Mehra/Sawhney
|[[Zee TV]]
|Cameo
|
|-
|''[[Dahleez (2016 TV series)|Dahleez]]''
|Jeevan
|[[StarPlus]]
|Supporting Role
|
|-
|''[[Beyhadh]]''
|Dr. Jitendra Kumar Srivastava
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|Cameo
|
|-
|2018
|[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|''Laal Ishq'']]
|Prakash
|[[&TV]]
|Episodic Role Episode 45
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Anaganaga]]''
|Himanshu Dev Kashyap
|rowspan="2"|[[ZEE5]]
|Telugu; lead role
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trailer Touchdown - Anaganaga trailer is all about lovers brought together by destiny|url=https://www.letsott.com/anaganaga-trailer-about-lovers-united-by-destiny|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Trailer Touchdown - Anaganaga trailer is all about lovers brought together by destiny|language=en-US|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520053515/https://www.letsott.com/anaganaga-trailer-about-lovers-united-by-destiny|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Partner|date=2020-01-03|title=The Biggest Content Streaming Line-Up for Jan Is Out, Only on ZEE5|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/zee5-original-ott-platform-new-series-movies-shows-out-now|access-date=2020-12-31|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Duranga]]''
|Nikhil Pradhan
|Hindi; supporting role
|
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[SMS 6260]]'' || Kiran || [[Kannada]] English
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Haage Summane]]''
|Preetham
|Kannada
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Chiru (film)|Chiru]]''
|Dilip
|rowspan="7"|Kannada
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi]]''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Preethiyinda Ramesh]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011
|''[[Prema Chandrama]]''
|Dr. Vijay
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suresh|first=Sunayana|date=2011-04-09|title='Prema Chandrama' is a good story gone awry|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-prema-chandrama-is-a-good-story-gone-awry-1529990|access-date=2020-12-31|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaanchaana]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=R|first=Sharanya C.|date=2011-10-29|title=Kannada film review: 'Kaanchaana' is just another rom-com!|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-kannada-film-review-kaanchaana-is-just-another-rom-com-1604544|access-date=2020-12-31|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=K|first=Bhumika|date=2011-10-27|title=First day, first show|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/first-day-first-show/article2573908.ece|access-date=2020-12-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''Noorondu Baagilu''
|Jagdisha
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Shakti (2012 film)|Shakti]]''
|Vijay
|-
|2013
|''What's on Your Mind?''
|Mickey
|Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[Rhythm (2016 film)|Rhythm]]''
|
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|''[[Niruttara]]''
|Achinth
|Kannada
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''
|Akash
|Hindi
|
|-
|2018
|''Onthara Bannagalu''
|Jai
|rowspan="2"|Kannada
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Mandala: The UFO Incident]]''
|Arjun Aralikatte / Nikhil "Nik" Prasad
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-08|title='Mysore Masala' touches upon magic of the cosmos|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/mysore-masala-touches-upon-magic-of-the-cosmos-759954.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Jayashankar|date=2018-11-30|title=Kannada film Mysore Masala, the Anant Nag starred movie crew participate in the Bengaluru Comic Con 2018 at KTPO Whitefield, Bangalore|url=https://www.theindian.news/bengaluru-comic-con-2018-kannada-movie-mysore-masala-cast-make-their-presence-felt-at-the-event/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Indian.News|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
|Vijaya’s rival
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] Kannada
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, Kiran}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

State Disaster Response Force (Uttar Pradesh)

2025-10-31T04:11:11Z

FernBenes17766: made stub

{{Short description|Indian specialized force, Indian Police Force, Indian Government Organization}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = State Disaster Response Force Uttar Pradesh Police
| native_name = SDRF UP Police
| native_name_a =
| type =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| image = SDRF Mock Drill in Uttarkashi.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Mock-up drill by State Disaster Response Force
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2016}}
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| headquarters = [[Lucknow]]
| coordinates =
| motto = " We Serve to Save "
| mottotranslated =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[ Yogi Adityanath ]]
| minister1_pfo = , [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister ]]
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Prashant Kumar, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1_position = Director General of Police
| chief2_name = Sujeet Kumar Pandey,
| chief2_position = ADG PAC,
Uttar Pradesh
| chief3_name = Dr. Satish Kumar
| chief3_position = Commandant SDRF Uttar Pradesh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/police-units/en-state-disaster-response-force/en-contact-us-sdrf|title=uppolice.gov.in| Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Police | Police Units | State Disaster Response Force | Contact Us|website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Uttar Pradesh Police ]], Home Department, Govt of Uttar Pradesh
| keydocument1 =
| website = https://sdrfup.in
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| child3_agency =
| child4_agency =
}}
'''State Disaster Response Force Uttar Pradesh Police''' is a Specialized Force of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] formed in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/police-units/en-state-disaster-response-force/en-state-disaster-response-force|title=uppolice.gov.in| Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Police | Police Units | State Disaster Response Force | About Us|website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref> with the aim of strengthening the state's disaster management capabilities and responding effectively to disasters and emergencies.

== Background ==

Every year, Uttar Pradesh faces different types of disasters, and there's a concern that it might face more in the future. This could be because of climate change, population changes, people's social and economic conditions, cities growing without a plan, and development happening in risky areas or places prone to natural hazards.

To handle these situations, the Chief Secretary of the Uttar Pradesh Government issued an order on November 28, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upsdma.up.nic.in/organisationstructurestate.htm|title=Organisation Setup ( UP SDMA)|website=upsdma.up.nic.in}}</ref> This order led to the creation of the Uttar Pradesh Disaster Management Authority, following the rules of the National Disaster Management Act of 2005. To further comply with the National Disaster Management Policy of 2009 and the National Disaster Management Plan, the State Disaster Response Force was established. This force is meant to help with relief and rescue efforts during disasters.

== Organizational structure ==

State Disaster Response Force Uttar Pradesh operates under the command of the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP) of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdrfup.in/en/organization.php|title=SDRF Uttar Pradesh|website=www.sdrfup.in}}</ref> and is divided into several battalions based in different regions of the state.

