Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of tourist attractions in Amritsar

2026-05-04T02:16:07Z

Ferdaus:

{{Short description|Tourist attractions in city in Punjab, India}}
{{Travel guide|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
[[Image:Aerial view of both the Golden Temple and Baba Atal Rai Gurdwara visible behind (cropped).jpg|thumb|260px|The [[Golden Temple]] complex, with [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]] in the background]]
Amritsar is a city in the northern Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], located approximately 25 kilometres (15 miles) from the [[India–Pakistan border]]. It is a major centre of commerce, culture, and transportation in the region. Amritsar is the centre of [[Sikhism]] and home to its principal place of worship, the [[Harmandir Sahib]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amritsar.nic.in/html/about_district.htm#Location |title=About Amritsar |publisher=amritsar.nic.in |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleartrip.com/india/amritsar/ |title=Tourism in Amritsar |publisher=cleartrip.com |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> The city is a destination for tourism, including as part of the [[Golden Triangle (India)|Golden Triangle]] travel circuit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/golden-temple-amritsar-most-visited-religious-place-world/#s-cust0|title=The Golden Temple in Amritsar is now the most visited religious place in the world|website=AD India|date=27 November 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/26/golden-temple-wins-laurels-as-worlds-most-visited-religious-place-1711154.html|title=Golden Temple wins laurels as world's most visited religious place|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/amritsar-the-emerging-fourth-angle-of-golden-triangle/619009.html|title=Amritsar, the emerging fourth angle of Golden Triangle|last=Bagga|first=Neeraj|date=11 July 2018|work=The Tribune Chandigarh}}</ref>
==Tourism places==
* [[Golden Temple]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/articles/real-marigold-hotel-selina-scott-india/|title=The Real Marigold Hotel: What a month in India taught me about the country's poverty, history and serenity|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en-GB}}</ref> and [[Heritage Street Amritsar|Heritage Street]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/amritsars-heritage-street-in-a-shambles/articleshow/65076282.cms|title='Amritsar's Heritage Street in a shambles' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>
* [[Durgiana Temple]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/punjab-to-transform-30-places-as-tourist-attraction-centers.html|title=PUNJAB TO TRANSFORM 30 PLACES AS TOURIST ATTRACTION CENTERS|date=12 June 2018|work=The Pioneer}}</ref>
* Punjab State War Heroes' Memorial & Museum<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar-war-memorial-s-kargil-gallery-to-open-on-july-15/story-MGamGdZn2WfggMUVwAlYEP.html|title=Amritsar: War memorial's Kargil gallery to be thrown open on July 15|date=2018-06-14|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sthal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/punjab-to-transform-30-places-as-tourist-attraction-centers.html|title=PUNJAB TO TRANSFORM 30 PLACES AS TOURIST ATTRACTION CENTERS|date=12 June 2018|work=The Pioneer}}</ref>
* Sadda Pind<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/-sadda-pind-free-entry-ticket-for-meritorious-students/598986.html|title=Sadda Pind: Free entry ticket for meritorious students|date=1 June 2018|work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/heritage-project-know-real-punjab-at-sadda-pind/story-J6NOlN55BX4FIvED8TTEyO.html|title=Heritage project: Know real Punjab at 'Sadda Pind'|date=2016-10-23|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref>
* Urban Haat Food Street<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/as-punjab-govt-gears-up-to-open-lahore-like-food-street-in-amritsar-no-takers-for-existing-one/story-SoUktiQq5G1qVyScHzn4PL.html|title=As Punjab govt gears up to open Lahore-like food street in Amritsar, no takers for existing one|date=2018-02-26|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gobindgarh Fort]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-18th-century-gobindgarh-fort-thrown-open-to-the-public-after-completion-of-its-restoration-work-1984869/|title=18th century Gobindgarh Fort thrown open to public after completion of its restoration work|last=Dangwal|first=Sandhya|date=2017-04-02|work=India.com|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ram Bagh Palace]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/asi-lifts-photography-ban-tourists-cheer/621657.html|title=ASI lifts photography ban, tourists cheer|last=Bagga|first=Neeraj|date=16 July 2018|work=The Tribune}}</ref> and Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum
* [[Wagah]] border<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/crowd-heads-for-wagah-border-on-long-independence-day-weekend/articleshow/59981252.cms|title=Crowd heads for Wagah border on long Independence Day weekend - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>
* [[Partition Museum]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/the-partition-museum-opening-up-about-the-pain-1.694671|title=The Partition Museum: Opening up about the pain|work=The National|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/260218/tales-of-47-move-trudeau-at-partition-museum.html|title=Tales of '47 move Trudeau at Partition Museum|date=2018-02-26|work=The Asian Age|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>
* [[Jallianwala Bagh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/shaheed-udham-singh-s-10-foot-high-statue-to-be-inaugurated-at-jallianwala-bagh-on-march-13/story-tegw9gevQk1G66594NlAlJ.html|title=Shaheed Udham Singh's 10-foot high statue to be inaugurated at Jallianwala Bagh on March 13|date=2018-03-10|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodhi |first=Jiwan |date=17 March 2014 |title=Murals of Gurdwara Baba Atal Sahib Ji |url=http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-arts-heritage/murals-of-gurdwara-baba-atal-sahib-ji/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318094358/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-arts-heritage/murals-of-gurdwara-baba-atal-sahib-ji/ |archive-date=18 March 2014 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Sikh Foundation}}</ref>

==Museum and Memorials==
*Punjab State War Heroes' Memorial & Museum<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar-war-memorial-s-kargil-gallery-to-open-on-july-15/story-MGamGdZn2WfggMUVwAlYEP.html|title=Amritsar: War memorial's Kargil gallery to be thrown open on July 15|date=2018-06-14|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Partition Museum]], Town Hall, Amritsar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/amritsar-army-chief-visits-partition-museum/articleshow/64907193.cms|title=Amritsar: Army chief visits Partition Museum - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>

[[File:Partition Museum 26 September 2018.jpg|thumb|right|Partition Museum in Amritsar]]

* [[Jang-e-Azadi Memorial]], Amritsar-Kartarpur Road<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/cm-opens-second-phase-of-jang-e-azadi-memorial-at-kartarpur/articleshow/63193135.cms|title=Amarinder Singh opens second phase of Jang-e-Azadi memorial at Kartarpur - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>

==Religious places==

===Golden Temple===
[[File:Darbar Sahib interior 26 September 2018.jpg|thumb|Interior of Darbar Sahib with gold encrusted walls featuring a golden chandelier.]]
It is the preeminent spiritual site of Sikhism, the [[Golden temple]] or Harmandir Sahib is one of the most sacred pilgrimage sites in North India. The [[Gurdwara]] is a two storied construction built on 67 ft square platform covered with marble stone. Every day more than 20,000 people, (during special occasions 100,000 people) have free food in the ‘Guru-ka-langer’, irrespective of caste, creed, colour or gender.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amritsargoldentemple.in/visiting-places-in-amritsar/ |title=Top Attractions in Amritsar |publisher=amritsargoldentemple.in |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

===Jama Masjid Khairuddin===

This architectural beauty situated in the Hall Bazar, was built by Mohd. Khairuddin in 1876. Tootie-e-Hind, Shah Attaullah Bukhari gave a call against the British rule at this holy place.

===Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Asthan===

[[Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sthal]] is located on the Amritsar–Lopoke Road, approximately 11 kilometres west of Amritsar city. The site is traditionally associated with Rishi [[Valmiki]] and is linked in Hindu tradition to events described in the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/badals-inaugurate-valmiki-temple-in-amritsar-4406041/|title=Badals inaugurate Valmiki temple in Amritsar|date=2016-12-02|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-30|language=en-US}}</ref> A structure at the site marks the location traditionally identified as the birthplace of Luv and Kush. An annual four-day fair is held at the site in November, coinciding with the full moon.

===Other religious places in Amritsar===

• St. Paul’s church

• Samadhi of [[Guru Angad]] Dev Ji

• Samadhi of Shravan

• [[Durgiana Temple]] (Lakshmi Narayan Temple)
[[File:Bridge to the Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg|left|thumb|A bridge linking the temple]]

==Historical places==

===Jallianwala Bagh===

It is a historic garden and ‘memorial of National Importance’ close to the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar- Punjab, India, preserved in the memory of those wounded and killed in the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] that occurred on the site on the festival of [[Baisakhi]], 13 April 1919. This memorial honors 2000 Indians who were massacred due to indiscriminate firing ordered by British General Michael O’Dyer. these people were participating in peaceful public meeting. There is a memorial well where people jumped to escape the firing, and there is a section wall where bullet marks are visible, and still preserved.

===Kalianwala Khoo===

In 1857, when [[Mangal Pandey]] rebelled against the British, the inspired 400 soldiers platoon stationed at Lahore escaped from their barracks, swam the river Ravi and reached Ajnala. When Mr. Fredric Cooper, the then Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar received the information, he ordered to put them all in a coop-like room. Here, 200 soldiers died of asphyxia and next morning the rest of them were brutally shot dead. Their dead bodies were thrown in Kalianwala Khoo in Tehsil Ajnala.

=== Jandiala Guru ===
A town in [[Amritsar district]] known for traditional brass and copper utensil making. It is home to India's only handicraft on UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-brass-and-copper-craft-of-utensil-making-among-the-thatheras-of-jandiala-guru-punjab-india-00845|title=UNESCO - Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India|website=ich.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> The Deputy Commissioner is working to revive interest in this area through Project Virasat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/age-old-craft-of-thatheras-to-get-new-life/articleshow/64715430.cms|title=Jandiala utensils: Age-old craft of thatheras to get new life |date=June 24, 2018|first=Yudhvir |last=Rana |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>

=== Pul Moran (also known as Pul Kanjri) ===
Pul Kanjri is the historical place associated with the life of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It was located around 35 Km from Amritsar city. It is 5 km away from Wagah Border. This place was prominent during the Maharaja Ranjit Singh from 1800-1840.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityamritsar.com/pul-kanjri-amritsar/|title=Pul Kanjri Amritsar - Top Unknown Tourist place in Amritsar|date=2019-08-02|website=Holy City Amritsar|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>

[[Pul Kanjri]] has a fantastic architecture with 12 doors to let the airflow all around. The golden time of this monuments ends with the partition of the Punjab, 1947. When Kaballi's attacked the place, the people were killed and historical building was damaged. The place was restored again. Even today, people visit Pul Kanjri to pay their respects.
times of

===Other historical sites===

• The Historical Banyan Tree (Shaheedi Bohr)

• [[Gobindgarh Fort]]

[[File:Spirit of Punjab, Stage at Gobindgarh Fort, Amritsar.jpg|thumb|A stage for live performances at Gobindgarh Fort.]]

==Wild Life Sanctuaries==

===Harike Bird Sanctuary===

Created in 1953, this sanctuary located 55 km south of the [[Amritsar]] city is also known as ‘[[Harike Wetland|Hari-ke-pattan]]’. The Harike lake situated in the deeper parts of the sanctuary is the largest wetland in northern India. A barrage was constructed at the confluences of Sutlej and Beas rivers to create a shallow reservoir. It is home to an enormous concentration of migratory waterfowls during winters, 7 species of turtles, 26 species of fishes, and different species of mammals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colorsofamritsar.com/place/harike-wildlife-sanctuary/ |title=Harike Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=colorsofamritsar.com |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

==Shopping==

Hall Bazaar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall Bazaar Of Amritsar - All you need to Know. |url=https://planetamritsar.com/blogs/news/hall-bazaar-of-amritsar-all-you-need-to-know |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Planet Amritsar Inc. |date=18 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> market, located on the way to Golden temple is one of the oldest markets in Amritsar.

Katra Jaimal Singh market is another famous market for the textile and clothing items other than Shastri market where textile manufacturing industries are located. The traditional Indian jewellery ‘jadau’ can be found in Guru Bazar. For restaurants and showrooms Lahori gate market is quite popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amazingindiablog.in/list-5-best-shopping-markets-in-amritsar/ |title=List of 5 Best Shopping Markets in Amritsar |date=28 September 2016 |publisher=amazingindiablog.in |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

Amritsari Naan (a type of bread), Patiala [[Shalwar]] (trousers which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom, worn by women of Punjab), Juttis (Traditional Shoes), handicrafts like Phulkari, and weaponry shops with traditional daggers (kirpan) are available here.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Amritsar|A]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|A]]

Kopperapalem

2026-05-01T11:51:12Z

Ferdaus: put up data

{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kopperapalem
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Anna_Statue_Kopperapalem.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] statue in Kopperapalem village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|04|00.5|N|80|00|46.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ballikurava]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Leading Party
| leader_name1 = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 2,306
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523302
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Narsaraopet
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bapatla]]
}}
'''Kopperapalem''' village is located in [[Ballikurava mandal]] of [[Bapatla district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]

==Geography==
Kopperapalem is located on {{coord|16.066800|80.012901|}}{{cn|date=February 2026}}
[[Kopperapalem]] is 74 kilometres from the capital city [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district]]

==Politics==
Kopperapalem belongs to [[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki assembly constituency]].{{cn|date=February 2026}}

== Near by places==
Nearest Towns from Kopperapalem are [[Santhamaguluru]]({{convert|9|km|mi}}), [[Ballikurava]]({{convert|10|km|mi}}). Nearest railway station is at [[Narasaraopet]] - {{convert|27|km|mi}}

==Population==
The total population of Kopperapalem is 2306. Males are 1,151 and females are 1,155 living in 543 Houses. The total area of Kopperapalem is 800 Hectares.{{cn|date=February 2026}} In [[Kopperapalem]], Telugu is the local language.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Temples & Festivals==
[[File:Kopperapalem.jpg|thumb|400x427px| Famous Temple '''"Ramalayam"''']]
[[File:Sriramanavami Celebrations.jpg|thumb|Sriramanavami Celebrations in Kopperapalem Village|400x350px]]
[[File:Vinayakachaviti Celebrations.jpg|thumb|left|Vinayaka Chaviti Celebrations|250x300px]]
[[File:Sankranthi Rangoli.jpg|thumb|Sankranthi Special Rangoli|300x300px]]

In Kopperapalem village, Ramalayam Temple is the famous temple in surrounding areas. Also there is [[Hanuman]] Temple and [[Lord Ganesh]] Temple in this Village.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Education==
There is Mandal Parishat Government School in this village. Zilla parishat High School is located in [[Ballikurava]].{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Agriculture==
Various crops grown in this village are listed below.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Crops
! Vegetables
! Leaves
! Fruits
|-
|
* [[Rice]] (వరి పంట)
* [[Cotton]] (పత్తి)
* [[Sorghum]] (జొన్నలు)
* [[Pillipesara]] (పిల్లి పెసర)
* [[Greengram]] (పెసలు)
* [[Bazra]] (సజ్జలు)
* [[Maize]] (మొక్క జొన్న)
* [[Red Gram]] (కందిపప్పు)
* [[Subabulu]] (శుబాబులు)
* [[Sesame]] (నూగులు)
|
* [[Tomato]] (టమోటా)
* [[Chili pepper|Green Chilly]] (పచ్చిమిర్చి)
* [[Cucumber]] (దోసకాయ)
* [[Brinjal]] (వంకాయ)
* [[Drumstick (vegetable)|Drumsticks]](మునగకాయ)
* [[Onions]] (ఉల్లిపాయలు)
* [[Ladies Finger]] (బెండకాయ)
|
* [[Sorrel]] (గోంగూర)
* [[Amaranth]] (తోటకూర)
* [[Spinach]] (పాలకూర)
|
* [[Banana]] (అరటికాయ)
* [[Lemon]] (నిమ్మకాయ)
* [[Watermelon]] (పుచ్చకాయ)

|}

==Sports==
[[Cricket]] is the most popular game played here and also it is the most followed game than any other game.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

{{Prakasam-geo-stub}}

Indore–Daund Superfast Express

2026-04-30T23:02:59Z

Ferdaus: put up new details

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Indore–Daund Superfast Express
| image =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1999|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Indore Junction}} (INDB)
| stops = 17
| end = {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}} (DD)
| distance = {{convert|1038|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 18 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| sharing = Rake sharing with 19315/19316 [[Veer Bhumi Chittaurgarh Express]].
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22943 / 22944
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
maximum, {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22943 / 22944 '''Indore–Daund Superfast Express''' is a superfast train of the [[Indian Railways]] which runs between {{stnlnk|Indore Junction}} in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}} in [[Maharashtra]]. In late 2020 its rakes had been upgraded to [[LHB coaches]].

This train earlier had the numbers 19311/19312 until July 2016, when railways decided to upgrade its service from Mail/Express to Superfast and introduced [[Indore–Pune Express (via Panvel)|Indore-Pune Express]] which went through Karjat-Panvel-Vasai Road route, instead of Karjat-Kalyan-Vasai Road.

Until late 2020s, This train used to run till [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]] only, later on railways extended it to [[Daund Junction railway station|Daund]] for traffic regulation purposes at Pune Railway Junction.

It is the only rail connection between [[Indore]] and [[Daund]] since [[Indore–Pune Express (via Panvel)]] got cancelled permanently.<ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/mhow-manmad-rail-project-railway-ministry-mp-govt-to-ink-mou-soon/880588 Mhow-Manmad Rail project – Railway ministry, MP govt to ink MoU soon]</ref><ref>[http://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3042&did=1452863605642D2C9F0B4888A0796E889C1257CC3EA3B.web91 EXTRA COACHES ATTACHED IN 15 PAIRS OF TRAINS ON PERMANENT BASIS AND IN 2 PAIRS OF TRAINS ON TEMPORARY BASIS]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Indore-Daund -express-breaks-down-delays-Delhi-Mumbai-trains/articleshow/50428969.cms Indore-Daund express breaks down, delays Delhi, Mumbai trains]</ref><ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/waiting-list-goes-above-1000-in-indore-Daund -express/ Waiting list goes above 1000 in Indore-Daund Express ]</ref>

==Service==

*22943/Daund–Indore Superfast Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 1038 km in 18 hrs 30 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/689|title=22943/Daund- Indore Superfast Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
*22944/Indore–Daund Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 1038 km in 18 hrs 00 mins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1285|title=22944/Indore - Daund Superfast Express|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
*It has a maximum permissible speed of 130 km/h.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are;

* '''{{stnlnk|Indore Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Dewas Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khachrod}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Meghnagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Dahod}}
* {{stnlnk|Godhra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhiwandi Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Karjat}}
* {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}
* {{stnlnk|Chinchwad}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}'''.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 22943 || DD || Daund Junction || 2:00 PM || Daily || Indore Junction || 08:30 AM || Daily
|-
| 22944 || INDB || Indore Junction || 4:30 PM || Daily || Daund Junction || 10:30 AM || Daily
|}

==Coach composition==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:white;"| '''Loco'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:silver;"| '''1'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''2'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''3'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''4'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''5'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''6'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''7'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''8'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''9'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''10'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''11'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''12'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''13'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''14'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''15'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''16'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''17'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''18'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''19'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''20'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| '''21'''
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:silver;"| '''22'''
|-
|'''WAP5/7''' ||'''SLR'''||'''UR'''||'''UR'''||'''S8'''||'''S7'''||'''S6'''||'''S5'''||'''S4'''||'''S3'''||'''S2'''||'''S1'''||'''B6'''
|'''B5'''
|'''B4'''
|'''B3'''
|'''B2'''
|'''B1'''
|'''A2'''
|'''A1'''
|'''H1'''
|'''UR'''
|'''EOG'''
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Note – The coach composition shown here is for 22943 (Daund to Indore), For 22944 (Indore to Daund) the composition will be flipped.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 19315/19316 [[Veer Bhumi Chittaurgarh Express|Veer Bhumi Express]].

==Traction==

earlier was [[WAP-5]]. It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==See also==

* [[Avantika Express]]
* [[Indore–Pune Express (via Panvel)]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-indore-express-22943/689/76/8 22943/Pune–Indore Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/indore-pune-express-22944/1285/8/76 22944/Indore–Pune Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indore- Daund Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Indore]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1999]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]

Music of Bengal

2026-04-25T13:51:10Z

Ferdaus: general enhanced information for consistency additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Bengalis}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Music of West Bengal}}
{{Music of Bangladesh}}
'''Bengali music''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলা সংগীত}}) comprises a long tradition of [[religious]] and [[secular]] song-writing over a period of almost a millennium. Composed with lyrics in the [[Bengali language]], Bengali music spans a wide variety of styles.

== History ==
The earliest music in Bengal was influenced by [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] chants, and evolved under the influence of [[Vaishnav]] poetry such as the 13th-century ''[[Gitagovindam]]'' by [[Jayadeva]], whose work continues to be sung in many eastern [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples. The Middle Ages saw a mixture of Hindu and Islamic trends when the musical tradition was formalized under the patronage of [[Sultan and Nawab]]s and the powerful landlords ''[[Baro Bhuiyans|baro bhuiyans]]''.

The earliest record of [[Sufism in Bengal]] goes back to 11th century AD in connection with the continuation of Sufism in northern India. Shah Sultan Rumi was the first Sufi to come to Bengal, when he came to [[Mymensingh]] in 1053 AD.Sufism not only helped in the spread of Islam in Bengal, but also contributed to the eventual creation of a Muslim society in Bangladesh. Apart from the religiosity, the influence of the Sufis became attached to popular Bengali culture by the confluence of the murshidi, marfati and baul songs, and gazir gan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/sufi-influence-in-bengal#:~:text=Sufism%20not%20only%20helped%20in,baul%20songs%2C%20and%20gazir%20gan | title=Sufi influence in Bengal | date=August 2013 }}</ref>

==Forms==

=== Kotali Gharana ===
[[Kotalipara Upazila|Kotalipara]] in the Faridpur Zilla of East Bengal (presently Bangladesh) owes its origin to "Chandraburmankot" erected there, circa 315 AD, the remains of which are still extant. "Kot" stands for fort, "Ali" signifies "wall and area surrounding the fort", and "para" means a settlement or "a neighbourhood".

KotaliPara had been a hotbed of intellectual excellence for ages, especially in music, art and scholarship.

[[Tarapada Chakraborty|Sangeetacharya Tarapada Chakraborty]] (1909-1975), was the first Pan-Indian Khayaliya from Bengal and the pioneer of Kotali Gharana. He had a journey similar to [[Allauddin Khan|Ustad Allauddin Khan]]’s, coming to Kolkata penniless from Kotalipara ( currently in Bangladesh ) to learn classical music. Kotali Gharana is built on aesthetics. The aesthetics of the raga, expression, lyrics and thoughts. Over the years, the present Kotali style took the shape in the hands of [[Manas Chakraborty|Pandit Manas Chakraborty]], a combination of musical purity and eclecticism, the practice of deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources. [[Ruchira Panda|Vidushi Ruchira Panda]], is the global face of Kotali Gharana today.

=== Bishnupur Gharana ===
{{Main|Bishnupur Gharana}}

The Bishnupur Gharana is the sole Classical (Drupad) gharana of Bengal. It originated in Bishnupur, Bankura by the court musicians of the Malla Kings. Bahadur Khan of Delhi, a descendant of the Tansen, was the father of Bishnupur Gharana. Bahadur Khan was brought to Bishnupur by Malla King Raghunath Singha II.

===Murshidi===

Murshidi Gan devotional folk songs that evolved and flourished mainly through sufis. The word 'murshid', derives from the Arabic 'ershad', and means 'to order or give advice'. A murshid gives advice to his disciples and leads them to the spiritual way by means of devotional rites.

===Baul===
{{Main|Baul}}

The [[Baul]]s (meaning "divinely inspired insanity") are a group of mystic minstrels (Muslim Sufis and Hindu Baishnos) from the Bengal region, who sang primarily in the 17th and 18th centuries. They are thought to have been influenced greatly by the Hindu tantric sect of the [[Kartabhaja]]s as well as by Muslim [[Sufi]] philosophers. Bauls traveled and sang in search of the internal ideal, ''[[Moner Manush]]'' (''Man of the Heart'' or the ''inner being''), and described "superfluous" differences between religions. [[Lalon Fakir]], alternatively known as Lalon Shah, who lived in the 19th century in and around [[Kushtia]], is considered to be the greatest of all bauls.

===Ramprasadi===
{{Main|Ramprasadi}}
The [[Bengali language|Bengali]] devotional songs written and music composed by eighteenth century [[Bengalis|Bengali]] saint-poet [[Ramprasad Sen]] are called Ramprasadi. They are usually addressed to Hindu goddess [[Kali]].

===Lalon Geeti===
{{Main|Lalon}}
The [[Bengali language|Bengali]] songs composed by [[Bengalis|Bengali]] saint, philosopher, and social reformer [[Lalon]] are called Lalon Geeti. Lalon was against religious conflict and many of his songs mock identity politics that divide communities and generate violence. He even rejected nationalism at the apex of the anti-colonial nationalist movements in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He did not believe in classes or [[caste]]s, the fragmented, hierarchical society and took a stand against racism. Lalon does not fit the "[[mystical]]" or "spiritual" type who denies all worldly affairs in search of the soul: he embodies the socially transformative role of sub-continental [[bhakti]] and [[sufism]]. He believed in the power of music to alter the intellectual and emotional state in order to be able to understand and appreciate life itself.

It is estimated that Lalon composed about 2,000–10,000 songs, of which only about 800 songs are generally considered authentic. Lalon left no written copies of his songs, which were transmitted orally and only later transcribed by his followers. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] published some of the Lalon song in the monthly ''[[Prabasi]]'' magazine of Kolkata.

=== Hasan Raja's Songs ===
This songs are composed by legendary Bengali mystic poet, songwriter, and philosopher, [[Hason Raja]], from Sylhet, Bangladesh. His songs focus on spiritual awakening, the transient nature of life, and the search for divinity within oneself. These compositions, often referred to as ''Baul songs'', are filled with mysticism, simplicity, and profound truth. Hasan Raja's works have inspired countless folk singers and spiritual enthusiasts.

===Rabindra Sangeet===
{{Main|Rabindra Sangeet}}

The leading proponent of Bengali music is [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (known in Bengali as ''Robi Thakur'' and ''Gurudeb'', the latter meaning "Respected Teacher" (in the Bengal of that time, the suffix 'deb' was an honorific, ascribed to people who enjoyed immense respect, but this title was primarily used by his students at Santiniketan, though many others did use the address/<ref>{{cite book|last1=Devi|first1=Maitreyi|author-link=Maitreyi Devi|title=Na Hanyate|date=May 1983|publisher=Upama Sengupta; Prima Publications|location=Kolkata|pages=1, 23, 59|edition=First Edition, Seventh Reprint}}</ref>) Tagore was a prolific composer with around 2,230 songs to his credit.<ref name="DasguptaGuha2013">{{cite book|author1=Sanjukta Dasgupta|author2=Chinmoy Guha|title=Tagore-At Home in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC|date=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1084-2|page=254}}</ref> His songs are known as ''[[Rabindra Sangeet|rabindrasangit]]'' ("Tagore Song"), which merges fluidly into his literature, most of which—poems or parts of novels, stories, or plays alike—were lyricised. Influenced by the ''[[thumri]]'' style of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]], they ran the entire gamut of human emotion, ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions.{{Sfn|Tagore|1997|p=94}} They emulated the tonal colour of classical ''[[raga]]s'' to varying extents. Some songs mimicked a given raga's melody and rhythm faithfully; others newly blended elements of different ''ragas''.<ref name="dasgupta2001">{{Citation|last=Dasgupta |first=Anirban|publication-date=15 July 2001|year=2001|title=Rabindra-Sangeet as a Resource for Indian Classical ''Bandishes''|periodical=Parabaas|url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pAnirban1.html|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> Yet about nine-tenths of his work was not ''bhanga gaan'', the body of tunes revamped with "fresh value" from select Western, Hindustani, Bengali folk and other regional flavours "external" to Tagore's own ancestral culture.<ref name="ghosh2011">{{Citation|last=Ghosh |first=Bhaswati|title=Inside the World of Tagore's Music|periodical=Parabaas|publication-date=August 2011|year=2011|url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pBhaswati2.html|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> His music is an exemplary instance of 'kavya-geeti', a style of composition that later found widespread use in the music industries at Bombay and Calcutta.

In 1971, ''[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]'' became the national anthem of Bangladesh. It was written — ironically — to protest the [[1905 Partition of Bengal]] along communal lines: cutting off the Muslim-majority East Bengal from Hindu-dominated West Bengal was to avert a regional bloodbath. Tagore saw the partition as a cunning plan to stop the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]], and he aimed to rekindle Bengali unity and tar communalism. ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' was written in ''[[shadhu-bhasha]]'', a Sanskritised form of Bengali, and is the first of five stanzas of the Brahmo hymn ''[[Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata]]'' that Tagore composed. It was first sung in 1911 at a Calcutta session of the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tagore and Jana Gana Mana|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-chatterjee310803.htm|publisher=countercurrents.org|author=Monish R. Chatterjee|date=13 August 2003}}</ref> and was adopted in 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of India as its national anthem.

For Bengalis, the songs' appeal, stemming from the combination of emotive strength and beauty described as surpassing even Tagore's poetry, was such that the ''Modern Review'' observed that "[t]here is in Bengal no cultured home where Rabindranath's songs are not sung or at least attempted to be sung... Even illiterate villagers sing his songs".{{Sfn|Tagore|1997|p=359}} Tagore influenced ''sitar'' maestro [[Vilayat Khan]] and ''[[sarod]]iyas'' [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]] and [[Amjad Ali Khan]].<ref name="dasgupta2001" />

Most of his musical poems are detailed in two series of books – the ''[[Gitabitan]]'' (that only has the texts of the poems) and the ''Swarabitan'' (that has the poems and their musical notation). However, there exist several poems of his that are set to music, and yet find no mention in either of the above. These are handed down from his students to their students and so on.

Some of the notable exponents of Rabindrasangeet are [[Shantideb Ghosh]], [[Debabrata Biswas]], [[Pankaj Kumar Mullick]], [[Kalim Sharafi]], [[Kanika Bandyopadhyay]], Rajeshwari Datta, [[Malati Ghoshal]], [[Nilima Sen]], [[Suchitra Mitra]], [[Aditi Mohsin]], [[Rezwana Choudhury Bannya]], [[Subinoy Roy]], [[Chinmoy Chattopadhyay|Chinmoy Chatterjee]], [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Dwijen Mukhopadhyay]], [[Sagar Sen]], [[Santosh Thakur]], [[Purabi Mukhopadhyay]], [[Kabir Suman]], [[Banani Ghosh]], [[Mita Haque]], [[Indrani Sen]], [[Srikanto Acharya]], [[Shreya Guhathakurta]] [[Sahana Bajpaie]] [[Mohan Singh]]

Furthermore, it is believed that on 27 December 1931, Dhurjatiprasad Mukhopadhyay wrote an essay titled "রবীন্দ্রনাথের সংগীত" (Rabindranath’s Music) for Tagore’s 70th birth anniversary, in which the term "[https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/history-of-harmony-unravelling-the-roots-of-rabindrasangeet/ Rabindrasangeet]" was used for the first time. In January 1935, Kanak Das’s recording P11792, featuring "মনে রবে কিনা রবে আমারে" ("Whether or not I remain in your recollection") and "কাছে যবে ছিল পাশে হল না যাওয়া" ("When you were near, I couldn’t reach you") first used "[https://www.youtube.com/@pmbrainware/videos Rabindrasangeet]" on the label.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhowmick |first=Abira |title=History of Harmony: Unravelling the Roots of Rabindrasangeet |url=https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/history-of-harmony-unravelling-the-roots-of-rabindrasangeet/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Celebrating Tagore - The Man, The Poet and The Musician |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Nazrul Geeti===
{{Main|Nazrul Geeti}}
[[File:Nazrul_teaching_Nazrul_Sangeet.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam|Nazrul]] teaching [[Nazrul Sangeet]]]]

'''Nazrul Sangeet''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: নজরুল সঙ্গীত), also '''Nazrul Geeti''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: নজরুল গীতি; <abbr>lit.</abbr> 'music of Nazrul'), refers to the songs written and composed by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], the national poet of Bangladesh. Nazrul Geeti incorporate revolutionary notions as well as more spiritual, philosophical and romantic themes. Nazrul wrote and composed nearly 4,000 songs (including gramophone records), which are widely popular in [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. Some of the most notable Nazrul Sangeet include ''[[Notuner Gaan]]'', the national [[March (music)|marching song]] of Bangladesh and ''[[O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe]],'' a Bengali [[Islamic music|Islamic song]] on the festival of the [[List of festivals in Bangladesh|Bengali celebration]] of [[Chand Raat]] and [[Eid-ul-Fitr]].

Some of the notable Nazrul Geeti singers from India include Suprova Sarkar, Dhirendra Chandra Mitra, [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], Dr. Anjali Mukhopadhyay, Dhiren Bose, Adhir Bagchi, Purabi Dutta, [[Firoza Begum (singer)|Firoza Begum]], [[Anup Ghoshal]], and, Bangladeshi singer [[Sohrab Hossain]].

=== Jasimuddin Songs ===
'''Jasimuddin''' (1903–1976), also known as the '''Poet of the Village''', was a renowned Bengali poet, songwriter, and folklorist. His works often celebrated rural life, nature, and the simplicity of village Bengal. His songs are deeply rooted in folk traditions and are filled with emotional depth and lyrical beauty. A notable singer is [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]].

===Shyama Sangeet===
{{Main|Shyama Sangeet}}

[[Shyama Sangeet]] is a genre of Bengali devotional songs dedicated to the Hindu goddess Shyama or [[Kali]] which is a form of supreme universal mother-goddess [[Durga]] or [[Parvati]]. It is also known as Shaktagiti or Durgastuti. [[Shyama Sangeet]] appeals to the common man because it is a musical representation of the relationship of eternal and sublime love and care between the mother and her child. It is free of the common rituals of worship and also the esoteric practice of the Tantra. A notable singer is [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]].

Generally all music dedicated to goddess Mother [[Kali]] is called '[[Shyama Sangeet]]' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Two famous singers of this [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Shyama Sangeet]] are [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]] and [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]. [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]'s elder brother Prafulla Bhattacharya and middle brother [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] were the first music teachers of saint artist [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]. [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] stopped singing devotional songs after finding devotional spirit in his brother Pannalal. However, after the demise of [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]], he contributed again in Bengali music with many devotional songs by his sweet, melodious voice.

===Dwijendrageeti===
{{Main|Dwijendralal Ray}}

Dwijendralal Ray's Dwijendrageeti (the Songs of Dwijendralal), which number over 500, create a separate subgenre of Bengali music. Two of Dwijendralal Ray's most famous compositions are Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara and Banga Amar Janani Amar. Ray is regarded as one of the most important figures in early modern Bengali literature.

=== Rajjob Geeti ===
'''Rajjob Ali Dewan''' was a legendary Bengali folk singer, poet, and lyricist who made significant contributions to '''Bengali folk music''', particularly in the genres of '''Baul''', '''Bhatiali''', and '''Marfati (Sufi-inspired)''' songs. His works reflect rural life, spiritual love, and mysticism. Rajjob Ali Dewan's songs are cherished for their philosophical depth and connection to everyday life. Famaous singers of Rajjob getti are Abdul Alim, Momtaz Begum, Arif Dewan.

===Atulprasadi===
{{Main|Atul Prasad Sen}}

Atulprasadi, one of the major lyricist and composers of early-modern period, is also widely popular
in Paschimbanga. Atul Prasad is credited with introducing the Thumri style in Bengali music. His songs centred on three broad subjects: patriotism, devotion and love.

===Paramartha Sangeet===

Paramartha Sangeet is a collection of devotional songs, which were composed and sung by Maharshi Nagendranath Bhaduri, a renowned yogi and spiritual figure.

