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Butt (surname)

2026-05-09T22:50:55Z

FerdinandGarden: created new details

{{distinguish|text=the South Asian surname [[Bhat]], sometimes spelled "Butt"}}

'''Butt''' is a German and an English surname whose origins lie in the [[South West England|South West]] peninsula region of [[England]].<ref name="Internet Surname Database" />

== Etymology ==
The surname Butt or Butts is said to be derived from the [[French language|French]] word "but" which is a noun meaning "target".<ref name="Internet Surname Database">{{cite web|url=http://www.surnamedb.com/surname.aspx?name=Butt|title=Butt surname meaning|work=SurnameDB, The Internet Surname Database|publisher=Name Origin Research|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref> The English name is derived from the [[Middle English]] word "but", a noun meaning a mark for archery, a target or goal, or someone's rear end. The name may derive from the ''butt'',{{vague|date=August 2016|reason=appears editor didn't know what language, or perhaps contributed before others added languages of origin}} a strip of ploughland shorter than the average length of one [[furlong]].<ref name="White">White, William (1878). ''Notes and queries, Volume 58''. Oxford University Press</ref>

== History ==
[[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] names are characterised by a multitude of spelling variations. When the [[Normans]] became the ruling people of England in the 11th century,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-17 |title=Norman Conquest {{!}} Definition, Summary, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Norman-Conquest |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> they introduced a new language into a society where the main languages of [[Old English|Old]] and later Middle English had no definite spelling rules. These languages were more often spoken than written, so they blended freely with one another. Contributing to this mixing of tongues was the fact that medieval scribes spelled words according to sound, ensuring that a person's name would appear differently in nearly every document in which it was recorded. The name has been spelled Butt, But, Butte and others.

===England===
The surname can also be found in England where it is again of patronymic origin, meaning "son of Butt". First found in [[Middlesex]] where they were anciently seated, and were granted lands by [[William the Conqueror]], and recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] compiled in 1086. An early reference to this surname in 1200 England, William de Butte is listed in [[Oseney]]. From the archery-related meaning, the surname Butt in England was originally used to describe somebody who either lived near [[archery butts]], or someone who was actually an archer.<ref name="Internet Surname Database" /> The name has been particularly popular in [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] since the 17th century, with a number of variants from the same origin including Butts, and two names meaning "Son of Butt": Butson and Butting.<ref name="Internet Surname Database" />

===Migration to Canada===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2013}}
For many English families, the political and religious disarray that plagued their homeland made the frontiers of the [[New World]] an attractive prospect. Thousands migrated, aboard cramped disease-ridden ships. They arrived sick, poor and hungry, but were welcomed in many cases with far greater opportunity than at home in England. Many of these hardy settlers went on to make important contributions to the emerging nations in which they landed. Among early immigrants bearing the name Butt or a variant listed above were, Roger Butt who settled in [[Carbonear, Newfoundland]] in 1675,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Butt |first=W. John |date= |title=The Butt family of Newfoundland and Labrador |url=https://mha.mun.ca/mha/holdings/keith/pdf/butt/Butt%20-%20B%20-%20571%20-%20The%20Butt%20Family.pdf }}</ref> John Butt who settled in [[Conception Bay (Canada)|Conception Bay]], Newfoundland in 1706,<ref name=":0" /> and Joseph Butt settled in [[Crocker's Cove, Newfoundland]], in the same year.<ref name=":0" />

==Notable people with the surname Butt==
{{div col}}
* [[Aameen Taqi Butt]] (born 1946), Pakistani golfer
* [[Alfred Butt]], British theatre entrepreneur, Conservative politician and racehorse owner
* Major [[Archibald Butt]], military aide to U.S. presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Anthony Butt]], New Zealand jockey
* [[Brent Butt]], Canadian stand-up comedian, actor and writer
* [[Charles Butt]], American grocer, son of Howard Butt
* [[Clara Butt]], English contralto
* [[Cyrus M. Butt]], American politician
* [[David Butt Philip|David Butt Phillip]], British operatic tenor
* [[Dudley Butt]], Manx politician
* [[Gavin Butt]], British art historian
* [[Gizz Butt]], British musician
* [[Hans-Jörg Butt]], German goalkeeper
* [[Harry Butt]], English cricketer
* [[Howard Edward Butt Sr.]], American founder of H-E-B grocery chain
* [[Hugh Butt]], American physician
* [[Isaac Butt]], an [[Ireland|Irish]] leader of the [[Home Rule League]]
* [[Jake Butt]], an American football tight end for the [[Denver Broncos]]
* [[John Butt (sport shooter)]], English sports shooter
* [[Len Butt (footballer born 1893)]], English footballer with Southampton and Bournemouth
* [[Len Butt (footballer born 1910)]], English footballer with Huddersfield Town and Blackburn Rovers
* [[Maggie Butt]], British poet
* [[Martha Haines Butt]] (1833–1871), American author, suffragist
* [[Miriam Butt]], German linguist
* [[Nicky Butt]], English footballer
* [[Peter Butt]], Australian filmmaker
* [[Ray Butt]], British film and television producer
* [[Raymond Butt]], British schoolteacher
* {{anbl|Ronald Butt}}
* [[Simon Butt]], British diplomat
* [[Sonya Butt]], a female [[Special Operations Executive|S.O.E.]] agent during the [[Second World War]]
* [[Tameka Butt]] (now Tameka Yallop), Australian association footballer
* [[Tom Butt]], American politician in California
* [[Wilfrid Butt]], British endocrinologist
* [[William Butt]], American politician in Georgia
* [[Yondani Butt]], orchestral conductor born in Macao
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[But (surname)]]
* [[Butts (surname)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Surname}}

[[Category:Surnames]]

R. B. Udhayakumar

2026-05-06T06:23:39Z

FerdinandGarden: stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. B. Udhaya Kumar
| office = 8th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 February 2024
| constituency = [[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
| leader = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 25 May 2016
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[M. Muthuramalingam]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
| term_start2 = 23 May 2011
| term_end2 = 21 May 2016
| predecessor2 = [[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]
| successor2 = [[S. G. Subramanian]]
| constituency2 = [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| office3 = [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Revenue]] in The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = {{ubl|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]}}
| term_start3 = 19 May 2014
| term_end3 = 6 May 2021
| predecessor3 = [[B. V. Ramanaa]]
| successor3 = [[Sattur Ramachandran]]
| office4 = [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Minister for Sports and Youth Welfare]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start4 = 11 December 2013
| term_end4 = 19 May 2014
| predecessor4 = [[K. V. Ramalingam]]
| successor4 = [[S. Sundararaj]]
| office5 = [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Minister for Information Technology]]
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| term_start5 = 16 May 2011
| term_end5 = 4 November 2011
| predecessor5 = [[Poongothai Aladi Aruna]]
| successor5 = [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|4|10}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}
'''R. B. Udhayakumar''' is an Indian politician and the Deputy [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="rbudylop"/> He is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|Tamil Nadu]] from [[Tirumangalam (state assembly constituency)|Thirumangalam constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|access-date=25 August 2011|archive-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402043414/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Thevar]] community, a socially and politically dominant caste found throughout [[Chola Nadu|Central]] and [[Pandya Nadu|Southern Tamil Nadu]]

==Political career==
Kumar was sacked as Minister for Information Technology in November 2011 as part of the third cabinet reshuffle in a five-month period by [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa sacks six Tamil Nadu ministers |agency=PTI |date=4 November 2011 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-sacks-six-tamil-nadu-ministers-572958 |work=NDTV |access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref>

On 17 July 2022, R. B. Udhaya Kumar was elected as the Deputy [[Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] replacing [[O. Panneerselvam]] at the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] Legislative Party Meeting. It was formally declared on 19 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/eps-faction-elects-rb-udayakumar-as-deputy-leader-of-opposition-to-replace-ops/articleshow/92975243.cms|title=EPS faction elects RB Udayakumar as deputy leader of opposition to replace OPS|work=thenewsminute|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="rbudylop">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-19 |title=RB Udhayakumar replaces OPS as deputy leader in Tamil Nadu assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rb-udhayakumar-replaces-ops-as-deputy-leader-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-101658229856046.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 14 February 2024, Speaker [[M. Appavu]] allotted the seat of the deputy opposition leader to Udhayakumar in the first row of Tamil Nadu Assembly replacing Panneerselvam after the nearly 19 month long demand of the AIADMK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=சட்டப்பேரவையில் எதிர்க்கட்சி துணைத் தலைவர் இருக்கை உதயகுமாருக்கு ஒதுக்கீடு: ஓபிஎஸ் இருக்கை மாற்றம் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/tamil-nadu/rp-udayakumar-was-allotted-the-seat-of-the-vice-opposition-leader-1344318.html|access-date=2024-02-14 |website=news18 tamil|language=ta}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==

=== Tamil Nadu Legislative elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!% Votes
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
|{{Won}}
|58.32%
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
|{{Won}}
|46.99%
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
|{{Won}}
|45.51%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udhaya Kumar}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Universal Studios Delhi

2026-05-03T15:43:48Z

FerdinandGarden: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Universal Destinations & Experiences]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with possibilities}}
}}

[[Category:Planned Universal Destinations & Experiences theme parks]]

Kurawar, Madhya Pradesh

2026-05-02T09:45:06Z

FerdinandGarden: Put up new stub

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kurawar
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.51|N|77.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajgarh District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13,971
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 33]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 465667
}}
'''Kurawar''' is a town and [[Nagar Parishad]] in [[Rajgarh District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rajgarh.nic.in/en/local-body/ | title=Urban local body | District Rajgarh, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==Geography==
Kurawar is located at {{Coord|23|51|N|77|02|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|483|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://copernix.io/#?where=77.033333,23.85,12&?query=&?map_type=roadmap | title=Copernix - Know thy World }}</ref> Kurawar is 55 km away from [[Bhopal]].

==Demographics==
Kurawar town has a population of 13,917, of which 7,262 are males while 6,655 are females, with a total of 2854 families residing in Kurawar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/480298-kurawar-madhya-pradesh.html | title=Kurawar Village Population - Narsinghgarh - Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh }}</ref>

==Economy==
The main business in the region is agriculture. Mainly [[wheat]], gram and [[soybean]]s are grown in the area because of the good quality of soil.

There are several small and big villages attached with Kurawar and various people come here to buy various daily use products and selling of their grains.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rajgarh.nic.in/en/public-utility/mandi-kurawar/ | title=Mandi Kurawar | District Rajgarh, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==Civil administration==
Kurawar town is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://localbodydata.com/town-panchayat-kurawar-262908 | title=KURAWAR Town Panchayat }}</ref>

Kurawar town has total administration over 2,854 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rajgarh.nic.in/en/public-utility/cmo-kurawar/ | title=CMO kurawar | District Rajgarh, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==Transport==
Kurawar is well connected with roads. It is connected with Rajgarh, Biaora, and Bhopal. Daily buses run from there.

The nearest airport is [[Bhopal Airport]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhopal Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajgarh district]]
[[Category:Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh]]

Swami Vivekananda

2026-04-29T04:01:39Z

FerdinandGarden: minor correct details for clarity further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian monk and philosopher (1863–1902)}}
{{Redirect|Vivekananda|other uses|Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Narendranath Dutta|Indian physician|Narendra Nath Dutta}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Vivekananda
| honorific prefix = [[Swami]]
| image = Swami Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg
| alt = Black and white image of Vivekananda, facing left with his arms folded and wearing a turban
| caption = Vivekananda in Chicago, September 1893. In note on the left Vivekananda wrote: "One infinite pure and holy – beyond thought beyond qualities I bow down to thee".<ref name="World fair 1893 circulated photo">{{cite web|title=World fair 1893 circulated photo|url=https://vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/chicago-1893-september-harrr.htm|publisher=vivekananda.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224201648/https://vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/chicago-1893-september-harrr.htm |access-date=6 October 2024|archive-date=24 December 2023 }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1863|01|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| birth_name = Narendranath Datta
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1902|7|4|1863|1|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Belur Math]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| guru = [[Ramakrishna]]
| disciples = {{hlist|[[Ashokananda]]|[[Swami Virajananda|Virajananda]]|[[Swami Paramananda|Paramananda]]|[[Alasinga Perumal]]|[[Abhayananda]]|[[Sister Nivedita]]|[[Swami Sadananda]]}}
| citizenship = [[British subject]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| school = {{hlist|[[Vedanta]]|[[Yoga]]}}
| lineage = [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedanta.gr/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/SwBhajan_4BasicPrincAdvVed_ENA4.pdf|title=Bhajanānanda (2010), ''Four Basic Principles of Advaita Vedanta'', p.3|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}} [[Rāja Yoga]]{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}}
| founder = {{ubl|[[Ramakrishna Mission]] (1897)|[[Ramakrishna Math]]}}
| literary_works = {{ubl|''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]''|''[[Karma Yoga (book)|Karma Yoga]]''|''Bhakti Yoga''|''[[Jnana Yoga (book)|Jnana Yoga]]''|''[[My Master (book)|My Master]]''|''[[Lectures from Colombo to Almora]]''}}
| signature = Narendra Nath Datta-Signature-Transparent.png
| era = [[Modern philosophy]]
* [[19th-century philosophy]]
| region = [[Eastern philosophy]]
* [[Indian philosophy]]
| native_name = Svāmī Vivekānanda
| influences = {{flatlist|
* [[Debendranath Tagore|Tagore]]
* [[Ramakrishna]]
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen|Sen]]
* [[H. Spencer|Spencer]]
*[[Max Müller]]
}}
}}
{{quote box
| title = Quotation
| quote="[[Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached]]" ([[q:Swami Vivekananda|more]] on [[Wikiquote]])
| width = 27em
}}
'''Swami Vivekananda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|m|i|_|ˌ|v|ɪ|v|eɪ|ˈ|k|ɑː|n|ə|n|d|ə}}){{efn|{{langx|bn|স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ}}; {{IPA|bn|ʃami bibekanɔndo|pron}}; {{audio|Swami Vivekananda.ogg|listen}}; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Svāmī Vivekānanda''}} (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born '''Narendranath Datta''',{{efn|{{lang|bn|নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত}}; {{IPA|bn|nɔrendronatʰ dɔto|pron}}}} was an Indian [[Hindus|Hindu]] monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of the Indian mystic [[Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.oneindia.com/feature/swami-vivekananda-a-short-biography-1980622.html |title=Swami Vivekananda: A short biography |work=OneIndia |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/vivekananda.html |title=Life History & Teachings of Swami Vivekanand |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509141232/http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/vivekananda.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vivekananda was a major figure in the introduction of [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] to the Western world,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/international-yoga-day-2017-how-swami-vivekananda-helped-popularise-the-ancient-indian-regimen-in-the-west-4715411/ |title=International Yoga Day: How Swami Vivekananda helped popularise the ancient Indian regimen in the West |date=21 June 2017 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>{{sfn|Feuerstein|2002|p=600}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Syman |first=Stefanie |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |year=2010 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus, and Giroux]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-23676-2 |page=59}}</ref> and is credited with raising [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] awareness and elevating [[Hinduism]] to the status of a major world religion.{{sfn|Clarke|2006|p=209}}

Vivekananda showed an early inclination towards religion and spirituality. At the age of 18, he met Ramakrishna and became his devoted disciple, and later took up the vows of a ''[[sannyasin]]'' (renunciate). Following Ramakrishna’s death, Vivekananda travelled extensively across the [[Indian subcontinent]] as a wandering monk, gaining first-hand knowledge of the often harsh living conditions endured by the Indian masses under then [[British India]], he sought a way to alleviate their suffering by establishing social services but lacked capital. In 1893, he travelled to the [[United States]] to participate in the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in [[Chicago]], where he delivered a landmark speech beginning with the words "Sisters and brothers of America...". His powerful message introduced Hindu spiritual thought and advocated for both religious tolerance and universal acceptance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barrows |first=John Henry |date=1893 |title=The World's Parliament of Religions |publisher=The Parliament of Religions Publishing Company |page=101}}</ref>{{sfn|Dutt|2005|p=121}} The speech made a profound impression; an American newspaper described him as "an orator by divine right and undoubtedly the greatest figure at the Parliament".<ref>{{cite news |title=Sisters and brothers of America — full text of Swami Vivekananda's iconic Chicago speech |publisher=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/india/sisters-and-brothers-of-america-full-text-of-swami-vivekanandas-iconic-chicago-speech/257916/ |date=4 July 2019}}</ref>

Following his success in Chicago, Vivekananda lectured widely across the United States, the [[United Kingdom]], and [[continental Europe]], disseminating the essential principles of Hindu philosophy. He established the [[Vedanta Society of New York]] and the Vedanta Society of San Francisco (now the [[Vedanta Society of Northern California]]),{{sfn|Jackson|1994|p=115}} both of which became the foundations for later [[Vedanta Societies]] in the [[Western world|West]]. In India, he founded the [[Ramakrishna Math]], a monastic order for spiritual training, and the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], dedicated to social services, education, and humanitarian work.{{sfn|Feuerstein|2002|p=600}}

Vivekananda is widely regarded as one of the greatest modern Indian thinkers. He was a prominent philosopher, social reformer, and the most successful proponent of Vedanta philosophy abroad. He played a crucial role in the Hindu revivalist movement and contributed significantly to the rise and development of Indian nationalism in colonial India.{{sfn|Von Dense|1999|p=191}} Celebrated as a patriotic saint, his birth anniversary is observed in India as [[National Youth Day (India)|National Youth Day]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2022 |title=Know About Swami Vivekananda on National Youth Day 2022 |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/national-youth-day/ |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=SA News Channel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=National Youth Day 2022: Images, Wishes, and Quotes by Swami Vivekananda That Continue to Inspire us Even Today! |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/national-youth-day-2022-images-wishes-and-famous-quotes-by-swami-vivekananda-that-continue-to-inspire-us-even-today-4645769.html |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=News18}}</ref>

==Early life (1863–1888)==

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
|total_width = 360
| image1 = Bhuvaneshwari-Devi-1841-1911.jpg
| caption1 = Bhubaneswari Devi (1841–1911); "I am indebted to my mother for the efflorescence of my knowledge."{{Sfn|Virajananda |2006|p=21}} – Vivekananda
| alt1 = A Bengali woman, sitting
| image2 = Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House & Cultural Centre Door - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6073.JPG
| caption2 = 3, Gourmohan Mukherjee Street, birthplace of Vivekananda, now converted into a museum and cultural centre
| alt2 = Vivekananda as a wandering monk
}}

===Birth and childhood===
[[File:Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre (birthplace of Swami Vivekananda; now a museum and cultural centre, inaugurated by the President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam) at Gourmohan Mukherjee Street.jpg|thumb|Statue of Vivekananda at the [[Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre]]]]
Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren){{Sfn|Paul|2003|p=5}} in an aristocratic [[Bengali Kayastha]] family{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=1}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKKDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|title=Rescued from the Nation: Anagarika Dharmapala and the Buddhist World|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2015|page=236|author=Steven Kemper|isbn=978-0-226-19910-8}}</ref> in his ancestral home at [[Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre|3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street]] in Calcutta,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-dayanand--vivekanand/17911158|title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Dayanand & Vivekanand|date=15 January 2017}}</ref> the capital of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the [[Makar Sankranti]] festival.{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=2}} He was one of nine siblings.{{Sfn|Mukherji|2011|p=5}} His father, [[Vishwanath Datta]], was an attorney at the [[Calcutta High Court]].{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=1}}{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=3}} Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] scholar{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=4}} who left his family and became a monk at age twenty-five.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=2}} His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=4}} The progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and personality.{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1964}}{{Sfn|Sen|2003|p=20}} Narendranath was interested in spirituality from a young age and used to [[Meditation|meditate]] before the images of deities such as [[Shiva]], [[Rama]], [[Sita]], and [[Hanuman]].{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=5}} He was fascinated by wandering ascetics and monks.{{Sfn|Sen|2003|p=20}} Narendra was mischievous and restless as a child, and his parents often had difficulty controlling him. His mother said, "I prayed to Shiva for a son and he has sent me one of his demons".{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=2}}

===Education {{anchor|Early and college education}}===
In 1871, at the age of eight, Narendranath enrolled at [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]'s [[Vidyasagar College|Metropolitan Institution]], where he went to school until his family moved to [[Raipur]] in 1877.{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p={{page needed|date=August 2020}}}} In 1879, after his family's return to Calcutta, he was the only student to receive first-division marks in the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] entrance examination.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=4}} He was an avid reader in a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, social science, art and literature.{{Sfn|Arrington|Chakrabarti|2001|pp=628–631}} He was also interested in [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]], including the [[Vedas]], the [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the [[Puranas]]. Narendra was trained in [[Indian classical music]],{{Sfn|Sen|2003|p=21}} and regularly participated in physical exercise, sports and organised activities. He studied Western logic, [[Western philosophy]] and [[History of Europe|European history]] at the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta|General Assembly's Institution]] (now known as the Scottish Church College).{{Sfn|Sen|2006|pp=12–14}} In 1881, he passed the [[Fine art|Fine Arts]] examination, and completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1884.{{Sfn|Sen|2003|pp=104–105}}{{Sfn|Pangborn|Smith|1976|p=106}} Narendra studied the works of [[David Hume]], [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Georg W. F. Hegel]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], [[Auguste Comte]], [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Charles Darwin]].{{Sfn|Dhar|1976|p=53}}{{Sfn|Malagi|Naik|2003|pp=36–37}} He became fascinated with the [[evolutionism]] of [[Herbert Spencer]] and corresponded with him.{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=233}}{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=7–9}} He translated Spencer's book ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.272074|Education]]'' (1861) into Bengali.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=31}} While studying Western philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit scriptures and [[Bengali literature]].{{Sfn|Malagi|Naik|2003|pp=36–37}}

[[William Hastie]] (the principal of Scottish Church College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote of him: "Narendra is really a genius. I have travelled far and wide but I have never come across a lad of his talents and possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students. He is bound to make his mark in life".<ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA1066|page=1066|editor1=K.R.Gupta|editor2=Amita Gupta|publisher=Atlantic|year=2006|isbn = 978-81-269-0639-0}}</ref> He was known for his prodigious memory and speed reading ability, and a number of anecdotes attest to this.{{sfn|Banhatti|1995 |pp=156, 157}} Some accounts have called Narendra a ''shrutidhara'' (a person with a prodigious memory).<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/swami-vivekanandas-114th-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-this-monk-327208-2016-07-04 Swami Vivekananda's 114th death anniversary: Lesser known facts about the spiritual leader]. ''India Today''. 4 July 2016.</ref>

===Initial spiritual forays===
{{See also|Swami Vivekananda and meditation}}

In 1880, Narendra joined [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]'s ''[[Nava Vidhan]]'', which was established by Sen after meeting [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=99}} Narendra became a member of a [[Freemasonry]] lodge "at some point before 1884"{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=100}} and of the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] in his twenties, a breakaway faction of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] led by [[Keshab Chandra Sen]] and [[Debendranath Tagore]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=99}}{{sfn| Sen|2006|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=20}} From 1881 to 1884, he was also active in Sen's [[Band of Hope]], which tried to discourage youths from smoking and drinking.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=99}}

It was in this cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=19-90, 97–100}} His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which denounced polytheism and caste restrictions,{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=5}}{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=29}} and proposed a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the ''Upanisads'' and of the Vedanta."{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=46}} [[Ram Mohan Roy|Rammohan Roy]], the founder of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by [[unitarianism]], strove towards a [[Universalism|universalistic]] interpretation of Hinduism.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=46}} His ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a [[romanticism|romantic]] approach to the development of these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindu beliefs like reincarnation and karma, and rejected the authority of the ''Vedas''.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=46-47}} Tagore, and later Sen, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=47}} Sen was influenced by [[transcendentalism]], an American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal [[religious experience]] over mere reasoning and [[theology]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=81}} Sen's focus on creating "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems of spiritual practice" was an influence on the teachings Vivekananda later popularised in the west.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=49}}

Not satisfied with his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came to "the question which marked the real beginning of his intellectual quest for God."{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}} He asked several prominent Calcutta residents if they had come "face to face with God", but none of their answers satisfied him.{{sfn|Sen|2006|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Pangborn|Smith|1976|p=106}} At this time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he had seen God. Instead of answering his question, Tagore said, "My boy, you have the ''[[Yogi]]''{{'}}s eyes."{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}}{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=31}} According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who first truly answered Narendra's question, by saying "Yes, I see Him as I see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense."{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}} De Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and its new ideas than by Ramakrishna.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=49}} According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda fully into contact with western esotericism, and it was via Sen that he met Ramakrishna.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=50}} [[Swami Medhananda]] agrees that the Brahmo Samaj was a formative influence,{{sfn|Medhananda|2022|p=17}} but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter with Ramakrishna that changed the course of his life by turning him away from Brahmoism."{{sfn|Medhananda|2022|p=22}}

===Meeting Ramakrishna===

{{Main|Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda}}
{{See also|Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar}}
Narendra first met Ramakrishna in 1881. When Narendra's father died in 1884, Ramakrishna became his primary spiritual focus.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=101}}

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class at General Assembly's Institution, when Professor William Hastie was lecturing on [[William Wordsworth]]'s poem, ''[[The Excursion]]''.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=29}} While explaining the word "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna of [[Dakshineswar]] to understand the true meaning of trance. This prompted Narendra, among others in the class, to visit Ramakrishna.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=43}}{{Sfn|Ghosh|2003|p=31}}{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=18}}

They probably first met personally in November 1881,{{refn|group=note|The exact date of the meeting is unknown. Vivekananda researcher Shailendra Nath Dhar studied the ''Calcutta University Calendar of 1881—1882'' and found in that year, examination started on 28 November and ended on 2 December{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=30}}}} though Narendra did not consider this their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting later.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=43}} At the time, Narendra was preparing for his upcoming F. A. examination. [[Ram Chandra Datta]] accompanied him to [[Surendra Nath Mitra]]'s house where Ramakrishna had been invited to deliver a lecture.{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=21}} According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna asked Narendra to sing. Impressed by his talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.{{Sfn|Paranjape|2012|p=132}}

Narendra went to Dakshineswar in late 1881 or early 1882 and met Ramakrishna.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=43}} This meeting proved to be a turning point in his life.{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=232}} Although he did not initially accept Ramakrishna as his teacher and rebelled against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and frequently visited him.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=10–13}} He initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1964}} and "hallucinations".{{Sfn|Rolland|1929a| pp = 169–193}} As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he opposed idol worship, [[polytheism]], and Ramakrishna's worship of [[Kali]].{{Sfn|Arora|1968|p=4}} He even rejected the [[Advaita Vedanta]] teaching of "identity with the absolute" as blasphemy and madness, and often ridiculed the idea.{{Sfn|Rolland|1929a| pp = 169–193}} Ramakrishna was unperturbed and advised him: "Try to see the truth from all angles".{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=10–13}}

Narendra's father's sudden death in 1884 left the family bankrupt; creditors began demanding the repayment of loans, and relatives threatened to evict the family from their ancestral home. Once the son of a well-to-do family, Narendra became one of the poorest students in his college.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=8}} His attempts to find work were unsuccessful. He questioned God's existence,{{Sfn|Sil|1997|p=38}} but found solace in Ramakrishna, and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.{{Sfn|Sil|1997|pp=39–40}}

One day, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to pray to the goddess Kali for his family's financial welfare. Ramakrishna instead suggested he go to the temple himself and pray. Narendra went to the temple three times, but did not pray for any kind of worldly necessities. He ultimately prayed for true knowledge and devotion from the goddess.{{Sfn|Kishore|2001|pp=23–25}}{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1953|pp=25–26}}{{Sfn|Sil|1997|p=27}} He gradually became ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna as his [[Guru]].{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=10–13}}

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed [[Head and neck cancer|throat cancer]]. He was transferred to Calcutta and then to a garden house in [[Cossipore]]. Narendra and Ramakrishna's [[Disciples of Ramakrishna|other disciples]] took care of him during his last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. At Cossipore, he experienced ''[[Nirvikalpa]] [[samadhi]]''.{{Sfn|Isherwood|1976|p=20}} Narendra and several other disciples received [[ochre]] robes from Ramakrishna, forming his first monastic order.{{Sfn|Pangborn|Smith|1976|p= 98}} He was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God.{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1964}}{{Sfn|Isherwood|1976|p=20}} Ramakrishna asked him to take care of the other monastic disciples, and likewise asked them to see Narendra as their leader.{{Sfn|Rolland| 1929b| pp= 201–214}} Ramakrishna died in the early morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.{{Sfn|Rolland| 1929b| pp= 201–214}}{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=17}}

===Founding of Ramakrishna Math===
{{Main|Baranagar Math}}
After Ramakrishna's death, support from devotees and admirers diminished. Unpaid rent accumulated, forcing Narendra and the other disciples to look for a new place to live.{{Sfn|Sil|1997|pp=46–47}} Many returned home, adopting a ''[[Grihastha]]'' (family-oriented) way of life.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=18}} Narendra decided to convert a dilapidated house at [[Baranagar]] into a new ''math'' (monastery) for the remaining disciples. Rent for the Baranagar Math was low, and was raised by ''mādhukarī'' (holy begging). It became the first building of the [[Ramakrishna Math]], the monastery of the [[Monasticism|monastic order]] of [[Ramakrishna]].{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=232}} Narendra and other disciples used to spend many hours practicing [[meditation]] and religious austerities every day.{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1953|p=40}} Narendra recalled the early days of practice in the monastery:{{Sfn|Chetananda|1997|p=38}}
{{blockquote|We used to get up at 3:00 am and become absorbed in ''[[japa]]'' and meditation. What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days! We had no thought even as to whether the world existed or not.}}

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song anthology named ''[[Sangeet Kalpataru]]'' with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected and arranged most of the songs in this compilation, but unfavourable circumstances prevented its completion.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=33}}

===Monastic vows===
In December 1886, the mother of one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and his brother monks to [[Antpur]] village. In Antpur, on the Christmas Eve of 1886, the 23 year old Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows at the [[:File:Radha Gobind Jiu Temple Antpur West Bengal.jpg|Radha Gobinda Jiu temple]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengals-village-where-swami-vivekananda-took-sanyas | title=Aatpur – Bengal's village where Swami Vivekananda took Sanyas }}</ref>{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1953|p=40}} They decided to live their lives as their master lived.{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1953|p=40}}

=={{anchor|As a monk wandering in India (1888–93)}}Travels in India (1888–1893)==
{{Main|Swami Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893)}}
In 1888, Narendra left the monastery as a ''Parivrâjaka'' – a wandering monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go".{{Sfn|Rolland|2008|p=7}} His sole possessions were a [[kamandalu]] (water pot), staff and his two favourite books: the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and ''[[The Imitation of Christ]]''.{{Sfn|Dhar|1976|p=243}} Narendra travelled extensively in India for five years, visiting centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious traditions and social patterns.{{Sfn|Richards|1996|pp=77–78}}{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p= 12}} He developed sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the people, and resolved to uplift the nation.{{Sfn|Richards|1996|pp=77–78}}{{Sfn|Rolland|2008|pp=16–25}} Living primarily on [[bhiksha]] (alms), he travelled on foot and by railway. During his travels he met and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks of life: scholars, ''[[dewans]]'', [[raja]]s, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, ''[[paraiyar]]s'' (low-caste workers) and government officials.{{Sfn|Rolland|2008|pp=16–25}} On the suggestion of his patron, friend and disciple Raja [[Ajit Singh of Khetri]], he adopted the name "Vivekananda"–a conglomerate of the Sanskrit words: ''[[viveka]]'' and ''[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ānanda]]'', meaning "the bliss of discerning wisdom". As Vivekananda he departed [[Bombay]] for Chicago, on 31 May 1893, intending to participate in the World's Parliament of Religions.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=24}}{{Sfn|Gosling|2007|p=18}}

==First visit to the West (1893–1897)==
{{see also|Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions}}
Vivekananda visited several cities in [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),{{Sfn|Paranjape | 2005 | pp = 246–248}} [[Qing Dynasty|China]] and [[Canada]] en route to the United States,{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=15}} reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893.{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=158}}{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=15}} The "[[Parliament of Religions]]" took place in September 1893.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=110}} An initiative of the [[Swedenborgianism|Swedenborgian]] layman and Illinois Supreme Court judge [[Charles C. Bonney]],<ref name="interfaith">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theinterfaithobserver.org/journal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html|title=Charles Bonney and the Idea for a World Parliament of Religions|website=The Interfaith Observer|date=15 June 2012 |access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm|title=World Parliament of Religions, 1893 (Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology)|website=people.bu.edu|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> the Congress sought to gather all the religions of the world, with the aim of showing "the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds of the religious life."<ref name="interfaith" /> The Brahmo Samaj and the [[Theosophical Society]] were invited as representative of [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=112}}

Vivekananda wished to participate, but learned that only individuals with credentials from a ''[[bona fide]]'' organisation would be accepted as delegates.{{Sfn|Minor|1986|p=133}} Disappointed, he contacted Professor [[John Henry Wright]] of [[Harvard University]], who had invited him to speak at Harvard.{{Sfn|Minor|1986|p=133}} Vivekananda wrote of the professor: "He urged upon me the necessity of going to the [[Parliament of Religions]], which he thought would give an introduction to the nation".{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=16}} On hearing that Vivekananda lacked the credentials to speak at the Parliament, Wright said: "To ask for your credentials is like asking the sun to state its right to shine in the heavens".{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=16}} Vivekananda submitted an application introducing himself as a monk "of the oldest order of ''sannyāsis'' ... founded by Sankara".{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=112}} The application was supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative [[Protap Chandra Mozoomdar]], who was also a member of the Parliament's selection committee.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=112}}

===Parliament of the World's Religions===

The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]], as part of the [[World's Columbian Exposition]].{{Sfn|Houghton|1893|p=22}}{{Sfn|Bhide|2008|p=9}}{{Sfn|Paul|2003|p=33}} On this day, Vivekananda gave a brief speech representing India and [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=27}} He bowed to [[Saraswati]] (the Hindu goddess of learning) and began his [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Addresses at The Parliament of Religions/Response to Welcome|speech]] with "Sisters and brothers of America!".{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=17}}{{Sfn|Paul|2003|p=33}} At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the crowd of seven thousand.{{Sfn|Paul|2003|p=34}} When silence was restored he began his address, greeting the youngest of the nations on behalf of "the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance".{{sfn|McRae|1991|p=17}}{{refn|group=note |McRae quotes "[a] sectarian biography of Vivekananda,"{{sfn|McRae|1991|p=16}} namely Sailendra Nath Dhar ''A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda, Part One'', (Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, 1975), p. 461, which "describes his speech on the opening day".{{sfn|McRae|1991|p=34, note 20}}}} Vivekananda quoted one illustrative passage from the "[[Shiva mahimna stotram]]" (Verse 7): "As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee!" and another from the Bhagavad Gita (4.11) "Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to Me."{{sfn|McRae|1991|pp=18}} According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only a short speech, but it voiced the spirit of the Parliament."{{Sfn|McRae|1991|pp=18}}{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=234}}

Parliament President [[John Henry Barrows]] said, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful influence over his auditors".{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=17}} Vivekananda attracted widespread attention in the press, which called him the "cyclonic monk from India". The ''New York Critique'' wrote, "He is an orator by divine right, and his strong, intelligent face in its picturesque setting of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting than those earnest words, and the rich, rhythmical utterance he gave them". The ''[[New York Herald]]'' noted, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send [[Christian missionary|missionaries]] to this learned nation".{{Sfn|Farquhar|1915|p = 202}} American newspapers reported Vivekananda as "the greatest figure in the parliament of religions" and "the most popular and influential man in the parliament".{{Sfn|Sharma|1988|p=87}}
The ''[[Boston Evening Transcript]]'' reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite at the parliament... if he merely crosses the platform, he is applauded".{{Sfn|Adiswarananda|2006|pp=177–179}} He spoke [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Addresses at The Parliament of Religions|several more times]] "at receptions, the scientific section, and private homes"{{sfn|McRae|1991|p=17}} on topics related to Hinduism, [[Buddhism]] and harmony among religions. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had the common theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=18}} He soon became known as a "handsome oriental" and made a huge impression as an orator.{{Sfn|Thomas|2003|pp=74–77}} Hearing Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology professor [[William James]] said, "that man is simply a wonder for oratorical power. He is an honor to humanity."<ref>{{cite web|title=When East Met West – in 1893|url=https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/9/6/when-east-met-west-in-1893?rq=Vivekananda|website=The Attic|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420050443/https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/9/6/when-east-met-west-in-1893?rq=Vivekananda|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Lecturing tours in America and England}}Lecture tours in the UK and US===

After the Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda toured many parts of the US as a guest. His popularity gave him an unprecedented opportunity to communicate his views on life and religion to great numbers of people.{{Sfn|Thomas|2003|pp=74–77}} During a question-answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Society, he remarked, "I have a message to the West as [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] had a message to the East." On another occasion he described his mission thus:<blockquote>I do not come to convert you to a new belief. I want you to keep your own belief; I want to make the [[Methodist]] a better Methodist; the [[Presbyterian]] a better Presbyterian; the [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] a better Unitarian. I want to teach you to live the truth, to reveal the light within your own soul.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|2001|p=419}}</blockquote>

Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing in the eastern and central United States, primarily in [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[Boston]], and [[New York City|New York]]. He founded the [[Vedanta Society]] of New York in 1894.{{Sfn|Gupta|1986|p=118}} His demanding schedule eventually began to affect his health,{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}} and in Spring 1895 he ended his lecture tours and began giving free, private classes in Vedanta and [[yoga]]. Beginning in June 1895, he gave [[Inspired Talks|private lectures]] to a dozen of his disciples at [[Thousand Island Park, New York]] for two months.{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}} Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities (one the chair in [[Eastern Philosophy]] at [[Harvard University]] and a similar position at [[Columbia University]]); he declined both, since his duties would conflict with his commitment as a monk.{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}}

Vivekananda travelled to the United Kingdom in 1895 and again in 1896.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=30}} In November 1895 he met an Irish woman, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would become one of his closest disciples, known as [[Sister Nivedita]] (a name given her by the Swami, meaning "dedicated to God").{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}} On his second visit, in May 1896, Vivekananda met [[Max Müller]], a noted [[Indologist]] from [[Oxford University]] who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=234}} From the UK, he visited other European countries. In Germany, he met [[Paul Deussen]], another renowned Indologist.{{Sfn|Chetananda|1997|pp=49–50}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Vivekananda Image August 1894.jpg
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| caption1 = Vivekananda in [[Green Acre|Greenacre]], Maine (August 1894)<ref>{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Know Photos America 1893–1895 |url=http://www.vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/green_acre-1894-august-4.htm |publisher=vivekananda.net|access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref>
| image2 = Swami Vivekananda at Mead sisters house, South Pasadena.jpg
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| caption2 = Vivekananda at Mead sisters' house, [[South Pasadena, California|South Pasadena]], in 1900
}}

Vivekananda's success led to a change in mission, namely the establishment of Vedanta centres in the West.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=120}} He adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his western audiences, who were more familiar with western esoteric traditions and movements.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=119-123}} An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his "four yogas" model, based in [[Raja yoga]], which offered a practical means to realise the divine force within, a central goal of modern western esotericism.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=119-123}} In 1896, his book ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'', an interpretation and adaptation of [[Patanjali]]'s [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]],{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=123-126}} was published, becoming an instant success; it became highly influential in the western understanding of [[yoga]], in [[Elizabeth de Michelis]]'s view marking the beginning of [[modern yoga]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=125-126}}{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=149-180}}

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Europe, including [[Josephine MacLeod]], [[Betty Leggett]], [[Alberta Montagu, Countess of Sandwich|Lady Sandwich]], [[William James]], [[Josiah Royce]], [[Robert G. Ingersoll]], [[Lord Kelvin]], [[Harriet Monroe]], [[Ella Wheeler Wilcox]], [[Sarah Bernhardt]], [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Emma Calvé]] and [[Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz]].{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1964}}{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}}{{Sfn|Chetananda|1997|pp=49–50}}{{Sfn|Chetananda|1997|p=47}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bardach |first1=A. L. |title=What Did J.D. Salinger, Leo Tolstoy, and Sarah Bernhardt Have in Common? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303404704577305581227233656 |access-date=31 March 2022 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=30 March 2012}}</ref> He initiated several followers, including Marie Louise (a French woman) who became [[Swami Abhayananda]], and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda,{{Sfn|Burke|1958|p=618}} so that they could serve the mission of the Vedanta Society.{{Sfn|Thomas|2003|pp=78–81}} He also initiated Christina Greenstidel of Detroit, who became [[Sister Christine]],{{sfn|Vrajaprana|1996|p=7}} with whom he developed a close father–daughter relationship.<ref name="Sarada society">{{cite journal |title=A Monumental Meeting | periodical= Sri Sarada Society Notes |last=Shack | first=Joan |url=http://www.srisarada.org/notes/512.pdf |location=Albany, New York |year= 2012 |volume=18 |issue=1}}</ref>

While in America, Vivekananda was given land to establish a retreat for Vedanta students, in the mountains to the southeast of [[San Jose, California]]. He called it "Peace retreat", or ''Shanti Asrama''.{{Sfn|Wuthnow|2011|pp=85–86}} There were twelve main centres established in America, the largest being the Vedanta Society of Southern California in Hollywood. There is also a Vedanta Press in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts.{{Sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=392}}

From the West, Vivekananda revived his work in India. He regularly corresponded with his followers and brother monks, offering advice and financial support. His letters from this period reflect his campaign of social service,{{Sfn|Kattackal|1982|p=219}} and were strongly worded.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1963|p=577}} He wrote to [[Akhandananda]], "Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects. No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you can do some good to the poor".{{Sfn|Burke|1985|p=417}}{{Sfn|Sharma|1963|p=227}} In 1895, Vivekananda founded the periodical ''[[Vedanta Kesari|Brahmavadin]]''.{{Sfn|Sheean|2005|p=345}} His translation of the first six chapters of ''[[The Imitation of Christ]]'' was published in ''Brahmavadin'' in 1899.{{Sfn|Sharma|1988|p=83}} Vivekananda left for India from England on 16 December 1896, accompanied by his disciples Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way, they visited France and Italy, and set sail for India from Naples on 30 December 1896.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=33–34}} He was followed to India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest of her life to the education of Indian women and the goal of India's independence.{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}}{{Sfn|Dhar|1976|p=852}}

==Back in India (1897–1899)==
Vivekananda arrived in [[Colombo]], [[British Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) on 15 January 1897,{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=33–34}} and received a warm welcome. In Colombo, he gave his [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Lectures from Colombo to Almora/First Public Lecture in the East (Colombo)|first public speech in the East]]. He travelled from [[Colombo]] to [[Pamban]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Ramnad]], [[Madurai]], [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Madras]], delivering lectures. Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. During his train travels, people often sat on the rails to force the train to stop, so they could hear him.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=33–34}} From [[Madras]] (now Chennai), he continued his journey to Calcutta and [[Almora]]. While in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues: uplifting the people, eliminating the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], promoting science and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty, and ending colonial rule. The lectures, published as ''[[Lectures from Colombo to Almora]]'', demonstrated his fervent nationalism and spiritual ideology.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=20}}

On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], an institution dedicated to social service, with ideals based on ''[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Karma-Yoga|Karma Yoga]]''.{{Sfn|Thomas|1974|p=44}}{{Sfn|Miller|1995 |p=181}} Its governing body consists of the trustees of the [[Ramakrishna Math]] (which conducts religious work).{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=34–35}} Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at [[Belur Math]].{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=234}}{{Sfn|Ganguly|2001|p=27}} Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the [[Himalayas]] (near [[Almora]]), the ''[[Advaita Ashrama]]'' and another in [[Madras]] (now Chennai). Two journals were founded: ''[[Prabuddha Bharata]]'' in English and ''Udbhodan'' in Bengali.{{Sfn|Kraemer|1960|p=151}} That year, [[famine]]-relief work was begun by [[Swami Akhandananda]] in the [[Murshidabad]] district.{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=234}}{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=34–35}}

Vivekananda earlier inspired [[Jamsetji Tata]] to set up a research and educational institution when they travelled together from [[Yokohama]] to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the West in 1893. Tata now asked him to head his [[IISc|Research Institute of Science]]; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a conflict with his "spiritual interests".{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=235}}<ref>{{cite news|title=IISc looks to Belur for seeds of birth|last=Lulla|first=Anil Buddy |date=3 September 2007|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=6 May 2009|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070903/asp/nation/story_8268384.asp|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020030412/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070903/asp/nation/story_8268384.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kapur|2010|p=142}} He visited [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], attempting to mediate an ideological conflict between [[Arya Samaj]] (a reformist Hindu movement) and ''sanatan'' (orthodox Hindus).{{Sfn|Virajananda |2006|p=291}} After brief visits to [[Lahore]],{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=34–35}} [[Delhi]] and [[Khetri]], Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January 1898. He consolidated the work of the math and trained disciples for several months. Vivekananda composed "[[Khandana Bhava–Bandhana]]", a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in 1898.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=35–36}}

==Second visit to the West and final years (1899–1902)==
{{See also|Swami Vivekananda in California}}

Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West for a second time in June 1899.{{Sfn|Virajananda |2006|p=450}} On this occasion, he was accompanied by Sister Nivedita and [[Swami Turiyananda]]. After a brief stay in England, he went to the United States where he established [[Vedanta Society|Vedanta Societies]] in San Francisco and New York and founded a ''shanti ashrama'' (peace retreat) in California. He travelled to Paris for the Congress of Religions in 1900.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=xv}} His lectures at the Congress concerned the worship of the ''[[lingam]]'' and the authenticity of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. Vivekananda then visited [[Brittany]], [[Vienna]], [[Istanbul]], [[Athens]] and [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]]. The French philosopher [[Jules Bois]] was his host for most of this period. Vivekananda returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=41–42}}

After a brief visit to the [[Advaita Ashrama]] in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, where he continued co-ordinating the works of the Ramakrishna Mission, the math, and the initiatives in England and the US. He had many visitors, including royalty and politicians. Due to deteriorating health, Vivekananda was unable to attend the Congress of Religions in Japan in 1901, but he made pilgrimages to [[Bodhgaya]] and [[Varanasi]].{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=43–44}} His health problems, including [[asthma]], [[diabetes]] and chronic [[insomnia]], restricted his activity.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=45–46}}

==Death==
On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death),{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|pp=218, 274, 299}} Vivekananda awoke early, went to the monastery at Belur Math and meditated for three hours. He taught ''[[Yajurveda|Shukla-Yajur-Veda]]'', Sanskrit grammar and the philosophy of yoga to pupils, later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Math.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=283}}{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=46}} At 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to his room, asking not to be disturbed; he died at 9:20 p.m. while meditating.{{Sfn|Bharathi|1998b|p=25}} The rupture of a blood vessel in his brain was reported as a possible cause of death.{{Sfn|Virajananda |1918|p=81}} According to his disciples, the rupture was due to his ''[[brahmarandhra]]'' (an opening in the crown of his head) being pierced when he attained ''[[mahasamādhi]]''.{{Sfn|Sen|2006|p= 27}} Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that he would not live forty years.{{Sfn|Virajananda|2006|pp=645–662}} He was cremated on a sandalwood [[funeral pyre]] on the bank of the [[Ganga]] in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.<ref>{{cite web|title=Towards the end |work=Vivekananda A Biography |publisher=www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info |url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda_biography/13_towards_the_end.htm |access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>

==Teachings and philosophy==
{{Main|Teachings and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda}}

{{See also|Neo-Vedanta#Vivekananda (1863–1902)|l1=Neo-Vedanta|Muscular Hinduism}}

Vivekananda synthesised and popularised various strands of Hindu thought, most notably [[classical yoga]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]]. As a young man, he had been influenced by western ideas such as [[Universalism]], via [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] missionaries who collaborated with the [[Brahmo Samaj]].{{sfn|King|2002}}{{sfn|Kipf|1979}}{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}}{{sfn|Halbfass|1995}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004}} His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God, the deprecation of [[idolatry]],{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=5}}{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=29}} and, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the ''Upanisads'' and of the Vedanta".{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=46}}

Influenced by Ramakrishna, he came to see the Vedanta as providing the ontological basis for ''śivajñāne jīver sevā'' – the spiritual practice of serving human beings as actual manifestations of the divine.{{sfn|Maharaj|2020|p=177}} For Vivekananda, the practice of remembering the presence of the divine in all people, regardless of social status, promoted social harmony and helped develop the capacity for love.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=258}}

===Vedanta and yoga===

Vivekananda thought that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in [[Adi Shankara]]'s Advaita Vedanta philosophy.{{Sfn|Jackson|1994|pp=33–34}} He adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.{{refn|group=note |According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,{{sfn|Taft|2014}} regarding the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive.<ref name="GM" /> Ramakrishna: "When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive – neither creating nor preserving nor destroying – I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active – creating, preserving and destroying – I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."<ref name="GM">{{cite book |title=Sri Ramakrisha The Great Master |author=Swami Saradananda |translator=Swami Jagadananda |edition=5th |volume=1 |pages=558–561 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |location=Madras. |isbn=978-81-7823-483-0 |url= http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/sri-ramakrishna-the-great-master/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103006/http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/sri-ramakrishna-the-great-master/ |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>}} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," viewing [[Brahman]] as "one without a second" yet both ''saguna'' (qualified) and ''nirguna'' (qualityless).{{sfn|Sooklal|1993|p=33}}{{refn|group=note |Sooklalmquoytes Chatterjee: "Sankara's Vedanta is known as Advaita or [[non-dualism]], pure and simple. Hence it is sometimes referred to as Kevala-Advaita or unqualified monism. It may also be called abstract monism in so far as Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is, according to it, devoid of all qualities and distinctions, nirguna and nirvisesa [...] The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ''ekamevadvitiyam''. But as distinguished from the traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic Vedanta which reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism and also other theories of reality. In this sense it may also be called concrete monism in so far as it holds that Brahman is both qualified, ''saguna'', and qualityless, ''nirguna'' (Chatterjee, 1963 : 260)."{{sfn|Sooklal|1993|p=33}}}} According to Jackson, the Vedanta acquires a modern and Universalistic form in Vivekananda's summary, showing also the influence of classical yoga:{{sfn|Jackson|1994|pp=33–34}}
{{blockquote|Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all of these—and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.}}

Vivekananda's emphasis on ''nirvikalpa samadhi'' was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=5}} In line with Advaita Vedanta texts like ''[[Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka]]'' (14th century) and ''[[Vedantasara (of Sadananda)]]'' (15th century), Vivekananda saw [[samadhi]] as a means to attain liberation.{{sfn|Comans|1993}}{{refn|group=note|The Advaita Vedanta tradition in medieval times was influenced by, and incorporated elements from, the yogic tradition and texts like the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana''.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4-5}} The ''Yoga Vasistha'' became an authoritative source text in the Advaita vedanta tradition in the 14th century, while Vidyāraņya's ''Jivanmuktiviveka'' (14th century) was influenced by the ''(Laghu-) Yoga-Vasistha'', which in turn was influenced by [[Kashmir Shaivism]].{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4}}}}

An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his four yogas model, which includes [[Raja yoga]], his interpretation of Patanjali's ''[[Yoga Sutras]]''.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=123-126}} This offered a practical means to realise the divine force within, a central idea in modern Western esotericism.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=119–123}} His book ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'' was highly influential in the Western understanding of yoga.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=125–126}}{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=149–180}}

===Western esotericism===

Via his affiliations with [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]'s ''[[Nava Vidhan]]'',{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}} the [[Freemasonry]] lodge,{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=100}} the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]],{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}}{{sfn|Sen|2006|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=20}} and Sen's [[Band of Hope]], Vivekananda became acquainted with Western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=19-90, 97-100}} His knowledge of Western esotericism aided his success in Western esoteric circles, beginning with his speech in 1893 at the Parliament of Religions. He adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his Western audiences, particularly those familiar with Western esoteric traditions and movements such as [[Transcendentalism]] and [[New Thought]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=119-123}}

Vivekananda's notion of [[Involution (esoterism)|involution]] was probably influenced by western [[Theosophy|Theosophists]], Darwin's notion of evolution, and possibly also the [[Samkhya]] term ''[[Satkaryavada|sātkarya]]''.{{sfn|Heehs|2020|p=175}} According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, or the involvement, of divine consciousness into matter."{{sfn|Nanda|2010|p=335}} Theosophic ideas on involution have "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools".{{sfn|Heehs|2020|p=175}} With spirit, Vivekananda refers to ''[[prana]]'' or ''[[purusha]]'', derived from Samkhya and [[classical yoga]] as presented by [[Patanjali]] in the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]].{{sfn|Nanda|2010|p=335}}

===Moral and social philosophy===

Vivekananda linked [[morality]] with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=93}} He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have ''shraddhā'' (faith). Vivekananda supported ''[[brahmacharya]]'',{{Sfn|Seifer |2001|p=164}} believing it the source of his physical and mental stamina and eloquence.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|2001|loc=Conversations and Dialogues, Chapter "VI – X Shri Priya Nath Sinha", Vol '''5'''}}

Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's future depends on its people, and his teachings focused on human development.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|1996|pp=1–2}} He wanted "to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest".<ref name="Swami Vivekananda life and teaching">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda life and teaching|url=http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm|publisher=Belur Math|access-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm|archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref>

==Influence and legacy==
{{Main|Influence and legacy of Swami Vivekananda}}

Swami Vivekananda was one of the most influential philosophers and social reformers in his contemporary India. He is considered to be the most successful and influential missionary of [[Vedanta]] to the [[Western world]].<ref name="Mohapatra p14">{{Harvnb|Mohapatra|2009|p=14}}</ref><ref name="Piazza p59">{{Harvnb|Piazza|1978|p=59}}</ref>

===Neo-Vedanta===
Vivekananda is considered to be a representative of [[Neo-Vedanta]] – a modern interpretation of certain aspects of Hinduism that are thought to be compatible with [[Western esotericism|western esoteric traditions]], such as [[Transcendentalism]], [[New Thought]] and [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}} His reinterpretation created a new understanding and appreciation of Hinduism inside and outside India,{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}} and paved the way for the enthusiastic reception of other forms of Indian spiritual self-improvement in the West, such as yoga and [[Transcendental Meditation]].{{Sfn|Dutta|2003|p=110}} According to [[Agehananda Bharati]]: "...modern Hindus derive their knowledge of Hinduism from Vivekananda, directly or indirectly".{{Sfn|Rambachan|1994|pp=6–8}} Vivekananda espoused the idea that all sects within Hinduism (and all religions) are different paths to the same goal.{{Sfn|Shattuck|1999|pp=93–94}}

However, more recent scholarship advises caution against presenting Vivekananda as a Neo- Vedantin, as it could overstate the innovativeness of his theology. James Madaio observes that features often attributed to Vivekananda's Neo- Vedanta, such as the reduced centrality of scripture and emphasis on direct spiritual experience, are already present in medieval Advaitic literature such as the ''[[Vivekacūḍāmaṇi]]'' (VCM 59, 474).{{sfn|Madaio|2017|pp=2–9}}

===Indian nationalism===
Vivekananda's nationalism gave unprecedented substance to the emerging [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] ideal of British-ruled India. According to social reformer [[Charles Freer Andrews]], "The Swami's intrepid patriotism gave a new colour to the national movement throughout India. More than any other single individual of that period Vivekananda had made his contribution to the new awakening of India".{{Sfn|Bharathi|1998b|p=37}} Vivekananda drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country, and maintained that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening.{{Sfn|Bharathi|1998b|pp=37–38}} His nationalistic ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders. [[Sri Aurobindo]] regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually.{{Sfn|Bhide|2008|p=69}} [[Mahatma Gandhi]] counted him among the few Hindu reformers "who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition".{{Sfn|Parel|2000|p=77}}

===Name-giving===
In September 2010, the then Union Finance Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]], who later became [[President of India]], approved in principle the Swami Vivekananda Values Education Project at a cost of {{INRConvert|1|b}}. The project's objectives included publishing Vivekananda's works in a number of languages, and involving youth with competitions, essays, discussions and study circles.<ref name="National implementation committee approves funds for Swami Vivekananda values education project">{{cite web|title=National implementation committee approves funds for Swami Vivekananda values' education project|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2131107461.html#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510132548/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2131107461.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2013|access-date=14 April 2012|date=6 September 2010}}</ref> In 2011, the West Bengal Police Training College was renamed the Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy, West Bengal.<ref name="Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy|url=http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/unit/ptc/ptcstat.php|publisher=Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804070401/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/unit/ptc/ptcstat.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state technical university in [[Chhattisgarh]] has been named the [[Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csvtu.ac.in/index.htm |title=Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University |publisher=Csvtu.ac.in |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115075542/http://www.csvtu.ac.in/index.htm |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> In 2012, the [[Raipur]] airport was renamed [[Swami Vivekananda Airport]].<ref name="The Hindu Airport">{{cite news|title=Pranab hopes Raipur airport's new terminal will support Chhattisgarh's growth|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/pranab-hopes-raipur-airports-new-terminal-will-support-chhattisgarhs-growth/article4075110.ece|access-date=7 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117075114/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/pranab-hopes-raipur-airports-new-terminal-will-support-chhattisgarhs-growth/article4075110.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Vivek Express]] train of [[Indian Railways]] is also named after Vivekananda.

===Celebrations===
National Youth Day in India is observed on Vivekananda's birthday (12 January). The day he delivered his speech at the Parliament of Religions (11 September) is observed as "World Brotherhood Day".<ref name=natyouthday>{{cite web|title=National Youth Day|work=National Portal of India|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/2539.pdf|publisher=Government of India|date=10 January 2009|access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=Zee>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/remembering-swami-vivekananda_381.html|title= Remembering Swami Vivekananda|date= 11 January 2011|access-date=9 September 2013|publisher=Zee News.India}}</ref> The [[150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda]] was celebrated in India and abroad. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India, officially observed 2013 as the occasion in a declaration.<ref name="PTI declaration">{{cite web|title=2013–14 Declared the Year for Skill Development of the Youth Parliamentary Consultative Committee Attached to Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Meets|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=92824|publisher=PTI|access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> And in 2013 the Swami Vivekananda is named for an express train of [[Indian Railways]] that the people call it the [[Vivek Express]]

===Films===
Indian film director Utpal Sinha's 2013, ''[[The Light: Swami Vivekananda]]'', was a tribute for his 150th birth anniversary.<ref name="Year-long events to mark Vivekananda's 150th birthday">{{cite news|title=Year-long events to mark Vivekananda's 150th birthday|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/mumbai/36160847_1_ramakrishna-mission-sachin-pilot-tripura-governor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/mumbai/36160847_1_ramakrishna-mission-sachin-pilot-tripura-governor|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> Other Indian films about his life include: ''Swamiji'' (1949) by [[Amar Mullick]], ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1955 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]'' (1955) by Amar Mullick, ''[[Bireswar Vivekananda|Birieswar Vivekananda]]'' (1964) by Modhu Bose, ''Life and Message of Swami Vivekananda'' (1964) documentary film by [[Bimal Roy]], ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]'' (1998) by [[G. V. Iyer]], ''[[Swamiji (film)|Swamiji]]'' (2012) [[Laser show|laser light]] film by [[Manick Sorcar]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref> ''Sound of Joy'', an Indian 3D-[[animated short film]] directed by Sukankan Roy depicts the spiritual journey of Vivekananda. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swamiji's story in 3D animation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/swamiji-s-story-in-3d-animation/cid/1278558 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Literary Works}}Works==
{{Main|Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda}}

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Although Vivekananda was a powerful writer in English and Bengali,{{Sfn|Das|1991|p=530}} most of his published works were based on lectures given at various places around the world. Since most of these lectures were delivered spontaneously and with minimal preparation, his written style often retained the variability characteristic of his speech, and could be "in turn discursive or expository, conversational or declamatory."{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=150}} His main work, ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'', consists of his own reworking of a series of talks delivered in New York.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=149-150}}

''[[Bartaman Bharat]]'', meaning "Present-day India",{{sfn|Mittra|2001|p=88}} is a Bengali-language essay, first published in the March 1899 issue of ''Udbodhan'', the Bengali-language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was reprinted as a book in 1905 and later included in the fourth volume of ''The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda''.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=118}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vivekananda |first1=Swami |title=Modern India (Complete Works of Vivekananda - Volume IV - Translations: Prose) |url=https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/modern_india.htm |website=www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> In this essay, Vivekananda's refrain to the readers is to honour every Indian as a brother, regardless of poverty, social status or caste.{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=465}}

===Publications===
{{div col}}
;Published in his lifetime<ref name="Vivekananda Library online Works">{{cite web|title=Vivekananda Library online|url=http://www.vivekananda.net/BooksBySwami.html|publisher=vivekananda.net|access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Sangeet Kalpataru]]'' (1887, with Vaishnav Charan Basak){{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=33}}
* ''[[Karma Yoga (book)|Karma Yoga]]'' (1896){{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=124}}{{Sfn|Kearney|2013|p=169}}
* ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'' (1896 [1899 edition]){{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=145}}
* ''[[Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society]]'' (1896)
* ''[[Lectures from Colombo to Almora]]'' (1897)
* ''[[Bartaman Bharat]]'' {{in lang|bn}} (March 1899), Udbodhan
* ''[[My Master (book)|My Master]]'' (1901), The Baker and Taylor Company, New York
* ''Vedânta philosophy: lectures on Jnâna Yoga'' (1902) Vedânta Society, New York {{OCLC|919769260}}
* ''Jnana yoga'' (1899)

;Published after his death (1902)<ref name="Vivekananda Library online Works" />
* ''Addresses on Bhakti Yoga''
* ''Bhakti Yoga''
* ''The East and the West'' (1909){{Sfn|Urban|2007|p=314}}
* ''[[Inspired Talks]]'' (1909)
* ''Narada Bhakti Sutras – translation''
* ''Para Bhakti or Supreme Devotion''
* ''Practical Vedanta''
* ''Speeches and writings of Swami Vivekananda; a comprehensive collection''
* ''Complete Works'': a collection of his writings, lectures and discourses in a set of nine volumes<ref name="CWSV">{{cite web |last1=Vivekananda |first1=Swami |title=Complete Works - Index - Volumes |url=https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm |website=www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''Seeing Beyond the Circle'' (2005)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vivekananda |first1=Swami |title=Seeing beyond the circle : the lectures of Swami Vivekananda on a universal approach to meditation |date=2005 |publisher=Temple Universal Pub |location=[United States |isbn=9780977483006}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note|40em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
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* {{cite book|last=Paranjape|first=Makarand R.|title=Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-4661-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Parel |first=Anthony |year=2000 |title=Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-Rule |publisher=Lexington Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC&q=gandhi+on+vivekananda&pg=PA77 |isbn=978-0-7391-0137-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Paul|first=Dr S.|title=Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC|year=2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-9138-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Piazza|first=Paul|title=Christopher Isherwood: Myth and Anti-Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyoPkIUAnIIC&pg=PA59|year=1978|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51358-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Prabhananda |first=Swami |s2cid=162659685 |date=June 2003 |title=Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda |journal=Prospects |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Netherlands |volume=XXXIII |issue=2 |pages=231–245 |doi=10.1023/A:1023603115703 |url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf |access-date=20 December 2008 |archive-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf |url-status=dead }}

* {{Citation |last=Rambachan |first=Anantanand |title=The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas |year=1994 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-1542-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=Glyn |title=A Source-Book of Modern Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |pages=77–78 |isbn=978-0-7007-0317-3 |chapter=Vivekananda}}
* {{cite book|last=Rinehart|first=Robin|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA392|date=1 January 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8}}
* {{Citation | last=Rolland | first=Romain | title=The Life of Ramakrishna | year=1929a | pages=169–193 | isbn=978-81-85301-44-0 |publisher=Vedanta Press |location=Hollywood, California | chapter=Naren the Beloved Disciple}}
* {{Citation | last=Rolland | first=Romain | title=The Life of Ramakrishna | year=1929b | pages=201–214 | isbn=978-81-85301-44-0 |publisher=Vedanta Press |location=Hollywood, California | chapter=The River Re-Enters the Sea}}
* {{Citation | last=Rolland | first=Romain | year=2008 | title=The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel | publisher=Advaita Ashrama | edition=24th | page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328 328] | isbn=978-81-85301-01-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328 }}

* {{citation | last=Seifer |first=Marc |title=Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius | publisher=Citadel |isbn=978-0-8065-1960-9 |year=2001}}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Amiya | author-link=Amiya Prosad Sen | title=Swami Vivekananda | publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi | year=2003 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Narayani |isbn=0-19-564565-0 }}
* {{Citation |last=Sen |first=Amiya |author-link=Amiya Prosad Sen |title=Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7824-130-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C }}
* {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |title=Neo-Hindu Views of Christianity |year=1988 |isbn=978-90-04-08791-0 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |chapter=Swami Vivekananda's Experiences}}
* {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Benishankar |title=Swami Vivekananda: A Forgotten Chapter of His Life |publisher=Oxford Book & Stationary Co. |location=Kolkata |year=1963 |asin=B0007JR46C}}
* {{Citation |last=Shattuck |first=Cybelle T. |title=Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1999 |chapter=The modern period ii: forces of change |isbn=978-0-415-21163-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Sheean |first=Vincent |title=Lead, Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2005 |chapter=Forerunners of Gandhi |isbn=978-1-4179-9383-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Shetty |first=B. Vithal |title=World as seen under the lens of a scientist |publisher=Xlibris Corporation | location=Bloomington, Indiana |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4415-0471-5}}
* {{Citation | last=Sil | first=Narasingha Prosad | year=1997 | title=Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment | publisher=Susquehanna University Press | location=Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania | isbn=0-945636-97-0}}
* {{Citation | last=Sooklal | first=Anil | year=1993 | title=The Neo-Vedanta Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda | journal=Nidan | volume=5 | url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10165320_85 }}
* {{Citation | last=Taft | first=Michael | year=2014 | title=Nondualism: A Brief History of a Timeless Concept | publisher=Cephalopod Rex}}
* {{Citation | last=Thomas | first=Abraham Vazhayil | title=Christians in Secular India
| publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |location=Madison, New Jersey | year=1974 |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Wendell|title=Hinduism Invades America 1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC|date=1 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-8013-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Urban|first=Hugh B.|title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA314|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|isbn=978-81-208-2932-9}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Virajananda |editor-first=Swami |year=2006 |orig-year=1910 |title=The Life of the swami Vivekananda by his eastern and western disciples... in two volumes |edition=6th |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |publication-place=Kolkata  | isbn=81-7505-044-6}}
* {{citation |last=Virajananda |first=Swami |title=The Life of the Swami Vivekananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAMAQAAMAAJ |access-date=21 December 2012 |volume=4 |year=1918 |publisher=Prabuddha Bharata Office, Advaita Ashrama }}
* {{Citation |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |title=Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |volume=9 Volumes |year=2001 |orig-year=1907 |isbn=978-81-85301-75-4 |url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm }}
* {{Citation |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |title=My India : the India eternal |year=1996 |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta |isbn=81-85843-51-1 |pages=1–2 |edition=1st |editor=Swami Lokeswarananda}}
* {{cite book|last=Vrajaprana|first=Pravrajika|title=A portrait of Sister Christine|year=1996|publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture|location=Calcutta|isbn=978-81-85843-80-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Wuthnow|first=Robert|title=America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxltPmukv0gC&pg=PA64|date=1 July 2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3724-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Wolffe|first=John|title=Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-QedEtzRncC&pg=PA158|year=2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-7107-2}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
'''Bibliography'''
{{Main|Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda}}

* {{Cite book|last=Sister Nivedita|title=[[Notes of Some Wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda]]|publisher=The Brahmachari Gonendranath Udbodhan Office|year=1913|editor-last=Swami Saradananda|editor-link=Saradananda|location=Calcutta|author-link=Sister Nivedita}}
* {{Cite book|last=Burke|first=Marie Louise|title=[[Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries]]|publisher=[[Advaita Ashrama]]|year=1957|location=Kolkata|author-link=Sister Gargi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sambudhdhananda|first=Swami|title=[[Swami Vivekananda on Himself]]|publisher=[[Advaita Ashrama]]|year=1963|isbn=81-7505-280-5|location=Kolkata}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gokhale |first=B. G. |date=January 1964 |title=Swami Vivekananda and Indian Nationalism |journal=[[Journal of Bible and Religion]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=35–42 |jstor=1460427 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Banhatti|first=G. S.|title=[[Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda]]|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=1989|isbn=978-81-7156-291-6|location=New Delhi}}
* [[R. C. Majumdar|Majumdar, R. C.]] (1999). ''Swami Vivekananda: A historical review''. Calcutta: [[Advaita Ashrama]].
* {{Cite book|last=King|first=Richard|year=2002|title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"|publisher=[[Routledge]] |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bhuyan|first=Pranaba Ranjan|title=Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2003|isbn=978-81-269-0234-7|location=New Delhi|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Mani Shankar|title=Achena Ajana Vivekananda|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|year=2011|trans-title=[[The Monk as Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda]]|author-link=Sankar (writer)|orig-year=2003}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Abnish Singh |title=Swami Vivekananda: Select Speeches |year=2004 |publisher=Prakash Book Depot |isbn=978-81-7977-466-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Abnish Singh |year=2006 |title=Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study |publisher=Prakash Book Depot |isbn=978-81-7977-149-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IdjPPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jyotirmaya |year=2013 |title=A Restatement of Religion: Swami Vivekananda and the Making of Hindu Nationalism |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-19740-2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/18844967 |author-link=Jyotirmaya Sharma }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |title=Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity| last=Malhotra| first=Rajiv| author-link=Rajiv Malhotra| date=2016| edition=revised| location=Noida, India| publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers India]]| isbn= 978-93-5177-179-1}} {{ISBN|93-5177-179-2}}

'''Other sources'''
* {{cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-cricket-match-in-bengals-chinsurah-and-its-fascinating-connection-to-the-1857-revolt|title=A Cricket Match in Bengal's Chinsurah and its Fascinating Connection to the 1857 Revolt|first1=Sarbajit|last1=Mitra|website=thewire.in|publisher=The Wire|location=Kolkata|date=22 October 2023|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022083154/https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-cricket-match-in-bengals-chinsurah-and-its-fascinating-connection-to-the-1857-revolt}}
* {{Cite web|title=When Swami Vivekananda claimed seven wickets and other Eden Gardens tales|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|access-date=17 November 2021|website=newindianexpress.com|agency=Express News Service|date=4 May 2019|location=Kolkata|first1=Atreyo|last1=Mukhopadhyay|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416020605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|archive-date=16 April 2023}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2012}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/subjects/person:vivekananda_swami_(1863-1902) Works about Vivekananda] via the [[Open Library]]
* [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL154597A/Vivekananda Works by Vivekananda] via the [[Open Library]]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Swami Vivekananda}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1306}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm Biography] at [[Belur Math]]'s official website
*[https://media.belurmath.org/category/quotes/ Quotations] at [[Belur Math]]'s courtesy and references of their official website
* [http://cwsv.belurmath.org/ Complete Works of Vivekananda, Belur Math publication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221125350/http://cwsv.belurmath.org/ |date=21 February 2018 }}
* WBEZ Chicago [https://www.wbez.org/curious-city/2024/05/09/how-are-honorary-street-signs-created-in-chicago Curious City podcast]: In response to a listener question, a reporter explains Swami Vivekananda's Chicago connection while tracking down his missing honorary street sign.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Vivekananda, Swami}}
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda| ]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
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Raavi Venkateswara Rao

2026-04-24T13:35:45Z

FerdinandGarden: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Raavi Venkateswara Rao''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]].

Rao is from [[Gudivada]], [[Krishna district]]. He was the son of former two time MLA, Raavi Sobhanadri Chowdary. He completed his MBA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAAVI VENKATESWARA RAO(PRAP):Constituency- GUDIVADA(KRISHNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=3168 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudivada Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gudivada-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao won the bye election to [[Gudivada Assembly constituency]] held in 2000 representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 62,559 and defeated his nearest rival, Sistla Ramesh of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 31,997 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudivada Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Gudivada, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/gudivada.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> In 2009, he contested on the [[Praja Rajyam Party]] but finished only third behind winner Kodali Sri Venkateswara Rao (Nani) of the Telugu Desam Party and Pinnamaneni Venkateswara Rao of Congress, who came second.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Gudivada 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30602 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In September 2012, he rejoined the Telugu Desam Party in Hyderabad and was named as the incharge for Gudivada constituency.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2012-09-11 |title=Telugu Desam Party welcomes back former MLA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telugu-desam-party-welcomes-back-former-mla/articleshow/16344900.cms |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2013-07-24 |title=Raavi calls TD cadre to defeat defectors |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Krishna/2013-07-24/Raavi-calls-TD-cadre-to-defeat-defectors/17803 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He contested from the Gudivada seat again in the 2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election but lost to Kodali Sri Venkateswara Rao (Nani).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudivada Election Result 2024 LIVE: Gudivada MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/gudivada-assembly-elections-ap-72/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkateswara Rao, Raavi}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]

K. J. Manoj Lal

2026-04-24T12:08:59Z

FerdinandGarden: Put up a info

{{Short description|Indian Olympics athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
'''K. J. Manoj Lal''' (born 16 May 1978) is an Indian Olympic athlete<ref>{{Cite web|title=K. J. Manojlal KUNNATHUVELI|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/k-j-manojlal-kunnathuveli|access-date=2021-07-20|website=Olympics.com}}</ref> from [[Kerala]]. He was coached by Thankachan Mathew and represented India at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in Sydney. He ran 400 metres in 46.01 seconds.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chandran|first=M. R. Praveen|date=2010-05-10|title=Thankachan Mathew finally gets his due|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/Thankachan-Mathew-finally-gets-his-due/article16299636.ece|access-date=2021-07-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=K. J. MANOJlal of Kerala|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=1829241&highlights=MANOJ%20BAJPAYEE}}</ref> This was bested later by Kerala's [[K. M. Binu]] who did it in 45.59 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Binu attains Olympic qualification mark; Anju wins gold|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/binu-attains-olympic-qualification-mark-anju-wins-gold/215167|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref> K. J. Manoj Lal also won silver medals at the [[2000 Asian Athletics Championships]] and [[India at the 2002 Asian Games|2002 Asian Games]] for 4 × 400 metres relay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=InterSportStats|url=https://intersportstats.com/athletes/3000038545|access-date=2021-07-20|website=intersportstats.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, K. J. Manoj}}
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Shivabhai Gohil

2026-04-23T08:56:11Z

FerdinandGarden: starting entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shivabhai Jerambhai Gohil
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva, Bhavnagar]]
| predecessor = [[Raghavbhai Makwana]]
| term_start = December 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Shivabhai Jerambhai Gohil
| birth_date = 1958
| birth_place = [[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]], Gujarat, India
| occupation = Farmer
| profession = Businessperson
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2017
| constituency2 = Talaja
| predecessor2 = [[Bharti Shiyal]]
| successor2 = Kanu Baraiya
| term_start1 = 2002
| term_end1 = 2007
| constituency1 = Talaja
}}
The '''Shivabhai Jerambhai Gohil'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/statewiseS0611.htm |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], social worker and member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] as a member of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] and in 2022 election, Gohil defeated the [[Kanubhai Kalsariya]] of [[Indian National Congress]] party by 30,472 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022 |title=Mahuva Election Result 2022 LIVE: Check winner, losers, vote margin, news updates |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/news/mahuva-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15342031.htm |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, Gohil won bypoll election and succeeded [[Bharti Shiyal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahuva Bjp Workers Oppose 'outsider' |newspaper= The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/mahuva-bjp-workers-oppose-outsider/articleshow/95439457.cms |access-date=2022-12-13 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Paltu Ram

2026-04-20T07:02:20Z

FerdinandGarden: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Paltu Ram
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Minister of State]] [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative assembly]]
| predecessor1 = Jagram Paswan
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Balrampur]]
| office2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|08|01}}
| birth_place = [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| term_start = {{birth date|2021|09|26}}
| term_end = {{birth date|2022|03|25}}
| term_start1 = {{birth date|2017|03|11}}
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| 2blankname = Ministry and Department's
| 2namedata = *Home Guards
*Sainik Kalyan
*Civil Security Department
}}

'''Paltu Ram''' is an Indian politician who currently represents [[Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Balrampur]] in the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]. He is also a former [[Union Council of Ministers#Ministers of State|Minister of State]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], and previously represented Balrampur in the [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from 2017 to 2022.He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Political career==
From 2017 to 2022 he was an MLA from [[Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/balrampur-195304337|title=UTTAR PRADESH ELECTION 2022: BALRAMPUR ASSEMBLY SEAT|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref><ref name="election 2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2017-election-results.html|title = Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2017}}</ref>

Following the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he was reelected as an MLA from the Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency, defeating Jagram Paswan, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) by a margin of 10,971 votes.<ref name="Paltu Ram 2022">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24294.htm?ac=294|title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2022-03-08}}</ref>

On 26 September 2021, the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], appointed Paltu Ram as the Minister of state for Sainik Welfare in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] in his
[[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|1st Yogi Adityanath ministry]].<ref name="Former Minister">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/news/balrampur-mla-paltu-ram-took-oath-as-minister-said-whatever-responsibility-has-been-given-i-will-fulfill-it-well-earlier-also-belonged-to-the-people-in-future-also-i-will-belong-to-them-128965013.html
|title=Balrampur...MLA Paltu Ram took oath as minister: Said- Whatever responsibility I have got, I will fulfill it well; I belonged to the people earlier also, will remain theirs in the future also|publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=2022-07-16|language =hindi}}</ref><ref name="Minister">{{cite web|url=https://www.newsncr.com/national/up-cabinet-expansion-meet-paltu-ram-the-new-minister-of-yogi-government-like-this-was-the-journey-from-struggle-to-become-a-minister-in-panchayat-elections/|title=UP Cabinet Expansion: Meet Paltu Ram, the new minister of Yogi government, like this was the journey from struggle to become a minister in Panchayat elections|publisher=newsncr.com|access-date=2021-09-21|language =English}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Paltu}}
[[Category:People from Balrampur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nashik West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:02Z

FerdinandGarden: started a post more to come - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nashik West
| constituency_no = 125
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 125-Nashik West.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Seema Mahesh Hiray]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =483,719
}}
'''Nashik West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Nashik district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" /> It is one of the six assembly segments under [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Nashik taluka]] that come under the [[Nashik Municipal Corporation]] viz. ward nos. 21 to 26 and 45 to 60.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nashik West Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/nashik-west.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Nitin Bhosale
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Seema Mahesh Hiray|Seema Hiray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik West<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nashik West">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nashik West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13125.htm |accessdate=23 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223094844/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13125.htm |archivedate=23 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Seema Mahesh Hiray]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 141,725 |percentage = 51.61% |change={{increase}}15.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Badgujar Sudhakar (Bhau) Bhika |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 73,548 |percentage = 26.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinkar Dharma Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 46,649 |percentage = 16.99% |change={{increase}}5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amol Anant Chandramore |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 7,862 |percentage = 2.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,811 |percentage = 0.66% |change={{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 68,177 |percentage = 24.83% |change= {{increase}}20.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 276,414 |percentage = 57.14% |change= {{increase}}2.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 274,603}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 483,719|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}15.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik West<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Seema Mahesh Hiray]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,041 |percentage = 35.99% |change={{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Apoorva Prashant Hiray |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 68,295 |percentage = 31.50% |change={{increase}}16.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Dattu Datir |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 25,501 |percentage = 11.76% |change={{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhondiram Limbaji Karad |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 22,657 |percentage = 10.45% |change={{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Ramdas Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,429 |percentage = 7.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bipin Annasaheb Katare |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,270 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,118 |percentage = 0.98% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,746 |percentage = 4.49% |change= {{decrease}}10.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 218,947 |percentage = 54.49% |change= {{decrease}}4.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 216,821}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 401,795|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik West<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Seema Mahesh Hiray]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 67,489 |percentage = 34.36% |change={{increase}}24.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Badgujar Sudhakar Bhika |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 37,819 |percentage = 19.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji(Appa) Pandurang Chumbhale |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 30,236 |percentage = 15.39% |change={{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dashrath Dharmaji Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,981 |percentage = 11.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. D.L. Karad |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 16,870 |percentage = 8.59% |change={{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Nitin Keshavrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 8,712 |percentage = 4.43% |change={{decrease}}30.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D.G.Suryawanshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,390 |percentage = 3.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,375 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,670 |percentage = 15.10% |change= {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,867 |percentage = 58.95% |change= {{increase}}8.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,445}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 335,649|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |swing= {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik West<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Nitin Keshavrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 52,855 |percentage = 35.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nana Mahale |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 28,117 |percentage = 18.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Dasharath Dharmaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,734 |percentage = 13.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karad Dhondiram Limbaji |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 18,812 |percentage = 12.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aher Rahul Daulatrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,206 |percentage = 9.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Badgujar Sudhakar (Bhau) Bhika |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,328 |percentage = 5.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Londhe Prakash Mogal |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,926 |percentage = 3.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,738 |percentage = 16.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,926 |percentage = 49.74% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,889}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 303,445|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coords|19.99|73.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Karshan Solanki

2026-04-18T12:53:41Z

FerdinandGarden: Put up new data

{{Short description|Indian politician (1957–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Karshan Solanki
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1957|01|1}}
| birth_place = Kadi, [[Mahesana district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|02|4|1957|01|1}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| occupation = Politician
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 4 February 2025
| predecessor = Rameshbhai Chavda
| successor = [[Rajendra Chavda]]
| constituency = [[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| citizenship = {{Ind}}
}}
'''Karshanbhai Solanki''' (1 January 1957 – 4 February 2025) was an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He was a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Kadi Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Mahesana district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Background ==
Solanki was born on 1 January 1957,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karshanbhai Punjabhai Solanki, BJP MLA from Kadi - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/karshanbhai-punjabhai-solanki/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en}}</ref> and hailed from Kadi, Mahesana district, Gujarat. He was the son of Punjabhai Solanki. Solanki passed Class 4 in 1972 at Nagarsan Primary School and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karsanbhai Punjabhai Solanki(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KADI (SC)(MAHESANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5969 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He used to do contract works before becoming an MLA besides a bit of farming.

== Career ==
Solanki won from [[Kadi Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled votes and defeated his nearest rival, Parmar Pravinbhai Ganpatbhai of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 28,194 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Kadi Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate KARSANBHAI PUNJABHAI SOLANKI wins from Kadi , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kadi-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568120 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Chavda Rameshbhai Maganbhai of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 7,746 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadi Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Karsanbhai Punjabhai Solanki Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/kadi-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562825.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadi Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Kadi constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/kadi-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203044835/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/kadi-24 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Death ===
Solanki died of cancer on 4 February 2025 at a hospital in Ahmedabad after prolonged illness, at the age of 68.<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/news/pm-modi-shocked-as-gujarat-bjp-mla-karsanbhai-solanki-dies-after-cancer-battle-11738653012132.html Gujarat BJP MLA Karsanbhai Solanki dies after cancer battle, PM Modi ‘shocked’]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=કડીના ધારાસભ્ય કરશનભાઈ સોલંકીનું નિધન, ઘણા સમયથી હતા બીમાર |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/kadi-mla-karshanbhai-solanki-passes-away}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Karshan}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]

Nimbahera Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:02Z

FerdinandGarden: details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nimbahera
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-170-Nimbahera.svg
| mla = [[Udai Lal Anjana]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:276158}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 170
}}
'''Nimbahera Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It comprises [[Nimbahera tehsil]] and [[Chhoti Sadri tehsil]], both in [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]] district.<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Udai Lal Anjana]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Shrichand Kripani<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Udai Lal Anjana]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Shrichand Kriplani]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nimbahera<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shrichand Kriplani
|votes = {{formatnum:116640}}
|percentage = 49.1
|change = +4.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anjana Udayalal
|votes = {{formatnum:112795}}
|percentage = 47.48
|change = -2.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2485}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change = -0.64
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3845}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change = -3.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:237550}}
|percentage = 86.02
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Nimbahera<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Udai Lal Anjana]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:110037}}
|percentage = 50.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shrichand Kriplani
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:98129}}
|percentage = 44.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shakir Miyan
|votes = {{formatnum:2635}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3701}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11908}}
|percentage = 5.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219109}}
|percentage = 85.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chittorgarh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.63|74.68|display=title}}

[[Category:Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Indian Institute of Management Rohtak

2026-04-16T03:37:16Z

FerdinandGarden: Put up post

{{Short description|Business school in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management Rohtak
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Indian Institute of Management Rohtak Logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto_lang = hi
| mottoeng = Management Through Knowledge and Values
| motto = ज्ञानेन गुणेन च प्रबंधः
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[business school]]
| established = {{start date and age|2010}}
| accreditation = {{hlist| [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]}}<ref name="AMBA">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=IIM Rohtak receives AMBA-accreditation, confirming itself in top 2 pc of Business Schools globally |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/iim-rohtak-receives-amba-accreditation--confirming-itself-in-top-2-pc-of-business-schools-globally.html|access-date=5 June 2023|work=The Pioneer|date=16 September 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604190257/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/iim-rohtak-receives-amba-accreditation--confirming-itself-in-top-2-pc-of-business-schools-globally.html|archive-date=4 June 2023}}</ref>
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Indian Institutes of Management]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| director = [[Dheeraj Sharma (professor)|Dheeraj Sharma]]
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = 
| city = [[Rohtak]]
| state = Haryana
| province =
| country = India
| postcode = 124001
| coordinates = {{coord|28|51|10.1|N|76|32|49.5|E|type:edu}}
| campus =
| language = English
| nickname = Kathor ([[anadrome]] of Rohtak){{cn|date=May 2022}}
| colours = {{color box|red}} [[Red]] {{color box|green}} [[Green]]
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| mascot = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Indian Institute of Management Rohtak''' ('''IIM Rohtak''' or '''IIM-R'''<ref name="swabhav"/>) is a public [[business school]] located in [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]. As one of India's premier [[Indian Institutes of Management]], the school has been accorded the status of an [[Institute of National Importance]].

IIM Rohtak was established in the year 2010 as one of the six new IIMs announced under the 11th Five Year Plan. It offers mainly five courses, an Integrated Programs in Management (IPM), Integrated Program in Law (IPL), the Post-Graduate Program (PGP) in Management, Executive Post Graduate Program for Executives (EPGPX) and Doctoral Program in Management (DPM).