== Selection & Training ==

The State Disaster Response Force Uttar Pradesh plays a crucial role in managing and responding to disasters that occur within the state. The selection process of the SDRF in Uttar Pradesh is rigorous and demanding, selection and training program is Specially designed and Monitored by The Director General of Police Uttar Pradesh.

'''Selection''' : The SDRF UP is manned by the Personal from Armed Betalion of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] on Deputation for 5 Years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/up-seeks-uttarakhands-help-on-creating-sdrf/articleshow/48242186.cms|title=UP seeks Uttarakhand's help on creating SDRF|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 27, 2015}}</ref> All the Personals who are deputed to SDRF UP get 30% Additional Risk allowance<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-sdrf-jawans-will-get-30-percent-incentive-allowance-also-preparing-to-extend-the-period-of-deputation-21849197.html|title=SDRF के जवानों को मिलेगा 30 फीसद प्रोत्साहन भत्ता, प्रतिनियुक्ति की अवधि बढ़ाने की भी तैयारी - SDRF jawans will get 30 percent incentive allowance also preparing to extend the period of deputation|website=Jagran}}</ref> for this reason there is a healthy competition between all the State forces to join SDRF UP.

'''Training''' : The training process for the SDRF in Uttar Pradesh is designed to equip the personnel with the necessary skills and knowledge to respond to various types of disasters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sdrfup.in/en/traningpolicy.php|title=SDRF Uttar Pradesh|website=sdrfup.in}}</ref> The training program includes both theoretical and practical training. The training is conducted by experienced trainers who have expertise in disaster management. Recently The state Government Announced To create a Disaster Relief Training Centre<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/disaster-relief-training-centre-will-be-established-up-cm-1503204549.html|title=Disaster relief training centre will be established: UP CM|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=July 26, 2023}}</ref> in Uttar Pradesh.

==Deployment==

The SDRF UP Jawans are deployed in the strategic Location in the States. At Present There are 6 Companies SDRF UP. And the Government of Uttar Pradesh has announced to create 3 new SDRF units.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/govt-3-new-sdrf-teams-for-disaster-management-9051966/|title=Govt: 3 new SDRF teams for disaster management|date=December 3, 2023}}</ref>

The Jawans of SDRF UP are deployed in various duties such as Water petroling,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/up-cm-patrolling-sdrf-pac-prevent-disposal-bodies-river-1802617-2021-05-14|title=UP CM orders patrolling by SDRF, PAC to prevent disposal of bodies in rivers|website=India Today}}</ref> Ayodhya Temple's Innermost Zone<ref>{{Cite news |title=UP Special Security Force to guard Ayodhya temple's innermost zone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/spl-police-force-for-core-area-of-ram-temple/articleshow/103768941.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and various [[Law & Order]] and other duties.

== Achievements ==

In recent years, the SDRF has played a crucial role in responding to several disasters and emergencies in the state, For That reasons the state Government is Trying to strengthen<ref name="auto"/> The SDRF.

In 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sdrfup.in/en/achievements.php|title=SDRF Uttar Pradesh|website=sdrfup.in}}</ref> during the COVID-19 pandemic, the force played a vital role in managing the crisis, providing assistance to affected communities, and ensuring the implementation of lockdown measures.

'''Flood Response''': The SDRF in Uttar Pradesh has been very effective in managing and responding to floods in the state. In 2019 & 2022, when the state was hit by severe flooding, the SDRF personnel were at the forefront of the rescue and relief operations. They rescued more than 5,000 people,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/24-up-districts-605-villages-face-flood-fury-4883486/|title=24 UP Districts, 605 Villages Face Flood Fury|website=www.india.com}}</ref> provided medical assistance, and distributed food and water to those affected by the floods.

'''Earthquake Response''': In 2021, when a powerful earthquake struck the state, the SDRF personnel were quick to respond. They carried out [[search and rescue]] operations, provided medical assistance, and helped in the evacuation of people from affected areas.

'''Cyclone Response''': The SDRF in Uttar Pradesh also played a crucial role in managing the impact of [[Cyclone Tauktae]] in 2021. The force evacuated people from low-lying areas, provided medical assistance, and distributed relief materials.

'''Building Collapse Response''': The SDRF personnel have also been effective in managing building collapse incidents in the state. In 2023 the rescue operation in Insident of Building collapses in In UP's Barabanki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/states/up-uk/barabanki-building-collapse-2-dead-up-rescue-operations-on-1627368|title=2 Dead After Building Collapses In UP's Barabanki, Rescue Ops On|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|website=ABP Live|date=4 September 2023 }}</ref> & Sambhal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-11-rescued-after-cold-storage-roof-collapses-in-sambhal/videoshow/98740836.cms|title=sambhal: Uttar Pradesh: 11 rescued after cold storage roof collapses in Sambhal Video | ET Now|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> was successfully done by SDRF UP personals.

In addition to this SDRF UP has also been involved in several other significant rescue and relief operations, including the floods in Gorakhpur in 2017, the chemical factory explosion in Kanpur in 2019, and the rescue of trapped miners in Sonbhadra in 2021.

== See also ==

*[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
*[[National Disaster Response Force]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disaster Response Forces in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2016]]

Marxist Communist Party of India

2025-08-31T13:17:29Z

FernBenes17766:

{{confused|Marxist Communist Party of India (United)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Marxist Communist Party of India
| abbreviation = MCPI
|party_logo = [[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|200px]]
|colorcode = {{party color|Marxist Communist Party of India (United)}}
| founder = [[Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri]] [[Mohan Punamia]]
|general_secretary = [[Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri]]
|ppchairman =
|rajyasabha_leader =
|foundation = 1983
|split =
|merged = [[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]]
|dissolution = 2005
|headquarters =
|eci =
|alliance =
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|ideology = [[Communism]] [[Marxism-Leninism]]
|position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
|publication =
|youth = [[All India Federation of Democratic Youth]]
|students = All India Federation of Democratic Students
|women = [[All India Federation of Democratic Women]]
|labour = *[[All India Centre of Trade Unions]]
*All India Agricultural Workers Federation
|peasants = All India Kisan Federation
|website =
|symbol =
|flag =
|working =
|predecessor =
|colours =
}}
'''Marxist Communist Party of India ('''MCPI) was a [[political party]] in [[India]] that formed in 1983 under the leadership of [[Mohan Punamia]]. It emerged as a splinter group of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] stuck to the original 1964 programme. The party's general secretary was [[Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri]] (former [[All India Kisan Sabha]] general secretary).