Nagendranath Bhaduri founded "Sanatana Dharma Pracharini Sabha" in 1891, a society dedicated to spreading the message of Sanatana Dharma.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagendranath Bhaduri, Maharshi (1846 - 1926), COMPANIONS AND FOLLOWERS OF RAMAKRISHNA |publisher=Swami Bodhasarananda |isbn=978-81-7505-360-1 |location=Advaita Ashrama, 5 DEHI ENTALLY ROAD. KOLKATA 700 014 |pages=381 |language=English}}</ref>
This organization, later known as "Nagendra Math" under the guidance of his disciple Dhyanaprakash Brahmachari, published a compilation of songs called Paramartha Sangitabali. This compilation includes three songs composed by Nagendranath himself, which were reportedly sung in the presence of [[Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagendranath Bhaduri, Maharshi (1846 - 1926), COMPANIONS AND FOLLOWERS OF RAMAKRISHNA |publisher=Swami Bodhasarananda |isbn=978-81-7505-360-1 |location=Advaita Ashrama, 5 DEHI ENTALLY ROAD. KOLKATA 700 014 |pages=381 |language=English}}</ref>

===Prabhat Samgiita===
{{Main|Prabhat Samgiita}}

Prabhát Saḿgiita also known as Songs of a New Dawn and Prabhat Songs, are songs composed by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. Sarkar composed a total of 5,018 songs including the lyrics and the tune, in a period of eight years from 1982 until his death in 1990, making using of eight different languages: Bengali, Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Urdu, Magahi, Maithili and Angika.

=== Mujbhandari Songs ===
'''Mujbhandari Songs''' are Islamic devotional songs associated with the '''Mujbhandari Sufi Order''', a renowned Sufi tradition originating in Bengal, particularly linked to the shrine of '''Hazrat Shah Sufi Syed Ahmad Ullah Mujbhandari''' of Chittagong, Bangladesh. These songs praise Allah, Muhammad, and Sufi saints while promoting spiritual love, peace, and devotion. Famous Mujbhandari Singers are Sufi Samrat Abdul Gafur Hali, Jalal Uddin, Abdul Latit, Shafi Mondol and Arif Dewan.

=== Rajanikanta Sen's Songs ===
Rajanikanta Sen (1865–1910) was a renowned Bengali poet, composer, and lyricist known for his devotional songs, patriotic anthems, and emotional melodies. His songs reflect deep spirituality, patriotism, and love for humanity.

===Other===

*[[Bhatiali]]
*[[Qwali]]
*[[Bhawaiya]]
*[[Polli Geeti]]
*[[Lokgeeti]]
*[[Fakir Gaan]]
*[[Dhamail]]
*[[Gombhira]]
*[[Kavigan]], poems sung with simple music usually presented on stage as a musical battle between poets.
*[[Jatra (Bengal)|Jatra]] Pala, songs associated exclusively with plays (performed on-stage). Usually involves colourful presentations of historical themes.

Numerous other poets and composers had laid the foundation for the rich repertoire of Bengali music in the 19th century and early 20th century. Some stalwarts of this ear include Ramnidhi Gupta (commonly known as [[Nidhu Babu]]), [[Lalon Fakir]], [[Atulprasad Sen]], [[Dwijendralal Ray]], [[Rajanikanta Sen]] and a large canon of patriotic songs from India's Independence movement.<ref name="ch">Chatterjee, Gita. ''Bengal's Swadeshi Samgīt.'' Published in Banerjee, Jayasri (ed.), ''The Music of Bengal''. Baroda: Indian Musicological Society, 1987.</ref>

==Modern Bengali music==
Modern Bengali and South Asian music has been enriched by singers like [[Jagmohan Sursagar|Jaganmoy Mitra]] (1918–2003) (who is considered a pioneer of modern song), [[Kamal Dasgupta]], [[Firoza Begum (singer)|Firoza Begum]], as well as artists such as [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], [[Sandhya Mukhopadhyay]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Sachin Dev Burman]], [[Rahul Dev Burman]], [[Bhupen Hazarika]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhonsle]], [[Talat Mehmood]], [[Aarti Mukherji]], [[Kabir Suman]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Shibaji Chatterjee]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], Mehuli Thakur, [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Mitali Mukherjee (singer)|Mitali Mukherjee]], [[Dwijen Mukhopadhyay]], [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]], [[Subir Sen]], [[Uma Bose]], [[Kanan Devi]], [[Utpala Sen]], [[Alpana Banerjee]], [[Sabita Chowdhury]], and D. L.Roy [[Dilip Kumar Roy]].

[[Tapan Chowdhury (singer)|Tapan Chowdhury]], [[Azam Khan (singer)|Azam Khan]], [[Abdul Jabbar]], [[Ferdousi Rahman]], [[Khurshid Alam]], [[Bashir Ahmad (singer)|Bashir Ahmad]], [[Syed Abdul Hadi]], [[Shahnaz Rahmatullah]], [[Kalim Sharafi]], [[Abida Sultana]], [[Kanak Chapa]], [[Shakila Zafar]], [[Samina Chowdhury]], [[Kumar Biswajit]], [[Arnob]], [[Farida Parveen]], [[Andrew Kishore]], [[James (musician)|James]], [[Ayub Bachchu]], [[Mila Islam|Mila]], [[Anusheh Anadil]], [[Sabina Yasmin]], and [[Runa Laila]] all hailing from Bangladesh.

[[Krishna Chandra Dey]] and [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]], were famous for their renditions of devotional songs, while [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]], [[Kiran Chandra Roy]], [[Amar Pal]] were stalwarts in singing Bengali folk music.

Bengali music is highly indebted to [[Lalon]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], [[Ramprasad Sen]] and [[Jasim Uddin]].

All traditional Bengali music is based on classical music or on its variations. Some of the most reputed classical musicians of the sub-continent come from Bengal including [[Ustad Allauddin Khan]], [[Tarapada Chakraborty]], [[Pandit Jnan Prakash Ghosh]] (1909–1987), Pandit [[Ravi Shankar]], Pandit [[Manas Chakraborty]], Ustad [[Ayet Ali Khan]] and Ustad [[Abed Hossain Khan]].

Notable Bengali music composers active in Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) in the 1930s through the 1980s include [[Himangshu Dutta]], [[Kamal Dasgupta]], [[Rai Chand Boral]], [[Pankaj Kumar Mullick]], [[Anupam Ghatak]], [[Sachin Dev Burman]], [[Rahul Dev Burman]], [[Nachiketa Ghosh]], [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]], [[Salil Chowdhury]], [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Sudhin Dasgupta]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Kabir Suman]], [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]], [[Ajoy Das]], and [[Bappi Lahiri]], while [[Pranab Roy]], [[Gouri Prasanna Majumdar]], [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Kabir Suman]] and [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] were well-known lyricists. [[Jeet Ganguly]] is a modern music composer of Bengali film songs and [[Bollywood]] songs.

Nachiketa Chakraborty continues his established musical career for decades being a multi-dimensional singer, lyricist and composer with extraordinary class and caliber. An artist who has more than 450 released songs created and sung by him, more than 300 unreleased songs of his own, an artist who drives to develop his next generation. It is hard finding his parallel, probably impossible. The boss of Bengali Music revolution in the 90s, the educator honored as Banga Bhushan, who ignites the moral value in millions in the society, the philosopher who simplify life’s equations in simple language, the avenger who inspires common people to throw away an age-old rotten ruling system from Bengal.He is an idol for numerous people across the world and has inspired many renowned Bengali singers from time to time (Editor: Rajonyo Nandi).<ref>aminachiketa.com</ref>

===Bengali rock===

Bengali rock is a music genre in which the song lyrics are written in the Bengali language. It may refer to:
*[[Bangladeshi rock|Rock music of Bangladesh]]
*[[Rock music of West Bengal]]

Western influence has resulted in the emergence of the phenomenon of Bengali bands, both in [[Dhaka]] and in [[Kolkata]], as well as songs reflecting the joys and sorrows of the common man, ''Jibonmukhi Gaan'' (songs from life), which was inspired by [[Kabir Suman]]. Bengali bands became popular with young people in the 1970s, both in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], and have since become entrenched in modern Bengali culture. Recently, traditional folk-based Bengali songs are also being released by bands.

;Rock music of Bangladesh
{{Main|Bangladeshi rock}}

Bangladeshi rock or Bangla rock originated in Chittagong with roots in 1960s and 1970s rock and roll. Bangladeshi rock music was influenced by the American and British rock and roll music. In the 1960s, blues rock was introduced by [[Zinga Goshty|Zinga]], The Windy Side of Care, The Lightnings, Rambling Stones etc. From early to mid 1970s pop rock music was introduced by Uchcharon, Souls, Feedback and Miles. In the 1980s number of subgenres such as hard rock and heavy metal was introduced. In the 1990s hard rock and heavy metal broke through the mainstream with bands like LRB, Feelings, Ark and Warfaze, Miles, Maqsood O' Dhaka, Souls etc. music of Bangladesh

;Rock music of West Bengal
{{Main|Rock music of West Bengal}}

Rock music of West Bengal originated in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The first rock band in West Bengal was [[Moheener Ghoraguli]] and also India's first rock band. In modern times, in this type of music distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, and drums are used, and sometimes accompanied with pianos and keyboards and in early times the instruments used in the modern times were also accompanied by saxophone, flute, violin and bass violin. Bhoomi a Bengali rock band formed in 1999 has also been using flute in their music.

====Famous bands====
;Bangladesh
Some famous Bangladeshi bands are [[Nova (Bangladeshi band)|Nova]], [[Azam Khan (singer)|Uccharon]], [[Ferdous Wahid|Spondan]], [[Souls (band)|Souls]], [[Obscure (band)|Obscure]], [[Different Touch]], [[Feedback (band)|Feedback]], [[Ark (Bangladeshi band)|Ark]], [[Miles (band)|Miles]], [[Love Runs Blind|LRB]], [[Warfaze]], [[Joler Gaan]], [[Dalchhut]], [[Avash]], [[Shironamhin]], [[Nagar Baul]].

;India
Bands like [[Moheener Ghoraguli]], [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi]], [[Chandrabindoo (band)|Chandrabindoo]], [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]], [[Cactus (Indian band)|Cactus]], [[Lakkhichhara]], [[Krosswindz]], [[Kalpurush]](<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kalpurush.in/the%20band.html |title=Kalpurush |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616023545/http://www.kalpurush.in/the%20band.html |archive-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>), [[Prithibi]], etc.

English bands from Kolkata include [[Cassini's Division]], [[Bolepur Bluez]], [[Insomnia (band)|Insomnia]], [[Underground Authority]], [[Pseudonym]], [[Chronic Xorn]], are also notable. Singers like [[Ajoy Chakraborty]] and [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]] are working to bring back classical [[raga]] influence into Bengali music.

Bengali bands use a wide variety of styles such as [[Rock music|rock]], [[pop music|pop]], [[folk music|folk]], and [[fusion (music)|fusion]]. Their music is influenced both by popular [[Music of the Americas|American music]] as well as traditional Bengali folk music such as [[Bhatiali]], [[Bhawaiya]], [[Shyama Sangeet]] and [[Baul]].

==Bangladeshi hip-hop==
{{Main|Bangladeshi hip-hop}}

Bangladeshi hip-hop is a genre of music and culture that covers a variety of styles of hip-hop music developed in Bangladesh. Bangladeshi hip-hop is heavily influenced by US hip-hop, and started in the early 2000s.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
* {{Citation |last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath |editor1-last=Dutta |editor1-first=K. |editor2-last=Robinson |editor2-first=A. |editor2-link=W. Andrew Robinson |year=1997 |title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59018-1}}

{{Bengali Bands}}
{{Indian Music|expanded=Territory}}

[[Category:Music of Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Music of India by state or union territory|Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali music| ]]
[[Category:Music of Bangladesh]]

Rajshekhar Kolur

2026-04-24T18:00:37Z

Ferdaus: starting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| profession = [[Advocate]] and [[Agriculturist]]
| birth_place = Rampur Village, [[Raichur district]].
| birth_date = 31 December 1936
| spouse = Smt. Shardamma Kolur (21 April 1969)
| children = 2 sons and 2 daughters
| parents = Mallappa Kolur
| alma_mater = [[Nizam College]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bangalore University]]
| office = Member of Parliament in [[6th Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 March 1977
| term_end = 22 August 1979
| constituency = [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency]]
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Rajshekhar Kolur''' (born 31 December 1936) is an Indian politician who served as a Member of Parliament in [[6th Lok Sabha]] from [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVhPAQAAMAAJ&q=kolur+raichur |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1978 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Secretariat |first=India Parliament Lok Sabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6W2AAAAIAAJ&q=KOLUR+,+SHRI+RAJSHEKHAR |title=Committees and Other Bodies on which Lok Sabha is Represented Wholly Or Partially |date=1977 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8mnCQh6xbEC&q=KOLUR+rajshekhar |title=List of Members of Lok Sabha Showing Permanent and Delhi Addresses and Telephone Numbers |date=1979 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Rajshekhar was born on 31 December 1936 in Rampur Village of [[Raichur district]]. Mallappa Kolur was his father.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OBFAQAAIAAJ&q=kolur+raichur |title=Who's who |date=1977 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ&q=KOLUR+,+SHRI+RAJSHEKHAR |title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha |date=2003 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> He completed schooling from Nrupathunga High School, Hyderabad, before going on to do his graduation in B.Com. and B.L. from [[Nizam College]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Bangalore University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Rajshekhar Kolur married Smt. Shardamma Kolur on 21 April 1969. The couple has two sons and two daughters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2428.htm |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Position held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!#
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1.
|1964
|1969
|President of District Youth Congress.<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2.
|1969
|1972
|Councillor of Town Municipal Council, Yadgir ''(Gulbarga Dist. Mysore)''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indian Institute Of Public Administration |first=New Delhi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276750 |title=Municipal Personnel Systems}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|1969
|1973
|Convener of District Youth Congress Committee - [[Gulbarga]].<ref name=":2" />
|-
|4.
|1970
|1972
|President of Block Congress Committee - [[Yadgir]].<ref name=":2" />
|-
|5.
|1970
|1973
|General Secretary of District Congress Committee - Gulbarga.<ref name=":2" />
|-
|6.
|1977
|1979
|[[Member of parliament]] in [[6th Lok Sabha]] from [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]].<ref name=":2" />

* Member of Committee on Private Members' Bills and Resolutions (During 1977)
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolur, Rajshekhar}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Yadgir district]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:People from Raichur]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kaalingar

2026-04-20T06:40:06Z

Ferdaus:

{{Short description|Medieval Indian literary scholar of the Tamil language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
'''Kaalingar''' (c. 12th century CE), also known as '''[[Kalingarayar]]''', was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] scholar and commentator known for his [[Literary criticism|commentary]] on the ''[[Thirukkural]]''.{{sfn|Vedhanayagam, 2017|pp=7–8}} He was among the canon of [[Ten Medieval Commentators]] of the Kural text highly esteemed by scholars.{{sfn|Natarajan, 2008|pp=1–6}} He was also among the five ancient commentators whose commentaries had been preserved and made available to the [[Modern era]], the others being [[Manakkudavar]], [[Pari Perumal]], [[Paridhi]], and [[Parimelalhagar]].

==Early life==
Kaalingar was born in Kaalingarayar tribe around the end of 12th century CE and was a farmer, soldier, and a physician.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} His commentary to the Kural chapter on fortification (Chapter 75) and other war-related chapters are rife with information about battlefield, which hints his military background. It is also believed that he might have migrated from the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga country]] and hence known by the name.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}} He is believed to have lived around the 12th century CE.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} Kaalingar had great respect for [[Valluvar]] and referred to him as "Lord Valluvar" in his work.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} He is believed to have published his commentary around 1225 CE.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}}

Similar to the commentaries by Paridhiyar, Pariperumal, and [[Mallar (poet)|Mallar]], Kaalingar's commentary is believed to have been originated in the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu Region]].{{sfn|Pulavar S. Raju, ''The Hindu'', 23 June 2010}}

==Religion==
Kaalingar is believed to have been a follower of [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} This is evident by his explanations given to Kural couplets 377 and 580.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}}

==Commentary on the Kural text==
Kaalingar's commentary on the Kural text is believed to have been considered the greatest commentary before the appearance of [[Parimelalhagar]]’s work.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} He quotes several older works in his commentary, which serves as a proof to his erudition.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} Kaalingar's commentary is known for its grammatically pure writing and usage of High Tamil vocabulary that appealed to the reader.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} The commentary is devoid of complex phraseology or intricate meanings.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}} He provides the lexical meaning of terms wherever necessary.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}} Unlike Manakkudavar and Pari Perumal, Kaalingar has followed the [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]] for subdividing the Kural books of [[Aram (Kural book)|Aram]], [[Porul (Kural book)|Porul]], and [[Inbam (Kural book)|Inbam]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} At the end of each chapter, he introduces and connects the theme of the chapter that follows.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} However, he refrains from describing the meaning of the title of chapters.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}}

In his commentary, Kaalingar, like the other Medieval commentators, makes several changes to the chapter arrangements and the order of Kural couplets within each chapter.{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} He gives the justification for his arrangement of the Kural chapters at the end of each chapter.{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} For example, in [[Inbam (Kural book)|Book III of the Kural]] (the Book of Love), Kaalingar's arrangement varies in three places.{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} He makes several comparisons between various Kural couplets in numerous places throughout his work.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} He gives an altogether new meaning and explanation for couplets 510, 517, 593, 614, and 1050.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}} His commentary is similar to Paridhi's in couplets 161, 163, 167, and 1313.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}} In Book III, his commentary resembles Pariperumal's in a couple of places.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}} He also quotes from other classics such as the [[Naladiyar]], [[Purananuru]], [[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi|Jivaka Chinthamani]], and [[Tolkappiyam]].{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}}

In several places, Kaalingar's commentary appears like a teacher's elaborative reply to his or her student's questions.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}}{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=12}} R. Mohan and Nellai N. Sokkalingam attribute this to the era in which Kaalingar's commentary appeared in the Tamil literary tradition.{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=12}} According to them, when commentaries first began to appear in the Tamil literary world, they appeared predominantly in the contemporary spoken dialect, often resembling the conversations between a preceptor and a disciple since most of the commentators who wrote the earliest commentaries, including Kaalingar, were scholars who taught students on those subjects.{{sfn|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011|p=12}}

One of the characteristic features of Kaalingar's commentary is an abstract of the forthcoming chapter found in every chapter usually at the end of the chapter, after the final verse. Parimelalhagar adopts this method in his commentary and writes the abstract of the respective chapter at the beginning of each chapter.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=383}} Kaalingar also explains difficult terms used by [[Valluvar]] by giving their meanings wherever necessary.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=361–368}} In all, he lists the meaning of 241 terms used by Valluvar, including 54 in Book I, 175 in Book II, and 12 in Book III. This way, he explains 166 couplets, including 36 in Book I, 118 in Book II, and 12 in Book III.{{sfn|Loganathan, 2005|pp=58–62}}

The titles of Chapters 110, 111, 118, and 127, all in Book III, appear with slight variations in Kaalingar's commentary from that of Parimelalhagar's.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}} Couplets 1198 and 1210, both in Book III, are kept in different chapters within the book in Kaalingar's commentary.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}}

==Variations in ordering of the Kural verses==
The following table depicts the variations among the early commentators' ordering of, for example, the first ten verses of the Tirukkural. Note that the ordering of the verses and chapters as set by Parimelalhagar, which had been followed unanimously for centuries ever since, has now been accepted as the standard structure of the Kural text.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:40%" rowspan="2"|Kural verse beginning
!colspan="5"|Couplet ordering
|-
![[Manakkudavar]]'s
![[Pari Perumal]]'s
![[Paridhi]]'s
!Kaalingar's
![[Parimelalhagar]]'s
|-
| Kural 1: அகர முதல எழுத்தெல்லாம்
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-
| Kural 2: கற்றதனால் ஆய பயன்
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
|-
| Kural 3: மலர்மிசை ஏகினான் மாணடி
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 3
|-
| Kural 4: வேண்டுதல் வேண்டாமை இலான்
| 6
| 6
| 5
| 7
| 4
|-
| Kural 5: இருள்சேர் இருவினையும் சேரா
| 7
| 7
| 6
| 6
| 5
|-
| Kural 6: பொறிவாயில் ஐந்தவித்தான்
| 8
| 8
| 7
| 7
| 6
|-
| Kural 7: தனக்கு உவமை இல்லாதான்
| 4
| 4
| 6
| 4
| 7
|-
| Kural 8: அற ஆழி அந்தணன்
| 5
| 5
| 10
| 9
| 8
|-
| Kural 9: கோளில் பொறியில் குணமிலவே
| 10
| 10
| 8
| 5
| 9
|-
| Kural 10: பிறவிப் பெருங்கடல் நீந்துவர்
| 9
| 9
| 9
| 10
| 10
|}

It is found that there are as many as 171 variations found in the ordering of the Kural couplets by Kaalingar with respect to the commentary by Manakkudavar.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

==Publication==
The palm-leaf manuscript containing Kaalingar's commentary was first published independently by both Thiruvenkatavan University and T. P. Palaniyappa Pillai in 1945.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}} Pillai obtained a copy of the manuscript then found at [[Annamalai University]] library.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=106–116}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Literature}}
* [[Ten Medieval Commentators]]
* [[Bhashya]]
* [[Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book | last = Vedhanayagam | first = Rama | title = திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluvamaalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum] | publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram | edition= 1st | date = 2017 | location = Chennai | pages= 7–8 | language = ta | ref={{sfnRef|Vedhanayagam, 2017}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Natarajan | first = P. R. | title = Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal | publisher = Uma Padhippagam | edition= First | date = December 2008 | location = Chennai | pages = 1–6 | language = ta | ref={{sfnRef|Natarajan, 2008}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Chellammal | first = G. P. | title =திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுக் கோவை [Tirukkural Research Compendium] | publisher = Manivasagar Noolagam | volume = 1 | edition= First | date = 2015 | location = Chennai | pages = 106–116 | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Chellammal, 2015}} }}
* {{cite book |author=R. Mohan and Nellai N. Sokkalingam |title= உரை மரபுகள் [Conventions of Commentaries] |year= 2011 |publisher= Meiyappan Padhippagam |location= Chidambaram|ref={{sfnRef|Mohan and Sokkalingam, 2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Sundaram | first = P. S. | title = Tiruvalluvar: The Kural | publisher = Penguin Books | edition= First | date = 1990 | location = Gurgaon | pages = 9 | isbn = 978-01-44000-09-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Sundaram, 1990}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Loganathan | first = Durai | title = உலகப்பொதுமறையும் காலிங்கரும் [The Universal Scripture and Kaalingar] | publisher = Gandhi Pathippagam | edition= First | date = 2005 | location = Nattuchalai, Pattukkottai Taluk, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu | pages = 58–62 | language = ta |ref= {{sfnRef|Loganathan, 2005}} }}
* {{cite book |author= M. V. Aravindan |title= உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Commentators] |year= 2018 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |pages= 361–368|ref= {{sfnRef|Aravindan, 2018}} }}
* {{Cite news|last=S. Raju|first=Pulavar|title=Kongu region's role in development of Tamil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kongu-regions-role-in-development-of-Tamil/article16265451.ece |access-date=23 January 2025|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 June 2010|ref={{sfnRef|Pulavar S. Raju, ''The Hindu'', 23 June 2010}} }}
{{ref end}}

==Further reading==
* M. Arunachalam (2005). Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru, Padhinaindhaam Nootraandu [History of Tamil Literature, 15th century].
* D. M. Vellaivaaranam (1983). Tirukkural Uraikotthu. Thiruppananthal Shri Kasimadam Publications.
* {{cite book | title=The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon | last=Casie Chetty| first=Simon|author-link1=Simon Casie Chetty| pages=65| year=1859| publisher=Ripley & Strong| location=Jaffna|ref=The Tamil Plutarch}}

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Ten medieval commentators]]
[[Category:Medieval Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Tamil Jains]]
[[Category:12th-century Jains]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:12th-century farmers]]

NMDC Limited

2026-04-20T05:21:37Z

Ferdaus:

{{short description|Indian public sector mining company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NMDC Limited
| logo = National Mineral Development Corporation.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| former_name = National Mineral Development Corporation
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{NSE|NMDC}}|{{BSE|526371}}}}
| industry = [[Mining]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1958}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| key_people = Amitava Mukherjee,
Chairman-Cum-Managing Director
| products = [[Iron ore]], [[copper]],diamond, graphite, coal and beach sands
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|15721|c}} (2021) <ref name="Balance Sheet 2020">[https://www.nmdc.co.in/Financial%20Information/Handlers/DownloadFile.ashx?FinancialYear=2019-20&Quadrant=Q4 "Balance Sheet 31.03.2020"].</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|8895|c}} (2021)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|6247|c}} (2021)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|36929|c}} (2021)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|29884|c}} (2021)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| owner = [[Government of India]] (60.79%)<ref>{{cite news |title=NMDC soars ex-demerger |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/capital-market-hot-pursuit/nmdc-soars-ex-demerger-122102700130_1.html |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref>
| num_employees = 5,887 (March 2019) <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nmdc.co.in/Financial%20Information/Handlers/DownloadAnnualReport.ashx?FinancialYear=2018-19 |title=NMDC Limited |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162404/https://www.nmdc.co.in/Financial%20Information/Handlers/DownloadAnnualReport.ashx?FinancialYear=2018-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| parent =
| homepage = [http://www.nmdc.co.in www.nmdc.co.in]
}}

'''NMDC Limited''', formerly '''National Mineral Development Corporation''', is an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] involved in the exploration of [[iron ore]], [[rock phosphate|rock]], [[gypsum]], [[magnesite]], [[diamond]], [[tin]], [[tungsten]], [[graphite]], [[coal]] etc. It is India's largest iron ore producer and exporter, producing more than 45 million tonnes of iron ore from three mechanized mines in [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Karnataka]]. It also operates the only mechanized diamond mine in the country at [[Panna, India|Panna]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Abhishek |date=2024-09-26 |title=NMDC Ltd eyes lithium block acquisition in Australia & Africa |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/nmdc-eyes-lithium-block-acquisition-in-australia-africa/article68686156.ece |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==Operating mines==
* Bailadila Iron Ore Mine, Kirandul Complex, South Bastar district, Dantewada (C.G.)Steel<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2024 |title=66th Annual Report 2023–2024 |url=https://www.nmdc.co.in/cms-admin/Upload/Annual_Report_Documents/96b25296b81b4abdbcddba9f5276f457_20241017201802710.pdf |website=nmdc.co.in}}</ref>
* Bailadila Iron Ore Mine, Bacheli Complex, South Bastar district, Dantewada (C.G.)
* Donimalai Iron Ore Mine, Donimalai, [[Bellary district, Karnataka]] <ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Prasenjit |title=India's NMDC gets nod to expand iron ore Mine |url=https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2037427-indias-nmdc-gets-nod-to-expand-iron-ore-mine |access-date=31 March 2020 |agency=Argus Media |date=19 December 2019}}</ref>
* Kumarswamy Iron Ore Mine, Bellary District, Karnataka
* Diamond Mining Project, Majhgawan, Panna (M.P.)<ref name=":0" />

NMDC Ltd. is diversified into other raw materials for the steel industry such as low silica limestone. Production of [[Magnesite#Uses|dead burnt magnesite]] and further value addition is under study through its subsidiary J K Mineral Development Corporation Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-14 |title=Amitava Mukherjee assumes additional charge as NMDC CMD |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/amitava-mukherjee-assumes-additional-charge-as-nmdc-cmd/articleshow/98636198.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

NMDC Ltd. has taken over a silica sand mining and [[beneficiation]] project from Uttar Pradesh State Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. The plant is designed to produce beneficiated high purity silica sand to a capacity of 300,000 tonnes per year as the raw material for production of float/sheet glass.

A memorandum of understanding has been signed between NMDC, [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]], (IREL) and Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation to establish a joint venture for the development of Bheemunipatnam Beach Sand. The project envisages mining of beach sands, setting up of [[mineral separation plant]] for [[ilmenite]] concentrate and a downstream value addition plant for conversion of ilmenite into [[rutile#Synthetic rutile|synthetic rutile]]/TiO2 slag/TiO2 pigment with [[pig iron]] as by-product.

== Geographical Footprints ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Business Units
!Products
!Locations
|-
|Panna Diamond Mine
|Diamond
|Madhya Pradesh, India
|-
|Steel SPV and Mining JV
|Special Purpose Vehicle
|Jharkhand, India
|-
|Coal Mines (Rohne & Tokisud)
|coal
|Jharkhand, India
|-
|Nagarnar Steel Plant
|Steel
|Chhattisgarh, India
|-
|Bacheli Mining Complex
|Iron
|Chhattisgarh, India
|-
|Kirandul Mining Complex
|Iron
|Chhattisgarh, India
|-
|Sponge Iron Unit, Paloncha
|Sponge Iron
|Telangana India
|-
|Donimalai Mining Complex
|Iron
|Karnataka, India
|-
|Donimalai Pellet Plant
|Iron Ore Pellets
|Karnataka, India
|-
|Steel SPV
|Special Purpose Vehicle
|Karnataka, India
|-
|Legacy Iron Ore Limited
|Iron
|Perth, Australia
|-
|International Coal Ventures Pvt Ltd. (ICVL)
|Coal
|Mozambique
|}

==NMDC Steel Limited ==
NMDC set up a 3 MTPA capacity greenfield [[Nagarnar Steel Plant]] based on HiSmelt technology, 16 km from [[Jagdalpur]] in [[Chhattisgarh]] state, with an estimated outlay of Rs 20000 crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.projectsinfo.in/News.aspx?nId=7dnGsGVKFCkeGmlJyFhljw== |title=Archived copy |website=www.projectsinfo.in |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202195512/http://www.projectsinfo.in/News.aspx?nId=7dnGsGVKFCkeGmlJyFhljw== |archive-date=2 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

A pure-play miner, NMDC had in 2009–10 conceived the Nagarnar steel plant with the intention of moving up the value chain and diversifying its portfolio. The idea was also to hedge itself against the vagaries of iron ore prices.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/nmdc-steel-unit-divestment-govt-firm-despite-chhatisgarh-cm-warning/645395/| title=NMDC aims September start for Nagarnar steel mill| website=FE| date=28 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohanty |first1=Meera |title=Steel ministry wants to put off sale of NMDC's Chhattisgarh steel plant |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/steel-ministry-wants-to-put-off-sale-of-nmdcs-chhattisgarh-steel-plant/articleshow/71381533.cms |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=1 October 2019}}</ref>

The plant site is around 16 km from Jagdalpur and 6 km from the Odisha–Chattishgarh border. The nearest railway station is Amaguda (around 2 km). The site is located on [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] [[National Highway 30 (India)|NH 30]].
The nearby airports are Jagdalpur, [[Raipur]] & [[Vishakhapatnam]] and the nearest seaport is Visakhapatnam located at a distance of approx 325 km. The nearest river is [[Indravati River|Indravati]], located at a distance of 3 km.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nmdc.co.in/right_pplant/Brochure%20circulated%20in%20EOI%20Conference-31.05.11.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502185439/http://www.nmdc.co.in/right_pplant/Brochure%20circulated%20in%20EOI%20Conference-31.05.11.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2023 NMDC Steel became a publicly traded company on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India]], after a demerger from NMDC in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=NMDC shares trade ex-demerger. Should you buy? |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/nmdc-shares-trade-ex-demerger-of-steel-business-edelweiss-has-buy-tag-11666937426454.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2023 |title=NMDC Steel makes market debut at Rs 30.25 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/nmdc-steel-makes-market-debut-at-rs-30-25-10123101.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

== Listings and shareholding ==
The equity shares of NMDC are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India.

As of February 2020, the [[Government of India]] held a 69.65% equity in NMDC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt of India cuts stake in NMDC by 2.63% |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/govt-of-india-cuts-stake-in-nmdc-by-2-63-120021100984_1.html |access-date=1 April 2020 |work=Business Standard|location=New Delhi |date=11 February 2020}}</ref> 225,339 individual shareholders hold approximately 3.79% of its shares. The balance is held by insurance companies (14.31%), foreign institutional investors (5.78%), [[mutual funds]] (4.42%), and banks (1.96%). [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with a 13.699% shareholding.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2022 |title=Intimation under Regulation 30 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 made on 30th December, 2022 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/d7d2e6f2-9bf9-4bd5-b3ce-1444f80da7c6.pdf |access-date= |publisher= |location=}}</ref>

== International ==
[[File:National Mineral Development Corporation 2017 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A 2017 stamp dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the National Mineral Development Corporation]]
In [[Australia]], Legacy Iron Ore, a majority-owned NMDC company, holds majority stakes in gold and iron ore projects in [[Western Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmdc.co.in/CMD/Default.aspx|title=NMDC Limited – Our CMD|website=www.nmdc.co.in|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> In 2023, NMDC started exploring for Lithium reserves in the company's, majority owned, Mount Bevan mine in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Neha |date=2023-04-19 |title=Iron ore miner NMDC exploring lithium reserves for mining in Australia |url=https://theprint.in/india/indias-nmdc-explores-lithium-reserves-for-mining-in-australia/1527403/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

NMDC Limited was awarded the Corporate Social Responsibility Award Global Metals Award 2018 in the Corporate Social Responsibility category in London, the first time since inception that an Indian company received the award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to the winners of the 2018 Platts Global Metals Awards! |url=https://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2018 |website=S&P Global Platts |access-date=31 March 2020 |location=London}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lakdi-ka-pul metro station|NMDC Lakdi-ka-pul]], a co-branded metro station of [[Hyderabad Metro]]

==References==
<references />
==External links==
* [http://www.nmdc.co.in NMDC website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218223143/http://www.nmdc.co.in/ |date=18 February 2013 }}

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Metal companies of India]]
[[Category:Mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu

2026-04-14T22:01:25Z

Ferdaus: started some entry v1

{{Short description|2012 film by Puri Jagannadh}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| image = Cameraman gangatho rambabu poster.jpg
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[D. V. V. Danayya]]
* [[S. Radha Krishna]] (presenter)}}
| writer = Puri Jagannadh
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Gabriela Bertante]]
* [[Prakash Raj]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]}}
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| editing = S. R. Shekhar
| studio = [[D. V. V. Danayya|Universal Media]]
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] (Nizam)
* Bunny Vasu (West Godavari)
* 14 Reels Entertainment (Krishna)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|10|18}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 154 minutes
| budget = {{INR|25 crore}}<ref name="boc">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2012 |title='Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu' collects Rs 52 crore |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-collects-rs-52-crore-518173.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523075600/https://www.news18.com/news/india/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-collects-rs-52-crore-518173.html |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>
}}

'''''Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu''''' ({{translation|Rambabu with Cameraman Ganga}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political film | political]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. The film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], and [[Gabriela Bertante]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]. [[Mani Sharma]] composed the soundtrack and background score, while [[Shyam K. Naidu]] and S. R. Shekhar handled the cinematography and editing. It was the second collaboration between Pawan and Puri after 12 years since ''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu Muhurat |url=http://www.raagalahari.com/functions/4794/cameraman-gangatho-rambabu-muhurat.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142618/http://www.raagalahari.com/functions/4794/cameraman-gangatho-rambabu-muhurat.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=25 July 2012 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref>

''Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu'' was theatrically released worldwide on 18 October 2012, garnering positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Rambabu is a short-tempered [[mechanic]] who has a kind heart as well as a tendency to react to various social incidents shown or published in the [[electronic media]]. After studying and observing his personality, Ganga, a [[cameraman]] from NC Channel, offers him a job as a [[journalist]], which he accepts. Jawahar Naidu, who is the state's ex-[[Chief minister (India)|CM]], tries to collapse the current government headed by Chandrasekhar Reddy and regain the post of CM, where he is strongly supported by his son, Rana "Ranababu" Naidu, a newbie to politics.