It offers under-graduate and post graduate diploma, IPM Program, [[fellow]]ship and [[Executive education|executive program]] in management. The institute has taken many entrepreneurial and social initiatives since its inception. The institute also offers since 2018 a unique one of its kind Integrated Program in Management (IPM) that is designed for young minds as soon as they complete their high school. This program aims to make the student best manager by teaching various subjects with practical knowledge in a span of 5 years. The Institute also provides an option for students to quit after 3 years with a BBA degree in case they want to switch to any other college for further studies. In the year 2021, the Institute started an Integrated Program in Law under which, students are nurtured to become managers with legal education in the lines of the Harvard Business School. It is the first and currently the only IIM to offer a Law degree. The students are provided with an BBA-LLB degree after five years of academic tutoring under the IPL program. IIM Rohtak is ranked 151 globally and 12th nationally for its MBA program. It is now the largest IIM.

==History==
In 1959, [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission of India]] invited Professor George Robbins of [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] to help set up an institute of management studies to meet the demand for managers in [[public sector enterprise]]s. As a result, [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]] and [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]] were established in 1961 and 1962 respectively. To study the performance of these institutions, IIM Review Committees were formed in 1981, 1992 and 2004 and each time these committees recommended setting up of newer IIMs which increased the number of IIMs to seven by 2007.<ref name="iimreview">{{cite web|title=Report of IIM Review Committee|url=https://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/bhargava_IIMreview_0.pdf|website=Ministry of Human Resource Development|publisher=Department of Higher Education (Management Division)|access-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329163836/http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/bhargava_IIMreview_0.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] proposed setting up of seven new IIMs as a part of the [[Five-Year Plans of India|11th Five Year Plan]].<ref name="plancom">{{cite journal|last1=Government of India|first1=Planning Commission|title=Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007–2012) Social Sector|date=2008|volume=II|page=46|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11th_vol2.pdf |access-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329081141/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11th_vol2.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> The proposal was also endorsed by [[National Development Council (India)|National Development Council]]. 4 IIMs were supposed to be set up in 2009 in the first phase with the rest 3 being set up in 2010 in the second phase.<ref name="pib">{{cite news|last1=H|first1=S|last2=S|first2=C|last3=K|first3=R|title=Establishment of seven New Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs)|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=52170|access-date=16 April 2017|work=Press Information Bureau|date=27 August 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101522/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=52170|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> However, because of infrastructural issues, only two out of the four IIMs could start functioning<ref name="2outof4">{{cite news|last1=Nanda|first1=Prashant K.|title=Only two of four new IIMs to start this year |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jWvQYdu4WcIcJ8MD8FmptJ/Only-two-of-four-new-IIMs-to-start-this-year.html|access-date=16 April 2017|work=Mint|date=20 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101246/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/jWvQYdu4WcIcJ8MD8FmptJ/Only-two-of-four-new-IIMs-to-start-this-year.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> with IIM Rohtak commencing its classes from June 2010 and IIM Ranchi commencing its classes from July 2010.<ref name="inaugurated">{{cite web|last1=Universe|first1=MBA|title=IIM Rohtak Inaugurated - Tata Motor VC Ravi Kant to Chair|url=https://pressexposure.com/IIM_Rohtak_Inaugurated_-_Tata_Motor_VC_Ravi_Kant_to_Chair-156474.html|website=PressExposure|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100919/https://pressexposure.com/IIM_Rohtak_Inaugurated_-_Tata_Motor_VC_Ravi_Kant_to_Chair-156474.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Foundation of IIM Rohtak was laid on 16 November 2009,<ref name="foundation">{{cite news|title=IIM-Rohtak celebrates 7th foundation day|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/iim-rohtak-celebrates-7th-foundation-day-159031|access-date=16 April 2017|work=The Tribune|agency=TNS|date=16 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101633/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/iim-rohtak-celebrates-7th-foundation-day/159031.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> thus becoming the only IIM in [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].<ref name="firstinnorth">{{cite news|last1=Parashar|first1=Preeti|title=IIM Rohtak to start classes from July|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/iim-rohtak-to-start-classes-from-july/611125/|access-date=16 April 2017|work=The Financial Express|date=27 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233424/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/iim-rohtak-to-start-classes-from-july/611125/|archive-date=8 January 2018}}</ref> P. Rameshan, the then [[Dean (education)|dean]] of academic administration at [[IIM Kozhikode]] was appointed as the first [[Director (education)|director]] of IIM Rohtak<ref name="firstdirector">{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=Appointed director of IIM Rohtak|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Appointed-director-of-IIM-Rohtak/article15769805.ece|access-date=16 April 2017|work=The Hindu|date=5 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173134/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Appointed-director-of-IIM-Rohtak/article15769805.ece|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> with [[IIM Lucknow]] serving as the mentor institution for the first three years.<ref name="mentorinstitution">{{cite news|last1=Reporter|first1=BS|title=IIM-L confers diplomas on 572 students|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/iim-l-confers-diplomas-on-572-students-111032400069_1.html|access-date=16 April 2017|work=Business Standard|date=24 March 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020040036/http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/iim-l-confers-diplomas-on-572-students-111032400069_1.html|archive-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> [[Ravi Kant (Indian executive)|Ravi Kant]], former Managing Director of [[Tata Motors]], joined as the Chairman of the Institute.<ref name="averagesalary">{{cite news|title=IIM Rohtak's first batch gets average salary of Rs 12.22 lakh|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/iim-rohtaks-first-batch-gets-average-salary-of-rs-12-22-lakh/articleshow/12307492.cms|access-date=16 April 2017|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|date=17 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419111537/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/iim-rohtaks-first-batch-gets-average-salary-of-rs-12-22-lakh/articleshow/12307492.cms|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> A [[memorandum of understanding]] was signed with [[Maharshi Dayanand University|Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak]] to serve as the transit campus for the first five years and the first batch started in June 2010 with a strength of 50 students. Prof Dheeraj Sharma was appointed Director in 2017. Since 2017, the number of students have increased from approx 300 to approx 1500 in 2021. The [[Haryana government|Haryana Government]] provided 200 acres of land for the permanent campus and the foundation stone was laid by the then [[Minister of Human Resource Development|Minister of HRD]], [[Kapil Sibal]].<ref name="foundation2">{{cite news|title=IIM-Rohtak building stuck on foundation stone|url=http://www.weeklytimesofindia.com/india-news/iim-rohtak-building-stuck-on-foundation-stone/|access-date=16 April 2017|work=The Weekly Times of India|date=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003017/http://www.weeklytimesofindia.com/india-news/iim-rohtak-building-stuck-on-foundation-stone/|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Institute continued to remain in MDU campus. The entire campus was completed between 2017-2019

== Campus ==
[[File:Indian Institute of Management Rohtak, Academic Block.jpg|alt=|thumb|IIM Rohtak main academic block]]
The permanent campus of IIM Rohtak was initially planned to come up at the Garnawati Village near Rohtak, {{convert|82|km}} from the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]], but the land was covered under the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927|Forest Act]] and the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Forest Ministry]] objected to setting up of a campus in the forest area. As the construction was getting delayed, the Haryana government transferred 200 acres of land from the Sunaria village for the construction in 2011.<ref name="campusshift">{{cite news|last1=Deswal|first1=Deepender|title=IIM-Rohtak gets new site|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IIM-Rohtak-gets-new-site/articleshow/11369033.cms|access-date=16 April 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=5 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165751/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IIM-Rohtak-gets-new-site/articleshow/11369033.cms|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> The design of the campus has been assigned to Design Accord.<ref name="annualreport">{{cite journal|last1=Rothak|first1=IIM|title=Annual Report 2015-16|date=1 April 2016|page=97|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/11/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf|access-date=16 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419002851/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/11/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> In 2017, Dheeraj Sharma, the newly appointed director of IIM Rohtak announced plans to set up a [[satellite campus]] in [[Gurgaon]].<ref name="satellite">{{cite news|title=सरकारी कर्मियों को प्रशिक्षित करेगा आईआईएम, 50 सीटें और बढ़ेंगी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-ROH-OMC-MAT-latest-rohtak-news-033505-2218532-NOR.html|access-date=16 April 2017|work=Dainik Bhaskar|agency=Bhaskar News|date=19 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008114457/http://epaper.bhaskar.com/detail/866568/3193039265/cph/map/tabs-1/03-19-2017/103/1/image/|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>

The institute is currently functioning in its permanent campus, known as [[Management City]], located at NH-10, Southern Bye-Pass, Sunaria. The campus is spread over a total area of approximately 200 acres. All the infrastructure facilities are available to IIM Rohtak.<ref name="annualreport" /> The Management City has three different blocks; Administration, Academics and Residential. The Academic block is itself divided into two sub-blocks, one for the IPM Programme, and the other for the PGP programme. The Knowledge Resource Centre, an open for all, 24/7 library, is a member of IIM Libraries Consortium<ref name="consortium">{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Management Rohtak |url=http://www.iimlibrariesconsortium.ac.in/iim/IIM_Rohtak.html |website=iimlibrariesconsortium.ac.in |publisher=IIM Libraries Consortium |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031210306/http://www.iimlibrariesconsortium.ac.in/iim/IIM_Rohtak.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in March 2016, had a collection of more than 5000 books and had online subscriptions to more than 57 print journals, magazines<ref name="printsub">{{cite web|title=Print subscriptions|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/printJouranals.pdf|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050302/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/printJouranals.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> and 35 e-databases.<ref name="eresources">{{cite web|title=E-Resources|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Edatabases.pdf|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419002937/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Edatabases.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> The buildings in the campus are connected through a fiber optic backbone network which is controlled by the IT Resources Centre. The centre also maintains other services like the e-mail server, online learning system and intranet portal.<ref name="annualreport" /> The Institute has a Finance Lab which is equipped with 12 [[Bloomberg Terminal]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Other than the administrative and academic blocks, the campus has various residential buildings. There are two hostels that have been dedicated for the IPM Batch. Other than the two, there are over 15 housing complexes for the PGP, FPM and the ePGP students. The institute also has a seminar hall with a seating capacity for 1000 people, which stands as the main venue for all the management and cultural events are held in the college. The campus has facilities for cricket, football, basketball, volleyball, badminton, table tennis and athletics. A fully functional Student Activity Centre was inaugurated in 2019, which consists of a fully-equipped gymnasium, three indoor badminton courts and also houses the Medical Inspection Room.

== Organisation and administration ==
=== Governance ===
IIM Rohtak is an autonomous institution established by [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] as a [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|registered society]] and governed by its own [[Board of Governors]].<ref name="autonomous">{{cite web|title=Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs)|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-3|website=www.mhrd.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of HRD|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063857/http://www.mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-3|archive-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> The board consists of a Chairman, 2 representatives of the [[Government of India]], 2 representatives of the [[Government of Haryana]], one representative each of [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU]] and [[All India Management Association|AIMA]] in addition to one academician and the Director of the institute.<ref name="annualreport" /><ref name="boardofgoverners">{{cite web|title=Board of Governors|url=https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/institute/board-of-governors|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506091910/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/institute/board-of-governors.html|archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> The Director of the institute is appointed by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].<ref name="appointment">{{cite news|title=Govt. is following the "Search-cum-selection" process notified on the 15th March, 2002 for appointments of directors of the IIMs|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=29715|access-date=17 April 2017|work=Press Information Bureau|publisher=Department of Higher Education, Ministry of HRD|date=8 August 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032319/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=29715|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ravi Kant has been chairman of the board since its inception, while P. Rameshan was the first director of the institute. Dheeraj Sharma joined as the second full-time director in March 2017. Entire rohtak campus and all new programs started under the leadership of Prof Sharma.<ref name="dheerajiima">{{cite news|title=IIMA profs to helm IIMB, IIM Rohtak|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/education/iima-profs-to-helm-iimb-iim-rohtak/articleshow/57088310.cms|access-date=17 April 2017|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|date=10 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054228/http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/education/iima-profs-to-helm-iimb-iim-rohtak/articleshow/57088310.cms|archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>

== Academic profile ==
=== Programmes offered ===
IIM Rohtak offers full-time MBA, executive post graduate diploma, fellowship, executive fellowship and other short duration [[professional development]] programmes in management.<ref name="programmes">{{cite web|title=Programmes|url=https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/programmes|website=iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|access-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903152632/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/programs.html|archive-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> In common with other IIMs, IIM Rohtak used to offer [[postgraduate diploma|diplomas]] and not [[Master's degree|degrees]].<ref name="diploma">{{cite news|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Shreya Roy|title=Will getting degrees instead of diplomas at IIMs really make a difference to students?|url=https://scroll.in/article/827662/will-getting-degrees-instead-of-diplomas-at-iims-really-make-a-difference-to-students|access-date=26 January 2018|publisher=Scroll|date=28 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129192453/https://scroll.in/article/827662/will-getting-degrees-instead-of-diplomas-at-iims-really-make-a-difference-to-students|archive-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> IIM Rohtak, along with other IIMs, has started offering an MBA degree, instead of a PGDM starting with the batch of 2018..
[[File:Academic Block IIM Rohtak.jpg|thumb|Inside view of IIM Rohtak Academic Block]]
IIM Rohtak also provides a Five-Year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM), following in the footsteps of IIM Indore, for students after class XII who aim to pursue their career in Business Management. This programme was introduced in 2019, and is only the second IIM to do so, after [[Indian Institute of Management Indore|IIM Indore]] which has a BA+MBA program. IIM Rohtak is the first IIM to have BBA+MBA integrated program. It is a comprehensive management program that has a combined course of management studies from under-graduate (UG) to postgraduate (PG). The programme aims at molding young students into future managers and leaders.

IIM Rohtak provides another Five-Year Integrated Programme in Law (IPL) as well, being the first IIM to start this. This programme is also for students after class XII and is a BBA-LLB program. This programme is affiliated and recognised by BCI (Bar Council of India) and the entire programme consists of courses in Business Management and Legal Education.

On successful completion of the academic rigor of 5 years, the participant will be awarded Master of Business Administration (MBA) by IIM Rohtak. If any student intends to exit after successfully completing the programme requirement at the end of 3 years, he/she will be awarded a degree of Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA). The programme consists of 15 terms spread over a period of 5 years. A year has three terms, a trimester system, each trimester of 3 months duration. The entire programme is divided into two parts; the first part focuses on the foundation courses, whereas the second part focuses on the management. Students will be undergoing internships at the end of every academic year. At the end of the first year, students undergo a social/rural internship for a period of 8–10 weeks. For the second year, students will undergo internships inside the campus itself, and the third year will see the students undergoing corporate internships.

Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP) is a two-year full-time residential programme, equivalent to an MBA. Post completion of first year, students are expected to undergo a summer [[internship]] of 8 weeks in a company or an organisation.<ref name="courses">{{cite web|title=PGP Courses|url=https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/programmes/pgp|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|access-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906100253/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/programs/pgpm/pgp-courses.html|archive-date=6 September 2017}}</ref> In the second year of the programme, students can choose their own focused field of study.<ref name="specialisation">{{cite web|title=PGP Courses|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/programs/pgpm/pgp-courses/second-year.html|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003044/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/programs/pgpm/pgp-courses/second-year.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Post Graduate Programme in Management for Executives (ePGPx) is a [[Distance education|distance learning]] programme for [[Executive education|working executives]] and is spread over one year.<ref name="epgpx">{{cite web|title=One Year Post Graduate Programme in Management for Executives(ePGPx)|url=https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/programmes/one-year-post-graduate-programme-in-management-for-executives-epgpx|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|access-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173134/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/programs/1-year-post-graduate-programme-in-management-for-executives-epgpx.html|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

Doctoral Programme in Management (DPM), formerly known as FPM, is a four-year [[PhD in management|Doctor of Business Administration]] programme started in 2013<ref name="doctoral">{{cite news|title=IIM Rohtak announces admission to FPM 2016; apply before January 30|url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/9027/IIM-Rohtak|access-date=17 April 2017|work=MBA Universe|date=20 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003138/http://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/9027/IIM-Rohtak|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> and Executive Fellowship Programme in Management (EFPM) is a Doctor of Business Administration programme for working executives.<ref name="efpm">{{cite web|title=Executive Fellow Programme in Management (EFPM)|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/programs/executive-fellow-programme-in-management-2018-2022.html|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|access-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173134/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/programs/executive-fellow-programme-in-management-2018-2022.html|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Admissions ===
The students keen to apply for IPM Programme will undergo a rigorous selection process. Admission for the IPM Programme is through a three-stage process. In the first stage, applicants are required to clear an online aptitude test which is composed of questions from Mathematics, English and Logical Reasoning. Applicants scoring well are then selected for a single day, two-stage selection process. First, a Written Aptitude Test is conducted, after which Personal Interviews are conducted where candidates are questioned upon past academic performance, interests, strengths, work ethics and why they chose this course.

Admission to the PGDM Programme is done through the [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT), which is jointly conducted by the IIMs in the month of November every year. Candidates are invited for a Written Analysis and Personal Interview on the basis of their performance in CAT. The final selection of the candidates is based upon their CAT score, past academic performance, work experience and performance in the Written Analysis and Personal Interview.<ref name="admission">{{cite news|last1=Awasthi|first1=Soumiya|title=IIM Rohtak announces admission criteria 2017-19; 40% weightage to CAT|url=http://www.shiksha.com/mba/articles/iim-rohtak-announces-admission-criteria-2017-19-40-weightage-to-cat-blogId-13408|access-date=17 April 2017|work=Info Edge India|date=1 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101533/http://www.shiksha.com/mba/articles/iim-rohtak-announces-admission-criteria-2017-19-40-weightage-to-cat-blogId-13408|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Admission to ePGPx is done through written test conducted by IIM Rohtak and personal interview. Students with a valid [[Graduate Record Examinations|GRE]], [[GMAT]] or CAT score can apply on the basis of their respective score.<ref name="epgpx" />

Admission to FPM is done on the basis of marks scored by a candidate in CAT, GMAT, GRE, [[National Eligibility Test|JRF]] or [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]]. The specializations offered are Business Environment, Finance, General Management, Human Resources, Information Technology, Marketing, Operations and Strategy.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news|title=Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Rohtak offers Fellow Programme in Management 2015|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/indian-institute-of-management-iim-rohtak-invites-applications-for-admission-to-fellow-program-in-management-2015/1/398022.html|access-date=17 April 2017|work=India Today|date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100859/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/indian-institute-of-management-iim-rohtak-invites-applications-for-admission-to-fellow-program-in-management-2015/1/398022.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Starting 2016, [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] specialization was available in Retail Management and Logistics and Supply Chain Management.<ref name="doctoral" />

=== Collaborations ===
[[File:Indian Institute of Management Rohtak, Library and Academic Block.jpg|thumb|Library and Academic Block]]
In September 2011, IIM Rohtak signed an MoU with the [[Kelley School of Business|Kelley School of Business, Indiana University]] for organising joint research projects and academic programmes besides faculty and [[student exchange program|student exchanges]].<ref name="kelley">{{cite news|last1=Mehdudia|first1=Sujay|title=IIM-Rohtak signs pact with Kelley School of Business|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/iimrohtak-signs-pact-with-kelley-school-of-business/article2416477.ece|access-date=26 January 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173134/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/iimrohtak-signs-pact-with-kelley-school-of-business/article2416477.ece|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> In 2012, IIM Rohtak became the fifth IIM to get a membership of the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB).<ref name="averagesalary" /> The Institute also signed MoUs with [[Singapore Management University]] for [[Visiting academic|visiting faculty]] and scholars,<ref name="smu">{{cite web|title=Exploring new frontiers with the Indian Institutes of Management|url=https://www.smu.edu.sg/news/2013/04/11/exploring-new-frontiers-indian-institutes-management|website=www.smu.edu.sg|publisher=Singapore Management University|access-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143204/https://www.smu.edu.sg/news/2013/04/11/exploring-new-frontiers-indian-institutes-management|archive-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> and with [[California State University, Fullerton]] for setting up [[center of excellence]] at each institution in 2013.<ref name="partnership">{{cite web|title=Partnership|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/associations/collaborations.html|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003116/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/associations/collaborations.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Entrepreneurship ===
The Entrepreneurship Cell of the Institute was set up in July 2014 by the students of IIM Rohtak.<ref name="ecellinauguration">{{cite news|title=IIM Rohtak inaugurates entrepreneurship cell|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/IIM-Rohtak-inaugurates-entrepreneurship-cell/article20811885.ece|access-date=16 April 2017|work=Business Line|date=6 July 2014|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173137/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/IIM-Rohtak-inaugurates-entrepreneurship-cell/article20811885.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The cell has signed an [[Memorandum of association|MoA]] with the [[National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation]] (NBCFDC) for the development of skills of entrepreneurs from [[Other Backward Class|backward classes]].<ref name="nbcfdc">{{cite web|title=MoA with Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|url=http://nbcfdc.gov.in/en/mou-iim-rohtak|website=www.nbcfdc.gov.in|publisher=NBCFDC|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100751/http://nbcfdc.gov.in/en/mou-iim-rohtak|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

The Bizdome Incubation Council was launched in 2015 as a [[business incubator]].<ref name="incubation">{{cite news|title=IIM Rohtak Inaugurates Incubation Centre at Udaan- 2015|url=https://www.collegedekho.com/news/iim-rohtak-inaugurates-incubation-centre-at-udaan-2015-9112/|access-date=17 April 2017|work=College Dekho|date=14 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101403/https://www.collegedekho.com/news/iim-rohtak-inaugurates-incubation-centre-at-udaan-2015-9112/|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Ashutosh Garg, founder and chairman of [[Guardian Pharmacy]] joined as chairman of the council in 2016. The council was identified as one of the 18 technology business incubators to be scaled up as per the [[funding]] model of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology, India]] as a part of the [[Startup India|Startup Action Plan]].<ref name="startupindia">{{cite news|last1=Inc42|first1=Team|title=Everything You Need To Know About PM Modi's Startup Action Plan|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/startup-action-plan/|access-date=17 April 2017|work=Inc42|date=16 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003042/https://inc42.com/buzz/startup-action-plan/|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> In 2017, Uni-Solar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-solar.com/|title=Uni-Solar|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-29|archive-date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919070347/http://www.uni-solar.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> became the first startup by an IIM Rohtak alumnus to be incubated by Bizdome.<ref name="unisolar">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Sat|title=IIM Rohtak student skips placement for own start-up|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/iim-rohtak-student-skips-placement-for-own-start-up/articleshow/57093162.cms|access-date=17 April 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=11 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530041534/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/iim-rohtak-student-skips-placement-for-own-start-up/articleshow/57093162.cms|archive-date=30 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Rankings ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| NIRF_B_2023= 16
}}
IIM Rohtak was ranked 12th in management ranking by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] in 2023.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_B_2023" />

=== Awards ===
Recognised as an Institute of Excellence by MHRD,<ref name="autonomous" /> IIM Rohtak was awarded by [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] for innovations in teaching methodology in 2014.<ref name="innovative">{{cite web|title=Innovative b-school awards winners 2014|url=http://www.bschoolaffaire.com/micro/dna_awards_winners_2014.html|website=www.bschoolaffaire.com|publisher=B-School Affaire|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101256/http://www.bschoolaffaire.com/micro/dna_awards_winners_2014.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> It was also awarded the "Top Institute of India" by [[Competition Success Review]] twice, in 2014 and 2015.<ref name="csraward">{{cite web|title=Competition Success Review Award for IIM Rohtak|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/csr-award-for-iim-rohtak.html|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419002945/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/csr-award-for-iim-rohtak.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

On account of many institutes misreporting their placement data,<ref name="infalteddata">{{cite news|title=Watch out: B-schools apparently inflating salary figures|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/watch-out-b-schools-apparently-inflating-placement-salary-figures-1241623.html|access-date=17 April 2017|work=Firstpost|date=21 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101744/http://www.firstpost.com/business/watch-out-b-schools-apparently-inflating-placement-salary-figures-1241623.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> IIM Rohtak adopted Indian Placement Reporting Standards (IPRS) framework in 2016 becoming the second IIM (after IIM Ahmedabad) to get its placement reports audited by [[CRISIL]].<ref name="iprs">{{cite web|title=Indian Placement Reporting Standards|url=https://web.iima.ac.in/iprs/download.php|website=web.iima.ac.in|publisher=IIM Ahmedabad|access-date=30 June 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100634/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/iprs/download.php|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

== Research ==
As of April 2018, faculty members of IIM Rohtak have published over 160 papers in international journals and have presented more than 70 papers at international [[Academic conference|management conferences]], primarily in [[United States]] and [[Australia]], since the beginning of the academic curriculum in 2010.<ref name="publications">{{cite web|title=Publications|url=https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/research/publication|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419002959/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/research/publications.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="papers">{{cite web|title=Papers presented in conferences|url=https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/research/papers-presented-in-conferences|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505024131/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/research/papers-presented-in-conferences.html|archive-date=5 May 2017}}</ref> In a survey published by [[Elsevier]] on research productivity in management schools, IIM Rohtak was ranked 7th, and 3 of the faculty members were among the top 5% most productive researchers in India.<ref name="elsevier">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.omega.2016.02.004|title = Research productivity in management schools of India during 1968-2015: A directional benefit-of-doubt model analysis| journal=Omega| volume=66| pages=118–139|year = 2017|last1 = Sahoo|first1 = Biresh K.| last2=Singh| first2=Ramadhar| last3=Mishra| first3=Bineet| last4=Sankaran| first4=Krithiga}}</ref>

[https://journals.sagepub.com/home/eec Emerging Economies Cases Journal], published in collaboration with [[Sage Publishing]] and [[IIM Rohtak]], focuses on case studies highlighting challenges and opportunities in emerging economies.

== Student life ==
=== Clubs and committees ===
IIM Rohtak has a total of 13 committees and 10 clubs.<ref name="clubs">{{cite web|title=Students Clubs and Committees at IIM Rohtak|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/campus/clubs-and-committees.html|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|publisher=IIM Rohtak|access-date=18 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506101618/http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/campus/clubs-and-committees.html|archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> Committees are institute sponsored [[Student society|student societies]] responsible for supporting the administration in carrying out non-academic activities related to the institute. Public Relations Cell is responsible for promotion and brand building. In 2016, it was awarded at the Social Media for Empowerment Awards for "building goodwill and creating positive word of mouth without biases, comparisons and self-proclamation."<ref name="praward">{{cite web|title=Social Media for Entertainment Winners 2016: Public Relations|url=http://sm4e.org/public-relations-2016/|website=www.sm4e.org|publisher=Digital Empowerment Foundation|access-date=18 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101914/http://sm4e.org/public-relations-2016/|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> A Placement Committee is in place for carrying out [[Campus placement|placement activities]].<ref name="placement">{{cite news|last1=Mehra|first1=Chetna|title=While hiring sizzles, it's a struggle for newer IIMs|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/while-hiring-sizzles-its-a-struggle-for-newer-iims/article5681584.ece|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Hindu|date=12 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707190255/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/while-hiring-sizzles-its-a-struggle-for-newer-iims/article5681584.ece|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> It publishes the annual institute placement report. The Alumni Committee is responsible for organizing [[Alumni association|alumni engagement]] activities,<ref name="aluminati">{{cite news|title=अलुमिनाति में पहुंचे तो फिर याद आए कॉलेज के सुहाने पल|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-ROH-OMC-MAT-latest-rohtak-news-031022-3461878-NOR.html|access-date=18 April 2017|work=Dainik Bhaskar|agency=Bhaskar News Network|date=21 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127203947/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-ROH-OMC-MAT-latest-rohtak-news-031022-3461878-NOR.html|archive-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> and the Entrepreneurship Cell is responsible for promoting entrepreneurship and organizing related activities.<ref name="ecellinauguration" />

Other committees include the Academic Committee for academic matters, Cultural Committee for cultural activities, Elections & Auditing Committee for auditing and conducting elections of the student body, a Hospitality Committee for managing the student [[mess]], Industrial Relations & Interaction Cell for corporate engagement, IT Committee for [[Information technology|IT]] related matters, Sports Committee for sports activities, a Student Council for coordination between clubs and a Preparation Committee for skill development.<ref name="annualreport" />

The introduction of the IPM Programme saw the birth of five new clubs, built for the IPM batch itself- Academic club, Sports Club, Literature and Photography Club, Social Welfare Club and the Cultural Club. The clubs are headed by the IPM students themselves, and the subsequent members are chosen based on interviews and past experience in the respective fields they want to join. Under the leadership of Prof Sharma, Director, [[beti bachao, beti padhao yojana]] program was launched in 2017, since then IIM Rohtak has increased percentage of women in its flagship program from 6% in 2016 to 50% in 2017 to 70% in 2020. ,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/iim-rohtak-sees-rise-in-female-students-in-management-course/article25996242.ece |url-status=live |title=IIM-Rohtak sees rise in female students in management course |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517152546/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/iim-rohtak-sees-rise-in-female-students-in-management-course/article25996242.ece }}</ref>

The Clubs for the PGP and others are self sponsored [[special interest group]]s focusing on a specific area of knowledge or interest. The different clubs are the FI Club (Finance & Investment), Humane-R Club (Human Resources), ITernity Club (Information Technology), Marque Club (Marketing), Supply Chain & Operations Management Club, Strategy & Consulting Club, Swaniti (Public Policy Club),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/iim-rohtaks-annual-two-days-fest-culminates-today/articleshow/56718820.cms |title=IIM-Rohtak's annual two days fest culminates today | Chandigarh News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102185908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/iim-rohtaks-annual-two-days-fest-culminates-today/articleshow/56718820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> exploR Club (Film and Photography),<ref name="explor">{{cite news|title=बॉलीवुड में पायरेसी सबसे बड़ी चुनौती|url=http://www.amarujala.com/haryana/rohtak/bollywood-script-writer-director-iim-iim-rohtak-rohtak-film-industry-movie-neerja-mary-com|access-date=18 April 2017|work=Amar Ujala|date=1 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101607/http://www.amarujala.com/haryana/rohtak/bollywood-script-writer-director-iim-iim-rohtak-rohtak-film-industry-movie-neerja-mary-com|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> InQUIZire Club (Quizzing), Social Development Projects Cell<ref name="marathon">{{cite news|last1=Deswal|first1=Deepender|title=IIM Rohtak organizes 2nd 'India for the Girl Child' mini-marathon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/IIM-Rohtak-organizes-2nd-India-for-the-Girl-Child-mini-marathon/articleshow/17359482.cms|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=25 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228211028/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/IIM-Rohtak-organizes-2nd-India-for-the-Girl-Child-mini-marathon/articleshow/17359482.cms|archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> and Voice Club (Public Speaking).<ref name="clubs" />

=== Corporate events ===
ManCon is the annual management conclave organised by IIM Rohtak since 2011.<ref name="mancon">{{cite news|title=IIM-Rohtak holds conclave on ways to turn India into economic powerhouse|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/iimrohtak-holds-conclave-on-ways-to-turn-india-into-economic-powerhouse/|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|agency=Express News Service|date=5 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419002819/http://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/iimrohtak-holds-conclave-on-ways-to-turn-india-into-economic-powerhouse/|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Organised in November every year by Industrial Relations & Interaction Cell, the two-day event involves [[panel discussion]]s on various business related topics.<ref name="mancon2">{{cite news|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Bhaskar|title=Management conclave at IIM-Rohtak to be held on Saturday, Sunday|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Management-conclave-at-IIM-Rohtak-to-be-held-on-Saturday-Sunday/articleshow/23413422.cms|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=2 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Management-conclave-at-IIM-Rohtak-to-be-held-on-Saturday-Sunday/articleshow/23413422.cms|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> Udaan is the annual entrepreneurship summit organised by Entrepreneurship Cell of IIM Rohtak. It involves [[Keynote|keynote speeches]], panel discussions and Ignitus, a [[business plan]] competition.<ref name="ignitus">{{cite news|title=IIM Rohtak organizes Entrepreneurship Summit, Udaan 2015; inaugurates Incubation Centre|url=http://www.mbauniverse.com/mba-syllabus-papers/article/id/9176/IIM-Rohtak|access-date=18 April 2017|work=MBA Universe|date=13 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003137/http://www.mbauniverse.com/mba-syllabus-papers/article/id/9176/IIM-Rohtak|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> exploR Club organised the first edition of its Film Summit in 2016. It involved keynote speeches on various aspects of [[filmmaking]] such as direction, [[screenwriting]], marketing, etc.<ref name="explor" /> IIM Rohtak also organises a lot of annual [[Convention (meeting)|conventions]] such as HR Summit,<ref name="hrsummit">{{cite news|last1=Deswal|first1=Deepender|title=IIM Rohtak to organise human resources summit on managing new generation employees|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IIM-Rohtak-to-organise-human-resources-summit-on-managing-new-generation-employees/articleshow/15518661.cms|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=16 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518102008/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IIM-Rohtak-to-organise-human-resources-summit-on-managing-new-generation-employees/articleshow/15518661.cms|archive-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> CXO Summit<ref name="cxosummit">{{cite news|last1=Teri|first1=Deeksha|title=That innovative edge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/That-innovative-edge/article14987013.ece|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Hindu|date=19 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173134/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/That-innovative-edge/article14987013.ece|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> and Outstation Conclave.<ref name="outstation">{{cite news|title=IIM Rohtak organises management conclave in Mumbai|url=http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/iim-rohtak-organises-management-conclave-in-mumbai/article8586183.ece|access-date=18 April 2017|work=Business Line|date=11 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173136/http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/iim-rohtak-organises-management-conclave-in-mumbai/article8586183.ece|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

=== The 7th PAN-IIM World Management Conference ===
Initiated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), the PAN-IIM WMC aims to create a forum where the best minds of the country and the world to come together to create an opportunity to deliberate on current issues of management, initiate collaborative efforts, and contribute to the existing knowledge pool. The Seventh PAN-IIM World Management Conference (WMC) was hosted by the Indian Institute of Management, Rohtak from 12 to 14 December at the [[United Service Institution of India, New Delhi]], and aimed at bringing researchers, academicians, practitioners, and policymakers together to meet the constantly changing challenges of public policy and management. The three-day conference offered publication opportunities, special workshops, plenary sessions, and roundtables with leading scholars in the field. the theme for the conference was chosen to be Public Policy and Management: Emerging Issues. The conference saw a record number of papers submitted, the highest for any PAN-IIM under the leadership of Prof Sharma.

Extended Abstracts of original research papers and teaching cases were invited on the conference theme and in all areas of management including:

* Economics
* Finance and Accounting
* Management Information Systems
* Marketing Management
* Organization Behaviour and Human Resources Management
* Operations Management & Quantitative Techniques
* Strategy

=== Cultural events ===
[[File:Infusion 2020.png|alt=|left|thumb|Rahul Subramanian at Infusion 2020]]
Infusion is the annual cultural, management and sports festival of IIM Rohtak. The two-day event consists of inter-college [[case study]] competitions, [[Model United Nations]], [[Stock market simulator|Mock Stock]], quizzes and various other sports and cultural events.<ref name="infusion">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Sat|title=IIM-Rohtak's annual two days fest culminates today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/iim-rohtaks-annual-two-days-fest-culminates-today/articleshow/56718820.cms|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530041538/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/iim-rohtaks-annual-two-days-fest-culminates-today/articleshow/56718820.cms|archive-date=30 May 2017}}</ref>

IIM Rohtak organises a [[mini marathon]] every year on the theme India for Girl Child to raise awareness about gender equality. So many students as well as adults participate in the event.<ref name="marathon2">{{cite news|last1=Ahlawat|first1=Bijendra|title=Rohtak IIM to fund girls' education|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120131/haryana.htm#5|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Tribune|agency=Tribune News Service|date=30 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105023818/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120131/haryana.htm#5|archive-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> Started in 2011, it consists of three events: 10 kilometres marathon for men, 5 kilometres marathon for women and 3 kilometres for children.<ref name="marathon" /> The first edition of the mini marathon saw a participation of more than 2000 people.<ref name="marathon3">{{cite news|title=IIM Rohtak to organise marathon to campaign for girl child|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iim-rohtak-to-organise-marathon-to-campaign-for-girl-child-112111500474_1.html|access-date=18 April 2017|work=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101259/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iim-rohtak-to-organise-marathon-to-campaign-for-girl-child-112111500474_1.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> A [[flash mob]] is also organised every year to promote different causes.<ref name="flashmob">{{cite news|last1=Patra|first1=Pratyush|title=Take a break, say these IIM students|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Take-a-break-say-these-IIM-students/articleshow/50608068.cms|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=16 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304035124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Take-a-break-say-these-IIM-students/articleshow/50608068.cms|archive-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>

From 2015, IIM Rohtak has also started organising its own [[TEDx]] conference, TEDxIIMRohtak.<ref name="tedxiimrohtak">{{cite news|title=आईआईएम टेड-एक्स में शनिवार को नए क्षेत्र की चुनौतियों पर होगा मंथन|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-ROH-OMC-MAT-latest-rohtak-news-034503-932478-NOR.html?seq=1|access-date=18 April 2017|work=Dainik Bhaskar|agency=Bhaskar News Network|date=9 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419004530/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-ROH-OMC-MAT-latest-rohtak-news-034503-932478-NOR.html?seq=1|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

== Social initiatives==
The Social Development Project Cell (SDPC), is responsible for taking social initiatives through its two arms; Every Child in School (ECIS) and Sparsh. Sparsh organises awareness activities throughout the year such as [[career counseling]], blood donation camps, free medical check ups and cleanliness campaigns in government schools.<ref name="sparsh">{{cite news|title=आईआईएम की टीम ने विद्यार्थियों को दिए सही करियर चुनने के टिप्स|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-ROH-OMC-MAT-latest-rohtak-news-052503-1240257-NOR.html|access-date=18 April 2017|work=Dainik Bhaskar|agency=Bhaskar News Network|date=23 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104741/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-ROH-OMC-MAT-latest-rohtak-news-052503-1240257-NOR.html|archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="sparsh2">{{cite news|title=IIM Rohtak holds cleanliness campaign in Haryana schools|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/iim-rohtak-holds-cleanliness-campaign-in-haryana-schools/article6460648.ece|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Hindu|date=30 September 2014|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913152844/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/IIM-Rohtak-holds-cleanliness-campaign-in-Haryana-schools/article20877127.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the 'Swabhav' initiative, members of Sparsh developed a self-sustaining model to finance the education of girl students in Rohtak city.<ref name="swabhav">{{cite news|title=IIM-R moots business pact to fund education for girls|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/IIM-R-moots-business-pact-to-fund-education-for-girls/articleshow/11934583.cms?referral=PM|access-date=18 April 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=18 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526232755/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/IIM-R-moots-business-pact-to-fund-education-for-girls/articleshow/11934583.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=26 May 2017}}</ref>

IIM Rohtak also conducts annual internships for the youth of Jammu and Kashmir under the special initiative of Prof. Dheeraj Sharma. The project aims at empowering the young women of Kashmir. So far, over 100 female students of J & K have received internship from IIM Rohtak.

==Controversies==
In March 2025, President [[Droupadi Murmu]] approved a probe against IIM Rohtak and its director over allegations of financial bungling and misrepresenting his educational qualifications.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Mar 8, 2025 |title=Centre orders probe into allegations against director of IIM Rohtak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/centre-orders-probe-into-allegations-against-director-of-iim-rohtak-101741374619798.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=President Droupadi Murmu approves probe against IIM Rohtak, its Director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-approves-probe-against-iim-rohtak-its-director-9874851/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of MBA schools in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/ Official website]

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Autonomous law schools in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Management Rohtak}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management|Rohtak]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:Business schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]

St. Peter's High School, Jammu

2026-04-14T23:01:14Z

FerdinandGarden: starting new post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Peter's High School
| image =
| image_size =
| motto =
| city = [[Jammu]]
| county = [[India]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| zipcode = 180016
| coordinates = {{Coord|32.727152|N|74.856377|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = Missionary
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| established = {{start date and age|1952}}
| founder = Fr. J. Boerkamp [[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill|MHM]]
| sister_school = [[St. Peter’s Higher Secondary School, Karan Bagh]]
| administrator = Diocese of Jammu - Srinagar Education Society
| principal = Fr. S. Joseph
| gender = Co-Education
| classes_offered = U.K.G to 10th
| houses =
| nickname =
| rival =
| publication =
| yearbook =
| address = NH 44, B.C. Road
| language = [[English language|English]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| colors = {{Color box|grey|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|white|border=darkgray}} grey and white
| affiliation = CBSE
| website =
}}

'''St. Peter's High School, Jammu''' is an educational institution in [[Jammu]] started by [[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill|Mill Hill Missionaries]] from [[London]] in 1952. The school belongs to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar]]. The students of the school are referred to as Petrines, and the school's motto is "Ora et Labora" which means Prayer and Work.<ref>https://stpetersjammu.org/</ref><ref>https://stpetersjammu.org/motto-of-school/</ref> The school is currently affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref>https://stpetersjammu.org/about-school/#:~:text=Home%20%C2%BB%20About%20School-,St.,of%20Secondary%20Education%20(CBSE).</ref>

==History==
Father John Boerkamp MHM and Lt. Col. Dean requested the then Hon’ble Chief Minister, [[Sheikh Abdullah]], for a piece of land in order to build a Convent School in [[Jammu]]. He rented a house near Kashmiri Mohalla, Baba Jivan Shah and stayed there for 2 years. It was from the same house that St. Peters' High School, B.C Road<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jammulinksnews.com/newsdetail/42972/Jammu-Links-News-St_Peter%25E2%2580%2599s_School_celebrates_Annual_Day|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143258/http://jammulinksnews.com/newsdetail/42972/Jammu-Links-News-St_Peter%E2%80%99s_School_celebrates_Annual_Day%20%20Read%20more%20at:%20http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:DPi5X4xFEAoJ:jammulinksnews.com/newsdetail/42972/Jammu-Links-News-St_Peter%25E2%2580%2599s_School_celebrates_Annual_Day+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in%20Copyright%20%C2%A9%20Jammu%20Links%20News|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2018|title=St. Peter's School celebrates Annual Day - Jammu Links News|last=Limited|first=InLinks Communication Private|website=jammulinksnews.com|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.time2study.in/school/st-peters-high-school-26692.html|title=St. Peter's High School B.C. Road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India, Jammu|last=www.time2study.in|website=www.time2study.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/st-peters-celebrates-annual-day/|title=St Peter's celebrates Annual Day|date=2015-12-01|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref> originated in 1952. Initially, it was an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu Medium School]] and only those Catholic Students were admitted who were denied admission elsewhere in [[Jammu|Jammu City]]. In 1954, Father Boerkamp bought a bungalow at B. C. Road Jammu and began an [[English-medium education|English Medium School]] there with the help of the [[Presentation Sisters]]. In 1964, the Presentation Sisters moved to a new location establishing a new school now popularly known as [[Presentation Convent Senior Secondary School, Jammu|Presentation Convent Senior Secondary School]] in [[Gandhinagar (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)|Gandhi Nagar]], while the B.C. Road School continued as St. Peters's. In 1999 [[St. Peter's Higher Secondary School, Karan Bagh]] was established as the Higher Secondary division of the school. The School changed its medium of instruction from Urdu to English in 1984 and in 1987 it was recognized as a High School by the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|State Government]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. Peters High School BC Road Jammu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/on-mission-to-educate-jammu/|title=On mission to educate Jammu|date=2015-05-17|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almamapper.com/campus/st-peters-high-school/info/+&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in|title=St. Peter's BC Road Jammu}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Christian schools in India|List of Christian Schools in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Peter's High School, India}}
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Private schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1952]]
[[Category:Indian organisations established in 1952]]

Puri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:31Z

FerdinandGarden: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Puri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Puri
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 107
| type = SLA
| map_image = 107-Puri.svg
| map_caption = Puri Assembly constituency in [[Puri district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Puri district|Puri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sunil Kumar Mohanty]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,40,287{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Puri''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Puri district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=107|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414180358/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=107|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Puri (107) District: Puri|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Puri]], and 15 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Birapratappur, Balipada, Jamarsuan, Baliput, Raigoroda, Garhmrugasira, Chalisbatia, Malatipatpur, Chandanpur, Sasandamodarpur, Samanga, Gopinathpur, Harekrushnapur, Baliguali and Talajanga) of Puri sadar block and three GPs (Itibhuan, Garhbhingura and Chhaitana) of [[Gop, Odisha|Gop]] block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp56.htm|title= 56 - Puri Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.84}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|43.28}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.44}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.58}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.61}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.65}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|33.55}}
{{bar percent|1991 (bypoll)|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.38}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|73.20}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Janata Party}}|50.89}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.65}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|61.93}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections have been held here till date including one bypoll in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title= BY-ELECTIONS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/449-450.pdf|accessdate= 23 March 2014}}</ref>

List of members elected from Puri constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Puri Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/puri.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Puri Assembly Election Results 2024: Puri Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/puri-constituency-result-18107 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sunil Kumar Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Jayanta Kumar Sarangi]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="5" |[[Maheswar Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Janata Dal}}
|-
|1991 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Braja Kishore Tripathy on his election to Lok Sabha}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Puri 1991 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1423 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|Uma Ballav Rath
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Gadadhar Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[Brajamohan Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Harihar Bahinipati
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Bhagwan Pratihari
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Harihar Bahinipati
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Fakir Charan Das
|{{full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes is on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sunil Kumar Mohanty]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jayanta Kumar Sarangi]] by a margin of 5,178 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Puri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Mohanty]]
|votes = 74,709
|percentage = 45.84
|change = {{increase}}5.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jayanta Kumar Sarangi]]
|votes = 69,531
|percentage = 42.66
|change = {{decrease}}0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uma Ballav Rath
|votes = 13,169
|percentage = 8.08
|change = {{increase}}6.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 918
|percentage = 0.56
|change = {{decrease}}0.26
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,178
|percentage = 3.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,982
|percentage = 67.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jayanta Kumar Sarangi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Maheswar Mohanty]] by a margin of 4,008 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha election]], Puri<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jayanta Kumar Sarangi]]
|votes = 76,747
|percentage = 43.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Maheswar Mohanty]]
|votes = 72,739
|percentage = 40.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Auro Prasad Mishra
|votes = 2,934
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,281
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,008
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,722
|percentage = 63.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In the 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Maheswar Mohanty]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Uma Ballav Rath by a margin of 34,721 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Puri]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Puri|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18107.htm?ac=107|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Puri (107)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=107|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052732/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=107|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Maheswar Mohanty]]
|votes = 76,760
|percentage = 53.44
|change = {{up}}1.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uma Ballav Rath
|votes = 42,039
|percentage = 29.27
|change = {{up}}23.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krushna Chandra Panda
|votes = 17,560
|percentage = 12.23
|change = {{down}}28.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,526
|percentage = 1.06
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,721
|percentage = 24.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,43,627
|percentage = 64.73
|change = {{up}}7.06
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,21,892
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Maheswar Mohanty]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Uma Ballav Rath by a margin of 13,394 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=13394 |accessdate=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha election]], Puri<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Maheswar Mohanty]]
|votes = 61,328
|percentage = 51.58
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Uma Ballav Rath
|votes = 47,934
|percentage = 40.32
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uttam Kumar Acharya
|votes = 4,832
|percentage = 3.75
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,394
|percentage = 11.27{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,18,889
|percentage = 57.67
|change = {{down}}2.71
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Puri district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|19.81|85.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Puri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi

2026-04-13T23:36:24Z

FerdinandGarden: starting a pg - done

{{short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1932–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Mawlana
| name = Muhammad Wazeh Rashid Al-Hasani Al-Nadwi
| image = Muhammad Wadeh Rashid Al-Hasani Al-Nadwi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Raebareli]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| birth_date = 1932
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|1|16|1932|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| office = Secretary of Education, [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 16 January 2019
| predecessor = [[Abdullah Abbas Nadwi]]
| alma_mater = {{Bulleted list|[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]}}
| country = India
| party =
| other_party =
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| main_interests = [[Arabic literature]]
| disciples =
| disciple_of =
| mother =
| father =
| notable_ideas =
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| religion = Islam
| teachers =
| students = [[Abdullah Hasani Nadwi]]
| influenced =
| notable_works =
| relatives = {{Bulleted list|[[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]|[[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]] (brother)}}
}}
}}
'''Muhammad Wazeh Rashid Al-Hasani Al-Nadwi''' (1932 – 16 January 2019) was an Indian Islamic scholar, Arabic writer, researcher and journalist. He was the nephew of Islamic scholar and reformer [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] and brother of [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]].

Nadwi was an alumnus of the [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] and the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He served as head of the education department of Nadwa, secretary general of the International Islamic Literary Organization and Islamic Research Academy. He edited the fortnightly ''[[Al-Raid]]'' and was also the assistant editor of ''[[Al-Baas El-Islami]]''. He received the 'President's Award' in recognition of his contribution to [[Arabic literature]] in India.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Samad |first=Abdul |title=العلماء البارزون من دار العلوم لندوة العلماء الذين حصلوا على الجائزة التقديرية لنشر اللغة العربية وآدابها |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Madras]] |year=2018 |location=India |pages=94–107 |language=ar |trans-title=Al Ulamaa Al Baarizoona Min Daaril Uloom Li Nadwatil Ulamaa Alladheena Hasaloo Alaa Al Jaayizah At Taqdeeriyya Li Nashri Al Lugha Alarabiyya Wa Aadaabihaa |hdl=10603/229374}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi was born in 1932 in [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]], Uttar Pradesh. His lineage belongs to the family of Shah Alamullah, which was famous in India and abroad for its distinguished services and inimitable children in various fields. He got his early education from Ilahia School at Raebareli and studied Islamic sciences and Arabic language and literature at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow. He obtained his graduation with English honours from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and started his professional life as an Arabic translator and presenter in [[All India Radio]], New Delhi and worked there for twenty years; from 1953–1973 to be exact. In 1973, he joined Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama as a teacher of Arabic Language and literature and was promoted to the post of Dean, school of languages. He became the secretary for education of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama in 2006 and till death he was doing this job. Apart from this, he was associated with many academic organizations, and educational institutions in India and Abroad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Md Hassan |first=Abul Mufid |date=March 2019 |title=Contribution of Sheikh Muhammad Wadeh Rashid Al-Hasani Al-Nadwi to the development of Arabic journalism in India |url=https://www.ijmra.us/2019ijrss_march.php |journal=International Journal of Research in Social Sciences |volume=9 |pages=1506–1511 |issn=2249-2496}}[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution- 3.0 Unported License].</ref>

He began his journalistic career while he was in All India Radio, New Delhi. During his stay in New Delhi, He translated a number of scientific, literary political and research articles, and stories into Arabic that were relayed from Delhi and other radio stations of the country. The Arabic section of the radio station, New Delhi at that time was seized by Arab broadcasters and translators who were from Arab countries such as Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and Palestine. Among them were writers and storytellers, and some of them were journalists. Al-Nadwi took full advantage of them and gained full experience in journalism and Arabic literature. This is one side of his journalistic life, and the other side is his joining to newspapers and magazines. He grew up in a period when the Arab journalism in India was going through an era of development. And that he witnessed the activities of Abul Kalam Azad, Masoud Alom Nadwi, Muhammad Al-Hasani, and [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] in the field for the betterment of Arabic journalism from near. He was influenced by them, and their passion for journalism encouraged him to become an ideal journalist with an excellent style.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Abul Mufid Md |date=2023-04-16 |title=Western Civilization in View of Sheikh Muhammad Wadeh Al-Rasheed Al-Hasani Al-Nadawi |url=https://ae.sprinpub.com/sjaes/article/view/sjaes-2-1-4-41-47 |journal=Sprin Journal of Arabic-English Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.55559/sjaes.v2i01.32 |issn=2583-2859|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Waseeque |first=Mohd|title=الأستاذ محمد واضح رشيد الحسني الندوي كاتبا ومفكراً|trans-title=Mohammad Wazeh Rasheed Hasani Nadawi as a writer and thinker|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Lucknow]] |location= Lucknow, India|year=2021|hdl= 10603/513096|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/513096 |language=ar}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
His unique and translated works include:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muhammad Sadiq |first=Hussein |date=15 March 2019 |title=আল্লামা ওয়াজেহ রশিদ নদভি (রহ.)- উপমহাদেশে আরবি সাংবাদিকতার পথিকৃৎ |trans-title= Allama Wadeh Rashid Al-Hasani Al-Nadwi (Rah.) - Pioneer of Arabic Journalism in the Subcontinent |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2019/03/15/747341}}</ref>
*''Tarikhul Adabil Arabic''
*''Adabus Sahwah Al Islamiyah''
*''Harkatut Talimil Islami Phil Hindi wa Tataouurul Manhaj''
*''Ad Dawatul Islamiyah wa Minhajuha Phil Hind''
*''Mukhtasarul Shamayilin Nawabiyah''
*''Ila Nizamin Alamiyin Jadidin''
*''Al Imam Ahmad bin Irfan Ash Shahid''
*''Min Sanayatil Maoti Ila Sanayatil Kararat''
*''A-Lamul Adabil Arabic Phil Asril Hadith''
*''Ash-Sheikh Abul Hasan Nadwi Qaidan wa Hakiman''
*''Masadirul Adabil Arabic'' etc.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=P |first=Jubailiya |title=Darul Uloom Nadwathul Ulama its Contributions to the Development of Arabic Language and Literature: an analytical study |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Calicut]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/306944 |language=ar |pages=186–188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126025358/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/306944 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2020 |location=India |hdl=10603/306944 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Musahamatu Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Fi Nashril Lughatil Arabiati Wal Adabil Islami Wa Dauruha Fi Majalis Sahafati Wal Elam |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |language=ar |pages=275–277 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/314806 |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616040516/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |url-status=live }}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rashid Hasani Nadwi, Wadeh}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:People from Raebareli district]]

Amir Khan (Tonk State)

2026-04-10T21:11:44Z

FerdinandGarden: Started new details...

{{Short description|Ruler of the Princely State of Tonk in India from 1798 to 1834}}
{{Other uses|Amir Khan (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

'''Nawab Amir Khan''' (1769–1834) was a military general in the service of [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] and later became the first ruler of the [[Tonk State|princely state of Tonk]] (in present day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]). Amir Khan was a [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|Hindustani Pathan]] and a [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|North Indian Muslim]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_y9CNdgm8EC&dq=ali+muhammad+indian+indian+pathans&pg=PA357 |title=Statistical Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India · Volume 5, Issue 1 |date=1879 |publisher=the Bavarian State Library (4 H.as. 1026 h-5,1) |page=357 |author=Edwin [Felix] Thomas Atkinson}}</ref> Born and bred in [[Sambhal]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Amir+Khan+(+a+Rohilla+free+booter+,+born+and+bred+in+Sambhal+)+then|title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bijnor |page=46 |date=1981 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh }}</ref> Amir Khan was the son of a ''[[Zamindar]]'' in [[Uttar Pradesh]], Hayat Khan, while his grandfather Taleh Khan was a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] from the [[Salarzai]] tribe, sub-tribe of Illyaszai of Musazai [[Yusufzai]] Tribe of Village Jowar, District [[buner District|buner]] in modern-day [[Pakistan]] who had migrated to and acquired land in [[Rohilkhand]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNqbEAAAQBAJ&dq=amir+khan+sambhal&pg=PT128 |title=Warfare and Society in British India, 1757–1947 |author=Ashutosh Kumar, Kaushik Roy |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000800555 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxVDAAAAYAAJ&q=amir+khan+moradabad |title=Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research :Volumes 7-8 |date=1971 |page=31 |publisher=Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=amir+khan++buner |page=776 |quote= Taleh Khan of the Buner tribe |title=A History of Rajasthan |author=Rima Hooja |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=9788129108906 }}</ref>{{Infobox royalty
| name = Amir Khan Pindari
| title = Nawab of Tonk
| image = Amir Khan of Tonk, on horseback (±1860).jpg
| caption = Amir Khan Pindari (Nawab of Tonk)
| succession = Commadar of Pindaris of [[Maratha Empire]]
| reign = 1799–1818
| predecessor = ''Position Established''
| successor = ''Position Deestablished''
| birth_date = 1769
| birth_place = [[Maratha Empire]], modern day [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date = 1834
| death_place = [[Tonk State]], [[British Raj]], modern day [[Rajasthan]]
| issue = [[Wazir Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Wazir Khan]]
| father = Hayat Khan
| occupation = Commander of [[Marathas]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| succession1 = Nawab of [[Tonk State|Tonk]]
| reign1 = 1806–1834
| predecessor1 = ''Position Established''
| successor1 = [[Wazir Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Wazir Khan]]
}}
==Life==
Amir Khan rose to be a military commander in the service of [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] in 1798. In 1806, Khan received the state of Tonk from Yashwantrao Holkar of the Maratha Empire.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&q=holkar+tonk&pg=PA542 | title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated of the Indian Empire| isbn=9788187879541| last1=Lethbridge| first1=Sir Roper| year=2005| publisher=Aakar Books}}</ref> Amir Khan's troops were composed of [[Indianization|Hindustani]] [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|Pathans]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]], Afridis of [[Malihabad]] in [[Oudh]], and south-country [[Hindus]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OC5uAAAAMAAJ&q=afridis+amir+khan+pindari |title= District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Bijnor |date=1928 |publisher= United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India), D. L. Drake-Brockman }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7a9hP1aFOEwC&dq=afridi+malihabad+amir+khan&pg=PA92 |title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. [A. Vol.]: Lucknow |date= 1904 |author= Digby Livingstone Drake-Brockman, Henry Rivers Nevill, E. R. Neave, Henry George Walton |publisher=UC Southern Regional Library Facility }}</ref> The Hindustani immigrants also included Indian Muslims from [[Hindustan]] such as Mir Zafar Ali, a [[Sadaat-e-Bara|Barha Sayyid]] of [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur Haswa]] in [[Oudh State|Oudh]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l5-icpaKp6UC&dq=nawab+jaora+united+provinces&pg=RA1-PA405 |title= A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries:Volume 4, Part 1 |publisher=India. Foreign and Political Department |date=1909 |quote=Hakim Zafar Ali, a saiyid by caste, and a native of Bahera, a village in the district of Fatehpur Haswa, in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. He was in the service of Nawab Ghafur Khan of Jaora, by whom the village of Bilaud was granted to him in Jagir. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmcNAAAAIAAJ&q=Zafar+Ali+Khan+bilaud |title= A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date= 1929 |page=XVIII }}</ref>

While the [[Pindari]]s tended to concentrate on the east and south central India, Amir Khan and his Pathans concentrated on the north and [[Rajasthan]]. At the height of his power, he is said to have controlled a personal following of 8,000 cavalry, 10,000 infantry and up to 200 guns. The largest contingent amongst the Maratha chiefs, by far.

After the defeat of the [[Rohilla]]s in the [[First Rohilla War|Rohilla War]] of 1774–5 against the [[British Raj|British]], he fought against them. He had acquired the town and ''pargana'' of [[Tonk State|Tonk]] and the title of ''Nawab'' from [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] in 1806, and this area together with some other scattered ''parganas'' that he held, was combined with the pargana of Rampura ([[Aligarh]]) and erected into a new principality. Ultimately he established his rule in Tonk in 1806.<ref>Anil Chandra Banerjee The Rajput States and British Paramountcy 1980 - Page 71 "During the years 1807-10 Amir Khan gradually made himself the most powerful man in Central India"</ref>

In 1817, after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], Amir Khan submitted to the British [[East India Company|British East India Company]], the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, The [[Marquess of Hastings]], resolved to extinguish the Pindaris whom they deemed a menace. The [[Treaty of Gwalior]] severed the link between them and [[House of Scindia|Scindia]]. Moreover, the treaty required the latter to join forces with the British to eliminate the [[Pindari]]s and [[Pashtuns]].

Bowing to the inevitable, Amir Khan assiduously came to terms with the British, agreeing to disband his men in return for a large stipend and recognition as a hereditary ruler. Amir Khan was recognized as hereditary nawab, disbanded his forces and quietly settled down to consolidating his little state. He became a faithful friend to the British, earning praise and consideration from successive pro-consuls.

Amir Khan died in 1834. He was succeeded by his son [[Wazir Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Wazir Khan]] (r. 1834–1864).

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = Nawab of Tonk
| before = Creation
| after = [[Wazir Khan (Tonk State)|Muhammad Wazir Khan]]
| years = 1798–1834
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
* [[Tonk State]]
* [[Pindari]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Amir Khan}}
[[Category:1769 births]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Tonk]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]

Singur (community development block)

2026-04-09T23:07:35Z

FerdinandGarden: fix citations also and corrected details

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = File:Singur in Hooghly (West Bengal).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.81|N|88.23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 164.85
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 276,413
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712409 (Singur)
| area_code = 033
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber Trunk Dialling|STD]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-15, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-16, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 84.07%
| website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]], [[Arambag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambag]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur]], [[Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haripal]]
}}
'''Singur''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Chandannagore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
The Singur CD Block is part of the Hooghly-Damodar Plain, one of the three natural regions in the district, of the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains that forms part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]]. The region has many depressions which receive water from the surrounding lands during the rainy season and discharge the water through small channels.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Basubati fokirbari mazar - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The Basubati Faqir Bari is home to the [[mosque]] and [[mazar (mausoleum)]] of [[Sufi saint]] Khwajah Naziful Islam Chishti.]]
According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], the word “Singur” is believed to a derivative of the word “Singhapur”. In the Sri Lankan [[Mahavamsa]] there is mention of two towns – Singhapur and Banganagar, both believed to be located in the ancient [[Rarh region]]. Some scholars feel that Singur is the place where ancient Singhapur was located. According to the Sri Lankan chronicles [[Prince Vijaya]], son of Singhabahu, king of Singhapur, sailed from Singhapur, landed in Sri Lanka in 544 BC and became the king. In those days the people of what later came to be called as Bengal were known to be seafaring and the mighty [[Saraswati River (Bengal)|Saraswati]] used to flow through the Singur area. Therefore, this seems to be feasible according to some scholars, but other scholars feel that it is more hearsay than actual proven history.<ref>Binoy Ghosh, Paschim Banger Sanskrititi (in Bengali), Vol II, pp. 377–383, Prakash Bhawan, 1978.</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|thumb|500 px|left|Map of Hooghly district showing CD blocks and municipal areas]]
Singur is located at {{coord|22.81|N|88.23|E|format=dms|}}.

Singur CD Block is bounded by [[Polba Dadpur]] CD Block in the north, [[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation]], [[Bhadreswar Municipality]], [[Champdany Municipality]], [[Sreerampur Uttarpara]] CD Block in the east, [[Chanditala I]] and [[Chanditala II]] CD Blocks in the south and [[Haripal (community development block)|Haripal]] CD Block in the west.

It is located 22 km from [[Chinsurah]], the district headquarters.

Singur CD Block has an area of 164.85 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 16 [[gram panchayat]]s, 240 gram sansads (village councils), 108 [[mouza]]s and 98 inhabited villages. [[Singur#Police station|Singur]] and [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly#Police station|Bhadreswar]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 October 2018 }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Singur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/singur.html | title = Singur | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 6 June 2017 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>
[[File:SINGUR CD BLOCK MAP.svg|thumb|right|300 px|Map of Singur CD block sowing GP areas]]
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Singur block/ panchayat samiti are: [[Anandanagar]], Bagdanga-Chinamore, Balarambati, Baruipara-Paltagarh, Basubati, Berabari, Bighati, Boinchipota, Bora, Borai-Pahalampur, Gopalnagar, [[Kamarkundu]] Gopalnagar Doluigachha, Mirjapur-Bankipur, Nasibpur, Singur I and Singur II.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Singur CD Block had a total population of 276,413, of which 223,951 were rural and 52,462 were urban. There were 140,334 (51%) males and 136,079 (50%) females. Population below 6 years was 24,276. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 47,037 (17.02%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 4,069 (1.47%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 May 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Singur block had a total population of 260,729, out of which 131,286 were males and 129,443 were females. Singur block registered a population growth of -1.65 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Hooghly district was 15.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – Hooghly district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211036/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Singur CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Balarambati]] (5,068), [[Singur]] (21,382), [[Nasibpur]] (7,557), [[Jagatnagar]] (5,242), [[Baruipara]] (6,737) and [[Borai, Hooghly|Borai]] (6,522).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Singur CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Beraberi]] (6,810), [[Gopalnagar]] (12,232), Dewan Bheri (5,687), Bainchipota (4,019), Atisara (6,113), Daluigachha (4,123), Mirzapur Bankipur (5,842), Shibrambati (4,208), Basubati (4,256), Ramnagar (4,006), Pahlanpur (6,034), Bara Kamalapur (20,047) and Bighati (4,388).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Singur CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Anandanagar]] (3,915), [[Bajemelia]] (3,659), Khaser Bheri (790) and Sinher Bheri (1,563).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Singur CD Block was 211,984 (84.07% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 113,548 (88.77% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 98,436 (79.24% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 9.54%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2001 census, Singur block had a total literacy of 60.72 per cent. While male literacy was 79.52 per cent, female literacy was 52.49 per cent.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/singur.html | title = Singur | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 2011-08-04 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hooghly district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Singur CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|8.92}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 82.9% followed by Muslims at 15.8%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 250,758 and formed 90.72% of the population in Singur CD Block. Muslims numbered 24,665 and formed 8.92% of the population. Others numbered 990 and formed 0.36% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 2011, Hindus numbered 4,574,569 and formed 82.89% of the population in Hooghly district. Muslims numbered 870,204 and formed 15.77% of the population. In West Bengal Hindus numbered 64,385,546 and formed 70.53% of the population. Muslims numbered 24,654,825 and formed 27.01% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Singur block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 98.32 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.12 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.56 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.32% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.12% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administration==
===Zilla Parishad===
Singur CD Block has 3 [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]] seats. The latest elections were held in [[2023 West Bengal local elections|July 2023]] where the [[Trinamool Congress]] won all 3 seats.

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="75%" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Zilla Parishad
! ZP No.
! Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| rowspan=3| Singur || 4 || Shyamali Chatterjee || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 5 || Purnima Ghosh Malik
|
|-
| 6 || Madan Mohan Koley
|
|}

===Panchayat Samiti===
Singur [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]] has 48 divisions. The latest elections were held in [[2023 West Bengal local elections|July 2023]] where the [[Trinamool Congress]] by winning a landslide majority of 46 division against CPI(M)'s 1 and BJP's 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbsec.org/|title=2023 WB Local Election Results|work=SEC West Bengal|accessdate=2 January 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="80%" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=8|Chairperson: Tumpa Ghosh
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=8|Deputy Chairperson: Manick Chandra Das
|-
! Gram Panchayat
! No.
! Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| rowspan=3| Beraberi || 1 || Moumita Pakira || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
| 2 || Rita Koley
|
|-
| 3 || Manick Chandra Das
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Gopalnagar || 4 || Bipasa Shee
|
|-
| 5 || Ashima Malick Kamley
|
|-
| 6 || Srima Das
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Anandanagar || 7 || Biswajit Mishra
|
|-
| 8 || Barnali Kanrar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
| 9 || Ratu Kanta Jana || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=22}}
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Boinchipota || 10 || Kabita Samanta
|
|-
| 11 || Sailen Chandra Bag
|
|-
| 12 || Nirmal Patra
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Bagdanga-Chhinamore || 13 || Shatabdi Roy
|
|-
| 14 || Chhaya Dey
|
|-
| 15 || Sheikh Shamsuddin
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Singur-I || 16 || Chitra Basu
|
|-
| 17 || Sheikh Umar
|
|-
| 18 || Goutam Chatterjee
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Singur-II || 19 || Sudha Maiti
|
|-
| 20 || Mousumi Sambui
|
|-
| 21 || Bijali Ghosh
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Mirzapur-Bankipur || 22 || Tumpa Ghosh
|
|-
| 23 || Sukumar Dey
|
|-
| 24 || Jharna Koley
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Nasibpur || 25 || Sribas Ghosh
|
|-
| 26 || Sandhya Mouri
|
|-
| 27 || Tapan Kumar Malik
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Bighati || 28 || Usha Rani Das
|
|-
| 29 || Shanti Ram Das
|
|-
| 30 || Naba Kumar Dhank
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Baruipara-Paltagarh || 31 || Indira Santra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 32 || Bappaditya Gorang || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=17}}
|
|-
| 33 || Tina Man
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Borai-Pahalampur || 34 || Ujjwal Kumar Som
|
|-
| 35 || Jharna Malik
|
|-
| 36 || Anita Ghosh
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Bora || 37 || Jadabi Ghosh
|
|-
| 38 || Ananda Santra
|
|-
| 39 || Sampa Tanti
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Kamarkundu-Gopalnagar-Doluigachha || 40 || Madhabi Santra
|
|-
| 41 || Madhumita Singha Roy Das
|
|-
| 42 || Sulata Dhara
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Balarambati || 43 || Susanta Bag
|
|-
| 44 || Mitali Adak
|
|-
| 45 || Sheikh Mohammad Alim
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Basubati || 46 || Rubi Begam
|
|-
| 47 || Jayanta Das
|
|-
| 48 || Pradip Kodal
|
|}

===Gram Panchayats===
Singur [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]] has 16 villages or [[Gram panchayat|gram panchayats]]. The latest elections were held in [[2023 West Bengal local elections|July 2023]] where the [[Trinamool Congress]] won 14 villages, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won 2. The BJP was not able to gain majority in any panchayat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbsec.org/|title=2023 WB Local Election Results|work=SEC West Bengal|accessdate=2 January 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |No.
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |Gram Panchayat
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |Total Seats
|{{party color cell|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3" {{party color cell|Sanjukta Morcha}}
|{{party color cell|Independent}}
!rowspan=4 colspan=2|Majority
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
!rowspan=3|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"|[[Secular Democratic Alliance|SDA]]
!rowspan=3|Others
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|-
!1
|Beraberi
|'''14'''
|11
|0
|2
|colspan=2|0
|1
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!2
|Gopalnagar
|'''20'''
|16
|3
|1
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!3
|Anandanagar
|'''14'''
|10
|0
|4
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!4
|Boinchipota
|'''17'''
|15
|0
|2
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!5
|Bagdanga-Chhinamore
|'''20'''
|14
|4
|2
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!6
|Singur-I
|'''12'''
|10
|0
|1
|colspan=2|0
|1
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!7
|Singur-II
|'''18'''
|17
|1
|colspan=3|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!8
|Mirzapur-Bankipur
|'''17'''
|16
|1
|colspan=3|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!9
|Nasibpur
|'''23'''
|22
|0
|1
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!10
|Bighati
|'''13'''
|11
|2
|colspan=3|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!11
|Baruipara-Paltagarh
|'''21'''
|12
|7
|1
|colspan=2|0
|1
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!12
|Borai-Pahalampur
|'''19'''
|18
|1
|colspan=3|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!13
|Bora
|'''23'''
|12
|7
|4
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!14
|Kamarkundu-Gopalnagar-Doluigachha
|'''20'''
|19
|1
|colspan=3|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!15
|Balarambati
|'''17'''
|15
|1
|1
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!16
|Basubati
|'''15'''
|14
|1
|colspan=3|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
! colspan=2 align=center style="background-color:#CDCDCD; color:black"|Total
! align=center style="background-color:#CDCDCD; color:black"|283
! align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|232
! align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:black"|29
! align=center style="background-color:#CC0D0D; color:white"|19
! align=center style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:black"|0
! align=center style="background-color:#650B0B; color:white"|0
! align=center style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black"|3
| {{Party color cell|Independent}}
|}

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Singur CD Block was 18.39%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Table 2.38: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Hooghly 2005, page 89 | publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 14 June 2017}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Singur CD Block'''
|value1 = 16.40
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 16.34
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 8.11
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 59.15
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Singur CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 16.40%, agricultural labourers 16.34%, household industry workers 8.11% and other workers 59.15%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 October 2018 }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 98 inhabited villages in Singur CD Block. 100% villages have power supply. 64 villages have more than one source of drinking water (tap, well, tube well, hand pump), 23 villages have only tube well/ borewell and 9 villages have only hand pump. 9 Villages have post offices, 16 villages have sub post offices and 2 villages have post and telegraph offices. 86 villages have landlines, 51 villages have public call offices and 92 villages have mobile phone coverage. 44 villages have pucca roads and 21 villages have bus service (public/ private). 15 villages have agricultural credit societies, 15 villages have commercial/ co-operative banks and 1 village has bank ATM.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Appendices to Village Directory, 2009, Pages 775-779|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

===Tata Motors at Singur===
{{Main article|Tata Nano Singur controversy}}
Singur gained international media attention since [[Tata Motors]] started constructing a factory to manufacture their $2,500 car, the [[Tata Nano]] at Singur. The small car was scheduled to roll out of the factory by 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/article1753082.ece |title = Tata Motors’ small car to roll out of Singur by 2008 |publisher= The Hindu Business Line, 26 November 2006 | access-date = 3 June 2016}}</ref> In October 2008 Tatas announced withdrawal from the project.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://twocircles.net/2008oct04/tatas_singur_withdrawal_slap_west_bengal_biman_bose.html#.V1Feo5F97IU |title = Tata’s Singur Withdrawal ‘slap’ for West Bengal: Biman Bose|publisher= Two Circles.net, 4 October 2008 | access-date = 24 May 2016}}</ref> Six villages – [[Bajemelia]], [[Beraberi]], [[Gopalnagar]], Joymolla, Khaserbheri and Singherberi – were affected by land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://personal.lse.ac.uk/GHATAK/Singur_short.pdf |title = Land Acquisition and Compensation: What Really Happened in Singur? | work= Maitresh Ghatak, Sandip Mitra, Dilip Mookherjee, Anusha Nath|publisher= Economic and Political Weekly, 25 May 2013 | access-date = 3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://twocircles.net/2012dec25/singur_six_years_later.html#.V132m49OLIU |title = Singur: Six years later | work= 25 December 2012 |publisher= TwoCircles.net | access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> In 2016, the Supreme Court quashed the West Bengal government's acquisition of 997 acres of agricultural land for Tata Motors and ordered its return to 9,117 landowners.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Return-Singur-land-to-farmers-SC-orders-West-Bengal-govt./article14600055.ece | title = Return land to Farmers: SC orders West Bengal govt.| first= Krishnadas |last = Rajagopal| access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = The Hindu, 31 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bengal-to-return-singur-land-to-farmers-on-sept-14/article9100087.ece | title = Bengal to return Singur land to farmers on Sept 14 | access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = The Hindu Business Line, 12 September 2016}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Important Handicrafts of Hooghly District
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*'''Zari Work on Sari''' - Pandua, Pursurah, Jangipara, Tarakeswar and other blocks - 3,000 families involved
*'''Chikon Embroidery''' – Babnan, Pandua, Singur - 2,500 families involved
*'''Silk and Cotton Printing''' – Serampore (Chanditala) - 300 families involved
*'''Brass and Bell Metal''' – Manikpat, Goghat, Arambagh - 150 families involved
*'''Conch Shell''' – Pandua, Khanakul, Makla, Chandannagar
*'''Jute Diversified Product''' – Baidyabati, Mogra
*'''Terracota''' – Chinsurah, Chandannagar, Baidyabati, Mogra
Source:District [[Human Development Report]] 2010: Hooghly P. 67
|}

===Agriculture===
This is a rich agricultural area with several cold storages.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | title= List of functioning Cold Storage of West Bengal District wise as on 18.01.07 | publisher= West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date=28 January 2009}}</ref> Though rice is the prime crop of the district, the agricultural economy largely depends on potato, jute, vegetables, and orchard products. Vegetable is a prize crop in the blocks of Haripal, Singur, Chanditala, Polba and Dhaniakhali being grown in a relay system throughout the year. Though potato is cultivated in all the blocks of this district Dhaniakhali, Arambagh, Goghat, Pursurah, Haripal, Polba-Dadpur, Tarakeswar, Pandua and Singur contributed much of its production of this district.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | title= Intensive cropping with remarkable feature of Hooghly District | access-date= 28 January 2009 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220215/http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | archive-date= 16 July 2011 }}</ref>

Some of the primary and other ''hats'' or markets in the Singur block area are: Kamarkundu hat, Singur market, Ratanpur hat, Bora bazaar, Beraberi market, Banipara market, Basubati hat, Bhadreswar station bazaar and Kalisori Babu bazar.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | title = Primary Hats/Markets of District | publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board | work = Hooghly | access-date = 2009-01-29}}</ref>

The [[Tebhaga movement]] launched in 1946, in 24 Parganas district, aimed at securing for the share-croppers a better position within the existing land relation structure. Although the subsequent Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title=District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work= (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33|publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016}}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Singur CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 7.56%, patta (document) holders 4.06%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3.58%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 41.98% and agricultural labourers 42.82%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Singur CD Block had 193 fertiliser depots, 23 seed stores and 68 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Singur CD Block produced 48,445 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 17,310 hectares, 5,479 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,670 hectares, 6 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 2 hectares, 12 tonnes wheat from 5 hectares, 53,343 tonnes of jute from 2,267 hectares, 58,151 tonnes of potatoes from 3,049 hectares. It also produced oilseeds .<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Singur CD Block was 11,086 hectares, out of which 5,605 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 1,950 hectares by tank water, 100 hectares by river lift irrigation, 1,040 hectares by deep tube wells and 2,391 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Singur CD Block had offices of 26 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Singur CD Block has 5 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The broad gauge [[Sheoraphuli-Bishnupur branch line|Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line]] was opened by the Tarkessur Railway Company on 1 January 1885 and was worked by [[East Indian Railway Company]].<ref>"Administration Report on the Railways in India" 1884–85</ref><ref name=east>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2008-03-16 | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian | publisher = railindia | access-date = 2011-11-17 }}</ref> The Tarkessur company was taken over by the East Indian Railway in 1915.<ref>"Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1910-11 to 1919-20" London: His Majesty's Stationery Office 1922, which is on a DSAL statistical site at the University of Chicago.</ref> There are stations at Diara, [[Nasibpur railway station|Nasibpur]], [[Singur railway station|Singur]] and [[Kamarkundu railway station|Kamarkundu]] on the Howrah-Tarakeswar branch line.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-tarakeswar-local-37311/16893/1/9200 |title = 37361 => 37311 Howrah-Tarakeswar Local |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 8 June 2017}}</ref>

The Howrah–Bardhaman chord, a shorter link to Bardhaman from Howrah than the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]], was constructed in 1917.<ref name="east"/> There are stations at [[Baruipara railway station|Baruipara]], [[Mirzapur-Bankipur railway station|Mirzapur-Bankipur]], [[Balarambati railway station|Balarambat]]i and Kamarkundu.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-barddhaman-jn-chord-local-36811/14441/1/2 | title = 36811 Howrah Bardhaman Jn Chord Local | work= Time Table| access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = indiarailinfo}}</ref>

The [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]] passes through this CD Block and there are stations at Bhadrehwar, Mankundu and Chandannagar. The stations located in the cities/ municipal towns are outside the CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-barddhaman-jn-local-37815/14449/581/2 |title = 37815 Howrah Bardhaman Jn Local |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 13 June 2017}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Howrah Eastern Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.

The Kolkata-Delhi [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]/ Durgapur Expressway and [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]] running from Bankura to Malancha (in North 24 Parganas district) pass through this CD Block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date= 10 February 2017|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Singur CD Block had 178 primary schools with 13,589 students, 3 middle schools with 148 students, 13 high schools with 4,547 students and 21 higher secondary schools with 24,125 students. Singur CD Block had 377 institutions for special and non-formal education with 6,524 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Singur Government College]], a general degree college, was established at [[Singur]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://singurgovtcollege.org/about/ | title = Government General Degree College, Singur | publisher = Singur Government College |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SingurGovtGeneralDegreeCollege/SingurGovtGeneralDegreeCollege.shtml | title = Singur Government General Degree College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>

In Singur CD Block, amongst the 98 inhabited villages, 7 villages had no school, 61 villages had more than 1 primary school, 65 villages had at least 1 primary school, 26 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 21 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref name=censushandbook/>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Singur CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 5 private nursing homes with total 125 beds and 10 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 43 family welfare subcentres. 6,881 patients were treated indoor and 271,106 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Singur CD Block has Singur Rural Hospital (with 60 beds) at [[Singur]],
[[Bajemelia]] [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] at PO [[Gopalnagar]] (with 10 beds), Balarambati PHC (with 10 beds) and Bora PHC with (10 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 July 2017}}</ref>

Singur CD Block is one of the areas of Hooghly district where ground water is affected by moderate level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. In Hooghly district, 16 blocks have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines and 11 blocks above Indian standard value. The maximum concentration in Singur CD Block is 100 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES | work = Hugli| access-date = 3 June 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Commons category|Map of CD Block Hooghly District|Map of CD Blocks in Hooghly District }}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Chandannagore subdivision]]

Manjapai

2026-04-09T18:36:20Z

FerdinandGarden: started initial entry added tags

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Raghavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manjapai
| image = Manjapai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = N. Ragavan
| writer = N. Ragavan
| producer = [[N. Linguswamy]] [[A. Sargunam]] '''(Presenters)''' [[N. Subash Chandrabose]] A. Nandha Kumar
| starring = [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] [[Rajkiran]] [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
| cinematography = Masani
| editing = Deva
| music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| studio = A Sarkunam Cinemaz
| distributor = [[Thirupathi Brothers]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2013 |title=Suriya and Samantha for Thirupathi Brothers |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/91586.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310050846/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/91586.html |archive-date=10 March 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2014|06|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Manjapai''''' ({{Translation|Yellow Duffle}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by N. Ragavan in his debut. Produced by [[Thirrupathi Brothers]] and [[A. Sarkunam|A Sarkunam Cinemaz]], it stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Rajkiran]] and [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]. The film saw its worldwide release on 6 June 2014 and became a [[sleeper hit]]. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Erra Bus]]'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2014 |title=Manja Pai to be remade in three languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Manja-Pai-to-be-remade-in-three-languages/articleshow/37391377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125112644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Manja-Pai-to-be-remade-in-three-languages/articleshow/37391377.cms |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and in Kannada by the same director as ''[[Mr. Mommaga]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2015 |title=Rangayana Raghu Plays a Grandfather in Mr Mommaga |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Feb/19/rangayana-raghu-plays-a-grandfather-in-mr-mommaga-719236.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219213713/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/feb/19/Rangayana-Raghu-Plays-a-Grandfather-in-Mr-Mommaga-719236.html |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film starts with Tamil who is raised single-handedly by his grandfather, Venkatasamy in a village, as his parents had committed suicide after eloping and giving birth to him. 25 years later the boy is working in a Chennai-based IT company, staying in a modern upmarket apartment. Tamil meets Karthika, a medical student using tricks to get to the front of the traffic signal. They fall in love at first sight, and end up being so engrossed in each other that they don't realise that the signal had gone green. The way Karthika tricks the police officer and gets away with it endears Tamil to Karthika. He follows her and in no time she reciprocates.

Meanwhile, at work, Tamil is selected to go to US for a three-month project and he brings Venkatasamy to the city so that they can spend time together before he leaves for US. Venkatasamy, coming from a rustic background, is unfamiliar with the urban lifestyle of people in a modern city.

He bathes and washes his clothes at a fountain, causing much embarrassment to Tamil which he does not share with Venkatasamy. He causes further hardship by disturbing Tamil during his date with Karthika, causing a break-up between them. Venkatasamy infuriates Tamil further by slapping Karthika's father, an Inspector of Police, for allowing his daughter to wear short clothes in public. Tamil pleads with Karthika and finally she forgives him.

Tamil spends several nights working on a project on his laptop. Venkatasamy assumes the laptop to be a sandwich grill and without knowing how to use it, puts it on the stove causing the laptop to explode into pieces, destroying the project work. Tamil is sacked from his job as a result but hides his anger from Venkatasamy.

Karthika motivates Tamil to complete the project on her computer. The old man feels really guilty of destroying the laptop, and buys him a new one by selling his ancestral wedding ring. Tamil thanks his grandfather and starts working on the project. He finishes the project and gets his job back.

Meanwhile, the old man helps a couple elope and get them married the same way he did with Tamil's parents. While Tamil is leaving to attend an interview to go to the US, Venkatasamy mocks the US flag at the US consulate and thinks that the whites are conquering India again. He creates a nuisance and both of them are arrested. When they come out of the station, Tamil goes for a second interview but his visa is rejected; he scolds his grandfather amidst a large crowd.

A girl, Pooja, thinks that a piece of sweet laced with rat poison is a sweet that the old man gave her and faints after eating it. She was brought to the hospital and the old man is scolded in public for the second time by the girl's parents. The girl is cured thanks to the mixture of salt and tamarind water Venkatasamy gave Pooja before she was taken to the hospital, helping her to vomit and get rid of the poison.

When everyone wants to apologise and thank the old man, he goes missing and everyone starts to search for him. The old man is finally located but in a mentally challenged state. The film ends with Tamil regretting scolding his grandfather and crying while hugging him tightly.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Tamil
* [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] as Karthika
* [[Rajkiran]] as Venkatasamy
* [[Ashvin Raja]] as Tamil's friend
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as Pooja
* Ravi Venkatraman as Karthika's father
* Kadhal Saravanan as Saravana
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Traffic Inspector
* Uriyadi Suruli
}}

== Production ==
Initially, when first reported in June 2012, it was said that the film starring [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] would be directed by [[A. Sargunam]] simultaneously with his other project ''[[Naiyaandi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2012 |title=Sargunam's 'Manja Pye' with Vimal |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82925.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618124047/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82925.html |archive-date=18 June 2012 |access-date=18 August 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Though he quickly denied reports, citing that his assistant Naveen Raghavan would make his directorial debut with the project, while he would co-produce the film with his brother Nandha Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2012 |title=Sargunam's next is with Dhanush |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-03/sargunam-dhanush-16-06-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918143505/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-03/sargunam-dhanush-16-06-12.html |archive-date=18 September 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> In December 2012, [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] and [[Rajkiran]] were added to the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2012 |title="Manja Pai" for Vimal and Lakshmi Menon! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/89652.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102132018/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/89652.html |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> In January 2013, [[Thirupathi Brothers]] acquired the rights of the film to produce the film on "first copy basis".

The film began shooting schedules in March 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2012 |title=Director Sarkunam turns producer for 'Manja Pai' |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1401094.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323002932/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1401094.ece |archive-date=23 March 2013 |access-date=18 August 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 2 April 2014, the shooting was wrapped up by filming a song sequence in Chettinad Health City, Kelambakkam.