MCPI was active in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar (India)|Bihar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[West Bengal]], [[Rajasthan]], Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, etc.

In 2005 by the unification of the Marxist Communist Party of India, the [[Mangat Ram Pasla]]-led breakaway group from the CPI(M) in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] – [[Mangat Ram Pasla|Communist Party Marxist (Punjab)]], the [[BTR-EMS-AKG Janakeeya Vedi]] (a [[Kerala]]-based splinter group of the CPI(M), which had been based in the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]]) and the Hardan Roy group in [[West Bengal]] formed [[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050214/punjab1.htm The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Punjab]</ref>

==Principal class mass organizations==
* [[All India Centre of Trade Unions]] (AICTU)
* [[All India Kisaan Federation]] (AIKF)
* [[All India Agricultural Workers Federation]] (AIAWF)
* [[All India Federation of Democratic Youth]] (AIFDY)
* [[All India Federation of Democratic Women]] (AIFDW)
* [[All India Federation of Democratic Students]] (AIFDS)

Ahead of the 2004 [[Lok Sabha]] elections MCPI participated in the front initiated by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Flag]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Kanu Sanyal)|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]].

In 2005 MCPI merged with other splinter groups to form the [[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]].

:Lok Sabha election results:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/GE2004/pollupd/parties/MCPI(S)contest.htm#S01 |title=Details of Party performance |access-date=25 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040830172538/http://www.eci.gov.in/GE2004/pollupd/parties/MCPI(S)contest.htm#S01 |archive-date=30 August 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2004: 4 candidates from [[Andhra Pradesh]],
*1999: 7 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, in total 120,220 votes
*1998: 2 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, in total 24,417 votes
*1996: 2 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, in total 33,900 votes
*1991: 4 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, 1 from [[West Bengal]], in total 43,085 votes
*1989: 3 candidates from Andhra Pradesh, in total 100,300 votes

;State assembly elections:
*Andhra Pradesh 1999: 74 candidates, in total 132,601 votes
*[[Bihar (India)|Bihar]] 2000: 6 candidates, 8,861 votes
*[[Rajasthan]] 2003: 1 candidate, 2,111 votes
*Rajasthan 1998: 2 candidates, in total 542 votes
*[[West Bengal]] 2001: 1 candidate, 2,014 votes

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]]

Chutak Hydroelectric Plant

2025-08-30T20:51:07Z

FernBenes17766: general expand details to improve readability additionally and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Dam in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
|name = Chutak Hydroelectric Plant
|image = PM Modi inaugurates the Chutak Hydropower plant.jpg
|image_caption = The Indian Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]] dedicating the 44MW Chutak hydropower station to the Nation by unveiling the plaque, at Kargil, in Jammu and Kashmir on August 12, 2014.
|name_official = Chutak Hydroelectric Plant
|location =[[Ladakh]] [[India]]
|construction_began =
|opening = 2014
|dam_crosses = [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]]
|dam_length = {{convert|47.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|dam_height = {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|res_name = Chutak Barrage
|res_elevation =
|coordinates = {{coord|34|27|32.77|N|76|04|28.72|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|extra =
}}

The '''Chutak Hydroelectric Plant''' is a [[run-of-the-river]] power project on the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]] (a tributary of [[Indus]]) in [[Kargil district]] in the Indian union territory of [[Ladakh]]. The barrage of the project is at Sarze village and the powerhouse is located on the right bank of the Suru near [[Chutak|Chutak village]]. The project construction began on 23 September 2006, and the first three generators were commissioned in November 2012. The fourth was commissioned in January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=NHPC declares COD for Unit 4 of its hydro electricity project in J&K|url=http://www.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=wclrdhtm&nvdt=20130130124428253&nvpc=099000000000&nvtype=TIDINGS&ver=pf|publisher=Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=15 June 2013|date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213030009/http://www.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=wclrdhtm&nvdt=20130130124428253&nvpc=099000000000&nvtype=TIDINGS&ver=pf|archive-date=13 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The project included construction of a {{convert|47.5|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} barrage, having 15 m height above the crest level, an underground powerhouse, and 3.3 m dia and 10.02 km long head race tunnel and installation of four nos. of vertical Francis turbine of 11 MW each.
The project utilises a gross head of {{convert|63.4|m|abbr=on}} to generate 216.41 GWh in a 90% dependable year with an installed capacity of 44 MW. Each 11 MW underground generating unit was designed to operate under a rated head of 52 m and a rated discharge of 24.05 cubic metres per second. The barrage diverts water from the river and involves a flooding of only {{convert|0.135|km2|abbr=on}}. Thus the power density is 44 MW per 0.135 km2, i.e. very high 326 W/m2, compared to dam-based hydroelectric projects. The project will be connected to the Northern Grid by the 220 kV Leh-Srinagar transmission line, which is to be scheduled for commissioning along with project’s commissioning.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chutak Hydroelectric Project|url=http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/1/H/3/1H3VZ75BUA8C0SRTPG2OYKM9ELQIJ6/CDM_PDD_Chutak_HydroProject_v11_clean_2025.pdf?t=b1p8bW9nYWNyfDA_nTGvxr-Act8mP0jslzK2|publisher=UN Clean Development Mechanism|access-date=15 June 2013|date=31 March 2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The project was developed by M/s National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd. The generating equipment was supplied, erected and commissioned by M/s [http://www.bhel.com Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]. The generator/turbine was manufactured by BHEL's Bhopal unit whereas the controls were supplied by BHEL's Bangalore unit. The erection and commissioning was done by BHEL's [http://www.bhel.com Power Sector]. As of date all four generating units of this project are running successfully.{{When|date=August 2025|reason=nonsense}}