Dasaradh Ram is a reputed journalist who supplies proof of the scams and atrocities committed by Jawahar Naidu to NC channel, only to be brutally murdered by Ranababu. Although everyone, including the police, is aware that Ranababu is behind this, they remain silent out if fear. Rambabu valiantly opposes him and gets him arrested. However, Ranababu is released from prison with the help of his political contacts, and he challenges Rambabu to become the CM by using the media. A war ensues between Rambabu and Ranababu, where Rambabu enters politics. For gaining political mileage, Ranababu starts a movement opposing the presence of non-Telugu people in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It gains huge traction and he even injures Rambabu severely, but he is rescued by Smitha, who works for a rival news channel.

Rambabu later joins Smitha's news channel after getting discharged from the hospital. He tricks Ranababu into making some controversial statements on air, thus destroying the momentum of his movement. To gain sympathy votes, Ranababu makes Jawahar Naidu deliver his last speech and kills him, which is secretly recorded by Ranababu's driver, who later calls Rambabu and Smitha to show them the video. After this, Smitha arrives and shoots Rambabu, where she steals the video and makes a deal with Ranababu to disclose the whole for a hefty price.

After Rambabu recuperates, he makes a dispassionate and successful appeal to the youth of Andhra Pradesh, who get influenced by his speech. The following day, Rambabu, along with a huge crowd, reaches the building where Ranababu is hosting a party for his colleagues. Rambabu sends a message to the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] that Ranababu's guests should vacate the building to avoid being killed by the people along with Ranababu. Before leaving, Smitha orders to telecast the video, only to be murdered by Ranababu. Ranababu arrives outside with his pistol and shoots Rambabu, but he is killed in a stampede and Rambabu reaches an ambulance, accompanied by Ganga.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Rambabu, a mechanic-turned-journalist
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Ganga, NC Channel cameraman
* [[Gabriela Bertante]] as Smitha, rival news channel worker
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Rana "Ranababu" Naidu, Jawahar Naidu's son
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as ex-Chief Minister Jawahar Naidu, the opposition leader
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Bobby
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Chandrasekhar Reddy, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Dasaradh Ram
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as SRK
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as the MD of NC channel
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Narayana, Rambabu's uncle
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Narayana Murthy, Rana's uncle
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as an MLA
* Mukhtar Khan as a police officer
* [[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]] as a blind beggar
* [[Syed Sohel]] as Rambabu's supporter (uncredited role)
;Cameo appearance
* Scarlett Mellish Wilson in the song "Joramochindhi"
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Pawan Kalyan]] previously worked with [[Puri Jagannadh]] on [[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]], which was Puri's debut film. On 18 January 2012, Puri announced on Twitter that Pawan had agreed to do another film with him, with filming set to begin in mid-2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan, Puri Jagannadh film soon |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Pawan-Kalyan,-Puri-Jagannadh-film-soon--4-179165.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309122225/http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Pawan-Kalyan,-Puri-Jagannadh-film-soon--4-179165.html |archive-date=9 March 2014 |access-date=9 March 2014 |publisher=telugu.way2movies.com}}</ref> On 25 January 2012, Puri revealed that the film would be produced by [[D. V. V. Danayya]] under the Universal Media banner and that shooting would commence in May 2012 after Pawan completed ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''. On 10 February 2012, Puri announced on Twitter that he was in Bangkok and had finished writing the first half of the film. He announced the film's title, ''Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu'', and shared its logo on Twitter, marking it as his 25th film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2012 |title=Pawan Kalyan's 'Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu' with Puri Jagannadh |url=http://www.raagalahari.com/news/13482/pawan-kalyans-cameraman-gangatho-rambabu-with-puri-jagannadh.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305200033/http://www.raagalahari.com/news/13482/pawan-kalyans-cameraman-gangatho-rambabu-with-puri-jagannadh.aspx |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=25 July 2012 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
It was announced on 14 March 2012 that [[Prakash Raj]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] were cast for vital roles in the film. It was reported that Pawan Kalyan would be seen in the role of a news reporter and the female lead will be played by [[Tamannaah Bhatia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=Tamanna is Ganga in Pawan's film |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/-telugu-news-79975 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110065231/https://www.indiaglitz.com/-telugu-news-79975 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=26 March 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Gabriela Bertante]], who performed an item number in [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s [[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|''Devudu Chesina Manushulu'']] (2012), was chosen to play the second female lead role. Scarlett Wilson has been roped for an item song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Scarlett Wilson performs during an item song picturisation of movie 'Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu' |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/yearendershow/17598041.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531045529/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/yearendershow/17598041.cms |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Times of India Photogallery}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] for the film commenced in mid-June, predominantly in Hyderabad, and wrapped-up by late-September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2012 |title=Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu shooting begins |url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/cameraman-gangatho-rambabu-shooting-begins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531045530/https://www.m9.news/movienews/cameraman-gangatho-rambabu-shooting-begins/ |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=M9.news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2012 |title=Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-wrapped-up/articleshow/16528025.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531045530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-wrapped-up/articleshow/16528025.cms |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu (soundtrack)}}
The music of the film was composed by [[Mani Sharma]], collaborating with [[Puri Jagannadh]] and [[Pawan Kalyan]] for the second time. The album consists of six songs, with all lyrics penned by [[Bhaskarabhatla]]. The audio songs of the film were well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=AS |date=3 October 2012 |title=Cameraman Ganga tho Rambabu audio gets great response |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/news-interviews/34126278_1_cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-audio-songs-gabriela-bertante |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221100519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/news-interviews/34126278_1_cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-audio-songs-gabriela-bertante |archive-date=21 December 2013 |access-date=3 October 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu'' was released on 18 October 2012 in over 1500 screens.<ref name="rel">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=Despite disruption, Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu earns Rs 52 crore |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/despite-disruption-cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-earns-rs-52-crore-608396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531045532/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/despite-disruption-cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-earns-rs-52-crore-608396 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On the second day of its release following protests by Telangana supporters against objectionable scenes which they claimed hurt their sentiments<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Screening of Pawan's film stopped |url=http://www.thehindu.com:80/news/states/andhra-pradesh/screening-of-pawans-film-stopped/article4013708.ece?textsize=large&test=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024024627/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/screening-of-pawans-film-stopped/article4013708.ece?textsize=large&test=1 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=10 January 2013 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> and allegedly belittling the pro-Telangana movement,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2012 |title=Protests across Telangana against 'Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/protests-across-telangana-against-cameraman-gangatho-rambabu/article4012899.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223101832/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/protests-across-telangana-against-cameraman-gangatho-rambabu/article4012899.ece |archive-date=23 December 2012 |access-date=10 January 2013 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> the screening of the film was stopped in many theatres across Telangana region. As the controversy surrounding objectionable scenes in the film continues to affect its screening in several [[Telangana]] districts, a committee constituted by the Government has recommended cuts and modifications of nine scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2012 |title=Panel suggests cuts for 'Rambabu' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/panel-suggests-cuts-for-rambabu/article4017365.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022222321/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/panel-suggests-cuts-for-rambabu/article4017365.ece |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=10 January 2013 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Distribution rights ===
[[Dil Raju]] secured the film's theatrical distribution rights for the Nizam region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=Pawan Kalyan's CGR to be wrapped up soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-cgr-to-be-wrapped-up-soon/articleshow/16445994.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531045531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyans-cgr-to-be-wrapped-up-soon/articleshow/16445994.cms |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Bunny Vasu]] acquired the rights for West Godavari, while 14 Reels Entertainment obtained the rights for Krishna District.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2012 |title=14 Reels bags CGTR rights for Krishna Dt. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-reels-bags-cgtr-rights-for-krishna-dt-/articleshow/16682377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120202607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-reels-bags-cgtr-rights-for-krishna-dt-/articleshow/16682377.cms |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The VCD's, DVD's and Blu-ray discs of the film were released into the market through Aditya Video company on 17 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2013 |title=CGR DVD/BlueRay released |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/cgr-videoreleased.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121100932/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/cgr-videoreleased.html |archive-date=21 January 2013 |access-date=18 January 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
The film received positive reviews from critics.

Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and mentioned, "Well, it’s cheesy alright, but there’s enough entertainment value in it provided you leave your brains at home."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=18 October 2012 |title=Cameraman Ganga tho Rambabu Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Cameraman Ganga tho Rambabu by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu/movie-review/16866519.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001125224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu/movie-review/16866519.cms |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "With Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu, Puri Jagannadh is trying to look for an idealistic situation. If one is fond of movies with a political backdrop and is a fan of Pawan Kalyan, CGR may make for a one-time watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhika Rajamani |date=18 October 2012 |title=Review: CGR is a one time watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-cgr/20121018.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105113202/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-cgr/20121018.htm |archive-date=5 January 2013 |access-date=21 February 2013 |publisher=Rediff.com}}</ref> ''Way2movies'' gave it 3.25/5 stars and stated, "A sincere attempt by Puri Jagannadh. Watch Pawan Kalyan's terrific on-screen presence in Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu Movie Review |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Cameraman-Ganga-Tho-Rambabu-Movie-Review-6-257543.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021212620/http://telugu.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Cameraman-Ganga-Tho-Rambabu-Movie-Review-6-257543.html |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=telugu.way2movies.com}}</ref> Jeevi of ''Idlebrain'' gave 3.25/5 stars and expressed that the strengths of the film are Pawan Kalyan's explosive performance and Puri Jagan's superb characterization/dialogues. On the flip side, the holistic approach and strong villain characterization are missing in the film. There is enough firepower in the movie to make it commercially work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=18 October 2012 |title=Telugu Movie review – Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-cgr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118173144/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-cgr.html |archive-date=18 January 2013 |access-date=21 February 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

Mahesh S. Koneru of ''123telugu'' gave 3.25/5 stars and stated, "Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu is a movie that works primarily due to Pawan Kalyan's sheer force and powerful on-screen presence. A good second half, solid punch dialogues, and a terrific performance from Pawan elevate the movie. A better script and more involving characters would have helped the movie. The film will be a great watch for those who are interested in politics, and a decent one for regular movie lovers."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan's CMGR – Powerful Political Entertainer |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-pawans-cmgr-political-entertainer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191651/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-pawans-cmgr-political-entertainer.html |archive-date=19 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> ''SuperGoodMovies'' review gave 3.25/5 stars and stated, "Go and watch Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu for Powerstar Pawan Kalyan's best performance. Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu is packaged with full of entertainment. A hit for Pawan Kalyan this year."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu Movie Review |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/50513/tollywood/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-movie-review-movie-review-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019114606/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/50513/tollywood/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-movie-review-movie-review-details |archive-date=19 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=supergoodmovies.com}}</ref> Shekhar from ''Oneindia Entertainment'' gave 3.5/5 stars and stated that what strikes viewers is the way Puri has presented this subject on screen. Pawan Kalyan's performance stands out in it. It is a good treat for both class and mass audiences, and it is a must-watch film for Powerstar fans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu – Movie Review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2012/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-movie-review-100451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221532/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/reviews/2012/cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-movie-review-100451.html |archive-date=18 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012 |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref> NaChaKi from ''Telugu Cinema'' rated the film 3.25/5 stars and wrote, "Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu is a treat for Pawan Kalyan's fans and for Puri's fans, with its central theme actually going above and beyond the star and the star-director."<ref>{{Cite web |last=NaChaKi |date=18 October 2012 |title=Movie Review: Cameraman Ganga-tho Rambabu |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/cgr_moviereview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120075949/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/cgr_moviereview.php |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=21 February 2013 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu'' had a successful start, earning ₹13.5 crore on its opening day domestically and grossing ₹59.8 crore worldwide in theaters and became an above average.

== Controversy ==
The film sparked significant political tension in [[Andhra Pradesh]], as its characters were likened to leaders from the [[Telangana movement]]. [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] leader D. Sravan insisted that merely deleting certain scenes wouldn't appease the people and called for a complete ban on its screening. The [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) also pushed for a ban, alleging that it not only portrayed their leaders unfavourably but also mocked [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] and his son [[Nara Lokesh]]. TDP activists staged protests demanding the movie's prohibition. In an attempt to quell the controversy, the producers of ''Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu'' were compelled to eliminate objectionable content from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath |date=29 October 2012 |title=Telangana Rashtra Samithi wants Andhra govt to ban Cameraman Ganga Tho Rambabu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/telangana-rashtra-samithi-wants-andhra-govt-to-ban-cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-119967-2012-10-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128180831/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/telangana-rashtra-samithi-wants-andhra-govt-to-ban-cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu-119967-2012-10-28 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2012 |title=Screening of Pawan's film stopped |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/screening-of-pawans-film-stopped/article4013708.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120161415/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/screening-of-pawans-film-stopped/article4013708.ece |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
;[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] – [[Geetha Madhuri]] for "Melikalu"<ref>{{cite web | title=Dhanush, Shruti Haasan win top laurels at SIIMA awards | website=NDTV.com | date=22 February 2019 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhanush-shruti-haasan-win-top-laurels-at-siima-awards-613893 | access-date=1 June 2024 | archive-date=6 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906045604/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhanush-shruti-haasan-win-top-laurels-at-siima-awards-613893 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2327239}}
{{Puri Jagannadh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2010s political action films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Journalism adapted into films]]
[[Category:2012 masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films about photojournalists]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films about mass media in India]]
[[Category:Films about mass media people]]
[[Category:Fictional television stations]]
[[Category:Films produced by D. V. V. Danayya]]

Silli Lalli

2026-04-13T13:15:02Z

Ferdaus: started new info

{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Silli Lalli.jpg
| caption = Season 2 poster
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = [[Vijaya Prasad]]
| director = [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Ravishankar Gowda]]
* [[Manju Bhashini]]
* Roopa Prabhakar}}
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sihi Kahi Chandru
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = Approx. 21 minutes
| company = Final Cut Productions
| channel = [[ETV Kannada]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2003}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2007}}
}}

'''''Silli Lalli''''' is an Indian Kannada sitcom television series aired on [[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]] on the year 2003. It was produced and directed by actor [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] and written by [[Vijaya Prasad]]. The series starred [[Ravishankar Gowda]], [[Manju Bhashini]], and Roopa Prabhakar in lead roles. The series became hugely popular and attained cult status in Kannada television.<ref name="Production">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ravishankar-gowda-gets-reminiscent-about-silli-lalli/articleshow/69234102.cms|title=Ravishankar Gowda gets reminiscent about Silli Lalli|date=9 May 2019|access-date=4 April 2025|website=Times of India}}</ref> It has aired more than 1,100 episodes in 4 years.

== Plot ==
The series is about Vittal Rao, a doctor, and his family's day-to-day lives. Often one or more of the family members encounters trouble and the family works together to solve it.

== Cast ==
;Season 1
*[[Ravishankar Gowda]] as Dr Vittal Rao
*[[Manju Bhashini]] as Samaja Sevaki "Lalli" Lalitamba<ref name="Production"/>
*Roopa Prabhakar as Kathalekaki "Silli" Sreelalitha<ref name="Cast">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-comedy-show-silli-lalli-2-to-go-off-air/articleshow/75758363.cms|title=Kannada comedy show Silli Lalli 2 to go off-air|work=The Times of India |date=15 May 2020|accessdate=29 July 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
*Jyothi Kiran as Suji<ref name="Suji">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tuesday-trivia-did-you-know-antarapata-fame-jyoti-kiran-once-played-sujis-character-in-silli-lalli/articleshow/99925916.cms|title=Tuesday Trivia: Did you know Antarapata fame Jyoti Kiran once played Suji's character in Silli Lalli?|work=The Times of India |date=2 May 2023|accessdate=29 July 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
*Sangamesh Upase as Govinda<ref name="Suji"/>
*Prashant as Prahalad "Palli"<ref name="Cast"/>
*Shrinivasa Gowda as Ranganath<ref name="Cast"/>
*Sunetra Pandit as Vishalu <ref name="Cast"/>
*Namitha Rao as Lalitha "Nurse Maid Lalitha"<ref name="Cast"/>
*[[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]] as Janesha<ref name="Cast"/>
*Anand as Narahari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Mar/16/singer-naveen-sajjus-debut-film-as-hero-titled-mansion-house-mutthu-2430495.html|title=Singer Naveen Sajju's debut film as hero titled Mansion House Mutthu|first=Express News|last=Service|date=16 March 2022|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=29 July 2025}}</ref>
*Vijayalakshmi Subramani as Lalitha "Servant Maid Lalitha"
*[[Yash (actor)|Yash]] in a guest appearance<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/rocking-star-yash-once-acted-in-silli-lalli-old-video-goes-viral-rmd-826076.html|title='ಸಿಲ್ಲಿ ಲಲ್ಲಿ' ಪ್ರಸಾರದ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಗಿದ್ರು ನೋಡಿ ಯಶ್; ಹಳೆಯ ವಿಡಿಯೋ ವೈರಲ್|first=TV9|last=Kannada|date=4 May 2024|website=TV9 Kannada|accessdate=29 July 2025}}</ref>
*[[Mohan Shankar]] cameo in title song<ref name=silly />

;Season 2
*Prabhu Raj as Dr Vittal Rao<ref name="Season 2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/prabhu-raj-is-the-new-dr-vittal-rao-in-silli-lalli/articleshow/69387620.cms|title=Prabhu Raj is the new Dr Vittal Rao in Silli Lalli|work=The Times of India |date=17 June 2019|accessdate=29 July 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
*Vilas Rao as Prahalad "Palli"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-actor-vilas-rao-aka-palli-from-the-kannada-serial-silli-lalli/article30266221.ece|title=Vilas Rao dreams of moving from television to film soon|first=Shilpa|last=Sebastian|work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2019|accessdate=29 July 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Production==
The series marked Ravishankar Gowda's tryst with comedy after previously being known as a serious actor. Although he was not confident about his comedic skills, the writer Vijay Prasad reassured him that he was confident in his comedic timing.<ref name="Production"/>

== Music ==
Title song was composed and penned by [[V. Manohar]].<ref name=silly />
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Silli Lalli'' (Original Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| title1 = Silli Lalli
| note1 =
| length1 = 0:05
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 =
}}

==Reception==
The series started airing from 7 April 2003 at 9 PM.<ref name=silly>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/silly.html|title=SILLY LALLI|website=Chitraloka|access-date=5 September 2025|date=5 April 2003|last=CNB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009060737/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/silly.html|archive-date=9 October 2003}}</ref> As of December 2004, the series completed 400 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|website=Screen|access-date=14 August 2025|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9500|title=SILLY LULLY REACHES 400 MARK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210215636/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9500|archive-date=10 December 2004}}</ref> As of March 2005, the series completed 500 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar202005/enter10.asp|title=Silly Lalli 500|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=28 March 2025|date=20 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050320114307/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar202005/enter10.asp|archive-date=20 March 2005}}</ref> As of July 2005, the series completed 600 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul242005/enter1426302005722.asp|title=Laugh away your blues!|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=24 July 2005|access-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410222437/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul242005/enter1426302005722.asp|archive-date=10 April 2007}}</ref> At the end of its air, the series completed over 1,162 episodes.<ref name="DH"/> The dialogue "I am Dr. Vittal Rao... very famous in surgery and bargery" became popular.<ref name="Cast"/> Suji's dialogue "Am I right?" was also popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/silli-lalli-serial-actress-jyothi-kiran-playing-shambhavi-role-in-nammane-yuvarani-serial/articleshow/78122567.cms|title='ಸಿಲ್ಲಿ ಲಲ್ಲಿ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನಟಿ ಈಗ 'ನಮ್ಮನೆ ಯುವರಾಣಿ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಯಕಿಯ ಅಮ್ಮ!|website=Vijay Karnataka|accessdate=29 July 2025}}</ref>

==Sequel==
The series spawned a sequel with entirely different cast but with same characters. It was aired on Colors Super on the year 2019.<ref name="DH">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/kannada-sitcom-silli-lalli-back-after-a-gap-735870.html|title=Kannada sitcom 'Silli Lalli' back after a gap|date=24 May 2019|first=Rakshitha|last=MN|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> The second season was aired at 9pm before the air time was changed to 10 am.<ref name="DH"/><ref name="Season 2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/silli-lalli-is-back-on-air/articleshow/75142193.cms|title=Silli Lalli is back on air|work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2020|accessdate=29 July 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]

Rahul Roy (politician)

2026-04-04T15:55:38Z

Ferdaus: stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|the Indian actor|Rahul Roy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Algapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Algapur]]
| term = 2006 - 2011
| predecessor = [[Sahidul Alam Choudhury]]
| successor = [[Sahidul Alam Choudhury]]

| parents = [[Gautam Roy]] (Father) [[Mandira Roy]] (Mother)
| relatives = [[Santosh Kumar Roy (Assam politician)|Santosh Kumar Roy]] (grandfather)
}}

'''Rahul Roy''' is an Indian politician from the state of Assam. He is a former member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Algapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Algapur]], serving from 2006 to 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algapur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/algapur-assam-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=resultuniversity.com |archive-date=2022-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102034300/https://resultuniversity.com/election/algapur-assam-assembly-constituency |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a former member of [[Indian National Congress]], but is currently independent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2021-03-24 |title=Rahul Roy from Udharbond: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase2/rahul-roy-from-udharbond-early-life-controversy-political-career-530268 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228173308/https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase2/rahul-roy-from-udharbond-early-life-controversy-political-career-530268 |url-status=live }}</ref> He unsuccessfully sought reelection in Algapur in [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]], and in [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]. In [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]], he unsuccessfully sought election for the [[Udharbond (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udharbond]] constituency,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udharbond Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/udharbond-assam-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=resultuniversity.com |archive-date=2022-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102034300/https://resultuniversity.com/election/udharbond-assam-assembly-constituency |url-status=live }}</ref> where he was richest of all the contesting candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=Assam: Rahul Roy richest candidate in Phase-II of polls with Rs. 161 cr assets - INSIDE NE |url=https://www.insidene.com/assam-rahul-roy-richest-candidate-in-phase-ii-of-polls-with-rs-161-cr-assets/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324121140/https://www.insidene.com/assam-rahul-roy-richest-candidate-in-phase-ii-of-polls-with-rs-161-cr-assets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the son of former minister [[Gautam Roy]], and former member of Assam Legislative Assembly [[Mandira Roy]], grandson of former member of Assam Legislative Assembly [[Santosh Kumar Roy (Assam politician)|Santosh Kumar Roy]] and is married to Daisy Roy, who was an independent candidate for the Algapur seat in [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Assembly Elections 2021: Three Members Of Billionaire Family In Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-assembly-elections-2021-three-members-of-billionaire-family-in-assam-polls-2402165 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=2021-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330200538/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-assembly-elections-2021-three-members-of-billionaire-family-in-assam-polls-2402165 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Rahul}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hailakandi district]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Moozhikkal

2026-03-30T17:25:05Z

Ferdaus:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Moozhikkal Kozhikode.jpg|thumbnail|Moozhikkal junction, Kozhikode]]
'''Moozhikkal''' is a small town on Wayanad Road in Kozhikode East, Kerala, India.
Moozhikkal is administered by Kozhikode Corporation which is a local city council here.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Routes & Locations in Kerala, Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en}}</ref>

==Important Landmarks==
* Jama'at Juma musjid
* Moozhikkal "Srambya" Historical Significant Mosque
* Moozhikkal Kavu Bhagavathy Temple
* Moozhikkal Madathil Kunnummal Maha Vishnu Temple

==Sacred Groves==
Moozhikkal purayidam sarppakavu is a sacred grove of Moozhikkal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sacred Grove|url=http://jntbgri.in/SacredGroveonline/Software/SacredGrove/publiclistall.asp?curpage=11&sgno=&flag=#|access-date=2021-01-24|website=jntbgri.in}}</ref>
There is another sacred grove for monkeys near Moozhikkal.

==Medical College Road==
Moozhikkal junction has become prominent because it forks to [[Calicut Medical College]] and [[Parambil Bazar]] areas.

==Indian Institute of Spices Research==
{{mainarticle|Indian Institute of Spices Research}}
The Indian Institute of Spices Research is located near Moozhikkal. This organization is a subsidiary of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]], a federal agency of the Government of India.
The Institute was established in 1975. The institute provides project based education at masters and doctorate levels. Ph.D. is offered in Biochemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Hematology and Soil Chemistry. The institute has a number of fully equipped labs.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|11.29769|N|75.83313|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

Bharat Jodo Yatra

2026-03-28T20:17:17Z

Ferdaus:

{{Short description|Mass movement by the Indian National Congress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Bharat Jodo Yatra
| image=Rahul Gandhi farming aura in a cold AF raincoat in Kathua, Jammu during his Bharat Jodo Yatra on 20th January, 2023.png
| caption = [[Rahul Gandhi]] in [[Kathua]], [[Jammu and Kashmir]] marching amidst drizzling rain on 20th January, 2023.
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2022|09|07}} – 30 January 2023
| duration = 136 days
| Location = India
| type = [[Padayatra]], [[protest]]
| theme = [[Political movement]], [[social movement]]
| cause =
| motive =
| organizers = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| participants = Politicians, citizens, civil society organisations, political activists
| website = {{URL|bharatjodoyatra.in}}
}}

'''Bharat Jodo Yatra''' ({{lit|Unite India March}}) was a mass movement<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/politics/bharat-jodo-yatra/articleshow/96162215.cms |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress Launches Website Of 'Bharat Jodo Yatra', Bills It People's Movement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-launches-website-of-bharat-jodo-yatra-bills-it-peoples-movement-3278973 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> which was held by the [[Indian National Congress]] ("the Congress" or INC as short form).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-10 |title=भारत जोड़ो यात्रा: राहुल गांधी क्या पूरे रास्ते पैदल चलेंगे? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-62855796 |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Senior Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] orchestrated the movement by encouraging the [[Cadre (politics)|party cadre]] and the public to [[Padayatra|walk]] from [[Kanyakumari]] at the southern tip of India to the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a journey of {{Convert|4080|km|miles|abbr=off}} over almost 150 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rahul-gandhi-skirts-restoration-of-article-370-as-congresss-bharat-jodo-yatra-ends-in-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/97450944.cms?from=mdr|title=Rahul Gandhi skirts restoration of Article 370 as Congress's Bharat Jodo Yatra ends in Jammu and Kashmir|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-rahul-gandhi-launch-bharat-jodo-yatra-8137068/|title=Rahul launches yatra: Tricolour under attack, BJP wants to divide country on religious lines|date=7 September 2022 }}</ref>

According to the INC, the movement was intended to unite the country against the "divisive politics"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Murali |date=2022-10-03 |title=India's divisive politics spill over to UK diaspora community |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indias-divisive-politics-spill-over-to-uk-diaspora-community/a-63321756 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=DW News |language=en-GB}}</ref> of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)-led [[Government of India]]. The ''Bharat Jodo Yatra'' movement was launched by [[Rahul Gandhi]] and Tamil Nadu [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] [[M. K. Stalin]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Tamil Nadu CM Stalin to launch Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra on September 7 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-launch-rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra-september-7-8118663/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> on 7 September 2022.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: All you need to know about Congress's Kanyakumari to Kashmir rally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-kanyakumari-kashmir-all-you-need-to-know-8133574/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was claimed that its main objective was to protest against the politics of "fear, bigotry and prejudice", and the economics of livelihood destruction, increasing unemployment and growing inequality.<ref name="auto2"/> During the movement, the INC [[2022 Indian National Congress presidential election|elected a new party president]] and also won a majority in the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], its first majority it won by itself since 2018, thus repeating a pattern of change of state governments each election in Himachal Pradesh. Also talking about the notable loss in the period was the heavy drubbing of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022 Gujarat legislative assembly election]], falling to its lowest ever tally in [[Gujarat]] ever since the formation of the state.

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Background==
[[File:BharatJodo Logo.jpg|thumb|Flag of the Bharat Jodo Yatra, used during the rally]]

The [[Indian National Congress]] launched the logo, tagline, and website for Bharat Jodo Yatra at [[All India Congress Committee|AICC headquarters]] on 23 August 2022. The march started from [[Kanyakumari]] on 7 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |first1=Bikash Kumar |last1=Singh |title=As Bharat Jodo Yatra begins, here's a look at earlier political rallies held by Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bharat-jodo-yatra-earlier-political-yatras-rahul-gandhi-1998010-2022-09-08 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It was planned as a {{convert|3570|km|miles|abbr=off|adj=on}}-long, 150-day "non-stop" march that would pass through 12 states and two Union Territories. During the march, Congress Member of Parliament (MP) [[Rahul Gandhi]] would meet people during the day and would sleep in makeshift accommodation at night.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/discovery-of-congress-the-hindu-editorial-on-bharat-jodo-yatra/article65866600.ece|title=Discovery of Congress: On Bharat Jodo Yatra|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 September 2022 }}</ref> These makeshift accommodations were mobile ontainers specially built by [[Tata Group|Tata Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Check out containers where Rahul Gandhi, Congress leaders are putting up |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-containers-rahul-gandhi-jairam-ramesh-video/2662116/ |website=financialexpress.com |date=10 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> The march started from [[Kanyakumari]] and was to end in [[Srinagar]], and would be accomplished entirely on foot.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-06 |title=Rahul Gandhi: Can long march revive India's Congress party in digital age? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62796201 |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref> Marchers were scheduled to cover approximately {{cvt|23|km|miles}} each day in two shifts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra Of Congress: A Necessity In Dark Times |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bharat-jodo-yatra-of-congress-a-necessity-in-dark-times-news-222704 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

By {{as of|2022|12|lc=y|alt=December 2022}}, the march had covered more than {{cvt|3000|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra - भारत जोड़ो यात्रा |url=https://www.bharatjodoyatra.in/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Bharat Jodo Yatra |language=en}}</ref> The Bharat Jodo Yatra has similarities to ex-prime minister of India [[Chandra Shekhar]]'s nearly {{Convert|4260|km|miles|adj=on|abbr=out}}-long [[Chandra Shekhar#Bharat Yatra (1983)|Bharat Yatra]] march of 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Parallels Between Congress's 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' and Ex-PM Chandra Shekhar's 'Padayatra' |url=https://thewire.in/politics/the-parallels-between-congresss-bharat-jodo-yatra-and-ex-pm-chandra-shekhars-padayatra |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Rewind & Replay {{!}} That other 'Bharat Yatri': The long march, but short run, of Chandra Shekhar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bharat-yatri-long-march-short-run-chandra-shekhar-8141578/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Sobhana K. |last2=Phukan |first2=Sandeep |date=2022-09-05 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatris to sleep, eat on the road for 5 months |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-jodo-yatris-to-sleep-eat-on-the-road-for-5-months/article65853997.ece |access-date=2022-10-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Schedule ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+All India – Yatra Schedule
!State / UT
!Entry Date
!No. of days
!Key places
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|7 & 29 September
|4
|Kanyakumari
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|10 September
|18
|Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Nilambur
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|30 September
|21
|Mysore, Bellary, Raichur
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|18 October
|4
|D. Hirehal, Alur
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|23 October
|12
|Vikarabad, Hyderabad
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|7 November
|14
|Nanded, Jalgaon Jamod
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|23 November
|16
|Mhow, Indore, Ujjain
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|4 December
|18
|Jhalawar, Alwar, Kota, Dausa
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|21 December & 6 January
|12
|Ambala, Nuh, Faridabad
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|24 December
|2
|Badarpur, Rajghat
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|3 January
|5
|Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|10 January
|11
|Pathankot
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|18 January
|1
|Kangra district
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|19 January
|11
|Lakhanpur, Jammu, Srinagar
|}

==Methods ==

The Bharat Jodo Yatra used a variety of slogans, poetry, and songs, such as ''Mile Kadam, Jude Vatan'' (walk together, unite the country), ''Mehengai Se Nata Todo, Mil Kar Bharat Jodo'' (break ties with inflation, unite India), ''Berozagari Ka Jaal Todo, Bharat Jodo'' (break the web of unemployment, unite India), ''Nafrat Chhodo, Bharat Jodo'' (quit hate, unite the country) and ''Samvidhan Bachao'' (save the constitution) among others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-23 |title=Congress launches Bharat Jodo Yatra tagline, logo |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-launches-logo-website-of-bharat-jodo-yatra/article65801386.ece |access-date=2022-10-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=Gujarat polls: Rahul Gandhi promises loan waiver and free electricity to farmers, LPG cylinder at Rs 500 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-polls-rahul-gandhi-promises-loan-waiver-free-electricity-lpg-cylinder-at-rs-500-14653711.htm |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=CNBC TV18 |language=en}}</ref> Marchers, who were termed ''padayatris'', would speak with members of civil society every day during the break.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On day 1 of Bharat Jodo Yatra, Rahul interacts with activists, Dalit groups, environmentalists |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/09/08/on-day-1-of-bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-interacts-with-activists-dalit-groups-environmentalists.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul holds 'jan ki baat', interacts with artists, farmers, activists in Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2022/oct/02/bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-holds-jan-ki-baat-interacts-with-artists-farmers-activists-in-karnataka-2504064.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 October 2022 }}</ref> Public rallies were also held during the march. On 15 October, Rahul Gandhi's public gathering in [[Bellary|Ballari]] amid heavy rainfall got widespread media coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|author= |date=2022-10-02 |title=Watch: Rahul Gandhi Addresses Bharat Jodo Yatra Rally Amid Heavy Rain In Mysuru |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/watch-rahul-gandhi-addresses-bharat-jodo-yatra-rally-amid-heavy-rain-in-mysuru-1556342 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Basavaraj Maralihalli|date=13 Sep 2022 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Congress plans massive rally in Ballari {{!}} Hubballi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/bharat-jodo-yatra-congress-plans-massive-rally-in-ballari/articleshow/94167380.cms |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2022-10-10 |title=Rahul to address public rally in Ballari on October 15 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rahul-to-address-public-rally-in-ballari-on-october-15/article65992334.ece |access-date=2022-10-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Participants==
Throughout the five-month long yatra, there were three types of Padyatris. Bharat Yatris, who will walk the yatra throughout its whole journey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Yatris |url=https://www.bharatjodoyatra.in/bharat-padyatris/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129182508/https://www.bharatjodoyatra.in/bharat-padyatris/ |archive-date=29 Jan 2023 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=BHARAT JODO YATRA |language=en}}</ref> Atithi Yatris, guest marchers from states through which Bharat Jodo Yatra is not travelling, will be the second group. The third group to finish the march will be the Pradesh Yatris, a group of 100 yatris from states the march is travelling through and they will be a part of the yatra in that state. Three hundred padyatris will be marching at any moment. Few prominent people joining the yatra are
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Rahul Gandhi]], former president of Congress party
* [[Jairam Ramesh]], Member of Parliament from [[Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Bhupesh Baghel]], then [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]
* Pawan Khera, AICC social media chairman
* [[Kanhaiya Kumar]], political activist from [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]]
* [[Vijay Inder Singla]], former [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] cabinet minister
* [[Siddaramaiah]], former chief minister of Karnataka
* [[Oommen Chandy]], former chief minister of Kerala
* [[Sachin Pilot]], former deputy chief minister of Rajasthan
* [[Revanth Reddy]], president of [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee|Telangana PCC]]
* [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]], former MP for [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]].
* [[Chandy Oommen]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/former-kerala-cm-s-son-walks-barefoot-in-bharat-jodo-yatra-says-it-gives-him-energy-1.8204550 |title=Former Kerala CM's son walks barefoot in Bharat Jodo Yatra, says it gives him energy |website=mathrubhumi.com |date=2023-01-09 |access-date=2023-11-26}}</ref> National outreach Chairman of [[Indian Youth Congress]]
* [[Swara Bhaskar]], Bollywood actress and political activist <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhasker-gives-rahul-gandhi-roses-urges-all-to-join-bharat-jodo-yatra-resist-hate-101669894398328.html | title=Swara Bhasker gives Rahul Gandhi roses, urges all to join Bharat Jodo Yatra: 'Resist hate' | date=December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=Cong's 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' Tomorrow {{!}} All About 3,500-km Padyatra Covering 12 States from Kanyakumari to Kashmir |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/congs-bharat-jodo-yatra-tomorrow-all-about-3500-km-padyatra-covering-12-states-from-kanyakumari-to-kashmir-5901805.html |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Yatris |url=https://www.bharatjodoyatra.in/bharat-padyatris/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=BHARAT JODO YATRA |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129182508/https://www.bharatjodoyatra.in/bharat-padyatris/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul Gandhi Among 230 'Padyatris' To Spend Nights In Containers Mounted On Trucks |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/-bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-among-230-padyatris-to-spend-nights-in-containers-mounted-on-trucks-news-222112 |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kamal Haasan]], Indian actor, filmmaker, screenwriter
* [[Riya Sen]], Indian actress and model
* [[Urmila Matondkar]], Indian actress and politician}}
* [[Mohammed Azharuddin]], Former Indian Cricket Captain and Telangana's PCC President <ref>{{cite web |title=Former Indian captain Azharuddin joins Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra in Telangana |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/rahul-gandhi-bharat-jodo-yatra-mohammed-azharuddin-telengana-8233856/ |website=The Indian Express |date=27 October 2022 |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Supporters ===
Many grassroots movements have been joining or endorsing the Bharat Jodo Yatra. The INC appealed to individuals, organizations, and movements to join the yatra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |date=2022-08-24 |title=Sansad to sadak – Why grassroots movements are joining Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/sansad-to-sadak-why-grassroots-movements-are-joining-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra/1097427/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> More than 200 civil society members have appealed people to support Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=Over 200 civil society members appeal people to support Congress' 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' |url=https://theprint.in/india/over-200-civil-society-members-appeal-people-to-support-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra/1117682/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The Congress invited Bihar chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]] and deputy chief minister [[Tejashwi Yadav]] to join the yatra respectively. Nitish Kumar declined to join the Bharat Jodo Yatra<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Invite To Tejashwi Yadav, Team Rahul Gandhi Sends This Message |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-invite-to-tejashwi-yadav-for-bharat-jodo-yatra-a-congress-feeler-3356751 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nitish Kumar's JD(U) not to join ally Congress' 'Bharat Jodo Yatra', RJD yet to decide |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nitish-kumars-jdu-not-to-join-ally-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-rjd-yet-to-decide/articleshow/96717875.cms |access-date=2023-01-30}}</ref>