== Soundtrack ==
[[M. Ghibran]] was first signed to compose the soundtrack and score for the film, but he opted out of the project due to conflicting schedules.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2014 |title=Ghibran walks out of Manja Pai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Ghibran-walks-out-of-Manja-Pai/articleshow/28587673.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217064440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Ghibran-walks-out-of-Manja-Pai/articleshow/28587673.cms |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=8 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He was replaced by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]. All lyrics were written by [[Yugabharathi]]. He also scored the music for ''Mr. Mommaga'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |last=B. K. |date=15 April 2016 |title=Cinema Suddi: Mr. Mommaga audio out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Cinema-Suddi-Mr.-Mommaga-audio-out/article14238807.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020152552/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Cinema-Suddi-Mr.-Mommaga-audio-out/article14238807.ece |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Aagaasa Nilavu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 04:24
|-
| "Anbu Dhaan" || Krishnaraj || 03:39
|-
| "Ayyo Ayyo" || Laxman, Rishi, Sailaxmi, Harish, Ayshwarya, Asvitha & Vaishali || 03:37
|-
| "Paathu Paathu" || Hariharasudhan & [[Vandana Srinivasan]] || 03:56
|-
| "Sattena" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 04:21
|}

== Release ==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamizh|Zee Thamizh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2014 |title=Zee Tamizh to premier Comedy special "Manjapai" on this Diwali |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamizh-to-premier-comedy-special-manjapai-on-this-diwali/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328085951/https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamizh-to-premier-comedy-special-manjapai-on-this-diwali/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "We've heard of movies that push the audience's buttons. ''Manjapai'' grabs a live wire and gooses the audience's behind — so desperate is it to evoke a reaction that it even has a little girl munching on rat poison".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=7 June 2014 |title=Manjapai: Aging bull |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/manjapai-aging-bull/article6092736.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328053411/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/manjapai-aging-bull/article6092736.ece |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Manja Pai'' is a good film with a solid message but if you aren't in the mood for gyan, then this movie might not be to your liking".<ref>{{Cite news |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=8 June 2014 |title=Manja Pai Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Manja-Pai/movie-review/36248478.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615004638/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Manja-Pai/movie-review/36248478.cms |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Simplistic and sincere, ''Manja Pai'' has an old-fashioned plot and characters. It's got its heart in the right place, but sometimes that's not enough entertainment for today's audience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manja Pai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manja-pai-review-tamil-15057345.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606203828/http://www.sify.com/movies/manja-pai-review-tamil-15057345.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Manjapai'', with its cliched plot, has absolutely nothing new to offer", calling it "a very predictable and overemotional tale".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=9 June 2014 |title=Review: Manjapai is cliched and predictable |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-manjapai-is-cliched-and-predictable-south/20140609.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609160329/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-manjapai-is-cliched-and-predictable-south/20140609.htm |archive-date=9 June 2014 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "The movie is watchable for its clean content and sincere effort by debutant director Raghavan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=8 June 2014 |title=Movie review 'Manja Pai': Is watchable for its clean content and sincere efforts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-manja-pai-watchable-its-clean-content-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609071330/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140607/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-manja-pai-watchable-its-clean-content-and |archive-date=9 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave the film 2.25 stars out of 5 saying "''Manja Pai'' is a crude term that refers to rural migrants arriving to take on the big city. While there was an opportunity for director N. Raghavan to present them as is, focusing on their ability to adapt, the director resorts to stereotypes instead, not just with these sons of the soil, but also with city dwellers. This may evoke sympathy but its certainly far from a confidence building measure for other 'old school' migrants".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manja Pai Review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/manja-pai/manja-pai-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610211605/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/manja-pai/manja-pai-review.html |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz.com'' gave it a score of 2.25 out of 5 and wrote, "''Manjapai'' is definitely not on the lines of the previous films of the prestigious Thirrupathi Brothers banner. But it will not disappoint you if you go to the movie halls expecting some unadulterated entertainment filled with humor and sentiment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2014 |title=Manjapai Review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/manjapai-tamil-movie-review-17903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212015158/https://www.indiaglitz.com/manjapai-tamil-movie-review-17903 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film collected nett collection of {{INRConvert|15.5|m}} in first day and around {{INRConvert|75|m}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] in first weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=10 June 2014 |title=Box Office Collection: 'Manjapai', 'Kochadaiiyaan', 'Un Samayal Arayil' and 'Yaamirukka Bayamey' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-manjapai-kochadaiiyaan-un-samayal-arayil-yaamirukka-bayamey-601932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215211049/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-manjapai-kochadaiiyaan-un-samayal-arayil-yaamirukka-bayamey-601932 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|16.6|m}} in [[Chennai]] in ten days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=16 June 2014 |title=Box Office Collection: 'Mundasupatti', 'Naan Thaan Bala', 'Kochadaiiyaan' and Other Tamil Films |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-mundasupatti-naan-thaan-bala-kochadaiiyaan-other-tamil-films-602364 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113210802/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-mundasupatti-naan-thaan-bala-kochadaiiyaan-other-tamil-films-602364 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3039362}}

{{N. Lingusamy}}

[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]

List of Tamil-language radio stations

2026-03-25T02:33:23Z

FerdinandGarden:

{{short description|None}}

{{More citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
Radio stations that broadcast in the [[Tamil language]] are found primarily in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]] as well as other parts of the world containing a significant [[Tamil diaspora]] population.

==Africa==

* [[SA தமிழ் Radio]] (உங்கள் தமிழ் வானொலி – South Africa's Tamil radio station)
* [[Lotus FM]] (Lotus FM – South Africa's Indian radio station – Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Gujarati)
* [[Southside FM 107.2]] (Lotus FM – South Africa's first South Indian radio station – Tamil, English, Telugu isiZulu)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamilradios |url=https://tamilradios.net |website=}}</ref>

==Australia==
*[[Australian Tamil Broadcasting Corporation]] (ATBC)
*[[SBS Radio Australia]] (அஸ்திரேலிய அரசாங்க வானொலி நிலையம்)

==Canada==
* [[CJRK-FM|EAST FM 102.7 (CJRK-FM)]] - Tamil FM Radio in Toronto ( A Multiculture Radio )
* [https://tamilradios.net/radio-dhool-radios Radio Dhool]
* [[A9RADIO]] – ஏ9வானொலி தமிழ் – Tamil online radio, [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
* [[Canadian Tamil Broadcasting Corporation]] (கனடிய தமிழ் ஒலிபரப்பு கூட்டுத்தாபனம்)
* [[CMR Tamil FM]] – [[CJSA-FM|CMR Tamil FM]], Toronto, Ontario
* [[Vanakkam FM]] – [[CJVF-FM]], Toronto, Ontario
* [[International Tamil Radio]] - [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
* [[Velicham FM]] – Toronto, Ontario
* [[Tamilthai FM]] – Toronto, Ontario
* [[Thaalam FM]] (தாளம் தமிழ் வானொலி)
* [[Tamil Star Radio]] (தமிழ் வானொலி)
* [[Canadian Thamil Radio]] (கனேடிய தமிழ் வானொலி)
* [[Kalasam Radio]] – Kalasam Tamil free online radio
* [[Vanakkam Calgary]] (வணக்கம் கால்கரி) – [[Calgary]] Tamil radio program
* [[Chennai Radio]] - Internet radio station, Brampton
* [[Radio Tamil Voice]] (தமிழ்க்குரல் வானொலி) - online Tamil radio

==China==

[[Cheena Tamil Radio|Cheena (China) Tamil Radio]] சீன வானொலி

==France==
* [[Tamil Olli Radio]] (தமிழ்ஒலி வானொலி) – from [[Tamil Television Network]], France
* [[THHR FM]] (TAMIL-HIP-HOP-RADIO) - from [[Like-Xa Média Network]], France

==India==
===All India radio services in Tamil Nadu===
'''[[FM broadcasting|FM]] – [[Frequency Modulation]] services:'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio Network {{!}} Prasar Bharati |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/radio-network/#air-broadcasting-stations |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=prasarbharati.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Sl.no !! Station !! Frequency ([[MHz]])
|-
| 1||[[Chennai]] || 101.4 [[MHz]] ([[AIR FM Rainbow]]), 100.1 [[MHz]] ([[AIR FM Gold]]), 102.3 [[MHz]] ([[Vividh Bharati|Vividh Bharathi]])
|-
| 2||[[Coimbatore]] || 103.0 [[MHz]] ([[AIR FM Rainbow]])
|-
| 3||[[Dharmapuri]] || 102.5 [[MHz]] (LRS)
|-
| 4||[[Karaikal]] || 100.3 [[MHz]]
|-
| 5||[[Kodaikanal]] (since 1 July 2000) || 100.5 [[MHz]] ([[AIR FM Rainbow]])
|-
| 6||[[Madurai]] || 103.3 [[MHz]]
|-
| 7||[[Nagercoil]] || 101 [[MHz]] (LRS)
|-
| 8||[[Udagamandalam|Ooty]] || 101.8 [[MHz]]
|-
| 9||[[Rameswaram]] || 100.1 [[MHz]] (RELAY)
|-
| 10||[[Thanjavur]] || 101.2 [[MHz]] (RELAY)
|-
| 11||[[Tiruchirapalli]] || 102.1 [[MHz]] ([[AIR FM Rainbow]])
|-Suriyan 93.6
| 12||[[Tirunelveli]] || 102.6 [[MHz]]
|-
| 13||[[Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]] (Vellore) || 100.1 [[MHz]] (RELAY)
|-
| 14||[[Yercaud]] ([[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]) || 103.7 [[MHz]] (DHARMAPURI FM RAINBOW RELAY)
|-
| 15||[[Tuticorin]] (Thoothukudi) || 100.1 [[MHz]]
|}

'''[[Medium Wave]] service:''' ''(table sorted in the order of oldest radio station first)''
{| class="wikitable"
| Sl.no.||Station || Frequency (KHz.) || Meters || Broadcasting since || Transmitted power
|-
| 1||[[Chennai]] 'A' || 720||416.7 || 16 June 1938 || 200 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
| 2||[[Tiruchirapalli]] 'A' || 936||320.5 ||16 May 1939||100 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
| 3||[[Tirunelveli]] || 1197||250.6||1 December 1963||20 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
|4||[[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] || 1215||246.9||23 September 1967||20 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
|5||[[Coimbatore]]|| 999||300.3||18 December 1968<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-09 |title=50 years of reaching the unreachable |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/50-years-of-reaching-the-unreachable/articleshow/55875893.cms |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>||20 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
|6||[[Madurai]]|| 1269||236.4|| 6 June 1987 || 20 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
|7||[[Ooty]]|| 1602||187.2||7 May 1994||1 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
|8||[[Thoothukudi]] ESD || 1053||284.9||31 May 1994||200 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
|9||[[Chennai]] 'B' || 1017||295.9||14 October 1994||20 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
|10||[[Chennai]] 'C' ([[Vividh Bharti]]) || 783||383.1|| ||20 [[Watt#Kilowatt|KW]]
|-
|}

'''[[Shortwave]] service:'''
{| class="wikitable"
| Sl.no.|| Station||Frequency (KHz.) || Metres||Timings
|-
| 1|| [[Chennai]]||4920 || 60.98||05.45 a.m. to 08.15 a.m.
|-
| || ||7270, 7380 || 40.65||08.30 a.m. to 10.00 a.m. & 11.40 a.m. to 03.00 p.m.
|-
| || ||4920 || 60.98||05.30 p.m. to 11.10 p.m.
|}

=== [[Digital Radio Mondiale|Digital Radio Mondiale – DRM]] service ===
Currently DRM digital radio channels are in the testing stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Recruitment/Documents/DRMcontent_Website.pdf|title = Get Apps | Prasar Bharati}}</ref>

[[Chennai]] 'A' 730 kHz

[[Chennai]] Vividh Bharti 793 kHz

[[Chennai]] 'B' 1027 kHz

[[Tirunelveli]] 1207 kHz

[[Tiruchirapalli]] 946 kHz

[[Bengaluru]] 522 kHz (To cover [[Erode]], [[Dharmapuri]], [[The Nilgiris District|Nilgiri]], [[Vellore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]])

===News on AIR service by All India Radio===
The latest regional news bulletins in Tamil language can be heard in [http://www.newsonair.nic.in/Regional-Audio-Bulletins-News-schedule.asp audio format].

The latest national news bulletins in Tamil language can be heard in [http://www.newsonair.nic.in/NSD-Audio-Bulletins-News-Schedule.asp audio format]

The latest regional and national news are also in [http://www.newsonair.nic.in/Regional-Bulletins-Script-Schedule.asp text format]. This website is updated twice every day.

===Private broadcasters===

* [[Suryan FM]] (93.5) ([[Chennai]], [[Trichy]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], Thoothukudi & Pudhucherry (Salem & Vellore-93.9), (Erode-91.9) As ([[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]]) in other states Owned By (Sun TV Network Ltd India.)
* [[Hello FM]] (106.4 FM) (Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi & Puducherry), (Salem & Vellore- 91.5 & Erode – 92.7)Owned By Malar publications India.
* [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 FM) (Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai) (Tirunelveli & Trichy-95 ) Owned By Entertainment Network India Ltd (ENIL)
* [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] (91.1 FM) (Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai) Owned By Music Broadcast Private Limited India.
* [[Fever 104 FM|Fever 104]](91.9 FM) (Chennai) Owned By HT Media Ltd.
* [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]] (92.7 FM) (Chennai, Puducherry) Owned By Reliance Broadcast Network Ltd India.
* [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] (94.3 FM) (Hindi) (Chennai) Owned By Next MediaWorks India. and BBC Worldwide
* Chennai Live (104.1 FM, 104.8 FM) (Chennai) (FM Broadcast Suspended Since 2020 went Digital)<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pN7DDR5OujU&si=RmkDIH33FCQy-7VG</ref>
* [[Anbu Fm Tamil Online Radio]]
* Radio Beat Online [http://radiobeat.in RADIO BEAT | HD Tamil Radio | India]
* [[ASR DIGITAL RADIO]] (ONLINE RADIO) (Tamilnadu, India, World), Owned By ASR DIGITAL MULTIMEDIA.
* [http://www.radio.asrdmm.com ASR DIGITAL RADIO ( Fm ) Tamil Online Radio ( www.radio.asrdmm.com)]
* AGN CRS (91.2 FM) (AGN.Mat.Hr.Sec.School.Konganapuram)
* [http://www.anbufm.com Anbu Fm Tamil Online Radio ( www.anbufm.com)]
* [[Theydal FM]] (89.3 FM) Tamil Nadu (coming soon)
*MJOY FM
*JN FM TAMIL online radio ( [https://jnfmtamil.wixsite.com/jnfmtamil Home])
*RADIO JN online radio ([http://jnfmtamil.webradiosite.com/])
*Valipokan FM - Internet radio by Valipokan.com (https://www.valipokan.com/live-radio-station/)<ref>{{cite web |title=Live Radio Station |url=https://onlineradiohub.com/lang/tamil/ |website=Online Radio Hub}}</ref>
*Vaigai FM - Internet Radio Station. [https://vaigaifm.co.in Vaigai FM - Vaigai Media Networks | Dedicated to Tamil People All Over the World]
*Vadivelu Comedy Radio ([https://tamilradios.net/vadivelu-comedy-radio Vadivelu comedy radio])

===Puducherry (Union Territory of India)===

===[[All India Radio]] services in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]===
'''[[FM broadcasting|FM]] – [[Frequency Modulation]] services:'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Sl.no !! Station !! Frequency (MHz)
|-
| 1||[[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] || 102.8
|}

'''[[Medium Wave]] service:'''
{| class="wikitable"
| Sl.no.||Station || Frequency (MHz.)||Meters
|-
| 1||[[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] (since 23 Sep 1967) || 1215||246.9
|}

==Pakistan==
* [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]]

==Malaysia==
* [[Minnal FM]]
* [[THR Raaga]] (formerly TIME Highway Radio)
* [https://tamilradios.net/oosai-malaysia Oosai Malaysia]

==Mauritius==
* [[ONEX FM Radio]]

==Singapore==
*[[Oli 96.8FM|Oli 96.8 FM]] ([[Mediacorp]] formerly known as [[Singapore Broadcasting Corporation]] Radio).

== Sri Lanka ==
* [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation]] (இலங்கை ஒலிபரப்பு கூட்டுத்தாபனம்), previously [[Radio Ceylon]], [[Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation]]
* [[FM99 Sri Lanka|FM99]]
* [[Shakthi FM]]
* [[Sooriyan FM]]
* [[Vasantham FM]]
* [[Varnam FM]]
* [[Capital FM (Sri Lanka)|Capital FM]]
* IMAI FM<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamil |first=Radio |date= |title=Tamil FM Radio |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.tamilradiosnet |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Tamilradios}}</ref>
* [[:ta:ஆதவன் வானொலி|Athavan Radio]]
* Athavan's TamilFM
* Seth FM
* FM Derana
* City FM
* Lakhanda Radio
* Sirasa FM

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Radio station
! Frequency<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.asiawaves.net/sri-lanka-radio.htm
|title=Radio Stations in Sri Lanka
|author=Alan G. Davies
|accessdate=2010-01-01
}}</ref>
! Primary language
! Status
|-
| CRI SRI LANKA
| 97.90 MHz
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
| Active
|-
| FM Frey
| Colombo 104.4 MHz
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Testing
|-
| [[Shakthi FM]]
| 103.9 MHz, 104.1 MHz
| [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
| [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation|SLBC]] – Tamil National Service
| 102.1 MHz, 102.3 MHz
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
| [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation|SLBC]] – Tamil Commercial Service (Thendral)
| 104.7 MHz, 104.9 MHz
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
| [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation|SLBC]] – Vidula Children's Service
| 107.3 MHz, 107.5 MHz
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]]
| Active
|-
| [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation|SLBC]] – Kothmale FM
| 97.6 MHz,
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
| [[Sooriyan FM]]
| 103.4 MHz, 103.6 MHz
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
| Vasantham FM
| 102.6 MHz, 102.8 MHz
| [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
| [[Varnam FM]]
| 90.4 MHz, 90.6 MHz
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
| IMAI FM
| 101.7 MHz
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
|
| Islandwide 100.5 FM
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Active
|-
|Athavan's TamilFM
|99.5 MHz, 99.7 MHz
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Active
|-
|[[:ta:ஆதவன் வானொலி|Athavan Radio]]
|95.3 MHz
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Active
|}

==Switzerland==
* Sivan Kovil's – [./[https://tamilradios.net/sivan-kovil-fm Sivan Kovil Devotional FM Radio] Sivan Kovil Devotional FM Radio] (சிவன் கோவிலின்-பக்தி மலர்கள் வானொலி)

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
!Name
!Operator
!Frequency
!Website
!Listen live
|-
|Thaalam Tamil 1
|Thaalam Media Network
|6A, 7A, 8B, 9B, 9D, 10A, 10C, 10D DAB+
|https://www.thaalam.ch/
|[https://www.thaalam.ch/ yes]
|-
|Thaalam Tamil 2
|Thaalam Media Network
|6A, 8C, 9D, 10A, 10D DAB+
|https://www.thaalam.ch/
|
|-
|}

==UK==
* [[BBC Tamil World Service]] (தமிழோசை – பிபிசி உலக சேவை) in London

==Vatican City==
* [[Radio Vaticana]] வத்திக்கான் வானொலி

==United States==

* [https://tamilradios.net/radio-dhool-radios Radio Dhool Radios] – exclusive 24/7 Tamil radio
* [https://tamilradios.net/us-tamil-fm US Tamil Fm]
* [[Shuddh Desi Radio]]

==Global==
* [[Ezhisai FM]], Ezhisai FM From Tamil Nadu (Pattukkottai – Chennai)
* [[Thenral World Radio]] (TWR), from Germany
* [[ETR FM]] (live from Germany), European Tamils union E.V
* [[Alai FM]] (live from Chennai), Alai Network
* [[DAN Tamil Alai]] (Dish Asia Network) – from Sri Lanka
* [[TamilKushi]]
* [[TBC London]] (Tamil Broadcasting Corporation) – pro-Sri Lankan government, operated by [[Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan|Karuna]] paramilitary group from London
* [[Tamil International Radio]] – pro-Sri Lankan government, operated by [[EPDP]] paramilitary group from Sri Lanka
* [[Tamils Flash FM]] – the first Tamil Youth online radio
* Listen to Tamil language radio online free
* [[Ezhisai FM]], Ezhisai FM From Tamil Nadu (Pattukkottai – Chennai)
* [[Theophony Tamil Isai]], Listen to Theophony Tamil Isai online, live streaming from Karnataka (Bangalore)
* [https://tamilradios.net/vadivelu-comedy-radio Vadivelu Comedy Radio], listen to Vadivelu comedy audios
* [[ASR DIGITAL RADIO Tamil]] Tamil radio station with only Tamil songs
* [[Vaigai FM]] Tamil radio station from Tamilnadu (Rajapalayam - Virudhunagar Dt)

== Online Tamil radio stations ==

* [[AIR Tamil]] - online broadcast of all India radio Tamil
* [[Radio city Tamil]] - dedicated online Tamil radio channel by Radio City
* [[3D PURADSIFM]] - Tamil songs and special programs are played
* [[ILAYARAJA RADIO]]
* [[SPB RADIO]]
* [[Anbu FM Tamil Online Radio]] - online Tamil radio station for 24hrs hit Tamil songs
* [https://tamilradios.net/vadivelu-comedy-radio Vadivelu Comedy radio]
* [[Star Radio Tamil]] - Tamil Radio station with only Tamil songs and no ads
* [[ASR DIGITAL RADIO Tamil]] - Tamil Radio station with only Tamil songs
* JN FM TAMIL Tamil online radio station<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jnfmtamil.wixsite.com/jnfmtamil | title=Home JN FM}}</ref>
* RADIO JN Tamil online radio station Tamil songs only<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://jnfmtamil.webradiosite.com/ | title=Radio JN | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811145621/http://jnfmtamil.webradiosite.com/ | archive-date=2022-08-11}}</ref>
* Valipokan FM – Internet radio<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.valipokan.com/live-radio-station/ | title=Live Radio Station }}</ref>
*Vaigai FM – Internet radio station

==See also==
* [[Broadcasting in Chennai]]
* [[Tamil Language Media]]
* [[List of Sri Lankan broadcasters]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil-language radio stations}}
[[Category:Lists of radio stations by language]]
[[Category:Lists of radio stations in India]]

2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-19T09:22:58Z

FerdinandGarden:

{{short description|Indian state election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| opinion_polls = #Surveys and polls
| registered = 23,436,864<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/|title=General Election to the Legislative Assembly of Assam, 2021|work=Election Commission of India|accessdate=18 February 2026}}</ref>
| turnout = 82.42%<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724162506/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref> ({{decrease}} 2.30 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| previous_election = 2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2016
| next_election = 2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2026
| election_date = 27 March, 1 & 6 April 2021
| seats_for_election = All 126 seats in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 64
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_election = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| previous_mps = 14th Assam Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| elected_mps = 15th Assam Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sarbananda Sonowal with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=06}}
| leader1 = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| leader_since1 = 2016
| leaders_seat1 = [[Majuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majuli]]
| last_election1 = 29.5%, 60 seats
| seats1 = '''60'''
| seat_change1 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote1 = '''6,384,538'''
| percentage1 = '''33.21%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 3.70 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Leader of the Opposition, Shri Debabrata Saikia in Prime Minister’s Office.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=15}}
| leader2 = [[Debabrata Saikia]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Nazira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nazira]]
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance2 = [[Mahajot (Assam)|Mahajot]]
| leader_since2 = 2016
| last_election2 = 30.9%, 26 seats
| seats2 = 29
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 3
| popular_vote2 = 5,703,341
| percentage2 = 29.67%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.29 [[Percentage point|pp]]

| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2021 Assam Legislative Assembly Election Results Map.svg|300px]]|Results by constituency|[[File:2021 Assam Legislative Assembly Election Alliance Wise Result Map.svg|300px]]|Results by alliance}}
| map2 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly Election 2021.svg|300px]]|Partywise structure|[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly Election Alliance Wise 2021.svg|300px]]|Alliance wise structure}}
| 1blank = Alliance seats
| 1data1 = '''75'''
| 1data2 = 50
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 = {{decrease}} 11
| 3data2 = ''New''
| 4blank = Alliance vote
| 5blank = Alliance percentage
| 5data1 = '''44.51%'''
| 5data2 = 43.68%
| 4data1 = '''8,556,059'''
| 4data2 = 8,396,486
| 6blank = Alliance swing
| 6data1 = {{increase}} 2.61 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| 6data2 = ''New''
| alliance_name = no
}}

The '''2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election''' was the 15th quinquennial [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislative assembly]] election held in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]] from March 27 to April 6 in three phases, to elect 126 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] to the 15th [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. The votes were counted and the result declared on Sunday, 2 May. The term of the 14th Legislative Assembly of Assam ended on 31 May 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Election 2021: Voting date, time, results, full schedule, seats, opinion poll, parties & CM candidates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/assam-election-2021-voting-date-time-results-full-schedule-seats-opinion-poll-parties-cm-candidates-1775867-2021-03-05 |work=India Today |date=5 March 2021 |language=en |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328195418/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/assam-election-2021-voting-date-time-results-full-schedule-seats-opinion-poll-parties-cm-candidates-1775867-2021-03-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The election saw the incumbent [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) retaining power with 75 seats, which marked the first time a non-[[Indian National Congress|INC]] alliance won consecutive terms in the state. The ''Mahajot'' led by INC won 50 seats, increasing its tally from 26 in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/assam-election-result-2021-bjp-emerges-victorious-with-33-21-vote-share-congress-gets-29-67-votes-9587051.html |title=BJP emerges victorious with 33.21% vote share; Congress gets 29.67% votes |work=Firstpost |date=3 May 2021 |language=en |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505153114/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/assam-election-result-2021-bjp-emerges-victorious-with-33-21-vote-share-congress-gets-29-67-votes-9587051.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jailed activist and [[Raijor Dal]] founder and President [[Akhil Gogoi]] contested the election as an independent candidate and won the Sibsagar seat by a margin of 11,875 votes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-assembly-election-akhil-gogoi-thank-you-jailed-assam-activist-akhil-gogoi-to-voters-on-election-win-2427437 |title="Thank You": Jailed Assam Activist Akhil Gogoi To Voters On Election Win |date=2 May 2021 |work=NDTV |language=en |author=Ratnadip Choudhury |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505153113/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-assembly-election-akhil-gogoi-thank-you-jailed-assam-activist-akhil-gogoi-to-voters-on-election-win-2427437 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Assam.svg|thumb|300px|Constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

The election in 2016 brought a change of power as the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), which had formed the government under [[Tarun Gogoi]] since 2001, lost its majority to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led by [[Sarbananda Sonowal]].

=== Demographics ===
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], 61.5% were Hindus, 34.22% were Muslims.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/census-2011-religion-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/article1-1384347.aspx |title=Census 2011 data rekindles 'demographic invasion' fear in Assam |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905104547/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/census-2011-religion-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/article1-1384347.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Christian minorities (3.7%) are mostly among some of the [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] (SC/ST) population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece |title=Religious communities Census 2011: What the numbers say |work=The Hindu |access-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece |archive-date=2016-01-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The six communities in Assam<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-government-failed-to-grant-st-status-to-6-communities-as-high-level-panels-report-gathers-dust-in-new-delhi.html | title=ST status to 6 communities | access-date=2 April 2021 | archive-date=8 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408143250/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-government-failed-to-grant-st-status-to-6-communities-as-high-level-panels-report-gathers-dust-in-new-delhi.html | url-status=live }}</ref> – Maran, Matak, Tai Ahom, Chutia, Koch Rajbongshi and the tea tribes have been demanding the grant of ST status since a long time. These six communities are numerous and would play a major role in the elections. The Scheduled Tribe population (both ST(Plains) and ST(Hills))combined in Assam is around 13% of which the [[Bodo people]] (an indigenous Assamese community) account for 40% and the Scheduled Caste population is about 7.4% of which the [[Jalia Kaibarta|Kaibarta and Jal Keot]] (both indigenous Assamese & migrant Bengali communities) combined account for about 36%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/bodo-hopes-and-minority-rights/article5998693.ece |title=Bodos and their rights |access-date=2015-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201092705/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/bodo-hopes-and-minority-rights/article5998693.ece |archive-date=2016-12-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Out of 32 districts of Assam, 11 are Muslim majority according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Assembly-polls-Chasing-the-Muslim-vote/articleshow/51302289.cms |title=Assembly polls: Chasing the Muslim vote |access-date=2016-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308090448/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Assembly-polls-Chasing-the-Muslim-vote/articleshow/51302289.cms |archive-date=2016-03-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> These districts are [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[South Salmara-Mankachar district|South Salmara–Mankachar]], [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]] and [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms |title=Muslim majority districts in Assam up |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231940/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms |archive-date=2016-01-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/ |title=Assam Muslim growth is higher in districts away from border |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223192413/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/ |archive-date=2015-12-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/census-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/story-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html |title=Census 2011 data rekindles 'demographic invasion' fear in Assam |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231940/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/census-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/story-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html |archive-date=2016-01-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bodos have a population share of 12% and the Kaibarta and Jal Keot have a total share of about 10% (all of which are a part of the indigenous Assamese community).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/assam-s-perfume-tycoon-badruddin-ajmal-smells-opportunity-to-be-kingmaker/story-mU6YQnS2XgfmARyh8CTmgL.html |title=Badruddin Ajmal: Businessman, AIUDF chief and Assam's next kingmaker? |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2016-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422122027/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/assam-s-perfume-tycoon-badruddin-ajmal-smells-opportunity-to-be-kingmaker/story-mU6YQnS2XgfmARyh8CTmgL.html |archive-date=2016-04-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> The share of the indigenous Assamese communities in Assam was about 47% in the 2001 census which has reduced to about 40-45% in 2016 as predicted by the experts. Indigenous Assamese Muslims, also known as Khilonjia Muslims, include ethnic groups such as Goria and Moria, and are estimated to be around 40 lakhs in population out of a total 1 crore (4 million out of 10 million) Muslims in Assam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/assam-elections-2016-bjp-congress-the-politics-around-the-two-ends-of-assams-complex-muslim-spectrum/ |title=The politics around the two ends of Assam's complex Muslim spectrum |date=8 April 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2016-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411012825/http://indianexpress.com/article/elections-2016/india/india-news-india/assam-elections-2016-bjp-congress-the-politics-around-the-two-ends-of-assams-complex-muslim-spectrum/ |archive-date=2016-04-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Voter statistics ==
According to the CEO office, 23,374,087 General electors were eligible to vote in the Assam Assembly election. Of these, 132,081 voters had disabilities, 289,474 voters were above the age of 80, 1,281,918 were newly enrolled voters, and 505,874 voters were in the age group of 18–19 years. Apart from these, there were also 63,074 service voters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam polls 2021 phase 1: Polling in 47 constituencies on March 27 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-assam-polls-2021-phase-1-constituencies-list-candidates-result-date-latest-news-693461 |date=25 March 2021 |work=India TV |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326173528/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-assam-polls-2021-phase-1-constituencies-list-candidates-result-date-latest-news-693461 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 1.08 lakh [[D voter|D-voters]] were barred from casting their votes in this election.<ref>{{cite web|title=1.08 lakh D-voters barred from casting votes in upcoming Assam assembly polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/1-08-lakh-d-voters-barred-from-casting-votes-in-upcoming-assam-assembly-polls-1775527-2021-03-04|work=India Today|date=2021-03-04|access-date=2021-09-23|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928140630/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/1-08-lakh-d-voters-barred-from-casting-votes-in-upcoming-assam-assembly-polls-1775527-2021-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width: 60%; font-size:95%"
! Total electors
! Male voters
! Female voters
! Third gender voters
! Service voters
! Overseas electors
|-
| 23,437,172 || 11,823,286 || 11,550,403 || 398 || 63,074 || 11
|}

== Schedule ==
[[File:The Chief Election Commissioner, Shri Sunil Arora holding a press conference to announce the schedule for Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Puducherry Legislative Assembly Elections 2021, in New Delhi on February 26, 2021.jpg|thumb|The Chief Election Commissioner, [[Sunil Arora]] holding a press conference to announce the schedule for Legislative Assembly election of Assam along with [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]], [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]], [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]], and [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]], in New Delhi on February 26, 2021. The Election Commissioners, Sushil Chandra and Rajiv Kumar and the senior officials of ECI are also seen.|300px]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rowspan=3 | Poll event
! Colspan=3 | Phase
|-
! I
! II
! III
|-
| bgcolor=#28E2FF |
| bgcolor=yellow |
| bgcolor=pink |
|-
! Constituencies
! 47
! 39
! 40
|-
! Map of constituencies and their phases
| colspan ="3"|[[File:Assam 2021 election schedule.png|300px]]
|-
| Date of issue of notification
| bgcolor=#28E2FF | 2 March 2021
| bgcolor=yellow | 5 March 2021
| bgcolor=pink | 12 March 2021
|-
| Last date for filling nomination
| bgcolor=#28E2FF | 9 March 2021
| bgcolor=yellow | 12 March 2021
| bgcolor=pink | 19 March 2021
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| bgcolor=#28E2FF | 10 March 2021
| bgcolor=yellow | 15 March 2021
| bgcolor=pink | 20 March 2021
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| bgcolor=#28E2FF | 12 March 2021
| bgcolor=yellow | 17 March 2021
| bgcolor=pink | 22 March 2021
|-
| Date of poll
| bgcolor=#28E2FF | 27 March 2021
| bgcolor=yellow | 1 April 2021
| bgcolor=pink | 6 April 2021
|-
! Date of counting of votes
! align=center Colspan=3 | 2 May 2021
|- style="text-align:center"
| colspan="5" | Source: [https://eci.gov.in/elections/currentelections/ Election Commission of India]
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

[[File:NEDA Seat Sharing 2021.svg|thumb|350x350px|Map of the seat sharing arrangements between the parties of NDA for the 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | Party
! Symbol
! Leader
! Contesting seats
|-
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:black"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| BJP
| [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|31x31px]]
| [[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]]
| 93
|-
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}};color:black"|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| AGP
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|34x34px]]
| [[Atul Bora]]
| 25
|-
| ! style="text-align:center; background:#F3ED13;color:black"|
| [[United People's Party Liberal]]
| UPPL
|
| [[Pramod Boro]]
| 8
|}

=== Mahajot ===

[[File:Mahajath Seat Sharing 2021.svg|thumb|350x350px|Map of the seat sharing arrangements between the parties of Mahajath or the UPA for the 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | Party
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seat share
|-
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:black"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| INC
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|34x34px]]
| [[Debabrata Saikia]]
| 95
|-
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}};color:black"|
| [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| AIUDF
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lock And Key.svg|32x32px]]
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| 20
|-
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}};color:black"|
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| BOPF
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Nangol.svg|35x35px]]
| [[Hagrama Mohilary]]
| 12
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:black" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| CPI(M)
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|35x35px]]
| Deben Bhattacharyya
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:black" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| CPI
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|40x40px]]
| [[Munin Mahanta]]
| 1
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}};color:black" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| CPI (ML)L
| [[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|40x40px]]
| Rupun Sarma
| 1{{efn|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML) Liberation]] contested 4 seats out of which only 1 candidate was supported by [[Mahajot (Assam)|Mahajot]].}}
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:brown;color:black" |
| [[Anchalik Gana Morcha]]
| AGM
|
| [[Ajit Kumar Bhuyan]]
| 1
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}};color:black" |
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| RJD
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|30x30px]]
| Hira Devi
| 1
|}

=== URF ===

[[File:URF Seat Sharing 2021.svg|thumb|350x350px|Map of the seat sharing arrangements between the parties of United Regional Front for the 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | No.
! Symbol
! Leader(s)
! Contesting seats
|-
| ! style="text-align:center; background:#0048BA;color:black"|
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad]]
| AJP
|
| Lurinjyoti Gogoi
| 82
|-
| ! style="text-align:center; background:#EC2125;color:black"|
| [[Raijor Dal]]
| RD
|

| [[Akhil Gogoi]]
| 29
|}

=== Others ===


{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | Party
! Symbol
! Leader
! Contesting seats
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-assembly-elections-npp-to-contest-from-five-seats-announces-candidates.html|title=Assam Assembly elections: NPP to contest from five seats, announces candidates|website=nenow.in|date=2021-03-12|access-date=2021-04-25|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425092534/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-assembly-elections-npp-to-contest-from-five-seats-announces-candidates.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| NPP
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Book.svg|50px]]
|
| 11
|}

== Candidates ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Assembly constituency
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''Mahajot'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-assembly-election-mahajot-finalises-seat-sharing-aiudf-gets-21-left-4-seats-says-report.html|title=Assam Assembly Election: Mahajot finalises seat sharing, AIUDF gets 21, Left 4 seats, says report|website=nenow.in|date=2021-03-05|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305140531/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-assembly-election-mahajot-finalises-seat-sharing-aiudf-gets-21-left-4-seats-says-report.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | Voting
phase/date
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
! Candidates
! colspan="2" | Party
! Candidate
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Karimganj district|'''Sribhumi District''']]
|-
| 1
| [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Bijoy Malakar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Sambhu Sing Mallah]]
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 2
| [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Krishnendu Paul]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sachin Sahoo
|-
| 3
| [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Dr. Manash Das
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Kamalakhya Dey Purkayastha
|-
| 4
| [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Aziz Ahmed Khan (politician)|Aziz Ahmed Khan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Siddique Ahmed
|-
| 5
| [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Biswarup Bhattacharjee
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Abdul Aziz
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" " | [[Hailakandi district|'''Hailakandi District''']]
|-
| 6
| [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Milan Das
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Jakir Hussain Laskar
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 7
| [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Subrata Nath
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Suzamuddin Laskar
|-
| 8
| [[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Aptabuddin Laskar
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Nizamuddin Choudhury
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Cachar district|'''Cachar District''']]
|-
| 9
| [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Dipayan Chakraborty
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Tamal Kanti Banik
| rowspan=7 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 10
| [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Aminul Haque Laskar]]
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Karimuddin Barbhuiya
|-
| 11
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Kamakhya Prasad Mala
|-
| 12
| [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Mihir Kanti Shome]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Ajit Singh
|-
| 13
| [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Kaushik Rai]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Mukesh Pandey
|-
| 14
| [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Amalendu Das
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Misbahul Islam Laskar
|-
| 15
| [[Katigorah Assembly constituency|Katigorah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Gautam Roy
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Khalil Uddin Mazumder
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dima Hasao district|'''Dima Hasao District''']]
|-
| 16
| [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Nandita Garlosa
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Nirmal Langthasa
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Karbi Anglong district|'''Karbi Anglong District''']]
|-
| 17
| [[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Numal Momin]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Raton Engti
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 18
| [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Dorsing Ronghang
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sanjeeb Teron
|-
| 19
| [[Diphu Assembly constituency|Diphu (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Bidya Sing Engleng
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Sum Ronghang]]
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[West Karbi Anglong district|'''West Karbi Anglong District''']]
|-
| 20
| [[Baithalangso Assembly constituency|Baithalangso (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Roop Sing Terang
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Augustine Enghee
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[South Salmara district|'''South Salmara District''']]
|-
| 21
| [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Javed Islam
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| [[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1975)|Adv.Aminul Islam]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 22
| [[Salmara South Assembly constituency|Salmara South]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Ashadul Islam
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Wazid Ali Chaudhary
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dhubri district|'''Dhubri District''']]
|-
| 23
| [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Dr.Debamoy Sanyal
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Nazrul Hoque
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 24
| [[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Banendra Mushahary]]
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| [[Nijanur Rahman]]
|-
| 25
| [[Golakganj Assembly constituency|Golakganj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ashwini Roy Sarkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Abdus Sobahun Ali Sarkar
|-
| 26
| [[Bilasipara West Assembly constituency|Bilasipara West]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Abu Bakkar Siddique
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| [[Hafiz Bashir Ahmed]]
|-
| 27
| [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Singhi]]
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Samsul Huda
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kokrajhar district|'''Kokrajhar District''']]
|-
| 28
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| Somnath Narzary
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Majendra Narzary]]
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 29
| [[Kokrajhar West]] (ST)
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| Manaranjan Brahma
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Rabiram Narzary]]
|-
| 30
| [[Kokrajhar East]] (ST)
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| Lawrence Islary
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Chirang district|'''Chirang District''']]
|-
| 31
| [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| Jayanta Basumatary
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Chandan Brahma]]
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Bongaigaon district|'''Bongaigaon District''']]
|-
| 32
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Shankar Prasad Rai
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Chirang district|'''Chirang District''']]
|-
| 33
| [[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Ajoy Kumar Roy
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Kamal Singh Narzary]]
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Bongaigaon district|'''Bongaigaon District''']]
|-
| 34
| [[Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri North]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Bhupen Ray
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Abdul Bhatim Khandkar
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 35
| [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Punendra Banikya
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Pradip Sarkar
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Goalpara district|'''Goalpara District''']]
|-
| 36
| [[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Shyamjit Rabha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Jadab Sawargiary
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 37
| [[Goalpara East Assembly constituency|Goalpara East]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Jyotish Das
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Abdul Kalam Rashid Alam
|-
| 38
| [[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Sheikh Shah Alam]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Md. Abdur Rashid Mandal
|-
| 39
| [[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Osman Goni
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Aftab Uddin Mollah
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Barpeta district|'''Barpeta District''']]
|-
| 40
| [[Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Sorbhog]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Sankar Chandra Das
| bgcolor=#FF0000 |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| Manoranjan Talukdar
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Bajali district|'''Bajali District''']]
|-
| 41
| [[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Ranjit Deka
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Foni Talukdar
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 42
| [[Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency|Patacharkuchi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Santanu Sarma
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Barpeta district|'''Barpeta District''']]
|-
| 43
| [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Gunindra Nath Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Abdur Rahim Ahmed
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 44
| [[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Shahidul Islam
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Hafiz Rafiqul Islam
|-
| 45
| [[Baghbar Assembly constituency|Baghbor]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Hasinara Khatun
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sherman Ali Ahmed
|-
| 46
| [[Sarukhetri Assembly constituency|Sarukhetri]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Kalpana Patowary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Jakir Hussain Sikdar
|-
| 47
| [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Rabiul Hussain
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sukur Ali Ahmed
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kamrup district|'''Kamrup District''']]
|-
| 48
| [[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Jyoti Prasad Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Nandita Das
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 49
| [[Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Chaygaon]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Kamala Kanta Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Rekibuddun Ahmed
|-
| 50
| [[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Hemanga Thakuria
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Jatin Mali
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|'''Kamrup Metropolitan District''']]
|-
| 51
| [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Ramen Chandra Borthakur
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 52
| [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Atul Bora Sr.|Atul Bora]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Manjit Mahanta
|-
| 53
| [[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Smt. Ashima Bordoloi
|-
| 54
| [[Gauhati West Assembly constituency|Gauhati West]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Smt. Mira Borthakur Goswami
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kamrup district|'''Kamrup District''']]
|-
| 55
| [[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Suman Haripriya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Anowar Hussain
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 56
| [[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Diganta Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Kishor Bhattacharya
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 57
| [[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Bhabesh Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000 |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| Dr Bhagwan Dev Misra
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Baksa district|'''Baksa District''']]
|-
| 58
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| Leho Ram Boro
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| Ramdas Basumatary
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Nalbari district|'''Nalbari District''']]
|-
| 59
| [[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Jayanta Malla Baruah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Pradyut Kumar Bhuyan
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 60
| [[Barkhetry Assembly constituency|Barkhetry]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Narayan Deka]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Diganta Barman
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 61
| [[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Ratul Patowary
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Baksa district|'''Baksa District''']]
|-
| 62
| [[Barama Assembly constituency|Barama (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| [[Bhupen Baro]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| Prabin Boro
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=pink | '''06-04-2021'''
|-
| 63
| [[Chapaguri Assembly constituency|Chapaguri (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| [[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Hitesh Basumatary]]
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Udalguri district|'''Udalguri District''']]
|-
| 64
| [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Biswajit Daimary]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| Karuna Kanta Swargiary
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Darrang district|'''Darrang District''']]
|-
| 65
| [[Kalaigaon Assembly constituency|Kalaigaon]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Madhuram Deka
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| Durgadas Boro
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 66
| [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Paramananda Rajbongshi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Kuldip Barua
|-
| 67
| [[Mangaldoi Assembly constituency|Mangaldoi (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Gurujyoti Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Basanta Das
|-
| 68
| [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Habibur Rahman
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Ilias Ali (Indian politician)|Ilias Ali]]
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Udalguri district|'''Udalguri District''']]
|-
| 69
| [[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| Gobinda Basumatary
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Rihon Daimary]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 70
| [[Majbat Assembly constituency|Majbat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Jitu Kissan
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| [[Charan Boro]]
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Sonitpur district|'''Sonitpur District''']]
|-
| 71
| [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ashok Singhal (politician)|Ashok Singhal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Benudhar Nath
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 72
| [[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ganesh Kumar Limbu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Ram Prasad Sharma]]
|-
| 73
| [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Prithviraj Rabha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Anuj Kumar Mech
|-
| 74
| [[Rangapara Assembly constituency|Rangapara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Krishna Kamal Tanti
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Abhijit Hazarika
|-
| 75
| [[Sootea Assembly constituency|Sootea]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Padma Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Praneshwar Basumatary
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Biswanath district|'''Biswanath District''']]
|-
| 76
| [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Promod Borthakur]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Anjan Borah
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 77
| [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000 |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
| Bibek Das
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Sonitpur district|'''Sonitpur District''']]
|-
| 78
| [[Gohpur Assembly constituency|Gohpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Utpal Borah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Ripun Bora]]
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Morigaon district|'''Morigaon District''']]
|-
| 79
| [[Jagiroad Assembly constituency|Jagiroad (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Pijush Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Swapan Kumar Mandal
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 80
| [[Marigaon Assembly constituency|Marigaon]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Rama Kanta Dewri]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000 |
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| [[Munin Mahanta]]
|-
| 81
| [[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Kadiru Jjaman Zinnah
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Asif Mohd Nazar
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Nagaon district|'''Nagaon District''']]
|-
| 82
| [[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Bishnu Das
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sashi Kanta Das
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 83
| [[Dhing Assembly constituency|Dhing]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Sanjib Kumar Bora
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| Alhaj Aminul Islam
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 84
| [[Batadroba Assembly constituency|Batadroba]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Angoorlata Deka]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sibamoni Bora
|-
| 85
| [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Nazir Hussain
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Nurul Hoda
|-
| 86
| [[Nowgong Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Rupak Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Santanu Sarma
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 87
| [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Jitu Goswami
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Suresh Borah
|-
| 88
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Anil Saikia
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Rockybul Hussain
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 89
| [[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Keshab Mahanta]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Prasanta Kumar Saikia
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Hojai district|'''Hojai District''']]
|-
| 90
| [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Sadiqulla Bhuyan
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| [[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=yellow | '''01-04-2021'''
|-
| 91
| [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Ramkrishna Ghosh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Debabrata Saha
|-
| 92
| [[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Sibu Misra]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Swapan Kar
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Golaghat district|'''Golaghat District''']]
|-
| 93
| [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Atul Bora]]
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent candidate|IND]]
| Pranab Doley
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 94
| [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Biswajit Phukan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
|-
| 95
| [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Ajanta Neog]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Bitupan Saikia
|-
| 96
| [[Khumtai Assembly constituency|Khumtai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Mrinal Saikia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Bismita Gogoi
|-
| 97
| [[Dergaon Assembly constituency|Dergaon (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Bhabendra Nath Bharali]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Bani Hazarika
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Jorhat district|'''Jorhat District''']]
|-
| 98
| [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Hitendra Nath Goswami]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Rana Goswami]]
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Majuli district|'''Majuli District''']]
|-
| 99
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Rajib Lochan Pegu]]
| rowspan=1 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Jorhat district|'''Jorhat District''']]
|-
| 100
| [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Hemanta Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah
| rowspan=3 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 101
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Ramani Tanti
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Rupjyoti Kurmi
|-
| 102
| [[Teok Assembly constituency|Teok]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Renupoma Rajkhowa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Pallabi Gogoi
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Sivasagar district|'''Sibsagar District''']]
|-
| 103
| [[Amguri Assembly constituency|Amguri]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Prodip Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Angkita Dutta
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 104
| [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Mayur Buragohain
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Debabrata Saikia]]
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Charaideo district|'''Charaideo District''']]
|-
| 105
| [[Mahmara Assembly constituency|Mahmara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Jogen Mohan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Suruj Dehingia
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 106
| [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Dharmeswar Konwar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sushil Kumar Suri
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Sivasagar district|'''Sibsagar District''']]
|-
| 107
| [[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Kushal Dowari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sushanta Borgohain
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 108
| [[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Surabhi Rajkonwar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Subhramitra Gogoi
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Lakhimpur district|'''Lakhimpur District''']]
|-
| 109
| [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Amiya Kumar Bhuyan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Bhupen Kumar Borah
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 110
| [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Jayanta Khaund
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Bharat Narah
|-
| 111
| [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Manab Deka
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Joy Prakash
|-
| 112
| [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency|Dhakuakhana (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Naba Kumar Doley]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Padma Lochan Doley
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dhemaji district|'''Dhemaji District''']]
|-
| 113
| [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Ranoj Pegu
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sailen Sonowal
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 114
| [[Jonai Assembly constituency|Jonai (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Bhubon Pegu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Hema Hari Prasanna Pegu
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dibrugarh district|'''Dibrugarh District''']]
|-
| 115
| [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Chakradhar Gogoi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Pranjal Ghatowar
| rowspan=7 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 116
| [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Prasanta Phukan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Rajkumar Nilanetra Neog
|-
| 117
| [[Lahowal Assembly constituency|Lahowal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Binod Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Manoj Dhanowar
|-
| 118
| [[Duliajan Assembly constituency|Duliajan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Terash Gowalla]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Dhruba Gogoi
|-
| 119
| [[Tingkhong Assembly constituency|Tingkhong]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Bimal Bora]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Atuwa Munda
|-
| 120
| [[Naharkatia Assembly constituency|Naharkatia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Taranga Gogoi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Pranatee Phukan
|-
| 121
| [[Chabua Assembly constituency|Chabua]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| Ponakan Barua
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Ajay Phukan
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Tinsukia district|'''Tinsukia District''']]
|-
| 122
| [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Sanjoy Kishan]]
| bgcolor=#008000 |
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| Hira Devi Choudhary
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#28E2FF | '''27-03-2021'''
|-
| 123
| [[Digboi Assembly constituency|Digboi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Suren Phukan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Sibanath Chetia
|-
| 124
| [[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Bhaskar Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Manoranjan Borgohain
|-
| 125
| [[Doom Dooma Assembly constituency|Doom Dooma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Rupesh Gowala
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Durga Bhumij]]
|-
| 126
| [[Sadiya Assembly constituency|Sadiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Bolin Chetia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| Lakhin Chandra Chetia
|}

Source:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/pdf/2021/Form7A_Phase-I.pdf |title=List of Contesting Candidates_Phase_I |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113172815/http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/pdf/2021/Form7A_Phase-I.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/pdf/2021/FORM%207_Phase-II.pdf |title=List of Contesting Candidates_Phase_II |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113172832/http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/pdf/2021/FORM%207_Phase-II.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/pdf/2021/Form7A_Phase_III.pdf |title=List of Contesting Candidates_Phase_III |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113172815/http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/pdf/2021/Form7A_Phase_III.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Surveys and polls ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:20px"
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Poll type
! rowspan="2" width="100px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="175px" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
! style="background:darkgrey" |
! rowspan="2" width="75px" |Lead
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! style="width:75px;" | NDA
! style="width:75px;" | Mahajot
! style="width:75px;" | Others
|-
! rowspan="10" |Exit poll
! rowspan="10" |29 April 2021
! Republic-CNX
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 74-84
| 40-50
| 1-3
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''24-44'''
| <ref name="ndtvexpo">{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vaibhav |title=BJP Likely To Retain Power In Assam, Predicts Poll Of Exit Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exit-poll-results-2021-assam-tamil-nadu-puducherry-kerala-west-bengal-2424692 |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=NDTV.com |date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204185927/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exit-poll-results-2021-assam-tamil-nadu-puducherry-kerala-west-bengal-2424692 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! India Today-Axis My India
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" |75-85
| 40-50
| 1-4
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''25-45'''
| <ref name="ndtvexpo" />
|-
! India News-Jan Ki Baat
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 70-81
| 45-55
| 0-1
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''15-36'''
| <ref name="ndtvexpo" />
|-
! Sudarshan News
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 65-75
| 45-55
| 0-4
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''10-30'''
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sudarshannews.in/BJP-won-in-Assam-election-in-exit-Pol-20890-newsdetails.aspx#. |title=असम के किले को और मजबूती की ओर ले जाती भाजपा , 73 सीट जीतने का अनुमान, कांग्रेस 50 के नीचे सिमटी |work=Sudarshan News |date=29 April 2021 |language=Hindi |author=Shiv Kumar |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430144627/https://www.sudarshannews.in/BJP-won-in-Assam-election-in-exit-Pol-20890-newsdetails.aspx#. |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! ABP News- CVoter
| 58-71
| 53-66
| 0-5
| style="background:gray; color:white" |Hung
| <ref name="ndtvexpo" />
|-
! News24-Today's Chanakya
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 70
| 56
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''14'''
| <ref name="ndtvexpo" />
|-
! TV9 Bharatvarsh-Polstrat
| 59-69
| 55-65
| 1-3
| style="background:gray; color:white" |Hung
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/assam-elections-2021/assam-elections-exit-poll-result-2021-tv9-bharatvarsh-polstrat-results-636224.html |title=कांग्रेस का वोट शेयर ज्यादा, लेकिन फिर भी असम में सरकार बना रही है बीजेपी, देखें पोल ऑफ पोल्स |date=29 April 2021 |work=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=Hindi |author=मोहित मुदगल |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429193128/https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/assam-elections-2021/assam-elections-exit-poll-result-2021-tv9-bharatvarsh-polstrat-results-636224.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Times Now-CVoter
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 65
| 59
| 2
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''6'''
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam/article/assam-election-exit-polls/750960 |title=Assam Exit polls 2021: Northeastern state votes for NDA |work=Times Now |date=29 April 2021 |language=en |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429193633/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam/article/assam-election-exit-polls/750960 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Pratidin Time
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 67
| 59
| 0-4
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''8'''
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/exit-polls-predict-bjp-led-alliance-likely-to-retain-assam/ |title=Exit Polls Predict BJP- Led Alliance Likely To Retain Assam |work=Pratidin Time |date=29 April 2021 |language=en |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429200508/https://www.pratidintime.com/exit-polls-predict-bjp-led-alliance-likely-to-retain-assam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! India Ahead-P Marq
| 62-70
| 56-64
| 0-4
| style="background:gray; color:white" |Hung
| <ref name="ndtvexpo" />
|-
! rowspan=8 align=center | Opinion poll
! rowspan=3 align=center | 24 March 2021
! TV9 Bharatvarsh
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 73
| 50
| 3
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''23'''
| <ref>{{cite news |title=असम में फिर NDA सरकार बनने के आसार, जानें ओपिनियन पोल में किसको कितनी सीट |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/assam-elections-2021/assam-election-2021-opinion-poll-live-updates-in-hindi-tv9-bharatvarsh-polstrat-bjp-sarbananda-sonowal-badruddin-ajmal-congress-latest-chunav-assam-news-today-591636.html |date=24 March 2021 |work=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=Hindi |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324115648/https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/assam-elections-2021/assam-election-2021-opinion-poll-live-updates-in-hindi-tv9-bharatvarsh-polstrat-bjp-sarbananda-sonowal-badruddin-ajmal-congress-latest-chunav-assam-news-today-591636.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Times Now-CVoter
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 65-73
| 52-60
| 0-4
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''5-21'''
| <ref>{{cite news |title=NDA set to retain power despite stiff UPA fight, reveals Times Now CVoter tracker |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam/article/assam-election-opinion-poll/736661 |work=Times Now |date=24 March 2021 |language=en |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324155320/https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/india/assam/article/assam-election-opinion-poll/736661 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! ABP News- CVoter
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 65-73
| 52-60
| 0-4
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''5-21'''
| <ref>{{cite news |title=NDA To Retain Power In Assam Despite CAA-NRC Protests, Congress Not Far Behind |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/abp-news-cvoter-opinion-poll-2021-results-assam-final-opinion-poll-results-2021-congress-bjp-aiudf-agpp-vote-share-seat-wise-details-1449955 |date=24 March 2021 |work=ABP News |language=en |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324135947/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/abp-news-cvoter-opinion-poll-2021-results-assam-final-opinion-poll-results-2021-congress-bjp-aiudf-agpp-vote-share-seat-wise-details-1449955 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 23 March 2021
! India News-Jan Ki Baat
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 68-78
| 48-58
| 0
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''10-20'''
| <ref>{{cite news |title=India News Jan Ki Baat Opinion Poll Assam |url=https://www.inkhabar.com/national/india-news-jan-ki-baat-opinion-poll-assam-jan-ki-baat-opinion-poll-predicts-bjp-win-in-assam-seat-vote-sharing-assam-election-result-2021708130 |date=23 March 2021 |work=India News |language=hindi |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323221145/https://www.inkhabar.com/national/india-news-jan-ki-baat-opinion-poll-assam-jan-ki-baat-opinion-poll-predicts-bjp-win-in-assam-seat-vote-sharing-assam-election-result-2021708130 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 15 March 2021
! ABP News- CVoter
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 64-72
| 52-60
| 0-2
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''4-20'''
| <ref>{{cite news |title=ABP Opinion Poll: BJP-Led NDA Likely To Return To Power In Assam, Congress-Led UPA Not Far Behind |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/abp-news-cvoter-opinion-poll-2021-results-assam-opinion-poll-results-2021-congress-bjp-aiudf-agpp-vote-share-seat-wise-details-1448635 |date=15 March 2021 |work=ABP News |language=en |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316155617/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/abp-news-cvoter-opinion-poll-2021-results-assam-opinion-poll-results-2021-congress-bjp-aiudf-agpp-vote-share-seat-wise-details-1448635 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 8 March 2021
! Times Now-CVoter
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 67
| 57
| 2
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''10'''
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Assam pre-poll survey 2021: 'BJP-led NDA to win thin majority; Sarbananda Sonowal favoured as CM' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam/article/assam-election-pre-poll-survey/729815 |date=8 March 2021 |work=Times Now |language=en |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310063024/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/assam/article/assam-election-pre-poll-survey/729815 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 27 February 2021
! ABP News- CVoter
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 68-76
| 47-55
| 0-3
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''13-29'''
| <ref>{{cite news |title=BJP Expected Sweep Elections With 68-76 Seats; Congress Lags Behind With 43-51 Seats |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/abp-news-c-voter-opinion-poll-assam-elections-2021-opinion-poll-results-kaun-banega-assam-mukhyamantri-congress-bjp-aiudf-agp-1446219 |date=27 February 2021 |work=ABP News |language=en |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227183449/https://news.abplive.com/news/abp-news-c-voter-opinion-poll-assam-elections-2021-opinion-poll-results-kaun-banega-assam-mukhyamantri-congress-bjp-aiudf-agp-1446219 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 18 January 2021
! ABP News- CVoter
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 73-81
| 41-49
| 0-4
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | '''24-40'''
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=ABP-CVoter Election 2021 Opinion Poll Live: People In Bengal Satisfied With Mamata, TMC To Regain Power|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/abp-news-c-voter-2021-opinion-poll-live-updates-kaun-banega-mukhyamantri-assembly-election-5-states-wb-election-opinion-poll-kerala-election-opinion-poll-puducherry-tamil-nadu-manipur-opinion-poll-results-stats-1439900|access-date=2021-01-18|website=ABP Live|language=en|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309161207/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/abp-news-c-voter-2021-opinion-poll-live-updates-kaun-banega-mukhyamantri-assembly-election-5-states-wb-election-opinion-poll-kerala-election-opinion-poll-puducherry-tamil-nadu-manipur-opinion-poll-results-stats-1439900|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Voting ==
[[File:Polling officials carrying the Electronic Voting Machine (EVMs) and other necessary inputs required for the Assam Assembly Election, at a distribution centre, in Tinsukia, Assam on March 26, 2021.jpg|thumb|Polling officials carrying the electronic voting machine (EVMs) and other necessary inputs required for the Assam Assembly election, at a distribution centre, in Tinsukia, Assam on March 26, 2021]]
[[File:Voters showing mark of indelible ink after their casting vote, at a polling booth, during the first phase of the Assam Assembly Election, at Kaliabhomora, Tezpur district, Assam on March 27, 2021.jpg|thumb|Voters showing mark of indelible ink after voting at a polling booth, during the first phase of the Assam Assembly election, at Kaliabhomora, Tezpur district, Assam on March 27, 2021]]
[[File:A volunteer conducting thermal screening of the voters, at a polling booth, during the first phase of the Assam Assembly Election, at Kaliabhomora, Tezpur district, Assam on March 27, 2021.jpg|thumb|A volunteer conducting thermal screening of the voters, at a polling booth, during the first phase of the Assam Assembly election, at Kaliabhomora, Tezpur district, Assam on March 27, 2021]]

=== Turnout ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Phase wise voter turnout
|-
! colspan="2" | Phase
! Turnout (in%)
|-
| bgcolor=#28E2FF |
| '''Phase I'''
| '''79.93'''
|-
| bgcolor="yellow" |
| '''Phase II'''
| '''80.96'''
|-
| bgcolor="pink" |
| '''Phase III'''
| '''85.20'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Total'''
| '''82.42'''<ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Events ===
The Election commission suspended four polling officials after a polled [[Electronic Voting Machine (EVM India)|Electronic Voting Machine]] (EVM) in [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari]] constituency in [[Karimganj district]] was transported to the strong room through a car belonging to relative of [[Krishnendu Paul]], BJP candidate from neighbouring [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]], after polling party's own car broke down during heavy rain on 9:00pm April 1, 2021. The commission also ordered for a repoll at the polling place where the EVM was taken from, despite all machines were packed and untouched.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EVM In Assam BJP Candidate Car: 4 Officials Suspended, Repoll At Station|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-assembly-polls-poll-panel-team-hitches-ride-on-bjp-candidates-car-sparks-violence-2404442|access-date=2021-04-02|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402115917/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-assembly-polls-poll-panel-team-hitches-ride-on-bjp-candidates-car-sparks-violence-2404442|url-status=live}}</ref> The vehicle was stopped after a mob was informed and they spotted the EVMs in another vehicle reaching the strong room. The video of the incident went viral.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-02|title=EVM found in Assam BJP candidate's car: EC suspends 4 officials, orders repoll|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/evm-found-assam-bjp-candidate-s-car-ec-suspends-4-officials-orders-repoll-146400|access-date=2021-04-02|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402110141/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/evm-found-assam-bjp-candidate-s-car-ec-suspends-4-officials-orders-repoll-146400|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Repoll ===
On 10 April 2021, the Election Commission of India (ECI) declared the polling held on 1 April 2021 at four polling stations across three Assembly constituencies as 'void' under Section 58(1)(b) of the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]]. The Commission also ordered a repoll in these booths to be held on 20 April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/ec-orders-to-repolling-at-four-polling-booths-in-assam-on-april-20-1789509-2021-04-10 |title=EC orders to repolling at four polling booths in Assam on April 20 |work=India Today |date=10 April 2021 |author=Hemanta Kumar Nath |language=en |access-date=16 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410211939/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/ec-orders-to-repolling-at-four-polling-booths-in-assam-on-april-20-1789509-2021-04-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Results ==
=== Results by party/alliance ===
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; width:59.53%;" | '''75'''
| style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; width:39.68%;" | '''50'''
| style="background:gray; width:0.79%;" | '''1'''
|-
| '''NDA'''
| '''Mahajot'''
| '''IND'''
|}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption='''Seat share by alliance'''
| label1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| value1 = 59.53
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = Mahajot
| value2 = 39.68
| color2 = #00CCFF
| label3 = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| value3 = 0.79
| color3 = gray
}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption='''Vote share by alliance'''
| label1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| value1 = 44.51
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = Mahajot
| value2 = 43.68
| color2 = #00CCFF
| label3 = Others
| value3 = 11.81
| color3 = white
}}

{{election table|sortable=yes}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Alliance
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Vote
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! +/-
|-
| rowspan=4 bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|
! rowspan=4 align=left | [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| {{formatnum:6384538}}
| 33.21
| {{increase}}3.70
| 93
| 60
| {{No change}}
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| {{formatnum:1519777}}
| 7.91
| {{decrease}}0.23
| 22
| 9
| {{decrease}}5
|-
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| {{formatnum:651744}}
| 3.39
| {{increase}}3.39
| 11
| 6
| {{increase}}6
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}|
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | Total
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | '''{{formatnum:8556059}}'''
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | '''44.51'''
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | {{increase}}2.61
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 126{{efn|In many seats, the coalition parties were in friendly contest.}}
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | '''75'''
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | {{decrease}}11
|-
| rowspan=9 bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
! rowspan=9 align=left | [[Mahajot (Assam)|Mahajot]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{formatnum:5703341}}
| 29.67
| {{decrease}}1.29
| 95
| 29
| {{increase}}3
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}|
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| {{formatnum:1786551}}
| 9.29
| {{decrease}}3.76
| 20
| 16
| {{increase}}3
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}|
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| {{formatnum:651073}}
| 3.39
| {{decrease}}0.55
| 12
| 4
| {{decrease}}8
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| {{formatnum:160758}}
| 0.84
| {{increase}}0.29
| 2
| 1
| {{increase}}1
|-
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]{{efn|Pranab Doley from [[Anchalik Gana Morcha|AGM]] contested as an independent candidate from Bokakhat Assembly constituency.}}
| {{formatnum:27749}}
| 0.14
| —
| 1
| 0
| —
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| {{formatnum:27290}}
| 0.14
| {{decrease}}0.08
| 1
| 0
| {{No change}}
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
| {{formatnum:26403}}
| 0.14
| {{increase}}0.05
| 4{{efn|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML) Liberation]] contested 4 seats out of which only 1 candidate was supported by [[Mahajot (Assam)|Mahajot]].}}
| 0
| {{No change}}
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| {{formatnum:13321}}
| 0.07
| {{increase}}0.07
| 1
| 0
| {{No change}}
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | Total
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | '''{{formatnum:8396486}}'''
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | '''43.68'''
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | {{increase}}12.72
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 126
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | '''50'''
| style="background:#ADD8E6" | {{increase}}24
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan=3 align=left | None
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
| 32 other parties
| {{formatnum:911054}}
| 4.74
| colspan="2" | N/A
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| {{formatnum:1139423}}
| 5.93
| {{decrease}}5.11
| ''N/A''
| '''1'''
| {{steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|None of the Above}}" |
| [[None of the Above in Indian Elections|NOTA]]
| {{formatnum:219578}}
| 1.14
| {{increase}}0.02
| colspan="3" | N/A
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 4|Total
! {{formatnum:19222600}}
! 100
! colspan="2" | N/A
! 126
!
|-
! colspan="10" |
|-
| colspan="4" | Valid votes
| {{formatnum:19222600}}
| 99.52
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |N/A
|-
| colspan="4" | Invalid votes
| {{formatnum:93246}}
| 0.48
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Turnout'''
| '''{{formatnum:19315846}}'''
| '''82.42'''
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Registered voters'''
| '''{{formatnum:23436864}}'''
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|}

=== Results by district/division ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan ="2"|District
! rowspan ="2"|Seats
! style="background:#FF9933;" |
! style="background:#00BFFF;" |
! style="background:#939393;" |
|-
! NDA
! Mahajot
! IND
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Barak Valley|'''Barak Valley Division''']]
|-
! [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]
| 5
| 2
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 3
| 0
|-
! [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| 3
| 0
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 3
| 0
|-
! [[Cachar]]
| 7
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 4
| 3
| 0
|-
! Total
! align="left" | 15
! align="left" | 6
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|'''9'''
! align="left" | 0
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Central Assam Division|'''Central Assam Division''']]
|-
! [[Dima Hasao]]
| 1
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 1
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
| 3
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 3
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]
| 1
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 1
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
| 3
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 2
| 1
| 0
|-
! [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| 8
| 3
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 5
| 0
|-
! [[Hojai district|Hojai]]
| 3
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 2
| 1
| 0
|-
! Total
! align="left" | 19
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''12'''
! align="left" | 7
! align="left" | 0
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Lower Assam Division|'''Lower Assam Division''']]
|-
! [[South Salmara district|South Salmara Mankachar]]
| 2
| 0
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 2
| 0
|-
! [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| 5
| 0
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 5
| 0
|-
! [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
| 3
| 1
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 2
| 0
|-
! [[Chirang district|Chirang]]
| 2
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 2
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
| 3
| 1
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 2
| 0
|-
! [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
| 4
| 0
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 4
| 0
|-
! [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| 6
| 0
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 6
| 0
|-
! [[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| 2
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
! [[Kamrup District|Kamrup Rural]]
| 6
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 4
| 2
| 0
|-
! [[Kamrup Metropolitan|Kamrup Metro]]
| 4
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 4
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| 3
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 3
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| 3
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 2
| 1
| 0
|-
! Total
! align="left" | 43
! align="left" | 18
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|'''25'''
! align="left" | 0
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[North Assam Division|'''North Assam Division''']]
|-
! [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
| 3
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 2
| 1
| 0
|-
! [[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| 4
| 1
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 3
| 0
|-
! [[Sonitpur]]
| 6
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 6
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
| 2
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 2
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| 4
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 3
| 1
| 0
|-
! [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
| 2
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 2
| 0
| 0
|-
! Total
! align="left" | 21
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''16'''
! align="left" | 5
! align="left" | 0
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Upper Assam Division|'''Upper Assam Division''']]
|-
! [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
| 5
| style=" background:#FAD6A5;|5
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
|-
! [[Majuli district|Majuli]]
| 1
| style=" background:#FAD6A5;" | 1
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]
| 4
| 1
| style="background:#ADD8E6;" | 2
| 1
|-
! [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
| 2
| style=" background:#FAD6A5;" | 2
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| 7
| style="background:#FAD6A5;" | 7
| 0
| 0
|-
! [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| 5
| style=" background:#FAD6A5;" | 5
| 0
| 0
|-
! Total
! align="left" | 28
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|'''23'''
! align="left" | 4
! align="left" | 1
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Assembly constituency
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! '''%'''
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! '''%'''
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Karimganj district|'''Karimganj District''']]
|-
| 1
| [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari (SC)]]
| [[Bijoy Malakar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 84,711
| 61.92
| [[Sambhu Sing Mallah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 48,490
| 35.44
| 36,221
|-
| 2
| [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]]
| [[Krishnendu Paul]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 74,846
| 49.66
| Sachin Sahoo
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 70,379
| 46.70
| 4,467
|-
| 3
| [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]
| [[Kamalakhya Dey Purkayastha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 60,998
| 41.57
| Dr. Manash Das
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 52,674
| 35.89
| 8,324
|-
| 4
| [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]
| [[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 88,909
| 59.16
| [[Aziz Ahmed Khan (politician)|Aziz Ahmed Khan]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 56,422
| 37.54
| 32,487
|-
| 5
| [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| [[Abdul Aziz (Indian politician)|Abdul Aziz]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 74,452
| 56.62
| Biswarup Bhattacharjee
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 50,504
| 38.41
| 23,948
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" " | [[Hailakandi district|'''Hailakandi District''']]
|-
| 6
| [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
| [[Zakir Hussain Laskar]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 71,057
| 55.15
| Milan Das
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 47,303
| 36.72
| 23,754
|-
| 7
| [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]]
| [[Suzam Uddin Laskar|Sujam Uddin Laskar]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 79,769
| 51.83
| Subrata Nath
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 66,798
| 43.41
| 12,971
|-
| 8
| [[Algapur Assembly constituency|Algapur]]
| [[Nizam Uddin Choudhury|Nizamuddin Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 66,785
| 49.46
| Mun Swarnakar
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 49,181
| 36.42
| 17,604
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Cachar district|'''Cachar District''']]
|-
| 9
| [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
| [[Dipayan Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 98,558
| 56.17
| Tamal Kanti Banik
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 60,980
| 34.75
| 37,578
|-
| 10
| [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]
| [[Karim Uddin Barbhuiya]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 71,937
| 48.83
| [[Aminul Haque Laskar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 52,283
| 35.49
| 19,654
|-
| 11
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai (SC)]]
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 82,568
| 55.03
| Kamakhya Prasad Mala
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 62,176
| 41.44
| 20,392
|-
| 12
| [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
| [[Mihir Kanti Shome]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 61,745
| 47.34
| Ajit Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 59,060
| 45.28
| 2,685
|-
| 13
| [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]]
| [[Kaushik Rai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 55,341
| 44.61
| Mukesh Pandey
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 42,641
| 34.38
| 12,700
|-
| 14
| [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]
| [[Misbahul Islam Laskar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 64,433
| 51.77
| Amalendu Das
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 57,402
| 46.12
| 7,031
|-
| 15
| [[Katigorah Assembly constituency|Katigorah]]
| [[Khalil Uddin Mazumder]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 83,268
| 51.22
| Gautam Roy
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 76,329
| 46.95
| 6,939
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dima Hasao district|'''Dima Hasao District''']]
|-
| 16
| [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong (ST)]]
| [[Nandita Garlosa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 67,797
| 56.73
| Nirmal Langthasa
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 49,199
| 41.16
| 18,598
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Karbi Anglong district|'''Karbi Anglong District''']]
|-
| 17
| [[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan (ST)]]
| [[Numal Momin]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 60,726
| 51.05
| Raton Engti
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 42,841
| 36.02
| 17,885
|-
| 18
| [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat (ST)]]
| [[Dorsing Ronghang]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 57,927
| 55.74
| Sanjeeb Teron
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 26,244
| 25.25
| 31,683
|-
| 19
| [[Diphu Assembly constituency|Diphu (ST)]]
| [[Bidya Sing Engleng]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 77,032
| 50.58
| [[Sum Ronghang]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 36,504
| 23.97
| 40,528
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[West Karbi Anglong district|'''West Karbi Anglong District''']]
|-
| 20
| [[Baithalangso Assembly constituency|Baithalangso (ST)]]
| [[Rupsing Teron]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 89,715
| 55.00
| Augustine Enghee
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 36,278
| 22.24
| 53,437
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[South Salmara district|'''South Salmara District''']]
|-
| 21
| [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
| [[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1975)|Adv. Aminul Islam]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 125,873
| 60.72
| Javed Islam
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 69,033
| 33.30
| 56,840
|-
| 22
| [[Salmara South Assembly constituency|Salmara South]]
| [[Wazed Ali Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 146,248
| 83.98
| Nurul Islam Mollah
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 10,674
| 6.13
| 135,574
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dhubri district|'''Dhubri District''']]
|-
| 23
| [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
| [[Najrul Hoque|Nazrul Hoque]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 123,913
| 70.24
| Dr. Debamoy Sanyal
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 46,100
| 26.13
| 77,813
|-
| 24
| [[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]]
| [[Nijanur Rahman]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 112,194
| 61.07
| [[Banendra Mushahary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 63,349
| 34.48
| 48,845
|-
| 25
| [[Golakganj Assembly constituency|Golakganj]]
| [[Abdus Sobahan Ali Sarkar|Abdus Sobahun Ali Sarkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 89,870
| 48.96
| [[Ashwini Roy Sarkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 79,171
| 43.14
| 10,699
|-
| 26
| [[Bilasipara West Assembly constituency|Bilasipara West]]
| [[Hafiz Bashir Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 90,529
| 56.16
| Ali Akbar Miah
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 30,771
| 19.09
| 59,758
|-
| 27
| [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
| [[Samsul Huda]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 116,714
| 59.30
| [[Ashok Kumar Singhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 66,768
| 34.11
| 49,300
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kokrajhar district|'''Kokrajhar District''']]
|-
| 28
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
| [[Majendra Narzary]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 70,407
| 45.19
| Somnath Narzary
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 60,064
| 38.55
| 10,343
|-
| 29
| [[Kokrajhar West]] (ST)
| [[Rabiram Narzary]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 77,509
| 49.68
| Manaranjan Brahma
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 65,438
| 41.94
| 12,071
|-
| 30
| [[Kokrajhar East]] (ST)
| [[Lawrence Islary]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 82,817
| 54.14
| [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 63,420
| 41.11
| 19,397
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Chirang district|'''Chirang District''']]
|-
| 31
| [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli (ST)]]
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 97,087
| 56.50
| [[Chandan Brahma]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 65,767
| 38.27
| 31,320
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Bongaigaon district|'''Bongaigaon District''']]
|-
| 32
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 82,800
| 53.90
| Shankar Prasad Rai
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 44,633
| 29.05
| 38,167
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Chirang district|'''Chirang District''']]
|-
| 33
| [[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]
| [[Ajoy Kumar Ray]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 45,733
| 32.69
| [[Kamal Singh Narzary]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 44,730
| 31.97
| 1,003
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Bongaigaon district|'''Bongaigaon District''']]
|-
| 34
| [[Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri North]]
| [[Abdul Batin Khandakar|Abdul Batin Khandkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 93,276
| 58.58
| Bhupen Ray
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 60,495
| 38.00
| 32,781
|-
| 35
| [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South (SC)]]
| [[Pradip Sarkar (Assam politician)|Pradip Sarkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 112,954
| 61.04
| Punendra Banikya
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 65,869
| 35.59
| 47,085
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Goalpara district|'''Goalpara District''']]
|-
| 36
| [[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai (ST)]]
| [[Jadab Sawargiary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 78,551
| 43.46
| Shyamjit Rabha
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 77,275
| 42.75
| 1,276
|-
| 37
| [[Goalpara East Assembly constituency|Goalpara East]]
| [[Abul Kalam Rasheed Alam|Abdul Kalam Rasheed Alam]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 112,995
| 57.81
| Jyotish Das
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 67,747
| 34.66
| 45,248
|-
| 38
| [[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]]
| [[Abdur Rashid Mandal|Md. Abdur Rashid Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 85,752
| 54.18
| [[Sheikh Shah Alam]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 39,728
| 25.10
| 46,024
|-
| 39
| [[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| [[Aftabuddin]] Mollah
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 76,026
| 50.75
| Dr. Reza M. A. Amin
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 54,046
| 36.08
| 21,980
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Barpeta district|'''Barpeta District''']]
|-
| 40
| [[Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Sorbhog]]
| [[Manoranjan Talukdar]]
| bgcolor=#ff0000 |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 96,134
| 50.21
| Sankar Chandra Das
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 85,872
| 44.85
| 10,262
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Bajali district|'''Bajali District''']]
|-
| 41
| [[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 55,975
| 44.57
| Ranjit Deka
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 52,748
| 42.00
| 3,227
|-
| 42
| [[Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency|Patacharkuchi]]
| [[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 81,284
| 71.67
| Santanu Sarma
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 18,431
| 16.25
| 62,853
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Barpeta district|'''Barpeta District''']]
|-
| 43
| [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]]
| [[Abdur Rahim Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 111,083
| 61.04
| [[Gunindra Nath Das]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 66,364
| 36.47
| 44,719
|-
| 44
| [[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]]
| [[Rafiqul Islam (Indian politician)|Rafiqul Islam]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 156,183
| 84.60
| Shahidul Islam
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 11,408
| 6.18
| 144,775
|-
| 45
| [[Baghbar Assembly constituency|Baghbor]]
| [[Sherman Ali Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 79,357
| 52.46
| Rajib Ahmed
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 65,415
| 43.24
| 13,942
|-
| 46
| [[Sarukhetri Assembly constituency|Sarukhetri]]
| [[Jakir Hussain Sikdar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 77,045
| 43.07
| [[Kalpana Patowary]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 47,504
| 26.56
| 29,541
|-
| 47
| [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]
| [[Ashraful Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 75,312
| 58.83
| Rabiul Hussain
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 23,373
| 18.76
| 51,939
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kamrup district|'''Kamrup District''']]
|-
| 48
| [[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko (SC)]]
| [[Nandita Das (politician)|Nandita Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 120,613
| 58.82
| [[Jyoti Prasad Das]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 68,147
| 33.23
| 52,466
|-
| 49
| [[Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Chaygaon]]
| [[Rekibuddin Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 93,864
| 56.32
| [[Kamala Kanta Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 65,820
| 39.50
| 28,044
|-
| 50
| [[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]
| [[Hemanga Thakuria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 68,311
| 51.81
| Pankaj Lochan Devgoswami
| bgcolor=#0048BA |
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad|AJP]]
| 28,641
| 21.72
| 39,670
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|'''Kamrup Metropolitan District''']]
|-
| 51
| [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]
| [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 130,762
| 77.39
| Ramen Chandra Borthakur
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 28,851
| 17.07
| 101,911
|-
| 52
| [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
| [[Atul Bora Sr.|Atul Bora]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 196,043
| 64.00
| Manjit Mahanta
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 74,386
| 24.28
| 121,657
|-
| 53
| [[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]
| [[Siddhartha Bhattacharya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 113,461
| 66.33
| Ashima Bordoloi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 29,361
| 17.16
| 84,100
|-
| 54
| [[Gauhati West Assembly constituency|Gauhati West]]
| [[Ramendra Narayan Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 137,533
| 59.87
| Mira Borthakur Goswami
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 59,084
| 25.72
| 78,449
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Kamrup district|'''Kamrup District''']]
|-
| 55
| [[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo]]
| [[Suman Haripriya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 66,165
| 43.63
| Dulu Ahmed
| bgcolor=#0048BA |
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad|AJP]]
| 51,797
| 34.15
| 14,368
|-
| 56
| [[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]
| [[Diganta Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 81,083
| 53.93
| Kishor Bhattacharya
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 62,969
| 41.89
| 18,114
|-
| 57
| [[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangia]]
| [[Bhabesh Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 84,844
| 52.11
| Bhagaban Dev Misra
| bgcolor=#FF0000 |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 64,624
| 39.69
| 20,220
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Baksa district|'''Baksa District''']]
|-
| 58
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]
| [[Leho Ram Boro]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 78,818
| 46.75
| Ramdas Basumatary
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 46,635
| 27.66
| 32,183
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Nalbari district|'''Nalbari District''']]
|-
| 59
| [[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]]
| [[Jayanta Malla Baruah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 106,190
| 58.84
| Pradyut Kumar Bhuyan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 56,733
| 31.43
| 49,457
|-
| 60
| [[Barkhetry Assembly constituency|Barkhetry]]
| [[Diganta Barman]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 85,826
| 49.46
| [[Narayan Deka]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 81,772
| 47.13
| 4,054
|-
| 61
| [[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]
| [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 68,362
| 56.73
| Ratul Patowary
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 43,328
| 35.96
| 25,034
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Baksa district|'''Baksa District''']]
|-
| 62
| [[Barama Assembly constituency|Barama (ST)]]
| [[Bhupen Baro|Bhupen Boro]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 62,385
| 46.78
| Prabin Boro
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 38,613
| 28.96
| 23,772
|-
| 63
| [[Chapaguri Assembly constituency|Chapaguri (ST)]]
| [[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 61,804
| 48.58
| [[Hitesh Basumatary]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 35,065
| 27.56
| 26,739
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Udalguri district|'''Udalguri District''']]
|-
| 64
| [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]
| [[Biswajit Daimary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 72,639
| 60.82
| Karuna Kanta Swargiary
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 36,787
| 30.80
| 35,852
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Darrang district|'''Darrang District''']]
|-
| 65
| [[Kalaigaon Assembly constituency|Kalaigaon]]
| [[Durga Das Boro]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 60,815
| 41.05
| Madhu Ram Deka
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 53,713
| 36.26
| 7,102
|-
| 66
| [[Sipajhar Assembly constituency|Sipajhar]]
| [[Paramananda Rajbongshi|Parmananda Rajbongshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 74,739
| 50.33
| Kuldip Barua
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 67,605
| 45.52
| 7,134
|-
| 67
| [[Mangaldoi Assembly constituency|Mangaldoi (SC)]]
| [[Basanta Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 111,386
| 54.68
| Guru Jyoti Das
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 87,032
| 42.72
| 24,354
|-
| 68
| [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]
| [[Mazibur Rahman]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 118,342
| 55.20
| [[Ilias Ali (Indian politician)|Ilias Ali]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 62,959
| 29.37
| 55,383
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Udalguri district|'''Udalguri District''']]
|-
| 69
| [[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri (ST)]]
| [[Gobinda Chandra Basumatary]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 61,767
| 50.43
| Rihon Daimari
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 56,916
| 46.47
| 4,851
|-
| 70
| [[Majbat Assembly constituency|Majbat]]
| [[Charan Boro]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 54,409
| 42.32
| Jitu Kissan
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 38,352
| 29.83
| 16,057
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Sonitpur district|'''Sonitpur District''']]
|-
| 71
| [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]
| [[Ashok Singhal (politician)|Ashok Singhal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 93,768
| 56.89
| Benudhar Nath
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 58,698
| 35.62
| 35,070
|-
| 72
| [[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]]
| [[Ganesh Kumar Limbu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 70,569
| 51.50
| [[Ram Prasad Sharma|Ram Prasad Sarma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 52,787
| 38.52
| 17,782
|-
| 73
| [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]
| [[Prithiraj Rava]]
| bgcolor=#99CDFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 71,454
| 47.69
| Anuj Kumar Mech
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 61,331
| 40.93
| 10,123
|-
| 74
| [[Rangapara Assembly constituency|Rangapara]]
| [[Krishna Kamal Tanti]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 70,172
| 53.20
| Abhijit Hazarika
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 47,827
| 36.26
| 22,345
|-
| 75
| [[Sootea Assembly constituency|Sootea]]
| [[Padma Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 84,807
| 56.50
| Praneswar Basumatary
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 60,432
| 40.26
| 24,375
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Biswanath district|'''Biswanath District''']]
|-
| 76
| [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
| [[Promod Borthakur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 71,201
| 50.80
| Anjan Borah
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 61,991
| 44.23
| 9,210
|-
| 77
| [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]
| [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 53,583
| 50.93
| Jayanta Borah
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 23,744
| 22.57
| 29,839
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Sonitpur district|'''Sonitpur District''']]
|-
| 78
| [[Gohpur Assembly constituency|Gohpur]]
| [[Utpal Borah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 93,224
| 57.14
| [[Ripun Bora]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 63,930
| 39.18
| 29,294
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Morigaon district|'''Morigaon District''']]
|-
| 79
| [[Jagiroad Assembly constituency|Jagiroad (SC)]]
| [[Pijush Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 106,643
| 53.54
| Swapan Kumar Mandal
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 77,239
| 38.78
| 29,404
|-
| 80
| [[Marigaon Assembly constituency|Marigaon]]
| [[Rama Kanta Dewri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 81,657
| 52.15
| Bani Kanta Das
| bgcolor=#0048BA |
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad|AJP]]
| 45,125
| 28.82
| 36,532
|-
| 81
| [[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]]
| Dr. [[Asif Mohammad Nazar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 60,932
| 37.30
| Siddique Ahmed
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent candidate|IND]]
| 58,904
| 36.06
| 2,028
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Nagaon district|'''Nagaon District''']]
|-
| 82
| [[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha (SC)]]
| [[Sashi Kanta Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 89,511
| 50.05
| Bishnu Das
| bgcolor=#99CCFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 76,453
| 42.75
| 13,058
|-
| 83
| [[Dhing Assembly constituency|Dhing]]
| [[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1972)|Aminul Islam]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 145,888
| 70.39
| Mehboob Muktar
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent candidate|IND]]
| 42,921
| 20.71
| 102,947
|-
| 84
| [[Batadroba Assembly constituency|Batadroba]]
| [[Sibamoni Bora]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 84,278
| 60.02
| [[Angoorlata Deka]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 51,458
| 36.64
| 32,820
|-
| 85
| [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]
| [[Nurul Huda (Assamese politician)|Nurul Huda]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 132,091
| 73.00
| Najir Hussain
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 25,739
| 14.22
| 106,352
|-
| 86
| [[Nowgong Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]
| [[Rupak Sarmah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 81,098
| 52.01
| Santanu Sarma
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 70,015
| 44.90
| 11,083
|-
| 87
| [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]
| [[Jitu Goswami]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 70,111
| 48.70
| Suresh Borah
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 69,360
| 48.18
| 751
|-
| 88
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
| [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 81,123
| 58.09
| Anil Saikia
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 55,025
| 39.40
| 26,098
|-
| 89
| [[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]
| [[Keshab Mahanta]]
| bgcolor=#99CDFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 73,677
| 59.06
| Prasanta Kumar Saikia
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 44,957
| 36.04
| 28,720
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Hojai district|'''Hojai District''']]
|-
| 90
| [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]
| [[Sirajuddin Ajmal]]
| bgcolor=#348017 |
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
| 136,902
| 73.14
| Sadik Ullah Bhuyan
| bgcolor=#99CDFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 18,342
| 9.80
| 118,560
|-
| 91
| [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]
| [[Ramkrishna Ghosh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 125,790
| 56.64
| Debabrata Saha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 92,008
| 41.43
| 33,782
|-
| 92
| [[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]
| [[Sibu Misra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 89,108
| 51.04
| [[Swapan Kar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 77,377
| 44.32
| 11,731
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Golaghat district|'''Golaghat District''']]
|-
| 93
| [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]]
| [[Atul Bora]]
| bgcolor=#99CDFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 72,930
| 60.56
| Pranab Doley
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 27,749
| 23.04
| 45,181
|-
| 94
| [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]
| [[Biswajit Phukan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 107,090
| 51.49
| [[Roselina Tirkey]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 67,731
| 32.57
| 39,359
|-
| 95
| [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]
| [[Ajanta Neog]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 81,651
| 50.63
| Bitupan Saikia
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 72,326
| 44.84
| 9,325
|-
| 96
| [[Khumtai Assembly constituency|Khumtai]]
| [[Mrinal Saikia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 65,655
| 56.49
| [[Bismita Gogoi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 38,522
| 33.14
| 27,133
|-
| 97
| [[Dergaon Assembly constituency|Dergaon (SC)]]
| [[Bhabendra Nath Bharali]]
| bgcolor=#99CDFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 64,043
| 48.12
| Bani Hazarika
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 51,546
| 38.73
| 12,497
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Jorhat district|'''Jorhat District''']]
|-
| 98
| [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
| [[Hitendra Nath Goswami]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 68,321
| 48.84
| [[Rana Goswami]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 61,833
| 44.20
| 6,488
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Majuli district|'''Majuli District''']]
|-
| 99
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli (ST)]]
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 71,436
| 67.53
| [[Rajib Lochan Pegu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 28,244
| 26.70
| 43,192
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Jorhat district|'''Jorhat District''']]
|-
| 100
| [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabar]]
| [[Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 64,303
| 52.89
| [[Hemanta Kalita]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 50,924
| 41.89
| 13,397
|-
| 101
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]
| [[Rupjyoti Kurmi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 47,308
| 49.36
| Ramani Tanti
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 44,862
| 46.81
| 2,446
|-
| 102
| [[Teok Assembly constituency|Teok]]
| [[Renupoma Rajkhowa]]
| bgcolor=#99CDFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 47,555
| 45.78
| Pallabi Gogoi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 46,205
| 44.48
| 1,350
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Sivasagar district|'''Sibsagar District''']]
|-
| 103
| [[Amguri Assembly constituency|Amguri]]
| [[Prodip Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#99CDFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 49,891
| 48.03
| Angkita Dutta
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 43,712
| 42.08
| 6,179
|-
| 104
| [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
| [[Debabrata Saikia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 52,387
| 47.56
| Mayur Borgohain
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 51,704
| 46.94
| 683
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Charaideo district|'''Charaideo District''']]
|-
| 105
| [[Mahmara Assembly constituency|Mahmara]]
| [[Jogen Mohan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 51,282
| 45.18
| Suruj Dehingia
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 38,147
| 33.61
| 13,135
|-
| 106
| [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
| [[Dharmeswar Konwar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 69,690
| 48.00
| Sushil Kumar Suri
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 54,573
| 37.59
| 15,117
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Sivasagar district|'''Sibsagar District''']]
|-
| 107
| [[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]
| [[Sushanta Borgohain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 48,026
| 49.56
| [[Kushal Dowari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 46,020
| 47.49
| 2,006
|-
| 108
| [[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]
| [[Akhil Gogoi]]{{efn|Akhil Gogoi is the president of Raijor Dal, but he contested the election as an independent candidate.}}
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 57,219
| 46.06
| Surabhi Rajkonwari
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 45,344
| 36.50
| 11,875
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Lakhimpur district|'''Lakhimpur District''']]
|-
| 109
| [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]]
| [[Amiya Kumar Bhuyan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 58,979
| 48.53
| [[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 48,801
| 40.16
| 10,178
|-
| 110
| [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]]
| [[Bharat Narah|Bharat Chandra Narah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 52,905
| 27.34
| Ajijur Rahman
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 49,292
| 25.47
| 3,613
|-
| 111
| [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| [[Manab Deka]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 70,387
| 45.03
| Dr. Joy Prakash Das
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 67,351
| 43.09
| 3,036
|-
| 112
| [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency|Dhakuakhana (ST)]]
| [[Naba Kumar Doley]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 86,382
| 50.83
| Padmalochan Doley
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 76,786
| 45.18
| 9,596
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dhemaji district|'''Dhemaji District''']]
|-
| 113
| [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji (ST)]]
| [[Ranoj Pegu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 87,681
| 45.33
| Chittaranjan Basumatary
| bgcolor=#0048BA |
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad|AJP]]
| 56,889
| 29.41
| 30,792
|-
| 114
| [[Jonai Assembly constituency|Jonai (ST)]]
| [[Bhubon Pegu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 168,411
| 68.69
| Hema Hari Prasanna Pegu
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 57,424
| 23.42
| 110,987
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Dibrugarh district|'''Dibrugarh District''']]
|-
| 115
| [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]
| [[Chakradhar Gogoi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 55,604
| 49.68
| Pranjal Ghatowar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 33,263
| 29.72
| 22,341
|-
| 116
| [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| [[Prasanta Phukan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 68,762
| 60.44
| Rajkumar Nilanetra Neog
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 30,757
| 27.03
| 38,005
|-
| 117
| [[Lahowal Assembly constituency|Lahowal]]
| [[Binod Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 59,295
| 48.13
| Manoj Dhanowar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 42,047
| 34.13
| 17,248
|-
| 118
| [[Duliajan Assembly constituency|Duliajan]]
| [[Terash Gowalla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 54,762
| 43.35
| Dhruba Gogoi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 46,652
| 36.08
| 8,110
|-
| 119
| [[Tingkhong Assembly constituency|Tingkhong]]
| [[Bimal Bora]]h
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 62,675
| 52.66
| Etuwa Munda
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 34,282
| 28.80
| 28,394
|-
| 120
| [[Naharkatia Assembly constituency|Naharkatia]]
| [[Taranga Gogoi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 47,268
| 42.57
| [[Pranati Phukan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 32,292
| 29.08
| 14,976
|-
| 121
| [[Chabua Assembly constituency|Chabua]]
| [[Ponakan Baruah]]
| bgcolor=#99CDFF |
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 53,554
| 41.40
| Ajoy Phukan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 34,824
| 26.92
| 18,730
|-
| colspan="13" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | [[Tinsukia district|'''Tinsukia District''']]
|-
| 122
| [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
| [[Sanjoy Kishan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 85,857
| 65.58
| Shamsher Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}|
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad|AJP]]
| 15,060
| 11.50
| 70,797
|-
| 123
| [[Digboi Assembly constituency|Digboi]]
| [[Suren Phukan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 59,217
| 55.24
| Shibanath Chetia
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 32,241
| 30.80
| 26,976
|-
| 124
| [[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]
| [[Bhaskar Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 86,640
| 56.52
| Manoranjan Borgohain
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 28,140
| 18.36
| 58,500
|-
| 125
| [[Doomdooma]]
| [[Rupesh Gowala]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 49,119
| 41.72
| [[Durga Bhumij]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 40,981
| 34.80
| 8,138
|-
| 126
| [[Sadiya Assembly constituency|Sadiya]]
| [[Bolin Chetia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 64,855
| 45.49
| Lakhin Chandra Chetia
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 42,771
| 30.00
| 22,084
|}