The project, along with the [[Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant]], was certified as compliant with the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] by the Indian Central Water Commission, with the project information passed over to Pakistan.<ref name="ET">{{cite web | title=Government clears 8 hydropower projects on Indus in Ladakh | website=The Economic Times | date=2021-01-07 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/government-clears-8-hydropower-projects-on-indus-in-ladakh/articleshow/80154524.cms | access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2014]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2014]]
[[Category:Dams in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Run-of-the-river power stations]]
[[Category:Dams in the Indus River basin]]
[[Category:Power stations in Ladakh]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Kauni, Faridkot

2025-08-13T21:40:46Z

FernBenes17766: done

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kauni
| other_name = ਕਾਉਣੀ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.743311|74.543245|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3237
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate = PB04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Kauni''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਕਾਉਣੀ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kauni · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kauni,+Punjab+151212/@30.743191,74.5370435,16z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919defec6eb89c1:0xea2c6a7dc95110cb!8m2!3d30.7426908!4d74.5419341!16s/g/1td9nxyz!5m1!1e1?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYwNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Kauni · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 3237 of which 1669 are males while 1568 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kauni Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35507-kauni-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GHS KAUNI {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/ghs-kauni/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 1,362 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=61}}</ref>

== References ==

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Cranks' Ridge

2025-07-31T14:25:26Z

FernBenes17766: created first info with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
'''Cranks' Ridge''', sometimes called '''Hippie Hill''', is a pine-covered [[ridge]] located on the way to [[Kasar Devi]] temple, above the town of [[Almora]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]], the ancient capital of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]. [[File:2024-03-19 Crank's Ridge 1.jpg|thumb|Crank's Ridge]]

[[File: 2024-03-19 Kasar Devi Temple 2.jpg|thumb|Kasar Devi Temple]]Kasar Devi is a temple on the Kaashaay Hills, 7 km north from Almora, where Swami [[Vivekananda]] once came to meditate<ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Lectures from Colombo to Almora/Address of Welcome at Almora and Reply|Address of Welcome at Almora and Reply]]</ref><ref>Dutta, Julia [http://www.boloji.com/travels/060.htm No Pain No Gain : Almora Visited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212234049/http://boloji.com/travels/060.htm |date=12 December 2010 }} Boloji.org, 14 October 2007</ref> in the late 19th century. The place, got its popular name, Crank's Ridge, ever since [[Timothy Leary]] [[Streaking|streaked]] on the ridge in the 1960s, when it became part of the [[Hippie trail]], during the peak of [[hippie|hippie movement]].<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,21937605-17102,00.html Where stars shine brighter] Margaret Turton. news.com.au. 23 June 2007.</ref>

==History==

[[File:Sunyata'sCave99.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Alfred Sorensen]] (Sunyata)'s cave, near Crank's Ridge in 1999]]

The ridge became a haunt for bohemian artists, writers and spiritual seekers in the 1920s and 1930s, including notable western Tibetan Buddhists, [[W. Y. Evans-Wentz]], and [[Lama Anagarika Govinda]], who in turn was visited by [[Anandamayi Ma]] and [[Neem Karoli Baba]].<ref name="cr">[http://www.angelfire.com/realm/bodhisattva/shunyata.html Alfred Sorensen - Cranks Ridge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422163609/http://www.angelfire.com/realm/bodhisattva/shunyata.html |date=22 April 2009 }} ''[[Alfred Sorensen]]'' Biography.</ref> Other early people connected to Crank's Ridge were [[Earl Brewster]], an American artist and his wife [[Achsah Barlow Brewster]], author [[John Blofeld (writer)|John Blofeld]] and Danish mystic [[Alfred Sorensen]].<ref>Sunyata, eds: Camhi, Betty and Rai, Gurubaksh ''Dancing with the Void'', Blue Dove Press, 2001, {{ISBN|1884997198}}</ref> In 1934, [[Alfred Sorensen]] who was earlier introduced to [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] by Tagore, visited the home of [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit|Nehru's sister]] and brother-in-law at their house Khali, [[Binsar]] where he stayed and used his horticultural skills in the garden, while still travelling during the summer.<ref>[http://indiaguide.trailofview.com/trail/Binsar Binsar]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was while staying with the Nehru family that one of their friends offered Sorensen a piece of land where he could live on Crank's Ridge, near [[Almora]].

In the 1960s and 1970s, luminaries of the [[counter-culture]], including [[Bob Dylan]] and [[Cat Stevens]] made pilgrimages to the ridge to visit these established inhabitants.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} In 1962, [[Allen Ginsberg]] came with [[Peter Orlovsky]], [[Gary Snyder]] and [[Joanne Kyger]] to visit Lama Govinda. Ginsberg commented in a letter to John Kelley that "[[Rishikesh]] and Almora were not unlike the [[Catskills]] readily accessible, only more spiritual.<ref>Baker, Deborah (2008). ''A Blue Hand: The Beats in India'', Penguin.</ref>" In late 1964, [[Ralph Metzner]] visited Lama Govinda on the ridge and was later joined by [[Timothy Leary]] on honeymoon with his wife [[Nena von Schlebrügge]]. The marriage did not last long. Leary wrote much of ''Psychedelic Prayers'', a psychedelic version the [[Tao Te Ching]] composed from nine English translations of the book, on the ridge.<ref>Greenfield, Robert (2006) ''Timothy Leary: A Biography'' p.229 Harcourt Publishers, {{ISBN|0-15-100500-1}}</ref> Later in the decade [[Richard Alpert]] ([[Ram Dass]]), visited the ridge as a part of his own pilgrimage. Scottish psychiatrist, [[R. D. Laing]] spent some time there in the early 1970s; as did [[Robert Thurman]], the Buddhist scholar, who spent six months with his wife [[Nena von Schlebrügge]] and family, including their 3-year-old daughter [[Uma Thurman]], studying with Lama Govinda as a part of his doctoral dissertation over the summer of 1971.<ref>Thurman, Robert and Wise, Tad. (2000) ''Circling the Sacred Mountain: A Spiritual Adventure Through the Himalayas''. (pps. 4-5) Bantam. {{ISBN|978-0-553-37850-4}}</ref> Lama Govinda's ashram was visited by many other spiritual seekers. Physician [[Karl-Heinz Gottmann]], composer [[Peter Michael Hamel]] and the philosopher [[Volker Zotz]] visited his ashram.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Arya Maitreya Mandala - Order of Lama Anagarika Govinda - International Network|url = http://www.arya-maitreya-mandala.org/content/lamagovinda.htm|website = www.arya-maitreya-mandala.org|accessdate = 2015-10-16}}</ref> In the mid-seventies Alfred 'Sunyata' Sorensen was taken to San Francisco by the [[Alan Watts]] society.