In late September, as the march was set to enter Karnataka, at least 89 organizations based in the state announced their support for and participation in the protest march. Prominent participants in the Karnataka phase of the march include author [[Devanur Mahadeva]] and literary critic [[G. N. Devy]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ataulla |first=Naheed |date=2022-09-27 |title=Around 100 civil society groups to be part of Bharat Jodo Yatra in Karnataka |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bhart-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-reach-out-civil-society-karnataka-168335 |work=[[The News Minute]] |location=[[Bengaluru]] |access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Aruna Roy]], co-founder of the [[Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan]] (MKSS)
* [[Yogendra Yadav]], founder of [[Swaraj Abhiyan|Swaraj India]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[G. N. Devy]], writer and cultural activist
* Syeda Hameed, former member of the Planning Commission
* Bezwada Wilson, the founder of the Safai Karmachari Andolan
* [[Mrinal Pande]], Indian journalist
* [[Dharamvir Gandhi]], former MP from the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
* [[Anjali Bhardwaj]], Indian social activist
* Sujata Rao, Indian civil society member<ref name=":1a">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Congress to launch 3570-km Bharat Jodo Yatra in Kanyakumari today. Details here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/congress-to-launch-3570-km-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-kanyakumari-today-details-here-11662509182517.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* Abhijit Sengupta, Indian civil society member<ref name=":2" />
* Sridhar Radhakrishnan, environmental activist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul genuinely concerned about India: Activist Sridhar recollects Bharat Jodo moments |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/09/18/rahul-gandhi-bharat-jodo-yatra-sridhar-radhakrishnan-reaction.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* [[C. R. Neelakandan]], environmental activist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul resumes yatra after paying tribute to Sree Narayana Guru |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/south/rahul-resumes-yatra-after-paying-tribute-to-sree-narayana-guru/2826518.html |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=United News of India}}</ref>
}}
* [[Amol Palekar]] and [[Sandhya Gokhale]], Director and Writer
* [[Rashmi Desai]], TV actress
* [[Akanksha Puri]], Indian actress and model
* [[Riya Sen]], Actress
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]], Comedian

===Timeline===

====September====

[[Rahul Gandhi]] launched the yatra on 7 September 2022 at [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul Gandhi offers floral tributes at his father's memorial in Sriperumbudur |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-offers-floral-tributes-at-his-fathers-memorial-in-sriperumbudur/article65860625.ece |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The yatra reached [[Kollam]] on 14 September,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Gandhi visits Sivagiri Mutt, Bharat Jodo Yatra in Kollam today |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/09/14/rahul-gandhi-sivagiri-mutt-bharat-jodo-yatra-kollam.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> where Gandhi met local cashew workers.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-09-16 |title=Rahul Gandhi meets cashew workers in Kollam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rahul-gandhi-meets-cashew-workers-in-kollam/article65899624.ece |access-date=2022-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The yatra also entered [[Alappuzha]], and [[Kochi]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2022 |title=Congress's Bharat Jodo Yatra resumes after a day break, Sonia Gandhi, Priyanka to join in Karnataka |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-resumes-kerala-sonia-priyanka-join-karanataka-leg-2004192-2022-09-24 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Supriya |date=21 September 2022 |title='Rattled' BJP going after Rahul Gandhi, says Congress as Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Day 14 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rahul-gandhi-bharat-jodo-yatra-day-14-agenda-kochi-congress-attacks-rattled-bjp-2002690-2022-09-21 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Malappuram |url=https://theprint.in/india/bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-malappuram/1144432/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Kerala High Court]] dismissed plea to regulate the Bharat Jodo Yatra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-27 |title=Plea to regulate Bharat Jodo Yatra dismissed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/plea-to-regulate-bharat-jodo-yatra-dismissed/article65942115.ece |access-date=2022-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The marchers entered [[Thrissur]], [[Malappuram]], and [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] on 29 September.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto1" />

On 30 September, the yatra entered Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Laiqh a |date=2022-09-30 |title=Karnataka leg of Bharat Jodo Yatra begins from Gundlupet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-leg-of-bharat-jodo-yatra-begins-from-gundlupet/article65954056.ece |access-date=2022-09-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== October ====
On 4 October, the yatra took a break at [[Mandya district|Mandya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Bengaluru News Live Updates: Sonia Gandhi reaches Mysore for Bharat Jodo Yatra; K'taka CM Bommai hits out at Rahul Gandhi, Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bangalore-news-live-news-rahul-gandhi-dk-shivakumar-8186771/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 6 October, [[Sonia Gandhi]] joined the yatra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahiri |first=Ishadrita |date=2022-10-06 |title='What she means to them': Women flock to see Sonia as she joins Bharat Jodo, keeps Udaipur pledge |url=https://theprint.in/politics/what-she-means-to-them-women-flock-to-see-sonia-as-she-joins-bharat-jodo-keeps-udaipur-pledge/1156889/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> It reached [[Chitradurga district]] on 11 October,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul Gandhi resumes his 'padayatra' from Chitradurga in Karnataka |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-resumes-his-padayatra-from-chitradurga-in-karnataka/videoshow/94777490.cms |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=The Economic Times |date=11 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> where Gandhi met unemployed youth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra day 35: Rahul Gandhi to meet 2000 unemployed youths from K'nataka |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/bharat-jodo-yatra-day-35-rahul-gandhi-to-meet-2000-unemployed-youths-from-knataka20221012103003/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

The yatra entered [[Anantapur district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 14 October.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tumultuous welcome to Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra in Anantapur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tumultuous-welcome-to-rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-anantapur/article66010456.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2022 |last1=Susarla |first1=Ramesh }}</ref> It re-entered Karnataka the day later, completing {{cvt|1000|km}} in [[Bellary district]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video | Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra Achieves 1000 Km Milestone |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/rahul-gandhi-s-bharat-jodo-yatra-achieves-1000-km-milestone-660127 |via=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> entering [[Kurnool district]] Andhra Pradesh on 18 October, before returning to Karnataka three days later.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2022-10-17 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra to enter Andhra Pradesh on Tuesday |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bharat-jodo-yatra-to-enter-andhra-pradesh-on-tuesday/article66022744.ece |access-date=2022-11-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The yatra entered [[Telangana]] on 23 October, followed by a three-day [[Diwali]] break.

It resumed in [[Telangana]] on 27 October,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2022 |title=Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-telangana/articleshow/95043170.cms |access-date=2022-11-03 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Ravikanth |last=Reddy |date=2022-10-29 |title=Hate will be abolished, says Rahul Gandhi as massive crowds join him in Bharat Jodo Yatra |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hate-will-be-abolished-says-rahul-gandhi-as-massive-crowds-join-him-in-bharat-jodo-yatra/article66070756.ece |access-date=2022-11-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> passing through [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]], [[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]], [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]], and [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra in Sangareddy on Wednesday |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bharat-jodo-yatra-in-sangareddy-on-wednesday |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra Enters Hyderabad |language=en |url=https://news.abplive.com/telangana/rahul-gandhi-s-bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-hyderabad-1560927 |access-date=2022-11-03}}</ref> On 29 October 2022, the marchers reached [[Jadcherla]], a town in [[Mahabubnagar]] district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rahul-yatra-day-52-actress-visit-a-kid-goat-as-gift-a-dance-8237337/lite/|title=Rahul Yatra Day 52: Actress visit, a kid goat as gift, a dance|date=29 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-day-52-fourth-day-in-telangana/articleshow/95157534.cms|title=Bharat Jodo Yatra enters day 52, fourth day in Telangana|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/actor-poonam-kaur-explains-why-rahul-gandhi-held-her-hand-sit-down-priyanka-chaturvedi-to-troll-101667089381402.html|title=Actor Poonam Kaur explains why Rahul Gandhi held her hand; 'Sit down...': Priyanka Chaturvedi to troll|date=30 October 2022 }}</ref>

====November====

On 1 November 2022, Late Dalit scholar [[Rohith Vemula]]'s mother joined the Bharat Jodo Yatra to walk alongside Rahul Gandhi, ''en route'' to [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohith Vemula's Mother Joins Rahul Gandhi On Congress March In Telangana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/rohith-vemulas-mother-joins-rahul-gandhi-on-congress-march-in-telangana-3478821}}</ref> Rahul Gandhi crossed 19 assembly segments of Telangana, traversing Shamshabad , Aramghar, Bahadurpura, Charminar, Afzalgunj, Mozzamjahi Market, Nampally (Gandhi Bhavan), Balanagar, Moosapet Y-junction, Kukatpally, Miyapur, BHEL , Patancheru (via NH-65).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/221022/rahul-to-stay-at-gandhi-ideology-center-in-bowenpally-on-nov-1.html|title=Rahul to walk through 19 Assembly segments in Telangana}}</ref> The yatra covered almost 60 km from Shamshabad to Muthangi (ORR).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/021122/rahuls-walk-brings-cheers-togetherness.html|title=Rahuls walk brings cheers, togetherness}}</ref> On the evening of 7 November 2022, the 61st day of the march, Bharat Jodo Yatra entered [[Maharashtra]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bharat-jodo-yatra-will-enter-maharashtra-after-telangana-2294230-2022-11-07|title=Congress's Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Maharashtra today; Tricolour to be handed over to Nana Patole |date=7 November 2022 }}</ref> crossing from Menuru village in [[Madnoor Mandal]] district of Telangana to [[Nanded]] district in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-leader-rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-maharashtra/article66108939.ece|title=Congress leader Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Maharashtra|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 November 2022 |last1=Deshpande |first1=Abhinay }}</ref>

On 11 November 2022, [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena]], leader and former Maharashtra Minister [[Aaditya Thackeray]] joined the Bharat Jodo Yatra in [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] district.<ref name="Bharat Jodo Yatra">{{cite news |title=Cross-Country foot-march |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/aaditya-thackeray-takes-part-in-bharat-jodo-yatra-marches-along-with-rahul-gandhi-in-mahas-hingoli/article66124410.ece |access-date=12 November 2022 |ref=Solidarity to Tripartite Maha Vikas Aghadi (MVA) alliance}}</ref> On 16 November 2022, activist [[Medha Patkar]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra in [[Washim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/social-media-companies-can-make-any-party-win-election-rahul-gandhi-on-bharat-jodo-yatra-day-70-8272639/|title=Social media companies can make any party win election: Rahul Gandhi on Yatra Day 70|date=17 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-slams-rahul-gandhi-for-marching-with-activist-medha-patkar-3534080|title=BJP Slams Rahul Gandhi For Marching With Activist Medha Patkar}}</ref> On 19 November, the birthday of [[Indira Gandhi]] actor-turned-politician [[Nagma]] joined the march in [[Buldhana district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/actor-amol-palekar-wife-sandhya-gokhale-join-bharat-jodo-yatra-452863|title=Actor Amol Palekar, wife Sandhya Gokhale join Bharat Jodo Yatra|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127094639/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/actor-amol-palekar-wife-sandhya-gokhale-join-bharat-jodo-yatra-452863|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 November 2022, Congress leader [[Priyanka Gandhi]] and her husband [[Robert Vadra]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rahul-gandhi-priyanka-bharat-jodo-yatra-madhya-pradesh-8286374/|title=Watch: Priyanka joins Rahul Gandhi in Madhya Pradesh for Bharat Jodo Yatra|date=24 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-joined-by-sister-priyanka-in-yatra-through-bjp-stronghold-3548327|title="Steps Are Stronger When...": Sister Priyanka Joins Rahul Gandhi's Yatra}}</ref>

In [[Burhanpur]], Rahul Gandhi met with banana-plantation and powerloom workers. Former CM of Madhya Pradesh [[Digvijaya Singh]] underplayed the electoral impact of the yatra.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sikdar |first=Shubhomoy |date=2022-11-23 |title=A march against hatred, violence, fear in India, says Rahul as Bharat Jodo Yatra enters MP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/a-march-against-hatred-violence-fear-in-india-says-rahul-as-bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-mp/article66174913.ece |access-date=2022-11-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Congress communication chief [[Jairam Ramesh]] said the yatra had given the party confidence to undertake similar marches from west to east in 2023.<ref name="Yatra from West to East in hybrid mode">{{cite news |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/buoyed-by-bharat-jodo-yatra-congress-mulls-yatra-from-west-to-east/article66161843.ece |access-date=21 November 2022 |ref=Congress communication Chief}}</ref> Rahul Gandhi described both [[Ashok Gehlot]] and [[Sachin Pilot]] as assets to the party.<ref name="Echoing voice of India">{{cite news |last1=Sikdar |first1=Shubhomoy |date=28 November 2022 |title=Gehlot, Pilot are assets for the Congress, says Rahul Gandhi, breaking silence on the power struggle within the party in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/both-leaders-assets-to-congress-rahul-gandhi-on-ashok-gehlot-and-sachin-pilot/article66195085.ece |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

====December====
Bharat Jodo Yatra first entered a Congress-ruled state, [[Rajasthan]] on 4 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-rajasthan/articleshow/95983322.cms|title=Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Rajasthan|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2022 }}</ref> On 13 December, Bharat Jodo Yatra resumed from [[Jeenapur]] in [[Sawai Madhopur district]], Rajasthan. The following day, former [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) governor [[Raghuram Rajan]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra in [[Sawai Madhopur district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ex-rbi-governor-raghuram-rajan-joins-rahul-gandhi-at-bharat-jodo-yatra-101670985749982.html|title=Ex RBI governor Raghuram Rajan joins Rahul Gandhi at Bharat Jodo Yatra|date=14 December 2022 }}</ref>

Bharat Jodo Yatra completed 100 days on 16 December 2022. [[Himachal Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]], [[Mukesh Agnihotri]] deputy CM, and the state's Congress chief [[Pratibha Singh]] walked alongside Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal Pradesh CM, HPCC chief Pratibha Singh walk alongside Rahul Gandhi as Bharat Jodo Yatra completes 100 days |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/himachal-pradesh-cm-hpcc-chief-pratibha-singh-walk-alongside-rahul-gandhi-as-bharat-jodo-yatra-completes-100-days/article66269927.ece |access-date=16 December 2022 |work=PTI |publisher=The Hindu |date=16 December 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Singer [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] performed at a concert marking the completion of 100 days of the protest at [[Albert Hall Museum]] in Jaipur on 16 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/dec/17/rahul-connects-india-on-100th-day-of-yatra-with-sunidhi-show-in-jaipur-2529012.html|title=Rahul 'connects India' on 100th day of Yatra with Sunidhi show in Jaipur|date=17 December 2022 }}</ref>

Former [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] chief minister [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra at Alwar on 20 December 2022. The next day, the protest march entered [[Haryana]] from [[Mundaka]] in [[Nuh district]], and resumed from [[Patan Udaipuri]] in [[Nuh, Haryana]] after a flag-handover ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rahul-gandhi-attacks-bjp-bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-haryana-2311642-2022-12-21|title='Opening a shop of love in market of hate': Rahul Gandhi attacks BJP as Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Haryana |date=21 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/bharat-jodo-in-haryana-fog-worries-congress-netas-workers-cant-wait-for-yuvraj/articleshow/96385084.cms|title=Bharat Jodo in Haryana: Fog worries Congress netas, workers can't wait for 'yuvraj'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 December 2022 }}</ref> On 23 December, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) MP [[Kanimozhi]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dmk-mp-kanimozhi-joins-rahul-gandhi-s-bharat-jodo-yatra-haryana-171241|title=DMK MP Kanimozhi joined Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra in Haryana|date=23 December 2022 }}</ref> She said she was delighted to be a part of the foot march that celebrates India's diversity.<ref>{{cite news |title=DMK leader Kanimozhi joins 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' in Haryana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dmk-leader-kanimozhi-joins-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-haryana/article66296689.ece |access-date=24 December 2022 |work=PTI |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 December 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

On 24 December, Bharat Jodo Yatra entered Delhi at Badarpur after resuming from [[NHPC Chowk metro station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-led-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-delhi-today-3634386|title=Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra In Delhi Amid BJP vs Congress Over Covid}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rahul-gandhi-bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-delhi-bjp-rss-covid-2312938-2022-12-24|title='Hum jahan gaye humko pyar mila': Rahul Gandhi as Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Delhi |date=24 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Makkal Needhi Maiam]] (MNM) president and actor-turned politician [[Kamal Haasan]] joined the march in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Blurred party lines and came here': Kamal Haasan on joining Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kamal-haasan-bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-8342504/ |access-date=24 December 2022 |work=Express Web Desk |publisher=The Indian Express |date=24 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 9 December 2022, Congress General Secretary (Communications) [[Jairam Ramesh]] said Bharat Jodo Yatra would take a nine-day break on 25 December and resume on 3 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-jodo-yatra-to-take-a-nine-day-break/article66243342.ece |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra to take a nine-day break|newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bharat-jodo-yatra-20-to-begin-on-january-3-congress-mp-jairam-ramesh-2307268-2022-12-09 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra 2.0 to begin on January 3: Congress MP Jairam Ramesh |date=9 December 2022 }}</ref>

==== January 2023 ====
The Bharat Jodo Yatra resumed its second leg from [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmir gate]] in Delhi on 3 January 2023. According senior Congress leader Jaiprakash Agarwal, the protest was "echoing the voice of the citizens".<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra resumes second leg from Delhi, to enter Uttar Pradesh by afternoon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-jodo-yatra-resumes-second-leg-from-delhi-to-enter-uttar-pradesh-by-afternoon/article66332823.ece |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=PTI |publisher=The Hindu |date=3 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Bharat Jodo Yatra entered [[Uttar Pradesh]] from Loni in [[Ghaziabad district]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/second-wife-dhaba-helped-congress-mp-finish-17km-non-stop-bharat-jodo-yatra-101672741045224.html|title='Second Wife Dhaba' helped Congress MP finish 17km non-stop Bharat Jodo Yatra|newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=3 January 2023 }}</ref> Former [[Research and Analysis Wing]] chief [[A. S. Dulat]], and former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister [[Farooq Abdullah]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bharat-jodo-yatra-nc-leader-farooq-abdullah-joins-rahul-gandhi-as-yatra-enters-uttar-pradesh-2023-01-03-836232|title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: NC leader Farooq Abdullah joins Rahul Gandhi as Yatra enters Uttar Pradesh|date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>

Bharat Jodo Yatra entered [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] at [[Shambhu, Punjab|Shambhu]] on 10 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/yatra-enters-state-factionalism-comes-to-the-fore-in-congress-469300|title=Yatra enters state, factionalism comes to the fore in Congress}}</ref> Rahul Gandhi visited the [[Golden Temple]] in Amritsar before the yatra started in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-visits-golden-temple-as-bharat-jodo-enters-punjab-101673340091808.html|title=Rahul Gandhi visits Golden Temple as Bharat Jodo enters Punjab|date=10 January 2023 }}</ref> On 14 January, Congress MP from Jalandhar [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]] died during the march after suffering a heart attack in [[Phillaur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/congress-mp-chaudhary-santokh-singh-dies-during-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-punjab/articleshow/96981738.cms|title=Congress MP Chaudhary Santokh Singh passes away during Bharat Jodo Yatra in Punjab|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/congress-mp-chaudhary-santokh-singh-dies-of-heart-attack-during-rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-punjab-470315 Congress MP Chaudhary Santokh Singh dies of heart attack during Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra in Punjab's Phillaur]</ref> On 15 January, father of late Punjabi singer [[Sidhu Moose Wala]] and historian [[Mridula Mukherjee]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sidhu-moosewala-father-bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-8383466/|title=Rahul Gandhi gets a gift from Sidhu Moosewala's father|date=15 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sidhu-moosewalas-father-joins-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-punjab-3694508|title=Sidhu Moose Wala's Father Joins Bharat Jodo Yatra In Punjab}}</ref>

On 18 January 2023, Bharat Jodo Yatra entered [[Himachal Pradesh]] and travelled {{cvt|24|km}} in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-himachal-pradesh/articleshow/97078667.cms|title=Rahul Gandhi's 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' enters Himachal Pradesh|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/rahul-gandhi-begins-bharat-jodo-yatra-himachal-pradesh-8388524/|title=Rahul Gandhi begins day long leg of Bharat Jodo Yatra in Himachal Pradesh|date=18 January 2023 }}</ref> The following evening, the protest march entered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] at [[Pathankot]] with a flag-handover ceremony at [[Lakhanpur, Jammu|Lakhanpur]] in Kathua district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/watch-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-enters-jammu-and-kashmir/videoshow/97138428.cms|title=Watch: Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra enters Jammu and Kashmir|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/government-diverting-attention-of-people-and-then-looting-them-rahul-gandhi-in-jammu-and-kashmir/cid/1910906|title=Govt diverting attention of people and then looting them: Rahul Gandhi in J&K}}</ref> National Conference President and MP [[Farooq Abdullah]] stated he joined the yatra to highlight the need to strengthen the idea of unity in diversity, and said Rahul Gandhi was "doing the job of joining the hearts of people".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ashiq |first1=Peerzada |title=Aware of suffering in J&K, have come to listen, share your pain: Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aware-of-suffering-in-jk-have-come-to-listen-share-your-pain-rahul-gandhi/article66409930.ece |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=19 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> On 20 January 2023, Param Vir Chakra recipient Captain [[Bana Singh]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/hero-of-operation-rajiv-param-vir-chakra-recipient-capt-bana-singh-joins-bharat-jodo-yatra/1325954/|title=Hero of 'Operation Rajiv' — Param Vir Chakra recipient Capt Bana Singh joins Bharat Jodo Yatra|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=20 January 2023 }}</ref>

On 24 January 2023, Actor-politician [[Urmila Matondkar]] and prominent author [[Perumal Murugan]] joined the Bharat Jodo Yatra in Jammu's garrison town of [[Nagrota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/urmila-matondkar-marches-with-rahul-gandhi-during-bharat-jodo-in-jammu-watch-101674541859233.html|title=Urmila Matondkar marches with Rahul Gandhi during Bharat Jodo in Jammu. Watch|date=24 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-politician-urmila-matondkar-joins-rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-jammu-3719041|title=Actor-Politician Urmila Matondkar Joins Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra in Jammu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/rahul-dismisses-digvijaya-s-surgical-strike-remark-as-ridiculous-101674586952469.html|title=Rahul dismisses Digvijaya's surgical strike remark as 'ridiculous'|date=25 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actor-politician-urmila-matondkar-joins-rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-jammu/articleshow/97275472.cms|title=Actor-politician Urmila Matondkar joins Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra in Jammu|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 January 2023 }}</ref> By the time the Yatra reached Srinagar, it had covered {{cvt|3122|km}} from Gandhi Mandapam in Kanyakumari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-to-hoist-national-flag-in-srinagar-on-january-30-466709|title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul Gandhi to hoist national flag in Srinagar on January 30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/rahul-gandhi-to-hoist-national-flag-in-srinagar-on-jan-30-k-c-venugopal-123010200676_1.html|title=Rahul Gandhi to hoist national flag in Srinagar on Jan 30: K C Venugopal|date=2 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/rahul-gandhi-to-hoist-national-flag-in-srinagar-on-jan-30/1294143/|title=Rahul Gandhi to hoist national flag in Srinagar on Jan 30|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=2 January 2023 }}</ref> The 137 day long foot march was officially ended at Srinagar's Lal Chowk.<ref name="Lal Chowk">{{cite news |last1=Phukan |first1=Peerzada Ashiq & Sandeep |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra has given an alternative vision of politics to the country: Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bharat-jodo-yatra-has-given-an-alternative-vision-of-politics-to-the-country-rahul-gandhi/article66448069.ece |access-date=5 February 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=29 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
* The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) criticized the rally and called it "Parivar Bachao Rally" (''Save Family March'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=BJP uses corruption, dynastic rule narrative to counter Bharat Jodo Yatra |url=https://www.siasat.com/bjp-uses-corruption-dynastic-rule-narrative-to-counter-bharat-jodo-yatra-2404881/ |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> At that time, the Congress was preparing to hold [[2022 Indian National Congress presidential election|its presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-14 |title=Congress reviews preparations for party poll |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-reviews-preparations-for-party-poll/article65891367.ece |access-date=2022-09-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 18 September, BJP Tamil Nadu president [[C. T. Ravi|C.T. Ravi]] posted a picture of Rahul Gandhi and his niece on [[Twitter]]; Ravi deleted the tweet after public outrage and a case was filed against him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-19 |title=Complaint filed against TN BJP leader for tweet on Rahul Gandhi and niece |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/complaint-filed-against-tn-bjp-leader-tweet-rahul-gandhi-and-niece-168049 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The Congress replied, saying the BJP was "rattled" by the yatra and its immense public support.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-19 |title=BJP rattled by 'Bharat Jodo Yatra', says Congress |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-rattled-by-bharat-jodo-yatra-says-congress/article65910724.ece |access-date=2022-09-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] supported the Yatra; M.K. Stalin was present to launch the Yatra at Kanyakumari on 7 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=Why Stalin's presence at Bharat Jodo Yatra matters for DMK |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/why-stalins-presence-at-bharat-jodo-yatra-matters-for-dmk-1142436.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) initially distanced itself from the yatra; its leader [[P. C. Chacko]] said; "Congress's yatra is aimed to prove it is not dead".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cong's 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' aimed at proving it is not dead: NCP leader P C Chacko |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/cong-s-bharat-jodo-yatra-aimed-at-proving-it-is-not-dead-ncp-leader-p-c-chacko-1.7863224 |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=11 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> NCP chief [[Sharad Pawar]], however, dubbed the yatra "immensely useful" for the Congress and Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-19 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra's usefulness for Congress and Rahul Gandhi cannot be denied: Sharad Pawar |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bharat-jodo-yatras-usefulness-for-congress-and-rahul-gandhi-cannot-be-denied-sharad-pawar/article65909834.ece |access-date=2022-09-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Senior NCP leaders [[Jayant Patil]], [[Supriya Sule]], and [[Jitendra Awhad]] joined the Bharat Jodo Yatra when it entered the state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-10 |title=Supriya Sule, other NCP leaders join Rahul Gandhi in 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' in Nanded |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/supriya-sule-other-ncp-leaders-join-rahul-gandhi-in-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-nanded/article66120196.ece |access-date=2022-11-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* The [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] (SS (UBT)) through its publication ''[[Saamana]]'' supported the yatra and accused the BJP of being scared of the protest march.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Saamana editorial supports Congress's Bharat Jodo Yatra, slams BJP for criticising initiative |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/saamana-editorial-supports-congresss-bharat-jodo-yatra-slams-bjp-8136485/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> SS (UBT) leader [[Sanjay Raut]] stated Rahul Gandhi keeps friendship and affection alive despite political differences. Raut attributed the tremendous response to the march to love and compassion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2022-11-21 |title=Rahul Gandhi calls up Sanjay Raut; Sena MP says such gestures becoming rare in times of political bitterness |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rahul-gandhi-calls-up-sanjay-raut-sena-mp-says-such-gestures-becoming-rare-in-times-of-political-bitterness/article66163915.ece |access-date=2022-11-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* The [[Aam Aadmi Party]] dismissed the yatra, saying it is of "no consequence".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Is AAP's 'Make India Number 1' campaign a bid to upstage Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-is-aaps-make-india-number-1-campaign-a-bid-to-upstage-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-11201971.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))initially criticized the Congress in a Twitter post that read; "18 days in Kerala...2 days in UP. Strange way to fight BJP-RSS". The Congress said Kerala is a long south-to-north state; "It takes 370 kilometres from Kanyakumari to go through Kerala and reach Karnataka. If it took two days of rest days, it would take 18 days to cover that distance."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-13 |title=CPI(M) slams 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' for spending '18 days in Kerala, 2 in UP'; Congress hits back |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpim-slams-bharat-jodo-yatra-for-spending-18-days-in-kerala-2-in-up-congress-hits-back/article65883291.ece |access-date=2022-09-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The CPI(M)'s general secretary Sitaram Yechury said; "Every party has the legitimate right to interact with the populace. Going to people is good". He also said that the CPI(M) would join efforts to unite the opposition parties to defend the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-16 |title=Every party has legitimate right to go to people: CPI(M) on 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/every-party-has-legitimate-right-to-go-to-people-cpim-on-bharat-jodo-yatra-1145734.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-09-16 |title=Going to people is good: CPI(M) softens stance on Cong's Bharat Jodo Yatra |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/going-to-people-is-good-cpi-m-softens-stance-on-cong-s-bharat-jodo-yatra-122091601300_1.html |access-date=2022-09-17}}</ref>
* The [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] supported the yatra, with party chief [[Mehbooba Mufti]] accepting the Congress's invitation to join it (in Jammu & Kashmir) and praised Rahul Gandhi for his "efforts to unite India".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-28 |title=It's my duty: Mehbooba Mufti accepts Rahul's Bharat Jodo Yatra invite |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/it-s-my-duty-mehbooba-mufti-accepts-rahul-s-bharat-jodo-yatra-invite-122122800216_1.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Yogendra Yadav]] of [[Swaraj India]] joined Bharat Jodo Yatra and described the march as a [[Dakshinayana]] movement of India, in which the influences of the south are carried to the north.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bharat-jodo-yatra-is-dakshinayana-movement-where-influences-of-south-are-carried-to-north-yogendra-yadav/article65947347.ece|title=Bharat Jodo Yatra is Dakshinayana movement where influences of South are carried to North: Yogendra Yadav|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 September 2022 |last1=Kumar |first1=B. S. Satish }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/yogendra-yadav-journey-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-aap-to-swaraj-india-8142413/|title=Arc of Yogendra Yadav's journey: 'Congress must die' to 'Bharat Jodo Yatra', AAP to Swaraj India|date=10 September 2022}}</ref>
* The Hindu-nationalist organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]'s chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]] appealed to minorities in the country, shortly after the start of the yatra. The INC saw this sudden outreach as an effect of the yatra's success.<ref name="Mohan Bhagawat">{{cite news |title=Bhaarat Jodo Yatra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/rahuls-bharat-jodo-yatra-leading-to-rss-reaching-out-to-minorities-congress/article66023112.ece |access-date=16 November 2022 |ref=RSS Sarsangchalak}}</ref>
* Senior Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) leader and the Ram Temple trust's general secretary, [[Champat Rai]] acknowledged Rahul Gandhi and stated: "A 50-year-old 'young' man is walking in this chilling weather to know India. What else we can do if not appreciate his efforts."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ishita |title=Ram temple trust secretary lauds Bharat Jodo Yatra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-temple-secretary-lauds-rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra/article66338444.ece |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=4 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
The Bharat Jodo Yatra was criticized for not passing through the poll-bound states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Congress leader [[Jairam Ramesh]] defended the decision, stating this was because it would take 90–95 days to reach Gujarat, starting from Kanyakumari; according to Ramesh, "It would be impossible to reach before the elections, same with Himachal Pradesh". He also said in the states where the yatra would not be able to go, he and another senior Congress leader [[Digvijaya Singh]], along with many others, would visit them.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |first=Darpan |last=Singh |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Jairam Ramesh explains Rahul Gandhi's 18 days in Kerala, skipping poll-bound Gujarat, Himachal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bharat-jodo-yatra-jairam-ramesh-rahul-gandhi-kerala-skipping-poll-bound-gujarat-himachal-2000527-2022-09-15 |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Resistance==
The Congress and the BJP got into an argument after hoardings in Gundlupet, Karnataka, welcoming Bharat Jodo Yatra were ripped down on 29 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Posters welcoming Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra torn in Karnataka; Cong, BJP trade barbs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/posters-rahul-gandhi-bharat-jodo-yatra-torn-karnataka-8180551/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> One poster depicted [[Savarkar]]. Congress attributed the problem to "miscreants". Savarkar's image was previously seen on a Bharat Jodo Yatra poster in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nijeesh Narayanan|date=21 Sep 2022 |title=Congress red-faced over Savarkar photo on Bharat Jodo Yatra banner in Kochi {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/congress-red-faced-over-savarkar-photo-on-bharat-jodo-yatra-banner-in-kochi/articleshow/94359373.cms |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Protests ===
During the Karnataka leg of the yatra, the Congress experienced a few problems. Following the appearance of Rahul Gandhi's image on the Karnataka flag, pro-Kannada people protested against the image and warned the Congress not to use Gandhi's image on the flag.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Kannada group protests over Rahul Gandhi's image on 'Karnataka flag' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pro-kannada-group-protest-rahul-gandhi-image-karnataka-flag-bharat-jodo-yatra-mysuru-2007841-2022-10-03 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=India Today |date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra: Pro-Kannada groups protest over Rahul Gandhi's image on 'Karnataka flag' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-pro-kannada-groups-protest-over-rahul-gandhis-image-on-karnataka-flag |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Farmers protested during the Rajasthan leg of the yatra, protesting against the failure of the state's Congress-led government to deliver on Rahul Gandhi's election promise of a farm-loan waiver. They also complained about water scarcity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-20 |title=Farmers protest during Bharat Jodo Yatra in Rajasthan, demand loan waivers |url=https://theprint.in/india/rajasthan-farmers-protest-during-bharat-jodo-demand-loan-waivers/1272266/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Petitions in High Court ===
Division Bench of the [[Kerala High Court]] dismissed a public-interest lawsuit that sought to control Bharat Jodo Yatra, which the petitioner said was impeding both vehicular and pedestrian traffic on public streets.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2022-09-27 |title=Plea to regulate Bharat Jodo Yatra dismissed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/plea-to-regulate-bharat-jodo-yatra-dismissed/article65942115.ece |access-date=2022-10-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Athira |date=2022-09-20 |title=Advocate Moves Kerala High Court Against Bharat Jodo Yatra Led By Congress MP Rahul Gandhi |language=en |work=LiveLaw |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/advocate-moves-kerala-high-court-against-bharat-jodo-yatra-led-by-congress-mp-rahul-gandhi-209781 |access-date=2022-10-08}}</ref>