Source:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |work=Election Commission of India |language=en |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724162506/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |title=Assembly Constituency wise vote polled by contesting candidates in FORM-21 |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514115345/http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

Soon after the election results were declared and the BJP led NDA emerged victorious, it faced the dilemma of who they should make the Chief Minister. While most of the top leaders in the BJP state unit favored incumbent Chief Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], speculations suggested that [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] had more number of elected MLAs of the BJP on his side. Due to prolonged discontent between the two leaders, a BJP legislature party meeting could not be called.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/assam-sonowal-himanta-covid-19-bjp-challenge-1800130-2021-05-08 |title=Sonowal or Himanta? Besides Covid-19, BJP faces another big challenge |work=India Today |date=8 May 2021 |author=Prabhash K Dutta |language=en |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508090624/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/assam-sonowal-himanta-covid-19-bjp-challenge-1800130-2021-05-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the post poll violence in West Bengal, the BJP top brass delayed decision regarding the chief ministership issue it faced in Assam.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-post-poll-violence-delaying-new-assam-chief-minister-announcement-2432901 |title=Bengal Post-Poll Violence Delaying New Assam Chief Minister Announcement |work=NDTV |date=6 May 2021 |author=Ratnadip Chowdhury & Harish Pullanoor |language=en |access-date=8 May 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508161007/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bengal-post-poll-violence-delaying-new-assam-chief-minister-announcement-2432901 |url-status=live }}</ref> After six days of declaration of the results, the BJP central leadership on 8 May called both the leaders to [[New Delhi]] to sort out the differences and prevent a factionalism within the party. It held a meeting at BJP national president [[J. P. Nadda|JP Nadda's]] house where Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] was also present. They met with Sonowal and Himanta separately first and then held another meeting where both of them were present. The meetings lasted for over four hours. At the end, they left the place and told reporters that the a BJP legislature party meeting will be held the day after, where the name of the next Chief Minister will be announced.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The next day Sarbananda Sonowal tendered his resignation letter to Governor [[Jagdish Mukhi]] at his residence. In the Library [[Guwahati Planetarium|Planetarium]] in Guwahati, the BJP legislative party meeting was constituted where [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] himself proposed the name of Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma for Chief Minister and he was unanimously elected as the head of the BJP legislative party. Then in the evening, Himanta Biswa Sarma met the Governor at the latter's residence and showed him the letter of support of his MLAs and sought claim to form the next government. The Governor appointed him as Chief Minister-elect and announced that he would take oath on 10 May, Monday.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The next day at [[Srimanta Sankardev Kalakshetra|Sankardev Kalakhetra]] in Guwahati, Himanta Biswa Sarma took oath as the 15th Chief Minister of Assam. Along with him 13 other MLAs of the NDA coalition also took oath as ministers in his [[Sarma ministry|cabinet]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== Bypolls ==
On 28 September 2021, the [[Election Commission of India]] announced the dates of the [[List of by-elections to the Assam Legislative Assembly#2021|by-election]] to five assembly constituencies of Assam to be held on 30 October and the results will be counted on 2 November.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam bypolls: Congress, AIUDF to contest separately; BJP, allies confident of winning all 5 seats |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-bypolls-congress-aiudf-bjp-allies-agp-uppl-1859982-2021-10-02 |work=India Today |date=2 October 2021 |author=Hemanta Kumar Nath |language=en |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008171511/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-bypolls-congress-aiudf-bjp-allies-agp-uppl-1859982-2021-10-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By-polls to 'Gossaigaon' and 'Tamulpur' have been necessitated due to the death of the sitting MLAs, while the incumbents of 'Bhapanipur', 'Mariani' and 'Thowra' resigned to join the ruling BJP.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bypolls-to-5-assam-assembly-seats-to-be-held-on-october-30/cid/1832570 |title=Bypolls to 5 Assam assembly seats to be held on October 30 |work=The Telegraph |date=28 September 2021 |language=en |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008171511/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bypolls-to-5-assam-assembly-seats-to-be-held-on-october-30/cid/1832570 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-mla-leho-ram-boro-dies-of-covid-19-7335331/ |title=Assam MLA Leho Ram Boro dies of Covid-19 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 May 2021 |author=Abhishek Saha |language=en |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529081219/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-mla-leho-ram-boro-dies-of-covid-19-7335331/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-mla-rupjyoti-kurmi-resigns-from-congress-set-to-join-bjp-7364541/ |title=Four-time Assam Congress MLA Rupjyoti Kurmi resigns, to join BJP |work=The Indian Express |date=18 June 2021 |author=Abhishek Saha |language=en |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618130617/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-mla-rupjyoti-kurmi-resigns-from-congress-set-to-join-bjp-7364541/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jul/30/assam-congress-mla-sushanta-borgohain-resigns-from-party-to-join-bjp-2337778.html |title=Assam Congress MLA Sushanta Borgohain resigns from party, to join BJP |date=30 July 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730172746/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jul/30/assam-congress-mla-sushanta-borgohain-resigns-from-party-to-join-bjp-2337778.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 10 February 2022, the Election Commission of India announced the date of By-election to Majuli Assembly constituency of Assam to be held on 7 March and the results will be counted on 10 March. By-polls to Majuli constituency have been necessitated as the seat was vacated by Union Minister for Shipping, Ports and [[Ministry of AYUSH|AYUSH]] [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] who was elected unopposed to the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 27 September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/assam-notification-issued-for-majuli-assembly-by-election/articleshow/89482580.cms |title=Notification issued for Majuli assembly by-election |work=The Economic Times |date=10 February 2022 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214224225/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/assam-notification-issued-for-majuli-assembly-by-election/articleshow/89482580.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/majuli-bypoll-in-assams-majuli-assembly-seat-vacated-by-union-minister-sarbananda-sonowal-bjp-fields-bhuban-gam-as-candidate-2767469 |title=In Assam Seat Vacated By Union Minister Sonowal, BJP Fields This Candidate |date=14 February 2022 |work=NDTV |language=en |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214182816/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/majuli-bypoll-in-assams-majuli-assembly-seat-vacated-by-union-minister-sarbananda-sonowal-bjp-fields-bhuban-gam-as-candidate-2767469 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 October 2024, the Election Commission of India announced the date of By-election to five assembly constituencies of Assam to be held on 13 November 2024 and the results will be counted on 23 November 2024. By-polls to all the five constituencies have been necessitated as all the incumbent MLAs contested the elections to the [[2024 Indian general election in Assam|Lok Sabha]] earlier this year and got elected.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/assembly-election/eci-announces-by-election-dates-for-assembly-seats-across-six-states-124101500970_1.html | title=ECI announces by-election dates for Assembly seats across seven states | date=15 October 2024 | newspaper=Business Standard | accessdate=24 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Candidates ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Assembly constituency
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']]
| colspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}"|[[All India United Democratic Front|'''AIUDF''']]
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#FF6600" | [[Bodoland People's Front|'''BPF''']]
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#{{party color|Assam Jatiya Parishad}}"|[[Assam Jatiya Parishad|'''AJP''']]
! rowspan="2" | Voting
phase/date
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Candidate
! colspan="2" | Candidate
! colspan="2" | Candidate
! colspan="2" | Candidate
|-
| 28
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| [[Jiron Basumatary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Jowel Tudu
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| Khairul Anam Khandakar
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| Dhruba Kumar Brahma Narzary
|
|
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#f4a384 | '''30-10-2021'''
|-
| 41
| [[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Sailendra Nath Das
| bgcolor=#0A8612 |
| Jubbar Ali
|
|
|
|
|-
| 58
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| [[Jolen Daimary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Bhaskar Dahal
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 101
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Rupjyoti Kurmi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Luhit Konwar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 107
| [[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Sushanta Borgohain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Monoranjan Konwar
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 99
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Bhuban Gam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#0048BA |
| Chittaranjan Basumatary
| bgcolor=#FE7D6A | '''07-03-2022'''
|-
| 11
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai (SC)]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Nihar Ranjan Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Dhrubajyoti Purkayastha
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan=5 bgcolor=#F26B8A | '''13-11-2024'''
|-
| 31
| [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli (ST)]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| [[Nirmal Kumar Brahma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Sanjib Warie
|
|
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| Suddho Kumar Basumatary
|
|
|-
| 32
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| [[Diptimayee Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Brajenjit Singha
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 77
| [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Diganta Ghatowal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Jayanta Borah
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 88
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| [[Diplu Ranjan Sarmah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| Tanzil Hussain
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Assembly constituency
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
! rowspan="2" | Voting on
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! '''%'''
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! '''%'''
|-
| 28
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]
| [[Jiron Basumatary]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 58,769
| 39.64
| Jowel Tudu
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 30,517
| 20.58
| 28,252
| Rowspan=5 bgcolor=#f4a384 | 30.10.2021
|-
| 41
| [[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 64,200
| 56.41
| Sailendra Nath Das
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 38,559
| 33.88
| 25,641
|-
| 58
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]
| [[Jolen Daimary]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 86,678
| 59.62
| Ganesh Kachary
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 29,619
| 20.37
| 57,059
|-
| 101
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]
| [[Rupjyoti Kurmi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 55,489
| 62.38
| Luhit Konwar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 15,385
| 17.30
| 40,104
|-
| 107
| [[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]
| [[Sushanta Borgohain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 54,956
| 61.99
| Dhaijya Konwar
| bgcolor=#CDCDCD |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 24,395
| 27.52
| 30,561
|-
| 99
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli (ST)]]
| [[Bhuban Gam]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 67,242
| 69.86
| Chittaranjan Basumatary
| bgcolor=#0048BA |
| [[Assam Jatiya Parishad|AJP]]
| 25,101
| 26.08
| 42,141
| bgcolor=#FE7D6A | '''7 March 2022'''
|-
| 11
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai (SC)]]
| [[Nihar Ranjan Das]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 69,945
| 49.49
| Dhrubajyoti Purkayastha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 60,847
| 43.05
| 9,098
| Rowspan=5 bgcolor=#F26B8A | 13.11.2024
|-
| 31
| [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli (ST)]]
| [[Nirmal Kumar Brahma]]
| bgcolor=#F3ED13 |
| [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| 95,243
| 57.8
| Suddho Kumar Basumatary
| bgcolor=#FF6600 |
| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
| 58,227
| 35.34
| 37,016
|-
| 32
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]]
| [[Diptimayee Choudhury]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}"|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
| 74,734
| 52.4
| Brajenjit Singha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 39,570
| 27.75
| 35,164
|-
| 77
| [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]
| [[Diganta Ghatowal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 50,947
| 50.61
| Jayanta Borah
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 41,896
| 41.62
| 9,051
|-
| 88
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
| [[Diplu Ranjan Sarmah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933 |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 81,321
| 56.94
| Tanzil Hussain
| bgcolor=#00BFFF |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 56,820
| 39.78
| 24,501
|}

Source:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/pdf/2021/Final_Contesting_Candidates_Bye_e_2021.pdf |title=List of Final Contesting Candidates |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113172044/http://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/pdf/2021/Final_Contesting_Candidates_Bye_e_2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/pdf/2021/Form21E_Return_of_Election.pdf |title=Final Result Sheet – Return of Election |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113171647/http://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/pdf/2021/Form21E_Return_of_Election.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/pdf/2022/Form%207A_99-Majuli_Final_Contesting_Cand.pdf |title=List of Final Contesting Candidates |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418040936/http://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/pdf/2022/Form%207A_99-Majuli_Final_Contesting_Cand.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/PDF/2022/Form_20_Final%20Result%20Sheet_Bye_Elec_2022.pdf |title=Final Result Sheet – Return of Election |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/2024/pdf/List%20of%20Contesting%20candidates_2024.pdf |title=List of Final Contesting Candidates |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/bye-election/2024/pdf/Form_21E_Bye_Ele_2024.pdf |title=Final Result Sheet – Return of Election |work=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Assam |language=en |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2022 Assam municipal elections]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Assam]]
* [[2025 Assam Panchayat Election]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ Assam General Legislative Election] at the ''[[Election Commission of India]]''
* [https://www.secassam.in/ Assam State Election Commission]
* [http://ceoassam.nic.in/ Chief Electoral Officer, Assam]

{{Assam elections}}

[[Category:2021 State Assembly elections in India|Assam]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Assam]]
[[Category:2020s in Assam]]

Sierra Leone

2026-03-15T11:46:00Z

FerdinandGarden: update information for accuracy and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Country in West Africa}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Sierra Leone
| native_name =
| coordinates = {{Coord|08|30|00|N|12|06|00|W|type:adm1st_region:SL-W|display=inline,title}}
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Sierra Leone
| image_flag = Flag of Sierra Leone.svg
| alt_flag = [[Flag of Sierra Leone|Flag]]
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg
| national_anthem = "[[High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sierra Leone's national anthem.ogg]]}}
| national_motto = "Unity, Freedom, Justice"
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Sierra Leone (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Sierra Leone AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}}
| map_caption =
| capital = [[Freetown]]
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slembassy-germany.org/ |title=Sierra Leone: Spread the Love |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Sierra Leone in The Federal Republic of Germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614032556/https://slembassy-germany.org/ |archive-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>
| religion_ref = <ref name=religions />
| demonym = Sierra Leonean
| languages_type = Spoken and national languages<ref>{{cite web |editor1-first=M. Paul |editor1-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor2-last=Simons |editor3-first=Charles D. |editor3-last=Fennig |year=2015 |title=Liberia |website=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=18th |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/lr/languages}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|35.5% [[Temne people|Temne]]
|33.2% [[Mende people|Mende]]
|6.4% [[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]]
|4.4% [[Kono people|Kono]]
|3.4% [[Fula people of Sierra Leone|Fula]]
|2.9% [[Susu people|Susu]]
|2.9% [[Loko people|Loko]]
|2.8% [[Koranko people|Koranko]]
|2.6% [[Sherbro people|Sherbro]]
|2.4% [[Mandingo people of Sierra Leone|Mandingo]]
|1.3% [[Sierra Leone Creole people|Krio]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2015<ref name="Census2015"/>
| religion = {{unbulleted list
|78% [[Islam in Sierra Leone|Islam]]
|21% [[Christianity in Sierra Leone|Christianity]]
|1% other
}}
| government_type = Unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Sierra Leone|President]]
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Julius Maada Bio]]}}
| leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Sierra Leone|Vice-President]]
| leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh]]}}
| leader_title3 = [[List of heads of government of Sierra Leone|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[David Moinina Sengeh]]}}
| leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone|Speaker of Parliament]]
| leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Segepoh Solomon Thomas]]}}
| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice]]
| leader_name5 = {{nowrap|Osman Abdulai Turay}}
| legislature = [[Parliament of Sierra Leone|Parliament]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = [[Sierra Leone (1961–1971)|Dominion]]
| established_date1 = 27 April 1961
| established_event2 = [[Republic]]
| established_date2 = 19 April 1971
| area_km2 = 73,252
| area_rank = 117th 
| area_sq_mi = 45,524
| percent_water = 1.1
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 8,460,512<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sierra Leone|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 100th
| population_density_km2 = 124
| population_density_rank = 114th
| population_density_sq_mi = 321
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $32.510 billion<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 150th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,550<ref name="auto1"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 165th
| GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $8.390 billion<ref name="auto1"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 154th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $915<ref name="auto1"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 176th
| Gini = 33.7 
| Gini_year = 2024
| Gini_change = <decrease->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SL |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Sierra Leone |website=[[World Bank]] |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI = 0.467 
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date= 26 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/SLE|access-date=25 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 185th
| currency = [[Sierra Leonean leone|Leone]]
| currency_code = SLE
| time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset = ±00:00
| calling_code = [[+232]]
| cctld = [[.sl]]
| footnote_a = Rank based on 2007 figure
| religion_year = 2020
| national_languages = [[Krio language|Krio]]{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
}}


'''Sierra Leone''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Sierra Leone.ogg|s|i|ˌ|ɛr|ə|_|l|i|ˈ|oʊ|n|(|i|)}}, also {{IPAc-en|UK|s|i|ˌ|ɛər|ə|_|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|s|ɪər|ə|_|-}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Sierra Leone|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref> {{langx|kri|Salone}}<ref>{{citation|title=Salone Definition |url=https://glosbe.com/kri/en/Salone}}</ref>}} officially the '''Republic of Sierra Leone''', is a country on the west coast of [[West Africa]]. It is bordered to the southeast by [[Liberia]] and by [[Guinea]] to the north. Sierra Leone's land area is {{convert|73,252|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563681/Sierra_Leone.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228134322/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563681/Sierra_Leone.html|archive-date=28 February 2008|title=Sierra Leone (country) |encyclopedia=Encarta Encyclopedia|access-date=19 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a [[tropical climate]] and environments ranging from [[savannas]] to [[rainforests]]. As of the 2023 census, Sierra Leone has a population of 8,460,512.<ref name="Census2015">{{cite web|url=https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Statistics Sierra Leone| df=dmy }}</ref> [[Freetown]] is its capital and largest city.

Sierra Leone is a [[presidential republic]], with a [[unicameral parliament]] and a [[directly elected]] president. It is a [[secular state]]. Its [[Constitution of Sierra Leone|constitution]] provides for the [[separation of state and religion]] and [[freedom of conscience]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sierra-leone/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Muslims]] constitute three-quarters of the population, and there is a significant [[Christian]] minority. Religious tolerance is very high.<ref>United Nations (5 July 2013), [https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/07/443992-inter-religious-cooperation-can-be-vital-asset-rebuilding-sierra-leone-un "Inter-religious cooperation can be vital asset for rebuilding Sierra Leone – UN expert"]. [https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/07/443992-inter-religious-cooperation-can-be-vital-asset-rebuilding-sierra-leone-un Archived]. Retrieved October 26, 2021.</ref>

Sierra Leone's current territorial configuration was established in two phases: in 1808, the coastal [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|Sierra Leone Colony]] was founded as part of the [[British Empire]], to be a place to resettle returning Africans after the [[abolition of the slave trade]]; then in 1896, the inland Protectorate was created as a result of the [[Berlin Conference of 1884–1885]]. This led to the formal recognition of the territory as the [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hargreaves |first=J. D. |date=January 1956 |title=IV. The Establishment of the Sierra Leone Protectorate and the Insurrection of 1898 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-historical-journal/article/abs/iv-the-establishment-of-the-sierra-leone-protectorate-and-the-insurrection-of-18981/3AF7D282B682C6DF80D06C0ED396E68A |journal=Cambridge Historical Journal |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=56–80 |doi=10.1017/S1474691300000330 |issn=2051-9818|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>UNITED NATIONS INTEGRATED PEACEBUILDING OFFICE IN SIERRA LEONE. [https://unipsil.unmissions.org/about-sierra-leone-history ABOUT SIERRA LEONE: HISTORY.] [https://unipsil.unmissions.org/about-sierra-leone-history Archived]. Retrieved October 26, 2021.</ref> Sierra Leone attained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1961 under the leadership of Prime Minister [[Sir Milton Margai]] of the [[Sierra Leone People's Party]] (SLPP).<ref name="Humphrey">{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Humphrey J. |date=December 1969 |title=Elections and Coups in Sierra Leone, 1967 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/elections-and-coups-in-sierra-leone-1967/F7F447FA2BE820E80298249E540C2DC4 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=611–636 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00018863 |issn=1469-7777|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1971, under Prime Minister [[Siaka Stevens]] of the [[All People's Congress]] (APC), the country adopted a new constitution, transforming Sierra Leone into a presidential republic, with Stevens as the inaugural president. In 1978, Stevens declared the APC to be the [[One party system|sole legally recognized party]]. In 1985, he was succeeded by [[Joseph Saidu Momoh]]. Momoh's enactment of a new constitution in 1991 reintroduced a [[multi-party system]]. That same year, a protracted [[Sierra Leone Civil War|civil war]] broke out between the government and the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF) rebel group. The conflict, characterized by multiple [[Coup d'état|coups d'état]], persisted for 11 years. Intervention by [[ECOMOG]] forces and later by the United Kingdom resulted in the defeat of the RUF in 2002, ushering in a period of relative stability.

Sierra Leone is a culturally diverse country, home to approximately [[Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone|18 ethnic groups]], with the [[Temne people|Temne]] and [[Mende people]]s being predominant. The [[Krio people|Creole people]], descendants of freed African-American, Afro-Caribbean slaves and liberated Africans, constitute about 1.2% of the population. English is the official language, while [[Krio language|Krio]] is the [[lingua franca]], spoken by 97% of the population. The country is rich with natural resources, notably diamonds, gold, [[bauxite]] and aluminium. As of the most recent survey in 2019, 59.2% of the population is affected by [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty]] and an additional 21.3% vulnerable to it.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 Sierra Leone |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/SLE.pdf |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports}}</ref> Sierra Leone maintains membership in several international organisations, including the United Nations, African Union, [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], among others.

==Etymology==
Sierra Leone derives its name from the [[Lion Mountains]] near its capital, Freetown.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fyle |first=C. Magbaily |date=1992 |title=The History of Sierra Leone |publisher=Trafalgar Square |page=18}}</ref> Originally named {{lang|pt|Serra Leoa}} ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for 'lioness mountains') by Portuguese explorer [[Pedro de Sintra]] in 1462, the modern name is based on the [[Venetian language|Venetian]] spelling, which was introduced by [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] explorer [[Alvise Cadamosto]] and subsequently adopted by other European [[cartography|mapmakers]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Sierra Leone|first=Thomas Nelson |last=Goddard|publisher=G. Richards limited|year=1925|pages=11–12|chapter=Early History|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b68981&seq=35}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Sierra Leone}}

=== Early history ===
[[File:Prehistoric pottery shards, Sierra Leone.jpg|thumb|Fragments of [[prehistoric]] pottery from [[Kamabai]] Rock Shelter]]

[[File: Bunce Island 1805.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bunce Island]], 1805, during the period the slave factory was run by [[Sir John Anderson, 1st Baronet, of Mill Hill|John]] and [[Alexander Anderson (slave trader)|Alexander Anderson]]]]Sierra Leone's history is marked by continuous human habitation for at least 2,500 years,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Sierra-Leone.html|title=Culture of Sierra Leone|author=Countries and Their Cultures|access-date=22 February 2008}}</ref> influenced by migrations from across Africa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-55344/Sierra-Leone|title=Sierra Leone History|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=19 February 2008}}</ref> Iron technology had been adopted by the 9th century and agriculture established by 1000 AD along the coast.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Sierra-Leone-HISTORY.html|title=Sierra Leone – History|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Nations|access-date=22 February 2008}}</ref> Climate shifts over centuries altered the ecological zones, influencing migration and conquest dynamics.<ref name="brooks"/>

The region's dense [[tropical rainforest]] and swamps, coupled with the presence of the [[tsetse fly]] which carried a disease fatal to horses and the [[zebu]] cattle used by the [[Mande people|Mandé people]], provided natural defenses against invasions by the [[Mandinka Empire]] and other African empires,<ref name="brooks">{{Cite journal |last=Fyfe |first=Christopher |date=July 1995 |title=Weighing the Probabilities - Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630. By George E. Brooks. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994. Pp. xvi + 360. £14.95, paperback (ISBN 0-8133-1263-9). |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/weighing-the-probabilities-landlords-and-strangers-ecology-society-and-trade-in-western-africa-10001630-by-george-e-brooks-boulder-westview-press-1994-pp-xvi-360-1495-paperback-isbn-0813312639/2F429B373D4D68546604D51858920ADF |journal=The Journal of African History |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=319–320 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700034174 |issn=1469-5138|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[[#Utting|Utting]] (1931), p. 33.</ref> and limited influence by the [[Mali Empire]]. The introduction of [[Islam]] by [[Susu people|Susu]] traders, merchants and migrants in the 18th century further enriched the culture, eventually establishing a strong foothold in the north. The conquest by [[Samory Touré]] in the northeast solidified Islam among the [[Yalunka people|Yalunka]], [[Kuranko]] and [[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]] people.<ref>
[[Sierra Leone#Utting|Utting]] (1931), p. 8.</ref>

===European trading===

The 15th century marked the beginning of European interaction with Sierra Leone, highlighted by Portuguese explorer [[Pedro de Sintra]] mapping the region in 1462 and naming it after the lioness mountains.<ref>''Kingfisher Geography Encyclopedia''. {{ISBN|1-85613-582-9}}, p. 180.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://slconcordtimes.com/pedro-da-cintra-did-not-name-sierra-leone-an-exploration-into-available-evidence/ |title=Pedro da çintra did not name Sierra Leone: An Exploration into available evidence |date=22 June 2017 |work=Sierra Leone Concord Times |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806061658/http://slconcordtimes.com/pedro-da-cintra-did-not-name-sierra-leone-an-exploration-into-available-evidence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This naming has been subject to historical reinterpretation, suggesting earlier European knowledge of the region. Following Sintra, European traders established fortified posts, engaging primarily in the [[History of slavery|slave trade]], which shaped the socio-economic landscape significantly.<ref>{{Cite book |last =LeVert |first =Suzanne |title =Cultures of the World: Sierra Leone |page =[https://archive.org/details/sierraleone0000leve/page/22 22] |publisher =Marshall Cavendish |isbn =978-0-7614-2334-8 |year =2006 |url =https://archive.org/details/sierraleone0000leve/page/22 }}</ref>

Traders from European countries such as the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]], started to establish trading stations. These stations quickly began to primarily deal in slaves, who were brought to the coast by indigenous traders from interior areas. The Europeans made payments, called ''Cole'', for rent, tribute, and trading rights, to the king of an area. Local Afro-European merchants often acted as middlemen, the Europeans advancing them goods to trade to indigenous merchants, most often for slaves and ivory.<ref>Christopher Fyfe, ''A History of Sierra Leone'', Introduction.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last =Sibthorpe |first =A. B. C. |title =The History of Sierra Leone |page=7|publisher=Routledge |isbn =978-0-7146-1769-5 |year =1970}}</ref>
[[File:Sierra leone, sapi, olifante, 1490-1510 ca.jpg|thumb|Sierra leone, sapi, olifante, 1490-1510 ca]]

===Early Portuguese interactions===
Portuguese traders were particularly drawn to the local craftsmanship in [[ivory]], leading to a notable trade in ivory artifacts such as horns, [[Sapi Saltceller]], and spoons. The Sapi people belonged to a cluster of people who spoke [[West Atlantic languages]], living in the region of modern day Sierra Leone. There had already been a carving culture established in the area prior to Portuguese contact, and many travellers to Sierra Leone were initially impressed with the Sapis' carving skills, taking local ivory horns back to Europe.<ref>Mota 1975: 586-87; Bassani 1981</ref> [[File:DeliveryService-2.jpg|thumb|An Ivory Hunting Horn, Sapi people, Modern day Bullom or Temne People, Sierra Leone, late 15th century]]

=== Black Poor of London ===
{{Main|Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor}}

[[File:Houses at Sierra-Leone (May 1853, X, p.55) - Copy.jpg|thumb|Houses at Sierra-Leone (May 1853, X, p. 55)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Houses at Sierra-Leone|journal=The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons|date=May 1853|volume=X|page=55|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil19socigoog|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>]]
In the late 18th century, some African Americans who had fought for the [[British Crown]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]] were resettled in Sierra Leone, forming a community named [[Black Loyalists]]. This resettlement scheme was partly motivated by social issues in London, with the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme offering a new beginning for the [[Black Poor]]. Many had been slaves who had escaped to join the British, lured by promises of freedom ([[emancipation]]). Official documentation known as the ''[[Book of Negroes]]'' lists thousands of freed slaves whom the British evacuated from the nascent United States and resettled in colonies elsewhere in [[British North America]].
Pro-slavery advocates accused the Black Poor of being responsible for a large proportion of crime in 18th-century London. While the broader community included some women, the Black Poor seems to have exclusively consisted of men, some of whom developed relationships with local women and often married them. On the voyage between [[Plymouth|Plymouth, England]] and Sierra Leone, 29 European girlfriends and wives accompanied the [[Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor|Black Poor settlers]].<ref>Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. 40–43.</ref> Many in London thought moving them to Sierra Leone would lift them out of poverty.<ref>[[Peter Fryer]] in ''[[Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain]]'' (London: [[Pluto Press]], 1984; p. 195) quotes a contemporary commentator who called them "indigent, unemployed, despised and forlorn", saying that "it was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to invest {{sic}} the streets of London" (C. B. Wadström, ''An Essay on Colonization'', 1794–5, II, 220).</ref> The Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme was proposed by entomologist [[Henry Smeathman]] and drew interest from humanitarians like [[Granville Sharp]], who saw it as a means of showing the pro-slavery lobby that black people could contribute towards the running of the new colony. Government officials soon became involved in the scheme as well, although their interest was spurred by the possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-08-31|title=Freed slaves in Sierra Leone|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/31/race.bookextracts|access-date=2020-09-20|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[William Pitt the Younger]], prime minister and leader of the Tory party, had an active interest in the Scheme because he saw it as a means to repatriate the Black Poor to Africa.<ref name=Siva2021>{{cite journal |first1=Michael |last1=Siva |title=Why Did the Black Poor of London Not Support the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme? |journal=History Matters Journal |volume=1 |issue=2 |date=Winter 2021 |pages=25–47 }}</ref>

In January 1787, the ''Atlantic'' and the ''Belisarius'' set sail for Sierra Leone, but bad weather forced them to divert to Plymouth, during which time about 50 passengers died. Another 24 were discharged, and 23 ran away. Eventually, 411 passengers sailed to Sierra Leone in April 1787. On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died.<ref name=Siva2021/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/exodus/company.htm |title=Black Loyalist Heritage Society |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928222047/http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/exodus/company.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/gustavusvassa |title=Gustavus Vassa: Olaudah Equiano |publisher=Plymouth City Council |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013064927/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/gustavusvassa |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sierraleone.htm|title=Economic History of Sierra Leone|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200704/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sierraleone.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1787 the British Crown founded a settlement in Sierra Leone in what was called the "[[Province of Freedom]]". About 400 black and 60 white colonists reached Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787. After they established [[Granville Town]], most of the first group of colonists died, owing to disease and warfare with the indigenous African peoples ([[Temne people|Temne]]), who resisted their encroachment. When the ships left them in September, they had been reduced to "276 persons, namely 212 black men, 30 black women, 5 white men and 29 white women".<ref name=Siva2021/>

The settlers that remained forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliated, attacking the settlement, which was reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women. Black settlers were captured by unscrupulous traders and sold as slaves, and the remaining colonists were forced to arm themselves for their own protection.<ref name=Siva2021/> The 64 remaining colonists established a second Granville Town.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Pham |first = John-Peter |title = Child Soldiers, Adult Interests: The Global Dimensions of the Sierra Leonean Tragedy |publisher = Nova Publishers |year = 2005 |pages = 4–8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnPFKpwoIkIC&pg=PA4 |isbn = 978-1-59454-671-6 |access-date = 17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>Michael Sivapragasam, ''Why Did Black Londoners Not Join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?'' London: Open University, 2013.</ref>

=== Nova Scotians ===
{{Main|Nova Scotian Settlers}}

Following the American Revolution, some Black Loyalists from [[Nova Scotia]], Canada, were relocated to Sierra Leone, founding Freetown and contributing significantly to the [[Krio people]] and [[Krio language]] that would come to define the region.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Following the [[American Revolution]], more than 3,000 Black Loyalists had also been settled in [[Nova Scotia]], but faced harsh winters and racial discrimination. [[Thomas Peters (black leader)|Thomas Peters]] pressed British authorities for relief and more aid; together with British abolitionist [[John Clarkson (abolitionist)|John Clarkson]], the [[Sierra Leone Company]] was established to relocate Black Loyalists who wanted to take their chances in West Africa. In 1792 nearly 1,200 persons from Nova Scotia crossed the Atlantic to build the second (and only permanent) Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of [[Freetown]] on 11 March 1792. In Sierra Leone they were called the [[Nova Scotian Settlers]], the ''Nova Scotians'', or the ''Settlers''. Clarkson initially banned the survivors of Granville Town from joining the new settlement, blaming them for the demise of Granville Town.<ref name="Siva2021" /> The Settlers built Freetown in the styles they knew from their lives in the [[American South]]; they also continued American fashion and American manners. In addition, many continued to practise [[Methodism]].

In the 1790s, the Settlers, including adult women, voted for the first time in elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12775514 |title=Sierra Leone's struggle for progress |newspaper=The Economist |date= 11 December 2008|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> In 1792, in a move that foreshadowed the women's suffrage movements in Britain, the heads of all households, of which a third were women, were given the right to vote.<ref>[[Simon Schama|Schama, Simon]] (2006), ''Rough Crossings'', p. 363.</ref> Black settlers in Sierra Leone enjoyed much more autonomy than their white equivalent in European countries. Black migrants elected different levels of political representatives, 'tithingmen', who represented each dozen settlers and 'hundreders' who represented larger amounts. This sort of representation was not available in Nova Scotia.<ref>Gilbert, Alan. ''Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence''. University of Chicago 2012, p. 229</ref> The initial process of society-building in Freetown was a harsh struggle. The Crown did not supply enough basic supplies and provisions and the Settlers were continually threatened by illegal slave trading and the risk of re-enslavement.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Fyfe |first = Christopher |title = Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s|publisher = Edinburgh University Press |year = 1992}}</ref>

=== Jamaican Maroons and Liberated Africans ===
{{Main|Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone Liberated Africans}}

The Sierra Leone Company, controlled by London investors, refused to allow the settlers to take [[fee simple|freehold]] of the land. In 1799 some of the settlers revolted. The Crown subdued the revolt by bringing in forces of more than 500 [[Jamaican Maroons]], whom they transported from [[Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)]] via Nova Scotia in 1800. Led by Colonel [[Montague James]], the Maroons helped the colonial forces to put down the revolt, and in the process the [[Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone]] secured the best houses and farms.<ref>Schama, Simon, ''Rough Crossings'' (London: 2005), pp. 380–383.</ref>

On 1 January 1808, [[Thomas Ludlam (colonial administrator)|Thomas Ludlam]], the Governor of the Sierra Leone Company and a leading abolitionist, surrendered the company's charter. This ended its 16 years of running the Colony. The British Crown reorganised the Sierra Leone Company as the [[African Institution]]; it was directed to improve the local economy. Its members represented both British who hoped to inspire local entrepreneurs and those with interest in the Macauley & Babington Company, which held the (British) monopoly on Sierra Leone trade.<ref>Harris, Sheldon H. (1972), ''Paul Cuffe: Black America and the African Return'', New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 32–33, especially note 15 on p. 140.</ref>

At about the same time (following the Slave Trade Act 1807 which abolished the slave trade), Royal Navy crews delivered thousands of formerly enslaved Africans to Freetown, after liberating them from illegal slave ships. These [[recaptives|Liberated Africans]] or ''recaptives'' were sold for $20 a head as apprentices to the white settlers, Nova Scotian Settlers, and the Jamaican Maroons. Many Liberated Africans were treated poorly and even abused because some of the original settlers considered them their property. Cut off from their various homelands and traditions, the Liberated Africans were forced to assimilate to the Western styles of Settlers and Maroons.<ref name="Suzanne">{{cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=Suzanne |date=2021 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471003 |title=Reconstructing the Life Histories of Liberated Africans: Sierra Leone in the Early Nineteenth Century |journal=[[History in Africa]] |volume=39 |pages=175–207 |number=33 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1353/hia.2012.0011 |jstor=23471003 |access-date=27 October 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Liberated Africans eventually modified their customs to adopt those of the Nova Scotians, Maroons and Europeans, yet kept some of their ethnic traditions.<ref name=Dixon>{{cite book|last1=Dixon-Fyle |first1=Mac |last2=Cole |first2=Gibril Raschid |chapter=Introduction |year=2006 |title=New Perspectives on the Sierra Leone Krio |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGiRuAG8K5wC |isbn=978-0-8204-7937-8 |pages=2–3 |quote=A substantial part of this ex-slave population was Yoruba, but members of ethnic groups from other regions of the Atlantic (Igbo, Efik, Fante, etc) were also very much in evidence in this coterie of Liberated Africans. Individuals from ethnic communities indigenous to Sierra Leone were significantly represented among the Liberated Africans [...] Many a Temne, Limba, Mende, and Loko resident of Freetown, influenced by local European officials and missionaries, would come in time to shed their indigenous names, and cultural values, to take on a Creole identity which gave them a better chance of success in the rarefied Victorian ambience{{sic}} of a progressively westernized Freetown society.}}</ref> As the Liberated Africans became successful traders<ref name="Suzanne"/> and spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they intermarried with the Nova Scotians and Maroons.<ref name=Dixon />{{rp|3–4, 223–255}}

These [[Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone|Liberated Africans]] were from many areas of Africa, but principally the west coast. Between the 18th and 19th century, freed African Americans, some [[Americo Liberian]] "refugees", and particularly [[Afro-Caribbean]]s, mainly Jamaican Maroons, also immigrated and settled in Freetown. Together these peoples formed the [[Sierra Leone Creole|Creole/Krio ethnicity]] and an [[English-based creole languages|English-based creole]] language ([[Krio language|Krio]]), which is the [[lingua franca]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thayer|first=James Steel |year=1991 |title=A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone|journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=31 |issue=121 |pages= 215–230 |doi=10.3406/cea.1991.2116 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1991_num_31_121_2116}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last= Browne-Davies|first=Nigel |year=2014 |title=A Precis of Sources relating to genealogical research on the Sierra Leone Krio people |journal=Journal of Sierra Leone Studies |volume=3 |number=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40720522}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Walker |first=James W |year=1992 |chapter=Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone |title=The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/94 94]–114 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7 |orig-year=1976}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Bankole Kamara |title=Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |date=February 2014 |publisher=New Africa Press |isbn=9789987160389 |page=68}}</ref>

=== Colonial era (1808–1961) ===
{{Main|Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate}}

The colonial era saw Sierra Leone evolving under British rule. Sierra Leone developed as an educational center in West Africa, with the establishment of [[Fourah Bay College]] in 1827, attracting English-speaking Africans from across the region.

The settlement of Sierra Leone in the 1800s was unique in that the population was composed of displaced Africans, brought to the colony after the British [[abolition of the slave trade]] in 1807. Upon arrival in Sierra Leone, each ''recaptive'' was given a registration number, and information on their physical qualities was entered into the Register of Liberated Africans. Documentation was often subjective, resulting in inaccurate entries, making them difficult to track.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schwarz|first=Suzanne|date=5 January 2013|title=Reconstructing the Life Histories of Enslaved Africans: Sierra Leone, c. 1808–19|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267884583}}</ref>

The first missionaries, [[Peter Hartwig (missionary)|Peter Hartwig]] and [[Melchior Renner]]from the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] (CMS), arrived in Sierra Leone in 1804.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keefer |first=Katrina H.B. |date=2017 |title=The First Missionaries of The Church Missionary Society in Sierra Leone, 1804–1816: A Biographical Approach |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362156 |journal=History in Africa |volume=44 |pages=199–235 |doi=10.1017/hia.2017.5 |jstor=26362156 |issn=0361-5413|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The CMS missionaries were to introduce Western ideals, including Western education and healthcare. One of their most significant contributions was the establishment of schools for West African children. European missionaries established these schools with an agenda to convert the native people to their religion, but the educational efforts did not relate to local needs.<ref>{{Citation |last=Nwauwa |first=Apollos Okwuchi |title=Western Education and the Rise of a New African Elite in West Africa |date=2020-01-30 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-282?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-282 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.282 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the early 19th century, Freetown served as the residence of the British colonial governor of the region, who also administered the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (now [[Ghana]]) and the [[Gambia]] settlements. Sierra Leone developed as the educational centre of [[British West Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Paracka |year=2003|title=The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-94795-4}}</ref> The British established [[Fourah Bay College]] in 1827, which became a magnet for English-speaking Africans on the West Coast. For more than a century, it was the only European-style university in west [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. [[Samuel Ajayi Crowther]] was the first student to be enrolled.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kopytoff|first1=Jean Herskovits|title=A Preface to Modern Nigeria: The "Sierra Leonians" in Yoruba, 1830–1890.|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|pages=35}}</ref> Fourah Bay College soon drew [[Sierra Leone Creole people|Creoles/Krio people]] and other Africans seeking higher education in British West Africa. These included Nigerians, Ghanaians, Ivorians, and others, especially in the fields of [[theology]] and education. Freetown was known as the "[[Athens]] of Africa" due to the number of excellent schools there and in surrounding areas.<ref>Nwauwa, Apollos O. (2003) Book review: "The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone by Daniel J. Paracka Jr. New York: Routledge". ''[[Comparative Education Review]]'', Vol 49(4). [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/498200 Archived]. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</ref>

In Freetown, the British interacted mostly with the Krio people, who did most of the trading with the indigenous peoples of the interior. Educated Krio people held many positions in the colonial government, giving them status and good pay. After the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1884–85, the British decided to establish more dominion over the inland areas, to satisfy what the European powers called "effective occupation". In 1896 it annexed these areas, declaring them the Sierra Leone Protectorate.<ref name="harris40">Harris, David (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=B5RxmwC6aNwC&pg=PA1 ''Civil War and Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia''], I.B. Tauris, p. 40.</ref> With this change, the British began to expand their administration in the region, recruiting British citizens to posts and pushing Krio people out of governmental positions and even Freetown's desirable residential areas.<ref name="harris40"/>

[[File: Bai Bureh.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Bai Bureh]], Temne leader of the [[Hut Tax War of 1898]] against British rule]]
[[Madam Yoko]] persuaded the British to give her control of the Kpaa Mende chiefdom. She used diplomacy to communicate with local chiefs who did not trust her friendship with the British. Because Yoko supported the British, some sub-chiefs rebelled, causing Yoko to take refuge in the police barracks. She ruled as a paramount chief in the new British Protectorate until 1906.

The British annexation of the Protectorate interfered with indigenous chiefs' sovereignty. They designated chiefs as units of local government, rather than dealing with them individually, as had been the previous practice. They did not maintain relationships even with longstanding allies, such as [[Bai Bureh]], who was later unfairly portrayed as a prime instigator of the [[Hut Tax War]].<ref name="Abraham">{{cite journal |title = Bai Bureh, The British, and the Hut Tax War |last = Abraham |first = Arthur |journal = [[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |issn = 0361-7882 |volume = 7 |issue = 1 |year = 1974 |pages = 99–106 |doi = 10.2307/216556 |jstor = 216556}}</ref>

[[File: British Expeditionary Force in Freetown, 1919.jpg|thumb|British [[West Africa Campaign (World War I)|West African Campaign]] troops in Freetown, 1914–1916. Published caption: "British expeditionary force preparing to embark at Freetown to attack the [[German Cameroons]], the main object of the attack being the port of [[Douala|Duala]]. Auxiliary native troops were freely used in African warfare."]]
In 1898, Colonel [[Frederic Cardew]], military governor of the Protectorate, imposed a new tax on dwellings and demanded that chiefs use their people to maintain roads. The taxes were often higher than the value of the dwellings, and 24 chiefs signed a petition to Cardew stating how destructive this was; their people could not afford to take time off from their subsistence agriculture. They resisted payment of taxes, and tension over the new colonial requirements and the administration's suspicion of the chiefs led to the Hut Tax War. The British fired first; the northern front of mainly Temne people was led by Bai Bureh. The southern front, consisting mostly of [[Mende people]], entered the conflict somewhat later, for other reasons.

[[File: Bai Bureh (1898).jpg|thumb|Temne leader Bai Bureh seen here in 1898 after his surrender, sitting relaxed in his traditional dress with a handkerchief in his hands, while a Sierra Leonean [[Royal West African Frontier Force|West African Frontier Force]] soldier stands guard next to him ]]
For several months, Bureh's fighters had the advantage over the vastly more powerful British forces but both sides suffered hundreds of fatalities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes5.html|title=Sierra Leone Web - Sierra Leonean Heroes - 1898 Rebellion Era|website=www.sierra-leone.org}}</ref> Bureh surrendered on 11 November 1898 to end the destruction of his people's territory and dwellings. The British government recommended leniency, but Cardew insisted on sending the chief and two allies into exile in the Gold Coast; his government hanged 96 of the chief's warriors. Bureh was allowed to return in 1905, when he resumed his chieftaincy of Kasseh.<ref name="Abraham"/> The defeat of the Temne and Mende in the Hut Tax War ended mass resistance to the Protectorate and colonial government, but intermittent rioting and labour unrest continued throughout the colonial period. Riots in 1955 and 1956 involved tens of thousands of Sierra Leoneans in the Protectorate.<ref>Killson, Martin (1966), ''Political Change in a West African State: A Study of the Modernization Process in Sierra Leone'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, pp. 60; also pp. 106, 107, 110, 111, 186–188 on other riots and strikes.</ref>

[[File: The Royal Navy during the Second World War A24465.jpg|thumb|African Naval ratings march past the Governor of Sierra Leone, [[Hubert Craddock Stevenson|Sir Hubert Stevenson]].]]
Domestic [[Slavery in Africa|slavery]], which continued to be practised by local African elites, was abolished in 1928.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Committee Office, House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmintdev/923/923m21.htm |title=House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda |publisher=Publications.parliament.UK |date=6 March 2006 |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035235/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmintdev/923/923m21.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1935, a monopoly on mineral mining was granted to the [[Sierra Leone Selection Trust]], run by [[De Beers]]. The monopoly was scheduled to last 98 years. Mining of diamonds in the east and other minerals expanded, drawing labourers there from other parts of the country.

In 1924, the UK government divided the administration of Sierra Leone into Colony and Protectorate, with different political systems for each. The Colony was Freetown and its coastal area; the Protectorate was defined as the [[hinterland]] areas dominated by local chiefs. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate in 1947, when proposals were introduced to provide for a single political system for both the Colony and the Protectorate. Most proposals came from leaders of the Protectorate, whose population far outnumbered the Colony's. The Krios, led by [[I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson|Isaac Wallace-Johnson]], opposed the proposals, as they would have reduced the Krios' political power in the Colony.

In 1951, [[Lamina Sankoh]] collaborated with educated Protectorate leaders to form the [[Sierra Leone People's Party]] (SLPP) as the party of the Protectorate. The SLPP leadership, led by Sir Milton Margai, negotiated with the British and the educated Krio-dominated colony based in Freetown to achieve independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes8.html|title=Sierra Leone Web – Sierra Leonean Heroes – Achievement of Independence|website=www.sierra-leone.org}}</ref> Under Margai, educated Protectorate elites were able to join forces with the [[paramount chiefs]] in the face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai used the same skills to win over opposition leaders and moderate Krio elements to achieve independence from the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newafricanmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/sierra-leone-a-nation-reborn/how-independence-was-won |title=How Independence Was Won |publisher=Newafricanmagazine.com |access-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212925/http://www.newafricanmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/sierra-leone-a-nation-reborn/how-independence-was-won |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

In November 1951, Margai oversaw the drafting of a new constitution, which united the separate Colonial and Protectorate legislatures and provided a framework for [[decolonisation]].<ref name="advocate">[http://www.advocatenations.org/html/sierra_leone.html Advocate Nations of Africa: Sierra Leone] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205062710/http://www.advocatenations.org/html/sierra_leone.html |date=5 December 2014 }}</ref> In 1953, Sierra Leone was granted local ministerial powers and Margai was elected [[Chief Minister]] of Sierra Leone.<ref name="advocate"/> The new constitution ensured Sierra Leone had a parliamentary system within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref name="advocate"/> In May 1957, Sierra Leone held its first parliamentary election. The SLPP won the most seats in Parliament and Margai was re-elected as Chief Minister by a landslide.

=== Independence and post-independence era ===
On 27 April 1961, Margai led Sierra Leone to independence from Great Britain and became the country's first prime minister. Sierra Leone had its own parliament, its own prime minister, and the ability to make its own laws, but like countries such as Canada and Australia, Sierra Leone remained a "Dominion" and Queen Elizabeth was Queen of the independent [[Sierra Leone (1961–1971)|Dominion of Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kargbo|first1=Michael S.|title=British Foreign Policy and the Conflict in Sierra Leone, 1991–2001|date=2006|publisher=Peter Lang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfW5ACrYksQC&pg=PA70|pages=70|isbn=9783039103324|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fyle|first=Magbaily C.|title=Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone|date=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-5339-3|pages=XVII–XXII|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fyle}}</ref> The Dominion of Sierra Leone retained a parliamentary system of government and was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The leader of the main opposition [[All People's Congress]] (APC), Siaka Stevens, along with Isaac Wallace-Johnson, another outspoken critic of the SLPP government, were arrested and placed under [[house arrest]] in Freetown.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/27/newsid_2502000/2502411.stm |title=BBC On This Day {{pipe}} 27 {{pipe}} 1961: Sierra Leone wins independence |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=20 May 2012 |date=27 April 1961}}</ref>

In May 1962, Sierra Leone held its [[Sierra Leonean general election, 1962|first general election]] as an independent state. The SLPP won a plurality of seats in parliament, and Margai was reelected as prime minister. Margai was popular among Sierra Leoneans during his time in power. He was not corrupt, nor did he make lavish displays of his power or status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Heroes/heroes8.html|title=Sierra Leone Web – Sierra Leonean Heroes – Achievement of Independence|website=sierra-leone.org|access-date=28 November 2018}}</ref> He based the government on the [[rule of law]] and the separation of powers, with multiparty political institutions and fairly viable representative structures. Margai employed a brokerage style of politics, sharing power among political parties and interest groups, especially the powerful paramount chiefs in the provinces, most of whom were key allies of his government.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

==== Albert Margai's tenure (1964–1967) ====
Upon Margai's unexpected death in 1964, his younger [[half-brother]], Sir Albert Margai, was appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert's leadership was briefly challenged by Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who questioned his succession to the SLPP leadership position. But Karefa-Smart lacked broad support within the SLPP in his attempt to oust Albert as both the leader of the SLPP and prime minister. Soon after Albert Margai was sworn in as prime minister, he fired several senior government officials who had served in his brother's government, viewing them as a threat to his administration, including Karefa-Smart.

Sir Albert resorted to increasingly [[authoritarian]] actions in response to protests and enacted several laws against the opposition All People's Congress while attempting to establish a [[one-party state]].<ref name="Murtala Mohammed Kamara">{{cite web |url=http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/printer_200517413.shtml |title=Sierra Leone was ripe for Independence: Exclusive interview with Reginald Boltman |publisher=News.sl |date=28 February 2011 |author=Murtala Mohammed Kamara |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126085732/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/printer_200517413.shtml |archive-date=26 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Momoh">{{cite web|last=Momoh |first=John |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201105040814.html |title=Sierra Leone: Viewpoint – Celebrating a New Nation! |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=4 May 2011 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> He opposed to the colonial legacy of allowing executive powers to the Paramount Chiefs, many of whom had been his brother's allies. Accordingly, they began to consider Sir Albert a threat to the ruling houses across the country. Margai appointed many non-Creoles to the country's [[civil service]] in Freetown, in an overall diversification of the civil service, which had been dominated by Creoles. As a result, he became unpopular among Creoles, many of whom had supported Sir Milton. Margai sought to make the army homogeneously [[Mende people|Mende]],<ref name="Harkness-2016">{{Cite journal|title=SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=60|issue=4|pages=587–616|doi=10.1177/0022002714545332|year = 2016|last1 = Harkness|first1 = Kristen A.|hdl=10023/9391|s2cid=54538341|hdl-access=free |issn=0022-0027 }}</ref> his own ethnic group, and was accused of favouring members of the Mende for prominent positions.

In 1967, riots broke out in Freetown against Margai's policies. In response, he declared a [[state of emergency]] across the country. He was accused of corruption and of a policy of [[affirmative action]] in favour of the Mende ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Pham |first = John-Peter |title = Child soldiers, adult interests: the global dimensions of the Sierra Leonean tragedy |publisher = Nova Publishers |year = 2005 |pages = 33–35 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnPFKpwoIkIC&pg=PA32 |isbn = 978-1-59454-671-6 |access-date = 17 June 2014}}</ref> He also endeavoured to change Sierra Leone from a democracy to a [[one-party state]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=End of The Exception |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,941075,00.html |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629005010/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941075,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |archive-date=29 June 2011 |date=31 March 1967 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 1967 General Election and military coups (1967–1968) ====
The APC, with its leader [[Siaka Stevens]], narrowly won a small majority of seats in Parliament over the SLPP in a closely contested [[Sierra Leonean general election, 1967|1967 general election]]. Stevens was sworn in as prime minister on 21 March 1967.

Within hours of taking office, Stevens was ousted in a bloodless [[1967 Sierra Leonean coups d'état|military coup]] led by [[Brigadier General]] [[David Lansana]], the commander of the [[Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces|Sierra Leone Armed Forces]]. He was a close ally of Albert Margai, who had appointed him to the position in 1964. Lansana placed Stevens under [[house arrest]] in Freetown and insisted that the determination of the Prime Minister should await the election of the tribal representatives to the House. Stevens was later freed and fled the country, going into exile in neighbouring Guinea. On 23 March 1967, a group of military officers in the Sierra Leone Army led by Brigadier General [[Andrew Juxon-Smith]] staged a counter-coup against Lansana. They seized control of the government, arrested Lansana, and suspended the constitution. The group set up the [[National Reformation Council]] (NRC), with Juxon-Smith as its chairman and Head of State of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldrover.com/history/sierra_leone_history.html |title=History of Sierra Leone |publisher=Worldrover.com |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223221601/http://www.worldrover.com/history/sierra_leone_history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 18 April 1968 a group of low-ranking soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army who called themselves the Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM), led by Brigadier General [[John Amadu Bangura]], [[Sergeants' Coup (Sierra Leone)|overthrew]] the NRC [[Military junta|junta]]. The ACRM arrested many senior NRC members. They reinstated the constitution and returned power to Stevens, who at last assumed the office of prime minister.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Gberie|first =Lansana |title = A dirty war in West Africa: the RUF and the destruction of Sierra Leone |publisher =C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year =2005 |pages = 26–27 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OeBYQAFPXxsC&pg=PA34|isbn =978-1-85065-742-2|access-date =17 June 2014}}</ref>

Stevens had Bangura arrested in 1970 and charged with conspiracy and treason. He was found guilty and sentenced to death, even though his actions had led to Stevens's return to power.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk/Vol3_3.htm |title=focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk |website=www.focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk |access-date=2018-07-11 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712001509/http://www.focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk/Vol3_3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lansana and [[Samuel Hinga Norman|Hinga Norman]], the main army officers involved in the first coup (1967), were unceremoniously dismissed from the armed forces and made to serve time in prison. Norman was a guard to [[Governor-general]] [[Henry Josiah Lightfoot Boston|Sir Henry Lightfoot-Boston]].<ref name="Humphrey"/> Lansana was tried, found guilty of treason, and sentenced to death in 1975.<ref name="Humphrey" />

==== One-party state and dawn of the 'Republic' (1968–1991) ====
[[File: All People's Congress political rally Sierra Leone 1968.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|An [[All People's Congress|APC]] political rally in the northern town of [[Kabala, Sierra Leone|Kabala]] outside the home of supporters of the rival [[Sierra Leone People's Party|SLPP]] in 1968]]

Stevens assumed power as prime minister again in 1968, following a series of coups.<ref name="Humphrey" /> He had campaigned on a platform of socialist principles, but abandoned them and employed an authoritarian government.<ref name="trcsierraleone.org">[http://trcsierraleone.org/drwebsite/publish/v3a-c1.shtml?page=15 The Final Report of the Truth & Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone].</ref> During his first decade or so in power, Stevens renegotiated some of what he called "useless prefinanced schemes" contracted by his predecessors Albert Margai of the SLPP and Juxon-Smith of the NRC. Some of these policies were said to have left the country economically deprived.<ref name="Humphrey" />

Stevens reorganised the country's oil refinery, the government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, and a cement factory.<ref>David Harris. ''Sierra Leone: A Political History'', pp. 67–70, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. {{ISBN|9780199361762}}. $30.00</ref> He began efforts that later improved transportation and movement between the provinces and Freetown. Roads and hospitals were constructed in the provinces, and Paramount Chiefs and provincial peoples became a prominent force in Freetown. Under the pressure of several coup attempts, real or perceived, Stevens's rule grew increasingly authoritarian, and his relationship with some of his supporters deteriorated. He removed the SLPP from competitive politics in general elections, some believed, through violence and intimidation. To maintain the support of the military, Stevens retained the popular John Amadu Bangura as head of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces.

After the return to civilian rule, [[by-election]]s were held (beginning in autumn 1968) and an all-APC cabinet was appointed. In November 1968, unrest in the provinces led Stevens to declare a state of emergency across the country. Many senior officers in the Sierra Leone Army were greatly disappointed with Stevens's policies and his handling of the Sierra Leone Military, but none could confront him. Brigadier General Bangura, who had reinstated Stevens as prime minister, was widely considered the only person who could control Stevens. The army was devoted to Bangura. In January 1970, Bangura was arrested and charged with [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] and plotting to commit a coup against the Stevens government. After a trial that lasted a few months, Bangura was convicted; on 29 March 1970, he was executed by hanging in Freetown.

After Bangura's execution, a group of soldiers loyal to him mutinied in Freetown and other parts of the country in opposition to Stevens's government. Dozens of soldiers were arrested and convicted by a [[court martial]] in Freetown for their participation in the mutiny. Among the soldiers arrested was a little-known army [[corporal]], [[Foday Sankoh]], a strong Bangura supporter, who later formed the [[Revolutionary United Front|Revolutionary United Front (RUF)]]. Sankoh was convicted and jailed for seven years at Pademba Road Prison in Freetown.

In April 1971, a new republican constitution was adopted under which Stevens became president. In the 1972 by-elections, the opposition SLPP complained of intimidation and procedural obstruction by the APC and militia. These problems became so severe that the SLPP boycotted the [[Sierra Leonean general election, 1973|1973 general election]]; as a result, the APC won 84 of the 85 elected seats.<ref>{{Cite book |last =Rotberg |first =Robert I. |title =State failure and state weakness in a time of terror |publisher = Brookings Institution Press|year =2003 |page = 80 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=oajfCpTpgCIC&pg=PA80|isbn = 978-0-8157-7574-4|access-date = 17 June 2014}}</ref>

An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens failed in 1974 and its leaders were executed. In mid-1974, Guinean soldiers, as requested by Stevens, were stationed in the country to help maintain his hold on power, as Stevens was a close ally of then-Guinean president [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]]. In March 1976, Stevens was elected without opposition to a second five-year term as president. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army and government officials were executed after being convicted of attempting a coup to topple Stevens's government.

In 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against the government disrupted Sierra Leone's politics. The demonstration was quickly put down by the army and Stevens's personal Special Security Division (SSD), a heavily armed paramilitary force he had created to protect him and maintain his hold on power.<ref>Tam-Baryoh, David, ["Politicized security forces or tribalized national politics; which is which?"] ''Newstime Africa''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901024455/ |date=1 September 2012 }}. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</ref> SSD officers were loyal to Stevens and were deployed across the country to clamp down on any rebellion or protest against his government. [[Sierra Leonean parliamentary election, 1977|A general election]] was called later that year in which corruption was again endemic; the APC won 74 seats and the SLPP 15. In 1978, the APC-dominant parliament approved a new constitution making the country a one-party state. The 1978 constitution made the APC the only legal political party in Sierra Leone.<ref>Gberie, Lansana (1998). ''[http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/30/ War and state collapse: The case of Sierra Leone]'' (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University</ref> This move led to another major demonstration against the government in many parts of the country, which was also put down by the army and the SSD force.

Stevens is generally criticised for dictatorial methods and government corruption, but he kept the country stable and from collapsing into civil war. He created government institutions still in use. Stevens reduced ethnic polarisation in government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into his all-dominant APC government.

Stevens retired from politics in November 1985. The APC named a new presidential candidate, [[Major General]] [[Joseph Saidu Momoh]], head of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces. Momoh had been loyal to Stevens, who had appointed him to the position. Like Stevens, Momoh was a member of the minority [[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]] ethnic group. As the sole candidate, Momoh was elected president without opposition and sworn in as Sierra Leone's second president on 28 November 1985 in Freetown. President Momoh appointed his former military colleague and key ally, Major General Mohamed Tarawalie, to succeed him as head of the Sierra Leone Military. Momoh named James Bambay Kamara head of the [[Sierra Leone Police]]. Bambay Kamara was also a strong Momoh loyalist and supporter. Momoh broke from Stevens by integrating the SSD into the Sierra Leone Police as a special [[paramilitary force]]. Under Stevens, the SSD had been a personal force used to maintain his hold on power, independent from the Sierra Leone Military and Sierra Leone Police Force. The Sierra Leone Police under Bambay Kamara's leadership was accused of physical violence, arrest, and intimidation against critics of Momoh's government.

Momoh's strong links with the army and verbal attacks on corruption earned him initial support among Sierra Leoneans. With the lack of new faces in the APC cabinet under Momoh and the return of many from Stevens's government, criticisms soon arose that Momoh was simply perpetuating the rule of Stevens.

The next few years under the Momoh administration were characterised by corruption, which Momoh defused by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise his war against corruption, Momoh announced a "Code of Conduct for Political Leaders and Public Servants". After an alleged attempt to overthrow Momoh in March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials were arrested, including Vice-President [[Francis Minah]], who was convicted of plotting the coup and executed by hanging in 1989.

=== Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) and the NPRC regime (1992–1996) ===

{{Further|Sierra Leone Civil War}}The brutal civil war significantly impacted Sierra Leone, with internal and external factors contributing to widespread violence. International interventions, notably by the United Kingdom and the United Nations, were crucial in restoring peace.[[File: School destroyed by Sierra Leone Civil War.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A school in [[Koindu]] destroyed during the [[Sierra Leone Civil War|Civil War]]; in total 1,270 primary schools were destroyed in the War.<ref name="ilab"/>]]

In October 1990, owing to mounting pressure from both within and outside the country for political and economic reforms, Momoh set up a constitutional review commission to assess the 1978 one-party constitution. Based on the commission's recommendations, a constitution reestablishing a multi-party system was approved by the exclusive APC Parliament by a 60% majority vote, becoming effective on 1 October 1991. It was widely suspected that Momoh was not serious about political reform, as APC rule was increasingly marked by abuses of power.

The brutal civil war in neighbouring [[Liberia]] played a significant role in the outbreak of fighting in Sierra Leone. [[Charles Taylor (Liberia)|Charles Taylor]], then leader of the [[National Patriotic Front of Liberia]], reportedly helped form the [[Revolutionary United Front|Revolutionary United Front (RUF)]] under the command of former Sierra Leonean army [[corporal]] [[Foday Sankoh|Foday Saybana Sankoh]], an ethnic Temne from [[Tonkolili District]] in Northern Sierra Leone. Taylor's aim was for the RUF to attack the bases of Nigerian-dominated peacekeeping troops in Sierra Leone who opposed his rebel movement in Liberia.

On 29 April 1992, a group of young soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army, led by seven army officers—Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Captain Valentine Strasser, [[Solomon Musa|Lieutenant Solomon "SAJ" Musa]], Captain [[Komba Mondeh]], Lieutenant [[Tom Nyuma]], Captain Julius Maada Bio and Captain Komba Kambo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=2&num=106 |title=NPRC's Komba Kambo Speaks After Eleven Years Of Silence!: Sierra Leone News |first= Sayoh|last= Kamara|work=Awareness Times|publisher=News.sl |date=27 July 2005|access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222185702/http://news.sl/drwebsite/exec/view.cgi?archive=2&num=106 |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>—staged a [[military coup]] that sent Momoh into exile in Guinea, and the soldiers established the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), with 25-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser as its chairman and Head of State of the country.<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|url=http://salonenow.blogspot.com/2011/08/attempts-to-launder-maada-bios-battered.html#!/2011/08/attempts-to-launder-maada-bios-battered.html |title=SIERRA LEONE NOW: Attempts To Launder Maada Bio's Battered Image Fail... We Were Not Supreme Council Members – Civilians In NPRC Deny Involvement In Atrocities |publisher=Salonenow.blogspot.com |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> The NPRC junta immediately suspended the constitution, banned all political parties, limited [[freedom of speech]] and [[freedom of the press]], and enacted a rule-by-decree policy, in which soldiers were granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial, and challenges against such detentions in court were precluded.

SAJ Musa, a childhood friend of Strasser, became the deputy chairman and deputy leader of the NPRC government. Strasser became the world's youngest head of state when he seized power just three days after his 25th birthday. The NPRC established the National Supreme Council of State as the military highest command and final authority in all matters and was exclusively made up of the highest-ranking NPRC soldiers, including Strasser and the others who toppled Momoh.<ref name="blogspot1"/>

One of the top-ranking soldiers in the NPRC junta, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, a trusted ally of Strasser, was assassinated, allegedly by Major S.I.M. Turay, a key loyalist of Momoh. A heavily armed military manhunt was carried out across the country to find Sandy's killer. Turay, the main suspect, fled to Guinea. Dozens of soldiers loyal to Momoh were arrested, including Colonel Kahota M. Dumbuya and Major Yayah Turay.

The NPRC maintained relations with ECOWAS and strengthened support for Sierra Leone-based ECOMOG troops fighting in the Liberian war. On 28 December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against the NPRC government aimed at freeing the detained Colonel Yahya Kanu, Colonel [[Kahota M.S. Dumbuya]], and former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, was foiled. Several Junior army officers led by Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura were identified as being behind the coup plot. The coup plot led to the execution of 17 soldiers by firing squad. Some of those executed include Colonel Kahota Dumbuya, Major Yayah Kanu, and Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura. Several prominent members of the Momoh government who had been in detention at the Pa Demba Road prison, including former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, were also executed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.standardtimespress.org/artman/publish/article_4699.shtml |title=Standard Times Press Sierra Leone's NPRC's Ruthlessness No Death Certificates For 29 Sierra Leoneans |publisher=Standardtimespress.org |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020215/http://www.standardtimespress.org/artman/publish/article_4699.shtml |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

On 5 July 1994 SAJ Musa, who was popular among the general population, particularly in Freetown, was arrested and sent into exile after he was accused of planning a coup to topple Strasser, an accusation SAJ Musa denied. Strasser replaced Musa as deputy NPRC chairman with Captain Bio and instantly promoted him to [[brigadier]].

The NPRC's efforts proved nearly as ineffective as the Momoh administration in repelling the RUF rebels. More and more of the country fell into the RUF fighters' hands, and by 1994 they had gained control of much of the diamond-rich Eastern Province and were getting close to Freetown. In response, the NPRC hired several hundred mercenary fighters from [[South Africa]]-based [[private military contractor]] [[Executive Outcomes]] to strengthen the response to RUF rebels. Within a month, they drove the RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone's borders and cleared the RUF from the Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.

With Strasser's two most senior NPRC allies and commanders Lieutenant Sahr Sandy and Lieutenant [[Solomon Musa]] no longer around to defend him, Strasser's leadership within the NPRC's Supreme Council of State became fragile. On 16 January 1996, after about four years in power, Strasser was arrested in a palace coup staged by his fellow NPRC soldiers led by Brigadier Bio at the Defence Headquarters in Freetown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk/Vol2_1.htm |title=FSL Vol 2 No 1 |publisher=Focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928012312/http://www.focus-on-sierra-leone.co.uk/Vol2_1.htm |archive-date=28 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Strasser was immediately flown into exile in a [[military helicopter]] to [[Conakry]], [[Guinea]]. In his first public broadcast to the nation after the 1996 coup, Brigadier Bio said that returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elected civilian government and ending the civil war were his motivations for the coup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/How+Sierra+Leone+fell+into+the+hands+of+young+soldiers.-a0254314002 |title=How Sierra Leone fell into the hands of young soldiers|publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

==== Kabbah's tenure: government, "dawn of a new republic", the AFRC and end of the Civil War (1996–2007) ====
Following the 1995 National Consultative Conference at the Bintumani Hotel in Freetown, dubbed "Bintumani I", a Strasser-led initiative, the Bio administration initiated another National Consultative Conference at the same hotel, dubbed "Bintumani II". It involved both national and international stakeholders, in an effort to find a viable solution to the issues plaguing the country.<ref name="Kandeh">Kandeh, J. D. (September, 1998), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/524828 "Transition without Rupture: Sierra Leone's Transfer Election of 1996"]. ''[[African Studies Review]]''
Flight. 41, No. 2 (September 1998), pp. 91–111. [[Cambridge University Press]]. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/524828 Archived]. Retrieved October 25, 2021.</ref> "''Peace before Elections vs Elections before Peace''" became a key debate topic and this quickly became a point of national discussion. The discussions eventually concluded with key stakeholders, including Bio's administration and the UN, agreeing that while efforts in finding a peaceful solution to ending the war should continue, a general election should be held as soon as possible.<ref name="Kandeh" /> Bio handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of the SLPP, after the conclusion of elections in early 1996 which Kabbah won. After taking over, President Kabbah immediately opened [[dialogue]] with the RUF and invited their leader Foday Sankoh for peace negotiations.<ref>University of Central Arkansas. [https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/sierra-leone-1961-present/ 41. Sierra Leone (1961-Present)]. [https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/sierra-leone-1961-present/ Archived]. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</ref>

On 25 May 1997, 17 soldiers in the Sierra Leone army led by Corporal Tamba Gborie, loyal to the detained Major [[Johnny Paul Koroma]], launched a military coup which sent President Kabbah into exile in Guinea and they established the [[Armed Forces Revolutionary Council]] (AFRC). Gborie quickly went to the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Services headquarters in New England, Freetown to announce the coup to a shocked nation and to alert all soldiers across the country to report for guard duty. The soldiers immediately released Koroma from prison and installed him as their chairman and Head of State.

Koroma suspended the constitution, banned demonstrations, shut down all private radio stations in the country and invited the RUF to join the new junta government, with its leader Foday Sankoh as the Vice-Chairman of the new AFRC-RUF coalition junta government. Within days, Freetown was overwhelmed by the presence of the RUF combatants. The Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from the Mende ethnic group under the command of deputy [[Defence Minister]] [[Samuel Hinga Norman]], remained loyal to President Kabbah and defended the Southern part of Sierra Leone from the soldiers.

After nine months in office, the junta was overthrown by the Nigerian-led [[ECOMOG]] forces, and the democratically elected government of president Kabbah was reinstated in February 1998. On 19 October 1998, 24 soldiers in the Sierra Leone army—including Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba and Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay—were executed by firing squad after they were convicted in a [[court martial]] in Freetown, some for orchestrating the 1997 coup that overthrew President Kabbah and others for failure to reverse the mutiny.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr51/019/1998/en/|title= Campaigns {{!}} Sierra Leone: Imminent execution / death penalty / legal concern |publisher=Amnesty International|website= Amnesty.org |date= 11 October 1998|access-date= 26 February 2013}}</ref>

In October 1999, the United Nations agreed to send [[peacekeeping|peacekeepers]] to help restore order and disarm the rebels. The first of the 6,000-member force began arriving in December, and the [[UN Security Council]] voted in February 2000 to increase the force to 11,000, and later to 13,000. But in May, when nearly all [[Nigeria]]n forces had left and UN forces were trying to disarm the RUF in eastern Sierra Leone, [[Foday Sankoh|Sankoh]]'s forces clashed with the UN troops, and some 500 peacekeepers were taken [[hostage]] as the peace accord effectively collapsed. The hostage crisis resulted in more fighting between the RUF and the government as UN troops launched [[Operation Khukri]] to end the siege.

The situation in the country deteriorated to such an extent that British troops were deployed in [[Operation Palliser]], originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. But the British exceeded their original mandate and took full military action to defeat the rebels and restore order. The British were the catalyst for the ceasefire that ended the civil war. Elements of the [[British Army]], together with administrators and politicians, remained after withdrawal to help train the armed forces, improve the country's infrastructure, and administer financial and material aid. [[Tony Blair]], the Prime Minister of Britain at the time, is regarded as a hero by the people of Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Alex|last= Renton|date=2010-04-17|title=Sierra Leone: one place where Tony Blair remains an unquestioned hero|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/18/sierra-leone-international-aid-blair|access-date=2021-02-08|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

Between 1991 and 2001, about [[List of wars by death toll|50,000 people were killed]] in Sierra Leone's civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced from their homes and many became refugees in [[Guinea]] and [[Liberia]]. In 2001, UN forces moved into rebel-held areas and began to disarm rebel soldiers. By January 2002, the war was declared over. In May 2002, Kabbah was reelected president by a landslide. By 2004, the disarmament process was complete. Also in 2004, a UN-backed [[war crime]]s court began holding trials of senior leaders from both sides of the war. In December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces pulled out of Sierra Leone.

=== 2007 election and beyond ===

{{main|2007 Sierra Leonean general election|2018 Sierra Leonean general election}}

The elections in 2007 and 2012 marked a return to [[multi-party democracy]], with [[Ernest Bai Koroma]]'s election signaling a period of stability and recovery from the civil war.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-03-15|title=7 March 2018 Election in Sierra Leone by numbers|url=http://necsl2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Election-Figures_1403.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315070525/http://necsl2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Election-Figures_1403.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2018|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref>

The [[Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone|Ebola epidemic]] in 2014 posed a significant health crisis, leading to a national state of emergency.<ref>[https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=397&language_id=ENG Sierra Leone]. Internationalsos.com. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</ref>

In March 2018, a [[2018 Sierra Leonean general election|general election]] in Sierra Leone resulted in [[Julius Maada Bio]] becoming president, and the subsequent inauguration of parliament amidst a police intervention.

In August 2022, Sierra Leone faced a series of [[2022 Sierra Leone protests|violent protests]]. They were triggered by the nation's cost of living crisis, leading to the implementation of a nationwide curfew. The anti-government protests resulted in the deaths of 33 people, a figure comprising 27 civilians and 6 police officers.

In 2025, the Gowa-Tiwai Complex of Sierra Leone's eastern and southern provinces, consisting of the [[Gola Rainforest National Park]] and the [[Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary]] for their exceptional biodiversity, was inscribed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gola-Tiwai Complex |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1746/ |website=UNESCO}}</ref>

== Geography ==

{{Main|Geography of Sierra Leone}}

[[File:UNsierraleone.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|A map of Sierra Leone]]

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map SLE present.svg|thumb|Sierra Leone map of Köppen climate classification]]

Sierra Leone is on the southwest coast of [[West Africa]], mostly between latitudes [[7th parallel north|7°]] and [[10th parallel north|10°N]] (a small area is south of 7°), and longitudes [[10th meridian west|10°]] and [[14th meridian west|14°W]]. It is bordered by [[Guinea]] to the north and east, [[Liberia]] to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest.<ref name="LeVertP7">{{Cite book |last =LeVert |first =Suzanne |title =Cultures of the World: Sierra Leone |page =[https://archive.org/details/sierraleone0000leve/page/7 7] |publisher =Marshall Cavendish |isbn =978-0-7614-2334-8 |year =2006 |url =https://archive.org/details/sierraleone0000leve/page/7 }}</ref> It has an area of {{convert|73,252|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, divided into a land area of {{convert|73132|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} and water of {{convert|120|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Sierra Leone |work=[[The World Factbook]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref>

In eastern Sierra Leone the [[plateau]] is interspersed with high mountains, where [[Mount Bintumani]] reaches {{convert|1948|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, the highest point in the country. The upper part of the [[drainage basin]] of the [[Moa River]] is in the south of this region.

The centre of the country is a region of [[lowland]] [[plain]]s, containing forests, [[The bush|bush]] and [[Arable land|farmland]],<ref name="LeVertP7"/> that occupies about 43% of Sierra Leone's land area. The northern section of this has been categorised by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as part of the [[Guinean forest-savanna mosaic]] [[ecoregion]], while the south is rain-forested plains and farmland.

In the west, Sierra Leone has {{convert|400|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of Atlantic coastline, giving it both bountiful marine resources and attractive tourist potential. The coast has areas of low-lying [[Guinean mangroves]] swamp. [[Freetown]] sits on a mountainous coastal [[peninsula]] next to the Sierra Leone Harbour.