The village of Kasar Devi has now become a cult destination, many incognito celebs visit frequently and it also has a small community of [[Backpacking (travel)|backpackers]]. Participants of the hippie movement settled there ever since the place gained the reputation of being a ''Power Centre'' during the 1960s [[counter-culture]]. This reputation is due to the alleged gap in the [[Van Allen Belt]] above the ridge, a perception arguably strengthened by the free and easy availability of hemp on the slopes.

There is also a Buddhist meditation center on the ridge. This Center is in a Buddhist Ashram (Bodh Ashram), originally the estate of Evans-Wentz, then of Lama Anagarika Govinda, then of a Tibetan-Ladakhi family. The Center is affiliated to the Drikung Kagyu order of Tibetan Buddhism.

==See also==

{{Portal|India}}

* [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]
* [[Goa]]

{{commons category|Crank’s Ridge}}
==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207020320/http://www.himvan.com/Webpages/kasardevi.htm KasarDevi (Crank's Ridge) at Kumaon: Kala Shilp Aur Sanskriti :: www.himvan.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225550/http://www.manuyogas.org/kasar-devi-and-ridge-videos-and-slideshows-especially-from-lama-anagarika-govinda-buddhist-ashram-area-and-around-2000-2007-and-2013.html Kasar Devi and Ridge videos and slideshows, especially from Lama Anagarika Govinda's Buddhist Ashram area and around, 2000-2007 and 2013]

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}
{{Hippies}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Almora]]
[[Category:Hippie movement]]
[[Category:Landforms of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Ridges of India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttarakhand]]

Madan Mahal, Jabalpur

2025-07-26T13:35:55Z

FernBenes17766: further correct references and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Historical fort in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2014}}
{{for|the railway station|Madan Mahal railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Rani Durgavati Fort.jpg|thumb|Madan Mahal Fort, [[Jabalpur]]]]
'''Madan Mahal''' is a suburban area of [[Jabalpur]] famous for the historical [[Durgavati]] fort.<ref>[http://www.thepenthouse.in/madanmahal.htm thepenthouse]</ref> The area also has a railway station named [[Madan Mahal railway station|Madan Mahal]].

Madan Mahal Fort in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, stands as a testimony to the lives of the rulers who ruled Jabalpur for a good number of years in the 11th century AD. Situated at a hilltop, a couple of kilometres away from the city, Madan Mahal Fort was built by the '''Raja Madan Singh'''.

==History==

{{Tone|section|date=December 2022}}

Situated atop a hill in [[Jabalpur]] city is a small but enchanting fort of the [[Gondwana Kingdom|Rajgond]] rulers. It was more of a staffed post on vigil for invaders now enveloped in shroud of history. The fort dates back to 11th century AD. The fort is well associated with [[Rani Durgavati]] the [[Gonds|Gond]] Queen and her son Veer Narayan. [[Rani Durgavati]] eventually died fighting the [[Mughals]], and is hailed as a martyr in Indian history. She also built numerous temples and tanks scattered around Jabalpur chiefly around her [[Garha]] principality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com/heritage/forts/madan-mahal-jabalpur.html|title=Madan Mahal, Jabalpur|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220191632/http://www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com/heritage/forts/madan-mahal-jabalpur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Rajgond rulers reigned over Jabalpur, [[Mandla]] and surrounding regions. Madan Mahal is one such fort built by them. Though not exactly an architectural marvel, the little fort is characterized by intrigue of ancient monuments in India.<ref>[http://hindi.nativeplanet.com/jabalpur/attractions/madan-mahal-fort/ nativeplanet]</ref>

The structure generates an aura of awe being compact and yet fully equipped for martial encounters. The stable, war rooms, small reservoir and main pleasure chamber of the rulers offer visitors much to see and admire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com/index.html|title=MADHYA PRADESH TOURISM}}</ref>

The monument is situated at a height of about five hundred meters on the hill of same name. The Balancing Rock is a huge stone balanced on the tip of another. It is a geological wonder on the way to the fort.

There are many myths floating about the fort of the Gonds. It is said to harbor gold bricks and Gond treasures hidden somewhere in it in accessible via underground folds. A tunnel covering a long distance is said to be located somewhere around the precinct - a possible escape route and transportation artery of the Gonds.

Nearest Railway station is [[Madan Mahal railway station]].

==See also==
* [[Madan Mahal railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://hindi.nativeplanet.com/jabalpur/attractions/madan-mahal-fort/ nativeplanet]

{{Forts in India}}
{{Forts in Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|23.148|79.901|display=title}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Forts in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jabalpur]]

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar College

2025-07-15T02:05:15Z

FernBenes17766: created basic stub from scratch

{{short description|College of West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College
| image_name = Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College at Betai.jpg
| affiliations = [[University of Kalyani]]
| established = {{start date and age|1973}}
| type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]
| principal = Dr Pijush Kanti Dev
| city = [[Betai]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 741163
| coordinates = {{coord|23.80261|N|88.5608021|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|brambedkarcollegebetai.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College''', established in 1973,<ref name=UGC/> is a college of [[Betai]], [[Nadia district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and commerce. It is affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Kalyani |url=http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/list_colleges.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301165259/http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/list_colleges.html |archive-date=1 March 2012 }}</ref>

== History ==
Betai was a backward border-village full of jungles till the period of 70's. More than ninety percent people of the area belong to SC, ST, Backward Class and poor minority communities. Most of the residents in this locality are rootless refugee came from the then [[East Pakistan]] who settled here after the partition in 1947 and [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971. Those homeless people had an earnest urge to educate their children and for this they had set up this college. The college established by the help of local educationist Haran Chanra Biswas in 1973. A different building (''Haran Chandra Smriti Bhawan'') was made in his memory after few years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brambedkarcollegebetai.in/|title=Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College, Betai|last=Home|website=brambedkarcollegebetai.in|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610121248/http://brambedkarcollegebetai.in/|archive-date=10 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Departments==