==Impact==
On the fourth day of the Bharat Jodo Yatra, Rahul Gandhi reopened a road that had been closed in 1993 due to caste-based violence. In Badanavalu, a route called "Bharat Jodo Road" connects Lingayat settlements with Dalit dwellings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2022 |title=Rajasthan CM inaugurates ₹250 cr 'Bharat Jodo Setu' elevated road in Jaipur |newspaper=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajasthan-cm-inaugurates-rs-250-cr-bharat-jodo-setu-elevated-road-in-jaipur-11665106751853.html}}</ref> According to officials, on 7 October 2022, Rajasthan's Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot officially opened a {{convert|2.8|km|mile|adj=on|abbr=out}} elevated road in [[Jaipur]]. According to them, the chief minister renamed the route, which was formerly known as Sodala elevated road, to "Bharat Jodo Setu".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 250 Crore Elevated Road 'Bharat Jodo Setu' Inaugurated In Jaipur |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ashok-gehlot-inaugurates-rs-250-crore-bharat-jodo-setu-elevated-road-in-jaipur-3409470 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Other planned yatras ===

The Indian National Congress, inspired by the success of Bharat Jodo Yatra, started or planned separate-but-related yatras in other states.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=If this Bharat Jodo Yatra is successful, we'll do one from Gujarat to Arunachal, Congress says |url=https://theprint.in/politics/congress-to-begin-second-phase-of-bharat-jodo-yatra-from-gujarat/1130563/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=ThePrint|date=16 September 2022 }}</ref>

On 1 November, the Congress started a yatra in [[Assam]] that went from [[Dhubri]] to [[Sadiya]], covering around {{cvt|850|km}} across the state.<ref name=":1b">{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2022-10-25 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra achieving objectives, has covered one-third distance |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bharat-jodo-yatra-achieving-objectives-has-covered-one-third-distance-122102500768_1.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> In [[Odisha]], a yatra covered {{cvt|2400|km}} and lasted for 100 days,<ref name=":1b" /> starting on 31 October as a show of strength for the Congress. The rally started from [[Bhubaneswar]] and transited cities [[Cuttack]], [[Jajpur]], [[Balasore]], and others. Many Congress party state units also started mass-contact programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Gandhi may visit Odisha to join Bharat Jodo Yatra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/sep/14/rahul-gandhi-may-visit-odisha-to-join-bharat-jodo-yatra-2498081.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 September 2022 }}</ref>

The then former chief minister of Karnataka [[Siddaramaiah]], and the then [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|KPCC]] president [[D. K. Shivakumar]] organised a new yatra beginning in early December that visited all 224 assembly constituencies to maintain the momentum started by Bharat Jodo Yatra until the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra momentum to continue: Siddaramaiah, DKS to start one in Dec |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2022/oct/13/bharat-jodo-yatramomentum-to-continue-siddaramaiah-dks-to-start-one-in-dec-2507578.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 October 2022 }}</ref>

=== Responses ===

[[Basavaraj Bommai]], the chief minister of Karnataka, and BJP politician [[BS Yediyurappa]] launched a countermarch named "Jana Sankalpa Yatra" on 11 October 2022; this yatra would visit 52 assembly constituencies as a political response to the Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Yatra vs Yatra in Karnataka: BJP goes head-to-head with Bharat Jodo this week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/yatra-vs-yatra-karnataka-bjp-goes-head-to-head-with-bharat-jodo-this-week-8202989/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=K'taka CM, BSY start 'Jan Sankalpa Yatra' as Cong's Bharat Jodo on |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/india/k---taka-cm--bsy-start----jan-sankalpa-yatra----as-cong---s-bharat-jodo-on.html |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

The BJP started a march called "Jan Aakrosh Yatra" in Rajasthan on 1 December as a protest against the [[Third Gehlot ministry|Ashok Gehlot government]] in the state. Turnout for the event was poor, it received low public support, and the BJP leaders expressed displeasure with the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=In Rajasthan, JP Nadda launches 'Jan Aakrosh Yatra', slams Ashok Gehlot for 'putting brakes' on development |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/rajasthan-jp-nadda-launches-jan-aakrosh-yatra-slams-ashok-gehlot-8300750/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahan |first=Rajan |date=2022-12-18 |title='Jan Aakrosh Yatra' Deepens BJP Rift in Rajasthan: A Yatra to Nowhere? |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/jan-aakrosh-yatra-rajasthan-bjp-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-vasundhara-raje-read-more |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

Though having received invitations from the Congress Party, Bahujan Samaj party leader [[Mayawati]] and Samajwadi party leader [[Akhilesh Yadav]] did not participate in Bharat Jodo Yatra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thanks but no thanks: Akhilesh Yadav, Mayawati on Bharat Jodo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/thanks-but-no-thanks-akhilesh-yadav-mayawati-on-bharat-jodo-yatra-invite/articleshow/96694658.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
According to a November 2022 survey by [[CVoter]], Rahul Gandhi's approval ratings rose drastically after the Bharat Jodo Yatra, although they were still a bit low compared to January 2019 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Aditya |date=2022-11-07 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra {{!}} Rahul Gandhi's Ratings Up But Modi Lead Intact: CVoter Poll |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-cvoter-survey-gujarat-himachal-pradesh-elections |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

Many political analysts have determined that the yatra has resulted in a resurgent public image of Gandhi, which had been long damaged by the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Congress benefit from Bharat Jodo Yatra? - The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2023/01/07/will-the-congress-benefit-from-the-bharat-jodo-yatra.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Aditya |date=2022-12-16 |title=100 Days of Bharat Jodo Yatra: Congress Gained Self-Belief. Will It Gain Votes? |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bharat-jodo-yatra-hundred-days-rahul-gandhi-congress |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

In the subsequent [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|elections in Karnataka]] and Telangana in 2023, Congress registered a landslide victory with an increase in both the party's vote share and the number of seats, compared to the previous elections, in the constituencies through which the march had passed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Resuf |title=Decoding Bharat Jodo Yatra's impact on Karnataka elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-jodo-yatra-boosts-congress-strike-rate-and-vote-share-in-karnataka-s-2023-elections-data-analysis-101684006733079.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2023-05-14}}</ref> The Congress Party attributes its success in the Karnataka elections at least in part to the success of the Bharat Jodo Yatra: "The Congress party has attributed its success in the 2023 Karnataka election to the Bharat Jodo Yatra, declaring it the "clear winner" in the clash of narratives between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the nationwide foot march."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/karnataka-election-2023-results-congress-victory-bharat-jodo-yatra-rahul-gandhi-16655351.htm | title=Decoding the success: Did the Bharat Jodo Yatra secure Congress' victory in Karnataka? | date=13 May 2023 }}</ref> After the yatra Congress won Karnataka and Telangana but it suffered crushing defeats in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Win some, lose some: Bharat Jodo Yatra's electoral impact uneven |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/win-some-lose-some-bharat-jodo-yatras-electoral-impact-uneven/articleshow/105707688.cms#:~:text=%E2%80%8BThe%20assembly%20polls%20following,not%20passed%20through%20that%20state. |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Other yatras==
In September 2022, the Congress Party said it planned to hold a second phase of the yatra from west-to-east in 2023, from [[Gujarat]] to [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2022-09-16 |title=Congress plans second phase of Bharat Jodo Yatra from Gujarat to Arunachal |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/congress-plans-second-phase-of-bharat-jodo-yatra-from-gujarat-to-arunachal-122091600187_1.html |access-date=2022-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=If this Bharat Jodo Yatra is successful, we'll do one from Gujarat to Arunachal, Congress says |website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/politics/congress-to-begin-second-phase-of-bharat-jodo-yatra-from-gujarat/1130563/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/buoyed-by-bharat-jodo-yatra-congress-mulls-yatra-from-west-to-east/article66161843.ece|title=Buoyed by Bharat Jodo, Congress mulls yatra from west to east|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 November 2022 }}</ref>

On 26 February 2023, Congress General Secretary in-charge Communications Jairam Ramesh informed that Congress is considering a [[Pasighat]]-to-[[Porbandar]] yatra.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-now-considering-east-to-west-yatra-from-pasighat-to-porbandar-says-jairam-ramesh/article66556067.ece|title=Congress now considering east-to-west yatra from Pasighat to Porbandar, says Jairam Ramesh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-bharat-jodo-yatra-congress-plans-east-to-west-yatra/articleshow/98250724.cms|title=After Bharat Jodo Yatra, Congress plans east-to-west march|newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-bharat-jodo-congress-planning-east-to-west-yatra-jairam-ramesh-101677410487105.html|title=After Bharat Jodo, Congress planning an east-to-west yatra: Jairam Ramesh|date=26 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kanyakumari-to-kashmir-bharat-jodo-yatra-congress-considering-east-to-west-yatra-jairam-ramesh-2339841-2023-02-26|title=Bharat Jodo Yatra II, from East to West, under active consideration: Jairam Ramesh |date=26 February 2023 }}</ref>

On 14 Aug 2023, the New Indian Express reported about the planned Bharat Jodo Yatra 2.0: "A team of top Congress leaders, including K C Venugopal and Jairam Ramesh, is finalising the route in consultation with Rahul Gandhi and leaders of the states the Yatra will pass through."<ref>14 Aug 2023. Power games | Bharat Jodo Yatra-2: Rahul plans Oct 2 launch from Mahatma's birthplace https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/aug/14/power-games-bharat-jodo-yatra-2-rahul-plans-oct-2-launch-from-mahatmas-birthplace-2605091.html ''New Indian Express''.</ref>

=== Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra ===

{{main|Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra}}

On 27 December 2023, the Congress Party announced ''Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra'' ("India Unity and Justice March").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Nyay Yatra: Key points about Congress's Manipur-Mumbai yatra ahead of LS polls |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/12/27/bharat-nyay-yatra-key-points-congresss-mumbai-manipur-lok-sabha-polls.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> The march will start on 14 January 2024 from [[Manipur]] and end on 20 March in [[Mumbai]]. It will cover 6,200 kilometres across 14 states. Unlike the Bharat Jodo Yatra, which focused on campaigning against [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] and divisive politics, the [[Bharat Nyay Yatra]] will focus on livelihood issues such as inflation and unemployment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Rahul Gandhi Yatra 2.0: In longer distance, shorter time, from Manipur to Mumbai, Congress leader to cover several vital LS states |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rahul-gandhi-bharat-nyay-yatra-manipur-mumbai-congress-9084583/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=Eyeing 2024 polls, Rahul Gandhi gets set for Yatra 2.0 with focus on jobs, price rise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/2024-polls-rahul-gandhi-yatra-2-0-focus-jobs-price-rise-9071057/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Like the Bharat Jodo Yatra, the Bharat Nyay Yatra will also be led by Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Rahul Gandhi to embark on 'Manipur to Mumbai' Bharat Nyay Yatra from Jan 14; all you need to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/rahul-gandhi-to-embark-on-manipur-to-mumbai-bharat-nyay-yatra-from-jan-14-all-you-need-to-know-410904-2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ram Rath Yatra]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|bharatjodoyatra.in/}}

{{Indian general election, 2024|state=collapsed }}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress campaigns]]
[[Category:Indian general election campaigns]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Rahul Gandhi]]

Nazareth

2026-03-26T17:06:06Z

Ferdaus: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Largest city in the Northern District of Israel}}
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}}
{{Arab citizens of Israel}}

'''Nazareth'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|æ|z|ər|ə|θ}} {{respell|NAZ|ər|əth}}; {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|النَّاصِرَة}}|an-Nāṣira}}; {{langx|he|{{Script/Hebrew|נָצְרַת}}|Nāṣraṯ}}; {{langx|syr|ܢܨܪܬ|Naṣrath}}}} is the largest [[Cities in Israel|city]] in the [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]] of [[Israel]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} its population was {{Israel populations|Nazareth}}.{{Israel populations|reference}} Known as "the Arab capital of Israel",<ref name="Irani">{{cite journal |author=Laurie King-Irani |date=Spring 1996 |title=Review of "Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth" |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=103–105 |doi=10.1525/jps.1996.25.3.00p0131i |jstor=2538265 |issn = 0377-919X }}</ref> Nazareth serves as a cultural, political, religious, economic and commercial center for the [[Arab citizens of Israel]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author1=Tamir Sorek |title=Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804795203 |edition=2 |page=97 |quote=}}</ref> The inhabitants are predominantly Arabs, of whom 69% are [[Muslim]] and 31% [[Christianity|Christian]].<ref name=Irani/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/207_7300.pdf |title=2005 |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053711/http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/207_7300.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Dumperp274>{{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|edition=Illustrated|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|isbn=9781576079195|pages=273–274|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=%22arab+capital+of+israel%22&pg=PA274}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel|last=Kanaaneh|first=Rhoda Ann|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-22379-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2JmeRYaXJIC&pg=PA117|page=117|quote=All-Arab cities such as Nazareth, the largest Palestinian city in Israel|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-date=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111143719/http://books.google.com/books?id=T2JmeRYaXJIC&pg=PA117|url-status=live}}{{citation|title=Flight into the maelstrom: Soviet immigration to Israel and Middle East peace|last=Quigley|first=John|author-link=John Quigley (academic)|publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-86372-219-6|page=190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwVw59HmVdEC&pg=RA1-PA190|quote=The other major Jewish population centre in Galilee was Upper Nazareth, established next to Nazareth, the principal Palestinian city in Arab-populated Galilee.|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-date=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111143228/http://books.google.com/books?id=AwVw59HmVdEC&pg=RA1-PA190|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also commands immense religious significance, deriving from its status as the hometown of [[Jesus]], the central figure of [[Christianity]] and a prophet in [[Islam]] and the [[Baháʼí Faith]].

Findings unearthed in the neighboring [[Qafzeh Cave]] show that the area around Nazareth was populated in the prehistoric period. Nazareth was a [[Jews|Jewish]] village during the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Palestine|Byzantine]] periods, and is described in the [[New Testament]] as the childhood home of Jesus.<ref name="Jeffrey">{{cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC |title=A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-85244-224-1 |pages=538–540 |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> It became an important city during the [[Crusades]] after [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]] established it as the capital of the [[Principality of Galilee]]. The city declined under [[Mamluk]] rule, and following the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest, the city's Christian residents were expelled, only to return once [[Fakhr al-Din II|Fakhr ad-Dīn II]] granted them permission to do so.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nazareth {{!}} Israel {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nazareth-Israel |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217105524/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nazareth-Israel |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 18th century, [[Daher al-Umar]] transformed Nazareth into a large town by encouraging immigration to it. The city grew steadily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when European powers invested in the construction of churches, monasteries, educational and health facilities.

Since late antiquity, Nazareth has been a center of [[Christian pilgrimage]], with many shrines commemorating biblical events. The [[Basilica of the Annunciation|Church of the Annunciation]] is considered one of the largest Christian sites of worship in the [[Middle East]]. It contains the Grotto of the Annunciation, where, according to [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] tradition, angel [[Gabriel]] appeared to Mary and announced that she would conceive and bear Jesus. According to [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] belief, the same event took place at the [[Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation]], also known as the Church of Saint Gabriel. Other important churches in Nazareth include the [[Synagogue Church (Nazareth)|Synagogue Church]], [[St. Joseph's Church, Nazareth|St. Joseph's Church]], the [[Mensa Christi Church]], and the [[Basilica of Jesus the Adolescent]].<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==

===Hebrew {{transliteration|he|Netzer}}===
One view holds that the name 'Nazareth' is derived from one of the Hebrew words for 'branch', namely {{transliteration|he|ne·ṣer}}, {{wikt-lang|he|&rlm;נצר&lrm;|&rlm;נֵ֫צֶר&lrm;}},{{efn|The other is {{wikt-lang|he|&rlm;צמח&lrm;|&rlm;צֶמַח&lrm;}} {{transliteration|he|tsémakh}}.}} and alludes to the prophetic, messianic words in [[Book of Isaiah]] 11:1: "from (Jesse's) roots a Branch [{{transliteration|he|netzer}}] will bear fruit".<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|11:1|HE}}</ref> One view suggests this [[toponym]] might be an example of a tribal name used by resettling groups on their return from exile.<ref>Bargil Pixner, cited in Paul Barnett'', Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times, ''InterVarsity Press, 2002 p. 89, n. 80.</ref> Alternatively, the name may derive from the verb {{transliteration|he|na·ṣar}}, {{lang|he|נָצַר}}, 'watch, guard, keep",<ref>"...if the word ''Nazareth'' is be derived from Hebrew at all, it must come from this [Hebrew] root [i.e. 'to watch']" ([[Selah Merrill|Merrill, Selah]], (1881) ''Galilee in the Time of Christ'', p. 116. Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, Charles A. Briggs, ''The Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon'' (1906/2003), p. 665.</ref> and understood either in the sense of 'watchtower' or 'guard place', implying the early town was perched on or near the brow of the hill, or, in the passive sense as 'preserved, protected' in reference to its secluded position.<ref>R. H. Mounce, "Nazareth", in Geoffrey W. Bromiley (ed.) ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'', Vol. 3 Eerdmans Publishing 1986, pp. 500–501.</ref> The negative references to Nazareth in the [[Gospel of John]] suggest that ancient Jews did not connect the town's name to prophecy.<ref>Bauckham, Jude, ''Jude, Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church'', pp. 64–65. See {{bibleverse|John|1:46}} and {{bibleverse|John|7:41–42}}</ref>

===Greek {{transliteration|grc|Nazara}} from an Aramaic/Semitic root===
Another theory holds that the Greek form {{wikt-lang|grc|Ναζαρά}} ({{transliteration|grc|Nazará}}), used in the [[Gospel of Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke]], may derive from an earlier [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] form of the name, or from another [[Semitic language]] form.<ref name=Carruthp417>Carruth, 1996, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8ZnM0bt4CEC&pg=PA415 417] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163521/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8ZnM0bt4CEC&pg=PA415 |date=28 May 2021 }}.</ref> If there were a ''[[tsade]]'' (צ) in the original Semitic form, as in the later Hebrew forms, it would normally have been transcribed in Greek with a ''[[sigma]]'' (σ) instead of a ''[[zeta]]'' (ζ).<ref name=Carruthp415>{{cite book|title=Q 4:1–13,16: the temptations of Jesus : Nazara|first1=Shawn|last1=Carruth|first2=James McConkey|last2=Robinson|first3=Christoph|last3=Heil|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=1996|isbn=90-6831-880-2|page=415}}</ref> This has led some scholars to question whether "Nazareth" and its cognates in the New Testament actually refer to the settlement known traditionally as Nazareth in Lower [[Galilee]].<ref>T. Cheyne, "Nazareth", in Encyclopaedia Biblica, 1899, col. 3358 f. For a review of the question see H. Schaeder, "Nazarenos, Nazoraios", in Kittel, ''Theological Dictionary of the New Testament'', IV:874 f.</ref> Such linguistic discrepancies may be explained, however, by "a peculiarity of the 'Palestinian' Aramaic dialect wherein a sade (ṣ) between two voiced (sonant) consonants tended to be partially assimilated by taking on a zayin (z) sound".<ref name=Carruthp415/>

===Arabic {{transliteration|ar|an-Nāṣira}}===
The Arabic name for Nazareth is {{transliteration|ar|an-Nāṣira}}, and Jesus ({{langx|ar|يَسُوع|Yasū'}}) is also called {{transliteration|ar|an-Nāṣirī}}, reflecting the Arab tradition of according people an [[nisba (onomastics)|attribution]], a name denoting whence a person comes in either geographical or tribal terms. In the [[Qur'an]], Christians are referred to as {{transliteration|ar|naṣārā}}, meaning "followers of {{transliteration|ar|an-Nāṣirī}}", or "those who follow Jesus of Nazareth".<ref name=Antounp50>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cn1gwQXfgkC&q=nasira+nazareth&pg=PA50|title=Syria: society, culture, and polity|first1=Richard T.|last1=Antoun|first2=Donald|last2=Quataert|editor1=[[Richard T. Antoun]]|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1991|isbn=9780791407134|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163525/https://books.google.com/books?id=9cn1gwQXfgkC&q=nasira+nazareth&pg=PA50|url-status=live}}</ref>

==New Testament references==
In the Gospel of Luke, Nazareth is first described as "a town of Galilee" and home of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|1:26}}</ref> Following the birth and early epiphanial events of chapter 2 of Luke, Mary, [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] and Jesus "returned to Galilee, to their own city, Nazareth".<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|2:39|NKJV}}</ref>

The phrase "Jesus of Nazareth" appears seventeen times in English translations of the New Testament, whereas the Greek original contains the form "Jesus the {{transliteration|grc|Nazarēnos}}" or "Jesus the {{transliteration|grc|Nazōraios}}."{{efn|{{lang|grc|Ναζαρηνός}} ('Nazarene') and its permutations are at Mark 1:24; 10:47; 14:67; 16:6; Luke 4:34 and 24:19. {{lang|grc|Ναζωραῖος}} ('Nazōraean') and its permutations are at Matthew 2:23; 26:71; Luke 18:37; John 18:5, 7; 19:19; and six times in Acts of the Apostles.}} One plausible view is that {{transliteration|grc|Nazōraios}} ({{lang|grc|Ναζωραῖος}}) is a normal Greek adaptation of a reconstructed, hypothetical term in [[Jewish Aramaic]] for the word later used in Rabbinical sources to refer to Jesus.{{efn|According to G.F. Moore, the Hebrew {{transliteration|he|Nôṣri}}, the [[gentilic]] used of Jesus from the [[Tannaim|Tannaitic period]] onwards, would have corresponded to a hypothetical Jewish Aramaic {{transliteration|arc|*Nōṣrāyā}}, which would have in turn produced {{transliteration|arc|*N{{sup|e}}ṣōrāyā}}. A normal adaptation of this in Greek would yield {{transliteration|grc|Nazoraios}}.<ref>In Carruth p. 404</ref><ref>G.F.Moore, 'Nazarene and Nazareth,' in ''The Beginnings of Christianity 1/1,'' 1920 pp. 426–432</ref>}} "Nazaréth" is named twelve times in surviving Greek manuscript versions of the New Testament, 10 times as {{transliteration|grc|Nazaréth}} or {{transliteration|grc|Nazarét}},<ref>Textual evidence suggests this form is an emendation made during the secondary process of synoptic standardization. Shawn Carruth, James McConkey Robinson, Christoph Heil, ''Q 4:1–13,16: The Temptations of Jesus: Nazara,'' p. 395</ref> and twice as {{transliteration|grc|Nazará}}.<ref name="Carruthp415"/> The latter two may retain the 'feminine' endings common in Galilean toponyms.<ref name="Carruthp415"/> The minor variants, {{transliteration|grc|Nazarat}} and {{transliteration|grc|Nazarath}} are also attested.{{efn|{{transliteration|grc|Nazarat/Nazarath}} are attested in a few Greek manuscripts, while the Syriac versions read {{transliteration|syc|Nazarath}}.<ref>''Q 4:1–13,16: The Temptations of Jesus: Nazara,'' p. 402.</ref>}} {{transliteration|grc|Nazara}} ({{lang|grc|Ναζαρά}}) might be the earliest form of the name in Greek, going back to the putative [[Q document]]. It is found in Matthew 4:13<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|4:13}}</ref> and Luke 4:16.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|4:16}}</ref><ref name="Carruthp415"/> {{dubious|date=January 2013}} However, the [[Textus Receptus]] clearly translates all passages as {{lang|la|Nazara}}, leaving little room for debate there.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3478&t=KJV|title = Blue Letter Bible: Lexicon|access-date = 13 January 2013|archive-date = 24 November 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121124112900/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3478&t=KJV|url-status = live}}</ref>

Many scholars have questioned a link between "Nazareth" and the terms "[[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarene]]" and "[[Nazoraean]]" on linguistic grounds,<ref>Cheyne in 1899 Ency. Biblica, "Nazareth"; Lidzbarski [Kittel p. 878]; Kennard [JBL 65:2,134 ff.]; Berger [Novum Test. 38:4,323], ''et multi.''</ref> while some affirm the possibility of etymological relation "given the idiosyncrasies of [[Galilean Aramaic]]."<ref>S. Chepey, "Nazirites in Late Second Temple Judaism" (2005), p 152, referring to W. Albright, G. Moore, and H. Schaeder.</ref>

==Extrabiblical references==
[[File:Meister der Kahriye-Cami-Kirche in Istanbul 001.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Nazareth as depicted on a [[Byzantine]] mosaic ([[Chora Church]], [[Constantinople]])]]
The form ''Nazara'' is also found in the earliest non-scriptural reference to the town, a citation by [[Sextus Julius Africanus]] dated about AD 221<ref>Eusebius ''Ecclesiastical History'', 1, vii,14, cited in Carruth, ibid. p. 415.</ref> (see "Middle Roman to Byzantine Periods" below). The Church Father [[Origen]] (c. AD 185 to 254) knows the forms ''Nazará'' and ''Nazarét''.<ref>''Comment. In Joan.'' Tomus X (Migne, ''Patrologia Graeca'' 80:308–309.</ref> Later, [[Eusebius]] in his ''Onomasticon'' (translated by [[St. Jerome]]) also refers to the settlement as ''Nazara''.<ref>{{cite CE1913 |last=Meistermann |first=Barnabas |wstitle=Nazareth |volume=10}}</ref> The ''nașirutha'' of the scriptures of the [[Mandaeism|Mandeans]] refers to "priestly craft", not to Nazareth, which they identified with [[Qom]].<ref>E. S. Drower, ''The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran'', Oxford University Press, 1937 reprint Gorgias Press, 2002 p. 6</ref>

The first non-Christian reference to Nazareth is an inscription on a marble fragment from a [[synagogue]] found in [[Caesarea Maritima]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Avi-Yonah | first1 = M. | year = 1962 | title = A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 12 | pages = 137–139 }}</ref> This fragment gives the town's name in Hebrew as נצרת (n-ṣ-r-t). The inscription dates to c. AD 300 and chronicles the assignment of priests that took place at some time after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], AD 132–35.<ref>R. Horsley, ''Archaeology, History and Society in Galilee.'' Trinity Press International, 1996, p. 110.</ref> (See "Middle Roman to Byzantine Periods" below.) An 8th-century AD Hebrew inscription, which was the earliest known Hebrew reference to Nazareth prior to the discovery of the inscription above, uses the same form.<ref name=Carruthp415/>

===Nazarenes, Nasranis, ''Notzrim'', Christians===
{{main|Nazarene (title)}}
Around 331, Eusebius records that, from the name Nazareth, Christ was called a Nazoraean, and that, in earlier centuries, Christians were once called Nazarenes.<ref>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: Volume 65, Issue 1 University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies – 2002 "... around 331, Eusebius says of the place name Nazareth that ' from this name the Christ was called a Nazoraean, and in ancient times we, who are now called Christians, were once called [[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarenes]] ';6 thus he attributes this designation ..."</ref> [[Tertullian]] (Against Marcion 4:8) records that "for this reason the Jews call us 'Nazarenes'." In the New Testament Christians are called "Christians" three times (in Acts 11:26; 26:28; and 1 Peter 4:16), but never directly by the Apostle Paul. They are called "Nazarenes" once by [[Tertullus]], a Jewish lawyer. The Rabbinic and modern Hebrew name for Christians, ''notzrim'', is also thought to derive from Nazareth, and be connected with Tertullus' charge against Paul of being a member of the sect of the [[Nazarene (title)|Nazarenes]], ''Nazoraioi'', "men of Nazareth" in Acts. Against this, some medieval Jewish polemical texts connect ''notzrim'' with the ''netsarim'' "watchmen" of Ephraim in Jeremiah 31:6. In Syriac Aramaic ''Nasrath'' (ܢܨܪܬ) is used for Nazareth, while "Nazarenes" (Acts 24:5) and "of Nazareth" are both ''Nasrani'' or ''Nasraya'' (ܕܢܨܪܝܐ) an adjectival form.<ref>Bruce Manning Metzger The early versions of the New Testament p. 86. 1977 "Peshitta Matt, and Luke ... nasraya, 'of Nazareth'."</ref><ref>[[William Jennings (Syriacist)|William Jennings]] ''Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament'' 1926 p143</ref><ref>[[Robert Payne Smith]] ''Compendious Syriac Dictionary'' 1903 p349</ref> ''[[Nasrani (Arabic term for Christian)|Nasrani]]'' is used in the Quran for Christians, and in [[Modern Standard Arabic]] may refer more widely to Western people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nasara|url=http://www.mazyanbizaf.com/mbs002|website=Mazyan Bizaf Show|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013151448/http://www.mazyanbizaf.com/mbs002/|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[Saint Thomas Christians]], an ancient community of Christians in [[India]] who trace their origins to evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century, are sometimes known by the name "Nasrani" even today.<ref name=Zupanov>{{cite book|last=Županov|first=Ines G.|author-link=Ines G. Županov|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nix4M4dy7nQC|title=Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)|page=99 and note|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=0-472-11490-5|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-date=11 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611094108/http://books.google.com/books?id=Nix4M4dy7nQC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BMalieckal">Bindu Malieckal (2005) "Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India"; ''The Muslim World Volume'' 95 Iss. 2 p. 300</ref>

==History==
Archaeological evidence shows that Nazareth was occupied during the late Hellenistic period, through the Roman period and into the Byzantine period.<ref name="Atiqot98">{{cite journal | author = Yardenna Alexandre | title = The Settlement History of Nazareth in the Iron Age and Early Roman Period | journal = 'Atiqot | volume = 98 | year = 2020 | url = http://www.atiqot.org.il/download.ashx?id=1797 | access-date = 26 May 2020 | archive-date = 26 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200526102938/http://www.atiqot.org.il/download.ashx?id=1797 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Archaeology of Jesus' Nazareth |last=Dark |first=Ken |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-19-268899-6 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpynEAAAQBAJ |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508201222/https://books.google.com/books?id=bpynEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Stone and Metal Ages===
Archaeological researchers{{who|date=June 2019}} have revealed that a funerary and cult center at [[Kfar HaHoresh]], about two miles ({{convert|2|mi|abbr=out|disp=output only}}) from current Nazareth, dates back roughly 9,000 years to the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] era.<ref>Goring-Morris, A.N. "The quick and the dead: the social context of Aceramic Neolithic mortuary practices as seen from Kfar HaHoresh." In: I. Kuijt (ed.), ''Social Configurations of the Near Eastern Neolithic: Community Identity, Hierarchical Organization, and Ritual'' (1997).</ref> The remains of some 65 individuals were found, buried under huge horizontal headstone structures, some of which consisted of up to 3 tons of locally produced white plaster. Decorated human skulls uncovered there have led archaeologists to identify Kfar HaHoresh as a major cult centre in that era.<ref>{{cite web |title= Pre-Christian Rituals at Nazareth |date= November–December 2003 |publisher= Archaeology: A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America |url= http://www.archaeology.org/0311/newsbriefs/nazareth.html |access-date= 2 July 2006 |archive-date= 28 May 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060528171322/http://www.archaeology.org/0311/newsbriefs/nazareth.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

The Franciscan priest [[Bellarmino Bagatti]], "Director of Christian Archaeology", carried out extensive excavation of this "Venerated Area" from 1955 to 1965. Fr. Bagatti uncovered pottery dating from the [[Middle Bronze Age]] (2200 to 1500 BC) and ceramics, silos and grinding mills from the [[Iron Age]] (1500 to 586 BC) which indicated substantial settlement in the Nazareth basin at that time.