The climate is tropical, with two seasons determining the agricultural cycle: the [[rainy season]] from May to November, and a [[dry season]] from December to May, which includes [[harmattan]], when cool, dry winds blow in off the [[Sahara Desert]] and the nighttime temperature can be as low as {{convert|16|°C|°F|1}}. The average temperature is {{convert|26|°C|°F|1}} and varies from around {{convert|26|to|36|°C|°F|1}} during the year.<ref>{{Cite book |last =Blinker |first =Linda |date =September 2006 |title =Country Environment Profile (CEP) Sierra Leone |publisher =Consortium Parsons Brinckerhoff |location =Freetown, Sierra Leone |url =http://www.sliip.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=46 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130927112254/http://www.sliip.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=46 |url-status =dead |archive-date =27 September 2013 |page =12 |access-date =2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last =LeVert |first =Suzanne |title =Cultures of the World: Sierra Leone |pages =[https://archive.org/details/sierraleone0000leve/page/8 8–9] |publisher =Marshall Cavendish |isbn =978-0-7614-2334-8 |year =2006 |url =https://archive.org/details/sierraleone0000leve/page/8 }}</ref>

{{See also|Wildlife of Sierra Leone|Environmentalism in Sierra Leone}}

== Government and politics ==

{{Main|Politics of Sierra Leone}}

{{multiple image
|width=230
|perrow=1/1
|image1=
|caption1=[[Julius Maada Wonie Bio]], current president of Sierra Leone (12 May 2018 - present)
|image2=
|caption2=Official seal of the President of the Republic of Sierra Leone
}}

Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a [[Direct democracy|directly elected]] president and a [[unicameral legislature]]. The current system of the [[Government of Sierra Leone]] is based on the 1991 [[Constitution of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone Constitution]]. Sierra Leone has a dominant [[unitary state|unitary central government]] and a weak [[local government]]. The [[executive branch]], headed by the [[president of Sierra Leone]] has extensive powers and influence. The president is the most powerful government official in Sierra Leone.<ref name="nyulawglobal.org">Hanatu Kabbah (November 2006). [http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Sierra_Leone.htm Sierra Leone Legal System and Legal Research]. nyulawglobal.org</ref>

The president is the [[head of state]], the [[head of government]], and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Military of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone Armed Forces]]. The president appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers, which must be approved by the Parliament. The president is elected by [[Direct election|popular vote]] to a maximum of two five-year terms. To be elected president of Sierra Leone, a candidate must gain at least 55% of the vote. If no candidate gets 55%, there is a [[two-round system|second-round runoff]] between the top two candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently asked questions about election results |url=https://ecslmedia.ec.gov.sl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/FAQ_Results.pdf |website=ecslmedia.ec.gov.sl |publisher=National Electoral Commission of Sierra Leone}}</ref> The current president of Sierra Leone is former [[military junta]] leader [[Julius Maada Bio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/04/africa/sierra-leone-presidential-election-intl/index.html|title=Sierra Leone declares former junta head president|first=Bukola |last=Adebayo|work=CNN|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Bio is the leader of the [[Sierra Leone People's Party]], the current ruling party in Sierra Leone.

Next to the president is the [[Vice President of Sierra Leone|vice-president]], who is the second highest-ranking government official in the executive branch of the Sierra Leone Government. As designated by the Sierra Leone Constitution, the vice-president is to become the new president of Sierra Leone upon the death, resignation, or removal of the President.

=== Parliament ===
{{Main|Parliament of Sierra Leone}}

The Parliament of Sierra Leone is [[unicameral]], with 149 seats. Each of the country's 16 districts is represented in parliament. 135 members are elected concurrently with the presidential elections; the other 14 seats are filled by [[paramount chief]]s from the country's [[Administrative division|administrative districts]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-01|title=Parliament of Sierra Leone > Home|url=http://www.parliament.gov.sl/|access-date=2021-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601231404/http://www.parliament.gov.sl/|archive-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> The Sierra Leone parliament is led by the Speaker of Parliament, who is directly elected by sitting members of parliament. The current speaker of the Sierra Leone parliament is [[Segepoh Solomon Thomas]], who was elected on 2 May 2024.

The current members of the Parliament of Sierra Leone were elected in the [[2023 Sierra Leonean general election]]. The APC currently has 54 of the 135 elected parliamentary seats, and the [[Sierra Leone People's Party]] (SLPP) has 81 of the seats. Members of parliament must be a citizen of Sierra Leone over age 21, a registered elector, and proficient in the English language.<ref name="nyulawglobal.org" /> Since independence in 1961, Sierra Leone's politics has been dominated by two major political parties: the SLPP and the APC. Other minor political parties have also existed but with no significant support.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Sierra Leone National Election Commission Bulletin
|date=September–December 2011
|url=http://www.nec-sierraleone.org/Bulletin.html
|access-date=25 February 2012
|archive-date=14 November 2012
|archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20121114222820/http://www.nec-sierraleone.org/Bulletin.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

=== Judiciary ===

{{main|Judiciary of Sierra Leone}}

[[File: Freetown Court 1984.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The Sierra Leone [[Supreme Court of Sierra Leone|Supreme Court]] in the capital [[Freetown]], the highest and most powerful court in the country]]

The judicial power of Sierra Leone is vested in the [[judiciary]], headed by the [[Chief Justice of Sierra Leone]] and comprising the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone, which is the highest court in the country, meaning that its rulings, therefore, cannot be appealed against. Other courts are the High Court of Justice, the Court of Appeal, the magistrate courts, and traditional courts in rural villages led by a paramount chiefs and village elders that handle family and community dispute in civil cases. The president appoints and parliament approves Justices for the three courts. The Judiciary has jurisdiction in all civil and criminal matters throughout the country. The current acting [[chief justice]] of Sierra Leone is Desmond Babatunde Edwards. The Sierra Leone Judiciary is constitutionally independent from outside influences, but in practice, the president of Sierra Leone has large unofficial power and influences over the Judiciary, including the influence to remove a sitting judge.

=== Foreign relations ===

{{Main|Foreign relations of Sierra Leone}}

The Sierra Leonean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation is responsible for foreign policy of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone has diplomatic relations that include China, Russia,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ambassade de la Fédération de Russie en République de Guinée|title=Russia and Sierra Leone diplomatic relations|url=http://guinea.mid.ru/web/guinee-fr/actualites-de-l-ambassade/-/asset_publisher/u42vl5IwZdlL/content/55th-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations-between-russia-and-sierra-leone?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fguinea.mid.ru%2Fweb%2Fguinee-fr%2Factualites-de-l-ambassade%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_u42vl5IwZdlL%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1|website=mid.ru|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816063823/https://guinea.mid.ru/web/guinee-fr/actualites-de-l-ambassade/-/asset_publisher/u42vl5IwZdlL/content/55th-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations-between-russia-and-sierra-leone?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fguinea.mid.ru%2Fweb%2Fguinee-fr%2Factualites-de-l-ambassade%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_u42vl5IwZdlL%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Libya, Iran, and Cuba.

Sierra Leone has good relations with the West, including the United States, and has maintained historical ties with the United Kingdom and other former [[British Empire|British colonies]] through its membership of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |date =October 2008 |title =Background Note: Sierra Leone |publisher=U.S. Department of State |url =https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5475.htm |access-date =7 October 2008}}</ref> The United Kingdom has played a major role in providing aid to the former colony, together with administrative help and military training since intervening to end the Civil War in 2000.

Former president [[Siaka Stevens]]'s government sought closer relations with other [[West African]] countries under the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), a policy continued by the current government. Sierra Leone, [[Liberia]], [[Ivory Coast]], and [[Guinea]] form the [[Mano River Union]] (MRU). It is primarily designed to implement development projects and promote regional [[economic integration]] between the four countries.<ref>{{cite web |year =2006 |title =Welcome to the Mano River Union Website |publisher =Mano River Union |url =http://www.manoriverunion.org/ |access-date =7 October 2008 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080706124624/http://www.manoriverunion.org/ |archive-date =6 July 2008 |url-status =dead }}</ref>

Sierra Leone is also a member of the [[United Nations]] and its specialised agencies, the [[African Union]], the [[African Development Bank]] (AFDB), the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year =2007 |title =Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations |encyclopedia =Sierra Leone Encyclopedia |url =http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_2mfa.htm |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182542/http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_2mfa.htm |archive-date =23 February 2009 |access-date =7 October 2008 |url-status =dead |df =dmy-all }}</ref> Sierra Leone is a member of the [[International Criminal Court]] with a [[Bilateral Immunity Agreement]] of protection for the [[Military of the United States|US military]] (as covered under Article 98).

Sierra Leone is the 66th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf|title=2024 Global Peace Index|accessdate=19 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Military ===

{{Main|Military of Sierra Leone}}

The Military of Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), are the unified armed forces of Sierra Leone responsible for the territorial security of Sierra Leone's border and defending the national interests of Sierra Leone within the framework of its international obligations. The armed forces were formed after independence in 1961, based on elements of the former British [[Royal West African Frontier Force]] present in the country. The Sierra Leone Armed Forces consist of around 15,500 personnel, comprising the largest Sierra Leone Army,<ref>[http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/wafrsu/siers100.html Armed forces (Sierra Leone) Jane's Sentinel Security Assessments], June 2008</ref> the Sierra Leone Navy and the Sierra Leone Air Wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-World-Air-Forces/Summary-Sierra-Leone.html |title=Summary (Sierra Leone) – Jane's World Air Forces |publisher=Janes.com |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref>

The [[president of Sierra Leone]] is the [[Commander in Chief]] of the military and the Minister of Defence responsible for defence policy and the formulation of the armed forces.<ref name=radiodemocracy>{{Cite web |url=http://radiodemocracy.sl |title=Radio Democracy |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107132359/http://radiodemocracy.sl/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

When Sierra Leone gained independence in 1961, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Force was created from the Sierra Leone Battalion of the West African Frontier Force.<ref name="Kaplan">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tv9yAAAAMAAJ&dq=Royal+Sierra+Leone+Military+Force&pg=PA337 ''Area Handbook for Sierra Leone''], Irving Kaplan, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, page 337</ref> The military seized control in 1968, bringing the [[National Reformation Council]] into power. On 19 April 1971, when Sierra Leone became a republic, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Forces were renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone Military Force (RSLMF).<ref name="Kaplan" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_6rslaf.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111070308/http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_6rslaf.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 |title=Partners: Sierra Leone Armed Forces |publisher=Daco-sl.org |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The RSLMF remained a single-service organisation until 1979 when the Sierra Leone Navy was established. In 1995 Defence Headquarters was established, and the Sierra Leone Air Wing was formed. The RSLMF was renamed as the Armed Forces of the Republic of Sierra Leone (AFRSL).

=== Law enforcement ===

Law enforcement in Sierra Leone is primarily the responsibility of the [[Sierra Leone Police]] (SLP), which is accountable to the Minister of Internal Affairs (appointed by the president). Sierra Leone Police was established by the [[British colony]] in 1894; it is one of the oldest police forces in West Africa. The Sierra Leone Police is headed by the [[Inspector General of Police]], the professional head of the Sierra Leone Police force, who is appointed by the [[president of Sierra Leone]].

Each of [[Districts of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone's 14 districts]] is headed by a district police commissioner who is the professional head of their district. These commissioners report directly to the Inspector General of Police at the Sierra Leone Police headquarters in Freetown. The current Inspector General of Police is [[William Fayia Sellu]], who was appointed to the position by President [[Julius Maada Bio]] on 27 July 2022.<ref name=radiodemocracy/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/an-open-letter-to-willam-fayia-sellu-sierra-leones-new-inspector-general-of-police/ | title=An Open Letter to Willam Fayia Sellu – Sierra Leone's new Inspector General of Police | date=29 July 2022 }}</ref>

=== Human rights ===

{{Main|Human rights in Sierra Leone}}

According to a 2015 US Department of State report, "the most significant human rights problems included a lack of universal access to justice; widespread official corruption in all branches of government; and trafficking in persons, including forced child labor."<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=154368&year=2010#wrapper |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 Sierra Leone |accessdate= 1 February 2025}}</ref> Excessive [[police brutality]] is also a frequent problem.<ref>{{cite web|title=SIERRA LEONE 2020|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/west-and-central-africa/sierra-leone/report-sierra-leone/|website=Amnesty International|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

While discrimination on the basis of sex, colour, religion and political opinion is prohibited by the constitution, there is neither constitutional nor legal prohibition of discrimination that is based on sexual orientation, HIV-positive status or trans identity.<ref name="auto"/> Male same-sex sexual activity [[LGBT rights in Sierra Leone|is illegal]] under Section 61 of the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]], and imprisonment for life is possible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611181908/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2012 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws criminalising same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults |publisher=The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association |editor= Lucas Paoli Itaborahy |date=May 2012 |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Leadership in World governance initiatives ===
Sierra Leone is one of the signatories of the agreement to hold a convention to draft a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, in 1968, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt the [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA) |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 }}</ref> [[Milton Margai]], then [[president of Sierra Leone]], signed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amerasinghe |first=Terence P. |title=Emerging World Law, Volume 1 |publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-933567-16-7 |page=50 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===

{{Main|Administrative divisions of Sierra Leone}}

[[File:Districts in Sierra Leone 2018.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|The 14 districts and 2 areas of Sierra Leone]]
The Republic of Sierra Leone is composed of five regions: the [[Northern Province, Sierra Leone|Northern Province]], [[North West Province, Sierra Leone|North West Province]], [[Southern Province, Sierra Leone|Southern Province]], the [[Eastern Province, Sierra Leone|Eastern Province]], and the [[Western Area]]. Four provinces are further divided into 14 districts; the Western Area is divided into two districts.

The provincial districts are divided into 186 chiefdoms, which have traditionally been led by [[paramount chiefs]], recognised by the British administration in 1896 at the time of organising the Protectorate of Sierra Leone. The Paramount Chiefs are influential, particularly in [[villages]] and small rural towns.<ref name="Tristan">[http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/history.pdf Tristan Reed and James A. Robinson, ''The Chiefdoms of Sierra Leone''], ''Scholar'', Harvard University, 15 July 2013, accessed 30 April 2014</ref> Each chiefdom has ruling families that were recognised at that time; the Tribal Authority, made up of local notables, elects the paramount chief from the ruling families.<ref name="Tristan"/> Typically, chiefs have the power to "raise taxes, control the judicial system, and allocate land, the most important resource in rural areas".<ref>Daron Acemoglu, Tristan Reed. and James A. Robinson. [http://public-prod-acquia.gsb.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pe_10_13_Robinson_0.pdf "Chiefs: Economic Development and Elite Control of Civil Society in Sierra Leone"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101740/http://public-prod-acquia.gsb.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pe_10_13_Robinson_0.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }}, Stanford University, 29 August 2013, accessed 30 April 2014</ref>

Within the context of local governance, the districts are governed as ''localities''. Each has a directly elected local district council to exercise authority and carry out functions at a local level.<ref name="Renner-Thomas 2010 6–7">{{Cite book |last =Renner-Thomas |first = Ade |title = Land Tenure in Sierra Leone: The Law, Dualism and the Making of a Land Policy |publisher =AuthorHouse |year =2010 |pages = 6–7 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RiIpW6vWVPoC&pg=PA5|isbn=978-1-4490-5866-1|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = ActionAid launches Perception survey as new local councils struggle to survive |publisher = ActionAid |url = http://www.actionaid.org/tanzania/index.aspx?PageID=3925 |access-date = 26 February 2011 |archive-date = 25 September 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220925152420/http://www.actionaid.org/tanzania/index.aspx?PageID=3925 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In total, there are 19 local councils: 13 district councils, one for each of the 12 districts and one for the Western Area Rural, and six municipalities also have elected local councils. The six municipalities include Freetown, which functions as the local government for the Western Area Urban District, and [[Bo, Sierra Leone|Bo]], [[Bonthe]], [[Kenema]], [[Koidu]], and [[Makeni]].<ref name="Renner-Thomas 2010 6–7"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone|url=http://www.clgf.org.uk/regions/clgf-west-africa/sierra-leone/|website=Commonwealth Local Government Forum|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone Human Development Report 2007 – Empowering Local Government for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction – The District Focus Approach to Development |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/sierraleone_nhdr_20071.pdf|website=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>

While the district councils are under the oversight of their respective provincial administrations, the municipalities are directly overseen by the Ministry of Local Government & Community Development and thus administratively independent of district and provincial administrations.

{|class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
!District!!Capital|!!Area (km2)||Province||Population (2004 census)<ref>{{cite web |title =Final Results 2004 population and housing census |publisher=Statistics Sierra Leone |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Census/ssl_final_results.pdf|page=3|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>||Population (2015 census)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistics.sl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2015-Census-Provisional-Result.pdf |title=Provisional Results |work=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census |date=March 2016 |publisher=Statistics Sierra Leone}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bombali District]] ||[[Makeni]]||align="right"|7,985||rowspan="5"|[[Northern Province, Sierra Leone|Northern Province]]||align="right"|408,390||align="right"|606,183<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6636 |title=Bombali – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
||[[Koinadugu District]] ||[[Kabala, Sierra Leone|Kabala]]||align="right"|12,121||align="right"|265,758||align="right"|408,097<ref name="Port Loko">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6644 |title=Port Loko |publisher=World-gazetteer.com |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|[[Port Loko District]] ||[[Port Loko]]||align="right"|5,719||align="right"|453,746||align="right"|614,063<ref name="Port Loko"/>
|-
|[[Tonkolili District]] ||[[Magburaka]]||align="right"|7,003||align="right"|347,197||align="right"|530,776<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6647 |title=Tonkolili – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kambia District]] ||[[Kambia, Sierra Leone|Kambia]]||align="right"|3,108||align="right"|270,462||align="right"|343,686<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6639 |title=Kambia – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kenema District]] ||[[Kenema]]||align="right"|6,053||rowspan="3"|[[Eastern Province, Sierra Leone|Eastern Province]]||align="right"|497,948||align="right"|609,873<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6640 |title=Kenema – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kono District]] ||[[Koidu|Koidu Town]] ||align="right"|5,641||align="right"|335,401||align="right"|505,767<ref name="World Gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6638 |title=Kailahun – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kailahun District]] ||[[Kailahun]] ||align="right"|3,859||align="right"|358,190||align="right"|525,372<ref name="World Gazetteer"/>
|-
|[[Bo District]] ||[[Bo, Sierra Leone|Bo]] ||align="right"|5,219||rowspan="4"|[[Southern Province, Sierra Leone|Southern Province]]||align="right"|463,668||align="right"|574,201<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6635 |title=Bo – profile of geographical entity including name variants |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=20 May 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bonthe District]] ||[[Mattru Jong]] ||align="right"|3,468||align="right"|139,687||align="right"|200,730<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6637 |title=Bonthe |publisher=World-gazetteer.com |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216134834/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-6637 |archive-date=16 December 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pujehun District]] ||[[Pujehun]] ||align="right"|4,105||align="right"|228,392 ||align="right"|345,577
|-
|[[Moyamba District]] ||[[Moyamba]] ||align="right"|6,902||align="right"|260,910 ||align="right"|318,064
|-
|[[Western Area Urban District]] ||[[Freetown]] ||align="right"|13||rowspan="2"|[[Western Area|Western Area]]||align="right"|772,873||align="right"|1,050,301
|-
|[[Western Area Rural District]] ||[[Waterloo, Sierra Leone|Waterloo]] ||align="right"|544||align="right"|174,249||align="right"|442,951
|}
{{Clear}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Sierra Leone}}

[[File:GDP per capita development in Sierra Leone.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development]]

{|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align:right;"
|+ Percentage of GDP by sector (2007)<ref name="AFEC"/>
|-
! scope="col" |Rank
! scope="col" |Sector
! scope="col" |Percentage of GDP
|-
! scope="row" |1
|Agriculture
|58.5
|-
! scope="row" |2
|Other services
|10.4
|-
! scope="row" |3
|Trade and tourism
|9.5
|-
! scope="row" |4
|Wholesale and retail trade
|9.0
|-
! scope="row" |5
|Mining and quarrying
|4.5
|-
! scope="row" |6
|Government Services
|4.0
|-
! scope="row" |7
|Manufacturing and handicrafts
|2.0
|-
! scope="row" |8
|Construction
|1.7
|-
! scope="row" |9
|Electricity and water
|0.4
|}

By the 1990s, economic activity was declining and economic infrastructure had become seriously degraded. Over the next decade, much of the formal economy was destroyed in the country's civil war. Since the end of hostilities in 2002, massive infusions of outside assistance have helped Sierra Leone recover.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Emerson Abraham |title=Economic Methodology: Paradox of Ceteris Paribus Law in the Context of Sierra Leone |journal=Méthod(e)s: African Review of Social Sciences Methodology |date=2 July 2017 |volume=2 |issue=1–2 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.1080/23754745.2017.1354553 |s2cid=31830778 }}</ref>

Much of the recovery depends on the success of the government's efforts to limit corruption by officials, which many feel was the chief cause of the civil war. A key indicator of success is the effectiveness of government management of its diamond sector.

There is high unemployment, particularly among the youth and ex-combatants. Authorities have been slow to implement reforms in the civil service, and the pace of the privatisation programme is also slackening and donors have urged its advancement. As of the most recent survey in 2019, 59.2% of the population continues to be affected by [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty]] and an additional 21.3% vulnerable to it.<ref name=":12" />

The currency is the [[Sierra Leonean leone|leone]]. The [[central bank]] is the [[Bank of Sierra Leone]]. Sierra Leone operates a floating [[exchange rate]] system, and foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognised foreign exchange [[Service bureau|bureaux]] and most hotels. Credit card use is limited in Sierra Leone, but they are used at some hotels and restaurants. There are a few internationally linked [[automated teller machine]]s that accept [[Visa card]]s in Freetown.

=== Agriculture ===

{{Further|Agriculture in Sierra Leone}}

[[File:Sierra Leone rice farmer.jpg|thumb|A farmer with his rice harvest in Sierra Leone. Two-thirds of Sierra Leone's population are directly involved in [[subsistence agriculture]].<ref name = "future">{{cite web
|title = Settling for a future in Sierra Leone
|publisher = New Agriculture
|date = November 2007
|url = http://www.new-ag.info/focus/focusItem.php?a=291
|access-date = 20 February 2011
|archive-date = 4 August 2020
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200804200645/http://www.new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=291
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>]]

Two-thirds of Sierra Leone's population is directly involved in [[subsistence agriculture]].<ref name="future"/> Agriculture accounted for 58 per cent of [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) in 2007.<ref name = "AFEC">{{Cite book |first=OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|last= African Development Bank|title =African Economic Outlook 2009: Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2|publisher=OECD Publishing|year =2009|pages =561–562|isbn=978-92-64-07618-1}}</ref>

Agriculture is the largest employer with 80 per cent of the population working in the sector.<ref>{{Cite book |last=König|first=Dirk |title =Linking Agriculture to Tourism in Sierra Leone – a Preliminary Research |publisher =GRIN Verlag|year =2008|page =67 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ChOkCqPu_QMC&q=agriculture+economy+sierra+leone&pg=PA65|isbn=978-3-638-94680-3}}</ref> [[Rice]] is the most important staple crop in Sierra Leone, with 85 per cent of farmers cultivating it during the rainy season<ref>{{Cite book |last=Catling|first=David|title = Rice in deep water|publisher =Int. Rice Res. Inst.|year =1992|page = 372 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&q=rice+sierra+leone&pg=PA372|isbn=978-971-22-0005-2}}</ref> and an annual consumption of 76 kg (167.5 lbs) per person.<ref>{{Cite book |title =Rice today, Volume 3:Rice facts |publisher =International Rice Research|year =2004|page =48 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=3PZjte6EADYC&q=rice+sierra+leone&pg=PA48}}</ref>

=== Mining ===

{{Further|Mining in Sierra Leone}}

Rich in minerals, Sierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base. The country is among the top ten diamond producing countries. Mineral exports remain the main [[currency]] earner. Sierra Leone is a major producer of gem-quality diamonds. Though rich in diamonds, it has historically struggled to manage their exploitation and export.

Sierra Leone is known for its [[blood diamond]]s that were mined and sold to diamond conglomerates during the [[Sierra Leone Civil War|civil war]] to buy the weapons that fuelled its atrocities.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN targets 'blood diamonds' trade|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3117421.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=28 April 2011|date=1 August 2003}}</ref> In the 1970s and early 1980s, economic growth slowed because of a decline in the mining sector and increasing corruption among government officials.

Annual production of Sierra Leone's diamond estimates a range between US$250 million–$300 million. Some of that is [[Smuggling|smuggled]] and used for [[money laundering]] or financing illicit activities. Formal exports have dramatically improved since the civil war, with efforts to improve their management having some success. In 2000, a UN-approved certification system for exporting diamonds from the country was put in place that led to a dramatic increase in legal exports. In 2001, the government created a mining community development fund ([[Ministry of Mineral Resources (Sierra Leone)|DACDF]]), which returns a portion of diamond export taxes to diamond mining communities. The fund was created to raise local communities' stakes in the legal diamond trade.

Sierra Leone has one of the world's largest deposits of [[rutile]], a [[titanium]] ore.

=== Transport infrastructure ===

{{Main|Transport in Sierra Leone}}

[[File:Kenema-Kailahun Road.jpg|thumb|The road from [[Kenema]] to [[Kailahun District]]]]

There are several systems of transport in Sierra Leone, which has a road, air and water infrastructure, including a network of highways and several airports. There are {{convert|11,300|km|abbr=off}} of highways in Sierra Leone, of which {{convert|904|km|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="CIA"/> are paved (about 8%). Sierra Leone's highways are linked to [[Conakry]], Guinea, and [[Monrovia]], Liberia.

Sierra Leone has Africa's largest [[natural harbour]], allowing international shipping through the [[Queen Elizabeth II Quay]] in the [[Cline Town, Sierra Leone|Cline Town]] area of eastern Freetown or through Government Wharf in central Freetown. There are {{convert|800|km|0|abbr=on}} of waterways in Sierra Leone, of which {{convert|600|km|0|abbr=on}} are navigable year-round. Major port cities are [[Bonthe]], [[Freetown]], [[Sherbro Island]] and [[Pepel]].

There are ten [[regional airport]]s in Sierra Leone and one [[international airport]]. [[Freetown International Airport]], in the coastal town of [[Lungi, Sierra Leone|Lungi]], is the primary airport for domestic and international travel to or from Sierra Leone. Passengers cross the river to Aberdeen or Kissy in Freetown by passenger ferry. A [[Lungi Bridge|bridge]] is planned to cross the estuary with completion expected by the end of 2027. The airport has a [[Pavement (material)|paved]] runway of {{convert|3,200|m|abbr=off}}. The other airports have unpaved runways, and seven have runways from {{convert|914|to|1,523|m|abbr=off}} long; the other two have shorter runways.

Sierra Leone appears on the EU list of prohibited countries with regard to the certification of airlines. This means that no airline registered in Sierra Leone may operate services of any kind within the European Union, due to substandard safety standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air-ban/pdf/list_en.pdf |title=List of banned E.U. air carriers |access-date=11 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325010606/http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air-ban/pdf/list_en.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 }}. ec.Europa.eu</ref>

As of December 2024, the country's only [[Lungi International Airport|international airport]] had regularly scheduled direct flights to Istanbul, Brussels and many major cities in Africa.

=== Energy===

[[File:Sierra Leone electricity production.svg|thumb|Sierra Leone electricity production by source|300px]]

As of 2016, about 12% of the population of Sierra Leone had access to electricity. Of that 12%, 10% was in Freetown, and the remaining 90% of the country used 2% of the nation's electricity.<ref name="assets.publishing.service.gov.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5aec17b7ed915d42f7c6beab/Energy_Africa_Access_Campaign_-_Policy_Compact_Sierra_Leone_Final_Report.pdf|title=Energy Africa Access Campaign Policy Compact Sierra Leone Final Report|website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> The majority of the population relies on biomass fuels, with firewood and coal used most prevalently.<ref name="Taylor-2012" /> The burning of these sources has been reported to have adverse health effects on women and children.<ref name="Taylor-2012">{{Cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=Eldred Tunde|last2=Nakai|first2=Satoshi|date=19 June 2012|title=Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections in Women and Children in Western Sierra Leone due to Smoke from Wood and Charcoal Stoves|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=6|pages=2252–2265|doi=10.3390/ijerph9062252|pmid=22829802|pmc=3397376|issn=1660-4601|doi-access=free}}</ref> The use of coal and firewood has also posed environmental concerns as they are both in conflict with the push for more sustainable sources of energy.<ref name="Munro-2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Munro|first1=Paul|last2=van der Horst|first2=Greg|last3=Healy|first3=Stephen|date=June 2017|title=Energy justice for all? Rethinking Sustainable Development Goal 7 through struggles over traditional energy practices in Sierra Leone|journal=Energy Policy|volume=105|pages=635–641|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.038|bibcode=2017EnPol.105..635M |issn=0301-4215}}</ref> As a result, the commercialisation of firewood and coal has been a point of contention with aid donors and government agencies.<ref name="Munro-2017" /> There have been strong pushes for both solar and hydropower to become the dominant sources of energy. Sierra Leone's tropical climate, heavy annual rainfall, and abundance of rivers give it the potential to pursue more solar and hydropower alternatives.<ref name="www.undp.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/sierraleone/docs/focusareadocs/undp_sle_energyprofile.pdf|title=NATIONAL ENERGY PROFILE OF SIERRA LEONE [JUNE, 2012]|website=www.undp.org|access-date=16 December 2018|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807083545/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/sierraleone/docs/focusareadocs/undp_sle_energyprofile.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In conjunction with the UK's [[Department for International Development]] (DFID), Sierra Leone has set a goal to provide solar power to all its citizens by 2025.<ref name="Reuters-2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-leone-electricity-idUSKCN0Y21Q3|title=Sierra Leone solar push aims to bring electricity to all by 2025|date=2016-05-11|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> It aims provide solar power to at least 50,000 homes in 2016, 250,000 homes by 2017, and 1,000,000 people by 2020.<ref name="Reuters-2016" /> This initiative falls under the [[Energy Africa]] access campaign.<ref name="assets.publishing.service.gov.uk" /> Before this compact agreement, Sierra Leone's private sector for solar energy was weak, as it provided energy to less than 5% of the target population.<ref name="assets.publishing.service.gov.uk" /> Part of the reason for this was the import duties, taxes, and lack of quality control.<ref name="assets.publishing.service.gov.uk" /> To ensure that the Energy Africa goal is met, Sierra Leone has agreed to remove its import duties and Value Added Tax (VAT) on certified solar products.<ref name="Reuters-2016" /> It is estimated that there will be a 30% to 40% cost reduction on solar products with the lack of duties and taxes.<ref name="assets.publishing.service.gov.uk" />

As of 2012, Sierra Leone has three main hydroelectric plants: the Guma plant, which was decommissioned in 1982; the Dodo Plant, in the Eastern Province; and the [[Bumbuna Dam|Bumbuna plant]].<ref name="www.undp.org" /> There is also potential for several new hydroelectric plants to open on the Sewa River, Pampana River, Seli River, Moa River, and Little Scarcies.<ref name="www.undp.org" /> The Bumbuna dam is the largest and was estimated to produce about 50 megawatts of electricity.<ref name="Centre for Public Impact (CPI)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/bumbuna-hydroelectric-plant/|title=The endgame of the Bumbuna hydroelectric plant project|website=Centre for Public Impact (CPI)|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927165841/https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/bumbuna-hydroelectric-plant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has been projected that the Bumbuna dam could reduce the amount of spending on foreign fuel and save the country at least $2 million a month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-sierraleone-hydro-20090924-idAFJOE58N05Y20090924|title=Hydro brings light and hope to Sierra Leone|date=2009-09-24|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Sierra Leone|Languages of Sierra Leone}}

[[File:Sierra-Leone-demography.png|thumb|Sierra Leone's total population, from 1961 to 2013]]

In 2019 Sierra Leone had a population of 7,813,215<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SL|title = Population, total - Sierra Leone {{pipe}} Data}}</ref> and a growth rate of 2.216% a year.<ref name="CIA"/> The population is mostly young, with an estimated 41.7% under 15, and rural, with an estimated 62% of people living outside the cities.<ref name="CIA"/> As a result of migration to cities, the population is becoming more urban with an estimated rate of urbanisation growth of 2.9% a year.<ref name="CIA"/><ref name="Renner-Thomas 2010 5">{{Cite book |last =Renner-Thomas |first = Ade |title = Land Tenure in Sierra Leone: The Law, Dualism and the Making of a Land Policy |publisher =AuthorHouse |year =2010 |page = 5 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RiIpW6vWVPoC&pg=PA5|isbn=978-1-4490-5866-1|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

Population density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. The [[Western Area Urban District]], including Freetown, the capital and largest city, has a population density of 1,224 persons per square km. The largest district geographically, [[Koinadugu District|Koinadugu]], has a much lower density of 21.4 persons per square km.<ref name="Renner-Thomas 2010 5"/>

English is the [[official language]],<ref>{{cite web |title =Sierra Leone Overview |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |url =http://www.sl.undp.org/sloverview.htm |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110511080815/http://www.sl.undp.org/sloverview.htm |archive-date =11 May 2011 |access-date =3 June 2008 |url-status =dead |df =dmy-all }}</ref> spoken at schools, government administration and in the media. [[Krio language|Krio]] (derived from English and several indigenous African languages, and the language of the [[Sierra Leone Creole people]]) is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. As the Krio language is spoken by 96% of the country's population,<ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.language9.com/languages/translation/krio-translation.html |title=Krio Translation Services |publisher=Language9.com |access-date=20 May 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113120341/http://www.language9.com/languages/translation/krio-translation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> it unites all the different [[Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone|ethnic group]]s, especially in their trade and interaction with each other.<ref>{{Cite book |last1 = Oyètádé |first1 = B. Akíntúndé |last2 = Fashole-Luke |first2 = Victor|title = Language and National Identity in Africa |place = Oxford |publisher = Oxford University Press |chapter = Sierra Leone: Krio and the Quest for National Integration |pages = 122–140 |chapter-url = https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/181|date = 15 February 2008 |isbn = 978-0-19-928675-1 }}</ref> Krio is the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans at home and abroad,<ref>Thompson, V. A. D. (2013). ''The Transformation of Freetown Christianity, 1960–2000.'' Doctoral Dissertation, University of London.</ref> and has also heavily influenced [[Sierra Leonean English]].<ref>Saidu Bangura, 2015 ''A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English: A Sociohistorical and Ecological Perspective'', Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, PhD thesis, p. 124, 222, 232-242.</ref>

After the contribution made by the [[Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force]] in the [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] under the [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone]], the government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared [[Bengali language|Bengali]] an honorary official language in December 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recounting the sacrifices that made Bangla the State Language|url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/125160/recounting-the-sacrifices-that-made-bangla-the-state-language|last=Ahmed|first=Nazir|date=21 Feb 2017|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827061400/https://thedailynewnation.com/news/125160/recounting-the-sacrifices-that-made-bangla-the-state-language|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927121835/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2002_pg9_6|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2002_pg9_6|date=29 Dec 2002|archive-date=27 September 2013|title=Sierra Leone makes Bengali official language|website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref>

According to the ''World Refugee Survey 2008'', published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Sierra Leone had a population of 8,700 [[refugees]] and asylum seekers at the end of 2007. Nearly 20,000 Liberian refugees voluntarily returned to [[Liberia]] over the course of 2007. Of the refugees remaining in Sierra Leone, nearly all were Liberian.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228132236/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|archive-date=28 December 2012}}</ref>

{{Largest cities
| name = Largest cities of Sierra Leone
| country = Sierra Leone
| stat_ref = Government of Sierra Leone 2004 Census<ref>{{Cite web | title = Final Results 2004 population and housing census | publisher = Government of Sierra Leone| year = 2006 | url =http://www.sierra-leone.org/Census/ssl_final_results.pdf| access-date = 26 February 2011}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Sierra Leone
| div_name = District

| city_1 = Freetown | div_1 = Western Area Urban District | pop_1 = 853,651 | city_2 = Bo, Sierra Leone {{!}} Bo| div_2 =Bo District|pop_2 = 149,957 | city_3 = Kenema| div_3 =Kenema District |pop_3 = 128,402| city_4 = Makeni| div_4 = Bombali District|pop_4 = 82,940
| city_5 = Koidu {{!}} Koidu Town| div_5 = Kono District|pop_5 = 80,025| city_6 = Lunsar| div_6 = Port Loko District|pop_6 = 24,450
| city_7 = Port Loko| div_7 =Port Loko District |pop_7 = 23,195
| city_8 = Pandebu-Tokpombu |div_8 = Kenema District|pop_8 = 20,219
| city_9 = Kabala, Sierra Leone {{!}} Kabala| div_9 =Koinadugu District |pop_9 = 19,074
| city_10 =Waterloo, Sierra Leone {{!}} Waterloo| div_10 = Western Area Urban District|pop_10 = 18,579
}}

The populations quoted above for the five largest cities are from the 2004 census. The figure for Freetown is for the Western Urban Area (Greater Freetown). Other figures are estimates from the source cited. Different sources give different estimates. Some claim that [[Magburaka]] should be included in the above list, but there is considerable difference among sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://population-of.com/en/Sierra-Leone/02/Magburaka |title=Population of Magburaka |publisher=Population-of.com |access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exaf.eu/exaf/page.php?pid=210 |title=Exaf |publisher=Exaf.EU |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720161721/http://www.exaf.eu/exaf/page.php?pid=210 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Religion ===

{{main|Religion in Sierra Leone}}

{{bar box |float=right |titlebar=#ddd
|title=[[Religion in Sierra Leone]] (2020)<ref name=religions>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sierra-leone#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015 | title=Religions in Sierra Leone {{pipe}} PEW-GRF | access-date=9 December 2017 | archive-date=20 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152154/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sierra-leone#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|left1=Religion
|right1=per cent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|78.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|20.4}}
{{bar percent|Other faiths|black|1.1}}
}}

[[File: Pendemdu Mosque and Church.JPG|thumb|A mosque and a church in Sierra Leone]]

Sierra Leone is officially a [[secular state]]. [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are its two main religions. The constitution provides for [[freedom of religion]] and the government generally protects it. The government is constitutionally forbidden to establish a [[state religion]], though Muslim and Christian prayers are usually held at the beginning of major political occasions.

Surveys of the religious makeup of Sierra Leone vary widely, though [[Muslims]] are the majority. Based on 2015 estimates, 77% of the population is Muslim, 22% is Christian, and 1% practise [[African traditional religion]]. According to 2020 estimates by the [[Pew Research Center]]<ref>[http://www.statesmansyearbook.com/entry?entry=countries_sl.RELIGION]{{dead link|date=August 2021}}</ref> 78.5% of Sierra Leone's population is Muslim (mostly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]), 20.4% is Christian (mostly [[Protestantism|Protestant]]), and 1.1% has a traditional African religion or other beliefs. The Inter-Religious Council of Sierra Leone estimated that 77% of Sierra Leone's population is Muslim, 21% is Christian, and 2% follows traditional African religions.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171636.pdf Sierra Leone]. state.gov</ref> Most of Sierra Leone's ethnic groups are Muslim majority, including the country's two largest ethnic groups: the Mende and Temne.

Sierra Leone is regarded as one of the most religiously tolerant countries in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21603015-sierra-leone-bucks-west-african-trend-celebrating-its-religious-tolerance-all|title=All things happily to all men|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Major Religions of Sierra Leone|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-religions-are-practised-in-sierra-leone.html|access-date=2021-04-30|website=WorldAtlas|date=4 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ayvnewspaper.com/index.php/k2-categories/politics/item/849-sierra-leone-hailed-for-religious-tolerance|title=Sierra Leone Hailed for Religious Tolerance|date=March 3, 2016|website=AYV Newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401123817/http://ayvnewspaper.com/index.php/k2-categories/politics/item/849-sierra-leone-hailed-for-religious-tolerance|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of the major Muslim and Christian holidays are officially [[Public holiday|national holidays]] in the country, and religious conflict is rare.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brima |first1=Abdul |title=Preventing religious conflict in Sierra Leone: a careful balancing act |url=https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/articles/preventing-religious-conflict-sierra-leone-careful-balancing-act/?location=sierra-leone&theme=mediation-dialogue |website=Peace Insight |publisher= |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>

The country is home to the Sierra Leone Inter-Religious Council, which is made up of both Christian and Muslim religious leaders to promote peace and tolerance throughout the country.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/2009_5743.html |title=Media Centre – In Sierra Leone, partnerships with religious leaders help combat child mortality |publisher=UNICEF |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014727/https://www.unicef.org/wcaro/2009_5743.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religionsforpeaceinternational.org/what-we-do/stop-war/conflict-transformation |title=Conflict Transformation |publisher=Religions for Peace International |access-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228053733/http://www.religionsforpeaceinternational.org/what-we-do/stop-war/conflict-transformation |archive-date=28 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/emergency/ircsl.stm |title=Interreligious Community Advocates for Peace in Sierra Leone with photos |publisher=Gbgm-umc.org |access-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717070939/http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/emergency/ircsl.stm |archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> The Islamic holidays of [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]] and [[Mawlid|Maulid-un-Nabi]] are observed as [[Public holidays in Sierra Leone|national holidays in Sierra Leone]], as are the Christian holidays of [[Christmas]], [[Boxing Day]], [[Good Friday]] and [[Easter]].

The overwhelming majority of Sierra Leonean Muslims are adherent to the Sunni tradition. Most of the Mosques and Islamic schools across Sierra Leone are based on Sunni Islam. [[Ahmadiyya Muslims]] make up about 10% of the country's Muslim population; the southern city of [[Bo, Sierra Leone|Bo]] is home to a large Ahmadiyya Muslim population. There are five hundred Ahmadiyya Mosques across Sierra Leone.<ref>{{cite web |work=The Muslim Times |url=https://themuslimtimes.info/2014/01/12/progress-of-ahmadiyyat-in-sierra-leone/ |title=Progress of Ahmadiyyat in Sierra Leone |first=Abdul Shafi |last=Bharwana |date=12 January 2014 |access-date=28 August 2021 }}</ref> [[Shia Islam]] does not have a strong presence in Sierra Leone, and there are virtually no [[Shia Muslims]] in the country. Most Sierra Leonean Muslims of the Sunni and Ahmadiyya sect generally pray together in the same [[mosque]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sierraleone365.com/feature-stories/ahmadiyya-movement-goes-mainstream-in-sierra-leone|title=Ahmadiyya Movement Goes Mainstream in Sierra Leone|last=Bah|first=Hadi|website=sierraleone365.com|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425100138/http://sierraleone365.com/feature-stories/ahmadiyya-movement-goes-mainstream-in-sierra-leone|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160101131640/http://ahmadiyyatimes.blogspot.com/2010/03/bo-ahmadiya-muslim-secondary-school.html Sierra Leone: Bo Ahmadiya Muslim Secondary School Golden Jubilee, Former Principal and Secretary-General Honoured]. ''Ahmadiyya Times'' (23 March 2010)</ref> The vast majority of Sierra Leonean Muslims are adherent to the [[Maliki school]] of Sunni Islam. Many Ahmadiyya Muslims in Sierra Leone also follow the Maliki Jurisprudence.

The Sierra Leone Islamic Supreme Council is the highest Islamic religious organisation in Sierra Leone and is made up of the country's Imams, Islamic scholars, and other Islamic clerics across the country. Sheikh Muhammad Taha Jalloh is the president of the Sierra Leone Supreme Islamic Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sierraleoneislamicweb.com/2018/04/10/national-president-of-the-supreme-islamic-council-of-sierra-leone-congratulates-h-e-rtd-juilius-maada-bio-and-his-vice-dr-mohamed-juldeh-jalloh/|title=National President of the Supreme Islamic Council of Sierra Leone Congratulates H.E (Rtd) Juilius Maada Bio and his vice, Dr Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh.|last=onedeentech|date=10 April 2018|website=Sierra Leone Islamic Web}}</ref> The United Council of Imams is an influential Islamic religious body in Sierra Leone that is made up of all [[imams]] of mosques throughout Sierra Leone. The president of the United Council of Imam is Sheikh [[Alhaji]] Muhammad Habib Sheriff.<ref>{{Cite web|title=*Sierra Leone Imams present new president to Hon. Minister responsible for Religious Affairs* – Cocorioko|url=https://cocorioko.net/sierra-leone-imams-present-new-president-to-hon-minister-responsible-for-religious-affairs/|access-date=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> The two largest mosques in Sierra Leone are the [[Freetown Central Mosque]] and the [[Ghadafi Central Mosque]], both located in the capital [[Freetown]].

The large majority of Sierra Leonean Christians are Protestant, of which the largest groups are the [[Wesleyan]] – [[Methodists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5794273&ct=6470237&notoc=1 |title=United Methodists elect bishop for Sierra Leone |publisher=UMC.org |date=22 December 2008 |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506164251/http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=5794273&ct=6470237&notoc=1 |archive-date=6 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/methodist-church-sierra-leone |title=Methodist Church Sierra Leone — World Council of Churches |publisher=Oikoumene.org |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xpointumc.org/missions/report-of-sierra-leone/ |title=Crosspoint United Methodist Church – Welcome » Sierra Leone |publisher=Xpointumc.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927081948/http://www.xpointumc.org/missions/report-of-sierra-leone/ |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efsl.evang.org/about-efsl/our-history |title=The History of the Evangelical Fellowship of Sierra Leone |publisher=Efsl.evang.org |date=24 August 1959 |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928003048/http://www.efsl.evang.org/about-efsl/our-history |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tectsl.org/ |title=The Evangelical College of Theology Sierra Leone |publisher=Tectsl.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927121028/http://tectsl.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other Christian Protestant [[Christian denomination|denominations]] with significant presence in the country include [[Presbyterians]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epc.org/sierra-leone-presbytery-organization-wo-486/ |title=Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Sierra Leone Presbytery Organization [WO-486] |publisher=Epc.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130923202604/http://www.epc.org/sierra-leone-presbytery-organization-wo-486/ |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> [[Baptists]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tmbcdetroit.org/ministries/evangelism/sierra-leone |title=Sierra Leone ::: A Place to Belong, Not Just Attend |publisher=Tmbcdetroit.org |date=23 July 2010 |access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sdachurchsierraleone.org/ |title=Seventh-day Adventist Church, Sierra Leone – HOME |publisher=Sdachurchsierraleone.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095712/http://www.sdachurchsierraleone.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Anglicans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/tour/diocese.cfm?Idind=732 |title=West Africa-Freetown (Sierra Leone) |publisher=Anglican Communion |access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> [[Lutherans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elcsl.weebly.com/ |title=elcsl.weebly.com |publisher=elcsl.weebly.com |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/Our-Three-Expressions/Churchwide-Organization/Global-Mission/Where-We-Work/Africa/Sierra-Leone.aspx |title=Sierra Leone – Evangelical Lutheran Church in America |publisher=Elca.org |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051518/http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/Our-Three-Expressions/Churchwide-Organization/Global-Mission/Where-We-Work/Africa/Sierra-Leone.aspx |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> and [[Pentecostals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200524820.shtml |title=Sierra Leone Christians Preparing for PilgrFile: Sierra Leone News |publisher=News.sl |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304145132/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_200524820.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The Council of Churches is the Christian religious organisation that is made up of Protestant churches across Sierra Leone. Recently there has been an increase of Pentecostal churches, especially in Freetown.

[[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Protestants]] form a significant minority of Sierra Leone's Christian population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=11887 |title=Sierra Leone: in wake of brutal war, churches full: News Headlines |publisher=Catholic Culture |date=28 September 2011 |access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> [[Catholics]] are the largest group of non-Protestant Christians in Sierra Leone, forming about 8% of Sierra Leone's population and 26% of the Christian population in Sierra Leone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicchurchsl.org/ |title=catholicchurchsl.org |publisher=catholicchurchsl.org |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504130803/http://www.catholicchurchsl.org/ |archive-date=4 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/offices/sierra-leone/ |title=Visitors & Tours: Jehovahs Witnesses Office in Sierra Leone |publisher=Jw.org |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005142744/http://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/offices/sierra-leone/ |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/sierra-leone |title=Sierra Leone – LDS Statistics and Church Facts {{pipe}} Total Church Membership |publisher=churchofjesuschrist.org |date=24 July 2007 |access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Gerry |last=Avant |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765616902/Historic-milestone-Sierra-Leone-stake-marks-LDS-Churchs-3000th.html?pg=all |title=Historic milestone: Sierra Leone stake marks LDS Church's 3,000th |newspaper=Deseret News |date=2 December 2012 |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927114817/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765616902/Historic-milestone-Sierra-Leone-stake-marks-LDS-Churchs-3000th.html?pg=all |url-status=dead }}</ref> are the two most prominent [[Nontrinitarianism|non-Trinitarian]] Christians in Sierra Leone, and they form a small but significant minority of the Christian population in Sierra Leone. A small community of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] resides in Freetown.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tsolakidou |first=Stella |url=http://world.greekreporter.com/2013/01/30/troubled-orthodox-mission-in-sierra-leone/ |title=Troubled Orthodox Mission in Sierra Leone |website=GreekReporter.com |access-date=24 February 2017 |date=January 30, 2013}}</ref>

Other religions include [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha’is]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[History of the Jews in Sierra Leone|Jews]] and [[Atheism|atheists]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sierra-leone/|title=Sierra Leone|accessdate=19 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===

{{Further|Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone}}

[[File: Sierra Leone ethnic groups.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|The distribution of [[Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone|major ethnic groups within Sierra Leone]]]]

{|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-right:0; margin-left:1em;"
|+Ethnic groups of Sierra Leone<ref name =Census2015/>
|-
|[[Temne people|Temne]]
| 35.5%
|-
|[[Mende people|Mende]]
| 33.2%
|-
|[[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]]
| 8.4%
|-
|[[Fula people of Sierra Leone|Fula]]
| 3.8%
|-
|[[Kono people|Kono]]
| 3.4%
|-
|[[Susu people|Susu]]
| 2.9%
|-
|[[Loko people|Loko]]
| 2.9%
|-
|[[Koranko people|Koranko]]
| 2.8%
|-
|[[Sherbro people|Sherbro]]
| 2.6%
|-
|[[Mandingo people of Sierra Leone|Mandingo]]
| 2.4%
|-
|[[Sierra Leone Creole people|Creole/Krio]]
| 1.3%
|-
|}

Sierra Leone is home to about sixteen [[ethnic groups]], each with its own language. The largest and most influential are the Temne at about 35.5% and the Mende at about 33.2%. The Temne predominate in the [[Northern Province, Sierra Leone|Northern Sierra Leone]] and [[Western Area, Sierra Leone|some areas around the capital of Sierra Leone]]. The Mende predominate in [[Southern Province, Sierra Leone|South]]-Eastern Sierra Leone (with the exception of [[Kono District]]).

The vast majority of Temne are Muslims at over 85%, with a significant Christian minority at about 10%. The Mende are also Muslim majority at about 70%, though with a large Christian minority at about 30%. Sierra Leone's national politics centres on the competition between the north-west, dominated by the Temne, and the south-east dominated by the Mende. The vast majority of the Mende support the Sierra Leone People's Party; while the majority of the Temne support the All People's Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewpeople.com/national-news/politics/item/1764-sierra-leone-the-temnes-and-the-politics-of-the-all-peoples%E2%80%99-congress-apc |title=Sierra Leone: The Temnes and the Politics of the All Peoples' Congress (APC) |publisher=The New People |date=29 April 2012 |author= Mohamed Idriss Kanu |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017061941/http://www.thenewpeople.com/national-news/politics/item/1764-sierra-leone-the-temnes-and-the-politics-of-the-all-peoples%E2%80%99-congress-apc |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

The Mende, who are believed to be descendants of the [[Mane people|Mane]],{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} originally occupied the Liberian hinterland. They began moving into Sierra Leone slowly and peacefully in the eighteenth century.

The third-largest ethnic group is the [[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]] at about 8.4% of the population. It is believed that they have lived in Sierra Leone since before the European encounter. The Limba are primarily found in Northern Sierra Leone, particularly in [[Bombali District|Bombali]], [[Kambia District|Kambia]] and [[Koinadugu District]]. The Limba are about 60% Christian and 40% Muslim. Since independence, the Limba have traditionally been influential in Sierra Leone's politics, along with the Mende.

One of the biggest minority ethnic groups are the [[Fula people of Sierra Leone|Fula]] at around 3.8% of the population. Descendants of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Fula migrant settlers from the [[Fouta Djalon]] region of Guinea, they live primarily in the northeast and the western area of Sierra Leone. The Fula are virtually all Muslims at over 99%.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The other ethnic groups are the [[Mandingo people of Sierra Leone|Mandingo]] (also known as [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]]). They are descendants of traders from Guinea who migrated to Sierra Leone during the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. The Mandinka are predominantly found in the east and the northern part of the country. They predominate in the large towns, most notably [[Karina, Sierra Leone|Karina]], in Bombali District in the north; [[Kabala, Sierra Leone|Kabala]] and [[Falaba]] in Koinadugu District in the north; and [[Yengema]], [[Kono District]] in the east of the country. Like the Fula, the Mandinka are virtually all Muslims at over 99%.

Next in proportion are the [[Kono people|Kono]], who live primarily in Kono District in Eastern Sierra Leone. The Kono are descendants of migrants from Guinea; today their workers are known primarily as diamond miners. The majority of the Kono ethnic group are Christians, though with an influential Muslim minority.

The small but significant Creole or [[Krio people]] (descendants of freed African American, [[West Indian]] and Liberated African slaves who settled in Freetown between 1787 and about 1885) make up about 3% of the population. They primarily occupy the capital city of [[Freetown]] and its surrounding [[Western Area]]. The Creoles or Krio have traditionally dominated Sierra Leone's judiciary and Freetown's elected city council. One of the first ethnic groups to become educated according to Western traditions, they have traditionally been appointed to positions in the civil service, beginning during the colonial years. They continue to be influential in the civil service. The Creoles or Krios are virtually all Christians at about 99%.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The [[Oku people]] are the descendants of liberated Muslim [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]s from Southwest [[Nigeria]], who were resettled in Sierra Leone as [[Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone|Liberated Africans]] or came as [[settlers]] in the mid-19th century. The Oku people primarily reside in the communities of Fourah Bay, Fula Town, and Aberdeen in Freetown. The Oku are virtually all Muslims at about 99%.

Other minority ethnic groups are the [[Kuranko people|Kuranko]], who are related to the Mandingo and are largely Muslims. The Kuranko are believed to have begun arriving in Sierra Leone from Guinea in about 1600 and settled in the north, particularly in [[Koinadugu District]]. The Kuranko are primarily farmers; leaders among them have traditionally held several senior positions in the military. The Kuranko are largely Muslim majority.

The [[Loko people|Loko]] in the north are native people of Sierra Leone, believed to have lived in Sierra Leone since the time of European encounter. Like the neighbouring Temne, the Loko are Muslim majority. The [[Susu people|Susu]] and their related [[Yalunka people|Yalunka]] are traders; both groups are primarily found in the far north in Kambia and Koinadugu District close to the border with Guinea. Both the Susu and Yalunka people are descendants of the Mande people. They are virtually all Muslims.

The [[Kissi people|Kissi]] live further inland in South-Eastern Sierra Leone. They predominate in the large town of [[Koindu]] and its surrounding areas in Kailahun District. The vast majority of Kissi are Christians. The much smaller [[Vai people|Vai]] and [[Kru people|Kru]] peoples are primarily found in [[Kailahun District|Kailahun]] and Pujehun Districts near the border with Liberia. The Kru predominate in the Kroubay neighbourhood in the capital of Freetown. The Vai are largely Muslim majority at about 90%, while the Kru are virtually all Christians at over 99%.

On the coast in [[Bonthe District]] in the south are the [[Sherbro people|Sherbro]]. Native to Sierra Leone, they have occupied [[Sherbro Island]] since it was founded. The Sherbro are primarily [[fisherman]] and [[farmers]], and they are predominantly found in Bonthe District. The Sherbro are virtually all Christians, and their paramount chiefs had a history of intermarriage with British colonists and traders.

A small number of Sierra Leoneans are of partial or full [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] ancestry, descendants of traders who first came to the territory in the 19th century. They are locally known as Sierra Leonean-Lebanese. The Sierra Leonean-Lebanese community are primarily traders and they mostly live in middle-class households in the urban areas, primarily in Freetown, [[Bo, Sierra Leone|Bo]], [[Kenema]], [[Koidu|Koidu Town]] and [[Makeni]]. Other non-Africans include 500 Indians and 2,000 Europeans.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/sierraleone/64695.htm|title=Sierra Leone (04/06)}}</ref>

===Gender equality===

Although women account for about 50 percent of the population in Sierra Leone, only 28 percent are household heads.<ref name="Alimatu Vandi-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statistics.sl/images/StatisticsSL/Documents/Census/2015/sl_2015_phc_thematic_report_on_gender.pdf|title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census Thematic Report on Gender |author1=Fatou Taqi |author2=Marian Vinnie-Wilson |author3=Alimatu Vandi |date=2015}}</ref> As in the rest of the countries, education is a key factor in succeeding in aspects such as a well-paid job and covering the needs of a house. Rural areas are the most common to lack access to education having only male-headed four percent ahead of females with basic education and 1.2 percent more at the post-graduate level.<ref name="Alimatu Vandi-2015" />

In Sierra Leone, normally, men are automatically positioned as household heads; and their status does not change if their marital status changes over time.<ref name="Alimatu Vandi-2015" /> However, a female household does change depending on their marital status. A woman can be the head of the house only if she remains single for the rest of her life. But if a woman gets married, she will not be entitled to be the head of the house anymore.<ref name="Alimatu Vandi-2015" /> Females can take over the household head if they become widowed or divorced.<ref name="Alimatu Vandi-2015" />

In the labour field, it is expected that the household will financially provide for the needs of the family. However, females face gender discrimination making them the target of lower incomes and financial struggles.<ref name="Alimatu Vandi-2015" /> In numbers, females present a lower percentage (6.3) versus males (15.2) when it comes to being paid employees.<ref name="Alimatu Vandi-2015" /> Women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business.<ref name="Harkness-2016"/>

=== Education ===

{{Main|Education in Sierra Leone}}

[[File:Classroom at a seconday school in Pendembu Sierra Leone.jpg|thumb|left|A secondary school class in [[Pendembu]], [[Kailahun District]]]]

Education in Sierra Leone is legally required for all children for six years at [[primary education|primary level]] (Class P1-P6) and three years in junior secondary education,<ref>{{Cite book |last =Wang |first =Lianqin |year = 2007 |title =Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future Opportunities |publisher=World Bank Publications |page =2|isbn = 978-0-8213-6868-8}}</ref> but a shortage of schools and teachers has made implementation impossible.<ref name="ilab">{{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Sierra-leone.htm |title=Sierra Leone |work=2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor |publisher=[[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] |year=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102020941/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Sierra-leone.htm |archive-date=2 November 2013}} ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Two thirds of the adult population are illiterate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/20.html |title=Human Development Report 2009 – Proportion of international migrant stocks residing in countries with high levels of human development (%) |publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606071107/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/20.html |archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref>

The [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] resulted in the destruction of 1,270 primary schools, and in 2001, 67% of all school-age children were out of school.<ref name="ilab"/> The situation has improved considerably since then with primary school enrolment doubling between 2001 and 2005 and the reconstruction of many schools since the end of the war.<ref>{{Cite book
|last =Wang
|first =Lianqin
|year = 2007
|title =Education in Sierra Leone: Present Challenges, Future Opportunities
|publisher=World Bank Publications
|page =1 and 3
|isbn = 978-0-8213-6868-8
}}</ref> Students at primary schools are usually 6 to 12 years old, and in secondary schools 13 to 18. Primary education is free and [[Compulsory education|compulsory]] in government-sponsored [[Public school (government funded)|public schools]].

The country has three universities: [[Fourah Bay College]], founded in 1827 (the oldest university in West Africa),<ref>{{Cite book
|editor=Jones-Parry, Rupert
|title = Commonwealth Education Partnerships 2007
|publisher=Nexus Strategic Partnerships Ltd
|year = 2006
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ID5XqeV4q10C&pg=PT326
|isbn = 978-0-9549629-1-3
|access-date = 17 June 2014}}</ref> University of Makeni (established initially in September 2005 as The Fatima Institute, the college was granted university status in August 2009, and assumed the name University of Makeni, or UNIMAK), and [[Njala University]], which was established as the Njala Agricultural Experimental Station in 1910 and became a university in 2005.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
|date =July 2007
|title =Njala University College (Nuc)
|location =Sierra Leone
|encyclopedia =Sierra Leone Encyclopedia
|url =http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_7njala.htm
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070311011418/http://www.daco-sl.org/encyclopedia/1_gov/1_7njala.htm
|archive-date =11 March 2007
|access-date =25 June 2008
|url-status =dead
|df =dmy-all
}}</ref> Teacher training colleges and religious seminaries are found in many parts of the country.

== Health ==

{{main|Health in Sierra Leone}}

The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] estimated that the average life expectancy in Sierra Leone was 57.39 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook Life Expectancy |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |archive-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229134543/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The prevalence of [[HIV/AIDS]] in the population is 1.6%, higher than the world average of 1% but lower than the average of 6.1% across [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |title = 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic |publisher = UNAIDS |year = 2006 |url = http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/Default.asp |format = PDF |access-date = 24 January 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117113818/http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/default.asp |archive-date = 17 January 2008 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Medical care is not readily accessible, with doctors and hospitals out of reach for many villagers. While free health care may be provided in some villages, the medical staff is poorly paid and sometimes charge for their services, taking advantage of the fact that the villagers are not aware of their right to free medical care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wealth, but no health |author=Anne Jung |publisher=D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu |date=December 2012 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/sierra-leones-health-services-do-not-deliver-official-promises |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015195910/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/sierra-leones-health-services-do-not-deliver-official-promises |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=17 June 2014 }}</ref>

According to an Overseas Development Institute report, private health expenditure accounts for 85.7% of total spending on health.<ref>DuBois, Marc, and Caitlin Wake, with Scarlett Sturridge and Christina Bennett (2015) [http://www.odi.org/publications/9956-ebola-response-west-africa-exposing-politics-culture-international-aid "The Ebola response in West Africa: Exposing the politics and culture of international aid"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928074929/https://www.odi.org/publications/9956-ebola-response-west-africa-exposing-politics-culture-international-aid |date=28 September 2020 }}. London: Overseas Development Institute</ref>

=== Emergency medical response ===

Having had no formal [[emergency medical services]] previously, the [[First Responder Coalition of Sierra Leone]] (FRCSL) was formed in June 2019 in [[Makeni]] to facilitate the development of [[Emergency medical responder|emergency first responder]] programs nationwide.<ref name="The Patriotic Vanguard-2019">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/in-makeni-five-national-and-international|title=Makeni: Coalition of First Responders formed|date=2019-07-04|website=The Patriotic Vanguard|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> The founding members of the Coalition included the [[Sierra Leone Red Cross Society]] (the first chairing organisation), [[LFR International]] (proposed the formation), the [[University of Makeni]], [[Agency for Rural Community Transformation]], and the [[Holy Spirit Hospital (Makeni)|Holy Spirit Hospital]].<ref name="The Patriotic Vanguard-2019" /> The establishment of the Coalition was concurrent with the declaration by the 72nd World Health Assembly that emergency care systems are essential to universal health coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/25-05-2019-world-health-assembly-update|title=World Health Assembly Update, 25 May 2019|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> Between June and July 2019, the FRCSL trained 1,000 community members from Makeni to be first responders and equipped each with a first aid kit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-road-accident-first-responder-coalition-to-save-thousands-of-lives/|title=Sierra Leone's road accident First Responder Coalition to save thousands of lives|last=Thomas|first=Abdul Rashid|date=2019-07-05|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705101916/https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-road-accident-first-responder-coalition-to-save-thousands-of-lives/|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Endemic and infectious diseases===

Sierra Leone suffers from [[epidemic]] outbreaks of diseases, including [[yellow fever]], [[cholera]], [[Ebola]], [[lassa fever]] and [[meningitis]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Donaldson, Ross|title=The Lassa Ward: One Man's Fight Against One Of The World's Deadliest Diseases|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781429987073|year=2009|pages=34–35}}</ref><ref name=PHChand>{{cite web |title = The Primary Health Care Hand Book Policing |publisher = Ministry of Health & Sanitation |date = 25 May 2007 |url = http://www.health.sl/drwebsite/publish/healthcare.shtml |format = doc |access-date = 24 January 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080217052144/http://www.health.sl/drwebsite/publish/healthcare.shtml |archive-date = 17 February 2008 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[Yellow fever]] and [[malaria]] are endemic to Sierra Leone.<ref name=PHChand/>

=== Maternal and child health ===

According to 2017 estimates, Sierra Leone has the third highest [[maternal mortality]] rate in the world.<ref name="cia.gov">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/maternal-mortality-rate/country-comparison/ Country Comparison: Maternal Mortality Rate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812194652/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/maternal-mortality-rate/country-comparison/ |date=12 August 2021 }}. ''The World Factbook'' [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> For every 100 liveborn children, one mother dies due to complications of giving birth.<ref name="cia.gov"/>

In the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted by UNICEF in 2012, the prevalence of [[female genital mutilation in Sierra Leone]] was 94%.<ref>Sipsma, Heather L., et al. "Female Genital Cutting: Current Practices and Beliefs in Western Africa." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90.2 (2012): 120–127F. Print.</ref> {{As of|2014}}, Sierra Leone was estimated as having the 11th highest [[infant mortality]] rate in the world.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html Country Comparison :: Infant Mortality Rate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062332/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html |date=7 February 2018 }}. ''The World Factbook'' [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref>

One of the consequences women in Sierra Leone face after a prolonged and obstructed labour that would have required a c-section is [[obstetric fistula]]. This condition often drives women into poverty and isolation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/real-life/in-the-news/a-woman-covered-in-urine-taught-this-sydney-mum-a-lesson-about-dignity/news-story/67c2a8b93c9eca1485f663d11eaf69f6|title=A woman covered in urine taught this Sydney mum a lesson about dignity|first=Alys|last=Gagnon|website=www.kidspot.com.au}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The AWC- Aberdeen Women's Centre in [[Freetown]], the second busiest hospital in Sierra Leone, delivers up to 3000 babies each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomfromfistula.org/projects/sierra-leone|title=FFF|website=freedomfromfistula.org|access-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104033208/https://freedomfromfistula.org/projects/sierra-leone|archive-date=4 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The centre provides a variety of maternal and child health services and is supported by not-for-profit organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freedomfromfistula.org/|title=Freedom From Fistula {{pipe}} obstetric fistula caused by obstructed childbirth|website=www.freedomfromfistula.org|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103103324/https://www.freedomfromfistula.org/|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unfpa.org/news/fistula-camp-helps-women-and-girls-sierra-leone-regain-their-dignity|title=Fistula camp helps women and girls in Sierra Leone regain their dignity|website=www.unfpa.org}}</ref>

=== Mental health ===

[[Mental health]]care in Sierra Leone is almost non-existent. Many sufferers try to cure themselves with the help of traditional healers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/unreported-world/episode-guide/series-2009/episode-4 |title=''Unreported World 2009'' series, ep.4: ''Sierra Leone: Insanity of War'' |publisher=Channel4.com |date=3 April 2009 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> During the [[Sierra Leone Civil War|Civil War (1991–2002)]], many soldiers took part in atrocities and many children were forced to fight. This left them traumatised, with an estimated 400,000 people (by 2009) being mentally ill. Thousands of former child soldiers have fallen into substance abuse.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lisk|first=Radcliffe|title=Sierra Leone|journal=Practical Neurology|year=2007|volume=7|issue=3|pages=198–201|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2007.120089|pmid=17515600|s2cid=219201682}}</ref>

=== Potable water supply ===

{{Main|Water supply in Sierra Leone}}

The water supply in Sierra Leone is characterised by limited access to safe drinking water. Despite efforts by the government and numerous non-governmental organisations, access has not much improved since the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2002, stagnating at about 50% and even declining in rural areas.<ref name="JMP water">WHO/UNICEF [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] (updated March 2010) {{cite web |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/SLE_wat.pdf |title=Estimates for the use of Improved Drinking-Water Sources, Sierra Leone |access-date=6 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226083443/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/SLE_wat.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2011}}</ref> It is hoped that a new dam in Orugu, for which China committed financing in 2009, will alleviate [[water scarcity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ooskanews.com/middle-east-africa/china-lends-288-million-usd-sierra-leone-orugu-dam |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130212511/http://www.ooskanews.com/middle-east-africa/china-lends-288-million-usd-sierra-leone-orugu-dam |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2013 |title=China Lends $28.8 Million USD to Sierra Leone for Orugu Dam |publisher=OOSKAnews |date=15 June 2009 |access-date=20 May 2012 }}</ref>

According to a national survey carried out in 2006, 84% of the urban population and 32% of the rural population had access to an [[improved water source]]. Those with access in rural areas were served almost exclusively by protected wells. Only 20% of the urban population and 1% of the rural population had access to piped drinking water in their home. Compared to the 2000 survey access has increased in urban areas, but has declined in rural areas, possibly because facilities have broken down because of a lack of maintenance.<ref name="JMP water"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone's Infrastructure. A Continental Perspective |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/06/29/000158349_20110629104032/Rendered/PDF/WPS5713.pdf |work=Policy Research Working Paper 571|publisher=World Bank|access-date=6 August 2011|author=Nataliya Pushak|author2=Vivien Foster |pages=31–35|date=June 2011}}</ref>

With a new decentralisation policy, embodied in the Local Government Act of 2004, responsibility for water supply in areas outside the capital was passed from the central government to local councils. In Freetown, the Guma Valley Water Company remains in charge of the water supply.

[[File: Guinea Liberia Sierra Leone Ebola Map August 8 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|A situation map of the [[2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak|Ebola outbreak]] as of 8 August 2014]]

=== 2014 Ebola outbreak ===

{{Further|Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone}}

In 2014 there was an outbreak of the Ebola virus in West Africa. As of 19 October 2014, there had been 3,706 cases of Ebola in Sierra Leone, and 1,259 deaths, including that of the leading physician trying to control the outbreak, [[Sheik Umar Khan]].<ref>"[http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137091/1/roadmapsitrep22Oct2014_eng.pdf Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report]". WHO (22 October 2014)</ref> Aside from the human cost, the outbreak was severely eroding the economy. By September 2014, with the closure of borders, the cancellation of airline flights, the evacuation of foreign workers and a collapse of cross-border trade, the national deficit of Sierra Leone and other affected countries was widening to the point where the IMF was considering expanding its financial support.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/225466201|title=The economic impact of Ebola may kill more people than the virus itself|date=6 September 2014|access-date=8 September 2014|publisher=Big News Network.com|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908180518/http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/225466201|url-status=dead}}.</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Polygamy ===

{{Further|Polygamy in Sierra Leone}}

As of 2019, 30% of women and 14% of men were in a polygamous unions in Sierra Leone. "The percentage of women with one or more co-wives has decreased gradually over time, from 37% in 2008 and 35% in 2013 to 30% in 2019."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 2020 |title=Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2019 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-FR365-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm |journal=The DHS Program|last1=Statssl |first1=Statistics Sierra Leone- }}</ref>

=== Food and customs ===

{{Further|Sierra Leonean cuisine}}

[[File: Sierra Leone rice farming.jpg|thumb|Rice farming in Rolako]]

Rice is the [[staple food]] of Sierra Leone and is consumed at virtually every meal. The rice is prepared in numerous ways, and topped with a variety of sauces made from some of Sierra Leone's favourite toppings, including [[potato]] leaves, [[cassava]] leaves, [[Corchorus|crain crain]], [[okra]] soup, [[fried fish]] and [[peanut|groundnut]] stew.<ref>{{cite book|last=Massaquoi|first=Rachel C. J.|title=Foods of Sierra Leone and Other West African Countries: A Cookbook|year=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781449081546|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKwN7Absx6AC|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

Along the streets of towns and cities across Sierra Leone, one can find foods consisting of fruit, vegetables and snacks such as fresh [[mangoes]], oranges, pineapple, fried [[Plantain (cooking)|plantains]], [[ginger beer]], fried potato, fried cassava with pepper sauce; bags of popcorn or peanuts, bread, roasted corn, or skewers of grilled meat or shrimp.

Poyo is a popular Sierra Leonean drink. It is a sweet, lightly fermented [[palm wine]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Albala|first=Ken|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313376276|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=PA165|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Media ===

{{Main|Media of Sierra Leone}}

[[File:Radio listener in Sierra Leone.jpg|thumb|A radio listener in [[Kailahun]]]]

Media in Sierra Leone began with the introduction of the first [[printing press]] in Africa at the start of the 19th century. A strong free journalistic tradition developed with the creation of several newspapers. In the 1860s, the country became a journalist hub for Africa. At the end of the 19th century, the industry went into decline, and when radio was introduced in the 1930s, it became the primary communication medium in the country.

The [[Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service]] (SLBS) was created by the colonial government in 1934 making it the earliest English-language radio broadcaster service in West Africa. The service began broadcasting television in 1963, with coverage extended to all the districts in the country in 1978. In April 2010, the SLBS merged with the [[United Nations]] peacekeeping radio station in Sierra Leone to form the [[Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icfj.org/node/37444 |title=At Long Last, Recruitment Begins at Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation {{pipe}} ICFJ – International Center for Journalists |publisher=ICFJ |date=17 March 2011 |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194354/http://www.icfj.org/node/37444 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slbc.sl/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/SLBC-REPORT-Final-Copy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811043953/http://www.slbc.sl/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/SLBC-REPORT-Final-Copy.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2013 |title=Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC) Maiden Report 2010-2011}}</ref> the government-owned current national broadcaster in Sierra Leone.

The Sierra Leone constitution guarantees [[freedom of speech]], and [[freedom of the press]]; however, the government maintains strong control of media, and at times restricts these rights in practice.<ref>{{cite web |author=Reporters Without Borders |url=http://www.trust.org/item/20131024140514-sg47u/ |title=Sierra Leone – Editorial criticizing president prompts multiple proceedings |publisher=Trust.org |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=2 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402160721/http://www.trust.org/item/20131024140514-sg47u/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-editors-arrested-after-publishing-article-comparing-president-to-a-rat/2013/10/21/168d8172-3a53-11e3-b0e7-716179a2c2c7_story.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131025175049/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/sierra-leone-editors-arrested-after-publishing-article-comparing-president-to-a-rat/2013/10/21/168d8172-3a53-11e3-b0e7-716179a2c2c7_story.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 October 2013 | title=Sierra Leone editors arrested after publishing article comparing pres... | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=25 October 2013 | access-date=27 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Greenslade |first=Roy|author-link=Roy Greenslade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2013/oct/25/press-freedom-sierraleone |title=Editor arrested for comparing Sierra Leone president to a rat {{pipe}} Media |journal=The Guardian |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/sierra-leone-editors-arrested-after-publishing-article-comparing-president-to-a-rat |title=Sierra Leone editors arrested after publishing article comparing president to a rat |publisher=Fox News |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africareview.com/News/Sierra-Leone-intensifies-media-crackdown/-/979180/2043834/-/u0oloaz/-/index.html |title=Sierra Leone intensifies media crackdown – News|first=Kemo|last=Cham |publisher=africareview.com |date=21 October 2013|access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035744/http://www.africareview.com/News/Sierra-Leone-intensifies-media-crackdown/-/979180/2043834/-/u0oloaz/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201310250762.html |title=Sierra Leone: In Sierra Leone, Journalists Held On Libel, Sedition Charges |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=24 October 2013 |access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> Some subjects are seen as taboo by society and members of the political elite; imprisonment and violence have been used by the political establishment against journalists.<ref>{{cite web
|last =Wilson
|first =Harry
|year =2005
|title =Press Freedoms and Human Rights:2005 Year End Press Freedom Brief
|publisher =Commonwealth Press Union
|url =http://www.cpu.org.uk/pf_2005_review.html
|access-date =20 April 2008
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071124131843/http://www.cpu.org.uk/pf_2005_review.html
|archive-date =24 November 2007
|url-status =dead
|df =dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="Annual06"/>

Under legislation enacted in 1980, all newspapers must register with the Ministry of Information and pay sizeable registration fees. The Criminal [[Libel]] Law, including Seditious Libel Law of 1965, is used to control what is published in the media.<ref name="Annual06">{{cite web
|year =2006
|title =Sierra Leone – Annual report 2006
|publisher =Reporters without Borders:For Press Freedom
|url =http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17400
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090614032911/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17400
|archive-date =14 June 2009
|access-date =20 April 2008
|url-status =dead
|df =dmy-all
}}</ref>

In 2006, President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah committed to reforming the laws governing the press and media to create a freer system for journalists to work in.<ref name="Annual06"/> {{As of|2013}} Sierra Leone is ranked 61st (up two slots from 63rd in 2012) out of 179 countries on Reporters Without Borders' [[Press Freedom Index]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=Press Freedom Index 2013 |publisher=Reporters without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html |access-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215183842/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013%2C1054.html |archive-date=15 February 2013}}</ref>

[[Print media]] is not widely read in Sierra Leone, especially outside Freetown and other major cities, partially due to the low levels of [[literacy]] in the country.<ref name="BBC"/> In 2007 there were 15 daily newspapers in the country, as well as those published weekly.<ref>{{cite web |last =Jalloh |first =Tanu |date =28 December 2007 |title =Sierra Leone: Newspaper Development |location =Freetown, Sierra Leone |publisher=Concord Times |url =http://allafrica.com/stories/200712310637.html |access-date =19 April 2008}}</ref> The majority of newspapers are privately run and are often critical of the government. The standard of print journalism tends to be low owing to lack of training, and people trust the information published in newspapers less than that found on the radio.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |date =June 2007 |title =Media use, and attitudes towards media in Sierra Leone:A comprehensive baseline study |work=[[BBC World Service]] |url =https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/media_report_2007.pdf |access-date =19 April 2007}}</ref>

[[File: Isata Mahoi radio editor and actress.jpg|thumb|[[Isata Mahoi]] shown editing radio programmes in Talking Drum studio [[Freetown]]; she is also an actress in the Sierra Leone radio soap opera ''[[Atunda Ayenda]]'']]

Radio is the most popular and most-trusted media in Sierra Leone, with 85% of people having access to a radio and 72% of people in the country listening to the radio daily.<ref name="BBC"/> These levels do vary between areas of the country, with the [[Western Area]] having the highest levels and [[Kailahun]] the lowest. Stations mainly consist of local commercial stations with a limited broadcast range, combined with a few stations with national coverage – [[Capital Radio Sierra Leone]] being the largest of the commercial stations.

The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) ran one of the most popular stations in the country, broadcasting programs in a range of languages. The UN mission was restructured in 2008 and it was decided that the [[United Nations Radio|UN Radio]] would be merged with SLBS to form the new Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC). This merger eventually happened in 2011 after the necessary legislation was enacted. SLBC transmits radio on [[FM broadcasting|FM]] and has two television services, one of which is uplinked by satellite for international consumption. FM relays of the [[BBC World Service]] (in Freetown, Bo, Kenema and Makeni), [[Radio France Internationale]] (Freetown only) and [[Voice of America]] (Freetown only) are also broadcast.

Outside the capital Freetown and other major cities, television is not watched by a great many people, although Bo, Kenema and Makeni are served by their own relays of the main SLBC service. There are three free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other two are private stations in Freetown, Star TV which is run by the owner of the ''Standard-Times'' newspaper and AYV – Africa Young Voices. Several religious funded TV stations operate intermittently. In 2007, a pay-per-view service was also introduced by GTV as part of a pan-African television service in addition to the nine-year-old sub-Saharan Digital satellite television service (DStv) originating from Multichoice Africa in South Africa. GTV subsequently went out of business, leaving DStv as the only provider of subscription satellite television in the country. ITV and SATCON are currently operational.

Internet access in Sierra Leone has been sparse but is on the increase, especially since the introduction of 3G/4G cellular phone services across the country. There are several main [[internet service providers]] (ISPs) operating in the country. Problems experienced with access to the Internet include an intermittent electricity supply and a slow connection speed in the country outside Freetown.

=== Arts ===

{{Further|Art in Sierra Leone|Music of Sierra Leone}}

The arts in Sierra Leone are a mixture of tradition and hybrid African and western styles.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Banham|first = Martin|title = A history of theatre in Africa|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2004|page = 171|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RZXtk9bCZ-8C&pg=PA171|isbn = 978-0-521-80813-2|access-date = 17 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last =Conteh |first = Prince Sorie |title = Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: interreligious encounters and dialogue|publisher =Cambria Press |year =2009|pages = 23–24|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HpAuyiMRTDcC&pg=PA23|isbn=978-1-60497-596-3|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1 =Manson |first1 =Katrina |first2=James |last2=Knight |title = Sierra Leone|publisher = Bradt Travel Guides|year =2009|pages = 42–45|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VxRcEzkFs-wC&pg=PA43|isbn=978-1-84162-222-4|access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

In 1963 the Sierra Leonean National Dance Troupe was created by John Akar in order to showcase Sierra Leone's national cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muci |first=Luigi Vittorio |title=From Dakar to Pyongyang: Imagining Pan-Africanism and the Global South through Sierra Leone's National Dance Troupe (1966–1988) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13696815.2025.2476056 |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |date=2025 |issue=4 |volume=37 |pages=497–512 |doi=10.1080/13696815.2025.2476056 |issn=1369-6815|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<gallery>
File: Temne. Ode-Lay Mask Brooklyn Museum.jpg|Odelay mask by [[Temne people]]. [[Brooklyn Museum]].
File: Sierra Leone Koindu dance.jpg|The [[Koindu]] dance
</gallery>

=== Sports ===

{{Main|Sport in Sierra Leone}}

[[File:Sierra Leone National Stadium.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[National Stadium (Sierra Leone)|National Stadium]] in [[Freetown]]]]
[[Association football]] is by far the most popular sport in Sierra Leone. Children, youth and adult are frequently seen playing [[Street football (association football)|street football]] across Sierra Leone. There are organised youth and adult football tournaments across the country, and there are various primary and secondary schools with football teams across Sierra Leone.

The Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as the [[Leone Stars]], represents the country in international competitions. It has never qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup]] but participated in the [[1994 African Cup of Nations|1994]] and [[1996 African Cup of Nations]]. When the national football team, the Leone Stars, have a match, Sierra Leoneans across the country come together united in support of the national team.

Many of the Sierra Leone national team footballers play for teams based in Europe although virtually all of them started professional football in the [[Sierra Leone National Premier League]]. Many of the national team footballers are celebrities across Sierra Leone and they are often well known by the general population. Some of Sierra Leonean international footballers include [[Mohamed Kallon]], [[Mohamed Bangura (footballer)|Mohamed Bangura]], [[Rodney Strasser]], [[Kei Kamara]], [[Ibrahim Teteh Bangura]], [[Mustapha Dumbuya]], [[Christian Caulker]], [[Al Bangura|Alhassan Bangura]], [[Sheriff Suma]], [[Osman Kakay]], [[Medo Kamara]], [[Umaru Bangura]] and [[Julius Wobay|Julius Gibrilla Woobay]].

The [[Sierra Leone National Premier League]] is the top professional football league in Sierra Leone and is controlled by the [[Sierra Leone Football Association]]. Fourteen clubs from across the country compete in the Sierra Leone Premier League. The two biggest and most successful football clubs are [[East End Lions]] and [[Mighty Blackpool]]. East End Lions and Mighty Blackpool have an intense rivalry and when they play each other the national stadium in Freetown is often sold out and supporters of both clubs often clash with each other before and after the game.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Many Sierra Leonean youth, children and adults follow the major football leagues in Europe, particularly the English [[Premier League]], Italian [[Serie A]], Spanish [[La Liga]], German [[Bundesliga]] and French [[Ligue 1]].

The [[Sierra Leone cricket team]] represents Sierra Leone in international cricket competitions and is among the best in West Africa. It became an affiliate member of the [[International Cricket Council]] in 2002. It made its international debut at the 2004 African Affiliates Championship, where it finished last of eight teams. But at the equivalent tournament in 2006, Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League, it finished as runner-up to [[Mozambique]], and just missed promotion to Division Two.

In 2009, the Sierra Leone Under-19 team finished second in the African Under-19 Championship in Zambia, thus qualifying for the Under-19 World Cup qualifying tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/other/content/story/403002.html |title=Cricinfo article Uganda and Sierra Leone Win Through |publisher=Cricinfo.com |date=5 May 2009 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> However, the team was unable to obtain visas to play in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/other/content/story/423890.html |title=Visa Issues End Sierra Leone's World Cup Dream |publisher=Cricinfo article |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

Sierra Leone is the first African country to join the [[International Floorball Federation]].