===Arts, Commerce and science===

*Bengali
*English
*Education
*History
*Geography
*Political Science
*Philosophy
*Economics
*Sanskrit
*Physical Education
*Commerce
*Mathematics

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Kalyani]]}}

== Education System ==
Good education system

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|brambedkarcollegebetai.in}}
*[http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/ University of Kalyani]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{University of Kalyani}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor B.R. Ambedkar College}}
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Kalyani]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India

2025-05-25T01:03:38Z

FernBenes17766: made entry

{{Short description|Statue in the Indian parliament}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = Statue of Mahatma Gandhi
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| mapframe =
| designer = [[Ram V. Sutar]]
| type = [[Sculpture]]
| material = [[Bronze]]
| length =
| width =
| height = 4.9 meters
| weight =
| visitors_num =
| visitors_year =
| begin = 1969
| complete = 1993
| dedicated =
| open = 2 October 1993
| restore =
| dismantled =
| dedicated_to =
| map_name =
| map_text =
| map_width =
| map_relief =
| coordinates =
| website =
| extra_label =
| extra =
}}
The '''Statue of Mahatma Gandhi''' is a {{convert|16|ft|adj=on}} tall [[Bronze sculpture|bronze statue]] of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] located in the precincts of the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House of India]] in [[New Delhi]]. Designed by [[Ram V. Sutar]], it was inaugurated in 1993, and has become iconic as a site for protest by members of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahatma Gandhi's Statue At Parliament Moved To Make Way For Construction |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mahatma-gandhis-statue-at-parliament-moved-to-make-way-for-construction-of-new-building-2355537 |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== History==
The initial proposal to build a statue of Gandhi on the Central Vista of New Delhi was made after the removal of the statue of [[George V|King George V]] from its [[chhatri|canopy]] behind the [[India Gate]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vohra |first1=Pankaj |title=Not Gandhi's but Netaji statue under the canopy next to India Gate |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/not-gandhis-but-netaji-%EF%BB%BFstatue-under-the-canopy-next-to-india-gate/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Daily Guardian |date=22 January 2022}}</ref> In 1969, it was announced in the Parliament that the statue would be installed at government's expense near the India Gate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alley |first1=Kelly D. |title=Gandhiji on the Central Vista: A Postcolonial Refiguring |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=1997 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=967–994 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00017224 |jstor=312851 |s2cid=143706237 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/312851 |access-date=6 August 2022 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1978, proposals for a statue were invited by the [[Morarji Desai]]–led government. Twelve entries were received from sculptors across India, of which Ram Sutar's design was selected.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alley |first1=Kelly D. |title=Gandhiji on the Central Vista: A Postcolonial Refiguring |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=1997 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=967–994 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00017224 |jstor=312851 |s2cid=143706237 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/312851 |access-date=6 August 2022 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Location of Netaji's Statue Should Have Been Better Chosen |url=https://thewire.in/history/the-location-of-netajis-statue-should-have-been-better-chosen |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref> In 1981, it was decided to proceed with a design of Gandhi in a meditative posture to be installed at the canopy near the India Gate. However, these proposals were not implemented owing to considerations of [[aesthetics]] and opposition from architects and [[Historic preservation|heritage conservationists]], regarding proposals to remove the canopy to prepare a [[pedestal]] for the proposed statue. By 1989, the [[Plaster mold casting|plaster casting]] for the statue was completed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alley |first1=Kelly D. |title=Gandhiji on the Central Vista: A Postcolonial Refiguring |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=1997 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=967–994 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00017224 |jstor=312851 |s2cid=143706237 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/312851 |access-date=6 August 2022 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The statue was completed by 1993 but the proposal to place it under the canopy was objected to by parliamentarians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why PM Modi wasted no time in installing Netaji's statue |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/filling-the-vacuum-netaji-bose-statue-mahatma-gandhi-7747729/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The matter was raised in the Parliament by [[George Fernandes]] who accused the government of having left Gandhi "in the middle of the road".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathew |first1=Liz |title=Mahatma Gandhi's iconic statue, part of Parliament's identity, site of protest and veneration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/parliament-mahatma-gandhi-statue-7067386/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 November 2020 |ref=Mathew |language=en}}</ref> The statue was subsequently donated to the Parliament by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]] and was unveiled by [[President of India|President]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] on [[Gandhi Jayanti]], 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statues / Busts of National Leaders installed outside the Parliament House building |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/our%20parliament/List%20of%20Statues%20and%20Portraits.htm |publisher=Lok Sabha, India |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi likely to lay foundation stone for new Parliament building in December |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/pm-modi-likely-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-new-parliament-building-in-december-919698.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=25 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Design ==
Designed by Ram Sutar, the statue depicts a [[Meditation|meditating]] Gandhi seated in the [[cross-legged]] position.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story behind the statue of protest in Parliament |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/story-behind-the-statue-of-protest-in-parliament-7679570/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Its location near the Gate No. 1 of the Parliament House was chosen so that [[Parliamentary system|parliamentarians]] exiting the building would see the peaceful figure. The statue is built of bronze and has a height of {{convert|16|feet}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=This Gandhi Jayanti, we follow trail of the Mahatma's statues in Delhi NCR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ahead-of-gandhi-jayanti-here-s-a-trail-of-the-mahatma-s-statues-in-the-capital/story-05TqaoT72tHScsB1SLmPiO.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modi Likely To Lay Foundation Stone for New Parliament Building in December |url=https://thewire.in/government/modi-new-parliament-building |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref> Gandhi's seated posture in the statue differs radically from his traditional representations, and it has been noted for the serenity of Gandhi's expression and the sombreness of his bearing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=Nayantara |title=Two Indian sculptors have created most of the Gandhi statues around the world |url=https://scroll.in/article/674358/two-indian-sculptors-have-created-most-of-the-gandhi-statues-around-the-world |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ram Sutar and Mahatma Gandhi -the journey goes back to many decades |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/plumage/ram-sutar-and-mahatma-gandhi-the-journey-goes-back-to-many-decades/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Times of India |date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