===Roman Empire===
[[File:Nazarene Fountain Reputed to be Mary & Jesus'.jpg|thumb|Historic photo of [[Mary's Well]]]]
According to the [[Gospel of Luke]], Nazareth was the home village of Mary as well as the site of the [[Annunciation]] (when the angel [[Gabriel]] informed Mary that she would give birth to Jesus). According to the [[Gospel of Matthew]], Joseph and Mary resettled in Nazareth after returning from the [[flight to Egypt|flight from Bethlehem to Egypt]]. According to the Bible, Jesus grew up in Nazareth from some point in his childhood. However, some modern scholars also regard Nazareth as the birthplace of the historical Jesus.<ref>[[John P. Meier]], ''A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus: The Roots of the Problem and the Person,''Vol. 1, Doubleday 1991, p. 216; [[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium'', Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 97; [[E. P. Sanders]], ''The Historical Figure of Jesus'', Penguin 1993, p. 85.</ref>

A [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] inscription found in [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] dating to the late 3rd or early 4th century mentions Nazareth as the home of the [[kohen|priestly]] Hapizzez/Hafizaz family after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] (AD 132–135).<ref name="Emmett 1995, p. 17">Emmett 1995, p. 17.</ref><ref>The family is thought to have moved to Nazareth after the [[First Jewish Revolt]] (70 AD), although some speculate that the relocation may have been "well into the second (or even the third) century [AD]." ''History and Society in Galilee'', 1996, p. 110. In 131 AD, the Roman Emperor [[Hadrian]] forbade Jews to reside in Jerusalem, forcing Jewish residents to move elsewhere.</ref> From the three fragments that have been found, the inscription seems to be a list of the twenty-four priestly courses,<ref>cf. [[Books of Chronicles]] – {{bibleverse|1 Chronicles|24:7–19}} and Book of [[Nehemiah]] – {{bibleverse|Nehemiah 11;12|multi=yes}}</ref> with each course (or family) assigned its proper order and the name of each town or village in [[Galilee]] where it settled. Nazareth is not spelled with the "z" sound but with the Hebrew [[tsade]] (thus "Nasareth" or "Natsareth").<ref>{{cite journal |last= Avi-Yonah |first= M. |year= 1962 |title= A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea |journal= Israel Exploration Journal |volume= 12 |page= 138 }}</ref> [[Eleazar Kalir]] (a Hebrew Galilean poet variously dated from the 6th to 10th century) mentions a locality clearly in the Nazareth region bearing the name Nazareth נצרת (in this case vocalized "Nitzrat"), which was home to the descendants of the 18th [[Kohen]] family Happitzetz (הפצץ), for at least several centuries after the [[Simon bar Kokhba|Bar Kochva]] revolt.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Although it is mentioned in the New Testament gospels, there are no extant non-biblical references to Nazareth until around AD 200, when [[Sextus Julius Africanus]], cited by Eusebius (''Church History'' 1.7.14), speaks of Nazara as a village in Judea and locates it near Cochaba (modern-day [[Kaukab Abu al-Hija|Kaukab]]).<ref>"A few of the careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni, on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book of daily records as faithfully as possible." (Eusebius, [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.vii.html ''Church History'', Book I, Chapter VII] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509055028/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.vii.html |date=9 May 2019 }},§ 14)</ref> In the same passage Africanus writes of ''[[desposyni|desposunoi]]'' – relatives of Jesus – who he claims ''kept the records of their descent with great care''. [[Ken Dark]] describes the view that Nazareth did not exist in Jesus's time as "archaeologically unsupportable".<ref>Ken Dark, "Book review of ''The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus''", ''STRATA: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society'', vol. 26 (2008), pp. 140–146; cf. Stephen J. Pfann & Yehudah Rapuano, "On the Nazareth Village Farm Report: A Reply to Salm", ''STRATA: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society'', vol. 26 (2008), pp. 105–112.</ref>

[[File:PikiWiki Israel 79972 nazareth.jpg|thumb|The [[Basilica of the Annunciation]]]]
James F. Strange, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of South Florida,<ref>{{cite web |title=Excavating a Lasting Legacy |website=University of South Florida |url=https://giving.usf.edu/impact/excavating-lasting-legacy |access-date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524115252/https://giving.usf.edu/impact/excavating-lasting-legacy |url-status=live }}</ref> notes: "Nazareth is not mentioned in ancient Jewish sources earlier than the third century AD. This likely reflects its lack of prominence both in Galilee and in Judaea."<ref>Article "Nazareth" in the ''Anchor Bible Dictionary.'' New York: Doubleday, 1992.</ref> Strange originally calculated the population of Nazareth at the time of Christ as "roughly 1,600 to 2,000 people" but, in a subsequent publication that followed more than a decade of additional research, revised this figure down to "a maximum of about 480."<ref>E. Meyers & J. Strange, ''Archaeology, the Rabbis, & Early Christianity'' Nashville: Abingdon, 1981; Article "Nazareth" in the ''Anchor Bible Dictionary.'' New York: Doubleday, 1992.</ref> In 2009, Israeli archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre excavated archaeological remains in Nazareth that date to the time of Jesus in the early Roman period. Alexandre told reporters, "The discovery is of the utmost importance since it reveals for the very first time a house from the Jewish village of Nazareth."<ref>[http://israel21c.org/news/house-from-jesus-time-excavated/ House from Jesus' time excavated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706141709/http://israel21c.org/news/house-from-jesus-time-excavated/ |date=6 July 2013 }} (23 December 2009) in [http://www.israel21c.org/ ''Israel 21c Innovation News Service''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229170256/http://www.israel21c.org/briefs/israels-gelfand-wins-chess-world-cup |date=29 February 2012 }} Retrieved 5 January 2010</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1638|title=For the Very First Time: A Residential Building from the Time of Jesus was Exposed in the Heart of Nazareth (12/21/09)|website=Israel Antiquities Authority|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221022914/http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1638|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Atiqot98"/>

Other sources state that during Jesus' time, Nazareth had a population of 400 and one public bath, which was important for civic and religious purposes, as a ''[[mikva]]''.<ref>Korb, Scott. ''Life in Year One.'' New York: Riverhead books, 2010. print, 109. {{ISBN|978-1-59448-899-3}}.</ref>

[[File:Nazareth Church Crusaders1.jpg|thumb|Crusader-era carving in Nazareth]]
A tablet at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, dating to AD 50, was sent from Nazareth to Paris in 1878. It contains an inscription known as the "Ordinance of Caesar" that outlines the penalty of death for those who violate tombs or graves. However, it is suspected that this inscription came to Nazareth from somewhere else (possibly [[Sepphoris]]). Bagatti writes: "we are not certain that it was found in Nazareth, even though it came from Nazareth to Paris. At Nazareth there lived various vendors of antiquities who got ancient material from several places."<ref>Bagatti, B. ''Excavations in Nazareth,'' vol. 1 (1969), p. 249.</ref> C. Kopp is more definite: "It must be accepted with certainty that [the Ordinance of Caesar]... was brought to the Nazareth market by outside merchants."<ref>C. Kopp, "Beiträge zur Geschichte Nazareths." ''Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society'', vol. 18 (1938), p. 206, n. 1.</ref> [[Princeton University]] archaeologist Jack Finnegan describes additional archaeological evidence related to settlement in the Nazareth basin during the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]]s, and states that "Nazareth was a strongly [[Jew]]ish settlement in the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] period."<ref>Jack Finnegan, ''The Archaeology of the New Testament'', [[Princeton University]] Press: Princeton, 1992, pp. 44–46.</ref>

In 2020, Yardenna Alexandre confirmed that Jews from Judea migrated to Galilee and settled in new villages and settlements, including Nazareth, since the late Hellenistic-Hasmonean period ({{Circa|late 2nd century }}). Under the leadership of priestly families, the Jewish inhabitants observed ritual purity laws. Previously, most of Galilee, except for minor short-lived Israelite settlements in the Naḥal Ẓippori basin, had an occupational gap for about 5 centuries because of the [[Assyrian captivity|Assyrian conquest in 732 BCE]].<ref name="Atiqot98" /> However, there is strong evidence for Assyrian presence in Galilee, based on artefacts in [[Cana]], which was north of Nazareth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skinner |first=Andrew C. |date=1996–1997 |title=A Historical Sketch of Galilee |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43044121 |journal=Brigham Young University Studies |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=113–125 |jstor=43044121 |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321101527/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43044121 |url-status=live }}</ref> Konrad Schmid and Jens Schroter note that Assyrians were typically relocated to conquered territories, which most likely included Israel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmid |first=Konrad |title=The Making of the Bible: From the First Fragments to Sacred Scripture |last2=Schroter |first2=Jens |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0674248380}}</ref>

Some scholars believed [[Jesus]], a native of Nazareth, was influenced by [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynicism]],<ref>Quoted in R. Ostling, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080401050600/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968139,00.html "Who was Jesus?", ''Time'', August 15, 1988, pp. 37–42].</ref><ref>John Dominic Crossan, (1991), ''The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant'', {{ISBN|0-06-061629-6}}</ref> which was popular in Hellenized Galilean cities such as [[Gadara]].<ref>In particular, [[Menippus]] (3rd century BC), [[Meleager of Gadara|Meleager]] (1st century BC), and [[Oenomaus of Gadara|Oenomaus]] (2nd century CE), all came from Gadara.</ref>

===Byzantine Empire===
[[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] in his ''[[Panarion]]'' ({{Circa|AD 375}}) numbers Nazareth among the cities devoid of a non-Jewish population.<ref>[[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], [[Panarion|Panárion]] 30.11.10, cited Andrew S. Jacobs,''Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity,'' Stanford University Press, p. 50 n. 124, p. 127.</ref> Epiphanius, writing of [[Joseph of Tiberias]], a wealthy Roman Jew who converted to Christianity in the time of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]], says he claimed to have received an imperial rescript to build Christian churches in Jewish towns and villages where no gentiles or Samaritans dwell, naming [[Tiberias]], [[Diocaesarea]], [[Sepphoris]], Nazareth and [[Capernaum]].<ref>Frank Williams,''The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis,'' Book I (Sects 1–46) E.J. Brill (1897), rev.ed. 2009, p. 140.</ref> From this scarce notice, it has been concluded that a small church which encompassed a cave complex might have been located in Nazareth in the early 4th century",<ref>Taylor, J. ''Christians and the Holy Places''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, p. 265.</ref> although the town was Jewish until the 7th century.<ref>Taylor 229, 266; Kopp 1938:215.</ref>

The Christian monk and Bible translator [[Jerome]], writing at the beginning of the 5th century, says Nazareth was a ''viculus'' or mere village.<ref name="Kopp">C. Kopp, "Beiträge zur Geschichte Nazareths." Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, vol. 18 (1938), p. 215. Kopp is citing the Byzantine writer Eutychius (''Eutychii Annales'' in Migne's ''Patrologia Graeca'' vol. 111 p. 1083).</ref>

In the 6th century, religious narrations from local Christians about the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]] began to spark interest in the site among pilgrims, who founded the first church at the location of the current [[Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation]] at the site of a freshwater spring, today known as [[Mary's Well]]. Around 570, the [[Antoninus of Piacenza (pilgrim)|Anonymous of Piacenza]] reports travelling from [[Sepphoris]] to Nazareth. There he records seeing in the Jewish synagogue the books from which Jesus learnt his letters, and a bench where he sat. According to him, Christians could lift it, but Jews could not, since it disallowed them from dragging it outside.<ref>Andrew S. Jacobs, ''Remains of the Jews,'' p. 127.</ref> Writing of the beauty of the Hebrew women there, he records them saying St. Mary was a relative of theirs, and notes that, "The house of St. Mary is a basilica."<ref>P. Geyer, ''Itinera Hierosolymitana saeculi'', Lipsiae: G. Freytag, 1898: p. 161.</ref> Constantine the Great ordered that churches be built in Jewish cities, and Nazareth was one of the places designated for this purpose, although construction of churches apparently only started decades after Constantine's death, i.e. after 352.<ref name="Emmett 1995, p. 18">Emmett 1995, p. 18.</ref>

Archaeologists have unearthed evidence that previous to the erection of the Byzantine-period church at the site of Mary's house in the mid-5th century, Judeo-Christians had built there a synagogue-church, leaving behind Judeo-Christian symbols.<ref name="Emmett 1995, p. 17"/> Until being expelled in c. 630, Jews probably kept on using their older synagogue, while the Judeo-Christian needed to build their own, probably at the site of Mary's house.<ref name="Emmett 1995, p. 17"/>

The Jewish town profited from the Christian pilgrim trade which began in the 4th century AD, but latent anti-Christian hostility broke out in AD 614 when the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|Persians invaded Palestine]].<ref name="Kopp"/> The Christian Byzantine author Eutychius claimed that Jewish people of Nazareth helped the Persians carry out their slaughter of the Christians.<ref name="Kopp"/> When the [[Eastern Roman Empire|Byzantine or Eastern Roman]] emperor [[Heraclius]] ejected the Persians in AD 629–630, he expelled the Jews from the village, turning it all-Christian.<ref name="Emmett 1995, p. 18"/>

===Middle Ages===
The [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Arab Muslim invasion of AD 638]] had no immediate impact on the Christians of Nazareth and their churches, since Bishop [[Arculf]] remembered seeing there around 670 two churches, one at the house of Joseph where Jesus had lived as a child, and one at the house of Mary where she received the Annunciation – but no synagogue, which had possibly been transformed into a mosque.<ref name="Emmett 1995, p. 18"/> The 721 [[Yazid II#Iconoclastic edict|iconoclastic edict]] of [[Caliph]] [[Yazid II]] apparently led to the destruction of the former church, so that Willibald found during his pilgrimage in 724–26 only one church there, the one dedicated to St. Mary, which Christians had to save through repeated payments from destruction by the "pagan Saracens" (Muslim Arabs).<ref>Emmett 1995, pp. 18–19.</ref> The ruins of St. Joseph's remained untouched for a very long time, while the Church St. Mary is repeatedly mentioned throughout the following centuries, including by an [[Al-Masudi|Arab geographer]] in 943.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 19.</ref>

[[File:Nabi Saeen Mosque, Nazareth 09.08.2011 13-19-58.jpg|thumb|[[Nabi Saeen Mosque]] of Nazareth]]
In 1099, the Crusader [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]] captured Galilee and established his capital in Nazareth. He was the ruler of the [[Principality of Galilee]], which was established, at least in name, in 1099, as a [[Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|vassal of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. Later, in 1115, Nazareth was created as a [[seigneuries|seigneury]] within the principality. A Martin of Nazareth, who probably acted as viscount of Nazareth, is documented in 1115 and in 1130/1131.<ref>Murray, Alan, ''The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099–1125'' (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 217.</ref> Nazareth was the original site of the Latin Patriarch, also established by Tancred. The ancient diocese of [[Beit She'an|Scythopolis]] was relocated under the [[Archbishop of Nazareth]], as one of the four archdioceses in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. When the town returned to Muslim control in 1187 following the victory of [[Saladin]] in the [[Battle of Hattin]], the remaining Crusaders and European clergy were forced to leave town.<ref name=Dumperp273>Dumper, p. 273.</ref> [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] managed to negotiate safe passage for pilgrims from Acre in 1229, and in 1251, [[Louis IX]], the king of France, attended mass in the grotto, accompanied by his wife.<ref name=Dumperp273/>

In 1263, [[Baybars]], the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultan]], destroyed the Christian buildings in Nazareth and declared the site off-limits to Latin clergy, as part of his bid to drive out the remaining Crusaders from Palestine.<ref name=Dumperp273/> While Arab Christian families continued to live in Nazareth, its status was reduced to that of a poor village. Pilgrims who visited the site in 1294 reported only a small church protecting the [[grotto]].<ref name=Dumperp273/> In the 14th century, Franciscan friars were permitted to return and live within the ruins of the basilica.<ref name=Dumperp273/>

===Ottoman Empire===
[[File:Titus Tobler's 1868 map of Nazareth.jpg|thumb|[[Titus Tobler]]'s 1868 map of Nazareth]]
[[File:Nazareth, by Jansson.png|thumb|Nazareth, in 1657, by [[Jan Janssonius]]]]
[[File:Nazareth the holy land 1842.jpg|thumb|Nazareth, in 1839, published in ''[[The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia]]'']]
[[File:Well of St. Mary, Nazareth, by Felix Bonfils.jpg|260px|thumb|[[Well of St. Mary]], Nazareth, by [[Felix Bonfils]], ca 1880]]
In 1584 the Franciscan friars were evicted again from the site of the ruined basilica.<ref name=Dumperp273/> In 1620, [[Fakhr-al-Din II]], a [[Druze]] [[emir]] who controlled this part of [[Ottoman Syria]], permitted them to build a small church at the [[Grotto of the Annunciation]]. Pilgrimage tours to surrounding sacred sites were organised by the Franciscans, but the monks suffered harassment from surrounding [[Bedouin]] tribes who often kidnapped them for ransom.<ref name=Dumperp273/>

Stability returned with the rule of [[Daher al-Umar]], a powerful Arab [[sheikh]] who ruled the [[Galilee]], and later much of the [[Levant]]ine coast and Palestine. He transformed Nazareth from a minor village into a large town by encouraging immigration to it. Nazareth played a strategic role in Daher's [[sheikhdom]] because it allowed him to wield control over the agricultural areas of central Galilee.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yazbak |first=Mahmoud |author-link=Mahmoud Yazbak |title=Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC |publisher=Brill Academic Pub |year=1998 |isbn=90-04-11051-8 |page=15 |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225102059/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC |url-status=live }}</ref> He ensured Nazareth's security for other reasons as well, among them strengthening ties with [[France]] by protecting the Christian community and protecting one of his wives who resided in Nazareth.<ref name="Emmett22">Emmett 1995, p. 22.</ref>

Daher authorized the Franciscans to build a church in 1730. That structure stood until 1955, when it was demolished to make way for a larger building completed in 1967.<ref name=Dumperp273/> He also permitted the Franciscans to purchase the [[Synagogue Church]] in 1741 and authorized the Greek Orthodox community to build [[Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation|St. Gabriel's Church]] in 1767.<ref name="Emmett22"/> Daher commissioned the construction of a government house known as the [[Seraya]], which served as the city's municipal headquarters until 1991. His descendants — known as the "Dhawahri" — along with the [[Zu'bi family|Zu'bi]], Fahum, and 'Onallah families later constituted Nazareth's traditional Muslim elite.<ref>{{cite book|last=Srouji|first=Elias S.|title=Cyclamens from Galilee: Memoirs of a Physician from Nazareth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fp1y2bMtvNUC&q=Dhaher&pg=PA187|year=2003|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|isbn=9780595303045|page=187|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163546/https://books.google.com/books?id=fp1y2bMtvNUC&q=Dhaher&pg=PA187|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nazareth's Christian community did not fare well under Daher's Ottoman successor, [[Jazzar Pasha]] (r. 1776–1804), and friction increased between its Christians and Muslim peasants from the surrounding villages.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 23.</ref> Nazareth was temporarily captured by the troops of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] in 1799, during his [[Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt|Syrian campaign]]. Napoleon visited the holy sites and considered appointing his general [[Jean-Andoche Junot]] as the duke of Nazareth.<ref name=Dumperp273/> During the rule of Governor [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt]] (1830–1840) over much of [[Ottoman Syria]], Nazareth was opened to European missionaries and traders. After the Ottomans regained control, European money continued to flow into Nazareth and new institutions were established. The Christians of Nazareth were protected during the [[1860 Mount Lebanon civil war#Spread of conflict|massacres of 1860]] by [[Aqil Agha]], the Bedouin leader who exercised control over the Galilee between 1845 and 1870.<ref name=Dumperp273/>

[[Kaloost Vartan]], an [[Armenians|Armenian]] from [[Istanbul]], arrived in 1864 and established the first medical mission in Nazareth, the Scottish "hospital on the hill", or [[the Nazareth Hospital]] as it is known today, with sponsorship from the [[List of Protestant missionary societies|Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society]]. The Ottoman Sultan, who favored the French, allowed them to establish an orphanage, the Society of Saint Francis de Sale. By the late 19th century, Nazareth was a town with a strong Arab Christian presence and a growing European community, where a number of communal projects were undertaken and new religious buildings were erected.<ref name=Dumperp273/> In 1871 Christ Church, the city's only Anglican church, was completed under the leadership of the Rev [[John Zeller]] and consecrated by Bishop [[Samuel Gobat]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Duane Alexander|title=Christ Church (Anglican) in Nazareth: a brief history with photographs|journal=St Francis Magazine|date=October 2012|volume=8|issue=5|pages=696–703|url=http://www.stfrancismagazine.info/ja/images/stories/DuaneMiller-oct2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908180608/http://www.stfrancismagazine.info/ja/images/stories/DuaneMiller-oct2012.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2013}}</ref>

In the late 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, Nazareth prospered as it served the role of a market center for the dozens of rural Arab villages located within its vicinity. Local peasants would purchase supplies from Nazareth's many ''souks'' (open-air markets), which included separate ''souks'' for agricultural produce, metalwork, jewelry and leathers.<ref name="Emmett37">Emmett 1995, p. 37.</ref> In 1914, Nazareth consisted of eight quarters: 'Araq, Farah, Jami', Khanuq, Maidan, Mazazwa, Sharqiya and Shufani. There were nine churches, two monasteries, four convents, two mosques, four hospitals, four private schools, a public school, a police station, three orphanages, a hotel, three inns, a flour mill and eight ''souks''.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 33.</ref> The Ottomans lost control of Palestine, including Nazareth, to the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] during [[World War I]]. The [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox Patriarchate]] invested in properties that further anchored its landholdings in areas of Christian pilgrimage and demographic importance around Nazareth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasson |first=Avi (Avraham) |author-link=Avi Sasson |last2=Marom |first2=Roy |author-link2=Roy Marom |last3=Kharanbeh |first3=Saleh |title=Bayyarat al-Khuri: An Ecclesiastical Agricultural Estate in Caesarea, Israel |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2025.2515756 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=0 |issue=0 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/00310328.2025.2515756 |issn=0031-0328|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By then, Nazareth's importance had declined significantly as most of the Arab villages in the [[Jezreel Valley]] had been replaced by newly established [[Yishuv|Jewish]] communities.<ref name="Emmett37"/>

===British Mandate ===
[[File:Abbud08C.jpg|thumb|Nazareth, postcard by [[Karimeh Abbud]], ca 1925]]
[[File:Nazareth, by Fadil Saba 1.jpg|thumb|260px|Nazareth, postcard by [[:de:Fadil Saba]], ca 1925]]
[[File:AN AERIAL PHOTO OF NAZARETH. צילום אויר של העיר נצרת.D332-053.jpg|thumb|260px|Nazareth, 1937]]
The [[United Kingdom]] gained control of Palestine in 1917, the same year of the [[Balfour Declaration]], which promised British support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. In the years preceding and following the declaration, Jewish immigration to Palestine had been increasing. Representatives of Nazareth opposed the [[Zionist movement]], sending a delegation to the 1919 [[Palestine Arab Congress#First congress: Jerusalem, 1919|First Palestine Arab Congress]] and issuing a letter of protest in 1920 that condemned the movement while also proclaiming solidarity with the [[Yishuv|Jews of Palestine]]. Politically, Nazareth was becoming further involved in the growing [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist movement]]. In 1922, a Muslim-Christian Association was established in the town, largely sponsored by the Muslim al-Zu'bi family. A consistent and effective united Palestinian Arab religious front proved difficult to establish and alternative organizations such as the [[Supreme Muslim Council]]'s Organization of Muslim Youth and the National Muslim Association were established in Nazareth later in the 1920s.<ref name="Emmett39">Emmett 1995, p. 39.</ref> In 1922 there were 7,424 people (4,885 Christians, 2,486 Muslims and 53 Jews) living in Nazareth with 16 languages spoken (7,035 [[Arabic]], 135 [[English language|English]], 72 [[French language|French]], 43 [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], 42 [[German language|German]], 20 [[Armenian language|Armenian]], 12 [[Greek language|Greek]], 12 [[Italian language|Italian]], five [[Maltese language|Maltese]], five [[Turkish language|Turkish]], four [[Polish language|Polish]], three [[Yiddish]], two [[Amharic|Abyssinian]], two [[Hungarian language|Magyar]], and two [[Spanish language|Spanish]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine+Census+(1922)#page/n8/mode/1up|title=Palestine Census (1922)|website=archive.org}}</ref> Nazareth was relatively slow to modernize. While other towns already had wired electricity, Nazareth delayed its electrification until the 1930s and invested instead in improving its water supply system.<ref>Shamir, Ronen (2013) ''Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine''. Stanford: Stanford University Press</ref> This included adding two reservoirs at the northwestern hills and several new [[cistern]]s.<ref name="Emmett39"/> By 1930, a church for the Baptist denomination, a municipal garden at Mary's Well and a police station based in Daher al-Umar's [[Seraya]] had been established and the Muslim Sharqiya Quarter had expanded.<ref name="Emmett37"/>

In the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], Nazareth is listed with a population of 8,756 (5,445 Christians, 3,226 Muslims, 79 Jews, five [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha'i]], and one [[Druze]]) in 1,834 occupied houses with 138 (119 Muslims and 19 Christians) in nearby suburbs in 28 occupied houses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=E. Mills |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas |title=Census of Palestine 1931. Population of villages, towns and administrative areas |date=1932}}</ref>

In the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–1939 Arab Revolt]], Nazareth played a minor role, contributing two rebel commanders out of 281 rebel commanders active in the country. The two were Nazareth native and Christian [[Fu'ad Nassar]] and Nazareth resident and [[Indur]] native Tawfiq al-Ibrahim. The nearby villages of [[Saffuriya]] and [[al-Mujaydil]] played a more active military role, contributing nine commanders between them. The leaders of the revolt sought to use Nazareth as a staging ground to protest the [[Peel Commission|British proposal]] to include the [[Galilee]] into a future Jewish state. On 26 September 1937, the British district commissioner of the Galilee, [[Lewis Yelland Andrews]], was assassinated in Nazareth by local rebels.<ref name="Emmett40">Emmett 1995, p. 40.</ref>

In the 1938 village statistics, Nazareth is listed with a population of 9,900 (including 100 Jews) with 161 in nearby suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village statistics, February 1938. |url=https://rosetta.nli.org.il/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE13978876 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=rosetta.nli.org.il}}</ref> In the 1945 village statistics, Nazareth is listed with a population of 14,200 (8,600 Christians and 5,600 Muslims).<ref>''[https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH990022497560205171/NLI Village Statistics, April 1945]''</ref>

By 1946, the municipal boundary of Nazareth had been enlarged and new neighborhoods, namely Maidan, Maslakh, Khanuq and Nimsawi, were established. New homes were established in existing quarters and the town still had an abundance of orchards and agricultural fields. Two cigarette factories, a tobacco store, two cinemas and a tile factory had been established, significantly boosting Nazareth's economy.<ref name="Emmett37" /> A new police station was built on Nazareth's southernmost hill,<ref name="Emmett37" /> while the police station in the Seray had been converted into Nazareth's municipal headquarters. Watchtowers were also erected on some of the hilltops around the town. Other new or expanded government offices included a headquarters for the district commissioner at the former Ottoman military barracks, and offices for the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Survey and Settlement.<ref name="Emmett39" />

Nazareth was in the territory allotted to the Arab state under the [[1947 UN Partition Plan]]. In the months leading up to the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], the town became a refuge for Arab-Palestinians fleeing the urban centers of [[Tiberias]], [[Haifa]] and [[Baysan]] before and during the [[Haganah]]'s [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|capture]] of those cities on 18 April 22 April and 12 May 1948, respectively.<ref>Emmett 1995, pp. 40–41.</ref>

===Israel===
====1948 War====
[[File:Moshe Sharett - Amin Gargurah.jpg|thumb|[[Amin-Salim Jarjora]]
(left), Mayor of Nazareth, with Israeli prime minister [[Moshe Sharett]], 1955]]
Nazareth itself was not a field of battle during the 1948 War, which began on 15 May, before the first truce on 11 June, although some of the villagers had joined the loosely organized peasant military and paramilitary forces, and troops from the [[Arab Liberation Army]] (ALA) had entered Nazareth on 9 July. The local defense of the town consisted of 200–300 militiamen distributed along the hills surrounding the town. The defense in the southern and western hills collapsed after Israeli shelling, while resistance in the northern hills had to contend with an incoming Israeli armored unit. Not long after the Israelis began shelling the local militiamen, Nazareth's police chief raised a white flag over the town's police station.<ref name="Emmett44">Emmett 1995, p. 44.</ref>

Most of the fighting around Nazareth occurred in its satellite villages, particularly in [[Saffuriya]], whose residents put up resistance until largely dispersing following Israeli air raids on 15 July.<ref name="Emmett43">Emmett 1995, p. 43</ref> During the ten days of fighting which occurred between the first and second truce, Nazareth capitulated to Israeli troops during [[Operation Dekel]] on 16 July, after little more than token resistance. By then, morale among local militiamen was low and most refused to fight alongside the ALA because of their perceived weakness in the face of Israel's perceived military superiority and the alleged maltreatment of Christian residents and clergy by ALA volunteers. Seeking to prevent the town's destruction, the Muslim mayor of Nazareth, Yusef Fahum requested a halt to all resistance put up by Nazarenes.<ref name="Emmett44"/>

The surrender of Nazareth was formalized in a written agreement, whereby the town's leaders agreed to cease hostilities in return for promises from the Israeli officers, including brigade commander [[Ben Dunkelman]] (the leader of the operation), that no harm would come to the civilians of the town. Soon after the signing of the agreement, Dunkelman received an order from the Israeli General [[Chaim Laskov]] to forcibly evacuate the city's Arabs. He refused, remarking that he was 'shocked and horrified' that he would be commanded to renege on the agreement he, and also Chaim Laskov, had just signed. Twelve hours after defying his superior, he was relieved of his post, but not before obtaining assurances that the security of Nazareth's population would be guaranteed. [[David Ben-Gurion]] backed Dunkelman's judgement, fearing that expelling Christian Arabs might provoke an outcry throughout the Christian world.<ref>Derek J. Penslar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qWsPAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 ''Jews and the Military: A History,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103083953/https://books.google.com/books?id=qWsPAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |date=3 January 2020 }} Princeton University Press 2013 p. 235.</ref> By the end of the war, Nazareth's population saw a large influx of refugees from major urban centers and rural villages in the Galilee.<ref name="Emmett40"/>

==== 1950s–1970s ====
[[File:Habsora from selezian.jpg|thumb|View of modern Nazareth]]
In the first few years of its incorporation into Israel, Nazareth's affairs were dominated by the issues of land expropriation, [[internally displaced Palestinians|internally displaced refugees]] and the hardships of martial law, which included curfews and travel restrictions. Efforts to resolve these issues were largely unsuccessful and led to frustration among the inhabitants, which in turn contributed to political agitation in the city.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 49.</ref> As the largest Arab town in Israel, Nazareth became a center of [[Arab nationalism|Arab]] and [[Palestinian nationalism]], and because the [[Communist Party of Israel|Communist Party]] was the sole legal political group that took up many of the local Arab causes, it gained popularity in Nazareth.<ref name="Emmett49-50">Emmett 1995, pp. 49–50.</ref> Arab political organization within Nazareth and Israel was largely stymied by the state until recent decades.<ref>Emmett 1995, pp. 50–51.</ref> Arab and Palestinian nationalist sentiment continue to influence Nazareth's political life.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 48.</ref>

In 1954, 1,200 [[dunam]]s of Nazareth's land, which had been slated for future urban expansion by the municipality, was expropriated by state authorities for the construction of government offices and, in 1957, for the construction of the Jewish town of [[Nazareth Illit]]. The latter was built as a way for the state to counterbalance the Arab majority in the region.<ref name="Emmett52">Emmett 1995, p. 52.</ref> [[Knesset]] member [[Seif el-Din el-Zoubi]], who represented Nazareth, actively opposed the [[Israeli land and property laws#The 'Absentees Property Law'|Absentees' Property Law]], which allowed state expropriation of land from Arab citizens who were not permitted to return to their original villages. Zoubi argued that the internally displaced refugees were not absentees as they were still living in the country as citizens and wanted to return to their homes.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 51.</ref> Israel offered compensation to these internal refugees, but most refused for fear of permanently relinquishing their [[Palestinian right of return|right of return]]. Tensions between Nazareth's inhabitants and the state came to a head during a 1958 [[May Day]] rally where marchers demanded that refugees be allowed to return to their villages, an end to land expropriation, and self-determination for Palestinians. Several young protesters were arrested for throwing stones at security forces.<ref name="Emmett49-50"/>

On 5 January 1964, [[Pope Paul VI]] included Nazareth in the [[List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI outside Italy|first ever papal visit]] to the Holy Land.<ref name="HL">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcatholicdirectory.com/special-feature-article/papal-visits-to-the-holy-land.html |title=Papal Visits to the Holy Land |first=Judith |last=Sudilovsky |year=2009 |publisher=Official Catholic Directory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213055756/http://www.officialcatholicdirectory.com/special-feature-article/papal-visits-to-the-holy-land.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Martial law ended in 1966.

[[File:Andartnazareth.jpg|thumb|Monument to Arab Israeli casualties in the [[October 2000 protests in Israel|October 2000 events]], Nazareth]]
As the political center of Israel's Arab citizens, Nazareth is the scene of annual rallies held by the community including [[Land Day]] since March 1975 and May Day.<ref name="Emmett55">Emmett 1995, p. 55.</ref> There are also frequent demonstrations in support of the Palestinian cause.<ref name="Emmett56">Emmett 1995, p. 56.</ref>

==== 1980s–1990s ====
In the 1980s, the government began attempts to merge the nearby village of [[Ilut]] with Nazareth, although this move was opposed by residents from both localities and the Nazareth Municipality.<ref name="Emmett53"/> Ilut's residents were included as part of Nazareth's electorate in the 1983 and 1989 municipal elections, which Ilut's residents largely boycotted, and in the 1988 national elections. Ilut was designated by the Interior Ministry as a separate [[local council (Israel)|local council]] in 1991.<ref name="Emmett54"/> The Israeli government has designated a Nazareth [[metropolitan area]] that includes the [[Local council (Israel)|local councils]] of [[Yafa an-Naseriyye]] to the south, Reineh, [[Mashhad, Israel|Mashhad]] and [[Kafr Kanna]] to the north, [[Iksal]] and Nazareth Illit to the east and [[Migdal HaEmek]] to the west.