==Tourism==
{{main|Tourism in Sierra Leone}}

Sierra Leone's Freetown is a favourite destination for tourists. Although the sector was seriously affected during the Civil War, there has been a steady improvement in recent years.<ref>Sylvester Gasopan Goba (August 2014) [https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sylvester-Gasopan-Goba-Sierra-Leone-GW2012.pdf Sierra Leone Tourism: sector overview]. [[International Growth Centre]]. [https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sylvester-Gasopan-Goba-Sierra-Leone-GW2012.pdf Archived]. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> There is a vast expanse of beaches stretching along the Freetown Peninsula. The Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, which is located within the peninsula's vast rainforest reserve, just a few kilometres from the centre of Freetown, has a collection of rare and endangered chimpanzees. Other popular destinations for tourists include the Freetown Cotton Tree, located in Central Freetown, a significant national monument and integral to the founding of the city; [[Bunce Island]], which is a boat ride from the city, is home to the ruins of the slave fortress that was being used during the Transatlantic slave trade; the Sierra Leone Museum, which has a collection of both precolonial as well as colonial artifacts and other items of historical significance; the National Railway Museum; or take a journey around the city's coastline with the popular Sea Coach Express.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 1000
| image1 =
| caption1 = Lumley Beach, Freetown - is popular for its white sandy beach as well as its nightlife
| image2 =
| caption2 = The Place - Tokeh Beach, Freetown, - offers a variety of services to tourists spending hours or days around the beach area
| image3 =
| caption3 = Tokeh Beach, Freetown - is a popular tourist destination
| image4 =
| caption4 = Chimpanzees at the Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary in the Western Area National Park, few kilometres away from Freetown
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Sierra Leone|Africa}}
* [[Outline of Sierra Leone]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://uclpress.co.uk/book/urban-transformations-in-sierra-leone/ Urban Transformations in Sierra Leone]
* {{cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Reed |first2=Tristan |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |title=Chiefs: Economic Development and Elite Control of Civil Society in Sierra Leone |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=April 2014 |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=319–368 |doi=10.1086/674988 |s2cid=15212378 |citeseerx=10.1.1.650.1005 }}
* Harris, David (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B5RxmwC6aNwC ''Civil War and Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia''], I.B. Tauris.
* Imodale Caulker-Burnett, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5j61GUfpX5YC&pg=PA19 ''The Caulkers of Sierra Leone: The Story of a Ruling Family and Their Times''] (Xlibris, 2010){{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
* {{Cite book |last=Keen |first=David |year=2005 |title=Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEz1PCvILHUC |location=Oxford |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-0-85255-883-6 |access-date=17 June 2014}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kup |first=Alexander Peter |year=1961 |title= A History of Sierra Leone, 1400–1787 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge|isbn= 978-0-7864-1814-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission |year=2004 |title=TRC Report |url=http://www.sierraleonetrc.org/index.php/view-the-final-report/download-table-of-contents |location=Accra, Ghana |publisher=Graphic Packaging Ltd./GPL Press |isbn=9988-8097-6-X |access-date=14 May 2016}}
* {{Cite book |ref=Utting |last=Utting |first=Francis A. |year=1971 |orig-year=1931 |title=The Story of Sierra Leone |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofsierraleo0000utti |url-access=registration |location=Hallendale, Florida |publisher=New World Book Manufacturing |isbn= 978-0-8369-6704-3}}
* {{Cite book|author= Levinson, Robby|title= Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook|year= 1998|publisher= Oryx Press|location= Phoenix|isbn= 978-1-57356-019-1|url= https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Sierra Leone|voy=Sierra Leone}}
* {{wikiatlas|Sierra Leone}}
* {{Official website|https://statehouse.gov.sl/}}, The Republic of Sierra Leone
* {{osmrelation-inline|192777}}
* [https://thepatrioticvanguard.com ''The Patriotic Vanguard''] – government newspaper
* [https://mofaic.gov.sl/ Foreign Affairs of Sierra Leone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215043155/https://mofaic.gov.sl/ |date=15 February 2025 }}
* [https://ecowap.ecowas.int/country/Sierra-leone Sierra Leone] profile from [[ECOWAS]]
* [https://www.aljazeera.com/where/sierra-leone/ News headline links] from [[Al Jazeera]].
* [https://www.democracynow.org/topics/sierra_leone Sierra Leone], Democracy Now!
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094194 Country Profile], [[BBC News]]

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Delna Davis

2026-03-12T09:42:21Z

FerdinandGarden:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Delna Rose Davis
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 24 September 1995
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| occupation = Actress, [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer
| years_active = 2015–present
| imagesize =
| homepage =
| known_for = [[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]] [[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]] [[Kurangu Bommai]] [[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]
}}

'''Delna Rose Davis''' is an Indian actress and [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer who works in the [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film and television industries. She had roles in ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' (2015), ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' (2016) and ''[[Kurangu Bommai]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150906/entertainment-mollywood/article/making-best-both-identities |title=Making the best of both identities |first=shreejaya |last=nair |date=6 September 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Career==
Delna Davis entered the Tamil film industry and first worked on the film, ''Vidiyum Varai Pesu'' (2014) and then ''Patra'' (2015) by Jayanthan, alongside fellow newcomer Mithun Dev and entrepreneur-turned-actor [[Sam Paul (entrepreneur)|Sam Paul]]. Portraying a college girl, Delna worked on the film alongside her examinations. ''Patra'' had a low profile release across [[Tamil Nadu]] in March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.chennaipatrika.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |title=Account Suspended |website=entertainment.chennaipatrika.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamildiplomat.com/patra-coming-soon/|title='Patra' coming soon | Tamil Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/in-theatres-this-week-a-preview-3/ |title=In Theatres This Week: A Preview |date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Her first Malayalam film, ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' (2015), also released on the same day, with the actress choosing to retain her original name for her work in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/roopesh-asked-me-to-use-my-real-name/articleshow/46836706.cms |title=Roopesh asked me to use my real name |website=The Times of India|date=7 April 2015 }}</ref> Before the release of her initial films, Delna signed several other Tamil films including Gnanam's ''Aakkam'' and Palani's ''Oodha'' which were completed but did not have a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-cop-comedy/article7043604.ece |title=Etcetera: Cop comedy |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 March 2015 |last1=Raghavan |first1=Nikhil}}</ref> Her third and final release of 2015 was the political satire film ''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]'' (2015), which starred veteran comedian [[Goundamani]] in a leading role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KOLLY TALK {{!}} U Talk V Talk Kolly Talk, Tamil Cinema News, Gossips and More |url=https://www.kollytalk.com/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2016, Delna first appeared in the Malayalam film ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' (2016), while her next release was ''Nanaiyadhe Mazhaiye''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iflicks.in/Home/Review/2016/02/03170749/Nanaiyatha-Mazhaiye.vpf |title=Nanaiyatha Mazhaiye||Nanaiyatha-Mazhaiye |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425120641/http://www.iflicks.in/Home/Review/2016/02/03170749/Nanaiyatha-Mazhaiye.vpf |archive-date=25 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She will subsequently be seen in ''[[Kurangu Bommai]]'' (2017), her biggest Tamil project till date, in a role alongside [[Vidharth]] and actor-director [[Bharathiraja]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"|2014 || ''Vidiyum Varai Pesu'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015 || ''Patra'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' || Tina || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016 || ''Nanaiyadhe Mazhaiye'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' || Lakshmi || Malayalam ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017 || ''Aakkam'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kurangu Bommai]]'' || Viji || Tamil ||
|-
|2019||''Ningal Camera Nireekshanathilanu''|| ||Malayalam||
|-
|{{TBA}}||''Love Ink''|| ||Tamil ||
|}

==Television==
===Serials===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Language !! Channel !! Ref(s)
|-
|2017–2018
|''Avarill Oraal''
|Nanditha
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]'' || Bhoomika (Special Appearance) || rowspan="6" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] || rowspan="6" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2020–2023 || ''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]'' || Bhoomika and Nancy
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2020 |title=Delna Davis makes TV debut |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/231020/delna-davis-makes-tv-debut.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024201458/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/231020/delna-davis-makes-tv-debut.html |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date= |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Won - Sun kudumbam viruthugal 2022 for Best Marumagal;
Won - Sun kudumbam viruthugal 2022 For Best kadhal jodi with [[Viraat (actor, born 1989)|Viraat]]
<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actress Delna Devis quits daily soap 'Anbe Vaa'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-delna-devis-quits-daily-soap-anbe-vaa/articleshow/104934582.cms|access-date=3 November 2023|website=The Times of India|date=3 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2021 || ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' || rowspan="3"| Bhoomika (Special Appearance) ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EOMDhHQQ1U&feature=youtu.be |title=Abiyum Naanum - Best Scenes {{!}} 12 January 2021 {{!}} Sun TV Serial {{!}} Tamil Serial - YouTube |date=14 January 2021 |access-date=8 April 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kannana Kanne]]''||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Ilakkiya]]'' ||
|-
|2025–present || ''[[Aadukalam (TV series)|Aadukalam]]'' || Sathyapriya ||
|}

===Shows===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Language !! Channel
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2020 || ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest || rowspan="25" | [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] || rowspan="4" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Yaarappa Indha Ponnu Special'' || Boomika
|-
|rowspan="7" | 2021 || ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest
|-
|''Poova Thalaya'' || Contestant
|-
|''Chat Box'' || Guest || rowspan="2" |[[Sun Music]]
|-
|''Vada Da'' || Herself
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest || rowspan="19" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Poova Thalaya'' || Contestant
|-
|''Thalai Deepavali'' || Boomika
|-
|rowspan="9" | 2022 || ''Puthande Varuga'' || Herself
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest
|-
|''Maathi Yosi'' || rowspan="2" | Contestant
|-
|''Maathi Yosi''
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest
|-
|''Maathi Yosi'' || Contestant
|-
|''Mathappu Mamiyar Pattas Marumagal'' || Boomika
|-
|''Maathi Yosi'' || rowspan="2" | Contestant
|-
|''Maathi Yosi''
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''Puthandu Aasai'' || Boomika
|-
| ''Kalloori Pongal'' || rowspan="2"| Contestant
|-
| ''Natchathira Kabadi''
|-
| ''Super Kudumbam'' || Boomika
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2]]'' || Contestant
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8400965}}
* {{Instagram|delnadavis_}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davis, Delna}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestants]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Jana Gana Mana

2026-03-08T07:07:46Z

FerdinandGarden: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|National anthem of India}}
{{About|the national anthem of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{lang|en|italic=no|Jana Gana Mana}} {{nobold|जन गण मन}} {{nobold|জন গণ মন}}
| english_title = The Minds of All People
| image = Jana Gana Mana sheet music.jpg
| caption = Sheet music for "Jana Gana Mana"
| prefix = National
| country = India
| author = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| composer = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| lyrics_date = {{Plainlist|11 December 1911}}
| music_date = {{Plainlist|11 December 1911}}
| adopted = {{start date and years ago|1950|01|24|df=y}}
| sound = Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg
| sound_title = Instrumental version of Jana Gana Mana played by the US Navy ({{circa|1983}})
}}

[[File:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore]], the author and composer of the national anthems of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]]]
[[File:Tagore singing Jana Gana Mana.webm|thumb|right|150px|Rabindranath Tagore reciting "Jana Gana Mana"]]
"'''{{lang|sa-latn|italic=no|Jana Gana Mana}}'''"{{efn|The song's title "Jana Gaṇa Mana" is pronounced {{IPA|bn|ˈd͡ʒɔno ˈɡɔno ˈmɔno|}} in [[Bengali phonology|Bengali]], {{IPA|hi|d͡ʒən(ə) ɡəɳ(ə) mən(ə)|}} in [[Hindi phonology|Hindi]], and {{IPA|sa|ˈd͡ʑɐnɐ ɡɐˈɳɐ ˈmɐnɐ|}} in [[Sanskrit phonology|Sanskrit]]. It can be [[Literal translation|literally translated]] as 'The Minds of All People' – from [[wikt:जन|जन]] ''jana'' 'people', [[wikt:गण|गण]] ''gaṇa'' 'group', and [[wikt:मन|मन]] ''mana'' 'mind'.}} is the [[national anthem]] of the [[Republic of India]]. It was originally composed as "[[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata]]" in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] written by [[polymath]], [[Activism|activist]] and [[List of Indian Nobel laureates|country's first Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |title=National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana' |date=14 August 2012 |website=www.news18.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220812/http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |archive-date=18 August 2017}} '''Quote:''' "Though written in Bengali, the language used was [[Sādhu Bhāṣā|sadhu Bengali]] or tatsama Bengali which is heavily influenced by Sanskrit. Many of the words exist with the same meaning in different Indian languages and thus, all Indian people understand the words and meaning of the national anthem"</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html|title=National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana'|date=14 August 2012|publisher=News18 India|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417194530/https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html|url-status=live}}</ref> on 11 December 1911.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Rabindranath Tagore|title=The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore: Poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsTNd7_Jt4EC&pg=PA32|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1295-4|pages=32–|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803015314/https://books.google.com/books?id=bsTNd7_Jt4EC&pg=PA32|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite book|author=Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe|title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=PT56|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-5830-4|pages=56–|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814121800/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=PT56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|title=BBC News - Does India's national anthem extol the British? |work=BBC News|date=9 July 2015|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33438577|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412092317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33438577|url-status=live}}</ref> The first [[stanza]] of the song "[[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata]]", originally composed as a Hindu religious hymn for the [[Brahmo Samaj]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Chaudhuri | first=Shatarupa | title=Indian National Anthem, History, Rabindranath Tagore, Lyrics, & Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=11 November 2025 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jana-Gana-Mana | access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>, was adopted by the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] as the [[National anthem|National Anthem]] on 24 January 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATEMENT RE: NATIONAL ANTHEM |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C24011950.html |website=loksabha.nic.in |publisher=Lok Sabha |quote="The composition consisting of the words and music known as Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises" |date=24 January 1950 |access-date=20 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA, the 24th January 1950 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/763227/1/cad_24-01-1950.pdf |website=eparlib.nic.in |publisher=Parliament Digital Library |date=24 January 1950 |access-date=20 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ORDERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDIA |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem%28E%29_2.pdf |website=mha.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=22 August 2023 |quote="The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore's song known as “Jana Gana Mana” is the National Anthem of India" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222824/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem(E)_2.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2023 }}</ref> A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately 52 seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20&nbsp;seconds to play) is also staged occasionally.<ref name="anthem">{{Cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=6|title=National Anthem- National Identity Elements of India - Know India: National Portal of India|website=knowindia.gov.in|language=hi|access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115004029/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=6|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the [[Calcutta]] (present-day [[Kolkata]]) Session of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/100-years-since-jana-gana-mana-was-born/article2752111.ece|title=100 years since 'Jana Gana Mana' was born|last=Chowdhury|first=Arunangsu Roy|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 April 2017|language=en|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202123236/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/100-years-since-jana-gana-mana-was-born/article2752111.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The National Anthem of India is officially titled "Jana Gana Mana". The song was originally composed in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by India's first [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] on 11 December 1911.<ref name="knowindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/|title=Home &#124; Know India: National Portal of India|website=knowindia.india.gov.in|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923192754/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cultural symbol">{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/national-symbols/anthem.html|title=Home|access-date=11 May 2022|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122809/https://www.culturalindia.net/national-symbols/anthem.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite book|author=Sabyasachi Bhattacharya|title=Rabindranath Tagore: An Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr8kvZ-S258C&pg=PT326|date=24 May 2017|publisher=Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-539-8|pages=326–|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803015328/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr8kvZ-S258C&pg=PT326|url-status=live}}</ref> The parent song, "[[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata]]", is a religious hymn originally composed for the monotheistic Brahma Samaj<ref>{{cite web | last=Chaudhuri | first=Shatarupa | title=Indian National Anthem, History, Rabindranath Tagore, Lyrics, & Facts | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=11 November 2025 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jana-Gana-Mana | access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> that has five verses of which only the first verse was adopted as the national anthem.

The lyrics of the song first appeared in 5 stanzas in Bengali magazine in an issue of ''[[Tattwabodhini Patrika|Tatwabodhini Patrika]]''. The melody of the song, in the ''[[Alhaiya Bilaval]]'' [[raga]], was composed as a Brahmo hymn by Tagore himself with possibly some help from his musician grand-nephew Dinendranath Tagore. The final form of the song before the first public performance was set on 11 December 1911.<ref name="artsandculture.google.com">{{cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/10-things-to-know-about-india-39-s-national-anthem/AgXhvvzhpjYavQ?hl=en|title=10 things to know about Indian national Anthem|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721053742/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/10-things-to-know-about-india-39-s-national-anthem/AgXhvvzhpjYavQ?hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cultural symbol"/><ref name="book reference">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC |title=Home |isbn=9780670084555 |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sabyasachi |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122811/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song was first publicly sung on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in [[Kolkata]] on 27 December 1911 by Rabindranath Tagore's niece in her school assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News On AIR - News Services Division, All India Radio News |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/default.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/Main-News-Details.aspx |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref> Then, it was followed in January 1912 at the annual event of the [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/|title=Untitled Document|access-date=15 August 2011|archive-date=9 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009005556/http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Sabyasachi Bhattacharya">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Sabyasachi|title=Rabindranath Tagore: an interpretation|date=2011|publisher=Viking, Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0670084555|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC|quote=Incidentally a myth regarding this song needs to be refuted and laid to rest. It is on record that the song was written on 11 December 1911. On 12 December 1911, the Delhi Durbar met to honour King Emperor George V. Obviously, a poem written on 11 December could not be intended for an event the following day. The song was first sung at the twenty-seventh session of the Indian National Congress, Calcutta on 28 December 1911 as the opening song at the beginning of the day's proceedings. Thereafter, it was also sung at the foundation day anniversary of Adi Brahma Samaj in February 1912 and included in their collection of psalms, Brahma Sangit.|page=206|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228171436/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, ''[[Tattwabodhini Patrika]]''. The poem was published in January 1912, under the title "[[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata|Bharat Bhagya Bidhata]]" in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj with Tagore then the Editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php|title=National Identity|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811180552/https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1917, the song was again performed at the Congress conference and this time in aid of instrumental music by the Mahraja Bahadur of Nattore.<ref name="friday">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture//article59960936.ece |title=Home |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 December 2011 |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Arunangsu Roy |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122814/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/100-years-since-jana-gana-mana-was-born/article2752111.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Outside of Calcutta, the song was first sung by the bard himself at a session in [[Besant Theosophical College]] in [[Madanapalle]], Madras (current Andhra Pradesh) on 28 February 1919 when Tagore visited the college and sang the song. The song enthralled the college students and Margaret Cousins, then vice-principal of the college (also an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins). Based on the notes provided by Tagore himself, the song was preserved in 1919 in Western notation at Madanapalle by Margaret Cousins and her students. The whole episode was recorded by James Cousins in his autobiography "We Two Together":<ref name="we two together">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/WeTwoTogether/page/n363/mode/2up|title=Home|year=1950 }}</ref>
<blockquote>''In a voice surprisingly light for so large a man, he sang something like a piece of geography giving a list of countries, mountains and rivers; and in the second verse, a list of the religions in India. The refrain to the first made us pick up our ears. The refrain to the second verse made us clear our throats. We asked for it again and again, and before long we were singing it with gusto: Jaya hai, Jaya hai, Jaya hai, Jaya JayaJayaJaya hai (Victory, victory, victory to thee). We had no idea who or what was to have the victory. The next day Rabindranath gave the swarams(notes) of "Jana gana" to Mrs.Cousins so that the melody should have accurate permanent record. He also made the translation of the song into English as 'The Morning Song of India'.''</blockquote>

Thus, Margaret Cousins became probably the first person to transcribe and preserve Tagore's composition in Western sheet music notation at Madanapalle based on the notes provided by Tagore himself. And soon it took its place in the "daily deciation" of the combined school and college of Besant Hall in Madanapalle and is still sung to this date. It was also here that the song was first translated into English by Tagore as "The Morning Song of India".<ref name="we two together"/>

{{Listen
| type = music
| filename = Jana Gana Mana 1942 performance with introduction.mp3
| title = 1942 orchestral instrumental recording (with narrated intro)
| description = Performed by the Radio Hamburg Chamber Orchestra as the national anthem of India on 11 September 1942 in [[Hamburg]], Germany
}}

The song was selected as the national anthem by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] while he was in Germany. On the occasion of the founding meeting of the German-Indian Society on 11 September 1942 in the [[Hotel Atlantic Kempinski|Hotel Atlantic]] in [[Hamburg]], "Jana Gana Mana" was played for the first time by the Hamburg Radio Symphony Orchestra as the national anthem of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Patriotism: When Mahatma Gandhi refused to stand up in respect for the national song|periodical=Quartz India|url=https://qz.com/india/1052808/when-mahatma-gandhi-refused-to-stand-up-in-respect-to-vande-mataram/|last=Sugata Bose|date=14 August 2017|language=en|access-date=17 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216223338/https://qz.com/india/1052808/when-mahatma-gandhi-refused-to-stand-up-in-respect-to-vande-mataram/|url-status=live}}</ref> The musical notations for this interpretation of the song were prepared by B.L. Mukherjee and Ambik Majumdar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Anirban |title=How – and Why – 'Jana Gana Mana' Became India's National Anthem |url=https://thewire.in/history/independence-day-national-anthem-jana-gana-mana-subhash-chandra-bose-netaji |website=The Wire |date=15 August 2020 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122812/https://thewire.in/history/independence-day-national-anthem-jana-gana-mana-subhash-chandra-bose-netaji |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before it officially became the national anthem of India in 1950, "Jana Gana Mana" was heard in the 1945 film ''[[Hamrahi (1945 film)|Hamrahi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Years Of Bollywood-Humrahi (1945)|url=http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/humrahi-hindi-film-7583.php|website=indiavideo.org|publisher=Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024406/http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/humrahi-hindi-film-7583.php|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also adopted as a school song of [[The Doon School, Dehradun]] in 1935.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Sanjay |title=Constructing Post-Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S66GAgAAQBAJ |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |language=en |isbn=9781134683581 |page=91 |quote=Since its inception, the School adopted strictly non-denominational prayers and hymns and does not serve beef and pork. In fact the School adopted 'Jana Gana Mana' as its School song in 1935 well before it became National Anthem in 1947. |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006100154/https://books.google.com/books?id=S66GAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body at midnight on 14 August 1947; the session closed with a unanimous performance of "Jana Gana Mana".

The members of the Indian delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations held in New York in 1947 gave a recording of "Jana Gana Mana" as the country's national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world.

==Code of conduct==
The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung and the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the full version of the National Anthem of India is 52 seconds; the shorter version is approximately 20 seconds.<ref name="anthem"/>

==Lyrics==
{{Listen
| type = music
| filename = Jana gana mana vocal.ogg
| title = Vocal recording
}}

=== Original Bengali composition ===
The poem was composed in a literary [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] of the Bengali language called [[Sadhu bhasha|Sadhu Bhasha]], which is heavily Sanskritised (i.e. mainly uses [[tatsama]] words).

{| class="wikitable" style="width: max-content;" style="overflow-x:auto;"
![[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]
![[ISO 15919]] transliteration
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[Phonetic transcription|transcription]]{{efn|name=bn|See [[Help:IPA/Bengali]] and [[Bengali phonology]].}}{{efn|name=transcription|This is a [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|sanskritised]] transcription, which means that the normally-[[Elision|elided]] inherent vowel {{lang|bn|অ}} {{IPA|/ɔ/}} ({{lang|sa|अ}} {{IPA|/ɐ/}} in Devanagari) is fully pronounced in all phonetic environments when sung.}}
|-
|{{lang|bn|<poem>
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ
বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ
তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে,
গাহে তব জয়গাথা।
জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥</poem>}}
||<poem>{{transliteration|bn|italic=no|Jana-gaṇa-mana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā!
Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa Uṯkala Baṅga
Bindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā Ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga
Taba śubha nāmē jāgē,
Taba śubha āśiṣa māgē,
Gāhē taba jaẏa-gāthā.
Jana-gaṇa-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā!
Jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|[ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈmɔ.noˑ ˈo.d̪ʱiˌnae̯.ɔ.koˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}] [ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ǁ]
[ˈpɔn.dʒa.boˑ ˈʃin̪.d̪ʱuˑ ˈɡu.dʒoˌɾa.ʈoˑ ˈmo.ɾa.ʈʰaˑ {{!}}] [ˈd̪ɾa.bi.ɽoˑ ˈut̪.kɔ.loˑ ˈbɔŋ.ɡoˑ ‖]
[ˈbin̪.d̪ʱoˑ ˈɦi.maˌtʃɔ.loˑ ˈdʒo.mu.naˑ ˈɡɔŋ.ɡaˑ {{!}}] [ˈut̚.tʃʰɔ.loˑ ˈdʒɔ.lo.d̪ʱiˑ ˈt̪o.ɾɔŋ.ɡoˑ ‖]
[ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃu.bʱoˑ ˈna.meˑ ˈdʒa.ɡeˑ]
[ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈʃu.bʱoˑ ˈa.ʃi.ʃoˑ ˈma.ɡeˑ]
[ˈga.ɦeˑ ˈt̪ɔ.boˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈɡa.t̪ʰaˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔ.noˑ ˈɡɔ.noˑ ˈmoŋ.ɡɔ.loˑ ˈd̪ae̯.ɔ.koˑ dʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}] [ˈbʱa.ɾo.t̪oˑ ˈbʱa.ɡːoˑ ˈbi.d̪ʱa.t̪aˑ ‖]
[ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}} ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ {{!}}] [ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ˈdʒɔe̯.oˑ ɦeˑ ‖]}}</poem>
|}

=== Official lyrics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Official [[Government of India]] text in [[Devanagari]]<ref>{{cite web |title=भारत के राष्ट्रगान के संबंध में आदेश |trans-title=Order relating to the national anthem of India |url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem-Hindi.pdf |website=mha.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805001934/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem-Hindi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
! Official romanisation<ref name="Orders">{{cite web|title=Orders relating to the national anthem of India|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem%28E%29_2.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=18 June 2018|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618172735/https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem(E)_2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> (bold indicates [[Sanskrit#Phonology#Vowels|long vowels]])
! [[Devanagari transliteration]] ([[ISO 15919]])
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[Phonetic transcription|transcription]]{{efn|name=transcription}}
|-
| जन-गण-मन-अधिनायक जय हे 
भारतभाग्यविधाता । 
पंजाब-सिन्धु-गुजरात-मराठा 
द्राविड़-उत्कल-बंग 
विन्ध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा 
उच्छल जलधि तरंग 
तव शुभ नामे जागे, तव शुभ आशिष मागे 
गाहे तव जयगाथा । 
जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता । 
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे । 
| Jana-gana-mana-adhin'''a'''yaka jaya he 
Bh'''a'''rata-bh'''a'''gya-vidh'''a'''t'''a'''. 
Panj'''a'''ba-Sindh-Gujar'''a'''ta-Mar'''a'''th'''a''' 
Dr'''a'''vida-Utkala-Banga 
Vindhya-Him'''a'''chala-Yamun'''a'''-Gang'''a''' 
Uchchhala-jaladhi-taranga 
Tava{{efn|name=tab}} subha n'''a'''m'''e''' j'''a'''g'''e''', tava{{efn|name=tab}} subha '''a'''sisa m'''a'''g'''e''' 
g'''a'''h'''e''' tava{{efn|name=tab}} jaya-g'''a'''th'''a'''. 
Jana-gana-mangala-d'''a'''yaka jaya h'''e''' Bh'''a'''rata-bh'''a'''gya-vidh'''a'''t'''a'''. 
Jaya h'''e''', jaya h'''e''', jaya h'''e''', jaya jaya jaya jaya h'''e'''. 
| Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā. 
Paṁjāba-Sindhu{{efn|"Sindh" is also used.}}-Gujarāta-Marāṭhā, Drāviṛa-Utkala Baṁga 
Vindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṁgā, Ucchala jaladhi taraṁga 
Tava{{efn|name=tab|"taba" is also used}} śubha nāmē jāgē, tava{{efn|name=tab}} śubha āśiṣa māgē 
gāhē tava{{efn|name=tab}} jaya gāthā. 
Jana gaṇa maṁgala-dāyaka jaya hē, Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā. 
Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.
| {{IPA|[ˈdʒɐ.nɐ ˈɡɐ.ɳɐ ˈmɐ.nɐ ɐ.d̪ʱi.ˈnɑː.jɐ.kɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː] [ˈbʱɑː.ɾɐ.t̪ɐ ˈbʱɑːɡ.jɐ ʋɪ.ˈd̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ] [pɐn.ˈdʒɑː.bɐ ˈsɪn̪.d̪ʱʊ ɡʊ.dʒɐ.ˈɾɑː.t̪ɐ mɐ.ˈɾɑː.ʈʰɑː {{pipe}}] [ˈd̪ɾɑː.ʋɪ.ɽɐ ˈʊt̪.kɐ.lɐ ˈbɐŋ.ɡɐ] [ˈʋɪn̪d̪ʱ.jɐ ɦɪ.ˈmɑː.tʃɐ.lɐ jɐ.mʊ.ˈnɑː ˈɡɐŋ.ɡɑː {{pipe}}] [ˈʊt.tʃʰɐ.lɐ ˈdʒɐ.lɐ.d̪ʱi t̪ɐ.ˈɾɐŋ.ɡɐ] [ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ{{efn|name=tava1|[t̪ɐ.bɐ] is also used}} ˈʃʊ.bʱɐ ˈnɑː.meː ˈdʒɑː.ɡeː] [ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ{{efn|name=tava1}} ˈʃʊ.bʱɐ ˈɑː.ʃɪ.ʂɐ ˈmɑː.ɡeː] [ˈɡɑː.ɦeː ˈt̪ɐ.ʋɐ{{efn|name=tava1}} ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈgɑː.t̪ʰɑː ‖] [ˈdʒɐ.nɐ ˈɡɐ.ɳɐ ˈmɐŋ.ɡɐ.lɐ ˈd̪ɑː.jɐ.kɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ɦeː {{pipe}}] [ˈbʱɑː.ɾɐ.t̪ɐ ˈbʱɑːɡ.jɐ ʋɪ.ˈd̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ‖] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː {{pipe}} ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː {{pipe}} ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː {{pipe}}] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː ‖]}} 
|}

===Official English lyrics===
The English version was translated by Rabindranath Tagore himself on 28 February 1919 at the [[Besant Theosophical College]].<ref name=":0">Refer to {{cite wikisource |title=The Morning Song of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath |title='The Morning Song of India', English Translation of 'Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata' |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-morning-song-of-india-english-translation-of-bharoto-bhagyo-bidhata-rabindranath-tagore/BwEb5sdbddNe1A?hl=en |website=Google Arts & Culture |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816152519/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-morning-song-of-india-english-translation-of-bharoto-bhagyo-bidhata-rabindranath-tagore/BwEb5sdbddNe1A?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
:Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people,
:dispenser of India's destiny.
:Thy name rouses the hearts of the Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat and Maratha;
:of the Dravida, Orissa and Bengal.
:It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of the Yamuna and Ganges
:and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Ocean.
:They pray for Thy blessings and sing Thy praise.
:The saving of all people waits in thy hand,
:Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
:Victory, Victory, Victory to thee.

===Literal translation===
:Victory to the Lord of the minds of all the people,
:The dispenser of India's destiny!
:[[Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Marhatta (region)|Maratha]],
:[[Tamilakam|Dravida]], [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]], [[Bengal]];
:The [[Vindhyas]], [[Himalayas]], [[Yamuna]]s, the [[Ganges]],
:The wavering waves of the [[Indian Ocean|ocean]] all arise in your auspicious name,
:Seek your auspicious blessings, sing your victory lore.
:Victory to the graciousness of the people,
:The dispenser of India's destiny!
:Victory! Victory! Victory!
:Victory, victory, victory, victory to you!

===Abridged version===
A short version consisting of the first and last lines of the National Anthem is also played on certain occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php|title=National Identity Elements - National Anthem - Know India: National Portal of India|website=knowindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001101336/https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Orders" />

{| class="wikitable" style="width: max-content;" style="overflow-x:auto;"
|- 
!Devanagari script<ref>{{cite web |title=भरत के राष्ट्र गान के संबंध में आदेश |trans-title=Order relating to the national anthem of India |url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem-Hindi.pdf |website=mha.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805001934/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem-Hindi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Official romanisation<ref name="Orders" /> (bold indicates long vowels)
!Latin transliteration (ISO 15919)
!IPA transcription{{efn|name=IPA|See [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu]], [[Hindi phonology]], [[Help:IPA/Sanskrit]], and [[Sanskrit phonology]].}}
|-
|{{lang|hi|<poem>
जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे भारत भाग्य विधाता ।
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे ।</poem>}}
|<poem>{{transliteration|hi|italic=no|Jana-gana-mana-adhin'''a'''yaka jaya h'''e''' Bh'''a'''rat-bh'''a'''gya vidh'''a'''t'''a'''.
Jaya h'''e''', jaya h'''e''', jaya h'''e''', jaya jaya jaya jaya h'''e'''.}}</poem>
|<poem>{{transliteration|hi|italic=no|Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā.
Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē.}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|[ˈdʒɐ.nɐ ˈɡɐ.ɳɐ ˈmɐ.nɐ ɐ.d̪ʱi.ˈnɑː.jɐ.kɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː] [ˈbʱɑː.ɾɐ.t̪ɐ ˈbʱɑːɡ.jɐ ʋɪ.ˈd̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ]
[ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː {{!}} ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː {{!}} ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː {{!}}] [ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈdʒɐ.jɐ ˈɦeː ‖]}}</poem>
|}

===Raga===
"Jana Gana Mana" is sung in the [[Alhaiya Bilaval]] [[raga]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/national-anthem-facts-952549-2016-12-27|title=Lesser known facts on Jana Gana Mana, India's National Anthem|date=27 December 2016 |access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526122740/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/national-anthem-facts-952549-2016-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref> whereby the {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}} [[Madhyama (music)|Madhyama]] ''[[svara]]'' is employed.

===Other transcriptions===
{|class="cellpadding"
![[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] (''[[Nasta'liq]]'')
![[Gujarati alphabet|Gujarati]]
![[Kannada alphabet|Kannada]]
![[Tamil alphabet|Tamil]]
![[Telugu alphabet|Telugu]]
|- style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem dir="rtl">جنَ گنَ منَ ادھی نایکَ جَیَ ہے
بھارتَ بھاگیہ وِدھاتا
پنجابَ سندھَ گجراتَ مراٹھا
دراوڈَ اُتکلَ وَنگَ
وندھیہ ہماچلَ یمونا گنگا
اُچھلَ جلَدھی ترنگَ
توَ شُبھَ نامے جاگے
توَ شُبھَ آشش ماگے
گاہے توَ جَیَ گاتھا
جنَ گنَ منگلَ دایک جَیَ ہے
بھارتَ بھاگیہ وِدھاتا
جَیَ ہے، جَیَ ہے، جَیَ ہے
جَیَ جَیَ جَیَ جَیَ ہے</poem>
|<poem>જન ગણ મન અધિનાયક જય હે
ભારત ભાગ્ય વિધાતા।
પંજાબ સિંધુ ગુજરાત મરાઠા
દ્રાવિડ઼ ઉત્કલ બંગ
વિંધ્ય હિમાચલ યમુના ગંગા
ઉચ્છલ જલધિ તરંગ
તવ શુભ નામે જાગે
તવ શુભ આશિષ માગે
ગાહે તવ જયગાથા।
જન ગણ મંગલ દાયક જય હે
ભારત ભાગ્ય વિધાતા।
જય હે। જય હે। જય હે।
જય જય જય જય હે॥</poem>
|<poem>ಜನ-ಗಣ-ಮನ-ಅಧಿನಾಯಕ ಜಯ ಹೇ
ಭಾರತ-ಭಾಗ್ಯ-ವಿಧಾತಾ |
ಪಂಜಾಬ್-ಸಿಂಧು-ಗುಜರಾತ-ಮರಾಠಾ
ದ್ರಾವಿಡ-ಉತ್ಕಲ-ಬಂಗಾ ||
ವಿಂಧ್ಯ-ಹಿಮಾಚಲ-ಯಮುನಾ-ಗಂಗಾ
ಉಚ್ಛಲ-ಜಲಧಿ-ತರಂಗಾ |
ತವ ಶುಭ ನಾಮೇ ಜಾಗೇ
ತವ ಶುಭ ಆಶಿಷ ಮಾಗೇ
ಗಾಹೇ ತವ ಜಯಗಾಥಾ ||
ಜನ-ಗಣ-ಮಂಗಲದಾಯಕ ಜಯ ಹೇ
ಭಾರತ-ಭಾಗ್ಯ-ವಿಧಾತಾ |
ಜಯ ಹೇ, ಜಯ ಹೇ, ಜಯ ಹೇ
ಜಯ ಜಯ ಜಯ ಜಯ ಹೇ ||</poem>
|<poem>சன கண மன அதிநாயக செய கே
பாரத பாக்கிய விதாதா.
பஞ்சாப சிந்து குசராத்த மராட்டா
திராவிட உத்கல வங்கா.
விந்திய இமாச்சல யமுனா கங்கா
உச்சல சலதி தரங்கா.
தவ சுப நாமே சாகே,
தவ சுப ஆசிச மாகே,
காகே தவ செய காதா.
சன கண மங்கள தாயக செயகே
பாரத பாக்கிய விதாதா.
செய கே, செய கே, செய கே,
செய செய செய, செய கே.</poem>
|<poem>జన గణ మన అధినాయక జయ హే
భారత భాగ్య విధాతా।
పంజాబ సింధు గుజరాత మరాఠా
ద్రావిడ ఉత్కళ వంగ।
వింధ్య హిమాచల యమునా గంగా
ఉచ్ఛల జలధి తరంగ।
తవ శుభ నామే జాగే
తవ శుభ ఆశిష మాగే
గాహే తవ జయ గాథా।
జన గణ మంగళ దాయక జయ హే
భారత భాగ్య విధాతా।
జయ హే। జయ హే। జయ హే।
జయ జయ జయ జయ హే।।</poem>
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:The Morning Song of India.png|Tagore's translation of "Jana Gana Mana" on 28 February 1919, at the [[Besant Theosophical College]]
File:English translation of Jana Gana Mana in Tagore's handwriting page 1.jpg|Page 1 of Tagore's translation of "Jana Gana Mana" on 28 February 1919, at the [[Besant Theosophical College]]
File:English translation of Jana Gana Mana in Tagore's handwriting page 2.jpg|Page 2 of Tagore's translation of "Jana Gana Mana" on 28 February 1919, at the [[Besant Theosophical College]]
</gallery>

==Controversies==
===Historical significance===
The composition was first sung during a convention of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] on 27 December 1911.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-chatterjee310803.htm |title=Tagore and Jana Gana Mana |work=Monish R. Chatterjee |access-date=14 August 2008 |archive-date=17 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917033936/http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-chatterjee310803.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was sung on the second day of the convention. The event was reported as such in the British Indian press:
<blockquote>
"The Bengali poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]] sang a song composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor." (''Statesman'', 28 December 1911) "The proceedings began with the singing by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor." (''Englishman'', 28 December 1911) "When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27 December 1911, a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung. A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress was also adopted unanimously." (''Indian'', 29 December 1911)
</blockquote>

Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in the Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in [[Hindi]] by Rambhuj Chaudhary,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacw.net/DC/CommunalismCollection/ArticlesArchive/pkDatta092004.html |title=India: Are we still singing for the Empire? |work=Pradip Kumar Datta |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093341/http://www.sacw.net/DC/CommunalismCollection/ArticlesArchive/pkDatta092004.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was sung on the same occasion in praise of [[George V]]. The nationalist press in India stated this difference of events clearly:
<blockquote>
"The proceedings of the Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God (song of benediction). This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V." (''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'', 28 December 1911) "The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V was passed. A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls." (''The Bengalee'', 28 December 1911)
</blockquote>

Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference:
<blockquote>
"On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress, proceedings started after singing [[Vande Mataram]]. On the second day the work began after singing a patriotic song by Babu Rabindranath Tagore. Messages from well-wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung."
</blockquote>

On 10 November 1937, Tagore wrote a letter to Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy. That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore's biography'' Rabindrajibani, volume II page 339'' by ''Prabhatkumar Mukherjee''.
<blockquote> "A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata [ed. God of Destiny] of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and the curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/tagore-and-that-song/article10886480.ece|title=Tagore and that song|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 June 2015 |access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423093415/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/tagore-and-that-song/article10886480.ece|url-status=live|last1=Mitra |first1=Anirban |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Souvik }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33438577|title=BBC World Asia|work=BBC News |date=9 July 2015 |access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918114713/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33438577|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

Again in his letter of 19 March 1939, Tagore writes:<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16241465|title=BBC News – Indian anthem Jana Gana Mana turns 100|date=27 December 2011|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-date=9 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109025149/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16241465|url-status=live}}</ref>
<blockquote>
"I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George the Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind." ''(Purvasa, Phalgun, 1354, p. 738.)''
</blockquote>

These clarifications by Tagore regarding the controversy occurred only after the death of [[George V|King George V]] in 1936. Earlier, in 1915, after Tagore was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Literature Prize]], George V had conferred a [[knight]]hood on him, which he renounced in 1919 in protest over the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]; writing a letter addressed to the [[Governor-General of India|viceroy of India]] [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]]: "The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part wish to stand, shorn of all special distinctions, by the side of my country men."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dart.columbia.edu/library/tagore-letter/letter.html |title=Letter from Rabindranath Tagore to Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India |publisher=Digital Anthropology Resources for Teaching, Columbia University and the London School of Economics |access-date=25 September 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825105408/http://dart.columbia.edu/library/tagore-letter/letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tagore-renounced-his-Knighthood-in-protest-for-Jalianwalla-Bagh-mass-killing/articleshow/7967616.cms | title=Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest for Jalianwalla Bagh mass killing | newspaper=The Times of India | publisher=The Times of India, 13 April 2011 | access-date=25 September 2021 | archive-date=10 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910060559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tagore-renounced-his-Knighthood-in-protest-for-Jalianwalla-Bagh-mass-killing/articleshow/7967616.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Singing===
In [[Kerala]], students belonging to the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up when the anthem was sung.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors vs State Of Kerala & Ors on 11 August, 1986 |website= Indian Kanoon |url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1508089/?formInput=national%20anthem%20case |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-date= 15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024350/https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1508089/?formInput=national%20anthem%20case |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kerala High Court]] concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986,<ref>{{cite news |title=India Supreme Court's Landmark Judgment—Pillar of Free Speech |url=https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/india/supreme-court-national-anthem-free-speech/ |access-date=22 September 2021 | publisher =JW |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305150912/https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/india/supreme-court-national-anthem-free-speech/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant." The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief.<ref name="jehovah_national_anthem">{{cite news|title=To sing or not to sing Vande Mataram|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/to-sing-or-not-to-sing-vande-mataram--------/11912/ |newspaper= Indian Express|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006100150/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/to-sing-or-not-to-sing-vande-mataram/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Supreme Court observed in its ruling that:<ref>{{cite web|title=Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors V. State of Kerala & Ors [1986] INSC 167|publisher= Indian kanoon |date= 11 August 1986|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1508089/|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=16 December 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182501/http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1508089/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote| There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing. Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem is sung. It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing. Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s. 3 of the [[Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act]].}}

In some states, the anthem must be played before films are played at cinemas. On 30 November 2016, to instil "committed patriotism and nationalism", the Supreme Court ordered that all cinemas nationwide must play the national anthem, accompanied by an image of the flag of India, before all films. Patrons were expected to stand in respect of the anthem, and doors to a cinema hall were expected to be locked during the anthem to minimise disruption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/national-anthem-national-flag-supreme-court-theater-4402827/ |title= National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters, rules Supreme Court|date=1 December 2016|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302023337/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/national-anthem-national-flag-supreme-court-theater-4402827/|url-status=live}}</ref> The order was controversial, as it was argued that patrons who chose not to participate would be targeted and singled out, as was the case in an incident publicised in 2015 which purported to show a group of patrons (alleged by the [[YouTube]] uploader to be Muslims) being heckled by others. On 10 February 2017, two Kashmiris (which included an employee of the state government) were arrested under the [[Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971|Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act]] for not standing during the anthem at a cinema, in the first such arrest of its kind made by a state government. On 3 July 2023, an executive magistrate in Srinagar sent 11 men to jail for a week, allegedly not rising for the anthem at a 25 June event in the presence of J&K Lt Governor [[Manoj Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=In J&K, 11 sent to jail after they did not rise for anthem at police event |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-jk-11-sent-to-jail-after-they-did-not-rise-for-anthem-at-police-event-8800577/ |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615123314/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-jk-11-sent-to-jail-after-they-did-not-rise-for-anthem-at-police-event-8800577/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other incidents of violent outbreaks associated with the policy were also reported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-in-a-first-state-govt-employee-among-two-arrested-for-not-standing-during-national-anthem/|title=J&K: In a first, state govt employee amongst two arrested for not standing during national anthem|date=11 February 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190220122631/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-in-a-first-state-govt-employee-among-two-arrested-for-not-standing-during-national-anthem/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830|title=India anthem not mandatory in cinemas |work=BBC News|date=9 January 2018|access-date=19 February 2019|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604013652/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34961285|title=Patriotism debate over national anthem|date=30 November 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=19 February 2019|language=en-GB|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220144139/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34961285|url-status=live}}</ref>

A cinema club in Kerala (whose film festival was required to comply with the order, leading to several arrests) challenged the order as an infringement of their fundamental rights, arguing that cinemas were "singularly unsuited for the gravitas and sobriety that must accompany the playing of the national anthem", and that the films screened would often "be at odds with sentiments of national respect".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41731378 |title=Film fans challenge India's anthem order|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|website=BBC News|date=25 October 2017|access-date=19 February 2019 |language= en-GB|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220072954/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41731378|url-status= live}}</ref> In October 2017, Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]] questioned the intent of the order, arguing that citizens "don't have to wear patriotism on our sleeve", and that it should not be assumed that people who do not stand for the anthem were any less patriotic than those who did. In January 2018, the order was lifted, pending further government discussion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/playing-of-national-anthem-in-cinema-halls-not-mandatory-supreme-court/articleshow/62427100.cms|title=Playing of national anthem in cinema halls not mandatory: Supreme Court |website= The Times of India|date=9 January 2018 |access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220065941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/playing-of-national-anthem-in-cinema-halls-not-mandatory-supreme-court/articleshow/62427100.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830|title=India anthem not mandatory in cinemas|date=9 January 2018|access-date=19 February 2019|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604013652/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India anthem not mandatory in cinemas|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830|access-date= 10 January 2018|work=BBC News|date=2018|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110002645/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2019, a video of a Bengaluru couple being bullied for not standing up during the national anthem in a movie hall went viral. They were questioned "Are you Pakistani?". There was a debate on the issue; some lawyers recalled Article 21, some people called it a way to gain media attention and some recommended attending the movie after the national anthem is played to avoid any problems. But after the debate, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier order making it mandatory for cinema halls to play the National Anthem.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-09 |title=India national anthem no longer compulsory in cinemas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42618830 |access-date=2024-12-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/row-over-youth-castigated-for-not-standing-up-during-national-anthem-in-cinema-hall |title=Row over youth castigated for not standing up during national anthem in cinema hall |date=28 October 2019 |work=National Herald |access-date=5 February 2020|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213083244/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/row-over-youth-castigated-for-not-standing-up-during-national-anthem-in-cinema-hall|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Regional aspects===
Another controversy is that only those provinces that were under direct British rule, i.e. [[Punjab]] ([[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]), [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sindh]], Gujarat, [[Marhatta (region)|Maratha]] ([[Bombay Presidency]]), [[Tamilakam|Dravida]] ([[Madras Presidency]]), [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]] ([[Orissa Province|Orissa]]) and [[Bengal]] ([[Bengal Presidency]]), were mentioned. None of the [[princely state]]s – [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Rajputana]], [[Central India Agency]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] or the states in [[Northeast India]] (erstwhile [[Assam Province|Assam]]), which are now parts of India, were mentioned. However, opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only the border states of India to include complete India. Whether the princely states would form a part of an independent Indian republic was a matter of debate even until [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]].

In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sind"{{efn|From the [[Sanskrit]] term ''Sindhu''. Historical romanisation of ''Sindh'', referring to the [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind province of British India]].}} and substitute it with the word [[Kashmir]]. The argument was that [[Sindh]] was no longer a part of India, having become part of [[Pakistan]] as a result of the [[Partition of India|Partition of 1947]]. Opponents of this proposal hold that the word "Sind" refers to the [[Indus River]]{{efn|Indus (Sindhu), flows through [[Ladakh]] in [[Northern India]].}} and Sindhi culture and that [[Sindhis in India|Sindhi people]] are a part of India's cultural fabric. The [[Supreme Court of India]] declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shan |first1=Kohli |title=Parody of National Anthem: Ram Gopal Varma Ki Nayi Aag |journal=NUJS Law Review |date=2010 |volume=3 |issue=2 |url=http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/1EF6EB81-7987-4AAC-9F51-D3C0F478A938.pdf |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615123315/http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/1EF6EB81-7987-4AAC-9F51-D3C0F478A938.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17 December 2013, MLA of [[Assam]], Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited an article in ''[[The Times of India]]'' published on 26 January 1950, stating that originally the word "Kamarup" was included in the song, but was later changed to "Sindhu" and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included.<ref name=at1712>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec1813/at096|title=''State to seek newspaper clarification on report''. Staff Reporter. Assam Tribune, 17-12-2013|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815151833/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec1813%2Fat096|url-status=live}}</ref> To this, the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after a response from the newspaper.<ref name=at1712/> The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey, mentioning "Sanchayita" (edited by Tagore himself) etc. where he said Kamarup was not mentioned.<ref name=at1712/>

In 2017 the state government of [[Jharkhand]] under the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] proposed making the singing of the national anthem compulsory in [[Madrasa]]s. This was met with opposition from a section of Muslim clerics because it allegedly violated the basic principles of the Islamic centres of learning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muslim-clerics-in-jharkhand-oppose-govt-move-on-national-anthem-in-madrasas/story-knfaLrHmoYDAucVu3LMisM.html|title=Muslim clerics in Jharkhand oppose govt move on national anthem in madrasas|date=10 November 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511195218/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muslim-clerics-in-jharkhand-oppose-govt-move-on-national-anthem-in-madrasas/story-knfaLrHmoYDAucVu3LMisM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notable events ==

=== Guinness World Record ===
As of the last retrieval, Jana Gana Mana holds the record of the most people singing a national/regional anthem simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Most people singing a national/regional anthem simultaneously |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-people-singing-a-nationalregional-anthem-simultaneously |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206011213/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-people-singing-a-nationalregional-anthem-simultaneously/ |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*"[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]" – the national Anthem of Bangladesh, also written by Rabindranath Tagore
*"[[Banglar Mati Banglar Jol]]" – the state song of West Bengal, also written by Rabindranath Tagore
* [[National Pledge (India)|National Pledge]]
*"[[Saare Jahan Se Achcha]]" – an ode to Hindustan
*"[[Vande Mataram]]" – the national song of India

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Jana Gana Mana | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Jana Gana Mana | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q83099}}
*[https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NationalAnthem%28E%29_2.pdf THE NATIONAL ANTHEM - FULL AND SHORT VERSIONS]
*[https://knowindia.india.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php Know India: National anthem], Government of India website
*{{cite wikisource |title=The Morning Song of India}}English translation of the hymn "Jana Gana Mana" in Tagore's handwriting

{{Symbols of India}}
{{Nationalanthemsofasia}}
{{Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Indian anthems]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:National anthems]]
[[Category:Poems by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:1911 songs]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Songs based on poems]]

Agadu

2026-03-03T02:35:01Z

FerdinandGarden: Started info...

{{distinguish|Agadoo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agadu
| image = Agadu poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. Suresh Kumar
| producer = Vidiyal Raju
| writer =
| starring = [[John Vijay]] Siddharth Kumaran Sriram Karthik [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]
| music = John Sivanesan
| cinematography = Samrat
| editing = Thiyagu
| studio = Shoundaryan Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|10|22}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Agadu''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by S. Suresh Kumar. [[John Vijay]], Siddharth Kumaran and Sriram Karthik appear in the lead roles. Produced by Vidiyal Raju, it was released on 22 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Agadu Tamil Movie Review |url=https://www.newsbricks.com/entertainment/agadu-tamil-movie-review/25472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630124208/https://www.newsbricks.com/entertainment/agadu-tamil-movie-review/25472 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |publisher=Newsbricks.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[John Vijay]]
*Siddharth Kumaran
*Sriram Karthik
*[[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]
*Vijay Anand

==Production==
The film was shot within a month in [[Kodaikanal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2021 |title="Agadu" Movie Team Interview | John Vijay | Siddharth | Suresh Kumar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5H_dbVlDi4 |access-date=7 April 2022 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Release and reception==
The film was released on 22 October 2021 across theatres in Tamil Nadu. [[Maalai Malar]]'s critic gave the film a positive review, citing it was "interesting".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Tamil cinema Agadu movie review || போதையால் ஏற்படும் விளைவுகள் - அகடு விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/10/22132803/3123021/Tamil-cinema-Agadu-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422031446/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/10/22132803/3123021/Tamil-cinema-Agadu-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |publisher=Cinema.maalaimalar.com}}</ref> New Cinema Express gave the film a middling review, rating it 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=அகடு விமர்சனம் |url=https://newcinemaexpress.com/agadu-review/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |publisher=Newcinemaexpress.com}}</ref> A critic from [[News Today]] wrote "''Agadu'' joins the list of crime thrillers in Tamil cinema that is engaging in part", while a reviewer from Chennaivision noted "overall, the movie keeps the audience engaged".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title=Review: Agadu |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2021/10/20/review-agadu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422160018/https://newstodaynet.com/2021/10/20/review-agadu/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title=Agadu movie review |url=https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/agadu-movie-review/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |publisher=Chennaivision}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Economy of Mangaluru

2026-02-22T23:28:16Z

FerdinandGarden: Adding New Stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

[[File:Falnir skylines viewed from Kankanady.jpg|thumb|Mangaluru skyline|upright=1.1]]
Industrial and commercial activities dominate [[Mangaluru]]'s economy. Mangaluru is the only city in the state of [[Karnataka]] to have all modes of transport — air, road, rail and sea — as well as being one of only five cities in India to have both a [[Ports in India|major port]] and an [[International Airport|international airport]]. Around 75% of India's [[coffee]], [[timber]] and [[cashew]] nuts exports are handled by the [[New Mangalore Port]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Property/Mangalore_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination/articleshow/2788712.cms
|title= Mangalore takes over as new SEZ destination
|accessdate= 2008-04-22
|newspaper=The Economic Times
|date=2008-02-17}}</ref> [[Mangalore International Airport]] is one of only two international airports in Karnataka; the other being [[Bengaluru]]'s [[Kempegowda International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=46732&n_tit=Mangalore+Airport+Traffic+up+by+92%25+%3A+Surpasses+Mumbai%2C+Bangalore%2C+Chennai |title=Mangalore Airport Traffic up by 92% Surpasses Mumbai Bangalore Chennai |newspaper=Daijiworld |date=18 May 2008 |accessdate=2014-06-17}}</ref> Mangaluru is the fastest growing non-[[metropolitan area]] (Indian city of population less than one million) in [[South India]]<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> and the second largest business centre in [[Karnataka]]. The city has some of the tallest buildings in South India, with many more under construction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=414531 |title=Mangaluru: Foundation stone laid for South India's tallest tower 'Westline Signature' |newspaper=Daijiworld |date=2016-09-18 |accessdate=2016-12-28|author=Joshwa D'Souza}}</ref>

== Petrochemicals and processing ==
[[File:Iron Ore factory.jpg|thumb|The [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company]] in Mangalore]]

[[BASF]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/basf-india-receives-demand-notices-from-commercial-tax-department-karnataka-119101100777_1.html|title=BASF India receives demand notices from Commercial Tax Department, Karnataka |date=11 October 2019|accessdate=12 January 2020|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/basf-india-inaugurates-new-innovation-campus-in-navi-mumbai/1000102|title=BASF India inaugurates new innovation campus in Navi Mumbai|date=3 March 2017|accessdate=12 January 2020|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> [[MRPL|Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL)]], [[Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers|Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (MCF)]], [[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.|Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL)]], [[Hindustan Petroleum|Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iocl-to-commission-two-import-facilities-next-year/article19208498.ece|title=IOCL to commission two import facilities next year |date=4 July 2017|accessdate=12 January 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Bharat Petroleum|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Plant (BPCL)]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/445682/mock-drill-bpcl-lpg-bottling.html|title=Mock drill at BPCL LPG bottling plant marks chemical disaster prevention day|date=5 December 2014|accessdate=12 January 2020|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/iocl-distributes-wheeler-dustbins-to-schools/article29297099.ece|title=Indian Oil Corporation Limited, distributes wheeler dustbins to Mangaluru schools|date=30 August 2019|accessdate=30 December 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited|ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited (OMPL)]], JBF Petrochemicals<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/jbf-industries-subsidiary-enters-into-long-term-agreement-with-ongc-mangalore-petrochemicals-116041500331_1.html
|title= JBF Industries' subsidiary enters into long term agreement with ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals
|accessdate= 12 March 2017
|date=15 April 2016
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> and [[Total S.A.|Total Oil]] are the major petrochemicals and processing industries in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/total-oil-opens-second-lpg-facility-at-new-mangalore/article976459.ece
|title= Total Oil opens second LPG facility at New Mangalore
|accessdate= 4 January 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> One of the largest SEZ in India, the [[ONGC]] - [[Mangalore Special Economic Zone]] is in Mangaluru. MRPL, the only refinery in the state, will soon get a [[Public sector undertakings in India|Navaratna]] status. [[Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers]] (MCF), the only fertilizer factory in the state, is situated at [[Baikampady]]. [[Hindustan Petroleum|HPCL]] has its oil refinery at Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hpcl-to-go-solo-on-its-rs-700-cr-lpg-facility-114072901027_1.html
|title= HPCL might go solo on its Rs 700-cr LPG cavern in Mangalore
|accessdate= 4 January 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
|author=Kalpana Pathak
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/market/remain-positive-on-hpcls-refining-cycle-nomura/275466/
|title= Remain positive on HPCL's refining cycle: Nomura
|accessdate= 4 January 2017
|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]
|author=Nomura
}}</ref> [[Bharat Petroleum|BPCL]] has established an [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] plant near the New Mangalore Port.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/BPCL-to-set-up-green-bio-fuel-refinery/articleshow/54494062.cms
|title= BPCL to set up green bio-fuel refinery
|accessdate= 4 January 2017
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
}}</ref> BASF has established a [[Research and development|Research and development (R&D)]] centre at Mangaluru.<ref name="rd1">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business/chemical-giant-basf-to-expand-india-footprint/story-cB1XzXv9ZhJR0iVXk0m47I.html
|title=Chemical giant BASF to expand India footprint
|date=22 November 2011
|accessdate=7 February 2017
|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
|author=Sutirtho Patranobis
}}</ref><ref name="rd2">{{cite news
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-basf-gives-rs-17-crore-boost-to-india-business-1967695
|title=BASF gives Rs 17 crore boost to India business
|date=8 March 2014
|accessdate=7 February 2017
|author=Ashish K Tiwari
|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]
}}</ref>

At the Mangaluru Special Economic Zone, in a new 15 million tonne refinery, petrochemical plant and power and [[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]] plants, The [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] ([[ONGC]]) plans to invest over Rs. 35,000 crore. Of the country, this will be the first Petroleum, Chemicals, Petrochemicals Investment Region (PCPIR).<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/20/stories/2006092006341700.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070320115615/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/20/stories/2006092006341700.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 March 2007 |date = 19 September 2006 |title = ONGC's huge outlay for Mangalore SEZ |accessdate = 29 September 2006 |newspaper = [[The Hindu]]| location=Chennai, India}}</ref> India has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storages at Mangalore, Padur (near [[Udupi]]) in [[Karnataka]] and at [[Visakhapatnam]] to ensure energy security.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/india-receives-1st-parcel-of-iranian-oil-for-strategic-storage/articleshow/54816784.cms
|title=India receives 1st parcel of Iranian oil for strategic storage
|date=12 October 2016
|accessdate=16 October 2016
|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/strategic-storage-of-crude-begins-at-mangaluru-cavern-116101200895_1.html
|title='Strategic storage of crude begins at Mangaluru cavern'
|date=12 October 2016
|accessdate=16 October 2016
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/commodities/article-india-gets-first-iranian-oil-parcel-for-emergency-reserves-1473346
|title='India Gets First Iranian Oil Parcel For Emergency Reserves'
|date=12 October 2016
|accessdate=16 October 2016
|newspaper=[[NDTV Profit]]
}}</ref> [[Mitsui]], a Japanese conglomerate has planned to set up an LNG terminal in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-ties-up-with-bpcl-mitsui-to-set-up-lng-terminal-at-mangalore-113031900235_1.html
|title=ONGC ties up with BPCL, Mitsui to set up LNG terminal at Mangalore
|date=12 October 2016
|accessdate=19 March 2013
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
|author=Shine Jacob
}}</ref>

== Logistics and Shipping ==
Interlog Services, a [[France|French]] [[logistics]] firm has established its office at Mangaluru Hills.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=414529
|title=Mangaluru: Second office of Interlog Services opens at Mangalore Internet City
|date=18 September 2016
|access-date=12 December 2016
|newspaper=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/French-logistic-firm-to-open-office-in-Mangaluru/articleshow/54338940.cms
|title=French logistic firm to open office in Mangaluru
|date=15 September 2016
|access-date=12 December 2016
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
}}</ref>

The table below lists some of the Logistics and [[Freight transport|Shipping]] companies situated in Mangaluru.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Logistics and Shipping firm
! Headquarters
|-
|Interlog Services<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://interlogservices.com/en/our-locations
|title=Interlog Services - Our Locations
|access-date=26 December 2016
|archive-date=26 December 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226220509/http://interlogservices.com/en/our-locations
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|[[Orléans]], [[France]]
|-
|-
|Seaways Shipping and Logistics Ltd.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.seawaysindia.com/branch-offices-national.php
|title=Seaways Group - Branch Offices
|access-date=26 December 2016
}}</ref>
|[[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, India]]
|-
|-
|Delta Infralogistics (worldwide) Ltd.
|[[Mangaluru|Mangaluru, India]]
|-
|-
|[[Hapag-Lloyd]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/offices-localinfo/middle-east-india/india/mangalore.html
|title=Hapag-Lloyd - Offices
|access-date=21 September 2017
|archive-date=22 September 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922050731/https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/offices-localinfo/middle-east-india/india/mangalore.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|[[Hamburg|Hamburg, Germany]]
|-
|[[Maersk Line]]<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/maersk-lines-breakthrough-shipment-of-papayas-set-to-revolutionize-the-indian-fruits-industry
|title=Maersk Line's breakthrough shipment of papayas set to revolutionize the Indian fruits industry
|access-date=21 September 2017
|date=21 June 2017
|newspaper=Hellenic Shipping News
|archive-date=22 September 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922100853/http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/maersk-lines-breakthrough-shipment-of-papayas-set-to-revolutionize-the-indian-fruits-industry/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.maerskline.com/en/countries/india/contact
|title=Maersk Line - Contact
|access-date=21 September 2017
}}</ref>
|[[Copenhagen|Copenhagen, Denmark]]
|-
|-
|SeaShine Shipping and Logistics Ltd.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.seashine.in/contact.html
|title=SeaShine Shipping and Logistics Ltd - Contact Us
|access-date=14 September 2017
}}</ref>
|[[Chennai|Chennai, India]]
|-
|-
|[[CMA CGM]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cma-cgm.com/local/india/offices-contacts
|title=CMA CGM - Offices & Contacts
|access-date=23 October 2018
}}</ref>
|[[Marseille|Marseille, France]]
|-
|-
|Morrison Express<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.morrisonexpress.com/region/apac/102:morrison-express-agent-ixe
|title=Morrison Express offices in APAC
|access-date=27 January 2021
}}</ref>
|[[Taipei|Taipei, Taiwan]]
|-
|-
|DIX Shipping Ltd.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dixgroup.com/dix-shipping.html
|title=DIX Group of Companies - DIX Shipping
|access-date=14 September 2017
}}</ref>
|[[Mangaluru|Mangaluru, India]]
|-
|}

== Ship building ==
[[Bharati Shipyard|Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL)]] (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established its ship building site near [[Tannirbavi]] in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=45766
|title=Mangalore: Bharati Becomes First Shipyard to Enter Dakshina Kannada
|date=16 April 2008
|accessdate=27 December 2016
|newspaper=[[Daijiworld]]
|author=Melka Miyar
}}</ref> Mangaluru is the 6th shipyard established by BSL. Cargo ships are built here which have a maximum length of 120 meters.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/banks-approve-bharati-shipyard-cdr-package-112040100016_1.html
|title=Banks approve Bharati Shipyard CDR package
|accessdate=27 December 2016
|date=21 January 2013
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
}}</ref> BSL's subsidiary, [[Tebma Shipyard Limited]] has a ship manufacturing site at [[Malpe]], which is 56 km from Mangalore city.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/research-vessel-flagged-off-from-malpe/article6927618.ece
|title=Research vessel flagged off from Malpe
|date=24 February 2015
|accessdate=27 December 2016
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|author=Ganesh Prabhu
}}</ref>

== Manufacturing industries ==
Sequent Scientific Ltd. is a [[Pharmaceutical]] company, and has its manufacturing unit at [[Baikampady]] in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-chemicals/sequent-scientific-to-acquire-arvee-synthesis-114052600794_1.html
|title=Sequent Scientific to acquire Arvee Synthesis
|date=23 May 2014
|access-date=2 January 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
}}</ref> Syngene International, a contract research arm of [[Biocon]], has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangaluru SEZ.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/b2b-connect/syngene-plans-100-mn-manufacturing-facility-in-mangalore-115090100290_1.html
|title=Syngene plans $100 mn manufacturing facility in Mangalore
|date=1 September 2015
|access-date=13 May 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/syngene-international-gains-after-mangalore-facility-starts-operations-120032000431_1.html
|title=Syngene International gains after Mangalore facility starts operations
|date=20 March 2020
|access-date=20 March 2020
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/syngene-international-starts-operations-at-mangalore-facility-120032000215_1.html |title=Syngene International starts operations at Mangalore facility
|date=20 March 2020
|access-date=20 March 2020
|newspaper=[[India Infoline]]
}}</ref> Solara, a pharmaceutical company also has its manufacturing unit in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/solara-s-mangalore-facility-receives-establishment-inspection-report-from-usfda/Business%20Economy/news/1400591.html
|title=Solara's Mangalore facility receives Establishment Inspection Report from USFDA
|date=9 November 2018
|access-date=17 November 2018
|newspaper=[[United News of India]]
}}</ref> [[Hindustan Unilever]] has set up a factory in [[Boloor, Mangalore|Boloor]] which produces mainly Rin detergents.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=607976|title=Mangaluru: Centralized walk-in-interview at Sahyadri Campus on Jul 26|date=23 July 2019|accessdate=1 February 2020|newspaper=[[Daijiworld]]|author=Abhijith N Kolpe}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/hind-unilever-255/information/company-location|title=Hindustan Unilever Ltd.|accessdate=18 March 2020|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Suzlon]] has established its wind energy generation plant at [[Padubidri]] near Mangaluru. Suzlon Energy plans to manufacture REpower [[wind turbine]]s at its plant near Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/suzlon-to-make-repower-turbines-at-mangalore-plant/article1571297.ece
|title=Suzlon to make REpower turbines at Mangalore plant
|date=25 March 2016
|accessdate=27 December 2016
|newspaper=[[Business Line]]
|author=N Ramakrishnan
}}</ref> Bakery and confectionery industries are also found in Mangaluru; Gyp-gyp-gy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/trademark/gyp%20gyp%20gy/535928|title=Details of gyp-gyp-gy Trademark|accessdate=1 February 2020|publisher=Zauba Corp}}</ref> and Narans<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mangalurus-narans-to-enter-bengaluru/article8498310.ece
|title=Mangaluru's Naran's to enter Bengaluru
|date=20 April 2016
|accessdate=1 February 2020
|newspaper=[[Business Line]]
}}</ref> are a few among them. Primacy Industries Ltd. in Mangaluru manufactures scented [[candles]] and exports them to [[Europe]], [[United States]] and the [[Middle-East]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/scented-candle-manufacturer-diversifies-into-aerosol-production-in-mangalore/article5573720.ece
|title=Scented candle manufacturer diversifies into aerosol production in Mangalore
|date=13 January 2014
|accessdate=2 January 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Line]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.primacyind.com/about.php
|title=Primacy Industries Ltd - About
|accessdate=2 January 2017
|publisher=Primacy Industries
|archive-date=3 January 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002407/http://www.primacyind.com/about.php
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Catasynth Speciality Chemicals, a manufacturing facility of [[Anthea Group]] has its office in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/solvay-picks-up-minority-stake-in-catasynth-speciality-chemicals-120030901456_1.html
|title=Solvay picks up minority stake in Catasynth Speciality Chemicals
|date=28 January 2021
|access-date=11 March 2020
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
}}</ref>

== Banking and Finance ==
[[File:Near the entrance of Corporation Bank head office in Mangalore.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Corporation Bank headquarters at [[Pandeshwar]] in Mangalore]]
Four of the twenty banks nationalized during the first half of the 20th century were established in Mangaluru.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Bank
!Founded
!Founded by
! Head Office (present)
|-
|[[Corporation Bank]]
|{{start date and age|1906}}
| Khan Bahadur Haji Abdulla
|Non-existent bank
|-
|-
|[[Canara Bank]]
|{{start date and age|1906}}
|[[Ammembal Subba Rao Pai]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|-
|[[Syndicate Bank]]
|{{start date and age|1925}}
|[[T. M. A. Pai]]
|Non-existent bank
|-
|[[Vijaya Bank]]
|{{start date and age|1931}}
|[[A. B. Shetty]]
|Non-existent bank
|}
[[Karnataka Bank Limited]] was established on 18 February 1924 in Mangalore.<ref name="karnataka-bank">{{cite web
|url = http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp
|title = Karnataka Bank - History
|accessdate = 22 April 2017
|publisher = [[Karnataka Bank]]
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115018/http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp
|archivedate = 17 March 2012
}}</ref> In addition to these, two banks were established in nearby towns. [[Corporation Bank]] was founded in [[Udupi]] by Khan Bahadur Haji Abdulla Haji Kasim Saheb Bahadur in 1906,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.corpbank.com/asp/0100text.asp?presentID=84&headID=84
|title = History
|accessdate = 31 December 2016
|publisher = [[Corporation Bank]]
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061016191856/http://www.corpbank.com/asp/0100text.asp?presentID=84&headID=84
|archivedate = 16 October 2006
}}</ref> and [[Syndicate Bank]] was co-founded in [[Manipal]] by [[T M A Pai]], Upendra Ananth Pai and [[V S Kudva]] in 1925. While [[Karnataka Bank Limited]] is still headquartered in Mangaluru, [[Canara Bank]]<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112015560300.htm
|title = Cheque truncation process from April, says Leeladhar
|accessdate = 31 December 2016
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|date = 20 November 2005
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108063646/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112015560300.htm
|archivedate = 8 November 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref> is headquartered in [[Bengaluru]].

The [[Mangalore Stock Exchange|Mangalore Stock Exchange (MgSE)]] was incorporated on 31 July 1984 as a [[public limited company]]. The company was granted recognition as a [[stock exchange]] on 9 September 1985.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.surfindia.com/finance/mangalore-stock-exchange.html |title= Mangalore Stock Exchange (MgSE) |accessdate= 2008-02-21 |publisher=SurfIndia (A premier directory on India)}}</ref> It was de-recognized by the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)]] on 31 August 2004.<ref>{{cite news
|url =http://finance.indiainfo.com/news/2004/09/01/0109sebi.html
|title =SEBI derecognises Mangalore Stock Exchange
|date =1 September 2004
|access-date =22 February 2008
|publisher =India Info
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20061021220036/http://finance.indiainfo.com/news/2004/09/01/0109sebi.html
|archive-date =21 October 2006
|url-status =dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url =http://web.sebi.gov.in/satorders/mgstock.html
|title =Appeal No.158 of 2004
|access-date =22 February 2008
|publisher =[[SEBI]]
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161905/http://web.sebi.gov.in/satorders/mgstock.html
|archive-date =21 July 2011
|url-status =dead
}}</ref> Appeals by the Stock Exchange to overrule this order have been subsequently rejected on 2 November 2005 and 4 October 2006.<ref>{{cite web
|url =http://web.sebi.gov.in/satorders/mangalore.html
|title =Appeal No.158 of 2004
|access-date =22 February 2008
|publisher =[[SEBI]]
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065747/http://web.sebi.gov.in/satorders/mangalore.html
|archive-date =4 March 2016
|url-status =dead
}}</ref>

==Robotics and Automation==
Mangalore Robautonics Pvt Ltd is a company that designs, develops and manufactures [[Robotics]] and Automation systems for agricultural, industrial and consumer sectors.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.robautonics.com/
|title=Mangalore Roboautonics Private Limited - Our Company
|access-date=15 June 2017
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/surinder-sud-power-tillers-are-back-in-business-115061501169_1.html
|title=Surinder Sud: Power tillers are back in business
|date=15 June 2015
|access-date=15 June 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
|author=Surinder Sud
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/388908/mlorean-develops-remote-control-power.html
|title=M'lorean develops remote control power tiller
|date=27 February 2014
|access-date=15 June 2017
|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Robotics Company
!Location
|-
|Mangalore Robautonics Pvt. Ltd
|[[Kulur, Mangaluru|Kulur]]
|-
|Vanora Robots<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://vanorarobots.com/
|title=Vanora Robots - About
|access-date=15 June 2017
}}</ref>
|[[Bejai]]
|-
|Epitas Software LLP<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://epitas.in/
|title=Home - Epitas
|access-date=15 September 2019
}}</ref>
|[[Derebail]]
|-
|Unimation Robotics<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.unimationrobotics.com/
|title=Unimation Robotics - Industrial Automation Solutions
|access-date=19 November 2019
}}</ref>
|[[Falnir]]
|-
|}

== Information Technology (IT) ==
[[File:Mangalore infosys.jpg|thumb|right|Infosys campus in Mangalore]]
Major information technology (IT) and software companies like [[Infosys]],<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=211667
|title=Mangalore: Infosys conducts 'Hack-a-thon' contest for students
|date=9 January 2014
|access-date= 4 September 2018
|newspaper=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/infosys-to-expand-sez-in-dakshina-kannada-district-112042400050_1.html
|title=Infosys to expand SEZ in Dakshina Kannada district
|date=24 April 2012
|access-date= 4 September 2018
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
|author=Prakash Chandran}}</ref> [[Cognizant Technology Solutions]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cognizant.com/careers
|title=Cognizant – Careers
|access-date=4 September 2018
|publisher=[[Cognizant Technology Solutions]]
|archive-date=24 April 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424174658/https://www.cognizant.com/careers
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-cognizant-to-enlarge-it-sez-by-50-1847373
|title=Cognizant to enlarge IT SEZ by 50%
|date=13 June 2013
|access-date= 4 September 2018
|author=Sumit Moitra
|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> [[Endurance International Group]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://india.endurance.com/offices/
|title=Endurance International Group – Our Offices
|access-date=4 September 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192206/https://india.endurance.com/offices/
|archive-date=4 September 2018
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.endurance.com/our-careers/our-locations
|title=Endurance International Group – Our Locations
|access-date= 4 September 2018}}</ref> and [[Thomson Reuters]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/careers/where-we-are/india.html
|title=India - Thomson Reuters
|access-date= 4 September 2018}}</ref> have their branches at Mangaluru.<ref name="ind">{{cite news
|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Property/Mangalore_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination/articleshow/2788712.cms
|title = Mangalore takes over as the new SEZ destination
|date = 17 February 2008
|access-date = 4 September 2018
|newspaper = [[The Economic Times]]
|author = M Rochan
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120306033000/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Property/Mangalore_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination/articleshow/2788712.cms
|archivedate = 6 March 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref> [[Tata Consultancy Services|Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)]] has planned to invest {{INRConvert|500|c|2}} and setup its office at Karnad near Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=738302|title=Mangaluru: TCS to invest Rs 500 crores in Dakshina Kannada, create 4,000 jobs|date=6 August 2020|accessdate=9 August 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/tcs-gets-nod-to-set-up-ites-in-dakshina-kannada/articleshow/77400970.cms|title=Karnataka: TCS gets nod to set up ITeS in Dakshina Kannada|date=7 August 2020|access-date=9 August 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|last=Pinto|first=Stanley}}</ref>

Other multinational software companies having their presence in this coastal city include Novigo Solutions, MResult, Riskonnect (specialized in Risk management),<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://riskonnect.com/about-us/contact-us/
|title=Contact Riskonnect - The global leader in Integrated Risk Management
|access-date=4 September 2018
|publisher= Riskonnect
}}</ref> Coresight Research (specialized in Artificial Intelligence, Analytics and Blockchain),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coresight.com/about/contact/|title=Contact - Coresight Research|accessdate=21 May 2020|publisher=Coresight Research}}</ref> Arkieva (specialized in Supply Chain management)<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://arkieva.com/contacts/
|title=Contact Arkieva - Your global Supply Chain software solutions company
|access-date=4 September 2018
|publisher= Arkieva
}}</ref> and Tetherfi (specialized in Virtual Banking and Automation).<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.tetherfi.com/contact/ |title=Tetherfi Contact
|access-date=11 August 2020
|publisher= Tetherfi
}}</ref> [[Mphasis]] BPO has one of its branches at Mangalore.<ref name="mphasis">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hinduja-global-to-acquire-stake-in-mphasis-bpo-business-for-rs-17-crore/articleshow/47884907.cms
|title=Hinduja Global to acquire stake in Mphasis' BPO business for Rs 17 crore
|date= 2 July 2015
|access-date=4 September 2018
|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]
}}</ref> KEONICS has planned to set up an IT park in Mangalore, similar to [[Electronic City]], spanning an area of 100 acres.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/keonics-proposes-setting-up-electronics-city-in-mangaluru/article33440648.ece
|title=KEONICS proposes setting up electronics city in Mangaluru
|date= 29 December 2020
|access-date=27 January 2021
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
}}</ref>

== Food processing ==
[[Campco]] has its chocolate manufacturing plants at [[Baikampady]] and Puttur near Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/indian-arecanut-sample-gets-quality-approval-from-chinese-company/article9545188.ece
|title=Indian arecanut sample gets quality approval from Chinese company
|date=15 February 2017
|accessdate=22 April 2017
|author=AJ Vinayak
|newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]
}}</ref> The plant produces chocolates and other products of [[cocoa bean|cocoa]] both under its own brand and also for [[Nestle]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/CAMPCO-to-release-Dark-Tan-chocolate-on-September-14/article14634772.ece
|title=CAMPCO to release Dark Tan chocolate on September 14
|date=12 September 2016
|accessdate=27 December 2016
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|author=Raviprasad Kamila
}}</ref> Achal Industries has built its cashew processing plant at the Baikampady Industrial Estate in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/cashew-kernel-prices-fall-in-wholesale-markets-113032000595_1.html
|title=Cashew kernel prices fall in wholesale markets
|date=20 March 2013
|access-date=5 January 2017
|author=Mahesh Kulkarni
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
}}</ref> [[Ideal Ice Cream|Ideal Ice Cream Factory]], situated at Kottara Chowki in Mangalore, manufactures over 40 flavours of ice-creams.<ref name="ideal1">{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/in-mangalore-i-is-for-ideal/article2991823.ece
|title=In Mangalore, 'I' is for Ideal
|date=14 March 2012
|access-date=2 October 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Line]]
|author=AJ Vinayak
}}</ref><ref name="ideal2">{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/mangalores-ideal-ice-cream-wins-national-award/article5443788.ece
|title=Mangalore's Ideal ice cream wins national award
|date=10 December 2013
|access-date=2 October 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Line]]
}}</ref> Mangalore also houses the edible oil refinery of [[Adani Wilmar]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/plants-working-at-70-capacity-aiming-for-optimal-level-soon-adani-wilmar-120051401184_1.html
|title=Plants working at 70% capacity, aiming for optimal level soon: Adani Wilmar
|date=14 May 2020
|access-date=27 January 2021
|author=Vinay Umarji
|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Industry
!Location
|-
|Campco Ltd
|APMC Yard, Baikampady
|-
|Achal Industries
|Industrial Area, Baikampady
|-
|Mangala Cashew Industries (DVK Group)<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-ratings/icra-ratings-for-indian-debt-instruments-jul-7-idINL4N1JY3PA
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230325/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-ratings/icra-ratings-for-indian-debt-instruments-jul-7-idINL4N1JY3PA
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=25 September 2017
|title=ICRA ratings for Indian debt instruments-Jul 7
|date=7 July 2017
|access-date=25 September 2017
|newspaper=[[Reuters]]
}}</ref>
|Padavinangadi
|-
|Kalbavi Cashews<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/vietnam-eats-into-indias-cashew-export-plans/articleshow/59807531.cms
|title=Vietnam eats into India's cashew export plans
|date=28 July 2017
|access-date=25 September 2017
|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]
|author=PK Krishnakumar
}}</ref>
|Industrial Area, Baikampady
|-
|Ideal Ice Cream Factory<ref name="ideal1"/><ref name="ideal2"/>
|Kottara Chowki
|-
|Spectrum Industries<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.spectrumindustries.org/enquiry.html
|title=Spectrum Industries - Enquiry
|access-date=2 October 2017
}}</ref>
|Yeyyadi Industrial Estate
|-
|}

== Cruise tourism ==
[[File:Norwegian Star - Mangalore.jpg|thumb|[[Norwegian Star]], a [[Cruise ship]] docked at the New Mangalore Port]]

Various [[cruise ship]]s such as [[Regent Seven Seas Cruises|Regent Seven Seas]], [[Norwegian Star]], [[Oceania Cruises|Oceania]], [[Celebrity Cruises|Celebrity]], [[Costa Cruises|Costa]], [[AIDA Cruises|AIDA]], [[MS Nautica|Nautica]] and [[Royal Caribbean International]] have visited the New Mangalore Port.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/first-cruise-ship-of-the-fiscal-calls-at-new-mangalore-port/article3268963.ece
|title=First cruise ship of the fiscal calls at New Mangalore Port
|date=1 April 2012
|accessdate=4 January 2017
|newspaper=[[Business Line]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.traveldailymedia.com/244528/dubai-tourism-commemorates-inaugural-visit-of-celebrity-constellation/
|title=Dubai Tourism commemorates inaugural visit of Celebrity Constellation
|date=2 December 2016
|accessdate=4 January 2017
|publisher=Travel Daily Media
}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Foreigners can enter Mangalore through the New Mangalore Port with the help of [[Travel visa#571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=Electronic visas=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886|Electronic visa]] (e-visa).<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Foreigners-can-enter-India-through-five-ports-on-e-visa/article16738695.ece | title=Foreigners can enter India through five ports on e-visa |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 December 2016 | accessdate=5 December 2016}}</ref> Cruise ships from [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[UAE]] arrive at New Mangalore Port to tour the places around Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/584097/nautica-norwegian-star-cruise-through.html|title=Nautica and Norwegian Star cruise through M'luru coast|access-date=2016-12-03|date=1 December 2016|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151210/nation-current-affairs/article/aida-aura-arrives-mangaluru|title=Aida Aura arrives in Mangaluru|date=10 December 2015|access-date=2016-12-03|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|author=Gururaj A Paniyadi}}</ref>

== Startups ==
[[Government of India]] has planned to make Mangaluru the first [[Startup company|startup]] district in the country with 20 tinkering labs and [[Business incubator|incubation centres]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/trend-tracking/government-plans-first-startup-district-with-incubators/articleshow/57074038.cms
|title=Government plans first startup district with incubators
|accessdate=8 April 2017
|date=10 February 2017
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|author=Ruchika Chitravanshi
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/mar/31/mangaluru-likely-to-be-the-first-startup-district-in-the-country-1588296.html
|title=Mangaluru likely to be the first startup district in the country
|access-date=8 April 2017
|date=31 March 2017
|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]
}}</ref> The startups aim at providing solutions in agriculture, health, education and information technology.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/government-plans-first-startup-district-with-incubators/articleshow/57070965.cms
|title=Government plans first startup district with incubators
|accessdate=8 April 2017
|date=10 February 2017
|author=Ruchika Chitravanshi
|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]
}}</ref> [[Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning]] (CEOL) - the first startup incubation centre of [[Kanara|Coastal Karnataka]] is present at Mallikatta in Mangaluru city.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ceol-will-lead-to-creation-of-silicon-valley-in-west-coast/article22328879.ece
|title='CEOL will lead to creation of Silicon Valley in west coast
|access-date=27 March 2018
|date=30 December 2017
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mangaluru-to-have-start-up-incubation-centre-nirmala-sitharaman/article19093288.ece
|title=Mangaluru to have start-up incubation centre: Nirmala Sitharaman
|access-date=17 June 2017
|date=17 June 2017
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
}}</ref> [[Government of Karnataka]] has planned to make Mangaluru an [[Animation]] hub for the State.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/mangaluru-all-set-to-become-animation-hub-in-karnataka/articleshow/59731063.cms
|title=Mangaluru all set to become animation hub in Karnataka
|access-date=14 September 2017
|date=24 July 2017
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|author=Sandeep Moudgal
}}</ref>

== Research and Development (R&D) centres ==
There are 3 [[Research and Development|Research and Development (R&D)]] centres near Mangalore. They are
* [[BASF]] - located at Katipalla<ref name="rd1"/><ref name="rd2"/>
* Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) - located at [[Vitla]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cpcri.gov.in/index.php/2014-03-04-05-40-42/2014-06-30-11-27-00/vittal
|title=CPCRI - Regional station - Vittal
|access-date=27 December 2016
|publisher=ICAR
|archive-date=27 December 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202004/http://www.cpcri.gov.in/index.php/2014-03-04-05-40-42/2014-06-30-11-27-00/vittal
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
* National Research Centre for Cashew (NRCC) - located at [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.icar.org.in/Vision%202050%20DCR,%20Puttur.pdf
|title=ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur - Indian Council of Agricultural Research
|access-date=27 December 2016
|publisher=ICAR
}}</ref>