==Site of protest==
The location of the statue is frequently a venue of protests and impromptu press conferences by the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs), especially by members of the [[Parliamentary opposition|opposition parties]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Iconic Gandhi Statue at Parliament House to Be Moved During Construction of New Building |url=https://thewire.in/urban/parliament-building-mahatma-gandhi-statue-central-vista-project |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Parliament building: Gandhi statue hurriedly shifted, move raises eyebrows |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-parliament-building-gandhi-statue-hurriedly-shifted-move-raises-eyebrows-101611170523492.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Protests or Religious Ceremonies Cannot Be Held in the Parliament House: Rajya Sabha Circular |url=https://thewire.in/government/protests-or-religious-ceremonies-cannot-be-held-in-the-parliament-house-rajya-sabha-circular |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref> In 2005, several members of the [[ruling party]] protested at the venue over the frequent parliamentary disruptions by the opposition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathew |first1=Liz |title=Mahatma Gandhi's iconic statue, part of Parliament's identity, site of protest and veneration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/parliament-mahatma-gandhi-statue-7067386/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 November 2020 |ref=Mathew |language=en}}</ref> After the [[Lok Sabha Secretariat]] issued a bulletin barring MPs from using the premises of the parliament for holding any demonstrations or protests or religious ceremonies in 2022, [[Mahua Moitra]], MP of the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]], proposed that the statue itself be removed from the precincts of the Parliament House.<ref>{{cite news |title='Why not just remove Gandhi's statue': TMC MP Mahua Moitra after Parliament says no dharna inside House |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/why-not-just-remove-gandhis-statue-tmc-mp-mahua-moitra-after-parliament-says-no-dharna-inside-house-article-92895796 |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== Relocation==
The statue was shifted from its location near the main gate of the Parliament building to a location near the Gate No. 3 as part of the construction work of the [[New Indian Parliament building|new parliament building]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament work on, Gandhi statue moved temporarily |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/parliament-work-on-gandhi-statue-moved-temporarily-7155161/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It is proposed to be relocated again to a prominent location in the precincts of the new building upon its completion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Damini |title=Gandhi statue to be shifted to temporary spot to make way for Parliament construction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gandhi-statue-to-be-shifted-to-temporary-spot-to-make-way-for-parliament-construction/article33170685.ece |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=24 November 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Replicas ==
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi Statue, Vidhana Soudha (02).jpg|thumb|right|Mahatma Gandhi Statue, Vidhana Soudha]]

A {{convert|27|feet|adj=on}} tall statue of Gandhi at the [[Vidhana Soudha]], [[Karnataka|Karanataka]], inaugurated in 2014, is a replica of the statue in the Parliament House. Claimed to be the world's tallest statue of Gandhi in a seated position, this statue too was built by Ram Sutar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Shyam |title=Vidhana Soudha to get bronze Mahatma |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/vidhana-soudha-bronze-mahatma/articleshow/29214621.cms |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Bangalore Mirror |issue=23 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tall Gandhi statue to grace Vidhana Soudha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/428784/tall-gandhi-statue-grace-vidhana.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Showing peace on Gandhi's face was quite a task: Sculptor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/433794/showing-peace-gandhis-face-quite.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mahatma Gandhi}}
{{Statues in India}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Statues in India]]
[[Category:Statues of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Sculptures of men in India]]
[[Category:Relocated buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:1993 sculptures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1993]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in India]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Special Olympics Bharat

2025-03-04T06:45:07Z

FernBenes17766: made entry

{{Short description|Special Olympics governing body}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Special Olympics Bharat
|abbrev =
|logo =
|logosize =
|sport = [[Special Olympics]]
|category =
|image =
|caption =Indian medal winners 2015
|countryflag =IND
|jurisdiction = [[India]]
|founded = 1988
|aff =
|affdate =
|region =
|regionyear =
|headquarters =
|president =
|vicepresident =
|secretary =
|chiefexec =
|treasurer =
|coach =
|womenscoach =
|prevfounded =
|url = https://specialolympicsbharat.org/
}}

'''Special Olympics Bharat''' is an officially recognised programme of [[Special Olympics]] International which operates in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://specialolympicsbharat.org/|title=Special Olympics Bharat}}</ref> It was founded in 1988 as Special Olympics India, and from 2001 it became as Special Olympics Bharat.<ref name=":0" /> it is recognized by the government of India as a National Sports Federation for the development of sports opportunity for the people with intellectual disabilities. The special Olympics Bharat programme has so far drawn a number of coaches to work with 850875 athletes across the country.<ref name=":0" />
Special Olympics Bharat is a National Sports Federation also registered under the Indian Trust Act 1882 in 2001 and is accredited by Special Olympics International to conduct Special Olympics Programs in India. It is recognized by the Government of India as a National Sports Federation in the Priority Category, for
development of Sports for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities, and is a designated Nodal Agency for all disabilities on account of its national presence and experience, especially in rural areas which account for nearly 75 per cent of the disabled population in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Physical Education and Health|publisher=Saraswati Publication|year=2015|location=India|pages=242, 143}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Regions/asia-pacific/Locations/Special-Olympics-AP-Bharat.aspx|title=Special Olympics/ Asia pacific/ India(Bharat)}}</ref>

== Oath ==
"''Let me win.I have to win but if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt''."<ref name=":0" />

== India at the Special Olympics World Games ==

A total of 885 Special Olympics Bharat athletes have participated in eight World Summer Games and five World Winter Games between 1987 and 2015.They have won 322 gold, 343 silver and 397 bronze medals in the world summer and world winter games bringing a combined count to 1062 Medals.<ref name=":0" />

=== Summer Games ===
743 Athletes have participated at the [[Special Olympics World Games|Special Olympics World Summer Games]] since 1987 until 2015. Through participation across 8 World Summer Games they have won 286 Gold, 304 Silver and 378 Bronze Medals to an overall tally of 968.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Special-Olympics-Athletes-return-with-387-medals/articleshow/27224459.cms|title=Special Olympics: Athletes return with 387 medals - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref>