During the [[First Intifada]] (1987–1993), May Day marchers vocally supported the Palestinian uprising. On 22 December 1987, riots broke out during a strike held in solidarity with the Intifada. On 24 January 1988, a mass demonstration attracted between 20,000 and 50,000 participants from Nazareth and other Arab towns.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 59.</ref> On 13 May, during a [[association football|football]] match in [[Nahariya]], a riot broke out between Arab and Jewish fans, resulting in a Jewish man being stabbed and 54 people, mostly Arabs, being arrested. A rally in Nazareth on 19 May followed, in which thousands of Arabs protested against "racist attacks" against the Arab fans and discriminatory policies against Arabs in general.<ref name="Emmett55"/>

As of the early 1990s, no city plans drafted by Nazareth Municipality have been approved by the government (both the British Mandate and later Israel) since 1942.<ref name="Emmett54">Emmett 1995, p. 54.</ref> This has left many people in Nazareth who vote in the city's municipal elections and receive services from its municipality effectively outside of the city's jurisdiction. Such areas include the Sharqiya and Jabal el-Daula quarters which are in Nazareth Illit's jurisdiction and whose residents had to acquire building permits from the latter city. Similarly, the Bilal neighborhood of the Safafra Quarter is located within [[Reineh]]'s jurisdiction. In 1993, the residents of Bilal became official residents of Reineh.<ref name="Emmett54"/> Nazareth's municipal plans for expansion prior to the establishment of Nazareth Illit, were to the north and east, areas that the latter city now occupy. Arab satellite towns are closely located to the north, west and southwest. Thus, the remaining area within the city's municipal boundaries available for expansion were to the northwest and the south, where the topography restricted urban development. After lobbying the Knesset and the [[Ministry of Interior (Israel)|Interior Ministry]], el-Zoubi was able to have areas to the northwest of the city annexed to the municipality.<ref name="Emmett53">Emmett 1995, p. 53.</ref>

==== 2000s–2020s ====
Preparations for the [[Pope]]'s visit to Nazareth in 2000 triggered highly publicized tensions related to the [[Basilica of the Annunciation]]. In 1997, permission was granted to construct a paved plaza to handle the thousands of Christian pilgrims expected to arrive. A small group of Muslims protested and occupied the site, where a nephew of Saladin, named [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa|Shihab al-Din]], is believed{{who|date=October 2014}} to be buried. A school, al-Harbyeh, had been built on the site by the Ottomans, and the Shihab-Eddin shrine, along with several shops owned by the [[waqf]], were located there. Government approval of plans for a large mosque on the property triggered protests from Christian leaders. In 2002, a special government commission permanently halted construction of the mosque.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Bar on Controversial Nazareth Mosque |date=4 March 2002 |publisher=Catholic World News |url=http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=17590 |access-date=1 August 2006 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106233134/http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=17590 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2006, public protests followed the disruption of a prayer service by an Israeli Jew and his Christian wife and daughter, who detonated firecrackers inside the church. The family said it wanted to draw attention to their problems with the welfare authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands of Israeli Arabs protest attack |date=4 March 2006 |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-03-04-israeli-arabs_x.htm?csp=34 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628120544/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-03-04-israeli-arabs_x.htm?csp=34 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2006 a rocket fired by [[Hezbollah]] as part of the [[2006 Lebanon War|2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict]] killed two children in Nazareth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rocket attacks kill two Israeli Arab children |date=19 July 2006 |agency=Reuters |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L196187346.htm |access-date=7 August 2006 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163548/https://news.trust.org//humanitarian/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2010, the Israeli government approved a $3 million plan to develop Nazareth's tourism industry. New businesses receive start-up grants of up to 30 percent of their initial investment from the [[Ministry of Tourism (Israel)|Ministry of Tourism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/travel/nazareth-as-a-culinary-destination.html|title=Nazareth as a Culinary Destination|first=Rachel B.|last=Doyle|date=22 December 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216092238/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/travel/nazareth-as-a-culinary-destination.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Riots broke out in Nazareth during the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 May 2021|title=Clashes and arrests as Jerusalem protests spread to Haifa, Nazareth|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r1X4LaHOO|access-date=12 May 2021|website=ynetnews|language=en|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150326/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r1X4LaHOO|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2024, a rocket launched by [[Hezbollah]] struck the city, and fires broke elsewhere in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=IDF retaliates after Hezbollah's deepest attack yet: Over 140 rockets, six wounded |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-821184 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:99346 nazareth - general view PikiWiki Israel.jpg|thumb|Nazareth cityscape]]
Two locations for Nazareth are cited in ancient texts: the Galilean (northern) location in the Christian gospels and a southern (Judean) location mentioned in several early noncanonical texts.<ref>(a) The ''[[Gospel of James|Protevangelium of James]]'' (c. 150 AD. See New Testament Apocrypha, ed. W. Schneemelcher, Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991, vol. 1, p. 421 ff.) was an immensely popular text in the early Christian centuries. In it, Jesus' family lives in [[Bethlehem]] of Judea (PrJ 8.3; 17:1) and all events take place in and around the southern town. PrJ does not mention Galilee or "Nazareth"; (b) the earliest reference to Nazareth outside the Christian gospels, by [[Sextus Julius Africanus]] (c. 200 AD), speaks of "Nazara" as a village in "Judea" and locates it near an as-yet unidentified "Cochaba"; (c) A fourth century work known as the ''History of Joseph the Carpenter'' knows a southern location for Nazareth. It locates "Nazareth", the home of Joseph, ''within walking distance'' of the Jerusalem Temple.</ref>

Modern-day Nazareth is nestled in a natural bowl which reaches from 320 metres [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] to the crest of the hills about 488 metres.<ref>Map ''Survey of Palestine, 1946. 1:5,000'' {{OCLC|17193107}}. Also, Emmett 1995b, p. 31, Fig. 11</ref> Nazareth is about 25 kilometres from the [[Sea of Galilee]] and about 9 kilometres west from [[Mount Tabor]]. The major cities of [[Jerusalem]] and [[Tel Aviv]] are situated approximately 146 kilometres and 108 kilometres respectively, away from Nazareth. The Nazareth Range, in which the town lies, is the southernmost of several parallel east–west hill ranges that characterize the elevated tableau of Lower Galilee.
{{Further|Iphtahel}}

===Climate===
Nazareth has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa'').
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Nazareth, Israel
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 22
|Feb record high C = 28
|Mar record high C = 31
|Apr record high C = 37
|May record high C = 42
|Jun record high C = 40
|Jul record high C = 40
|Aug record high C = 42
|Sep record high C = 41
|Oct record high C = 38
|Nov record high C = 32
|Dec record high C = 30
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 15.2
|Feb high C = 16.0
|Mar high C = 18.3
|Apr high C = 22.7
|May high C = 27.9
|Jun high C = 30.1
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 30.0
|Oct high C = 28.1
|Nov high C = 23.5
|Dec high C = 17.5
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 11.2
|Feb mean C = 12.0
|Mar mean C = 13.6
|Apr mean C = 17.1
|May mean C = 21.8
|Jun mean C = 24.4
|Jul mean C = 26.0
|Aug mean C = 26.6
|Sep mean C = 25.0
|Oct mean C = 22.8
|Nov mean C = 18.7
|Dec mean C = 13.7
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 7.1
|Feb low C = 7.9
|Mar low C = 8.9
|Apr low C = 11.5
|May low C = 15.7
|Jun low C = 18.7
|Jul low C = 20.8
|Aug low C = 21.5
|Sep low C = 19.9
|Oct low C = 17.5
|Nov low C = 13.8
|Dec low C = 9.8
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = -2.4
|Feb record low C = -3.9
|Mar record low C = -1
|Apr record low C = 2
|May record low C = 6
|Jun record low C = 8
|Jul record low C = 17
|Aug record low C = 17
|Sep record low C = 12
|Oct record low C = 7
|Nov record low C = 1
|Dec record low C = -1.4
|year record low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 156
|Feb precipitation mm = 111
|Mar precipitation mm = 72
|Apr precipitation mm = 23
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|Jun precipitation mm = 0
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|Sep precipitation mm = 1
|Oct precipitation mm = 15
|Nov precipitation mm = 72
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|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 16
|Feb precipitation days = 14
|Mar precipitation days = 11
|Apr precipitation days = 6
|May precipitation days = 3
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|Jul precipitation days = 0
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|Oct precipitation days = 6
|Nov precipitation days = 9
|Dec precipitation days = 15
|year precipitation days =
|Jan humidity = 68
|Feb humidity = 63
|Mar humidity = 61
|Apr humidity = 53
|May humidity = 50
|Jun humidity = 50
|Jul humidity = 52
|Aug humidity = 55
|Sep humidity = 56
|Oct humidity = 59
|Nov humidity = 59
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|year humidity = 58
|Jand sun = 6
|Febd sun = 6
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|Aprd sun = 8
|Mayd sun = 11
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|Jan percentsun= 54
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|May percentsun= 76
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|Jul percentsun= 86
|Aug percentsun= 85
|Sep percentsun= 81
|Oct percentsun= 75
|Nov percentsun= 68
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|source 1 = <ref>{{cite web
| url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/28724/
| publisher = Climate-Data
| title = Climate: Nazareth
| access-date = 20 November 2014
| archive-date = 29 November 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021119/http://en.climate-data.org/location/28724/
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = <ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/nazareth.php
| publisher = Weather2Travel
| title = Nazareth Climate
| access-date = 20 November 2014
| archive-date = 26 October 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141026172837/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/nazareth.php
| url-status = live
}}</ref> (sunshine percentages)
|date= 2014
}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Nazareth.3women.jpg|thumb|Old postcard of Nazareth women based on photo by [[Félix Bonfils]]]]
Nazareth is the second largest Arab city in Israel.<ref name=CBS1>{{cite web|author=Yurit Naffe|publisher=State of Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|title=Statistilite 15: Population|date=October 2001}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] reported that Nazareth's Arab population was 69% Muslim and 31% Christian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/local_authorities09/pdf/254_7300.pdf|title=Nazareth Census 2009|publisher=Cbs.gov.il|access-date=16 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011103441/http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications11/local_authorities09/pdf/254_7300.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The greater Nazareth metropolitan area had a population of 210,000, including 125,000 Arabs (59%) and 85,000 Jews (41%). It is the only urban area with over 50,000 residents in Israel where the majority of the population is [[Arab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2007/table3.pdf|title=Israeli localities with populations 1000+|publisher=Cbs.gov.il|access-date=16 November 2012|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009114131/http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2007/table3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The greater Nazareth metropolitan area includes [[Nof HaGalil]], [[Yafa an-Naseriyye]], [[Reineh]], [[Migdal HaEmek]], [[Ein Mahil]], [[Ilut]], [[Kafr Kanna]], [[Mashhad, Israel|Mashhad]] and [[Iksal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nazareth.muni.il/files/majalla-2010.pdf |title=Nazareth metropolis area |language=he |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803034436/http://www.nazareth.muni.il/files/majalla-2010.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2014 |access-date=9 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nazareth is home to the largest Arab [[Christianity in Israel|Christian community in Israel]].<ref name=Christian2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/400/11_19_400e.pdf|title=Christmas 2019 – Christians in Israel|date=29 December 2019|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)|access-date=26 April 2022|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109084141/https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/400/11_19_400e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Christian communities of Nazareth are varied and includes various denominations, the most prominent among them the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox]], [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite Greek Catholic]], [[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Latin Catholics]], [[Maronites]], [[Armenian Orthodox]], and [[Protestants]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth| first=Chad |last=F. Emmett|year= 2012| isbn= 9780226922492| page =128|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=}}</ref> By far the largest among them is the Greek-Orthodox community, headed by a Patriarch based in Jerusalem, and represented in Nazareth by a Metropolite.<ref>{{cite book|title=Green Crescent Over Nazareth: The Displacement of Christians by Muslims in the Holy Land| first=Chad |last=F. Emmett|year= 2012| isbn= 9780226922492| page =21|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=}}</ref> The Christian communities in Nazareth tend to be wealthier and better educated compared to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel, and Christians of Nazareth occupy the majority of the top positions in the town: three [[hospital]]s and bank managers, judges and school principals and faculties.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land Under Muslim and Jewish Rule| first=Raphael |last=Israeli|year= 2014| isbn=9781135315146| page =21|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> The socio-economic gap between the Christians wealth and Muslim poverty led sometimes to sectarian crises.<ref>{{cite book|title=Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land Under Muslim and Jewish Rule| first=Atallah |last=Mansour|year= 2004| isbn=9781932717020| page =280|publisher=Hope Publishing House|quote=}}</ref>

Many of the descendants of the [[Al-Zayadina|Zayadina]] clan in modern-day [[Israel]] use the surname 'al-Zawahirah'<ref>Joudah, 1987, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3jZGVstzMhQC&q=bashirs&pg=PA549 118] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929214658/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jZGVstzMhQC&q=bashirs&pg=PA549 |date=29 September 2023 }}.</ref> or 'Dhawahri'<ref>Srouji, 2003, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fp1y2bMtvNUC&pg=PA187 187]</ref> in honor of Daher (whose name is colloquially transliterated as 'Dhaher'). They mostly live in the Galilee localities of Nazareth, [[Bi'ina]], [[Kafr Manda]], and, before [[Operation Dekel|its depopulation]] in the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]], the village of [[al-Damun|Damun]].<ref>Joudah, 1987, p. 121.</ref> ''Dhawahri'', made up one of the important families in Muslim community of Nazareth, beside the ''Fahoums'', the ''Zu'bis'', and the ''Onallas''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cyclamens from Galilee: Memoirs of a Physician from Nazareth| first=Elias |last=S. Srouji|year= 2003| isbn=9780595303045| page =187|publisher=Brill|quote=}}</ref>

===Demographic history===
During the late Ottoman era, the religious majority of the city fluctuated. In 1838, there were 325 Christian families (half of whom were Greek Orthodox, the remainder belonged to various Catholic churches) and 120 Muslim families.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 25.</ref> In 1856, the population was estimated to be 4,350, of which Muslims comprised 52%, while Christians from various denominations comprised 48%. In 1862, the population estimate was lower (3,120) and Christians formed a substantial majority of over 78%. The population grew to 5,660 in 1867 and Christians constituted roughly two-thirds and Muslims one-third of the inhabitants. These estimates during the late Ottoman era likely represented crude figures.<ref>Emmett 1995, pp. 26–27.</ref>

A population list from about 1887 showed that Nazareth had about 6,575 inhabitants; 1,620 Muslims, 2,485 Greek Catholics, 845 Catholics, 1,115 Latins, 220 Maronites and 290 Protestants.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n207/mode/1up 182]</ref>

For much of the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandatory]] period (1922–1948), Nazareth had a [[Arab Christian|Christian]] majority (mostly [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]]) and a Muslim minority.<ref name=Dumperp274/>

In 1918, Nazareth had an estimated population of 8,000, two-thirds Christian.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjApOeWHtv4C&q=nazareth+british+mandate&pg=PA15|title=Green Crescent Over Nazareth|isbn=9780714652580|last1=Israeli|first1=Raphael|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press |access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163539/https://books.google.com/books?id=GjApOeWHtv4C&q=nazareth+british+mandate&pg=PA15|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[1922 census of Palestine|1922 British census]], Nazareth's population was recorded as 7,424 residents, of which 66% were Christian, 33% were Muslim and roughly 1% were Jewish. In the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], the population grew to 8,756 and the ratio of Muslims increased to 37%. The largest Christian community were the [[Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox]] denomination, followed by the [[Roman Catholic]]s and the [[Melkite]]s. Smaller communities of [[Anglican]]s, [[Maronites]], [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac Catholic]]s, [[Protestant]]s and [[Copt]]s also existed.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 36.</ref>

In 1946, Nazareth had a population of 15,540, of whom roughly 60% were Christians and 40% were Muslims. The 1948 War led to an exodus of Palestinians and many expelled or fleeing Muslims from villages in the Galilee and the Haifa area found refuge in Nazareth. At one point, some 20,000 mostly Muslim internally displaced persons were present in the city. Following the war's conclusion, the internally displaced persons of [[Shefa-'Amr]], [[Dabburiya]], [[Ilut]] and [[Kafr Kanna]] returned to their homes. However, those Muslim and Christian internally displaced persons from the nearby destroyed villages of [[Ma'lul]], [[al-Mujaydil]], [[Saffuriya]], the Haifa-area village of [[Balad al-Sheikh]] and the major cities of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Haifa]], [[Tiberias]], [[Safad]] and [[Baysan]] remained as they were not able to return to their hometowns.<ref name="Emmett45">Emmett 1995, p. 45.</ref> During the war and in the following months, internally displaced persons from Saffuriya established the Safafra Quarter, named after their former village.<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 43.</ref> Around 20% of Nazareth's native inhabitants left Palestine during the war. In an Israeli army census in July 1948, Nazareth had a total population of 17,118, which consisted of 12,640 Nazarenes and 4,478 internally displaced persons. In 1951, the population was recorded as 20,300, 25% of whom were internally displaced persons. The internally displaced persons came from over two dozen villages, but most were from al-Mujaydil, Saffuriya, Tiberias, Haifa, Ma'lul and [[Indur]].<ref>Emmett 1995, p. 46.</ref>

Today, Nazareth still has a significant Christian population, made up of various denominations.<ref name=Dumperp274/> The Muslim population has grown due to a number of historical factors that include the city having served as administrative center under British rule, and the influx of [[internally displaced Palestinians|internally displaced Palestinian Arabs]] absorbed into the city from neighboring towns during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.<ref name=Dumperp274/>

==Economy==
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 31000 View from Mount Precipice.JPG|thumb|right|Nazareth [[High tech|Hi-Tech Park]]]]
In 2011, Nazareth had over 20 Arab-owned high-tech companies, mostly in the field of software development. According to the ''[[Haaretz]]'' newspaper the city has been called the "Silicon Valley of the Arab community" in view of its potential in this sphere.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/themarker/49-khatem-zuabi-ncs-software-services-1.382776 |access-date=22 September 2011|title=Haaretz.com |newspaper=Haaretz}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Religious sites==

===Christian===
[[File:Church in Nazareth, built on supposed site of Joseph's workshop, 1891.jpg|thumb|Church in Nazareth on the supposed site of Joseph's workshop, 1891]]
[[File:Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, Nazareth, Israel. 05.jpg|thumb|[[Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation]]]]
[[File:Christmas in The City of Nazareth.jpg|thumb|Christmas Eve in Nazareth]]
Nazareth is home to dozens of monasteries and churches, many of them in the Old City.<ref name=Ringp539>{{cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa|editor1=Trudy Ring|editor2=Robert M. Salkin|editor3=Sharon La Boda|edition=Illustrated, annotated|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1996|isbn=9781884964039|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&q=nasira+nazareth&pg=PA541|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163557/https://books.google.com/books?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&q=nasira+nazareth&pg=PA541|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Churches
** The [[Basilica of the Annunciation|Church of the Annunciation]] is the largest Catholic church in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slife.org/roman-curia/ |title=Roman Curia |date=24 October 2020 |publisher=The Spiritual Life |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203111239/https://slife.org/roman-curia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Roman Catholic]] tradition, it marks the site where the Archangel [[Gabriel]] announced the future birth of Jesus to Mary<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|1:26–31}}</ref>
** The [[Church of St. Gabriel]] is an alternative [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] site for the Annunciation
** The [[Greek Catholic Church of Nazareth]] is a Byzantine Rite Catholic church ([[Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic Melkite Church]])
** The [[Synagogue Church]] is a [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]] at the traditional site of the synagogue where Jesus preached<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|4}}</ref>
** The [[St. Joseph's Church, Nazareth|St. Joseph's Church]] (Roman Catholic) marks the traditional location for the workshop of [[Saint Joseph]]
** The [[Mensa Christi Church]], run by the [[Franciscan]] religious order, commemorates the traditional location where Jesus dined with the Apostles
** The [[Basilica of Jesus the Adolescent]], run by the [[Salesians of Don Bosco|Salesian]] religious order, at the top of the hill overlooking the city from the north
** The [[Christ Church, Nazareth|Church of Christ]] is an Anglican church in Nazareth
** The Church of Our Lady of the Fright (Roman Catholic) marks the spot where Mary is said to have seen Jesus being taken to a cliff by the congregation of the synagogue
* The [[Jesus Trail]] pilgrimage route connects many of the religious sites in Nazareth on a {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} walking trail which ends in Capernaum
* International Marian Evangelization Center "Mary of Nazareth" (see here:<ref>International Marian Evangelization Center "Mary of Nazareth" [www.mariedenazareth.com/en homepage]. Accessed 30 August 2018</ref>), containing among other things the only archaeologically excavated house from first-century AD Nazareth

===Muslim===
Muslim holy sites include
* The Shrine of al-Sheikh Amer
* The Shrine of "to the Prophet we go"
* The Shrine of Shihab ad-Din.

Muslim places of worship include
[[File:127779 nazareth - the white mosque - jamaa al abyad PikiWiki Israel.jpg|thumb|[[White Mosque, Nazareth|White Mosque]] is one of mosque in Nazareth]]
* The [[White Mosque (Nazareth)|White Mosque]] (Masjid al-Abiad), the oldest mosque in Nazareth, located in ''Harat Alghama'' ("Mosque Quarter") in the center of the Old Market.<ref>Emmett 1995b, pp. 136–138</ref><ref name=Nazareth>{{cite web|title=Nazareth: The Mosque Quarter|publisher=Discover Israel|access-date=1 December 2007|url=http://www.ddtravel-acc.com/nazareth.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.ddtravel-acc.com/nazareth.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Nabi Saeen Mosque]] (Masjid al-Nabi Saʿīn).
* The Peace Mosque (Masjid al-Salam).

==Archaeology==
==="Venerated area" near the Basilica of the Annunciation===
While excavations conducted prior to 1931 in the Franciscan "venerated area" (the side of the hill known as Jabal Nebi Sa'in, stretching north of the Basilica of the Annunciation) revealed no trace of a Greek or Roman settlement there,<ref>R. Tonneau, ''Revue Biblique'' XL (1931), p. 556. Reaffirmed by C. Kopp (op. cit.,1938, p. 188).</ref> later digs under Fr. Bagatti, who acted as the principal [[archaeologist]] for the venerated sites in Nazareth, unearthed quantities of later [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Byzantine]] artifacts,<ref>B. Bagatti, ''Excavations in Nazareth'', vol. 1 (1969), pp. 272–310.</ref> attesting to unambiguous human presence there from the 2nd century AD onward. [[John Dominic Crossan]], a noted New Testament scholar, remarked that Bagatti's archaeological drawings indicate just how small the village actually was, suggesting that it was little more than an insignificant [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]].<ref>John Dominic Crossan, ''The Historical Jesus : The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant'', 1992, p. 18</ref>

===Early Roman house===
Remains of a residential house dating to the Early Roman period were discovered in 2009 next to the Basilica of the Annunciation and are on display in the "International Marian Center of Nazareth". According to the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]], "The artifacts recovered from inside the building were few and mostly included fragments of pottery vessels from the Early Roman period (the first and second centuries AD)... Another hewn pit, whose entrance was apparently camouflaged, was excavated and a few pottery sherds from the Early Roman period were found inside it." Archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre adds that "based on other excavations that I conducted in other villages in the region, this pit was probably hewn as part of the preparations by the Jews to protect themselves during the Great Revolt against the Romans in 67 AD".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early+History+-+Archaeology/Residential_building_time_Jesus_Nazareth_21-Dec-2009.htm |title=Residential building from the time of Jesus exposed in Nazareth 21-Dec-2009 |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |date=21 December 2009 |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013090514/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early+History+-+Archaeology/Residential_building_time_Jesus_Nazareth_21-Dec-2009.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kokh tombs===
Noteworthy is that all the post-Iron Age tombs in the Nazareth basin (approximately two dozen) are of the [[kokhim|kokh]] (plural ''kokhim'') or later types; this type probably first appeared in Galilee in the middle of the 1st century AD.<ref>H.P. Kuhnen, "Palaestina in Griechisch-Roemischer Zeit", (Muenchen, C. Beck, 1990, pp. 254–55).</ref> Kokh tombs in the Nazareth area have been excavated by B. Bagatti, N. Feig, Z. Yavor, and noted by Z. Gal.<ref>Gal, Z. Lower Galilee During the Iron Age (American Schools of Oriental Research, Eisenbrauns, 1992) p. 15; Yavor, Z. 1998 "Nazareth", ESI 18. pp. 32 (English), 48; Feig, N. 1990 "Burial Caves at Nazareth", 'Atiqot 10 (Hebrew series). pp. 67–79.</ref>

===Ancient bathhouse at Mary's Well===
In the mid-1990s, a shopkeeper discovered tunnels under his shop near [[Mary's Well]] in Nazareth. The tunnels were identified as the [[hypocaust]] of a bathhouse.<ref>Shacham , Tzvi. 2012. Bathhouse from the Crusader Period in Nazareth in Kreiner, R & W. Letzner (eds.). SPA: Sanitas per Aquam. Tagungsband des Internationalen Frontinus-Symposums zur Technik und Kulturgeschichte der antike Thermen. Aachen, 18–22. Marz 2009 : 319–326. Babesch Suppl. 21</ref> Excavations in 1997–98 revealed remains dating from the Roman, [[Crusade]]r, [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] periods.<ref>Alexandre, Yardenna. 2012. Mary's Well, Nazareth. The Late Hellenistic to the Ottoman Periods. Jerusalem, IAA Reports 49.</ref><ref>Alexandre, Y. "Archaeological Excavations at Mary's Well, Nazareth", Israel Antiquities Authority bulletin, 1 May 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is This Where Jesus Bathed? |date=22 October 2003 |author=Cook, Jonathon |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,1067930,00.html |access-date=15 December 2016 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163531/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/22/research.artsandhumanities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Under Nazareth, Secrets in Stone |date=17 December 2002 |author=Cook, Jonathan |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.jkcook.net/Articles1/0021.htm |access-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216062857/http://www.jkcook.net/Articles1/0021.htm |archive-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ancient Bath House in Nazareth |date=12 August 2008 |author=Shama-Sostar, Martina |url=http://www.nazarethbathhouse.org |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915035919/http://nazarethbathhouse.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Local government ==
{{see also|Mayor of Nazareth}}
Nazareth contains a number of official buildings, some of which date back to the [[Ottoman Palestine|Ottoman era in Palestine]]. One of the most important of these buildings is the Nazareth Brigades, an important historical ruling building from the Ottoman period, built around 1740 by the [[Sanjak-bey|governor]] of Galilee, [[Daher al-Umar]], who took it as his own home and as the Ottoman rule building, from which he supervised security in Marj Ibn Amer. The building housed stables and a prison. The building became the seat of the municipality of Nazareth after the [[Nakba]] in 1948 until the beginning of the 1990s, when the municipal headquarters moved to another place in the city.

The Municipality is ruled since 24 June 2025 by Yaakov Efrati.

==Education==
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 67137 nazareth.jpg|thumb|Don Bosco School]]
With the near total depopulation of the Palestinian Arabs in the major cities of Haifa and Jaffa as a result of the 1948 war, Nazareth, [[Kafr Yasif]] and [[Rameh]] became one of a few towns in the newly-established state of Israel to emerge as a central space for [[Arab culture]] and politics.<ref name="Shihade456">Shihade 2014, p. 456.</ref>

Three prestigious Arab [[Christian schools]] in Nazareth are the St. Joseph's Eclerical School, run by the [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church]], the Nuns of St. Joseph School, a Catholic institution, and the Nazareth Baptist High School, a [[Protestant]] institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comeandsee.com/view.php?sid=943|title=Maariv: Christian Schools in Nazareth among best in country|date=17 September 2015|publisher=Comeandsee|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929214656/http://www.comeandsee.com/view.php?sid=943|url-status=live}}</ref> About half of students in Nazareth attend [[Christian schools]] (10 schools) that are found in the city.<ref>{{cite book|title=Palestinian Christians in Israel: State Attitudes Towards Non-Muslims in a Jewish State| first=Una |last=McGahern|year= 2011| isbn= 9780415605717| page =51|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[Christian school]]s in Nazareth are among the best schools in the country, and while those schools represent only 4% of the Arab schooling sector, about 34% of Arab university students come from [[Christian school]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://hcef.org/790796657-demonstration-of-christian-schools-in-jerusalem/ |title= Demonstration of Christian Schools in Jerusalem – Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation |website= Hcef.org |access-date= 5 September 2016 |date= 10 September 2015 |archive-date= 9 August 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160809222602/http://hcef.org/790796657-demonstration-of-christian-schools-in-jerusalem/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/85944-150916-israel-hundreds-protest-against-discriminatory-school-funding-for-christians |title=Israel: Hundreds protest against 'discriminatory' school funding for Christians |date=17 September 2015 |publisher=i24NEWS |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515205433/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/85944-150916-israel-hundreds-protest-against-discriminatory-school-funding-for-christians |url-status=live }}</ref> These Arab Christian schools accommodate Christian students, Muslims, [[Druze]] from across the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lpj.org/posts/israeli-ministry-of-education-classifies-christian-schools-among-the-best-in-the-country.html|title=Israeli Ministry of Education classifies Christian schools among the best in the country|newspaper=Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430151718/https://www.lpj.org/posts/israeli-ministry-of-education-classifies-christian-schools-among-the-best-in-the-country.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
[[File:Sacra fam 0307.jpg|thumb|Italian Nazareth Hospital]]
The city has three hospitals, run by the Christian community of Nazareth,<ref name="auto"/> and serving its districts:
* [[The Nazareth Hospital]] (also called the English Hospital)
* French Nazareth Hospital
* Italian Nazareth Hospital

==Sports==
The city's main football club, [[Maccabi Ahi Nazareth F.C.|Ahi Nazareth]], currently plays in [[Liga Leumit]], the second tier of Israeli football. The club spent two seasons in the [[Israeli Premier League|top division]], in [[Israeli Premier League 2003-04|2003–04]] and again in [[Israeli Premier League 2009-10|2009–10]]. They are based at the [[Ilut Stadium]] in nearby [[Ilut]].

Other local clubs are Al-Nahda Nazareth, which currently plays in [[Liga Bet]], and [[Beitar al-Amal Nazareth F.C.|Beitar al-Amal Nazareth]], [[Hapoel Bnei Nazareth F.C.|Hapoel Bnei Nazareth]] and [[Hapoel al-Ittihad Nazareth F.C.|Hapoel al-Ittihad Nazareth]], which all play in [[Liga Gimel]].

==Twin towns – sister cities==
Nazareth is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Baguio]], Philippines<ref>{{cite news|last1=See|first1=Dexter A.|title=Twinning ties for Baguio and Nazareth|url=http://manilastandardtoday.com/news/-provinces/161129/twinning-ties-for-baguio-and-nazareth.html|newspaper=The Standard|access-date=4 March 2016|date=24 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308022938/http://manilastandardtoday.com/news/-provinces/161129/twinning-ties-for-baguio-and-nazareth.html|archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Częstochowa]], Poland<ref>{{cite web|title=Miasta zaprzyjaźnione|url=http://www.czestochowa.pl/page/1657,miasta-zaprzyjaznione.html|website=czestochowa.pl|publisher=Częstochowa|language=pl|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227065518/http://www.czestochowa.pl/page/1657,miasta-zaprzyjaznione.html|archive-date=27 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Florence]], Italy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.fi.it/export/sites/retecivica/comune_firenze/relazioni_internazionali_cooperazione/gemellaggi.html |title=Gemellaggi, Patti di amicizia e di fratellanza |publisher=Comune di Firenze |language=it |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122082353/http://www.comune.fi.it/export/sites/retecivica/comune_firenze/relazioni_internazionali_cooperazione/gemellaggi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|PSE}} [[Nablus]], Palestine<ref>{{cite web|title=The Twinning Between Dundee and Nablus|url=http://dundee-nablus.org.uk/Jun15/OurTwinning.php|publisher=Dundee–Nablus Twinning Association|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=20 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120074332/http://www.dundee-nablus.org.uk/Jun15/OurTwinning.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Neubrandenburg]], Germany<ref>{{cite web|title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.neubrandenburg.de/Leben-Wohnen/Vier-Tore-Stadt/Partnerst%C3%A4dte|website=neubrandenburg.de|publisher=Neubrandenburg|language=de|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116181657/http://www.neubrandenburg.de/Leben-Wohnen/Vier-Tore-Stadt/Partnerst%C3%A4dte|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other cooperation===
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Loreto, Marche|Loreto]], Italy (the [[Basilica of the Annunciation|Sanctuary of the Annunciation]] in Nazareth and the [[Basilica della Santa Casa|Sanctuary of the Incarnation]] in Loreto are twinned)<ref>{{cite web|title=Fraternitas: Nazareth and Loreto: Twinning|url=http://www.ofm.org/3/frat/FRAeng33.html|publisher=Order of Friars Minor|access-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193431/http://www.ofm.org/3/frat/FRAeng33.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Arab localities in Israel]]
* [[Nazareth Village]]
* [[Iris bismarckiana|Nazareth Iris]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|25em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first= Chad Fife |last= Emmett |year= 1995 |title= Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth |url= https://archive.org/details/beyondbasilicach0000emme |url-access= registration |page= [https://archive.org/details/beyondbasilicach0000emme/page/22 22] |issue= 237 |publisher= [[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-20711-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last= Isaac |first= Benjamin |author-link= Benjamin Isaac |year= 2017 |title= Empire and Ideology in the Graeco-Roman World |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAtDwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-107-13589-5 |access-date=3 June 2020}}
* {{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21620056|volume=I|first=Andrew|last=Petersen|year=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0|pages=[https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R 239]−244|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528163548/https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K_R|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last= Schumacher |first= G. |author-link= Gottlieb Schumacher |title= Population list of the Liwa of Akka |journal= Quarterly Statement – Palestine Exploration Fund |volume= 20 |pages= 169–191 |url= https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale |year= 1888 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191212025524/http://www.nazarethinfo.org/ Nazareth Official City Website]
* [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/nazareth.html Nazareth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223110025/http://virtualreligion.net/iho/nazareth.html |date=23 February 2007 }} entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=141&letter=N Nazareth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207145816/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=141&letter=N |date=7 December 2005 }} Jewish Encyclopedia
* [http://bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/Easton/ID/2676 Nazareth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105073557/http://bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/Easton/ID/2676 |date=5 November 2004 }} Easton's Bible Dictionary
* [http://www.nazarethvillage.com Nazareth Village, recreation of Nazareth 2000 years ago. The Nazareth Jesus Knew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202131156/http://www.nazarethvillage.com/ |date=2 December 2006 }}
* [http://www.veredgo.com/dynamic/cities/about/Nazareth/index.htm/ Nazareth Travel Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401042039/http://www.veredgo.com/dynamic/cities/about/Nazareth/index.htm |date=1 April 2016 }}
* {{Skeptoid|id=4906|number=906|title=Unraveling the Myth of Nazareth.|date=October 17, 2023}}

{{Arab localities in Israel footer|uncollapsed}}
{{Northern District (Israel)}}
{{Largest Israeli cities}}
{{New Testament places associated with Jesus}}
{{Holy places in Christianity}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nazareth| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee]]
[[Category:Arab Christian communities in Israel]]
[[Category:Arab localities in Israel]]
[[Category:Cities in Northern District (Israel)]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:New Testament cities]]

Pulimaranja Thondachan

2026-03-25T21:58:13Z

Ferdaus: new!

{{short description|Regional Hindu god}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image =
Kurikkal Theyyam Kerala India.jpg
| caption = Kari Kurikkal theyyam
| name = Pulimaranja Thondachan
| god_of =
| affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| mantra =
| weapon =
| consort =
| children =
| abode =
| mount =
| spouse =
| region = [[North Malabar]], [[Kerala]], India
}}
'''Pulimaranja Thondachan''', also known as '''Kari Kurikal''', is a deity worshipped in the [[North Malabar]] region in [[Kerala]], India. Pulimaranja Thondachan is worshipped and performed as [[theyyam]]. It is a deity worshipped by [[Pulayar]] community. Thondachan is a word used as a substitute for grandfather in North Malabar.

The play Pulijanmam written by N Prabhakaran and the Malayalam movie [[Pulijanmam]] directed by [[Priyanandanan]] based on it are related to the myth of Pulimaranja Thondachan.

==Overview==
Pulimaranja Thondachan is a deity worshipped mainly by Pulayar community of [[North Malabar]] (present-day [[Kannur district|Kannur]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]] districts).<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=പുലി, മുതല മുതൽ സിംഹം വരെ; മനുഷ്യൻ മാത്രമല്ല വടക്കേ മലബാറിന്റെ ദൈവങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2018/02/12/theyyam-living-god-of-north-malabar.html |work=ManoramaOnline |ref=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411073223/https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2018/02/12/theyyam-living-god-of-north-malabar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is believed that Kari, who possessed the magical skill to change body to a leopard, turned into a leopard at the request of King of Nileswaram but was tricked and hid in the forest.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Pulimaranja Thondachan is worshipped and performed as [[theyyam]].<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Myth==
It is believed that a heroic man named Madai Kari Kurikkal turned into Pulimaranja Thondachan, a deity worshipped as [[theyyam]], by the [[Pulayar|Pulaya community]] of Kerala.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/>

Kari is the child of Vallikudichi Virunthi and Maniyan Kanjan, who were brought from Tiruvarkat Kav to work at farms of Kunjambu Nair, a [[jenmi]] at Chenicherry house in [[Kunhimangalam]].<ref name="Theyyam">{{cite web |title=Dazzling Pulimaranja Thondachan Theyyam Story Malayalam 2021 |url=https://theyyamkerala.in/about-pulimaranja-thondachan-theyyam-malayalam/ |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411073226/https://theyyamkerala.in/about-pulimaranja-thondachan-theyyam-malayalam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kari studied reading and writing under Chempitar Kurikkal. He wanted to study [[Kalaripayattu|kalari vidya]] but was not admitted to [[kalari]] because he was a Pulaya.<ref name="Theyyam"/> Kunjambu found a solution. He allowed Kari to use his name and family name instead of Kari's name and address.<ref name="Janmabhumi">{{cite news |title=മാടായി കാരിക്കുരിക്കള്‍ (പുലിമറഞ്ഞ തൊണ്ടച്ചന്‍) |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/news854434 |work=[[Janmabhumi]] |language=en |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411071333/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/news854434 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, he studied kalari vidya from eighteen kalaris around the region and at last learned impersonation from Chothi Kalari. He was trained to change his disguise as a scorpion, a snake, a dog or a lion.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> After his education Kari returned to Madai Kalari, and from there he got the position of Kurikal. He married a young woman named Kunhivellachi.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/>

Kari was not allowed to go to treat the insanity of the land lord of Alladam, even though he was called six times. The seventh request came as a copper inscription, in which it was written that half of the property would be given if Kari was sent.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/>

The Kari who set out for Alladam had to face many trials on the way and overcame all of them with his magical skills. Finally, he reached Alladam and begins the magical rituals. Not to give half of his property as promised, the lord decided to kill Kari even though the lord's illness had improved.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> The lords said that he would give the property only if he brought a tiger, tiger's milk and the tiger's hair.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> Kurikal left for his home, ready to come back as a tiger. When he came home, he told his wife not to be afraid if he came as a leopard, but to dip his broom in dung water and slap his face.

Kari climbed the mountain and changed his body to leopard with his magical skills. then as leopard, he reached Alladam and gave all things as the lord said. On return to house, seeing the leopard, Kurikal's wife got scared and closed the door.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> As the wife did not done as he said earlied, he entered through the roof and kills his wife.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> He then jumped out from there and disappeared into the forest. Soon Lord of Alladam became insane again. After realizing that the reason for this is Kari Kurikal, people started worshiping the Kurikal as Pulimaranja (meaning tiger who disappeared) Thondachan.<ref name="Janmabhumi"/> This is the legend.