== Special Economic Zones ==
The following [[special economic zone]]s to be located in and around [[Mangalore]] have been approved by Board of Approval, [[Government of India|Government Of India]] & Under establishment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kumbangalore.com/sez_karnataka.aspx |title=KARNATAKA UDYOG MITRA – SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES - SEZ's in Karnataka |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130060454/http://www.kumbangalore.com/sez_karnataka.aspx |archive-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |publisher=kumbangalore.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sezindia.nic.in/HTMLS/approved-sez.htm |accessdate=14 June 2009 |title=Special Economic Zones in India|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419011251/http://www.sezindia.nic.in/HTMLS/approved-sez.htm |archivedate=19 April 2009 |publisher=SEZ India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location
! Status
! Name of Promoter
|-
| Multi Product Special Economic Zone - 588 hectares
| Attracted Rs.13,000 crores until date with exports from units exceeding Rs.2,500 crores.
| [[Mangaluru Special Economic Zone|Mangaluru SEZ Ltd]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangaloresez.com |title=Welcome to Mangalore SEZ Limited, India |publisher=Mangaloresez.com |date= |accessdate=2014-06-17}}</ref>
|-
| [[Infosys]] - IT&ITES SEZ - 125 hectares
| Notified and 1st phase operational
| [[Infosys]] Tech. Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|author=Infosys Limited |url=http://www.infosys.com/contact/Pages/country.aspx?source=home&country=India |title=Contact |publisher=Infosys |date= |accessdate=2014-06-17}}</ref>
|-
| Thumbay, [[Bantwal]], Dakshina Kannada District - IT/ITES SEZ - 10 hectares
| Formal approval and notified. Under Implementation.
| B.A.Tech Park Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bagroupthumbay.com/tech_park_sez.html |accessdate=12 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201073401/http://www.bagroupthumbay.com/tech_park_sez.html|title=Tech Park SEZ - The B. A. Group - Thumbay |archivedate=1 February 2010 |publisher=B. A. Group Thumbay }}</ref>
|-
| KIADB - IT&ITES SEZ - 203 hectares
| Formal approval
| Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnatakaindustry.gov.in/land.html |title=DIC |publisher=Karnatakaindustry.gov.in |accessdate=2014-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706060525/http://www.karnatakaindustry.gov.in/land.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| EPIP Indl.Area, [[Ganjimutt]] - IT/ITES SEZ - 10 hectares
| Formal approval
| Nitesh Shetty|Nitesh Estates Private Limited<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/ETM9vZCw6R95GWln6ZmrpM/Nitesh-Estates-has-paralleled-the-new-wave-of-wealth-creati.html |title=Nitesh Estates has paralleled the new wave of wealth creation|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]|date=11 May 2007 |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| EPIP Indl.Area, Ganjimutt - IT/ITES SEZ - 10 hectares
| Formal approval
| Brigade Enterprises Private Limited
|-
| EPIP Indl.Area, Ganjimutt - IT/ITES SEZ - 10 hectares
| Formal approval
| Kinfotech Software Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| Padubidri, [[Udupi district|Udupi District]]. - Hi-tech Engineering SEZ - 259 hectares
| Notified and 1st phase operational.
| [[Suzlon]] Infrastructure Ltd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/karnataka-hopes-to-attract-20-of-gim-investments-from-msmes/article3497453.ece |title=Karnataka hopes to attract 20% of GIM investments from MSMEs|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=6 June 2012 |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
|}

== Fishing ==
[[File:Mangalore fishing.JPG|thumb|Fishing in [[Mukka]], in [[Mangaluru taluk]]]]

Fish is one of the widely consumed food in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/flavours-from-the-coast-of-mangalore/article17743964.ece |title=Flavours from the coast |accessdate=22 April 2017 |date=30 March 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Lavanya Narayanan}}</ref> Old Mangalore Port is the fishing port in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/8-rise-in-fish-catch-in-udupi-dakshina-kannada/article4791726.ece |title=8% rise in fish catch in Udupi, Dakshina Kannada |accessdate=22 April 2017 |date=7 June 2013 |author=AJ Vinayak |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> The city has an [[Icemaker|ice factory]] on the banks of [[Netravati]] river and [[fish meal]] processing industries.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.mukkaseafoods.com/
|title= Mukka Seafood Industries Pvt. Ltd. |access-date= 28 December 2016 |publisher=Mukka Sea Foods }}</ref>

==Traditional commerce and industry==
===Tile industry===
Although the [[tile]] industry has been in decline due to the predominance of concrete in modern construction, [[Mangalore tiles]] were exported to East Asia, Europe, Australia, [[Africa]], and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=88
|title= Mangalore Tiles Crown Victoria Terminus |accessdate= 27 December 2016 |date= 2005-06-21 |newspaper= [[Daijiworld|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]}}</ref>

===Arecanut industry===
[[Arecanut]] industries are small-scale operations.<ref name="arecanut">{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/arecanut-prices-recover-slightly-in-mangalore/article6331102.ece
|title=Arecanut prices recover slightly in Mangalore
|date=19 August 2014
|access-date=2 October 2017
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|author=Raviprasad Kamila
}}</ref> Arecanuts are cultivated in the hilly regions towards the east of the city.<ref name="arecanut"/>
{{-}}

===Leaf spring industry===
The [[leaf spring]] industry has its presence in Mangalore, with Canara Workshops Ltd. and Lamina Suspension Products Ltd. in the city.<ref name="scan">{{cite web
|url = http://www.crn.in/SouthScanNov152007.aspx
|title = South Scan (Mangalore, Karnataka)
|access-date = 20 March 2008
|publisher = CMP Media LLC
|author=Durgesh U Kedilaya
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120309042030/http://www.crn.in/SouthScanNov152007.aspx
|archivedate = 9 March 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Balmatta]]
* [[Falnir]]
* [[Kankanady]]
* [[Attavar]]
* [[Pandeshwar]]
* [[Bejai]]
* [[Kodialbail]]
* [[Kadri, Mangalore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Mangalore}}
[[Category:Economy of Mangalore| ]]

KLF Book Awards

2026-02-20T10:52:58Z

FerdinandGarden:

{{Short description|Indian book awarding}}
{{Infobox award
| name = The KLF Book Awards
| image = KLF Book Award.png
| awarded_for = contribution to Indian literature
| presenter = [[Kalinga Literary Festival]]
| country = [[India]]
| firstawarded = 2021
}}
The '''KLF Book Awards''', founded in 2021, is a literary honor in India, presented and established by the [[Kalinga Literary Festival]].<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite web |date=11 September 2021 |title=KLF Announces Titles For Book Awards 2020-21; From Amitav Ghosh To S Jaishankar, Check Out The Full List Here |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/books-klf-announces-titles-for-book-awards-2020-21-from-amitav-ghosh-to-s-jaishankar-check-out-the-full-list-here/394279 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> The awards are given in various categories including fiction and non-fiction books, poetry, [[Hindi]] language books, books in translation, Bhasa first book, business and strategic affairs books, environmental books, biographical and autobiographical books, children books, sports, lifestyle and emerging trend books.<ref name="sundayguardianlive">{{cite news |date=11 September 2021 |title=Kalinga Literary Festival Book Awards 2020-21 announced |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/kalinga-literary-festival-book-awards-2020-21-announced | accessdate=6 December 2021 |newspaper=[[The Sunday Guardian]]}}</ref>

==History==
The KLF Book Awards was established in 2021 by the [[Kalinga Literary Festival]]. The awards for the years 2020-21 were announced in September 2021,<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |date=11 September 2021 |title=Kalinga Literature Festival Book Awards 2020-21 announced: Full list of selected titles |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/kalinga-literature-festival-book-awards-full-list-nominated-titles-7502338/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> and 47 authors were selected for the award.<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=Kalinga Literature Festival to ditch digital and go 'real' live in December |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/kalinga-literature-festival-to-ditch-digital-and-go-real-live-in-december/cid/1830678 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=Telegraph India }}</ref>

The awards are given in various categories including fiction and non-fiction books, poetry, [[Hindi]] language books, books in translation, Bhasa first book, business and strategic affairs books, environmental books, biographical and autobiographical books, children books, sports, lifestyle and emerging trend books.<ref name="indianexpress"/> The purpose of the award, according to festival director Rashmi Ranjan Parida, is "to contribute to debates and discourses in the national and global public sphere and encourage more thoughtful, reflective, unique and inspiring contributions".<ref name="indianexpress"/>

The awards for 2020-21 will be awarded at Kalinga Literary Festival which is set to be held from 10 to 12 December 2021 in [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name="telegraphindia"/>

==List of winners==
===2020-21===

'''KLF Fiction Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Undertow'', [[Jahnavi Barua]]
* ''Betrayed by Hope: A Play on the Life of Michael Madhusudan Dutt'', [[Namita Gokhale]] and Malashri Lal
* ''The Begum and the Dastan'', Tarana Husain Khan
* ''The Vault of Vishnu'', [[Ashwin Sanghi]]
* ''Undercover in Bandipore'', Ashok Kaul

'''KLF Non-fiction Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Princestan: How Nehru, Patel and Mountbatten Made India'', Sandeep Bamzai
* ''The New World Disorder'', [[Shashi Tharoor]] & Samir Saran
* ''Jugalbandi: The BJP Before Modi'', Vinay Sitapati
* ''The Great Hindu Civilisation: Achievement, Neglect, Bias and the Way Forward'', [[Pavan K Varma]]
* ''A Brief History of Mrdangam Makers'', [[T M Krishna]]
* ''The Death Script'', Ashutosh Bhardwaj
* ''Reporting India'', Prem Prakash

'''KLF Poetry Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''A Poem a Day'', [[Gulzar]]
* ''Kalidasa: Meghduta-The Cloud Messenger'' & ''Kalidasa: Ritusamhara-The Six Seasons'' (Jointly), [[Abhay Kumar|Abhay K.]]<ref name="aninews">{{cite web |date=8 September 2021 |title=Poet-diplomat Abhay K's translation of Kalidasa's 'Meghaduta', 'Ritusamhara' win KLF Poetry Book of the Year Award 2020-21 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/poet-diplomat-abhay-ks-translation-of-kalidasas-meghaduta-ritusamhara-win-klf-poetry-book-of-the-year-award-2020-2120210909002038/ | access-date=8 December 2021 |website=ANI News }}</ref>
* ''From Castleford to Kathmandu'', [[Greta Rana]]
* ''Anek Pal Aaur Mai'', Basant Chaudhary

'''KLF Hindi Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Khela'', [[Neelakshi Singh]]
* ''Kulbhooshan Ka Naam Darj Kijiye'', [[Alka Saraogi]]
* ''Ravi Katha: Andaaz-E-Bayan Urf Ravi Katha'', [[Mamta Kalia]]
* ''Wah Ustad'', Praveen Kumar Jha
* ''Ek Desh Barah Duniya'', Shirish Khare

'''KLF Book in Translation of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Estuary'', [[Perumal Murugan]], tr. Nandini Krishnan

'''KLF Bhasa Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''The Runaway Boy'', [[Manoranjan Byapari]]

'''KLF Debut Book Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''I Am No Messiah'', [[Sonu Sood]] and Meena Iyer

'''KLF Business Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Getting Competitive: A Practitioner’s Guide for India'', [[R. C. Bhargava]]
* ''Overdraft'', [[Urjit Patel]]
* ''Pandemonium: The Great Indian Banking Tragedy'', [[Tamal Bandyopadhyay]]

'''KLF Diplomacy/Strategic Affairs Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World'', [[S. Jaishankar]]
* ''Powershift: India-China Relations in a Multipolar World'', Zorawar Daulet Singh
* ''Himalayan Challenge: India, China and the Quest for Peace'', [[Subramanian Swamy]]

'''KLF Environmental Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Hari Bhari Ummid''& ''The Chipko Movement: A People's History'', [[Shekhar Pathak]]
* ''[[Jungle Nama]]'', [[Amitav Ghosh]]

'''KLF Women/Dalit/Tribal/Minorities Literature Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Harijan: A Novel'', [[Gopinath Mohanty]] (tr. Bikram Das)
* ''Makers of Modern Dalit History'', Sudarshan Ramabadran and Guru Prakash Paswan
* ''A Plate of White Marble'' (''Shwet Patharer Thala'') by [[Bani Basu]] (tr. Nandini Guha)
* ''Ramvilas Paswan: Sankalp, Sahas aaur Sangharsh'', Pradeep Srivastav
* ''Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Reason, Religion and Nation'', [[Shafey Kidwai]]

'''KLF Biography/Autobiography Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illustrated Biography'', [[Tenzin Geyche Tethong]]
* ''Restless as Mercury: My Life as a Young Man Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi'', Gopalkrishna Gandhi
* ''Akhtari: The Life and Music of Begum Akhtar'', [[Yatindra Mishra]]
* ''Bharat Ke Pradhan Mantri'', [[Rasheed Kidwai]]
* ''The House of Jaipur: The Inside Story of India’s Most Glamorous Royal Family'', John Zubrzycki

'''KLF Children Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Miracle at Happy Bazaar: My Best Stories for Children'', [[Ruskin Bond]]
* ''Grandparents' Bag of Stories'', [[Sudha Murthy]]

'''KLF Sports Book of the Year Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''The Commonwealth of Cricket'', [[Ramachandra Guha]]

'''KLF Lifestyle and Emerging Trend Book Award'''<ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia"/>
* ''Eating in the Age of Dieting'', Rujuta Diwekar

===2022===
KLF Book Awards 2022,<ref name="Outlookindia">{{cite web |title=KLF Book Awards 2022: Sanjeev Sanyal, Hindol Sengupta Among Awardees, Writers Across Genres To Be Awarded |url= https://www.outlookindia.com/national/klf-book-awards-2022-sanjeev-sanyal-hindol-sengupta-among-awardees-writers-across-genres-to-be-awarded-news-254689| access-date=18 January 2023|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph India">{{cite web |title=Kalinga Literary Festival announces book awards for 2022
|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kalinga-literary-festival-announces-book-awards-for-2022/cid/1910840|access-date=19 January 2023|website=The Telegraph India}}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web |title=Kalinga Literary Festival (KLF) Book Awards 2022 announced: Meet the winners |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/kalinga-literary-festival-klf-book-awards-2022-announced-sanjeev-sanyal-hindol-sengputa-ranjit-hakote-akshaya-mukul-8393464/#:~:text=The%20Kalinga%20Literary%20Festival%20(KLF)%20announced%20the%20winners%20for%20KLF,Akshaya%20Mukul%20and%20Pravin%20Kumar.|access-date=20 January 2023|website=Indian Express| date=20 January 2023 }}</ref>

'''KLF Non-fiction Book Award 2022:'''
-[[Sanjeev Sanyal]]’s- Revolutionaries: The Other Story of How India Won its Freedom
- Akshaya Mukul’s- Writer, Rebel, Soldier, Lover: The Many Lives of Agyeya
[[Kailash Satyarthi]]’s - Tum Pehle Kyon Nahi Aaye –
Akhilesh’s - AKS –

'''KLF Fiction Book Award 2022:'''
-[[Navtej Sarna]]’s Crimson Spring )
-Pravin Kumar’s Amar Desva

'''KLF Poetry Book Award 2022'''
-[[Ranjit Hoskote]]’s - Hunchprose
-Pankaj Chaturvedi’s -Aakash Mein Ardhachandra

'''KLF Business Book Award 2022'''
-[[Piyush Pandey]]’s Open House

'''KLF Debut Book Award 2022'''
-Farah Bashir’s - Rumours of Spring
-Sumit Sharma Sameer’s Wake Up Ali…Wake Up Now (Fiction, Vitasta)
- Pradeep Baishakh Faces of Inequality: Stories of the poor and underprivileged from India’s grassroots

'''KLF Women/Dalit/Tribal/Minorities Literature Award 202'''
-Machhliyan Gayengi Ek Din Pandumgeet- Poonam Vasam (Vani Prakashan)

'''KLF Children Book Award 2022'''
-Zarin Virji’s - Gopal’s Gully

'''KLF Lifestyle/Biography/Environment & Emerging Trend Book Award'''
- Bimal Prasad & Sujata Prasad’s, The Dream of Revolution: A Biography of Jayaprakash Narayan
- [[Hindol Sengupta]]’s Sing, Dance and Pray: The Inspirational Story of Srila Prabhupada Founder-Acharya of ISKCON
- Satyajit Ray Miscellany: On Life, Cinema, People & Much More
- Abhay K- The Book of Bihari Literature-Edited-
- Rama Shanker Singh - Nadi Putra

'''KLF Book in Translation Award 2022'''
-JADUNAMA: [[Javed Akhtar]]'s Journey (English) by Arvind Mandloi Translated by Dr Rakhshanda Jalil-
- The Bride: The Maithili Classic Kanyadan By Harimohan Jha Translated by Lalit Kumar

'''KLF Bhasha Book Award 2022'''
-Nepali: Ranjana Niraula- Anubhuti Ko Awataran – Kathmandu- Nepal
-Maithili: Mahendra Malangia’s- Dak, Ghagh aa Bhaddari
-Kannada: Srinivasa Murthy N.S.’s Shilpakala Devaaalayakke Daari – Kamla Enterprises, Bangalore
-Odia: KamlaKant Mohapatra’s- Bou Hajila O Milia- 4Corners, Bhubneshwar
-Malayalam: [[K. R. Meera]]- Qabar

===2023===
'''3rd KLF Book Awards'''

From 2024, Kalinga Literary Festival change the format of KLF Book Awards. First they announced Long List, then Short List and in last winner of the Book Awards.<ref name="The Print">{{cite news |date=17 December 2023 |title=Longlisted titles for KLF Book Awards announced |url=https://theprint.in/india/longlisted-titles-for-klf-book-awards-announced/1889604/ |access-date=30 April 2024|newspaper=The Print}}</ref><ref name="Scroll">{{cite news |date=16 February 2024 |title=Kalinga Literary Festival announces winners in seven categories for its 2023 book awards |url=https://scroll.in/article/1060728/kalinga-literary-festival-announces-longlists-in-various-categories-for-its-2023-book-awards |access-date=30 April 2024|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

'''''Non-fiction:'''''
-'Caste Pride: Battles for Equality in Hindu India by Manoj Mitta (Context by Westland)

'''Fiction:'''
-This Is Salvaged: Stories by Vauhini Vara
(HarperCollins Publishers India)

'''Poetry:'''
-My Invented Land : New and Selected Poems by Robin S. Ngangom (Speaking Tiger )

'''Business:'''
-Climate Capitalism: Winning the Global Race to Zero Emissions by Akshat Rathi, John Murray (Hachette UK)

'''Translation:'''
-A Woman Burnt by Imayam (Author), GJV Prasad (Translator) (Simon & Schuster India)

'''Debut:'''
-The Day I Became a Runner: A Women's History of India through the Lens of Sport by Sohini Chattopadhyay, Fourth Estate India (HarperCollins India)

'''Children:'''
-When Fairyland Lost Its Magic by Bijal Vachharajani, Rajiv Eipe, Harper Children’s (HarperCollins India)

===2024===
'''4th KLF Book Awards'''

Kalinga Literary Festival conferred annual Kalinga Literary Festival Book Awards 2024 <ref name="NDTV ">{{cite news |date=17 February 2025 |title=Kalinga Literary Festival Honours Authors For Exceptional Works In Literature|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kalinga-literary-festival-2025-honours-authors-for-exceptional-works-in-literature-7730592|access-date=11 April 2025|website=NDTV.COM}}</ref> to the winners across various categories of Hindi and English Litearture. Union Tourism and Culture Minister [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]] conferred the KLF Book Awards to the all winners. The winners were awarded a cash prize of Rs 1 lakh each, along with a trophy and citation at a function held on February 15, 2025, at the India Inter-national Centre (IIC), New Delhi.<ref name="The Week">{{cite news |date=15 February 2025 |title=From Vikram Sampath, Vikas Swarup to Shiv Balak Misra: Voices in English, Hindi literature honoured at Kalinga Literary Festival Book Awards |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2025/02/15/from-vikram-sampath-vikas-swarup-to-shiv-balak-misra-voices-in-english-hindi-literature-honoured-at-kalinga-literary-festival-book-awards.html |access-date=11 April 2024|newspaper=The Week}}</ref>

'''KLF Book Awards English categories winners'''

'''Non-Fiction''' -
Tipu Sultan: The Saga of Mysore's Interregnum (1760-1799) – Writer Dr. [[Vikram Sampath]] - publisher Penguin
&
The Sherpa Trail: Stories from Darjeeling and Beyond – Writer Nandini Purandare, Deepa Balsavar – publisher Roli Books

'''Fiction -'''
The Girl with the Seven Lives - writer [[Vikas Swarup]] – publisher Simon & Schuster
&
The Enclave : A Sharp and Hilarious Portrait of Womanhood in India - Writer – Rohit Manchanda -publisher Harper Collins

'''Poetry -'''
I’ll Have It Here – Poet [[Jeet Thayil]] – publisher HarperCollins

'''Business -'''
Digital Fortunes: A Value Investor’s Guide to the New Economy – Writer Smarak Swain – publisher Bloomsbury India

'''Translation-'''
Ten Days of the Strike: Selected Stories – By Sandipan Chattopadhyay, translated from Bengali by Arunava Sinha – publisher HarperCollins

'''Debut-'''
The Many Lives of Syeda X : The Story of an Unknown Indian – Writer Neha Dixit – publisher Juggernaut

'''Children-'''
Laxmi Panda: The Story of Netaji's Youngest Spy – Writer Savie Karnel – publisher Westland

'''KLF Book Awards Hindi categories winners'''

'''Non-Fiction''' -
Over The Top : OTT ka Mayajaal Book – Writer Anant Vijay – Publisher Prabhat Prakashan

'''Fiction-'''
Vanya – writer Manisha Kulsherstha – Publisher Rajpal And Sons
Kissagram, Prabhat Ranjan, Rajpal And Sons

'''Poetry''' -
Dharm Wah Naav Nahin – Poet Shirish Kumar Maurya Publisher Rajkamal Prakashan

'''Translation''' -
Charu, Chivar Aur Charya –By Pradeep Das- Translator- Sujata Shiven publisher Penguin

'''Debut'''-
Chakka Jaam- writer Gautam Choubey publisher Rajkamal Prakashan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Awards established in 2021]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

ACG Group

2026-02-19T11:57:01Z

FerdinandGarden: cleanup section further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian Based Pharmaceutical Firm}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ACG Group
| logo = ACG_Group_Logo.svg
| trading_name =
| former_name =
| type =
| traded_as =
| industry = [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical machinery]] company
| founded = 1961
| founder = Ajit Singh, Jasjit Singh
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = Mumbai
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations = 138
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| num_employees = 4,500<ref>{{cite news|author1=Aveek Datta|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/the-singhs-of-acg-worldwide-capsule-czars/49475/1|title=The Singhs of ACG Worldwide: Capsule czars|date=19 February 2018|access-date=2018-10-03|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021216/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/the-singhs-of-acg-worldwide-capsule-czars/49475/1|url-status=live}}</ref>
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|www.acg-world.com}}
}}

'''ACG''' is a multinational [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] machinery company with headquarters in [[Mumbai, India]].The company operates in 100 countries across six continents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Singhs Of ACG Worldwide: Capsule Czars |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/the-singhs-of-acg-worldwide-capsule-czars/49475/1 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815195519/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/the-singhs-of-acg-worldwide-capsule-czars/49475/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The company produces pharmaceutical and packaging equipment, including empty hard capsules, encapsulation and tablet processing systems, fluid bed equipment, and packaging machinery such as blister packers, cartoners, and end-of-line solutions. The company also provides inspection and analytical systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-04-09/news/72186329_1_capsules-drug-controller-general-gn-singh |title=Now, drugs regulator gets a plan for vegetarian capsules |access-date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516233455/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-04-09/news/72186329_1_capsules-drug-controller-general-gn-singh |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=36824910|title=Company Overview of ACG Worldwide Private Limited|access-date=2018-10-03|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221055/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=36824910|url-status=live}}</ref>
== History ==
ACG was founded in '''1961''' by brothers Ajit Singh and Jasjit Singh to manufacture empty hard capsules for Indian pharmaceutical companies. Subsequently, the company expanded to other countries and diversified into related businesses in the pharmaceutical sector.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/acg-buys-croatian-capsule-firm-107100801030_1.html |title=ACG buys Croatian capsule firm |access-date=26 May 2016 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055050/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/acg-buys-croatian-capsule-firm-107100801030_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These include equipment manufacturing, packaging, inspection, testing, [[research and development]].<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1=|title=ACG group consolidates its multiple business and regional brands into a single new ACG identity |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=111773&sid=2 |access-date=17 October 2018 |publisher=Pharmabiz |date=2018-10-16 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017164630/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=111773&sid=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1971, SciTech Centre was incorporated in [[Mumbai]] as the R&D center of ACG.<ref>{{cite web |title=SCI-TECH CENTRE |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/SCI-TECH-CENTRE/U01110MH1971GAP015467 |access-date=4 October 2018 |website=Zauba Corp |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145021/https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/SCI-TECH-CENTRE/U01110MH1971GAP015467 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Health is Wealth |url=https://www.br-automation.com/downloads_br_productcatalogue/assets/1531249323765-en-original-1.0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118134305/https://www.br-automation.com/downloads_br_productcatalogue/assets/1531249323765-en-original-1.0.pdf |archive-date=2025-11-18 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=automotion INDIA: The B&R technology magazine |publisher=B&R Industrial Automation Pvt. Ltd. |pages=20-23 |format=PDF |edition=2nd}}</ref> The Centre trains around 2,000 pharma professionals every year and also hosts scientific conferences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ubhaykar |first1=Rajat |date=2016-05-24 |title=Power Of I 2016 Capsule King - ACG Worldwide |publisher=Outlook Business |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials/power-of-i_2016/capsule-king-acg-worldwide-2778 |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145024/https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials/power-of-i_2016/capsule-king-acg-worldwide-2778 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, ACG acquired the capsule shell manufacturing plant of Lukaps in Croatia, making it the first Indian company from the pharmaceutical sector to establish a presence in [[Croatia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianembassyzagreb.gov.in/page/economic-relations/|title=Economic Relations|language=en|access-date=2018-10-03|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021126/http://www.indianembassyzagreb.gov.in/page/economic-relations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Aveek Datta |date=19 February 2018 |title=The Singhs of ACG Worldwide: Capsule czars |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/the-singhs-of-acg-worldwide-capsule-czars/49475/1 |access-date=2018-10-03 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021216/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/the-singhs-of-acg-worldwide-capsule-czars/49475/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> After successfully turning around the plant's operations, ACG announced further expansion plans worth 50 million Euros.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=95090&sid=2 |title=Associated Capsules turns sick unit to profit making entity in Croatia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807073649/http://www.pharmabiz.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=95090&sid=2 |archive-date=2016-08-07 }}</ref>

In 2014, ACG Europe was listed among the top 41 fast-growing Indian companies in UK.<ref>{{cite news |title=ACG Europe listed in top 41 fast-growing Indian cos in UK |url=http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=81878&sid=2 |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Pharmabiz.com |date=2014-05-15 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004151418/http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=81878&sid=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, Nova Nordeplast, a Brazilian company that produces films and foils was acquired by ACG.

In 2017, ACG acquired In2trace, a Croatia-based startup with a proprietary technology in track-and-trace business.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Aveek Datta |date=19 February 2018 |title=The Singhs of ACG Worldwide: Capsule czars |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/the-singhs-of-acg-worldwide-capsule-czars/49475/1 |access-date=2018-10-03 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021216/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/indias-family-businesses/the-singhs-of-acg-worldwide-capsule-czars/49475/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> 90% of production of ACG’s plant in Croatia is exported to the USA, Russia and European countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Past Speakers |url=http://www.nutraindiasummit.in/nutra_2014/speakers_directory_indv_details.php?spkr_id=SPKR-20130305100822443648 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145216/http://www.nutraindiasummit.in/nutra_2014/speakers_directory_indv_details.php?spkr_id=SPKR-20130305100822443648 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |website=9th Nutri India Summit}}</ref>

==ACG business units==
The ACG Group consists of four business units: ACG Capsules, ACG Films & Foils, ACG Engineering, and ACG Inspection.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Tim Hayes|url=https://www.healthcarepackaging.com/article/acg-adds-alu-based-films-and-foils-packaging-portfolio|title=ACG Adds Alu-Based Films and Foils to Packaging Portfolio|date=26 June 2018|access-date=2018-10-03|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813193414/https://www.healthcarepackaging.com/home/news/13294968/acg-adds-alubased-films-and-foils-to-packaging-portfolio|url-status=live}}</ref>

===ACG Capsules===
ACG Capsules is a manufacturing company in the global capsules market providing two-piece hard gelatin capsules to pharmaceutical and [[nutraceutical]] industries in over 100 countries. The company operates capsule manufacturing facilities in India, Europe, and Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACG Capsules |url=https://www.cphi-online.com/acg-capsules-comp270876.html |website=CPhI Online |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004185612/https://www.cphi-online.com/acg-capsules-comp270876.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, ACG group signed a MoU with Applied DNA Sciences to develop molecularly tagged empty hard-shell capsules for prevention of capsule counterfeiting.<ref>{{cite news |title=ACG joins Applied DNA to prevent capsule counterfeiting |url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/acg-joins-applied-dna-prevent-capsule-counterfeiting/ |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Technology |date=2018-02-27 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004185648/https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/acg-joins-applied-dna-prevent-capsule-counterfeiting/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===ACG Films & Foils===
The ACG Films & Foils business provides specialty packaging films, high-barrier films, pharmaceutical-grade and camera-inspected range of aluminium-based foils and [[anti-counterfeiting]] and polymer films. The products of ACG Films & Foils comply with international standards such as [[Food and Drug Administration|US FDA]], Canada-[[Drug Master File|DMF]], [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] and [[European Pharmacopoeia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nautiyal |first1=Shardul |title=ACG Films & Foils becomes India's first complete pharma packaging solution provider for oral solid dosage formulations |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=109641&sid=1 |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Pharmabiz.com |date=2018-06-23 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004150640/http://www.pharmabiz.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=109641&sid=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===ACG Engineering===
ACG Engineering provides Machines for the oral Solid dosage part of the pharma industry, right from granulation equipment, capsule filling machines, tablet press, tablet coaters, tablet tooling, and packaging machines like blister packing and Cartoning machines.<ref>{{cite news |title=ACG exhibits wide range of capsule solutions |url=https://www.manufacturingchemist.com/news/article_page/ACG_exhibits_wide_range_of_capsule_solutions/142165 |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Manufacturing Chemist |date=2018-04-26}}</ref> ACG has completed more than 20,000 machine installations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diez |first1=Fernando |last2=Kalafat |first2=Justin |last3=Bhat |first3=Dr. Jnanadeva |title=THE SCIENCE BEHIND CAPSULE-BASED DRY POWDER INHALATION TECHNOLOGY |url=http://www.ondrugdelivery.com/publications/80/ACG.pdf |access-date=4 October 2018 |agency=www.ondrugdelivery.com |publisher=Frederick Furness Publishing Ltd |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145012/http://www.ondrugdelivery.com/publications/80/ACG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===ACG Inspection===
ACG Inspection (ACGI) provides solutions for the track-and-trace industry. In 2018, ACG Inspection partnered with Verinetics to integrate ACGI’s track-and-trace technology with TraxSecur, a software designed to detect fraud in the [[supply chain]] using serialization and [[blockchain]] systems.<ref>{{cite news |title=ACG Inspection, Verinetics Partner on Track-and-Trace Market |url=https://www.healthcarepackaging.com/article/acg-inspection-verinetics-partner-track-and-trace-market |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Healthcare Packaging |date=2018-09-19 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813193414/https://www.healthcarepackaging.com/home/press-release/13295301/acg-inspection-verinetics-partner-on-trackandtrace-market |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haskins |first1=Bryant |title=RTP-based Verinetics expands anti-counterfeiting reach in pharma industry |url=https://www.wraltechwire.com/2018/09/18/rtp-based-verinetics-expands-anti-counterfeiting-reach-in-pharma-industry/ |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=WRAL TechWire |date=2018-09-18 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918181804/https://www.wraltechwire.com/2018/09/18/rtp-based-verinetics-expands-anti-counterfeiting-reach-in-pharma-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.acg-world.com/}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1961]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1961]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Sarnaism

2026-02-16T20:37:49Z

FerdinandGarden:

{{Short description|Indian religion}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Sarnaism
| flag = Sarnaism flag.svg
| flag_size = 150px
| flag_alt =
| flag_caption = Flag of Sarnaism
| image = File:Sarna sb.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The Sarnaism symbol used by [[Santals]]
| population = {{circa|5 million}}<ref name=pew>{{cite report |title=Religious Composition of India |first=Stephanie |last=Kramer
|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]
|date=September 21, 2021
|page=21 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2021/09/PF_09.21.21_Religious-Composition-of-India-FULL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402102744/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2021/09/PF_09.21.21_Religious-Composition-of-India-FULL.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| founder =
| regions = {{flag|India}}{{*}}{{flag|Bangladesh}}{{*}}{{flag|Nepal}}
| tablehdr =
| region1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| pop1 = 4,131,282
| ref1 =<ref name=Relegion2011>{{cite web|title=C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398/download/14511/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India }}</ref>
| region2 = [[Odisha]]
| pop2 = 403,350
| ref2 = <ref name=Relegion2011/>
| region3 = [[West Bengal]]
| pop3 = 403,250
| ref3 = <ref name=Relegion2011/>
| region4 = [[Bihar]]
| pop4 = 10,407
| ref4 = <ref name=Relegion2011/>
| region5 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| pop5 = 8,057
| ref5 = <ref name=Relegion2011/>
| region6 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop6 = Unknown
| ref6 =
| region7 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop7 = Unknown
| ref7 =
}}

'''Sarnaism''' is a [[Indian religions|religious faith]] of the Indian subcontinent, predominantly followed by [[Adivasi|indigenous communities]] of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region across states such as [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="outlook india">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-what-is-the-sarna-religious-code-and-what-are-its-followers-demanding--news-230860|title=Explained: What Is The Sarna Religious Code And What Are Its Followers Demanding?|publisher=outlook india|date=18 October 2022|access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Religious Complexity in Northeastern South Asia|url=https://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/religion/religious-complexity-in-northeastern-south-asia|access-date=2021-10-21|website=GeoCurrents|date=29 October 2015 }}</ref>

The essence of the Sarna faith revolves around [[nature worship]]. Its core principles emphasize ''jal'' (water), ''jaṅgal'' (forest) and ''jamīn'' (land), with adherents offering prayers to trees and hills while believing in the protection of forests.<ref name="outlook india"/> This belief centers around the reverence of [[Sarna (place)|Sarna]], the [[Sacred groves of India|sacred groves]] of village communities, where the village deity, known as [[Grāmadevatā|Gram Deota]], resides, and where [[Animal sacrifice|sacrificial offerings]] are made twice a year. It is also referred to as "'''Sarna Dharma'''" or the "'''Religion of the Holy Woods'''",<ref>{{harvnb|Minahan|2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=In India, Believers in an Ancient Indigenous Faith Seek Formal Recognition |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-11-24/clinging-to-ancient-faith-india-tribes-seek-religion-status}}</ref> and it holds the distinction of being India's largest tribal religion.<ref name=pew/>

== Etymology ==
The term "[[Sarna (place)|Sarna]]", derived from the [[Mundari language]], means "[[sacred grove]]" and refers to sites where tribal religious practices take place. However, the term for a sacred grove varies among tribes; for instance, the Santals and Bhumijs call it ''[[Jaherthan]]'', the Oraons call it ''Kurukh Kuti'', and the Hos call it ''Desauli''. <ref name=Hembram>{{harvp|Hembram|1982}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Sharma|2022|page=38}}</ref> Additionally, Sarna is etymologically related to the name of the [[Shorea robusta|Sal tree]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gp1IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41 |title=Hinduism and Nature |date=2017-12-26 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-87326-54-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Brit IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg|thumb|[[Religion in India|Prevailing religion]] of [[British India]], [[Census in British India|1901 Census]].|left]]

The socio-political movements that emerged among the tribal communities of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur region]] in the late nineteenth century, such as the [[Birsa Munda|Birsa Munda movement]], the [[Tana Bhagat Movement|Tana Bhagat movement]], and the Dupub movement, shaped a collective tribal consciousness. Though their primary focus was on autonomy in response to colonial expansion, these movements also addressed the preservation of ancestral practices and belief systems by resisting external religious influences. This period laid the foundation for ethno religious identity among tribals, with emerging expressions such as Marangburu practices and Kherwarism among the Santal, Dupub faith among the Ho, early articulation of Sarna and Birsaite path among the Mundas.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhuri |first=Binay Bhushan |date=2009-12-01 |title=Revaluation of Tradition in the Ideology of the Radical Adivasi Resistance in Colonial Eastern India, 1855–1932—Part I |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/037698360903600205 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language=EN |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=273–305 |doi=10.1177/037698360903600205 |issn=0376-9836|url-access=subscription }}|{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhuri |first=Binay Bhushan |date=2010-06-01 |title=Revaluation of Tradition in the Ideology of the Radical Adivasi Resistance in Colonial Eastern India, 1855–1932—Part II |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/037698361003700103 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language=EN |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.1177/037698361003700103 |issn=0376-9836|url-access=subscription }}}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width =260
| direction= vertical
| image1 = Ethnic religious affiliation in Jharkhand, 1901–2011.svg
|caption1 = Ethnic religious affiliation in [[Jharkhand]], 1901–2011.
| image2 = Sarnaism in 1961.svg
| caption2 = Distribution of Sarnaism in India, [[1961 Census of India|1961 Census]].}}

Sarnaism, as a religious identity, emerged in the 1930s, following the assertion of a collective indigenous identity as [[Adivasi]] by tribal activists in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur region]] of erstwhile [[Bihar]]. They articulated a unifying religious identity for the diverse, [[Nature religion|nature based]] [[Indigenous religion|ancestral practices]] of tribal communities, with the purpose of asserting Adivasi distinctiveness from mainstream religions of India such as [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], or [[Islam in India|Islam]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Mishra | first1=Alok | last2=Chandra | first2=Vinita | title=Political narratives and reconfiguration of Adivasi identity in Jharkhand | journal=Discourse & Society | date=2025-07-03 | issn=0957-9265 | doi=10.1177/09579265251341469 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09579265251341469 | pages=1–20 |quote=Politically, these communities began to unify in the colonial backdrop, being classified as Animists or tribal religions in Census reports (Gait, 1913; Hutton, 1933; Marten, 1923; Risley and Gait, 1903). They had to identify with these labels or choose another religion.{{nbsp}}...{{nbsp}}A 1932 conference in Chaibasa discussed tribal religion and practices to create a common platform, followed by more conferences (1932–1934) with attendees from Bihar, Bengal, and Orissa. Consensus led to the title Sarna Dharam for Adivasi religious practices.| url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Hembram|1988}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Virginius |first=Xaxa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HU8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |title=State, Society, and Tribes: Issues in Post-Colonial India |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-93-325-0632-9 |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Asha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul6fWJQOfzwC&pg=PA134 |title=Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857-2007 |last2=Paty |first2=Chittaranjan Kumar |date=2010 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-686-2 |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref> However, initially, the unifying concept was prevalent among the [[Kurukh people|Oraons]] of [[History of Ranchi|erstwhile Ranchi]] under the ethno-religious term ''Adivasi''. Later, the Oraon and [[Ho people|Ho]] communities accepted the Mundari ethno-religious term ''[[Sarna (place)|Sarna]]'' to represent their religious identity. It gained broader acceptance through socio-political development associated with leaders such as [[Jaipal Singh Munda]], [[Raghunath Murmu]], and [[Kartik Oraon]].<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Maguni Charan |last1=Behera |first2=Ambrish |last2=Gatuam|chapter=Transcendental Religious Space in Jharkhand: Reading Present from the Past |editor-last=Behera |editor-first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tcUEQAAQBAJ |title=The Routledge Handbook of Tribe and Religions in India: Contemporary Readings on Spirituality, Belief and Identity |year=2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-11433-9 |language=en |page=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carrin |first1=Marine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZXXAAAAMAAJ |title=An Encounter of Peripheries: Santals, Missionaries, and Their Changing Worlds, 1867-1900 |last2=Tambs-Lyche |first2=Harald |date=2008 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-755-8 |pages=343 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Borde|2017|page=167}}: "Jaipal Singh Munda, the leader of the Jharkhand movement is reported to have formulated the basic tenets of what is now known as the Sarna Dharam."</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Sharma | first=A.P. | title=Descheduling of the Christian tribes in Cbotanagpur | journal=Social Change | volume=21 | issue=4 | date=1991 | issn=0049-0857 | doi=10.1177/0049085719910407 | pages=57–76 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0049085719910407| url-access=subscription }}</ref> After [[Independence of India|India’s independence]], it experienced steady growth, incorporating diverse tribal communities into its fold, including larger tribes like the [[Santal people|Santal]], who had initially refrained from accepting its tenets but gradually aligned with it over the following decades. Politically, Sarnaism grew alongside the [[Jharkhand movement]], formulated by the [[Adivasi Mahasabha]] and its offspring political organization, the [[Jharkhand Party]], which was centered on the motifs of tribal identity and the demand for autonomy. The movement culminated on 15 November 2000, the birth anniversary of [[Birsa Munda]], when the [[Tribes of Jharkhand|tribal-concentrated]] southern region of Bihar was bifurcated to form the separate state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=K.K. |last= Mohanti|first2=S.C. |last2= Mohanty|title= Understanding Sarna Dharam |journal=Adivasi |year=1996|volume=36 |others=No. 1 & 2; June & December, 1996 |pages=1-14 |url=https://archive.org/details/adivasi-1996-vol-36-issue-1-2/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Borde |first=Radhika |chapter=Disrupting Classification : ‘Tribes’, the Demand for Recognition of a Tribal Religion, Possessed Women, and the Case of ‘Demons’ |date=2024-09-02 |editor-last=Behera |editor-first=M. C.|title=The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Readings on Tribe and Religions in India |pages=429–444 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003516415/chapters/10.4324/9781003516415-36 |access-date=2025-02-24 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003516415-36 |isbn=978-1-003-51641-5}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Anjana |chapter=Polarisation of Adivasis Around Religion |date=2024-07-16 |editor-first=M. C. |editor-last= Behera|title=The Routledge Handbook of Tribe and Religions in India |pages=335–348 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003510826/chapters/10.4324/9781003510826-29 |access-date=2025-03-07 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003510826-29 |isbn=978-1-003-51082-6}}</ref>

== Theology ==
The adherents of Sarnaism believe in, worship, and revere a village deity as protector of village called ''Gaon khunt'', ''Gram deoti'', ''[[Marang Buru]]'', ''Singbonga'', or by other names by different tribes.<ref name="Amit Jha">{{cite book |author=Amit Jha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgLCCQAAQBAJ&q=sarnaism+belief&pg=PT121 |title=Contemporary Religious Institutions in Tribal India |year=2009 | publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-557-09053-2}}</ref> Adherents also believe in, worship, and revere ''Dharti ayo'' or ''Chalapachho Devi'', the [[mother goddess]] identified as the earth or nature.

== Practices ==
{{Expand section|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Sarna worshippers following their religious rites.jpg|thumb|Sarna worshippers following their religious rites]]
[[Sarna (place)|Sarna]] is place of worship which is sacred grove in Chotanagpur. It is called ''Jaher than ''or ''Jaher gar'' among [[Santal people|Santal]], and can be found in villages. [[Shorea robusta|Sal trees]] are in the sacred grove. The ceremonies are performed by the whole village community at a public gathering with the active participation of village priests, ''[[Pahan]]'' and assistant ''Pujar '' in Chotanagpur. The priest is called ''Naike'' among Santal. The sthal typically has multiple trees like sal, [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]], neem, and banyan.

The main festival of Sarnaism is [[Sarhul]], a festival in which devotees worship their ancestors. During the festival, the ''pahan'' brings three water pots to the ''sarna''. If the water pots reduce in level, they believe the monsoon will fail, but if it stays the same the monsoon will come as normal. Men then offer ''sakua'' flowers and leaves.<ref>{{harvp|Srivastava|2007}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{see also|Tribes of Jharkhand}}
{{Historical population
|1951|240558
|1961|428687
|1971|951558 
|1981|1391178
|1991|1820454
|2001|4075246
|2011|4957467
|footnote=Note: In [[1981 Census of India|1981]] and [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]], the religion 'Sarna' was recorded as 'Swarna'.
|source=Census of India<ref name=Hembram1982>{{harvp|Hembram|1982|page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Special Tables For Scheduled Tribes, Part V-A (ii), Series-1, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32121/download/35302/50760_1971_SPE.pdf |pages=305}}</ref><ref name=Religion1981>{{cite web|title=Household Population by Religion of Head of Household, Series-1, Paper 3 of 1984, India - Census 1981|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |year=1984 |page=54 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30879/download/34060/26795_1981_HH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724180108/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30879/download/34060/26795_1981_HH.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Religion1991>{{cite web|title=Religion, Paper 1 of 1995, Series-1, India - Census 1991 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |year=1995 |page=50 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32995/download/36813/48848_1991_REL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918171054/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32995/download/36813/48848_1991_REL.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2023}}</ref><ref name=Religion2001>{{cite web|title=C-01 Appendix: Details of religious communities shown Under 'other religious and persuasions' in main table C-01, India - 2001 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21563/download/24695/PC01_C01_APP_00.xls }}</ref><ref name=Relegion2011/>}}

{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Adherents of Sarna, 2011 census'''<ref name=TribalReligion/>
|label1 = [[Santal]]
|value1 = 30.48
|label2 = [[Kurukh people|Oraon]]
|value2 = 21.35
|label3 = [[Ho people|Ho]]
|value3 = 17.87
|label4 = [[Munda people|Munda]]
|value4 = 12.48
|label5 = [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]]
|value5 = 1.72
|label6 = Lohra
|value6 = 1.70
|label7 = [[Mahali]]
|value7 = 1.07
|label8 = [[Kharia people|Kharia]]
|value8 = 0.87
|label9 = [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]]
|value9 = 0.67
|label10 = Other "[[Scheduled Tribes]]"
|value10 = 4.42
|other = y
|other-label = [[Other Backward Class]]es and Non-Scheduled Communities
|other-color= lightgrey
|footer =The statistics show solely Sarna adherents, without consideration of ''[[Sari Dharam]]'' or other [[Religious denomination|denominations]] claimed to be synonymous.
}}
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]], the Sarna religion counted 4,957,467 followers in India, primarily in the eastern states of [[Religion in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]] (83.33%), [[Religion in Odisha|Odisha]] (8.14%), [[Religion in West Bengal|West Bengal]] (8.13%), [[Religion in Bihar|Bihar]] (0.21%), and [[Religion in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]] (0.16%), with smaller numbers of followers in [[Religion in Assam|Assam]] (301), [[Religion in Punjab|Punjab]] (190), and [[Religion in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] (133).<ref name=Relegion2011/> [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] comprise the majority of believers at 92.60%, while Other Backward Classes and Non-Scheduled Communities accounted for 7.39%.<ref name=TribalReligion>{{multiref2
|{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Jharkhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12523/download/15636/ST-20-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=October 25, 2023}}
|{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Odisha - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12524/download/15637/ST-21-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=October 25, 2023}}
|{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), West Bengal - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12522/download/15635/ST-19-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=October 25, 2023}}
|{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Bihar - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12513/download/15626/ST-10-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=October 25, 2023}}
|{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Chhattisgarh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12525/download/15638/ST-22-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=October 25, 2023}}
}}</ref> The [[Santal people|Santal]] (30.48%), [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] (21.35%), [[Ho people|Ho]] (17.87%), [[Munda people|Munda]] (12.48%), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (1.72%), Lohra (1.70%), [[Mahali]] (1.07%), [[Kharia people|Kharia]] (0.87%), and [[Bedia (caste)|Bedia]] (0.64%) are the primary followers. While the rest 4.42% tribal followers belongs to [[Kisan people|Kisan]], [[Kolha]], [[Gondi people|Gond]], Kharwar, [[Chik Baraik]], [[Asur people|Asur]], Bhinjia, [[Karmali tribe|Karmali]], [[Kora (tribe)|Kora]], [[Kol people|Kol]], [[Kanwar (tribe)|Kawar]], Birja, [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharia]], Savar, [[Birhor people|Birhor]], Gorait, Parhaiya, [[Lodha people|Lodha]], [[Chero]], [[Kharwar|Khanwar]], [[Sauria Paharia people|Suria Paharia]], Mundari, [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]], [[Korwa people|Korwa]], [[Sounti]], Binjhwar, [[Nagesia]], Mahli, and various generic tribes.<ref name=TribalReligion/>

Additionally, there are 506,369 followers of [[Sari Dharam]] in India,<ref name=Relegion2011/> primarily followed by the Santal tribe of West Bengal, representing 94.43% of the total Sari Dharam adherents.<ref name=TribalReligion/> The religious denomination, which often considered as synonyms or sect of Sarnaisim.

== Religious status ==
As a result of [[Western colonialism]] and [[Western imperialism in Asia|imperialism in Asia]], several attempts of [[indoctrination]] and [[Forced conversion#Christianity|forced conversion]] were carried out by western Christian missionaries in [[colonial India]], which went on for a century, and have caused [[sectarian conflict]] in the tribal areas of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur region]]. The arrival of the first German Protestant missionaries in 1845 was followed by Roman Catholic missionaries; conflict between [[Christians|Christian]] and Non-Christian tribals became evident in 1947–1948, when [[Independence of India|British colonial rulers left India]].<ref name="rel2">[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/tribals-torn-apart-by-religion/article5934381.ece Tribals torn apart by religion], The Hindu. 014.</ref>

Also the demand for a separate Sarna religious code has clashed with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS-backed]] groups like the Vanvasi Kalyan Kendra, which promote Hindu temples, schools, and rituals in tribal villages. Sarna activists liken these efforts to Christian missionary methods, saying both try to subsume tribal identity, and argue that Sarnaism cannot be treated as part of Hinduism since it worships nature without idols or codified rituals. They insist that only separate recognition can protect their distinct traditions and tribal identity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshman |first=Abhinay |date=2022-07-22 |title=Being Sarna: a fight to define tribal identity in Jharkhand |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/being-sarna-a-fight-to-define-tribal-identity-in-jharkhand/article65670776.ece |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{POV section|date=September 2023}}
The [[National Commission for Scheduled Tribes]] (NCST) has suggested that Sarna religion be accorded independent category in the religion code of the [[Census of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ST panel for independent religion status to Sarna |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/7433842.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en-IN |date=6 February 2011}}</ref>
Several tribal organisations and Christian missionaries are demanding a distinct census code for Sarnaism.<ref name=rel6>{{cite news |first=Santosh K. |last=Kiro |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130819/jsp/jharkhand/story_17245599.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140103232048/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130819/jsp/jharkhand/story_17245599.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 3, 2014 |title=Delhi demo for Sarna identity |newspaper=The Telegraph |year=2013}}</ref><ref name=rel8>{{cite news |first=Pranab |last=Mukherjee |author-link=Pranab Mukherjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Tribals-to-rally-for-inclusion-of-Sarna-religion-in-census/articleshow/19282700.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002175305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/ranchi/38144883_1_census-format-separate-sarna-religion-code-rally |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-10-02 |title=Tribals to rally for inclusion of Sarna religion in census |date=2013-03-30 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Indian [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of Tribal Affairs]], [[Jual Oram]], had, however, claimed in 2015, "There is no denial of the fact that tribals are [[Hindus]]."<ref name=rel1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/all-tribals-are-hindus-no-need-for-sarna-code-rss/articleshow/49616469.cms All tribals are Hindus, no need for Sarna code: RSS], Times of India, 1 May 2015.</ref> The comment led to protests from 300 tribals, over 100 of whom were arrested by the police to clear the way for Oram, who was going to inaugurate a fair.<ref name="Minister faces ire for Sarna row">{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/minister-faces-ire-for-sarna-row/cid/1377629 | title=Minister faces ire for Sarna row }}</ref> Adivasi Sarna Mahasabha leader and former MLA Dev Kumar Dhan said that followers of the Sarna religion were not happy with the statement made by Oram and added, ''"If Jainism, having a population of hardly 60 lakh, can have a separate religion code in the Census forms, why can't Sarnas? This tribal religion have more than 10 crore followers spread over the Fifth Scheduled states like [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra|Maharastra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Odisha]]. Instead of taking steps to ensure a separate religion code, he is saying Sarnas are [[Hindus]]"''.<ref name="Minister faces ire for Sarna row"/>

In 2020, [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]'s (JMM), which was in power in Jharkhand at that time, passed a unanimous assembly resolution on 'Sarna Code' for the inclusion of Sarna as separate religion in 2021 census, and sent to central government for approval.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jharkhand Assembly passes resolution on Sarna Code |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jharkhand-assembly-passes-resolution-on-sarna-code/article33081116.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=12 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bisoee |first=Animesh |date=25 September 2021 |title=Tribals from nine states seek Sarna code in 2021 census |newspaper=[[:The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/tribals-seek-sarna-code-from-centre-in-2021-census/cid/1832132 }}</ref>

Many tribal organizations seek its recognition as a distinct religious category for indigenous peoples.<ref name="outlook india"/> Several Christian churches also support the recognition of Sarna as a different religion from [[Hinduism]].<ref name=rel3>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/church-writes-to-hemant-demanding-sarna-code-for-tribals/cid/1792471 Church writes to Hemant demanding Sarna code for tribals], Telegraph India, 19.09.2020.</ref> But the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] is against the recognition of Sarna as a separate religion as it believes that tribal people are [[Hinduism|Hindus]].<ref name=rel1/>

== Organisations ==
*Akhil Bharatiya Sarna Dharam (ABSD)
*All India Sarna Dharam Mandowa (AISDM)
*Kherwal Saonta Semled (KSS)
*[[Bharat Jakat Majhi Pargana Mahal]] (BJMPM)
*Adivasi Socio-Educational and Cultural Association (ASECA)
*Kendriya Sarna Samiti

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Religion
}}
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Indian religions|Indian-origin religions]]
* [[Tribal religions in India]]
* [[Hindu denominations]]
*[[Sacred groves]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== Bibliography==
===Books===
* {{Cite book|first1=Shamsher |last1=Alam |first2=Kumari Vibhuti |last2=Nayak |chapter="Sarna Adivasi" Religion Code: Contextualizing Religious Identity of Tribals in India |pages=262–266 |title=Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Sustainable Development |year=2023 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-032-60104-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Mukul |chapter="Come Let Us All Play": Sacred Groves, Sarna, and "Green" Politics in Jharkhand, India
|title=Sacred Forests of Asia – Spiritual ecology and the politics of natural conservation |editor-last1=Coggins |editor-first1=Chris |editor-last2=Chen |editor-first2=Bixia |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHYIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |doi=10.4324/9781003143680-5 |isbn=9781003143680 |lccn=2021054055}}
* {{Cite book |first=Balmukund |last=Virottam |title=Religious History of the Chotanagpur Tribes: (Sarna Dharam to Christianity) |year=2020 |publisher=Himalaya Publishing House |isbn=978-93-90515-60-8 |oclc=1320817862}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351393942 |title=Force of Nature: Essays on History and Politics of Environment |chapter=The Sarna Movement in Jharkhand |last= Borde |first=Radhika |date=2017-08-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-14168-8 |editor-last=Nag |editor-first=Sajal |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315141688-9 |pages=165–178}}
* {{cite book |first=James |last=Minahan |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An encyclopedia |series=Ethnic Groups of the World |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1}}
* {{cite book |first=Kishor Vidya |last=Niketan |title=The Spectrum of Tribal Religion in Bihar: A study of continuity & change among the Oraon of Chotanagpur |year=1988}}
* {{cite book |first=Phatik Chandra |last=Hembram |title=Sari-Sarna (Santhal religion) |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |isbn=8170990440}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hembram |first=P.C. |chapter=Return to sacred grove
|editor-last=Singh |editor-first=K.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/tmi.singh_vol.ii/ |title=Tribal Movements in India |volume=II |publisher=Manohar |year=1982 |edition=2006 reprint}}
* {{cite book |first=A.K. |last=Sachchidananda |title=Elite and Development |publisher=Concept Publishing Co. |place=New Delhi |year=1980 |asin=B000MBN8J2}}

===Journal articles===

* {{cite journal |first=Malini |last=Srivastava |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web/Anth-09-4-000-07-Abst-PDF/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M/Anth-09-4-327-07-417-Srivastava-M-Tt.pdf |title=The Sacred Complex of Munda Tribe  |journal=Anthropologist |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=327–330 |year=2007|doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11891020 |s2cid=73737689 }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|editor-last=Behera|editor-first= M.C. |year=2024 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Readings on Tribe and Religions in India: Emerging Negotiations |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=9781032522159|doi=10.4324/9781003516415}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sarnaism}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.arsnetwork.org/ |title=Adivasi Religion and Society Network |website=arsnetwork.org}}

{{paganism}}{{Religion topics}}{{Religion in India topics}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]
[[Category:Sacred groves of India]]
[[Category:Veneration of the dead]]

Surai Sasai

2026-02-13T14:04:54Z

FerdinandGarden: small adjust references for clarity

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist monk (born 1935)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background = #FFD068
|name= Surai Sasai
|image= Surai Sasai 1.JPG
|caption = Surai Sasai, 2009
| alias = Sasai, Shūrei, Bhadant Nagarjuna Arya Surai Sasai, Bhadant Sasai, Minoru Sasai, Tenjit Surai<ref>[http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2011169925/ WorldCat Identities: 佐々井秀嶺 1935-]</ref>{{sfn |Doyle |2003|p=257}}
| dharma name = Bhadant Nagarjun Surai Sasai
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1935|8|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Sugao ([[Niimi]]), [[Okayama Prefecture]], Japan
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Japanese (former) Indian
| religion = Buddhism
| school = [[Shingon]] and [[Navayana]]
| lineage =
| title =
| location = Nagpur
| education = Taisho University, Tokyo{{sfn |Doyle |2003|p=257}}
| teacher = Shujuma Yamamoto, [[Nichidatsu Fujii]]{{sfn |Doyle |2003|p=257}}
| reincarnation of =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| students = Bhante Bodhi Dhamma, Bhikkhu AbhayaPutra [[or Phra Anand Lanjewar]] {{sfn |Enoki |2010|p=30}}
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Bhadant Nagarjun Arya Surai Sasai'''|佐々井秀嶺|Sasai Shūrei|born {{Nihongo|'''Minoru Sasai'''|佐々井実|Sasai Minoru}}}}, popularly known as '''Sasai''', is an Indian [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] from Japan who later chose India as his home. He is the president of the [[Deekshabhoomi|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial committee Deekshabhoomi]].

==Early years==
Surai Sasai was born in [[Niimi, Okayama|Niimi]], [[Okayama Prefecture]], with the [[lay name]] Minoru Sasai on 30 August 1935.
He took tonsure as a novice monk at the age of 14 and was given the ordination name Tenjit Surai, "Light of the Sun, beautiful Mountain Peak", by his [[Tendai]] teacher Shujuma Yamamoto.{{sfn |Doyle |2003|p=257}} In 1955 he joined the monastic order of the [[Shingon]] school and in 1966 he travelled to Thailand to study [[vipassana]].{{sfn |Enoki |2010|p=30}}

==Spreading Buddhism in India==
Sasai came to India in 1966 and met [[Nichidatsu Fujii]], whom he helped with the building of a [[Peace Pagoda|peace pagoda]] at Rajgir. He fell out with Fuji, however, but he related that on his return journey he was stopped by a vision of a figure resembling [[Nagarjuna]] who said, "Go to Nagpur". In Nagpur, he met Wamanrao Godbole, the person who had organized the [[Deekshabhoomi|conversion ceremony]] for [[B. R. Ambedkar]] in 1956. Sasai claims that when he saw a photograph of B. R. Ambedkar at Godbole's home, he realized that Ambedkar had appeared in his dream.{{sfn |Karlsson|2015|pp=}}{{sfn |Doyle |2003|p=257}} At first, Nagpur residents considered Surai Sasai very strange, but he became popular after he began to greet them with "[[Jai Bhim]]" (victory to Ambedkar) and to build [[viharas]].{{sfn |Doyle |2003|pp=267–268}}

In 1987, Sasai was arrested for overstaying his visum but his followers protested against his planned deportation. A court case to deport him was dismissed and he was granted Indian citizenship, which cost him his Japanese citizenship.{{sfn |Quadir|2013|pp=}}

Sasai is one of the main leaders of the campaign to free the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodh Gaya]] from Hindu control.{{sfn |Doyle |2003|p=249–280}}{{sfn |Knopf|2000|pp=289–314}}{{sfn |Geary|2017|p=76}} As the president of the Bodhisatva Nagarjun Smarak Samstha Va Anusandhan Kendra he supported the excavations at [[Mansar, India|Mansar]].{{sfn |Joshi|Sharma|2005|p=1}} Sasai represented the Buddhists as a member of the [[National Commission for Minorities]] from 2003 to 2006.{{sfn |National Commission for Minorities|2005|p=}} Arya Bhadant Surai Sasai is the president of the [[Deekshabhoomi|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Smarak Samiti Deekshabhoomi]] (Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial committee Deekshabhoomi), Nagpur.{{sfn |Nayse|2020}}

==Disciples==
Sasai has hundreds of thousands of [[upāsaka|lay followers]]{{sfn |Karlsson|2015|pp=}} and hundreds of ordained monk and novice disciples. His most active disciples are Bhante Bodhi Dhamma (Dhammaji), Prajnasheela Bhikkhu, Ken Bodhi, and Bhikkhu Abhaya Putra. The first and last were trained as [[Theravada]] monk and the others as [[Mahayana]] monks. Bodhi Dhamma works in South India teaching [[Zen]]{{sfn |Enoki |2010|pp=28–44}} while Prajnasheela works in central India. Abhaya Putra is the founder of Metta India and trains Theravadin monks and novices of Indian origin in Thailand{{sfn |METTA|2012|pp=}}

== See also==
*[[Buddhism in India]]
*[[Buddhist modernism]]
*[[Dalit Buddhist movement]]
*[[Navayana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Doyle |first=Tara N.|title=Liberate the Mahabodhi Temple! Socially Engaged Buddhism, Dalit-Style. In: Steven Heine, Charles Prebish (eds), Buddhism in the Modern World|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=249–280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWhMCAAAQBAJ&q=Surai+Sasai&pg=PT339|isbn=0-19-514698-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Enoki |first=Miki |year=2010 |chapter=Role and Network of Buddhist Institution in Bijapur, Karnataka ~ Renaissance of Indian Buddhism |url=https://rindas.ryukoku.ac.jp/english/outcome/upfile/International%20Symposium%20Series%201.pdf |title=Voices for Equity Minority and Majority in South Asia |series=RINDAS International Symposium Series 1 |publisher=The Center for the Study of Contemporary India, Ryukoku University |pages=28–44}}
* {{cite book|last=Geary |first=David|title=The Rebirth of Bodh Gaya: Buddhism and the Making of a World Heritage Site|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meA5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|year=2017|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-74238-0}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Jagadpati |last2=Sharma |first2=A.K. |year=2005 |url=http://mansar.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/root3/Puramanthana/Puramanthana-ocr.pdf |title=Mansar Excavations 1998-2004: The Discovery of Pravarapur |journal=Puramanthana |issue=3 |pages=1–26}}
*{{cite news |last=Karlsson |first=Hans |date=12 August 2015 |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/08/12/our-lives/surai-sasai-buddhist-monk-battling-caste-dragon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815224623/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/08/12/our-lives/surai-sasai-buddhist-monk-battling-caste-dragon |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-08-15 |title=Surai Sasai: a Buddhist monk battling the caste dragon| work=The Japan Times}}
* Kinnard, Jacob N. (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=uK_DAwAAQBAJ&dq=Surai+Sasai&pg=PA138 Places in Motion: The Fluid Identities of Temples, Images, and Pilgrims]. Oxford University Press, p. 138
*{{cite journal |last=Knopf |first=Rainer |year=2000 |url=http://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/iaf/article/view/989 |title=Bodh-Gaya: Ein internationales Zentrum des Buddhismus in nicht-buddhistischer Umgebung |journal=[[International Quarterly for Asian Studies|Internationales Asienforum]] |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=289–314}}
*{{citation |last=METTA |date=12 May 2012 |url=http://www.mettaindia.org/?page_id=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011012/http://www.mettaindia.org/?page_id=37 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-02-23 |title=Meditation Education Training Treatment Academy Organization |access-date=2 February 2014 |publisher=Meditation Education Training Treatment Academy Organization}}
*{{citation |last=National Commission for Minorities |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809112735/http://ncm.nic.in/Composition_of_Commission.html |title=Composition of Commission (2003-2006) |ref={{sfnref|National Commission for Minorities|2005}}}}
*{{cite web| last =Nayse | first = Suhas| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/vidarbha-emerge-champions-in-state-level-disabled-cricket-tournament/articleshow/74542159.cms | title=Vidarbha beat rest of maharashtra: Vidarbha emerge champions in state-level disabled cricket tournament | website=The Times of India| date= 8 March 2020}}
*{{cite news |last=Quadir |first=Abdul |date=28 July 2013 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/21411623.cms |title=Mahabodhi temple serial blasts: NIA in a fix over Sasai's quizzing |work=The Times of India }}

{{commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasai, Surai}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian people of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist clergy]]
[[Category:Japanese expatriates in Thailand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Okayama Prefecture]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Japanese emigrants to India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Shingon Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Shingon School of Chiyama]]

Doreswamy Iyengar

2026-02-07T18:55:27Z

FerdinandGarden: Adding Article

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic musician}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Doreswamy Iyengar
| native_name = 
| image = DoraiswamyIyengarPic.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mysore Venkatesha Doreswamy Iyengar
| birth_date = 1920
| birth_place = Gaddavalli, [[Hassan district|Hassan]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1997|10|28|1920}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| children = [[D. Balakrishna]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Musician
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Veena]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Mysore Venkatesha Doreswamy Iyengar''' (1920–1997) was a [[Carnatic music]]ian and one of the greatest exponents of the [[Saraswati veena|veena]] in modern Indian history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/revents/04/19970499.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031231092001/http://www.hindu.com/revents/04/19970499.htm |archive-date=31 December 2003 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1423/14230990.htm |title = Latest Volume14-Issue23 News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Volume14-Issue23}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Doreswamy Iyengar was born to a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[brahmin]] family in Gaddavalli, a village in [[Hassan district|Hassan]] of the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (in the present-day [[Karnataka State]] of India). His grandfather, Janardhana Iyengar, sang compositions of the Dasa saint-poets, including [[Purandaradasa]]. He was a son of Venkatesha Iyengar, a learned [[vainika]] and royal musician at the court of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]].<ref name="frontline">{{cite magazine |last=Ramnarayan |first= Gowri |date=15–28 November 1997 |title=A gentle musician |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/a-gentle-musician/article30160421.ece |url-access=subscription |language=en |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010211111049/http://www.the-hindu.com/fline/fl1423/14230990.htm |archive-date=11 February 2001 |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

Iyengar started learning the veena from his father at an early age and soon became a disciple of [[Veena Venkatagiriyappa]], a friend of his father. Doreswamy performed in the presence of the then Maharaja, [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]], at the age of 12 for the first time. A few months later, he was appointed the junior ''[[vidwan]]'' in the [[Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore|palace orchestra]]. He then passed the examination in advanced theory of Western music conducted by the [[Trinity College London]] and at 16, was nominated the court musician of Mysore, the youngest to win the honour. Iyengar, who was never interested in studies, managed to secure a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]], with the help of his friend, [[R. K. Narayan]]. He was married at the age of 12 to Sharadamma.<ref name="frontline"/><ref>{{cite web |title=R.K. Narayan on Doreswamy Iyengar |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30160423.ece |website=Frontline |access-date=10 May 2024 |language=en |date=14 November 1997 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Career ==
Iyengar gave his first public performance in 1943 at the Bangalore Gayana Samaja.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} He served as the Producer with the [[All India Radio]] (AIR) in [[Bangalore]] starting 1955. He was reluctant to carry on considering the bureaucratic and organisational demands of the post, and that he perform for the AIR at need, alongside auditioning and selecting musicians for the same. However, he was persuaded to stay by [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], who was a chief producer with the AIR based in [[Madras]] (now Chennai), assuring him of flexible hours and fewer burdens of administration. Iyendar put together ''Gita Bharati'' for the AIR, Bangalore, which juxtaposed the compositions of [[Tyagaraja]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] with the Bengali songs of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], based on their musical structure. These unusual pieces had been composed by Tagore after his trip to southern India in the 1920s that included a visit to the Mysore court.<ref name="frontline"/> Other programmes produced by Iyengar included those where he set to tunes to poems of many Kannada-language poets such [[G. S. Shivarudrappa]], [[N. S. Lakshminarayan Bhat]].<ref name="th1">{{cite web |last1=Kambanna |first1=Manasa |title=Remembering the virtuoso |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/remembering-thevirtuoso/article30038758.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 May 2024 |language=en-IN |date=21 November 2019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Iyengar later became the first [[Kannada people|Kannadiga]] and ''vanika'' to perform for AIR's national programme.<ref name="frontline"/>

Iyengar participated in music conferences including one in [[Shiraz, Iran]], in 1969, where he was also invited to perform at the Shiraz Persepolis Festival of Arts as a guest artist. He performed at the Festivals of India event in Germany and the [[Soviet Union]]; in the latter, he presented his five veena recitals (''pancha'').<ref name="frontline"/>

Concerts of Iyengar, accompanied by [[Chowdiah]] on the [[violin]], became very popular.<ref name="th1"/> He also performed duets with other violinists such as [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]], [[T. N. Krishnan]] and [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]], and vocalists such as [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] and [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]]. He participated in many [[Jugalbandi]]s, including with popular Hindustani classical instrumentalists such as [[Ustad]] [[Ali Akbar Khan]], [[Mallikarjun Mansur]] and [[Amjad Ali Khan]].<ref name="frontline"/> Iyengar was regularly accompanied on [[mridangam]] by V. S. Rajagopal.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} The noted vainika C. Krishnamurthy was one of Iyengar's main disciples, alongside his son [[D. Balakrishna]].<ref name="frontline"/>

Iyengar composed music for [[opera]]s, notably to those of [[P. T. Narasimhachar]], such as ''Gokula Nirgamana'' and ''Hamsa Damayanti''. He also scored music for a few Kannada-language films, notably ''[[Subba Shastry]]'' (1966).<ref name="frontline"/>

In an age when most of the other vainikas had started using the contact [[microphone]], Iyengar stuck to the acoustic Veena.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Govind |first1=Ranjani |title=A life in music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/doreswamy-iyengar-d-balakrishna-bv-rajaram-kala-gangothri-dr-n-raghu/article31008974.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 May 2024 |language=en-IN |date=7 March 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was against [[Instrument amplifier|amplification]] as he felt that it robbed the music of its nuances and often distorted the tone.<ref name="frontline"/> Iyengar's style of playing is sometimes referred to as the Mysore style.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} This distinctive style is marked by the movements from one note to another being achieved with the playing fingers (the index and middle fingers of the left hand) parted. This, along with his prolonged, medieval string plucking style enabled him to achieve the continuity of sound.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Iyengar's son Balakrishna recalled that despite his father being "a purist, he listened to western music and [[Fritz Kreisler]] was one of his favorites.<ref name="th1"/> Members of his family recalled that his all-time favorite pieces were by German and Austrian musicians.<ref name="frontline"/> The [[University of Mysore]] conferred upon Iyengar an honorary doctorate in 1975.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} Iyengar died of [[hepatitis C]] on 8 October 1997.<ref name="frontline"/>

== Awards ==
Iyengar was awarded the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy|Mysore State Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1970,<ref>{{cite web |title=Doreswamy Iyengar |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Doreswamy%20Iyengar.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1983,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> the [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] of the [[Madras Music Academy]] in 1984, the [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]] of the Indian Fine Arts Society in 1994, the Sangeetha Kalarathna of the Bangalore Gayanasamaja, and the Chowdiah National Memorial Award.<ref name="frontline"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kannadaaudio.com/Songs/Classical/home/TyagarajaMasterpieces.php Listen to Tyagaraja Compositions performed by Sri Doreswamy Iyengar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213081355/http://www.sangeethapriya.org/Downloads/vd/vd.html] his compositions in [[mp3]] format

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyengar, Doreswamy}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Saraswati veena players]]
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Blue Dart Express

2026-02-04T07:37:25Z

FerdinandGarden:

{{Short description|Indian logistics company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Blue Dart Express Limited
| logo = Blue dart logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| image = Blue Dart Express office, RR Nagar, Bangalore (2026) 01.jpg
| image_alt = Blue Dart Express office, RR Nagar, Bangalore (2026)
| image_caption = A Blue Dart Express office in [[RR Nagar]], Bangalore (2026)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| trade_name = Blue Dart Express Ltd.
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{BSE|526612}}
*{{NSE|BLUEDART}}}}
| ISIN = INE233B0101
| foundation = {{start date and age| November 1983}}
| founders = {{plainlist|
*[[Tushar Jani]]
*Clyde Cooper
*Khushroo Dubash}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| area_served = [[States and union territories of India#States|Countrywide]], [[South Asia|South asian]]
| key_people =
| industry = [[Express mail|Courier]]
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Delivery (commerce)|Delivery]]
*[[Express mail]]
*[[cargo|Freight]] forwarding
*[[Third-party logistics]]}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|5267|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24"/>
| operating_income = {{down}} {{INRconvert|903|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24"/>
| net_income = {{down}} {{INRconvert|301|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24">{{cite web |title=Investor Presentation - May 2024 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/acbb9a5e-8c45-420a-8f61-7ab256b37597.pdf |publisher=BSE |access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[DHL]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Shareholding Pattern - Blue Dart Express Ltd.|url=https://trendlyne.com/equity/share-holding/208/BLUEDART/latest/blue-dart-express-ltd/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=trendlyne.com}}</ref>
| subsid = [[Blue Dart Aviation]]
| website = {{url|http://www.bluedart.com/}}
}}

'''Blue Dart Express''' is an Indian [[logistics]] company that provides [[Express mail|courier]] delivery services.<ref>{{cite web |author=Madhavan |first=N. |date=August 2, 2016 |title=Blue Dart: Providing customer satisfaction @express speed |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/super-50-companies-2016/blue-dart-providing-customer-satisfaction-express-speed/43943/1 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803183237/http://forbesindia.com/article/super-50-companies-2016/blue-dart-providing-customer-satisfaction-express-speed/43943/1 |archivedate=3 August 2016 |accessdate=2 August 2016 |website=forbesindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Blue Dart Express LTD, Kakinada |url=http://www.inkakinada.com/list/blue-dart-express-ltd-1 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027035250/http://www.inkakinada.com/list/blue-dart-express-ltd-1 |archivedate=2017-10-27 |website=inkakinada.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=BLUE DART History |url=https://www.dynamiclevels.com/en/blue-dart-company-history |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609072533/https://www.dynamiclevels.com/en/blue-dart-company-history |archivedate=2018-06-09 |website=dynamiclevels.com}}</ref> It is headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Blue Dart Express Ltd. |url=https://www.justdial.com/Bangalore/Blue-Dart-Express-Ltd-Sampangiramnagar/080PXX80-XX80-101027101444-M8I5_BZDET |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164254/https://www.justdial.com/Bangalore/Blue-Dart-Express-Ltd-Sampangiramnagar/080PXX80-XX80-101027101444-M8I5_BZDET |archivedate=2018-03-02 |website=justdial.com}}</ref> It has a subsidiary cargo airline, [[Blue Dart Aviation]] that operates in South Asian countries.<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Blue Dart Express Buys Majority Stake in Blue Dart Aviation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/blue-dart-express-buys-majority-stake-in-blue-dart-aviation-774147 |accessdate=4 December 2018 |website=NDTV|date=22 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2002, Blue Dart had a [[business alliance]] with [[DHL Express]] and on 8 November 2004, DHL Express invested €120 million in it, and since then has been a major [[shareholder]] in the company.<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Blue Dart Express buys majority stake in Blue Dart Aviation |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/blue-dart-express-buys-majority-stake-in-blue-dart-aviation/article7342410.ece |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609072533/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/blue-dart-express-buys-majority-stake-in-blue-dart-aviation/article7342410.ece |archivedate=9 June 2018 |accessdate=22 June 2015 |website=The Hindu Business Line|date=22 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=DHL Global Press Release |url=http://www.dhl.com/publish/g0/en/press/release/2004/081104.high.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228002826/http://www.dhl.com/publish/g0/en/press/release/2004/081104.high.html |archivedate=28 December 2008 |accessdate=31 October 2008 |website=DHL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=DHL to pay Rs 730 cr for Blue Dart stake |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dhl-to-pay-rs-730-cr-for-blue-dart-stake-104110901003_1.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001050105/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dhl-to-pay-rs-730-cr-for-blue-dart-stake-104110901003_1.html |archivedate=1 October 2013 |accessdate=6 February 2013 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Shareholding Pattern - Blue Dart Express Ltd.|url=https://trendlyne.com/equity/share-holding/208/BLUEDART/latest/blue-dart-express-ltd/|access-date=2020-07-30|website=trendlyne.com}}</ref>

[[File:List of prohibited illegal items in Blue Dart Express, India (2026).jpg|thumb|right|List of prohibited illegal items to send, in Blue Dart Express]]

==History==
Blue Dart was founded by [[Tushar Jani]] ([[chairman]]) and his friends Khushroo Dubash and Clyde Cooper in November 1983.<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=COMPANY PROFILE |url=https://www.nseprimeir.com/z_BlueDart/comprofile.aspx?value=O13MyQclQQPM600MSHCcMw== |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817153249/http://www.nseprimeir.com/z_BlueDart/comprofile.aspx?value=O13MyQclQQPM600MSHCcMw== |archivedate=2016-08-17 |website=nseprimeir.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=FFFAI Hall Of Fame |url=https://www.fffai.org/fffai-hall-of-fame.php |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020232540/http://fffai.org/fffai-hall-of-fame.php |archivedate=2016-10-20 |website=fffai.org}}</ref> In its early years, Blue Dart had a business agreement with Gelco Express International, UK, for the operations of international air package express services from India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=EA RESEARCH EXECUTIVE VIEW ANIL KHANNA |url=http://www.executiveaccess.co.in/ea_research_access_anil_khanna/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110231745/http://www.executiveaccess.co.in/ea_research_access_anil_khanna/ |archivedate=2017-01-10 |website=executiveaccess.co.in}}</ref>

In 2010–11, it introduced ′[[cash on delivery|cash on delivery (COD)]]′ to its customers as an additional payment option for its courier services.

Blue Dart is handling almost 8% of India's e-commerce shipments as of 2024. It opened the India's largest, low emission 2.5 lakh sq ft integrated logistics center at Bijwasan, [[Delhi]] on January 14, 2025, to improve land and air connections in [[northern India]]. The facility can easily integrate with the [[PM Gati Shakti]] thanks to its immediate connectivity to the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[Indian Railways]], metro lines, and national highways. Every day, the integrated logistics hub can handle 550,000 inbound and outbound shipments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel |first=Deepak |date=14 January 2025 |title=Aim to have 25% share in Indian e-com cargo market: DHL E-commerce CEO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/aim-to-have-25-share-in-indian-e-com-cargo-market-dhl-e-commerce-ceo-125011401037_1.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-14 |title=Blue Dart launches integrated logistics hub in Delhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/blue-dart-launches-integrated-logistics-hub-in-delhi/articleshow/117241911.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Delhivery]], a supply chain company in [[India]]
* [[Courier#India|Courier in India]]
* [[Indian Postal Service]]
* [[DTDC]], a courier service in India
* [[Ekart]], a courier service in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Postal system|state=collapsed}}
{{Logistics companies of India}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{official website|www.bluedart.com}}
*{{facebook|bluedart.official}}

[[Category:DHL]]
[[Category:Express mail]]
[[Category:Logistics companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Jahangir Visiting the Ascetic Jadrup

2026-02-03T07:54:26Z

FerdinandGarden: Put up a entry

{{Short description|Painting by Govardhan}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image = Govardhan. Jahangir Visiting the Ascetic Jadrup. ca. 1616-20, Musee Guimet, Paris.jpg
| artist = [[Govardhan (artist)|Govardhan]]
| year = {{circa|1620}}
| medium = Opaque watercolor on paper
| movement = [[Mughal painting|Mughal]]
| height_metric = 32.5
| width_metric = 19.3
| metric_unit = cm
| museum = [[Louvre]]
| city = Paris
}}

'''''Jahangir Visiting the Ascetic Jadrup''''' is a [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] painting by the artist [[Govardhan (artist)|Govardhan]], dated to about 1620.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mumtaz |first=Murad Khan |author-link=Murad Khan Mumtaz |year=2023 |chapter=Sufi in the Garb of a Yogi: Visual and Literary Articulations of Sanctity |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004549449/BP000015.xml |title=Faces of God: Images of Devotion in Indo-Muslim Painting, 1500–1800 |url=https://brill.com/display/title/65073 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=Brill |pages=100–104 |isbn=9789004549449 |oclc=1381313480}}</ref> It depicts the lavishly dressed Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] visiting the [[Asceticism|ascetic]] Jadrup, inside the latter's [[cave]] dwelling.<ref name=":1" /> It is now in the [[Louvre]], Paris.

== Background ==
[[Govardhan (artist)|Govardhan]] was an artist in the court of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]]. The work was painted in order to illustrate a scene from Jahangir's autobiography, the ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|Jahangirnama]]'', wherein he recounts his visit to the [[Asceticism|ascetic]] Jadrup. Jadrup is described as a follower of the [[Vedanta]] tradition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |author-link=B. N. Goswamy |date=October 7, 2012 |title=Where Silence Reigns: Paintings of Sufi Saints Often Take One into the Enchanting World Which They Endeavoured to Reach |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121007/spectrum/art.htm |website=Spectrum}}</ref>

Several scholars, including [[Kavita Singh (scholar)|Kavita Singh]], have noted that in depicting the visit of a Muslim emperor to a Hindu ascetic, the painting proves to be an example of religious [[syncretism]] that developed at the Mughal court. [[Murad Khan Mumtaz]], however, argues against this interpretation, noting that the Mughal would have seen Jadrup and his beliefs with an Islamizing lens. In his autobiography, Jahangir writes, "the science of Vedanta is the science of [[Sufism]]".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The structure of the painting is heavily inspired by a scene often illustrated in manuscripts of the [[Iskandarnameh (Nizami)|Iskandarnameh of Nizami]]. The scene would consist of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] on the left and [[Plato]] on the right, with a city in the background, and Alexander's horse, groom, and attendants nearby.<ref name=":1" />

== Description ==
The painting is divided into two registers. The upper register, occupying the upper one-third of the painting is occupied by the emperor Jahangir and his host, the ascetic Jadrup. In a traditional Mughal painting of a ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' scene, this top-most register would contain the throne. Jahangir and Jadrup are both seated, facing each other, outside the latter's cave. While the emperor is dressed in [[brocade]] and [[Pearl|pearls]], Jadrup is wearing only a [[loincloth]]. Furthermore, Jahangir is depicted to be larger than Jadrup and unlike Jadrup, has a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]] around him. Jahangir has his feet tucked beneath him, as if he is performing the Islamic [[Salah|prayer]]. Jadrup has his hands raised, as if making a point, while the emperor listens to him. The entire upper register is painted in a similar gradient of [[ochre]], yellow, and brown. This family of colors is used to depict both the skin of Jahangir and Jadrup as well as the soil, thus indicating their connection to the soil.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kavita |author-link=Kavita Singh (scholar) |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Real Birds in Imagined Gardens: Mughal Painting Between Persia and Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo0mDwAAQBAJ |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Getty Publications |pages=41–45 |isbn=978-1-60606-518-1 |oclc=954719958 |language=en}}</ref>

There is an intermediate tier between the two registers. This portion, which in a traditional scene would be occupied by high-ranking nobles, is left empty, as if to indicate that Jahangir and Jadrup have attained a spiritual status that no one else in the painting could even come close to.<ref name=":1" /> There is a dark green [[hedge]] that separates this tier from the lower register.<ref name=":0" />

The lower register occupies the lower one-third of the painting. It is occupied by Jahangir's entourage and includes various courtiers and officials.<ref name=":1" /> This register contains symbols of worldly life, such as a horse, an [[umbrella]], and a [[Hand fan|fan]].<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
[[B. N. Goswamy]], in an article, writes that through the work, the artist asks the question of who, between Jahangir and Jadrup, is the real king.<ref name=":2" /> [[Murad Khan Mumtaz]] posits that the painting portrays a convention wherein "a worldly king submits, almost ritually, to a king of the spiritual realm".<ref name=":0" /> [[Kavita Singh (scholar)|Kavita Singh]] praises the painting, writing, "It is with paintings like this that Mughal art is said to have reached its apogee under Jahangir".<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1620s paintings]]

[[Category:Caves in art]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[category:Paintings in the Louvre]]
[[Category:Watercolor paintings]]
[[Category:Islamic art in the Louvre]]

Paramananda Acharya

2026-01-31T18:19:39Z

FerdinandGarden: new

{{Short description|Indian Archaeologist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Paramananda Acharya
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1893
| birth_place = Baidyapur, British India
| death_date = 11 April 1971
| death_place = [[Baripada]], Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Archaeologist
| yearsactive = 1924–1971
| known for = Research on the history of [[Odisha]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Pramananda Acharya''' (1893–1971) was an Indian archaeologist known for his notable archaeological research on the history of [[Odisha]].<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha">{{cite web | url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Dec/engpdf/16-19.pdf | title=The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha | publisher=Government of Odisha | date=2015 | access-date=May 2, 2015 | author=Jayanthi Rath | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194348/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Dec/engpdf/16-19.pdf | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 1964, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his services to the nation.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | access-date=November 11, 2014 | archive-date=October 15, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==

===Early years===
Paramananda Acharya was born in 1893 at Baidyapur village in the Indian state of [[Odisha]] and completed his early schooling at Amarda ME School and [[Baripada]] High School to graduate in botany from [[Kolkata University]] in 1923 with honours.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" /> Though joined for his master's degree course, he abandoned studies on advice from Maharaja Purna Chandra Bhanjadeo, the erstwhile Maharaja of [[Mayurbhanj]] state and became a part of the team of renowned archaeologist, [[Rai Bahadur]] [[Ramaprasad Chanda]] in 1924. He had no formal training in archaeology, but Acaharya was invited to join the department of archaeology when [[Mayurbhanj]] state established the department in 1925 and he started his government service as an archaeological scholar.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" />

===Career===
[[File:Ananta Vasudeva Temple.jpg|thumb|Ananta Vasudeva Temple]]
His initial posting was at [[Khiching]] with the responsibility of preserving the temples and historical sites in the area. In 1925, he underwent advanced training at Paharpur excavation site (presently in Bangladesh). During the next few years, he visited the neighbouring cities and states but returned to Khiching and started collecting sculptures, artifacts and antiquities from the medieval period. These finds were stored in Khiching temple premises which later became the Khiching Museum<ref name="Kaladarshana">{{cite web | url=http://www.kaladarshana.com/essays/essay-bhubaneswar-museum.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122015740/http://www.kaladarshana.com/essays/essay-bhubaneswar-museum.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=November 22, 2011 | title=Kaladarshana | publisher=Kaladarshana | date=2015 | access-date=May 3, 2015}}</ref> in 1928 and Acharya was appointed as the Senior Archaeologist of the museum.<ref name="Osmania">{{cite web | url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/2008/218433_History_Of_Orissa.pdf?sequence=2 | title=Osmania | publisher=Osmania | date=2015 | access-date=May 3, 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1930, when the Maharaja ordered the excavation of the Old Palace site in [[Hariharpur, India|Hariharpur]], Acharya was given the responsibility.<ref name="Shodhganga">{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27146/10/10_chapter%201.pdf | title=Shodhganga | publisher=Shodhganga | date=2015 | access-date=May 3, 2015}}</ref> During this project, he arranged for the dismantling of the dilapidated temples of Chandra Sekhar and Kutei-Tundi situated at the Palace site and restored them. He also restored the temple of Hara during this period.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" />

Acharya participated in the first [[IUAES|International Congress of the Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences]], in 1934 and the trip to London helped him to gather copies of records related to Mayurbhanj and [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]] of [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" /> A plaster copy of one of the inscriptions he brought is on display at the [[Odisha State Museum]]. In 1939, an expedition led by Acharya and E. C. Worman (Jr.) of [[Harvard University]]<ref name="An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=law3AAAAIAAJ&q=E.C.+Worman+(Jr.)&pg=PA241 | title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology | publisher=Brill | access-date=May 3, 2015 | editor=Amalananda Ghosh | date=December 1990 | isbn=9004092641 }}</ref> discovered Kuliana site near Mayurbhanj.<ref name="Shodhganga" /> Three years later, he was deputed to [[Khandapada]], Banesvaranasi, Champesvar, Bhattarika, Simhanath and Ramchandi which resulted in the discovery of a temple at Ramchandi with a unique style of architecture.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" /> It was during this period, he undertook the reconstruction of Khichingesvari temple which was completed in 1942. Later, he discovered the Anantasayi Vishnu image at [[Saranga, Dhenkanal|Saranga]] and [[Bhimkund]]. He also conducted surveys of archaeological relics at [[Vaitarani]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], and [[Mahanadi]] valleys.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" />

===Post Independence period===
After the princely state of [[Mayurbhanj]] was assimilated into the state of Odisha under the Indian Union in 1949, Acharya became the superintendent of archaeology, museum and research of the state government with office at the [[Ravenshaw College]] premises in Cuttack.<ref name="Odisha State Museum">{{cite web | url=http://odishamuseum.nic.in/?q=node/4 | title=Odisha State Museum | publisher=Odisha State Museum | date=2015 | access-date=May 4, 2015}}</ref> He was also given additional responsibility to attend to duties related to the state education department.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" /> During his tenure as its head, the department is reported to have developed into the present day [[Odisha State Museum]].<ref name="Odisha State Museum" /> His efforts were reported in bringing many renowned archaeologists such as Kedar Nath Mahapatra<ref name="History of Orissa: Bhauma Kings of Orissa">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-E4QwAACAAJ | title=History of Orissa: Bhauma Kings of Orissa | publisher=Kedaranatha Gaveshana Pratisthan | author=Kedarnath Mahapatra | year=2004 | location=Odisha | pages=341}}</ref> and Satya Narayan Rajguru,<ref name="Satya Narayan Rajguru">{{cite web | url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/April/engpdf/58-64.pdf | title=Satya Narayan Rajguru | publisher=Government of Odisha | date=2015 | access-date=May 4, 2015}}</ref> [[Krushna Chandra Panigrahi]] and Susil Chandra De together under the banner of the museum.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" />

===Later years and legacy===
[[File:Bhubaneswar State Museum.jpg|thumb|Odisha State Museum]]
After his retirement from government service in 1950, Acharya was given the special responsibility as the superintendent of the [[Odisha State Museum]], and he served in that position till 1954.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" /> After a gap of one year, he took up work again in 1955, this time as the superintendent of archaeology, holding the post till 1962.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" /> Two years later, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1964.