214 athletes and 53 coaches participated at the Special Olympics World Summer games held in Los Angeles, California, US, from 25 July to 2 August 2015, across 14 sport disciplines: [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[Aquatic sports|aquatics]], [[bocce]], [[basketball]], [[badminton]], [[table tennis]], [[volleyball]], [[softball]], [[association football|football]], [[powerlifting]], [[roller skating]], [[handball]], [[cycle sport|cycling]], and [[Golf|Unified golf]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/sports/looking-back-at-the-2015-special-olympics-when-india-won-173-medals-260332.html|title=Looking Back At The 2015 Special Olympics, When India Won 173 Medals!|newspaper=indiatimes.com|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref>

=== Winter Games===
142 Athletes have participated at the Special Olympics World Winter Games since 1993 until 2013. Through participation across 5 [[Special Olympics World Games|Special Olympics World Winter Games]] and 19 Bronze Medals to an overall tally of 94.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category|Special Olympics}}

{{Special Olympics|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:Special Olympics]]
[[Category:Parasports organizations]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2008]]

Maiestas canaraica

2025-02-25T18:03:48Z

FernBenes17766: Done

{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Maiestas
| species = canaraica
| authority = (Dash & Viraktamath, 1998)
}}

'''''Maiestas canaraica''''' is a species of bug from the [[leafhopper|Cicadellidae]] family that is endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2457826|title=Recilia canaraicus|publisher=Gloobalspecies,.org|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> It was formerly placed within ''[[Recilia]]'', but a 2009 revision moved it to ''[[Maiestas]]''.<ref name=WeebViraktamath2009>Webb, M.D.; Viraktamath, C.A. 2009: Annotated check-list, generic key and new species of Old World Deltocephalini leafhoppers with nomenclatorial changes in the ''Deltocephalus'' group and other Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). ''Zootaxa'', '''2163''': 1-64. [http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/z02163p064f.pdf Abstract & excerpt]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3081660}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Maiestas|canaraica]]

{{Deltocephalinae-stub}}

Kalahasteeswarar Temple

2025-02-14T04:31:05Z

FernBenes17766:

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Kalahasteeswarar Temple
| image =Kalahastisvarar.jpg|
| alt = A Shiva located in Kumbakonam town
| caption = Kalahasteeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Kumbakonam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kalahasteeswarar([[Shiva]] ) Gnanambikai (goddess)
| festivals=
| architecture =
}}
'''Kalahasteeswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] located at Kumbakonam in [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.ixigo.com/sri-kalahastheeswar-temple-kumbakonam-india-ne-1356149 Ixigo, sri kalahastheeswar temple]</ref>

==Presiding deity==
The [[moolavar]] presiding deity, is found in his manifestation as Kalahasteeswarar. His consort, [[Parvati]], is known as Gnanambikai.<ref name="hrace">Mahamaham Festival 2004 (in Tamil), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004</ref>

== Specialty ==
12 Shiva temples are connected with [[Mahamaham]] festival which happens once in 12 years in Kumbakonam. They are:
*[[Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kasi Visanathar Temple]],
*[[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]],
*[[Someswarar Temple]],
*[[Nageswaraswamy Temple]],
*Kalahasteeswarar Temple,
*[[Gauthameswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Gowthameswarar Temple]],
*[[Kodeeswarar Temple]],
*[[Amirthakadeswarar Temple]],
*[[Banapuriswarar Temple]],
*[[Abimukeswarar Temple]],
*[[Kambatta Viswanathar Temple]] and
*[[Ekambeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Ekambareswarar Temple]].
This temple is one among them.<ref>Mahamaham Festival 2004 (in Tamil), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004</ref>

==Renovation==
The temple was renovated by Serfoji of [[Thanjavur]].<ref name="hrace"/>

==Mahasamprokshanam==
The Mahasamprokshanam also known as Kumbabishegam of the temple was held on 26 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vedaranyeswarar temple ‘kumbhabhishekam’ draws thousands|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vedaranyeswarar-temple-kumbhabhishekam-draws-thousands/article7807944.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2015-10-27|accessdate=2015-10-28}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu temples of Kumbakonam]]
* [[Mahamaham]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}

{{coord|10.966319| 79.377602|display=title}}

==Mahasamprokshanam 26 October 2015==
<gallery>
File:Kalahastisvarar1.jpg
File:Kalahastisvarar3.jpg
File:Kalahastisvarar4.jpg
File:Kalahastisvarar5.jpg
File:Kalahastisvarar6.jpg
File:Kalahastisvarar7.jpg
File:Kalahastisvarar2.jpg
</gallery>

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kumbakonam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]

INS Astradharani

2025-01-29T07:40:46Z

FernBenes17766: enhance references for consistency and added references after review

#REDIRECT [[INS Astradharini]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kamaljit

2024-10-27T13:05:06Z

FernBenes17766:

'''Kamaljit''' or '''Kamaljeet''' is an Indian unisex given name and may refer to:

* [[Kamaljeet]] (died 2000), Indian film actor
* [[Kamaljeet (sport shooter)]] (born 2003), Indian sport shooter
* [[Kamaljit Bawa]] (born 1939), Indian evolutionary ecologist and conservation biologist
* [[Kamaljeet Kumar]], Indian footballer
* [[Kamaljit Neeru]], Indian singer
* [[Kamaljeet Sandhu]], Indian athlete (sprinter)
* [[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]], Indian politician
* [[Kamaljit Singh]], Indian footballer
* [[Kamaljit Singh (footballer, born 1994)]], German footballer
* [[Kamaljit Singh Garewal]], Indian judge
* Kamaljeet Singh Heer or [[Kamal Heer]], Indian-Canadian musician
* Kamaljit Singh Jhooti or [[Jay Sean]], British-Indian singer, songwriter and rapper
* [[Kamaljit Singh Paul]], Indian neurosurgeon
* [[Kamal Jit Singh]], Indian Army Lt. Gen. and present GoC-in-C of Western Command
{{Disambiguation}}