Acharya is the author of several articles and two books, ''Essays in History, Culture, Archaeology of Odisha'',<ref name="Raven Shaw University">{{cite web | url=http://www.ravenshawuniversity.ac.in/Syllabus/UG/history.pdf | title=Raven Shaw University | publisher=Raven Shaw University | date=2015 | access-date=May 4, 2015 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002640/http://www.ravenshawuniversity.ac.in/Syllabus/UG/history.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ravenshawuniversity.ac.in/Syllabus/PG/history.pdf | title=PG Syllabus | publisher=Raven Shaw University | date=2015 | access-date=May 4, 2015 | archive-date=July 17, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717051600/http://www.ravenshawuniversity.ac.in/Syllabus/PG/history.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''Studies in Orissan History, Archaeology and Archives''<ref name="Studies in Orissan history, archaeology, and archives">{{cite book | title=Studies in Orissan history, archaeology, and archives | publisher=Cuttack Student's Store | author=Acharya, Paramananda | year=1969 | location=Cuttack | pages=560 | oclc=293278}}</ref> His writings are prescribed as reference books for graduate and post graduate studies at [[Ravenshaw University]] in Odisha.<ref name="Raven Shaw University" /> A commemorative volume, ''Life and culture in Orissa'' was published in 1984, compiling several of Acharya's writings.<ref name="Life & culture in Orissa: Padmashree Paramananda Acharya commemoration volume">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000CQE6H | title=Life & culture in Orissa: Padmashree Paramananda Acharya commemoration volume | publisher=Minerva | editor=Binod Sankar Das | year=1984 | pages=227 | asin=B0000CQE6H}}</ref>

Paramanand Acharya died on 11 April 1971, at his residence in Baripada, at the age of 78.<ref name="The Pioneering Archaeologist of Odisha" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ramaprasad Chanda]]
* [[Odisha State Museum]]
* [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]]
* [[Krushna Chandra Panigrahi]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|History}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Studies in Orissan history, archaeology, and archives | publisher=Cuttack Student's Store | author=Acharya, Paramananda | year=1969 | location=Cuttack | pages=560 | oclc=293278}}
* {{cite book | title=Life & culture in Orissa: Padmashree Paramananda Acharya commemoration volume | publisher=Minerva | editor=Binod Sankar Das | year=1984 | pages=227 | asin=B0000CQE6H}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-E4QwAACAAJ | title=History of Orissa: Bhauma Kings of Orissa | publisher=Kedaranatha Gaveshana Pratisthan | author=Kedarnath Mahapatra | year=2004 | location=Odisha | pages=341}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Paramananda}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Indian museologists]]

Borja Fernández (footballer, born 1981)

2026-01-22T23:00:55Z

FerdinandGarden: fixed citations further and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|Spanish footballer}}
{{For|another footballer of the same name|Borja Fernández (footballer, born 1995)}}
{{family name hatnote|Fernández|Fernández|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Borja Fernández
| image = Real Valladolid-Valencia CF, 2019-05-18 (84) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Borja with [[Real Valladolid|Valladolid]] in 2019
| fullname = Borja Fernández Fernández<ref>{{cite news|url=http://deportes.elpais.com/deportes/2011/12/22/actualidad/1324542115_850215.html|title=Borja llora la lesión de Juanlu|trans-title=Borja mourns Juanlu injury|newspaper=[[El País]]|first=Cayetano|last=Ros|language=Spanish|date=22 December 2011|accessdate=4 June 2015}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|1|14|df=y}}<ref name=Bio>{{WorldFootball.net|borja-fernandez_3}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ourense]], Spain<ref name=Bio/>
| height = {{height|m=1.89}}<ref name=Bio/>
| position = [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|Defensive midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[UD Ourense|Ourense]] (manager)
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = Pabellón
| youthyears2 = 1996–2000 | youthclubs2 = [[Real Madrid CF (youth)|Real Madrid]]
| years1 = 2000–2001 | clubs1 = [[Real Madrid C]] | caps1 = | goals1 =
| years2 = 2001–2003 | clubs2 = [[Real Madrid Castilla|Real Madrid B]] | caps2 = 67 | goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2003–2006 | clubs3 = [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2005–2006 | clubs4 = → [[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]] (loan) | caps4 = 16 | goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2006–2010 | clubs5 = [[Real Valladolid|Valladolid]] | caps5 = 128 | goals5 = 3
| years6 = 2010–2014 | clubs6 = [[Getafe CF|Getafe]] | caps6 = 57 | goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2011–2012 | clubs7 = → [[Deportivo de La Coruña|Deportivo La Coruña]] (loan) | caps7 = 22 | goals7 = 2
| years8 = 2014 | clubs8 = [[ATK (football club)|Atlético Kolkata]] | caps8 = 16 | goals8 = 1
| years9 = 2015 | clubs9 = [[SD Eibar|Eibar]] | caps9 = 16 | goals9 = 1
| years10 = 2015 | clubs10 = [[ATK (football club)|Atlético Kolkata]] | caps10 = 15 | goals10 = 1
| years11 = 2016 | clubs11 = [[Real Valladolid|Valladolid]] | caps11 = 17 | goals11 = 0
| years12 = 2016 | clubs12 = [[ATK (football club)|Atlético Kolkata]] | caps12 = 16 | goals12 = 0
| years13 = 2017 | clubs13 = [[UD Almería|Almería]] | caps13 = 20 | goals13 = 2
| years14 = 2017–2019 | clubs14 = [[Real Valladolid|Valladolid]] | caps14 = 56 | goals14 = 3
| totalcaps = 469 | totalgoals = 16
| nationalyears1 = 1997–1998 | nationalteam1 = [[Spain national under-16 football team|Spain U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 15 | nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 1998–1999 | nationalteam2 = [[Spain national under-17 football team|Spain U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 9 | nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 1999–2000 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain national under-18 football team|Spain U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 4 | nationalgoals3 = 0
| nationalyears4 = 2002–2003 | nationalteam4 = [[Spain national under-21 football team|Spain U21]] | nationalcaps4 = 2 | nationalgoals4 = 0
| manageryears1 = 2024– | managerclubs1 = [[UD Ourense|Ourense]]
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Borja Fernández Fernández''' (born 14 January 1981) is a Spanish former professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|defensive midfielder]], currently [[Manager (association football)|manager]] of [[Segunda Federación]] club [[UD Ourense|Ourense]].

Having started his career at [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], he amassed [[La Liga]] totals of 222 matches and three goals over 11 seasons. He also represented in the competition [[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]], [[Real Valladolid|Valladolid]], [[Getafe CF|Getafe]] and [[SD Eibar|Eibar]].

Fernández signed for [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] in 2014, winning the [[2014 Indian Super League|first Indian Super League]].

==Playing career==
===Spain===
Born in [[Ourense]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Fernández joined [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]'s academy in 1996 and, after impressive displays for the [[Real Madrid C|C]] and [[Real Madrid Castilla|B teams]], was promoted to the main squad in 2003. He appeared in 15 [[La Liga]] games [[2003–04 La Liga|that season]] – with his debut coming on 2 September 2003 in a 1–1 away draw against [[Villarreal CF]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2003/09/02/liga/1062536285.html|title=La cantera le da al Madrid un punto ante el Villarreal|trans-title=Youth system gives Madrid one point against Villarreal|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|first=Jorge|last=Ramírez Orsikowsky|language=Spanish|date=3 September 2003|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref>– and eight in his [[2004–05 La Liga|second year]] (mostly as a late [[Substitute (association football)|substitute]]).

Unable to break into the first team, Fernández was loaned to [[RCD Mallorca]] for the [[2005–06 La Liga|2005–06 campaign]], where he also played sparingly. He subsequently joined [[Segunda División]] club [[Real Valladolid]], being instrumental in the side's [[2006–07 Segunda División|top-flight promotion]] after a three-year hiatus and continuing to start regularly in the subsequent seasons under manager [[José Luis Mendilibar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realvalladolid.es/noticia/el-adis-a-una-leyenda-blanquivioleta|title=El adiós a una leyenda blanquivioleta|trans-title=Farewell to a ''blanquivioleta'' legend|publisher=Real Valladolid|language=Spanish|date=17 May 2019|accessdate=2 February 2021}}</ref>

Fernández was again a defensive pillar for Valladolid in [[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]], featuring in 31 matches as the [[Castile and León]] side was eventually relegated, as 19th. In late May 2010, he signed a four-year contract with [[Getafe CF]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/2010/05/21/futbol/equipos/getafe/1274457955.html|title=Borja 'debuta' en el Getafe|trans-title=Borja makes Getafe 'debut'|newspaper=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|first=José Ignacio|last=Pérez|language=Spanish|date=21 May 2010|accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref>

In August 2011, Fernández returned to the second division and joined [[Deportivo de La Coruña]], with [[Rubén Pérez (footballer, born 1989)|Rubén Pérez]] heading in the opposite direction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2011/08/22/mas_futbol/1313964026_850215.html|title=Borja anuncia que ya es del Depor y Rubén irá al Getafe|trans-title=Borja announces he belongs to Depor and Rubén will go to Getafe|newspaper=[[Diario AS]]|language=Spanish|date=22 August 2011|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref> He subsequently returned to ''Geta'', scoring his first official goal for the team on 16 March 2013, the game's only at home against [[Athletic Bilbao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/es-ar/match/85500/getafe-vs-athletic-de-bilbao/report|title=El Athletic de Bielsa cae tras dos victorias seguidas|trans-title=Bielsa's Athletic fall after two consecutive wins|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|language=Spanish|date=16 March 2013|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref>

===India and Eibar===
On 4 July 2014, at the age of 33, Fernández moved abroad for the first time, becoming the first signing for [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] of the [[Indian Super League]] and the very first signing in the league ever.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/deportes/2014/07/03/borja-fernandez-va-superliga-india/00031404417929992323749.htm|title=Borja Fernández se va a la Superliga india|trans-title=Borja Fernández goes to the Indian Superleague|newspaper=[[La Voz de Galicia]]|language=Spanish|date=4 July 2014|accessdate=4 July 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707081915/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/deportes/2014/07/03/borja-fernandez-va-superliga-india/00031404417929992323749.htm|archivedate=7 July 2014}}</ref> He scored the second goal in the league's opening match, a 3–0 home victory over [[Mumbai City FC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/sports/indian-super-league-atletico-de-kolkata-stun-mumbai-city-fc-3-0-in-1st-isl-2014-match-170756/|title=Indian Super League: Atletico de Kolkata stun Mumbai City FC 3–0 in 1st ISL 2014 match|publisher=[[Essel Group|India.com]]|first=Krishnan|last=Iyer|date=12 October 2014|accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref> In the next fixture he was [[Ejection (sports)|sent off]] for two yellow cards in the 84th minute, but his team still won 2–0 at [[NorthEast United FC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/isl-2014/story/isl-match-5-atletico-de-kolkata-vs-northeast-united-live-indian-super-league-223455-2014-10-16|title=ISL: 10-man Atletico de Kolkata outshine NorthEast United FC 2–0|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=16 October 2014|accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>

Fernández played a pivotal role for Atlético as they [[2014 Indian Super League|went on to win the championship]], defeating [[Kerala Blasters FC]] in [[2014 Indian Super League final|the final]] through a [[last-minute goal]] by [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/1850-substitute-mohammed-rafique-hands-atletico-de-kolkata-the-title|title=Substitute Mohammed Rafique hands Atlético de Kolkata the title|publisher=[[Indian Super League]]|date=20 December 2014|accessdate=31 December 2014}}</ref> On 31 December 2014 he returned to Spain, after agreeing to a six-month contract with top-tier club [[SD Eibar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdeibar.com/-/borja-fernandez-jugara-en-el-eibar-hasta-final-de-temporada|title=Borja Fernández jugará en el Eibar hasta final de temporada|trans-title=Borja Fernández will play in Eibar until the end of the season|publisher=SD Eibar|language=Spanish|date=31 December 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101202243/http://www.sdeibar.com/-/borja-fernandez-jugara-en-el-eibar-hasta-final-de-temporada|archivedate=1 January 2015}}</ref> His debut came on 16 January of the following year, replacing [[Javi Lara]] in added time of a 1–1 draw at [[Córdoba CF]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2014_15/primera/jornada_19/cor_eib/|title=El Eibar aprovecha una mala noche|trans-title=Eibar make the most of a bad night|newspaper=Marca|first=Delfín|last=Melero|language=Spanish|date=16 January 2015|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> He started in 14 of his appearances to help the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basques]] retain their status, scoring an equaliser in a 1–1 away draw against Getafe on 17 May.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2014_15/la-liga/jornada_37/get_eib/|title=El Getafe es de Primera|trans-title=Getafe belong to ''Primera''|newspaper=Marca|first=Clara|last=Gómez|language=Spanish|date=17 May 2015|accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref>

On 17 June 2015, Fernández returned to ATK,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Atletico-de-Kolkata-retain-midfielder-Borja-Fernandez/articleshow/47709515.cms|title=Atletico de Kolkata retain midfielder Borja Fernandez|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 June 2015|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/atleticodekolkata/photos/a.1512460592316314.1073741828.1475188052710235/1669013179994387/?type=1|title=Welcome Borja Fernández|publisher=[[Facebook]]|date=June 2015|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref> succeeding his compatriot [[Luis García (footballer, born 1978)|Luis García]] as the franchise's [[Captain (association football)|captain]] for their [[2015 Indian Super League|second campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/553-rival-managers-hopeful-of-positive-results|title=Rival managers hopeful of positive results|publisher=Indian Super League|date=11 October 2014|accessdate=9 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124092956/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/553-rival-managers-hopeful-of-positive-results|archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> He scored once in 15 matches – in a 4–0 home rout of [[FC Goa]] on 22 November<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2015-atletico-de-kolkata-rout-fc-goa-4-0-to-go-top-of-the-table-2516912.html|title=ISL 2015: Atletico de Kolkata rout FC Goa 4–0 to go top of the table|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=23 November 2015|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref>– as his team were eliminated in the semi-finals by [[Chennaiyin FC]].

===Valladolid return and later years===
Fernández returned to Valladolid on 25 January 2016, linking until the end of the [[2015–16 Segunda División|second-division season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/futbolgallego/2016/01/25/borja-fernandez-ficha-valladolid/00031453736427854761830.htm|title=Borja Fernández ficha por el Valladolid|trans-title=Borja Fernández signs for Valladolid|newspaper=La Voz de Galicia|language=Spanish|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref> On 12 August, he rejoined Kolkata for the [[2016 Indian Super League|third ISL campaign]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/helder-postiga-retained-as-atletico-de-kolkata-marquee-borja-lara-stay/story-YLXa7grRNQbEELJaG0jjMI.html|title=Helder Postiga retained as Atletico de Kolkata marquee; Borja, Lara stay|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|first=Dhiman|last=Sarkar|date=12 August 2016|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>

On 17 January 2017, Fernández returned to Spain and its second tier after agreeing to a six-month deal with [[UD Almería]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udalmeriasad.com/noticia/el-almeria-cierra-el-fichaje-de-borja-fernandez-un-medio-centro-con-experiencia|title=El Almería cierra el fichaje de Borja Fernández, un medio centro con experiencia|trans-title=Almería complete the signing of Borja Fernández, a central midfielder with experience|publisher=UD Almería|language=Spanish|date=17 January 2017|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> On 12 July, he returned to Valladolid for a third spell after signing a one-year contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realvalladolid.es/noticias/actualidad/12072017/Borja-III/|title=Borja III|publisher=Real Valladolid|language=Spanish|date=12 July 2017|accessdate=13 July 2017}}</ref>

After contributing sparingly as the latter side [[2018–19 La Liga|retained their top-flight status]], the 38-year-old Borja announced his retirement in May 2019. He remained connected to his last club in other capacities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eldiadevalladolid.com/noticia/ZB6F5E577-D60F-D420-68D09FF260E0645A/Borja-anuncia-su-retirada|title=Borja anuncia su retirada|trans-title=Borja announces his retirement|newspaper=El Día de Valladolid|language=Spanish|date=17 May 2019|accessdate=20 May 2019}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
After retiring, Fernández worked as assistant manager to [[Javier Baraja]] at [[Real Valladolid Promesas|Valladolid B]], later being in charge of the club's youths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.diariodevalladolid.es/deportes/210728/195733/borja-nuevo-entrenador-pucela-juvenil-valiente-mi-equipo-sera.html|title=Borja, nuevo entrenador del Pucela Juvenil A: «Soy valiente y mi equipo lo será»|trans-title=Borja, new manager of Pucela ''Juvenil A'': "I am brave and so will my team be"|newspaper=Diario de Valladolid|first=J. I.|last=Fernández|language=Spanish|date=28 July 2021|accessdate=17 February 2025}}</ref> On 3 April 2024, he was appointed head coach of [[Tercera Federación]] team [[UD Ourense]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.laregion.es/deporte-local/borja-fernandez-nuevo-entrenador-ud-ourense_1_20240403-2440571.html|title=Borja Fernández, nuevo entrenador de la UD Ourense|trans-title=Borja Fernández, new manager of UD Ourense|newspaper=[[La Región]]|language=Spanish|date=3 April 2024|accessdate=17 February 2025}}</ref> leading them to promotion at the end of his [[2024–25 Tercera Federación|first full season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.laopinioncoruna.es/deportivo/2025/04/21/borja-fernandez-ascenso-similitud-vivi-116587097.html|title=Borja Fernández: «Este ascenso tiene similitud con el que viví en el Dépor»|trans-title=Borja Fernández: "This promotion is similar to the one I experienced at Dépor"|newspaper=La Opinión A Coruña|first=Daniel|last=Abelenda Lado|language=Spanish|date=21 April 2025|accessdate=22 January 2026}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
<ref>{{BDFutbol|330}}</ref><ref name=SW>{{Soccerway|new_id=borja/vaLyI0gs}}</ref><ref name=Bio/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]
|[[2001–02 La Liga|2001–02]]
|[[La Liga]]
|0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||3||0
|-
|[[2002–03 La Liga|2002–03]]
|La Liga
|0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||1||0
|-
|[[2003–04 La Liga|2003–04]]
|La Liga
|15||0||5||0||4{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]|name=UCL}}||0||24||0
|-
|[[2004–05 La Liga|2004–05]]
|La Liga
|8||0||2||0||0||0||10||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!23!!0!!11!!0!!4!!0!!38!!0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[RCD Mallorca|Mallorca]]
|[[2005–06 La Liga|2005–06]]
|La Liga
|16||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||17||0
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Real Valladolid|Valladolid]]
|[[2006–07 Segunda División|2006–07]]
|[[Segunda División]]
|37||2||5||0||colspan="2"|—||42||2
|-
|[[2007–08 La Liga|2007–08]]
|La Liga
|31||1||4||0||colspan="2"|—||35||1
|-
|[[2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]]
|La Liga
|29||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||31||0
|-
|[[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]]
|La Liga
|31||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||32||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!128!!3!!13!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!140!!3
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Getafe CF|Getafe]]
|[[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]]
|La Liga
|13||0||1||0||6{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}||0||20||0
|-
|[[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]]
|La Liga
|16||1||1||0||colspan="2"|—||17||1
|-
|[[2013–14 La Liga|2013–14]]
|La Liga
|28||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||29||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!57!!1!!3!!0!!6!!0!!66!!1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Deportivo de La Coruña|Deportivo]]
|[[2011–12 Segunda División|2011–12]]
|Segunda División
|22||2||2||0||colspan="2"|—||24||2
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|[[2014 Indian Super League|2014]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|16||1||colspan="4"|—||16||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[SD Eibar|Eibar]]
|[[2014–15 La Liga|2014–15]]
|La Liga
|16||1||0||0||colspan="2"|—||16||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|ATK
|[[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
|Indian Super League
|15||1||colspan="4"|—||15||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|Valladolid
|[[2015–16 Segunda División|2015–16]]
|Segunda División
|17||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||17||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|ATK
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
|Indian Super League
|16||0||colspan="4"|—||16||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[UD Almería|Almería]]
|[[2016–17 Segunda División|2016–17]]
|Segunda División
|20||2||0||0||colspan="2"|—||20||2
|-
|rowspan="3"|Valladolid
|[[2017–18 Segunda División|2017–18]]
|Segunda División
|37||3||0||0||4{{efn|Appearances in [[La Liga play-offs]]|name=PPO}}||0||41||3
|-
|[[2018–19 Segunda División|2018–19]]
|La Liga
|19||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||22||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!56!!3!!3!!0!!4!!0!!63!!1
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!402!!14!!32!!0!!14!!0!!448!!14
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Valladolid'''
*[[Segunda División]]: [[2006–07 Segunda División|2006–07]]<ref name=SW/>

'''Deportivo'''
*Segunda División: [[2011–12 Segunda División|2011–12]]<ref name=SW/>

'''ATK'''
*[[Indian Super League]]: [[2014 Indian Super League|2014]], [[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]<ref name=SW/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221441/http://www.canaldeportivo.com/servlet/es.iris.servlets.Equipo?accion=1&ver=2&id_persona=22797&id_equipo=27 Deportivo official profile] {{in lang|es}}
*{{BDFutbol|330}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez, Borja}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish sportsmen]]
[[Category:Spanish men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Ourense]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:Segunda División players]]
[[Category:Segunda División B players]]
[[Category:Real Madrid C footballers]]
[[Category:Real Madrid Castilla footballers]]
[[Category:Real Madrid CF players]]
[[Category:RCD Mallorca players]]
[[Category:Real Valladolid players]]
[[Category:Getafe CF footballers]]
[[Category:Deportivo de La Coruña players]]
[[Category:SD Eibar footballers]]
[[Category:UD Almería players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:ATK (football club) players]]
[[Category:Kings League players]]
[[Category:Spain men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Spain men's under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in India]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriate sportspeople in India]]
[[Category:Spanish football managers]]
[[Category:Segunda Federación managers]]
[[Category:Tercera Federación managers]]
[[Category:Real Valladolid non-playing staff]]

D. G. Vanzara

2026-01-02T16:37:32Z

FerdinandGarden:

{{Short description|Former police officer in Gujarat, India}}
'''Dahyaji Gobarji Vanzara''' (D. G. Vanzara) is a former [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector-General of Police]] (IG) of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. He was in judicial custody from 2007 until his bail in 2015 on charges of having conducted a series of [[extrajudicial killing]]s,<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi's 'Vanzara' Moment: Encounter Killings as State Policy|author=Subhash Gatade|publisher=Mainstream|date=September 21, 2013|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article4462.html}}</ref> while heading the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Anti-Terrorist Squad]] (ATS).<ref name=NDTV>{{cite news|title=Who is DG Vanzara?|publisher=NDTV|date=August 2, 2010|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-dg-vanzara-41013}}</ref> He was discharged in the [[Sohrabuddin Sheikh|Sohrabuddin case]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=DG Vanzara discharged: Former Gujarat cop cleared in Sohrabuddin fake encounter case due to lack of evidence|work=Firstpost|date=2017-08-02|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/dg-vanzara-discharged-former-gujarat-cop-cleared-in-sohrabuddin-fake-encounter-case-due-to-lack-of-evidence-3883413.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170802060938/http://www.firstpost.com/india/dg-vanzara-discharged-former-gujarat-cop-cleared-in-sohrabuddin-fake-encounter-case-due-to-lack-of-evidence-3883413.html|archive-date=2017-08-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Vanzara joined the [[Gujarat Police]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] in 1980, was promoted to [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer in 1987, and retired on 31 May 2014 as [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy IG]]. After being cleared in [[Encounter killing|fake encounter]] cases in February 2020, he received a post-retirement promotion to IG, effective from 29 September 2007.

== Cases ==
An IPS officer of the 1987 batch, his tenure saw a spurt in [[encounter killing]]s, including:
* Sameer Khan (shot dead September 2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne190507Fake_killingsCS.asp|title=Tehelka – the People's Paper|access-date=2013-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710065359/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne190507Fake_killingsCS.asp|archive-date=2013-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Sadiq Jamal (2003)
* [[Ishrat Jahan encounter killing|Ishrat Jahan and three others]] (shot dead June 15, 2004)
* [[Sohrabuddin Sheikh]] (shot dead November 2005)
* Sheikh's wife Kausar Bi (killed in Vanzara's village)<ref>{{cite news|title=Death by Firing Squad|author=Ashish Khetan and Harinder Baweja|publisher=Tehelka|date=May 12, 2007|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne120507Death_by_CS.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511095249/http://tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne120507Death_by_CS.asp|archive-date=2012-05-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Tulsiram Prajapati]] (killed December 28, 2006)

As of September 2013, 32 officers—including six IPS officers—were jailed for these encounters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-modi-was-my-god-amitbhai-usurped-his-eyes-and-ears-/1164159/|title=Excerpts from Vanzara's letter: Modi was my god|date=September 4, 2013|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2013, Vanzara stated:<ref name=letter>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Vanjara-Gujarat-Police-targeted-for-extra-political-reasons/articleshow/46283213.cms|title=Ache din are back: Vanzara after release|author=Sarfaraz Shaikh|work=The Times of India|date=February 18, 2015}}</ref>
<blockquote>
The [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]]/[[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] arrested my officers and me for allegedly fake encounters. If that is true, then the CBI investigating officers for all cases should also be arrested, as we, the field officers, simply implemented government policy.
</blockquote>

Former DSP N. K. Amin testified in 2008 of a police-politician-criminal nexus in the Sohrabuddin case.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dreaded group|author=Lyla Bavadam|publisher=Frontline|date=October 8, 2010|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20100827271701300.htm&date=fl2717/&prd=fline&}}</ref> High-level communications from [[Amit Shah]] to on-duty officers were questioned in court.<ref>{{cite news|title=If police control and command were not violated, Amit Shah would not be in this mess|work=Rediff|date=July 23, 2010|url=http://news.rediff.com/special/2010/jul/23/explained-what-cbi-summons-to-amit-shah-in-sohrabuddin-encounter-case-means.htm}}</ref>

In the Prajapati case, the encounter occurred in [[Banaskantha district]] shortly after Vanzara’s transfer there. Shah could not recall the reason for the transfer.<ref>{{cite news|title=CBI to question Amit Shah again in Prajapati case|author=Vinay Kumar|work=The Hindu|date=January 10, 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/cbi-to-question-amit-shah-again-in-prajapati-case/article2788919.ece}}</ref> Shah was later indicted as the "kingpin and prime accused" in the Prajapati case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tulsiram-prajapati-encounter-cbi-names-amit-shah-as-kingpin/1004520/|title=Tulsiram Prajapati encounter: CBI names Amit Shah as kingpin|date=September 18, 2012|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Vanzara was released on bail on February 18, 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-24 |title=D G Vanzara completes 7 years in jail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/d-g-vanzara-completes-7-years-in-jail/articleshow/34127350.cms#:~:text=This%20story%20is%20from%20April,take%20any%20action%20against%20them. |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |date=2017-08-01 |title=Vanzara, Dinesh discharged in Sohrabuddin encounter case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vanzara-dinesh-discharged-in-sohrabuddin-encounter-case/article19403612.ece |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shaikh |first=Sarfaraz |title=Ache din are back: Vanzara after release |work=The Times of India |date=2015-02-17 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/vanjara-gujarat-police-targeted-for-extra-political-reasons/articleshow/46283213.cms |access-date=2015-05-15}}</ref> He was acquitted in the Sohrabuddin case in August 2017 due to lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/dg-vanzara-discharged-former-gujarat-cop-cleared-in-sohrabuddin-fake-encounter-case-due-to-lack-of-evidence-3883413.html|title=DG Vanzara discharged: Former Gujarat cop cleared in Sohrabuddin fake encounter case due to lack of evidence|work=Firstpost|date=2017-08-02|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170802060938/http://www.firstpost.com/india/dg-vanzara-discharged-former-gujarat-cop-cleared-in-sohrabuddin-fake-encounter-case-due-to-lack-of-evidence-3883413.html|archive-date=2017-08-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanzara, Dahyaji Gobarji}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Gujarat Police]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Chief ministership of Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kirdaar

2025-11-25T06:28:45Z

FerdinandGarden: Put up new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = 22–24 minutes
| creator =
| writer = [[Gulzar]] [[Samaresh Basu]] [[Malti Joshi]] [[Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi]]
| director = Gulzar
| starring = [[Om Puri]]
| opentheme = "Kirdaar" by [[Jagjit Singh]]
| composer = Jagjit Singh
| country = India
| language = Hindi Urdu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 13
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|1993|10|31}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|1994|1|23}}
}}
'''Kirdaar''' is an Indian television series aired on [[DD National]] directed by [[Gulzar]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Agarwal |first=Amit |date=31 October 1993|title=Gulzar to be seen in a prime time serial 'Kirdar' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19931031-gulzar-to-be-seen-in-a-prime-time-serial-kirdar-811752-1993-10-30 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123010454/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gulzar-to-be-seen-in-a-prime-time-serial-kirdar/1/303242.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It ran between 1993 and 1994, based on short stories written by different writers in different languages, mainly [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/i-found-my-confidence-only-15-20-years-ago/|title=‘I found my confidence only 15-20 years ago’|date=4 May 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|first=Harneet|last=Singh|accessdate=7 January 2019|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131213831/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/i-found-my-confidence-only-15-20-years-ago/|url-status=live}}</ref> The short stories were featured from writers like [[Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi]], [[Malti Joshi]] and [[Samaresh Basu]]. It starred [[Om Puri]] playing various characters in all the episodes and different actors in each episode like [[Surekha Sikri]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Reema Lagoo]] and [[Neena Gupta]].

==Cast==
*[[Om Puri]]
*[[Surekha Sikri]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/surekha-sikri-dies-at-75-balika-vadhu-to-tamas-remembering-her-iconic-characters-on-tv-1828842-2021-07-16|title=Surekha Sikri dies at 75. Balika Vadhu to Tamas, remembering her iconic characters on TV|website=India Today|access-date=31 January 2024|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142035/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/surekha-sikri-dies-at-75-balika-vadhu-to-tamas-remembering-her-iconic-characters-on-tv-1828842-2021-07-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Ananya Khare]] (credited as Priti Khare)
*[[Sadiya Siddiqui]]
*Bhupendra
*[[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]
*[[Irrfan Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20200720-it-could-be-verse-1699178-2020-07-11|title=It could be verse|website=India Today|access-date=31 January 2024|archive-date=2 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002163043/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20200720-it-could-be-verse-1699178-2020-07-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Neena Gupta]]
*[[Mita Vashisht]]
*[[Reema Lagoo]]
*Shahib Abbas
*[[Mita Vashisht]]

==Episodes==
*Alaan - Written by [[Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi]]
*Hisaab Kitaab - Written by [[Gulzar]]
*Haath Peele Kar Do - Written by [[Gulzar]]
*Khuda Hafiz - Written by [[Samaresh Basu]]
*Bel Nimbu - Written by [[Manoj Basu]]
*Culture - Written by [[Malti Joshi]]
*Sunset Boulevard Part 1 - Written by Gulzar
*Sunset Boulevard Part 2 - Written by Gulzar
*Mann Dhuan Dhuan - Written by Malti Joshi
*Mukhbir - Written by Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi
*Rehman ki Jutti - Written by [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
*Shikod - Written by [[Prafulla Roy]]
*Baba Noor - Written by Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2459170}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1993 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Gulzar]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:1994 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows based on short fiction]]

Maa Ahorwa Bhawani Dham railway station

2025-11-16T20:48:11Z

FerdinandGarden: started basic data from scratch

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Maa Ahorwa Bhawani Dham railway station {{small|Akbarganj railway station}}
| other_name=
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| address = SH 31, Akbarganj, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.531456|81.501628|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = Maa Ahorwa Bhawani Dham railway station
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh##Location in India
| elevation = {{convert|112|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = [[Varanasi–Lucknow line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| bicycle = No
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = No
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MABM (formerly AKJ)
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Lucknow NR}}
}}
| status = Construction – electric-line doubling
| closed =
| former =
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = 
| image_size =
| image_caption =
}}

'''Maa Ahorwa Bhawani Dham railway station''', formerly known as '''Akbarganj railway station''' (station code: '''MABM''', old code '''AKJ''') is a small railway station in [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It serves Akbarganj town. The station consists of two platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered, and the train station lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/637| title=AKJ/AkbarGanj | website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delays-continue-on-Howrah-line-improvement-likely-today/articleshow/14917144.cms Delays continue on Howrah line, improvement likely today]</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/report/goods-train-derails-in-bihar-delhi-kolkata-route-blocked/20120713.htm Goods train derails in Bihar, 90 trains blocked on Delhi-Kolkata route]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Railway-officers-discuss-ways-to-improve-punctuality-of-trains/articleshow/35797045.cms Railway officers discuss ways to improve punctuality of trains]</ref> The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] changed the name of the station from Akbarganj to Maa Ahorwa Bhawani Dham on 27 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/up-8-railway-stations-in-lucknow-division-officially-renamed/articleshow/112845546.cms?from=mdr|title=UP: 8 railway stations in Lucknow division officially renamed|work=Economic Times|accessdate=27 August 2024}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Raebareli district]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

National Highway 25A (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T07:33:39Z

FerdinandGarden: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 27 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Arikesari I

2025-10-07T17:42:25Z

FerdinandGarden: Started a data

{{Short description|Indian ruler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
'''Arikesari I''' (r. c. 775–800 CE) was an Indian ruler from the [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada Chalukya]] dynasty. He was a vassal of the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]] and appears to have helped his overlord subjugate the [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Vengi Chalukya]] ruler [[Vishnuvardhana IV]].
{{Chalukyas of Vemulavada}}
== Reign ==

Arikesari was a son of his predecessor [[Vinayaditya of Podana|Vinayaditya]]; he had a brother named Biragriha.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=19}}

The records of Arikesari's successors state that he conquered the kingdoms of [[Vengi]] and [[Trikalinga]] during the reign of his overlord Nirupama-deva, who can be identified as the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]].{{sfn|Kolluru Suryanarayana|1986|p=19}}{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=19}} Dhruva had ascended the throne after a war of succession against his brother Govinda II, who had been supported by the [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Vengi Chalukya]] king Vishnuvardhana IV. It appears that after consolidating his power, Dhruva sent an army led by Arikesari to chastise Vishnuvardhana, whose territories included Vengi and Trikalinga. Vishnuvardhana later negotiated peace, and married his daughter Shila-mahadevi to Dhruva.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=20}}

It was probably Arikesari, who moved the dynasty's capital from Podana (modern [[Bodhan]]) to Vemulavada.{{sfn|Madhusudan A. Dhaky|1996|p=413}} He was succeeded by his son Narasimha I.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=21}}

== Inscription ==

The undated [[Kollipara]] copper-plate inscription, assigned to 9th century, records a village grant made by Arikesari to the religious leader Mugdha-shivacharya.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=74}}{{sfn|Kolluru Suryanarayana|1993|p=7}} However, its authenticity of the inscription is doubtful, because it provides a false genealogy of the dynasty, and a verse in it suggests that it was written in year 4121 of the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' (1019-20 CE), half a century after the Vemulavada Chalukya dynasty came to an end.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=75}}

The inscription comprises 5 copper-plates, and is written in [[Sanskrit]] language using the [[Telugu-Kannada script]]. It includes 18 verses in various [[Sanskrit prosody|metres]], including four imprecatory verses at the end, and three prose passages describing the village boundaries.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=73}}

The inscription states that Arikesari was a member of the [[Lunar dynasty]], and names his ancestors as follows: Satyashraya Rana-Vikrama, Prithvipati, Maharaja, Rajaditya, and Vinayaditya. It then describes Vinayaditya as a great conqueror, before whom kings of several kingdoms bowed.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=74}}

The inscription describes Arikesari as a just king and a skilled archer,{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=74}} who bore the titles ''Samasta-lokashraya'', ''Tribhuvana-malla'', ''Raja-trinetra'', and ''Sahasa-rama''.{{sfn|Kolluru Suryanarayana|1986|p=19}} It states that he was a learned man, who was proficient in grammar, law, medicine, and ''gaja-tantra''. The inscription describes Arikesari's grant as a ''vida-dana'' ("gift for imparting education").{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=74}}

The record names the donee Mugdha-shivacharya as a disciple of Sadyassivacharya of Arikuta [[gurukula]], which was probably a branch of the [[Kalamukha]] sect.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=74}} It states that Mugdha-shivacharya lived at Elishvara (modern Yeleswaram in [[Nalgonda district]]), and survived on a diet of only vegetables.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|pp=74-75}}

The name of the granted village was Belmoga, which was located in the Ramadu-[[vishaya]] (province). It was located to the south of the Urige village, and at the centre of the Tuvatoru, Parivaturla, Pulcheruval, and Potuvodupi villages.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=74}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}

* {{cite book |author=Kolluru Suryanarayana |title=Inscriptions of the Minor Chalukya Dynasties of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4PCyXslrNsC |year=1993 |publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-216-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kolluru Suryanarayana |title=History of the Minor Chāḷukya Families in Medieval Āndhradēśa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6seAAAAMAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=B.R. Publishing |isbn=978-81-7018-330-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=N Venkataramanayya |title=The Chālukyas of L(V)ēmulavāḍa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8k7_1PaFCsCx |publisher=Archaeological Department, Government of Hyderabad |year=1953 |oclc=958874923 }}
* {{cite book |author=Madhusudan A. Dhaky |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture |volume=1 - Part 3: South India - Upper Dravidadesa, Later phase A.D. 973- 1326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1GzJRNhnnsC |year=1996 |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies |isbn=978-81-86526-00-2 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Chalukya kings of Vemulavada]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]

Chunvalia Koli

2025-09-16T16:30:45Z

FerdinandGarden: Adding New Bio...

{{Short description|Subcaste of Koli caste}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox tribe|name=Chunvalia Koli
|local name=ચુંવાલિયા કોલી
|type=Subcaste of Koli caste
|image=File:Koli popular in 1931.jpg
|caption=Koli population in 1931 including Chunvalia Kolis of [[Bombay Presidency]]
|ethnicity=
|location={{ubl|[[Gujarat]] |[[Daman and Diu]]}}
|descended_label = Parent caste
|descended = [[Koli people]]
|population=8,185 In [[Baroda State]]{{relevant inline|date=January 2024}} in the census of 1931{{update inline|date=January 2024}}
|language={{ubli|[[Wadiyara Koli language]], other Koli languages |[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |[[Hindi]] |[[English language|English]]}}
|religion={{ubl|[[Hinduism]] (majority)| [[Islam]] (minority)}}
|surnames= (or '''titles'''): {{ubl|[[Thakor]] |[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]] |[[Kotwal]] |Darbar}}
|demonym={{ubl|Chunvalia Koli (also rendered:{{hlist|
|Chunvaliya
|Chunwalia
|Chunwaliya
|Chuvalia
|Chuvaliya
|Chuwalia
|Chuwaliya)}} }}
}}
The '''Chunvalia''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Ishwarlal Pragji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nXPAAAAIAAJ |title=Some Aspects of Family in Mahuva: A Sociological Study of Jointness in a Small Town |date=1965 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=233 |quote=Thus, the Kolis of the coastal areas in Gujarat have mainly come to be known as [[Agaria]]. Today the Agarias have become a separate caste. They marry their daughters with other Kolis except the Chunvalia Koli |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192509/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5nXPAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> or '''Chuvalia''',<ref>{{Cite news |title=An assembly seat in Gujarat where the Koli society decides to win, not the political party |date=21 July 2020 |url=https://allgujaratnews.in/en/an-assembly-seat-in-gujarat-where-the-koli-society-decides-to-win-not-the-political-party/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |work=All Gujarat News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621074841/https://allgujaratnews.in/en/an-assembly-seat-in-gujarat-where-the-koli-society-decides-to-win-not-the-political-party/ |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Chunwalia'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHHaAAAAMAAJ&q=Chunwalia |title=Caste Association and Political Process in Gujarat: A Study of Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha |date=1975 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=New Delhi |page=13 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192510/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zHHaAAAAMAAJ&dq=Chunwalia+Koli&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Chunwalia |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Caste system in India|is a subcaste]] of the [[Koli people|Koli caste]], found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gaurang Jani |first1= |date=7 September 2007 |title=A community called Koli - |work=Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-community-called-koli------------------------/214908/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227043815/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-community-called-koli------------------------/214908/ |archive-date=2019-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Numbers on their side, Kolis call for a better deal |last1=Dave |first1=Hiral |location=Rajkot |date=6 November 2012 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/numbers-on-their-side-kolis-call-for-a-better-deal/1027453/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192512/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/numbers-on-their-side-kolis-call-for-a-better-deal/1027453/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chunvalia Kolis were the first Indian caste to adopt the game of [[cricket]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Drew |first=John |date=2021-12-06 |title=The Christmas the Kolis took to cricket |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/the-christmas-the-kolis-took-cricket-2910376 |access-date=2022-03-28 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318153805/https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/the-christmas-the-kolis-took-cricket-2910376 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chunvalia Kolis were classified as a [[Denotified Tribes|Criminal Tribe]] under [[Criminal Tribes Act]] by the [[British Raj]] because of their purported [[anti-social behaviour]] and activities, such as alleged [[dacoity]] in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Popatlal Govindlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmlXAAAAMAAJ |title=Vimukta Jatis: Denotified Communities in Western India |date=1967 |publisher=Gujarat Research Society |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=20 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192511/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fmlXAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[First World War]], Chunwalia Kolis were enlisted as soldiers in [[British Indian Army]] by the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay government]] of [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duk2AQAAMAAJ |title=A Short Record of Bombay Recruiting During the Great War |date=1919 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |location=New Delhi |page=17 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192511/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Duk2AQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Origin ==
Traditionally, Chunvalia Kolis are said to be from the forty-four villages ({{lang|und|Chunvalis}}) of Chunval [[Pradesh]] of [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chahel |first=Paramjot Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEjnCgAAQBAJ&dq=Chunvalia+Koli&pg=PT45 |title=Undisclosed Facts of Tribal Life |date=2015-10-30 |publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4828-3834-3 |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192511/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JEjnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT45&dq=Chunvalia+Koli&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia7MWinej2AhXbyzgGHUWLDv4Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Chunvalia%20Koli&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> which was ruled by [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] Koli [[landlord]]s. Their name is believed to have arisen from this possible origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chunvalia+Koli&pg=PT92 |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=[[New Delhi]] |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192511/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92&dq=Chunvalia+Koli&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia7MWinej2AhXbyzgGHUWLDv4Q6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=Chunvalia%20Koli&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Chunvalia Kolis are mostly found in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |date=1980 |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan; Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=133|quote= [I]n [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], there are five branches of Koli caste: Khant, Talpada, Valakia, Chunvalia and Gedia |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320070353/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
===Raiding===
During the reign of [[Gujarat Sultanate]], the Chunvalia Kolis, under their chief or petty ruler, were viewed as "the most turbulent caste" and plundered the villages inhabited by [[Muslims]]. They killed the [[Viceroy]] of the [[Sultanate]], so Sahib Khan was appointed as viceroy. Azam Khan displaced him because the [[Raid (military)|depredations]] of Kolis had become frequent during the weak rule of the viceroy Sahib Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajyagor |first=S. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0pAAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Gujarat |date=1982 |publisher=S. Chand |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=20 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213081905/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-0pAAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> At this time [[Shaista Khan]] marched against and defeated the Chunwalia Kolis, who, since Azam Khan's time, had been ravaging the villages round [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmadabad]] as well as those of [[Dholka Taluka|Dholka]], [[Kadi, India|Kadi]] and [[Viramgam Taluka|Viramgam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=John Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OQwAQAAMAAJ&dq=Chunwalia+Kolis&pg=PA75 |title=History of Gujarat, Musalman Period, A.D. 1297-1760 |date=1876 |publisher=Government Central Press |location=[[Gujarat]], [[British India]] |page=75 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192513/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6OQwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA75&dq=Chunwalia+Kolis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicvMeQw-j2AhUs4nMBHTFzC0EQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=Chunwalia%20Kolis&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Unrest under the Raj===
The Chunvalia Kolis were [[agriculturist]]s. In the 19th century, as their land holdings and access to livelihoods decreased, they troubled the British Raj; it viewed their activities as antisocial. The Chunvalia Kolis were labeled an outlaw caste of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&q=Chunvalia+Koli |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999-04-15 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=315 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192512/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=Chunvalia+Koli&source=gbs_navlinks_s |url-status=live }}</ref> The government of the [[Bombay Presidency]] sent [[British Indian Army]] troops to suppress the Chunvalia Kolis; the Chunvalia Kolis resisted these troops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=1 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026204040/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1814, there was general unrest in [[Gogha]] between the superior and inferior landowners owing to an unequal value of land revenue assessment and the arrogant attitude of land proprietors. As a result, an unceasing struggle was going on between them. So Chuvalia Koli chiefs attacked and plundered the villages and created a disturbance in territories under the control of the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nand |first=Brahma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T-6AAAAIAAJ |title=Fields and Farmers in Western India, 1850-1950 |date=2003 |publisher=Bibliomatrix |isbn=978-81-901964-0-6 |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=748 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621191847/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6T-6AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> They again revolted in the northeast of [[Ahmedabad district]] in 1819, 1824 and 1825. The British colonial authorities sent troops to suppress the Koli revolt, and the Koli [[jagir]]dars were forced to give securities to villagers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Jai Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hARuAAAAMAAJ |title=Aspects of Indian History: Professor Ram Mohan Sinha Commemoration Volume |last2=Sinha |first2=Ram Mohan |date=1991 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |location=New Delhi |page=93 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621191846/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hARuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chuvalia Kolis also made disorder in the [[Daskroi Taluka]], [[Viramgam Taluka|Viramgam]] and [[Prantij]] before they were once again suppressed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Govindlal Dalsukhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i443AQAAIAAJ |title=The Land Revenue Settlements and the British Rule in India |date=1969 |publisher=[[Gujarat University]] |location=New Delhi |page=29 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821094856/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=i443AQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the early 20th century, in [[Baroda State]], Chunvalia Kolis were primarily found in the [[Kadi, India|Kadi]] district. Fifty years earlier, they were looked upon as "the terror of [[North Gujarat]]", according to colonial-era ethnographers. These accounts relate how, led by their chiefs, [[Thakor|Thakarda]]s or [[Girasia]]s, they lived in villages protected by impassable thorn fences from where they levied contributions from the surrounding districts.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-IwAQAAMAAJ |title=A Glossary of Castes, Tribes, and Races in the Baroda State |date=1912 |publisher=[[Baroda State|Baroda]] [[Princely states of India|State library]] |location=[[Baroda State]] |page=17 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623192517/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M-IwAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Occupations and classification==
The Chunvalia Kolis, in common with the [[Koli people]] as a whole, were once considered a "[[criminal castes|criminal caste]]" prone to [[dacoity]], as designated by Raj authorities, for purportedly engaging in such crimes as [[Highwayman|highway and gang robberies]], theft of livestock and crops, murder and [[blackmail]]. Such designations, categorising entire social groups as the Raj authorities did, resulted from the [[scientific racism]] of the day, with its related erroneous theories of [[biological determinism]], along with political considerations of colonial rule.<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite journal |last1=Nigam |first1=Sanjay |title=Disciplining and policing the 'criminals by birth', Part 1: The making of a colonial stereotype— The criminal tribes and castes of North India |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=June 1990 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=131–164 |doi=10.1177/001946469002700201|s2cid=144018398 }}|2={{cite journal |last1=Nigam |first1=Sanjay |title=Disciplining and policing the 'criminals by birth', Part 2: The development of a disciplinary system, 1871-1900 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=September 1990 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=257–287 |doi=10.1177/001946469002700302|s2cid=145441031 }}|3={{cite book |last=Cole |first=Simon A. |title=Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification |date=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02968-2 |pages=60–96 |chapter=Native Prints}}{{rp|p. 67}} }}</ref> Since the turn of the twentieth century, Chunvalia Kolis have mainly been engaged in cultivation<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gall |first1=Timothy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life |last2=Hobby |first2=Jeneen |date=2009 |publisher=Gale Publications |isbn=978-1-4144-4891-6 |location=New Delhi |page=505 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821102626/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and other agrarian activities. They were traditionally considered skilled salt makers, a craft in which the whole family would be employed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharwada |first1=Charul |last2=Mahajan |first2=Vinay |title=Yet To Be Freed: Agariyas' Lives and Struggle for Survival in the Little Rann of Kutch |date=April 2008 |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi Labour Institute, SANDARBH Studies |location=Ahmedabad |page=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/yet-to-be-freed |series=National Consultation on Salt Workers, India}} ([https://imgs.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2023/10/19100102/Yet-to-be-Freed.pdf Link to ''Yet to be Free''] report PDF file, via [[Mongabay]].)</ref>

The [[Government of Gujarat]] classified the caste of the Chunvalia Kolis as [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC). They are traditionally [[non-vegetarian]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Big picture: Who's eating meat in Gujarat, and why ban non-veg food stalls from public roads in Ahmedabad, Vadodara |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/big-picture-why-ahmedabad-banned-non-veg-food-stalls-from-public-roads-7730021.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |work=Moneycontrol |first1=Amrita |last1=Shah |date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=2022-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405232100/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/current-affairs-trends/big-picture-why-ahmedabad-banned-non-veg-food-stalls-from-public-roads-7730021.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Titles ==
A number of titles are used by Chunvalia Kolis of Gujarat. These include:
* [[Thakor]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ |title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-176-1 |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=130 |quote= [[Thakur (title)|Thakarda]] or [[Thakor]] is the title assumed by the higher families, rich or royal families among the Chunvalia Kolis of [[Viramgam]], who are said to be the common Kolis of [[Kutch district|Cutch]] and to be found in [[Palanpur]] and in the [[Mahi Kantha]] |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511195828/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> used by Chunvalia Kolis who ruled over any principalities or were chiefs of villages or rich and high Koli families.
* [[Pagi (title)|Pagi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Silverberg |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugBSAAAAMAAJ |title=Peasant Behavior and Its Caste-relevancy: The Kolis of Kasandra |date=1962 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |pages=31–32 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2021-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001120639/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ugBSAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> used by Chunvalia Kolis who served as a detectives for rulers or any chief.
* [[Girasia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Enthoven |first=Reginald Edward |title=The Folklore of Bombay |date=1924 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford; New Delhi; Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22214/page/n175/mode/2up |page=175|quote=Shakta (or [[Shakti]]). This is a Girasia goddess attended upon by a Chunvalia Koli. On the [[Navaratra]] days, as well as on the following day, Girasias worship this goddess, and if necessary observe vows in her name. |access-date=5 February 2024 |id=[1990 reprint by Asian Educational Service]}}</ref> used by Chunvalia Kolis, amongst others, who ruled or controlled a land grant or [[jagir]], granted to them by a ruler or chief.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Chunvalia}}

[[Category:Koli subcastes]]

Poundra (caste)

2025-09-13T11:10:00Z

FerdinandGarden: slightly update formatting as per guidelines further and improved wording per sources

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Dalit community of West Bengal, India}}
'''Poundra''', earlier known as '''Pod''', is a [[Bengali Hindu]] community originating from the region of [[Bengal]].<ref name=":2" /> Traditionally located outside the four-tier ritual ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' system, the Poundras have been historically subject to acute discrimination — including [[untouchability]] — and remain a marginal group in modern Bengal.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Antara |title=Caste Matters in Public Policy: Issues and Perspectives |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=9780367612672 |editor-last=Choragudi |editor-first=Rahul |location=London |chapter=Caste and public policy: The case of West Bengal |quote=There has been no serious effort to eradicate any of these caste disabilities as there is no policy to address the issue related to caste dynamics. This situation continued in the politics and administration of Bengal for thirty-four years of the Left Front rule in the state that systematically erased caste from policy-making process, which was supported by the educated-Bengali-middle-class-''bhadralok''. Thus, the lower-caste identity has been rendered invisible in West Bengal. The Rajbansis and the Poundra, the two major ex-untouchable castes of Bengal, neither could mobilise themselves under one ideology locally nor could they align with the mainstream ''dalit'' ideology in the rest of the country. |editor-last2=Pellissery |editor-first2=Sony |editor-last3=Jayaram |editor-first3=N.}}</ref> As of 2011, their population was around two and a half million;<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |title=West Bengal : DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED CASTES : Census of India 2001 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_westbengal.pdf |accessdate=1 December 2018 |website=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> they are classed as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] in West Bengal.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Pod labourer.jpg|thumb|Pod labourer, from a 1799 collection of etchings]]

== History ==

=== Medieval Bengal ===
No mention of the Pods is found in the [[Brihaddharma Purana|Bṛhaddharma Upapuraṇa]] (c. 13th century{{efn|Ludo Rocher however notes the text to contain multiple layers (like all other Puranas) making any dating impossible. However, he agrees with R. C. Hazra that a significant part was composed as a response to the Islamic conquest of Bengal.}}), which is the earliest known document to chronicle a hierarchy of castes in Bengal.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Furui|first=Ryosuke|title=Revisiting Early India: Essays in Honour of D. C. Sircar|publisher=R. N. Bhattacharya|year=2013|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Suchandra|location=Kolkata|chapter=Finding Tensions in the Social Order: a Reading of the Varṇasaṃkara Section of the Bṛhaddharmapurāṇa|editor-last2=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first2=Sudipa Ray|editor-last3=Majumdar|editor-first3=Sushmita Basu|editor-last4=Pal|editor-first4=Sayantani}}</ref>{{efn|Older sources on social setup (not caste) include inscriptions of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] and the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] periods but these do not refer to Pods.}} The [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], notable for a very late Bengali recension c. 14/15th century, records "Paundrakas" to be the son of a Vaisya father and Sundini mother but it is unknown if the groups are connected.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rocher|first=Ludo|date=1986|title=Mixed Castes in the Brahmavaivartapurāṇa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/601589|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=106|issue=2|pages=254|doi=10.2307/601589|jstor=601589|issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mentions are scarce in medieval vernacular literature.

=== Colonial Bengal ===
In his 1891 survey of castes, [[Herbert Hope Risley]] documented the Pods to be a branch of the [[Chandala]]; they were subject to untouchability by the Brahmins as well as the Navasakhas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Barman |first=Rup Kumar |date=2014-01-01 |title=From Pods to Poundra: A Study on the Poundra Kshatriya Movement for Social Justice 1891–1956 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0974354520140108 |journal=Voice of Dalit |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=121–138 |doi=10.1177/0974354520140108 |issn=0974-3545 |s2cid=148661602|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A majority were peasants though some had become traders, and even [[zamindar]]s.<ref name=":2" />

In the late nineteenth century, two influential members of the Pod community — Benimadhab Halder and Srimanta Naskar — produced numerous tracts of caste history, as was a common feature of that time. Arguing a descent from the "Poundras" — mentioned across a spectrum of Brahminical literature — they sought to establish the Pods as [[Kshatriya]]s, thereby removing the stigma of untouchability.<ref name=":2" /> In what might be construed as a self-respect movement, it was also demanded of all Pods to [[Sanskritisation|follow Kshatriya rituals]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1901, Halder organized a pan-Bengal conference of the Pods, wherein it was resolved to have the government rename the caste as "Poundra".<ref name=":2" />{{Disputed inline|date=October 2021}} Further mobilisation happened under the leadership of Raicharan Sardar, a lawyer and the first university graduate from the community.<ref name=":2" />
=== Contemporary Bengal ===
The Poundras remain vulnerable to casteist discrimination in 21st century Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barman|first=Rup Kumar|date=2020-02-17|title=Casteism and Caste Intolerance in India: A Study on Casteism of Contemporary West Bengal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x19898451|journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit|volume=12|issue=2|pages=165–180|doi=10.1177/2455328x19898451|s2cid=214164973|issn=2455-328X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

[[Category:Scheduled Castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]

Lakshmi Kalyanam (TV series)

2025-08-28T07:15:06Z

FerdinandGarden: started basic details with sources - done

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|en|Lakshmi Wedding}}
| image = Lakshmi Kalyanam Vijay TV.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Natraj Jegan
| screenplay = Arunmohan (dialogue)
| director = [[A. R. Ramesh]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Yuvarani]]
* Deepika
* Sathiya Sai
* [[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]]
* Shyam
}}
| music = Johnson.A
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 98
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| cinematography =
| editor = {{plainlist|
* Jones
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Vijay TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|2|7}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|6|23}}
}}

'''''Lakshmi Kalyanam''''' ({{Translation|Lakshmi Wedding}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera starring [[Yuvarani]], Deepika, Sathiya Sai, [[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]] and Shyam. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language television series of the same title which has aired on [[Maa TV]] from 2016. It was broadcast on [[Vijay TV]] on Monday to Friday from 7 February 2017 to 23 June 2017 at 21:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) for 98 Episodes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/a-tale-about-two-sisters/articleshow/56954008.cms |title=A tale about two sisters|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 February 2017 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> It replaced ''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/lakshmi-kalyanam-to-replace-kalyanam-mudhal-kadhal-varai/articleshow/56952837.cms |title=டிவி நடிகையான தீபிகா|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 February 2017 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
It is a story about two sisters Lakshmi and Swathi who lost their mother early in their life. Lakshmi looks after her sister and runs an embroidery store to support the family and fund Swathi's education but, after she makes a big sacrifice for Swathi, there are consequences for them all.

==Cast==
* Deepika as Lakshmi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/56408/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Newsreader-turn-as-serial-actress.htm |title=Lakshmi Kalyanam to replace Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai|date=20 February 2017 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/deepika-on-moving-from-news-reading-to-acting/articleshow/57392962.cms |title=Deepika on moving from news reading to acting|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 February 2017 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Sathiya Sai as Swati
* [[Yuvarani]] as Rajeshwari
* [[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]] as Kalyan
* Shyam as Ajay
* Kumaresan as Moorthi
* VJ Mounika as Varsha
* Madhu Mohan

==Development==
On 17 January 2017, the first promotion film for the show, titled "Childhood" was released by [[Vijay TV]] on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxaY812CFzU |title=Lakshmi Kalyaanam - Coming Soon|date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Youtube Vijay TV}}</ref> On 21 February 2017, the second, third and fourth promotion films, titled "Young Age" were released by [[Vijay TV]].

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Lakshmi Kalyanam'' లక్ష్మీ కళ్యాణం
| 7 November 2016
| [[Star Maa]]
| 10 October 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Lakshmi Kalyanam'' லட்சுமி கல்யாணம்
| 7 February 2017
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 23 June 2017
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| ''Sindhoora'' ಸಿಂಧೂರ
| 20 March 2017
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 23 April 2020
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Mayar Badhon'' মায়ার বাঁধন
| 29 May 2017
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 17 June 2018
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Jiji Maa]]'' जीजी माँ
| 9 October 2017
| [[Star Bharat]]
| 18 February 2019
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' സീതാകല്യാണം
| 10 September 2018
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 10 September 2021
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Television series about sisters]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Mahalingeshwara Temple, Gokak Falls

2025-07-29T06:44:55Z

FerdinandGarden: started a biography more to come - done

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Mahalingeshwara Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Back view of Mahalingeshwara Temple, Gokak Falls.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =

| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location =
| locale =
| district = [[Belagavi district]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type =
| architecture_style = [[Kalyani Chalukya]]n
| founded_by =
| creator =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| date_demolished =

| facade_direction =
| length =
| width =
| height_max =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =

| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =

| embedded =
| designation1 =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_parent =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_free1value=
| designation1_free2value=
| designation1_free3value=

| website =

| footnotes =
}}
'''Mahalingeshwara Temple''' (mentioned as '''Tarakeshwar temple''' in an old inscription found inside the temple belonging to the reign of Ratta Kartaveerya III, dating back to 1153 AD) is an 11th-century Hindu temple dedicated to lord shiva. It is located at [[Gokak Falls, Belgaum]]. It has been built in [[Kalyani Chalukya]]n architectural style. It boasts of having a huge courtyard, an [[Ardhamandapa]] and a spacious open mukhamantapa(frontal courtyard) and a [[Garbhagriha]](sanctum santorum) over which there exist a beautifully carved shrine.<ref name=deccanherald>{{cite news |title=Gokak's awesome twosome |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/389561/gokaks-awesome-twosome.html |accessdate=10 November 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |date=3 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gokakcity.mrc.gov.in/sites/gokakcity.mrc.gov.in/files/tour.pdf |title=Gokak Taluka Tourism Spots|accessdate=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=General |first1=India Office of the Registrar |title=Census of India, 1971: Mysore |date=1973 |publisher=Manager of Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzMrL1BVKTMC&q=mahalingeshwara+temple+gokak |accessdate=10 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Belgaum by James M Campbell |publisher=Gazetteer Department, Karnataka Government |page=561 |url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/pdf/Belgaum%20by%20James%20M%20Campbell-2004/chpt%20-%2014.pdf |accessdate=10 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]]

Bhojasar, Jaisalmer

2025-07-21T01:50:21Z

FerdinandGarden: Started a details

{{orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Other uses|Bhojasar (disambiguation){{!}}Bhojasar}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhojasar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.010|N|71.145|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 224
| population_total = 214
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Jaisalmer]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|31|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Jodhpur]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|250|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = 40-42 °C
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = 6-10 °C
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 345001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-3019
| registration_plate = RJ-15
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhojasar''' is a village within the [[Jaisalmer]] [[tehsil|administrative region]] of [[Jaisalmer district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The village lies {{Convert|31|km}} east of [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]. It is situated in the [[Jodhpur division]] and {{Convert|250|km}} west from [[Jodhpur]].

The {{convert|3430.90|hectare|km2}} village has an overall population of about 214<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojasar Village Population - Jaisalmer - Jaisalmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/86108-bhojasar-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1075/download/3314/DH_2011_0816_PART_B_DCHB_JAISALMER.pdf |title=Census of India 2011: DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS |year=2011 |pages=75 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It is in the [[Thar Desert]] and area-wise one of the biggest village. Another village with [[Bhojasar, Barmer|same name]] in Thar region ([[Barmer district]]) is about {{Convert|200|km}} far.

==References==
<references/>
{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Villages in Jaisalmer district]]

Sam Mathew

2025-06-23T16:49:49Z

FerdinandGarden: starting a data - done

{{Short description|Church of South India bishop}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Reverend]]
| name = Sam Mathew
| honorific-suffix =
| title = Bishop of [[Madhya Kerala Diocese]]
| image = Sam Mathew.jpg
| alt =
| appointed =
| term_start = 1 September 1993
| term_end = 8 October 2001 (retired)
| church = [[Church of South India]]
| predecessor = M. C. Mani
| successor = Thomas Samuel
| other_post = Executive member of [[Church of South India Synod|CSI Synod]] Secretary of Nilakkal Ecumenical Trust President of [[Kerala Council of Churches]]
| 
| ordination = 1965 (deacon), 1966 (priest)
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 1 September 1993
| consecrated_by = CSI Moderator [[Vasant P. Dandin]] Dy. Moderator [[Jason Dharmaraj (bishop)|Jason Dharmaraj]] [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church| Mar Thoma]] bishop [[Zacharias Theophilus]]
| 
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 8 October 1936
| birth_place = [[Kodukulanji]], [[Alappuzha district]]
| death_date = 16 April 2016 (aged 79)
| death_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| buried = CSI Holy Trinity Cathedral, [[Kottayam]]
| religion = [[United Protestant]] ([[Anglican Communion]])
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse = Kunjamma Vettasseril
| children = Christy, Santhi & Annie
| occupation =
| profession =
| previous_post =
| alma_mater = [[N. S. S. College, Pandalam]] [[Bishop's College, Calcutta]]
| signature =
}}

'''Sam Mathew''' (8 October 1936 – 16 April 2016) was the bishop of the [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala of the Church of South India|Madhya Kerala Diocese]] of the [[Church of South India]] (CSI) from 1993 to 2001.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |title=Bishop Sam Mathew Passes Away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Apr/17/bishop-sam-mathew-passes-away-925256.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=Bishop Sam Mathew passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/bishop-sam-mathew-passes-away.html |work=OnManorama}}</ref> The CSI is a [[United Protestant]] church that is part of the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name="AC">{{cite web |title=Anglican Communion–Member Churches |url=https://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church.aspx?church=south-india |website=Anglican Communion}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mathew was born the son of V. M. Mathai and Mariamma to the [[Anglican Syrian Christians|Anglican Syrian Christian]] family of Valiathottathil in [[Kodukulanji]].<ref name="Manorama" /><ref name="TNIE" /><ref name="Mathew 2014">{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=Sam |title=Mulpadarppil Divyaprakasham–The autobiography of bishop Sam Mathew |date=2014 |publisher=Sophia books |location=Kottayam |pages=18–19, 185–186, 266–267 |language=ml}}</ref> He graduated from [[N. S. S. College, Pandalam]].<ref name="TNIE" /> Afterwards, he earned the [[Bachelor of Divinity]] degree from [[Bishop's College, Calcutta]].<ref name="TNIE" />

== Ordinations ==
Sam Mathew was ordained as a [[deacon]] on 06 June 1965 in [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]].<ref name="TNIE" /> He was ordained as a [[presbyter]] on 01 April 1966 in [[Puthuppally, Kottayam|Puthuppally]].<ref name="TNIE" /> On 01 September 1993, he was consecrated as the bishop of the [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala of the Church of South India|Madhya Kerala Diocese]] of the [[Church of South India]], at the CSI Holy Trinity cathedral, in [[Kottayam]].<ref name="TNIE" /><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Bishop Sam Mathew passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/bishop-sam-mathew-passes-away/articleshow/51857788.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=CSI Bishop Sam Mathew passes away |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/english-news-1.997139 |work=English Archives |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=16 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The then CSI Moderator [[Vasant P. Dandin]], Dy. Moderator [[Jason Dharmaraj (bishop)|Jason Dharmaraj]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church| Mar Thoma]] bishop [[Zacharias Theophilus]] and others, performed the consecration.<ref name="Mathew 2014" /> Sam Mathew served as the diocesan bishop for eight years, until his retirement on 08 October 2001.<ref name="TNIE" /><ref name="TOI" /><ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

== Public life ==
Bishop Sam Mathew was an executive member of the [[Church of South India Synod|CSI Synod]], as well as the chief editor of the [[Njananikshepam]] magazine.<ref name="TNIE" /> A torchbearer of [[ecumenism]], he was the secretary of the Nilakkal Ecumenical Trust.<ref name="TNIE" /><ref name="Manorama" /> He also served as the president of the [[Kerala Council of Churches]] for six years.<ref name="Manorama" /><ref name="TOI" /> He was a champion of the [[temperance movement]].<ref name="TH">{{cite news |title=Bishop Sam Mathew passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bishop-sam-mathew-passes-away/article8485193.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 April 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="TNIE" /><ref name="Manorama" /> He was a campaigner for the [[environmental movement]] too.<ref name="TH" /><ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> In recognition of Mathew's pastoral ministry, ecumenical leadership and missionary zeal, the [[California]]-based [[Vision International University]] conferred on him an honorary [[Doctor of Divinity]] degree on 03 September 1995.<ref name="Mathew 2014" />

== Family ==
Mathew married Kunjamma of the Vettasseril family of [[Keezhuvaipur]]. They had three children. Santhi and Annie are their daughters, and Christy is their son.<ref name="TNIE" /><ref name="Manorama" /><ref name="TOI" />

== Death and burial ==
After a period of sickness, Sam Mathew died on 16 April 2016 at the age of 79.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /><ref name="TH" /><ref name="Manorama" /> The funeral took place at the CSI Holy Trinity Cathedral, [[Kottayam]] on 20 April 2016.<ref name="TNIE" /><ref name="Manorama" /><ref name="TNIE2">{{cite news |title=Bishop Sam Mathew Laid to Rest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Apr/21/bishop-sam-mathew-laid-to-rest-927090.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Rt. Rev. Dr. [[Thomas K. Oommen]], the then Dy. Moderator of the Church of South India led the service.<ref name="TNIE2" /> Bishops of other churches like Zacharias Mar Polycarpos and Thomas Mar Timotheos participated in the service.<ref name="TNIE2" /> Bishop Thomas K. Oommen read out the condolence message sent by [[Justin Welby]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref name="TNIE2" /> Bishop Mathew was buried in a specially prepared tomb in the cathedral's premises.<ref name="TNIE2" /><ref name="TH2">{{cite news |title=Bishop laid to rest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bishop-laid-to-rest/article8501950.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 April 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Thousands of mourners took part in the funeral procession and rites.<ref name="TNIE2" /><ref name="TH2" />

== See also ==
*[[Christianity in Kerala]]
*[[Saint Thomas Christians]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before=M. C. Mani
| title=[[Bishop]] - in - [[Madhya Kerala Diocese]] [[Church of South India]] |after=Thomas Samuel | years=1993–2001}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Sam}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Madhya Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:1936 births]]

[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]

Line 5 (Mumbai Metro)

2025-05-24T17:11:45Z

FerdinandGarden: improved article

#REDIRECT [[Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Uncommon Sense with Saloni

2025-04-25T22:30:07Z

FerdinandGarden: starting a data

{{Short description|Indian comedy web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Uncommon Sense with Saloni.jpg
| genre = [[Stand-up comedy|Comedy]]
| creator = Yellow Montage
| based_on =
| writer = Abhishek Yadav Jasmeet Singh Bhatia Shubham Gaur Sunil (Rofl 2.0) Suprith Kundar Nikhil Vijay
| director = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| starring = [[Saloni Gaur]] Shubham Gaur Jasmeet Singh Bhatia Sachin Negi Badri Chavan
| music = Shane Kahalehau Deeptanshu Mokashi
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 20
| producer = Abhishek Yadav Shubham Gaur Prem Mistry
| cinematography = Ashwin Kadamboor
| editor = Akash Bundhoo
| company =
| network = [[SonyLIV]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-18 |title=Sony Liv ties up with content creators |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sony-liv-ties-up-with-content-creators-for-regional-shows/article9729904.ece |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-13 |title=From Permanent Roommates to Social, OTT platforms have offered quality middle of the road content |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-permanent-roommates-to-social-ott-platforms-have-offered-quality-middle-of-the-road-content-4256955.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|05|df=y}}
}}

'''Uncommon Sense with Saloni''' is a 2020 Indian comedy show that premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 5 November 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-07 |title=Uncommon Sense with Saloni: Nazma Aapi turns to a rare Indian political comedy show, but fails to punch up |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uncommon-sense-with-saloni-nazma-aapi-turns-to-a-rare-indian-political-comedy-show-but-fails-to-punch-up-8990621.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> It was directed by Prem Mistry and Sachin Negi, starring [[Saloni Gaur]], Shubham Gaur, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia, Sachin Negi and Badri Chavan. Saloni Gaur, commonly known by her comic name Nazma Aapi, is a contemporary comedian and [[Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-06 |title=Uncommon Sense with Saloni first impression: Get Nazma Aapi a better team |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/uncommon-sense-with-saloni-first-impression-get-nazma-aapi-a-better-team-6975937/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She marked her web series debut with this show.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Arushi |date=2020-11-13 |title=Saloni Gaur: Uncommon Sense with Saloni has a very middle-class feel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/uncommon-sense-with-saloni-has-a-very-middle-class-feel-saloni-gaur-7046828/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Saloni Gaur]]
* Shubham Gaur
* Jasmeet Singh
* Sachin Negi
* Ramesh Joshi
* Badri Chavan
* Shivani Joshi
* Abhishek Yadav
* Ranjan Raj
* Aashna Haria
* Yash Purohit
* Khushbu Baid
* Abhinav Anand
* Rajesh Yadav
* Sagar Malhan
* Ashish Trivedi
* Ayush Anand
* Rajendra Chawla
* Vaibhav Bundhoo
* Saad Bilgrami
* Arun Kushwah
* Tithi Raaj
* Raju Kher
* Abhishake Jha
* Jaimini Pathak
* Visshesh Tiwari
* Srishti Shrivastava
* Luv Vispute
* Parul Gulati
* Sahil Verma
* Ahsaas Channa
* Ayushi Gupta
* Durin Das
* Komal Chhabria}}

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#812f09|link1=#Season_1|episodes1=20|released1={{Start date|2020|11|05|df=yes}}}}{{Episode table|background=#812f09|overall=|season=|title=|director=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Students and Unemployment
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|05|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Uncommon Diwali 2020
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Journalism and Fake News
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|20|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Healthcare in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Cyber Scams in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|4|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Gaming in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Bharatiya Trolling
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Christmas and New Years Special
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|25|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Women Safety in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|31|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Education System in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|8|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Toxic Workplaces in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|15|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Mental Health in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|22|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = Infrastructure in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|29|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Environmental Issues in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|02|5|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = Valentine's Day
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|02|12|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Corruption in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|02|19|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Artistic Freedom in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|02|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Banking in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|5|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Parenting in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|12|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| Title = Parenting in India
| DirectedBy = Prem Mistry Sachin Negi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|19|df=y}}
}}}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reviews ===
The show has received mixed reviews.

A reviewer for [[Anupama Chopra|''Film Companion'']] criticized the show for being "Too Silly For The Serious Topic It Wants To Discuss". She added "For the show to work, it either needs much sharper writing or a full-blown commitment to silliness without the baggage of an ‘issue’ to discuss."

Tatsam Mukherjee of ''[[Firstpost]]'' said "The first episode of ''Uncommon Sense with Saloni'' is well... adequate, also served with a segment featuring Nazma Aapi, Gaur's most popular avatar. In a time, when there are no such shows (barring Kamra's) maybe we should be thankful for this one. It might improve in the episodes to come."<ref name=":0" />

The show received a rating of 6.6/10 on [[Digit (magazine)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Uncommon Sense With Saloni Online, All Seasons or Episodes, Comedy {{!}} Show/Web Series |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/shows/uncommon-sense-with-saloni-735436.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Bollywood actress [[Kangana Ranaut]] lashed out at Saloni for mimicking her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Kangana Ranaut Lashed Out At 'Nazma Aapi' Saloni Gaur For Mimicking Her, Artist Says "I Don't Care About What She Says…" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/kangana-ranaut-lashed-out-at-nazma-aapi-saloni-gaur-for-mimicking-her-artist-says-i-dont-care-about-what-she-says/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=13387102}}

[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]

Shrivatsa Goswami

2025-03-24T00:53:45Z

FerdinandGarden: starting new article - done

{{Short description|Indologist and Hindu religious leader (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background = #FFA07A
| image =
| caption =
| name = Shrivatsa Goswami
| honorific-prefix = Shri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1950|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Vrindavan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| other_names =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| denomination = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
| sect =
| lineage = [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavana|Goswamis]]
| alias =
| location = [[Vrindavan]]
| predecessor = Purushottam Goswami
| initiation =
| post = [[Acharya]] of [[Radha Raman Temple]] Director of the Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana
| module2 = {{Infobox scholar|child=yes
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| known_for =
| occupation =
| workplaces = Banaras Hindu University
| discipline = [[Indology]]
| main_interests = {{hlist|[[Hindu philosophy]]|[[Hindu art]]}}}}
| website =
}}__NOTOC__
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Shrivatsa Goswami''' (born 27 October 1950) is an Indian [[Indologist]] scholar as well as [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] religious leader.<ref name="Hawley406">{{cite book |editor-surname1=Hawley |editor-given1=John Stratton |editor-surname2=Wulff |editor-given2=Donna Marie |title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India |series=Berkeley religious studies series, 3 |url={{Google books|id=j3R1z0sE340C|plainurl=y|page=406|keywords=|text=}} |year=1982 |place=Berkeley, Ca |publisher=Graduate Theological Union |isbn=0-89581-102-2 |page=406}}</ref><ref name="Rosen249">{{cite book |editor-surname=Rosen |editor-given=Steven J.|editor-link=Steven J. Rosen |year=1992 |title=Vaiṣṇavism: Contemporary Scholars Discuss the Gaudiya Tradition |place=New York |publisher=FOLK Books |url={{Google books|id=4IrQkw5x2o4C|plainurl=y|page=249|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=0-9619763-6-5 |page=249}}</ref><ref name="rfp">{{cite web |url=https://www.rfp.org/leadership_member/shri-shrivatsa-goswami/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://www.rfp.org/leadership_member/shri-shrivatsa-goswami/ |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=live|title=Shri Shrivatsa Goswami |date=9 October 2020 |publisher=[[Religions for Peace]] |access-date=2022-02-12}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:Entrance Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan.jpg|thumb|220px|Entrance [[Radha Raman Temple]].]]

He was born in the Vaishnava pilgrimage site of [[Vrindavan]], into a [[brahmin]] family whose members were caretakers of [[Radha Raman Temple]] for more than four centuries, one of the known Vrindavan temples, founded by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya's]] associate, the saint [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]].<ref name="Rosen249" /><ref name="Gelberg196">{{cite book |editor-surname=Gelberg |editor-given=Steven J. |title=Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West, Harvey Cox, Larry D. Shinn, Thomas J. Hopkins, A. L. Basham, Shrivatsa Goswami |url={{Google books|id=rcgFRgAACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=196|keywords=|text=}} |place=New York |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |year=1983 |series=Grove Press Eastern Philosophy and Literature Series |page=196 |isbn=0394624548}}</ref> Shrivatsa Goswami's father, Purushottam Goswami, was the temple leading priest. In accordance with the family tradition, Shrivatsa Goswami became the [[acharya]] of Radha Raman temple. In 1972, he founded a scientific and cultural organization, the "Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana", to the propagation of traditional Vaishnavism, patronised the arts ([[Raslila]] dance and other) and scholarship on Vaishnavism, particularly in Vrindavan.<ref name="Rosen249" /><ref name="Gelberg196" /><ref name="hindu">{{citation |surname=Nandakumar |given=Prema |title=Religious bonding with the South |periodical=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 December 2003 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/12/19/stories/2003121901561000.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104224914/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/12/19/stories/2003121901561000.htm }}</ref>

Shrivatsa Goswami is a graduate in philosophy of the [[Banares Hindu University]], where he later has taught philosophy and religion. In the mid-1970s he was a visiting scholar at the [[Harvard Divinity School]]'s [[Center for the Study of World Religions]]. Shrivatsa Goswami has been associated with the [[Indian Council of Philosophical Research]] (a member of the board of editors of the ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophers'') and the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] (that is a sponsor for his Vraja Research Project). His scholarly publications in India and the West focus on Vaishnavite philosophy and theology, as well as theater and other aspects of the religious culture of the [[Braj]] region.<ref name="Rosen249" /><ref name="rfp" />

In addition, Shrivatsa Goswami works in the field of interfaith cooperation. Thus, he is the honorary president of [[Religions for Peace]]. And [[Pope Benedict XVI]] invited him to represent Hinduism at the 25th anniversary of the [[World Day of Prayer]] at Assisi in October 2011.<ref name="rfp" /><ref name="interfaithharmonyweek">{{cite web |url=http://interfaithharmonyweek.info/speakers/139-acharya-shri-shrivatsa-goswami.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/http://interfaithharmonyweek.info/speakers/139-acharya-shri-shrivatsa-goswami.html |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=live|title=Acharya Shri Shrivatsa Goswami |publisher=[[World Interfaith Harmony Week]] |access-date=2022-02-12}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
;Books
* {{cite book |surname=Hawley |given=John Stratton |surname2=Goswami |given2=Shrivatsa |title=At Play with Krishna: Pilgrimage Dramas from Brindavan |url={{Google books|id=NHdZH-d2xM4C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1981 |isbn=0691064709}}
* {{cite book |surname=Goswami |given=Shrivatsa |year=2001 |title=Celebrating Krishna |url={{Google books|id=IafpAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=Vrindavan |publisher=Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana |isbn=8190138103}}

;Contributions
* {{cite book|surname=Goswami |given=Shrivatsa |chapter=Rādhā: The Play and Perfection of Rasa |editor-surname=Hawley |editor-given=John Stratton |editor-surname2=Wulff |editor-given2=Donna Marie |title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India |series=Berkeley religious studies series, 3 |url={{Google books|id=j3R1z0sE340C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=1982 |pages=72–88 |place=Berkeley, Ca |publisher=Graduate Theological Union |isbn=0-89581-102-2}}
* {{cite book|surname=Goswami |given=Shrivatsa |surname2=Gelberg |given2=Steven J. |chapter=Interview with Shrivatsa Goswami |editor-surname=Gelberg |editor-given=Steven J. |title=Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West, Harvey Cox, Larry D. Shinn, Thomas J. Hopkins, A. L. Basham, Shrivatsa Goswami |url={{Google books|id=rcgFRgAACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=196|keywords=|text=}} |place=New York |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |year=1983 |series=Grove Press Eastern Philosophy and Literature Series |pages=196–258 |isbn=0394624548}}
* {{cite journal|surname=Goswami |given=Shrivatsa |title=Review of Śrīla Prabhupāda-Līlāmṛta by Satsvarūpa dāsa Goswāmī |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |place=Ann Arbor, Mi |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |date=1983 |volume=42 |issue=4 |doi=10.2307/2054828 |issn=0021-9118 |pages=986–988|jstor=2054828 |s2cid=164018245 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Goswami |given=Shrivatsa |chapter=Acintya Bhedābheda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IrQkw5x2o4C&pg=PA249 |editor-surname=Rosen |editor-given=Steven J.|editor-link=Steven J. Rosen |year=1992 |title=Vaiṣṇavism: Contemporary Scholars Discuss the Gaudiya Tradition |place=New York |publisher=FOLK Books |pages=249–260 |url={{Google books|id=4IrQkw5x2o4C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=0-9619763-6-5}}
* {{cite book |surname=Goswami |given=Shrivatsa |surname2=Case |given2=Margaret H. |chapter=The Miraculous: The Birth of a Shrine |title=John S. Hawley & Vasudha Narayanan. The Life of Hinduism |pages=53–62 |url={{Google books|id=7DLj1tYmoTQC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=Berkeley, Ca |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=0520249143}}

; Co-editor
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Potter |editor-given=Karl H. |editor-link=Karl Harrington Potter |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophers |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xencyclo.html |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1970–2019 |volume=1–25- |postscript=. Ongoing series project. |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201160007/https://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xencyclo.html |url-status=dead }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |surname=Case |given=Margaret H. |title=Seeing Krishna: The Religious World of a Brahman Family in Vrindavan |url={{Google books|id=Zh7OoTSH5UwC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-513010-3}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|id=1053365194|name=Shrivatsa Goswami}}
* {{Facebook|id=1855198644707044|name=Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120524070114/http://www.gambhira.com/gambhira.htm About the Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana]. Archived from Gambhira.com

{{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}}
{{Chaitanya sampradaya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shrivatsa Goswami}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Acharyas]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:Kirtan performers]]
[[Category:People in interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:People from Mathura district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Aavakara

2025-03-05T04:16:58Z

FerdinandGarden: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Rajasthani-language films#2020 to 2025]]

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