==In popular culture==
The play ''Pulijanmam'' written by N Prabhakaran and the Malayalam movie directed by [[Priyanandanan]] with the same name, based on it are related to the myth of Pulimaranja Thondachan.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thondachan, Pulimaranja}}
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Theyyam]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]

Anwar Shah Shopiani

2026-03-16T22:08:06Z

Ferdaus: Adding some info initial version!

{{short description|Kashmiri Islamic preacher, poet}}
{{about|the [[Salaf]]i preacher and poet|the Hanafi Islamic scholar|Anwar Shah Kashmiri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Anwar Shah Shopiani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Salafi]]
| school = [[Salafism]]
| lineage = Rasool Shah
| sect =
| subsect =
| temple =
| order =
| institute =
| church = 
| founder = [[Ahl-i Hadith]] movement
| philosophy = Quran and Sunnah
| known_for = Propagation of Islam
| education = Local [[Madrasa]]-based Islamic education
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| dharma_names =
| monastic_name =
| pen_name =
| posthumous_name =
| nationality = [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]]
| flourished =
| home_town = [[Shopian]]
| birth_name = Mohammad Anwar Shah
| birth_date = c. {{birth date text|1849}}
| birth_place = [[Shopian]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu]], [[India]]
| death_date = c. {{death year and age|1939|1850}}
| death_place = [[Shopian]], [[Kashmir]]
| death_cause = [[Natural]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|33|42|45|N|74|49|37|E}}
| spouse =
| partner = Molvi Syed Hussain Shah
| children = Abdul Qayoom Shopiani, Molvi Mohammad Bashir Shopiani (grandsons)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2016/04/maulana-bashir-shopiani-passes-away/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422152531/https://kashmirreader.com/2016/04/maulana-bashir-shopiani-passes-away/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2016|title=Maulana Bashir Shopiani passes away | Kashmir Reader|date=April 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name="v352">{{cite web | title=Moulana Qayoom Shopiani passes away | website=greaterkashmir.com | date=2015-03-13 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/briefs/moulana-qayoom-shopiani-passes-away/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715092340/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/briefs/moulana-qayoom-shopiani-passes-away/ | archive-date=2020-07-15 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-08-23}}</ref>
| relatives =
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| location =
| title =
| period =
| consecration =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| reason =
| rank =
| teacher = [[Abdul Mannan Wazirabadi]]
| reincarnation_of =
| students =
| initiated =
| works = 
| ordination =
| initiation =
| initiation_date =
| initiation_place =
| initiator =
| profession =
| main_interests = [[Hadith]], poetry, Islamic preaching
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| post =
| signature =
| creed = [[Athari]]
| influenced = Entirety of the [[Salafi]] Movement in Kashmir.
| influences = [[Ibn Taymiyya]], [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]]
}}

'''Anwar Shah Shopiani''' (born '''Mohammad Anwar Shah'''; {{circa|1849}} {{endash}} c. 1939), commonly known as '''[[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Mawlawi]] Anwar Shah Shopiani''', was a Kashmiri Islamic preacher, scholar, poet, and the founder of [[Ahl-i Hadith]] movement in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="greaterkashmir.com">{{cite web | title=The man with a mission | website=greaterkashmir.com | date=2015-03-13 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/the-man-with-a-mission/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712192033/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/the-man-with-a-mission/ | archive-date=2020-07-12 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-08-23}}</ref><ref name="b085">{{cite web | title=Islam and Sufism in Kashmir | website=milligazette.com | date=2025-01-23 | url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/5019-islam-and-sufism-in-kashmir/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712193454/https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/5019-islam-and-sufism-in-kashmir/ | archive-date=2020-07-12 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-08-23}}</ref> He also established the first Ahl al-Hadith mosque at Zaldagar, [[Srinagar]] in 1897, where he served as [[imam]].<ref name="i680">{{cite web | title=Myth of radicalization in Kashmir | website=risingkashmir.com | date=2017-07-14 | url=https://risingkashmir.com/article/myth-of-radicalization-in-kashmir | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613175642/https://risingkashmir.com/article/myth-of-radicalization-in-kashmir | archive-date=2017-06-13 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/smouldering-shopian-issue-50-vol-09-168261/|title=Smouldering Shopian|date=March 14, 2018}}</ref>

He wrote [[Islamic poetry]] in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Kashmiri language]], including ''Taleem Sunnat'' and ''Basharatul Mumineen''; his later works include ''Dewan Anwar'' and ''Guldasta Anwari'', a Kashmiri poetic collection.<ref name="l250"/>

==Biography==
He was born in the [[Shopian district]] of Jammu and Kashmir. He received his basic islamic education outside the state and is believed to have studied under [[Abdul Mannan Wazirabadi|Hafiz Abdul Manan Wazirabadi]], a prominent Muslim scholar of the period.<ref name="l250">{{cite web | title=The Enduring Legacy Of Moulana Anwar Shopiani: A Champion Of Tawheed In Kashmir | website=Kashmir Reader | date=2025-03-01 | url=https://kashmirreader.com/2025/03/01/the-enduring-legacy-of-moulana-anwar-shopiani-a-champion-of-tawheed-in-kashmir/ | access-date=2025-08-23}}</ref>

After completing his education, he returned to the Kashmir Valley and traveled across several regions, including [[Kishtwar]] and Turtuk, Nubra, and [[Ladakh]], to propagate a puritan form of Islam.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

==Criticism and controversy==
Anwar's teachings, particularly his criticism of shrine veneration and clerical authority, drew opposition from religious leaders. He criticized clerics, reportedly stating that "[[molvi|mulla]]s are misleading people." He was reportedly involved in several legal cases and was charged under the [[blasphemy law]] for allegedly insulting revered shrines and Sunni practices, though later released. He was also imprisoned at different times on accusations of inciting sectarian discord.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/>

==First period (1857–1890)==
During the reign of [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]] (1857–1885), the Wahhabi movement began to influence Kashmir. According to [[Walter Roper Lawrence]] in ''[[The Valley of Kashmir]]'', the Maharaja closely monitored reformist groups and often imprisoned their activists.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

Around this time, Anwar traveled to [[Punjab|undivided Punjab]] for further studies, where he met Islamic scholars from Bengal, including Molana Yaqoub of Dinajpur (now in Bangladesh), an admirer of [[Shah Ismail Shaheed Dehlvi]]. This period marked a turning point in his intellectual development. After returning to Kashmir, he preached a puritanical interpretation of Islam and opposed practices such as shrine veneration, which he referred to as "asthana wa qabar parasti" ("worship of shrines and graves"). His views provoked opposition, and there were reportedly several unsuccessful attempts on his life.<ref name="l250"/>

The Kashmiri literary figure [[Akhtar Mohiuddin]] later described him in Indian Literature ([[Sahitya Akademi]], [[New Delhi]]):
<blockquote>Molvi Anwar Shah of Shopian belonged to the Wahhabi sect of Muslims. His poetry was devoted to religious themes and his creed. While he versified hadith and Islamic codes of conduct, he denounced grave worship and superstition. He urged people to fear none but Allah and wrote satires against outdated customs, often targeting clerics whom he accused of preaching superstition instead of true religion.</blockquote>

==Second period (1890–1939)==
By the early 20th century, Anwar had gained support for his movement, and in 1912 the first Ahl-i Hadith mosque in Kashmir was built at Zaldagar, [[Srinagar]]. He later visited Qadian in Punjab, where he met [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya Movement]], and opposed his prophetic claims. After returning to Kashmir, he actively campaigned against the [[Ahmadis]], who were commonly referred to by opponents as "Qadianis."<ref name="l250"/>

The Kashmiri political leader Molana Mohammad Sayeed Masudi later wrote of him:
<blockquote>Had Molana Anwar not been active in Kashmir, the southern part of the valley would have professed the Qadiyani faith. It was his spirit and endeavour which blocked the activities of the Qadiyanis.</blockquote>

==Works==
* Dewan-e-Anwar (A collection of poems in the form of anthology according to Arabic alphabetical order) published in 1935 in Lahore.
* Taleem-e-Sunnat (The only versified book in Kashmiri language which provides you the way of life in the light of Hadith. This book became so popular that it runs in 13th edition of printing till now since 1943 AD).
* Guldaste-Anwari (This book consists of Kashmiri and Persian poems related to the praises of God and Muhammed published first in 1928 at Mohammadi Steam Press Lahore.
* Tafseer-e-Surah Yousuf (A versified translation of Chapter 12 of Holy Qur'an.
* Basharatul Mumineen (A befitting poetic replica to a local poet of Shopian who criticized the Salafis in the form of satire) first published in 1937 or 1942.
* Usool-e-Hadith (Versified account of Hadith. This book has been published for the first time in 1936.
* Naseehat-un-Niswaan (Two parts) Marriage songs in the form of Wanvun published for the first time in 1938).
* Salam-e-Anwar Mae Kalam-e-Anwar ( A collection of eulogies of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) first published in 1938.
* Jang-e-Badr (A versified account of battle of Badr in Kashmiri Language published first in 1970)
* Jang-e-Uhad (A versified account of battle of Uhad in Kashmiri Language published first in 1970)
* Al Qawlul Maqbool fi Meraj-U-Rasool (A versified account of divine visit of Mohammad to heavens first published in 1942AD).
* Sheikh San’an (An account of pious person Sheikh San’an still unpublished but original manuscript found and preserved)
* Haleema bar wazne Karima (A Persian collection of poems in the style of Sheik Sadi's book Karima first composed in 1901AD).
* Nehrul Irfan (A poetic collection in Persian in the praise of La-ilaaha-illAllah still unpublished).
* Virdul Muwahideen (A book written in a style of Virdul Murudeen)

==Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | last=Yaseen | first=Suvaid | title=Poetry as history: Maulana Muhammad Anwar Shopiani and the Ahl-i Hadith movement in Kashmir | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=34 | issue=1 | date=20 Feb 2023 | issn=1356-1863 | doi=10.1017/s1356186322000608 | pages=53–77| doi-access=free }}
*Mohammad Nazir Fida (2022) Tazkerai Aslaf, GM sabir Publishers, New Delhi, pp 27–30
*Faisal Barkat (2020) Hazrat Maulana Mohammad Anwar ShopianiRA: The Colossal Literary
*Figure of Kashmiri Literature, Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: A
*Arts & Humanities; 20 (18); Version 1.
*Mohammad Nazir Fida (1987) A Brief Account of Wahabi Movement in Jammu & Kashmir (Unpublished)
*Walter R Lawrence (1894) Reprinted in 1992 by J K Offset Printers New Delhi.
*Bashir Ahmad Khan (2007) The Ahl-i-Hadith: A Socio-Religious Reform Movement in Kashmir, Muslim World, Vol 90, 133-157
*G M Shaad (2001) Molvi Mohammad Anwar Shopiani, Sahitya Academy New Delhi
*Akhter Mohiuddin (1987) Indian Literarature, Sahitya Academy, New Delhi, p. 85
*Monthly Sheeraza, (2014) Vol 51, No 6, p. 41. J & K Academy of Art Culture and Languages Srinagar/Jammu.
*Abdul Ahad Azad (1967) Kashmiri Zuban aor shayeri, Editor: Mohammad Yousuf Taing, J & K Academy of Art, Culture & Languages Srinagar/Jammu.
*Suhail Khaliq, The man with a Mission, In: Greater Kashmir, English Daily from Valley of Kashmir.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shopiani, Mohammad Anwar}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:Ahl-i Hadith people]]
[[Category:Islam in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Islam in Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Shopian]]

List of countries by GDP (nominal)

2026-03-13T16:56:28Z

Ferdaus: basic expanded article further and updated info per sources

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|countries by GDP based on purchasing power parity|List of countries by GDP (PPP)}}
{{For|countries by GDP per capita|List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita}}
{{For|figures including informal economies|List of countries by informal GDP (nominal)}}

{{pp-protect|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}

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bar:US from:start till:31.82
bar:China from:start till:20.65
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bar:India from:start till:4.50
bar:Japan from:start till:4.46
bar:UK from:start till:4.22
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bar:Japan at:4.46 fontsize:S text: 4.46 shift:(-9,0)
bar:UK at:4.22 fontsize:S text: 4.22 shift:(-9,0)
bar:France at:3.55 fontsize:S text: 3.55 shift:(-9,0)
bar:Italy at:2.70 fontsize:S text: 2.70 shift:(-9,0)
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|-
| style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"|Largest economies in the world by nominal GDP in 2026 according to [[International Monetary Fund]] projections<ref group="n" name="China-THM"/><ref name="IMFOCT2025" />
|}
[[File:Countries by GDP (nominal).svg|thumb|Countries by estimated nominal GDP in 2025:<ref group="n">Based on the best available GDP figure for each country at the time of creation (16 June 2024). Best available GDP figure was defined as the latest available figure from the [[International Monetary Fund]] (including forecasts for the current year), otherwise the latest available figure from the [[World Bank]], otherwise the latest available figure from the [[United Nations Statistics Division]]; however, countries that didn't have any figure for a year more recent than 2019 were not included at all. For almost all countries, the latest IMF forecast figure for 2024 was used.</ref>

{| width=100%
|-
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{legend|#000203|> $20 trillion}}
{{legend|#00223a|$10–20 trillion}}
{{legend|#003b63|$5–10 trillion}}
{{legend|#004e83|$1–5 trillion}}
{{legend|#005e9c|$750 billion – $1 trillion}}
{{legend|#0071bd|$500–750 billion}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{legend|#0088e5|$250–500 billion}}
{{legend|#109eff|$100–250 billion}}
{{legend|#47b4ff|$50–100 billion}}
{{legend|#74c6ff|$25–50 billion}}
{{legend|#9dd7ff|$5–25 billion}}
{{legend|#ceebff|< $5 billion}}
|}
|425x425px]]

[[Gross domestic product]] (GDP) is the [[market value]] of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/199.asp | title=What is GDP and why is it so important? | publisher=[[IAC/InterActiveCorp]] | work=[[Investopedia]] | date=26 February 2009 | access-date=23 May 2016 | archive-date=23 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523230418/http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/199.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official [[exchange rate]]s. Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the [[cost of living]] in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's [[currency]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economics.about.com/cs/money/a/purchasingpower.htm | title=A Beginner's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory | publisher=[[IAC (company)|IAC/InterActiveCorp]] | work=[[About.com]] | access-date=31 May 2014 | author=Moffatt, Mike | archive-date=1 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301091007/http://economics.about.com/cs/money/a/purchasingpower.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c8616.pdf | title=Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate: An Overview of the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia | publisher=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] | work=Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries: Theory, Practice, and Policy Issues | date=January 1999 | access-date=23 May 2016 | author1=[[Takatoshi Ito|Ito, Takatoshi]] | author2=Isard, Peter | author3=Symansky, Steven | archive-date=28 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328101132/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8616.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made based on [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. Other metrics, [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]] and a corresponding [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]], are used for comparing national [[standard of living]]. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm | title=Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All | publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] | work=[[Finance & Development]] | date=28 March 2012 | access-date=31 May 2014 | author=Callen, Tim | archive-date=11 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211141652/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

The rankings of national economies have changed significantly over time. For instance, the United States overtook the British Empire around 1916; Japan rose rapidly in the post-World War II period to become the world’s second-largest economy by the 1970s; China moved from ninth place in 1978 to second in 2010 following market reforms. These shifts reflect long-term changes in global economic output.

The first list includes estimates compiled by the [[International Monetary Fund]]'s World Economic Outlook, the second list shows the [[World Bank]]'s data, and the third list includes data compiled by the [[United Nations Statistics Division]]. The IMF's definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October. Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some [[dependent territory|dependent territories]]) and states with limited international recognition (such as [[Kosovo]] and [[Taiwan]]) are included in the list where they appear in the sources.

==Table==
''The table initially ranks each IMF member including {{color box|#ECECEC|[[List of sovereign states|sovereign states]] not part of the IMF, [[Lists of non-sovereign nations|non-sovereign nations]] and territories, and [[List of states with limited recognition|countries with limited recognition]]}}''



{{Static row numbers}}
{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers" {{right}}
|+GDP forecast or estimate (million US$) by country
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;"
! Country/Territory
! style="width:7.5em;" | [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] (<section begin="IMF year" />2026<section end="IMF year" />)<ref name="IMFOCT2025">{{cite web |title=Data Explorer |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |website=data.imf.org |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:7.5em;" | [[World Bank]] (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP (current US$)|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true|access-date=2025-07-03|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref>
! style="width:7.5em;" | [[United Nations]] (2024)<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/amaapi/api/file/2|title=United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=5 February 2026|archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status= }}</ref>
|- class="static-row-header " style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|World}} || <section begin="IMF value" />123,584,494<section end="IMF value" /> || 111,326,370 || 100,834,796
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|United States|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 31,821,293 || 28,750,956 || 29,298,000
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|China|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="China-THM" /> || 20,650,754 || 18,743,803 || 18,743,802
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Germany|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 5,328,184 || 4,685,593 || 4,659,929
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|India|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 4,515,629 || 3,909,892 || 3,952,244
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Japan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 4,463,634 || 4,027,598 || 4,026,211
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|United Kingdom|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 4,225,639 || 3,686,033 || 3,685,881
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|France|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 3,558,562 || 3,160,443 || 3,160,443
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Italy|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,701,544 || 2,380,825 || 2,380,825
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Russia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,509,421 || 2,173,836 || 2,173,386
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Canada|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,420,837 || 2,243,637 || 2,270,076
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Brazil|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,292,690 || 2,185,822 || 2,185,822
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Spain|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,041,830 || 1,725,672 || 1,722,746
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Mexico|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,030,999 || 1,856,366 || 1,852,723
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Australia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,948,227 || 1,757,022 || 1,830,610
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|South Korea|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,936,617 || 1,875,388 || 1,875,388
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Turkey|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,576,110 || 1,359,124 || 1,323,255
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Indonesia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,550,236 || 1,396,300 || 1,396,300
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Netherlands|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 1,413,076 || 1,214,928 || 1,214,928
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Saudi Arabia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,316,250 || 1,239,805 || 1,254,141
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Poland|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,109,962 || 917,767 || 914,696
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Switzerland|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,074,588 || 936,564 || 936,564
|-
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Taiwan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="Taiwan_China" /> || 971,448 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Belgium|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 761,174 || 671,370 || 664,564
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Ireland|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 750,112 || 609,157 || 577,389
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Sweden|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 711,503 || 603,715 || 604,899
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Argentina|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 667,922 || 638,365 || 638,365
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Israel|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 666,407 || 540,380 || 542,286
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Singapore|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 606,225 || 547,387 || 547,387
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Austria|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 604,198 || 534,791 || 534,791
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|United Arab Emirates|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 601,163 || 552,325 || 552,325
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Thailand|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 561,509 || 526,518 || 526,518
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Norway|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 547,693 || 483,593 || 483,593
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Philippines|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 533,922 || 461,618 || 461,618
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Bangladesh|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 519,288 || 450,119 || 432,742
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Vietnam|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 511,059 || 476,388 || 476,388
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Malaysia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 505,364 || 422,227 || 421,972
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Denmark|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 500,051 || 424,525 || 424,525
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Colombia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 462,251 || 418,818 || 418,542
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Hong Kong|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="HongKong_China" /> || 446,646 || 406,863 || 406,863
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Romania|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 444,807 || 382,564 || 382,770
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|South Africa|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 443,643 || 401,145 || 401,145
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Czech Republic|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 417,134 || 347,034 || 345,037
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Pakistan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 410,495 || 371,570 || 379,120
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Egypt|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 399,508 || 389,060 || 306,907
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Iran|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 375,644 || 475,252 || 448,092
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Portugal|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 364,527 || 313,271 || 313,271
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Chile|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 363,299 || 330,267 || 330,267
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Finland|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 335,534 || 298,697 || 298,697
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Nigeria|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 334,341 || 252,262 || 252,084
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Peru|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 326,608 || 289,222 || 289,329
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Kazakhstan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 319,770 || 291,480 || 291,480
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Greece|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 304,838 || 256,238 || 257,145
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Algeria|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 284,984 || 269,322 || 266,972
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|New Zealand|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 280,553 || 260,172 || 260,172
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Iraq|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 273,912 || 279,641 || 279,641
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Hungary|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 269,916 || 222,723 || 222,905
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Cuba|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 107,352 (2020) || 252,063
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Qatar|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 239,142 || 219,163 || 219,163
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Ukraine|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="Ukraine" /> || 224,259 || 190,741 || 190,741
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Morocco|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 196,121 || 160,611 || 160,606
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Slovakia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 167,730 || 140,934 || 141,776
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Kuwait|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 162,895 || 160,227 || 160,227
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Uzbekistan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 159,199 || 114,965 || 114,965
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Bulgaria|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 142,203 || 113,343 || 113,343
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Kenya|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 140,871 || 120,340 || 120,340
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Dominican Republic|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 138,340 || 124,282 || 124,282
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Ecuador|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 134,711 || 124,676 || 124,676
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Guatemala|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 129,466 || 113,200 || 113,200
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Puerto Rico|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 129,192 || 126,030 || 125,842
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Ethiopia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 125,744 || 149,740 || 142,275
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Ghana|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 113,494 || 82,308 || 82,938
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Croatia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 113,132 || 92,984 || 92,662
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Serbia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 112,108 || 90,098 || 89,074
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Ivory Coast|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 111,446 || 87,113 || 85,894
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Angola|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 109,855 || 100,999 || 117,159
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Costa Rica|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 109,135 || 95,350 || 95,350
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Oman|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 108,913 || 107,137 || 107,137
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Luxembourg|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 107,758 || 93,280 || 93,280
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Lithuania|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 104,651 || 84,869 || 84,869
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Sri Lanka|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 98,964 (2024) || 98,963 || 98,714
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Panama|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 95,905 || 86,524 || 86,260
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Tanzania|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="Tanzania" /> || 95,349 || 78,844 || 79,236
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Uruguay|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 90,640 || 80,962 || 80,962
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Belarus|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 90,556 || 75,962 || 75,962
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|DR Congo|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 88,126 || 70,962 || 75,322
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Slovenia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 85,738 || 72,972 || 72,485
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Azerbaijan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 80,024 || 74,316 || 74,316
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Venezuela|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 79,916 || 119,803 || 150,494
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Turkmenistan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 76,897 || 51,387 || 68,655
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Uganda|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 72,456 || 53,912 || 56,369
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Cameroon|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 67,517 || 53,297 || 53,297
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Myanmar|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 65,171 || 74,068 || 64,796
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Tunisia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 60,434 || 51,332 || 53,493
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Jordan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 59,288 || 53,352 || 53,352
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Bolivia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 57,086 || 54,881 || 46,627
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Zimbabwe|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 55,434 || 41,539 || 45,719
|-
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Macau|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="Macau_China" /> || 54,935 || 49,467 || 49,467
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Latvia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 52,248 || 43,684 || 43,684
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Paraguay|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 51,669 || 44,458 || 44,739
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Cambodia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 51,506 || 46,353 || 45,913
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Estonia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 51,036 || 43,130 || 42,765
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Bahrain|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 49,194 || 47,110 || 47,110
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Libya|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 49,164 || 48,487 || 48,484
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Nepal|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 49,112 || 42,914 || 42,692
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Iceland|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 43,404 || 33,255 || 33,222
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Cyprus|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="Cyprus" /> || 43,158 || 37,635 || 37,635
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Honduras|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 40,821 || 37,094 || 37,094
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Georgia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="Georgia" /> || 40,177 || 34,189 || 34,192
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Senegal|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 39,986 || 32,808 || 36,715
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Sudan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 39,474 || 49,672 || 25,574
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|El Salvador|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 37,981 || 35,365 || 35,365
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Bosnia and Herzegovina|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 36,239 || 29,614 || 30,478
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Zambia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 33,945 || 25,303 || 25,303
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Papua New Guinea|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 33,463 || 31,800 || 32,262
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Albania|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 32,411 || 27,046 || 27,037
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Haiti|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 31,097 || 25,224 || 25,312
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Guinea|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 30,922 || 25,009 || 36,465
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Burkina Faso|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 30,705 || 23,125 || 23,250
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Malta|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 30,437 || 24,972 || 25,030
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Armenia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 29,082 || 25,955 || 25,955
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Mali|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 28,478 || 26,795 || 26,588
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Lebanon|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 28,280 (2024) || 20,079 (2023) || 37,990
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Guyana|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 27,486 || 24,663 || 24,659
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Benin|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 27,453 || 21,483 || 21,483
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Trinidad and Tobago|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 26,758 || 25,634 || 25,634
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Mongolia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 26,520 || 23,795 || 23,586
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Mozambique|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 26,512 || 22,745 || 22,745
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Niger|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 26,110 || 19,876 || 17,491
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Jamaica|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 24,132 || 22,014 || 22,014
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Chad|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 23,556 || 19,519 || 19,797
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Gabon|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 22,726 || 20,896 || 20,867
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Nicaragua|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 21,860 || 19,694 || 19,694
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Kyrgyzstan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 21,563 || 17,478 || 17,478
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Madagascar|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 21,091 || 17,421 || 17,421
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Moldova|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}}<ref group="n" name="Moldova" /> || 21,024 || 18,200 || 18,200
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|North Macedonia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 20,751 || 16,952 || 16,952
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Botswana|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 20,708 || 19,402 || 19,401
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Tajikistan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 18,941 || 14,205 || 13,949
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Afghanistan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 18,080 (2024) || 17,152 (2023) || 18,283
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Malawi|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 17,855 || 11,316 || 11,734
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Laos|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 17,781 || 16,503 || 16,129
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Syria|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 23,623 (2022) || 17,254
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Yemen|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 17,240 || 21,606 (2018) || 14,304
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|North Korea|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 17,199
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Congo|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 16,952 || 15,720 || 16,412
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Bahamas|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 16,841 || 15,833 || 15,833
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Mauritius|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 16,756 || 14,938 || 14,953
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Brunei|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 16,457 || 15,341 || 15,463
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Namibia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 16,100 || 13,372 || 13,372
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Rwanda|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 15,472 || 14,252 || 15,111
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Equatorial Guinea|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 14,103 || 12,766 || 12,288
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC"
| {{flagg|uspeft|Kosovo|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 14,097 || 11,197 || 11,154
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Somalia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 13,912 || 11,967 || 11,966
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC"
| {{flagg|uspeft|Palestine|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}}<ref group="n" name="WBG" /><ref group="n" name="Palestine" /> || 13,711 (2024) || 13,711 || 16,017
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Mauritania|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 12,854 || 10,908 || 10,912
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Channel Islands|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || {{n/a}} || 12,508 (2023) || {{n/a}}
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Togo|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 12,176 || 10,651 || 10,163
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Monaco|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 11,126 || 11,126
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Montenegro|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 10,229 || 8,270 || 8,274
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Liechtenstein|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 10,116 || 8,239 (2023) || 8,628
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Sierra Leone|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 9,302 || 6,971 || 6,792
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Bermuda|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 9,234 || 8,840
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Burundi|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 9,212 || 3,082 || 4,431
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|New Caledonia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|variant=local}} || {{n/a}} || 8,549 || 8,549
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Maldives|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 8,221 || 7,062 || 7,062
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Barbados|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 7,944 || 7,498 || 7,598
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Cayman Islands|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || {{n/a}} || 7,241 (2023) || 7,657
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Isle of Man|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || {{n/a}} || 7,431 (2022) || {{n/a}}
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Guam|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 6,910 (2022) || {{n/a}}
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Fiji|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 6,696 || 5,968 || 5,968
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|French Polynesia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 6,324 || 6,323
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|South Sudan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 6,033 || 11,998 (2015) || 3,522
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Liberia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 5,594 || 4,779 || 5,251
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Eswatini|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 5,495 || 4,859 || 4,947
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Djibouti|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 5,003 || 4,152 || 4,152
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Suriname|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 4,870 || 4,417 || 4,435
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Andorra|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 4,715 || 4,040 || 4,040
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Virgin Islands (U.S.)|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of the}} || {{n/a}} || 4,672 (2022) || {{n/a}}
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Aruba|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 4,471 || 4,266 || 4,192
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Faroe Islands|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of the}} || {{n/a}} || 4,053 || {{n/a}}
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Bhutan|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 3,771 || 3,013 (2023) || 3,347
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Central African Republic|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 3,708 || 2,751 || 2,752
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Curaçao|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 3,561 || 3,561
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Greenland|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 3,327 (2023) || 3,466
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Belize|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 3,442 || 3,204 || 3,204
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Cape Verde|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 3,138 || 2,725 || 2,768
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Saint Lucia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,770 || 2,549 || 2,574
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Guinea-Bissau|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,764 || 2,218 || 2,008
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Gambia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,672 || 2,405 || 2,372
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Zanzibar|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 2,530
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Lesotho|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,474 || 2,272 || 2,391
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Antigua and Barbuda|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,456 || 2,208 || 2,162
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|San Marino|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,393 || 2,028 (2023) || 2,082
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Seychelles|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,249 || 2,167 || 2,162
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|East Timor|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 2,208 || 1,866 || 1,866
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Solomon Islands|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 2,051 || 1,584 || 1,584
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Eritrea|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 2,065 (2011) || 1,917
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|British Virgin Islands|pref=GDP of the|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 1,830
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Sint Maarten|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 1,798 || 1,670
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Comoros|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 1,770 || 1,441 || 1,567
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Turks and Caicos Islands|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || {{n/a}} || 1,745 || 1,757
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Grenada|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,524 || 1,372 || 1,372
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Samoa|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,333 || 1,176 || 1,253
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,299 || 1,157 || 1,136
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Saint Kitts and Nevis|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,190 || 1,122 || 1,122
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Vanuatu|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,176 || 1,118 || 1,092
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|São Tomé and Príncipe|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 1,125 || 822 || 828
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Northern Mariana Islands|pref=GDP of the|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || {{n/a}} || 1,096 (2022) || {{n/a}}
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|American Samoa|pref=GDP of the|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || 871 (2022) || {{n/a}}
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Dominica|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 791 || 689 || 689
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Collectivity of Saint Martin|pref=GDP of the|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || {{n/a}} || 649 (2021) || {{n/a}}
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Tonga|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 616 || 591 (2023) || 648
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Micronesia|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 519 || 471 || 471
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Anguilla|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 456
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Cook Islands|pref=GDP of the|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 414
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Palau|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 362 || 277 (2023) || 310
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Kiribati|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 343 || 308 || 343
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Marshall Islands|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} || 332 || 290 || 281
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Nauru|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 183 || 163 || 187
|- class="static-row-header " style="background:#ECECEC" |-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Montserrat|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 81
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Tuvalu|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of}} || 61 || 62 (2023) || 56
|}

== Nominal GDP of regional groupings ==

In addition to the national GDP values stated in the previous section, the IMF and World Bank statistics include GDP estmates for various regional grouping and trade blocks. The table below provides a list of these groupings, including the 13 IMF regions and, where available, the equivalent value from World Bank sources.

{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi static-row-numbers" {{right}}
|+GDP forecast or estimate (million US$) by region or grouping
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;"
! Regional groupings
! style="width:7.5em;" | [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] (<section begin="IMF year" />2025<section end="IMF year" />)<ref name="IMFOCT2025">{{cite web |title=Data Explorer |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |website=data.imf.org |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:7.5em;" | [[World Bank]] (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP (current US$)|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true|access-date=2026-03-01|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref>
|- class="static-row-header " style="font-weight:bold;"
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|World}} || 117,165,394|| 110,983,000
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|Advanced Economies/High Income}}<ref group="r" name="aehi" /> || 68,598,619|| 71,321,000 <ref group="r" name="wbhi"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|[[G7]]}}<ref group="r" name="g7"/> || 52,056,759|| -
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|Emerging Market and Developing Economies}}<ref group="r" name="emde"/> || 48,566,775|| -
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|Emerging and Developing Asia}}<ref group="r" name="eda"/> || 27,821,017|| 22,261,000 <ref group="r" name="eap"/>
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|European Union|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||21,096,780|| 19,497,000
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Euro Area|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|nodata=1}} || 17,748,965|| 16,485,000
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|Other Advanced Economies}}<ref group="r" name="oae" /> || 9,707,013|| -
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Latin America|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|nodata=1}} & [[Economy of the Caribbean|Caribbean]] || 7,000,686|| 7,110,000
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|Emerging and Developing Europe}}<ref group="r" name="ede" /> || 6,463,042|| -
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{noflag|Middle East and Central Asia}}<ref group="r" name="meca" /> || 5,200,632|| -
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|ASEAN}}-5<ref group="r" name="asean" /> || 3,540,744|| -
|-
| {{flagg|uspeft|Sub-Saharan Africa|pref=GDP of|pref2=Economy of|nodata=1}} || 2,081,399|| 1,979,000
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Business and economics|Contents/Lists}}'''By country:'''
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)]]

* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]]

* [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate]]
* [[List of countries by real GDP per capita growth]]

* [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)]]

'''By region:'''
* [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of countries in Asia-Pacific by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of North American countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of Oceanian countries by GDP]]
* [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)]]

'''Other entities:'''
* [[List of cities by GDP]]
* [[List of continents by GDP]]
* [[List of first-level administrative divisions by GRDP]]
* [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)]]
* {{section link|Trade bloc|Statistics}}
* [[Trillion dollar club (macroeconomics)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n|refs=
<ref group="n" name="China-THM">Figures for China exclude [[Taiwan]], and the [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].</ref>

<ref group="n" name="Taiwan_China">The name used in the IMF report is "Taiwan Province of China".</ref>
<ref group="n" name="HongKong_China">The name used in the IMF report is "Hong Kong SAR".</ref>
<ref group="n" name="Ukraine">Figures exclude the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]].</ref>
<ref group="n" name="Tanzania">The UN figure excludes the autonomous region of [[Zanzibar]].</ref>
<ref group="n" name="Cyprus">Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.</ref>
<ref group="n" name="Georgia">Excludes [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]]</ref>
<ref group="n" name="Macau_China">The name used in the IMF report is "Macao SAR".</ref>
<ref group="n" name="WBG">The name used in the IMF and World Bank reports is "West Bank and Gaza".</ref>
<ref group="n" name="Palestine">The name used by the UN is "State of Palestine".</ref>
<ref group="n" name="Moldova">Excludes data for [[Transnistria]]</ref>
}}
{{reflist|group=r|refs=
<ref group="r" name="aehi">The IMF category for Advanced Economies includes the following states: [[Economy of Andorra|Andorra]], [[Economy of Australia|Australia]], [[Economy of Austria|Austria]], [[Economy of Belgium|Belgium]], [[Economy of Canada|Canada]], [[Economy of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Economy of Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Economy of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[Economy of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Economy of Estonia|Estonia]], [[Economy of Finland|Finland]], [[Economy of France|France]], [[Economy of Germany|Germany]], [[Economy of Greece|Greece]], [[Economy of Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]], [[Economy of Iceland|Iceland]], [[Economy of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Economy of Israel|Israel]], [[Economy of Italy|Italy]], [[Economy of Japan|Japan]], [[Economy of South Korea|Korea]], [[Economy of Latvia|Latvia]], [[Economy of Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[Economy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[Economy of Macau|Macao SAR]], [[Economy of Malta|Malta]], [[Economy of the Netherlands|The Netherlands]], [[Economy of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Economy of Norway|Norway]], [[Economy of Portugal|Portugal]], [[Economy of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]], [[Economy of San Marino|San Marino]], [[Economy of Singapore|Singapore]], [[Economy of Slovakia|Slovak Republic]], [[Economy of Slovenia|Slovenia]], [[Economy of Spain|Spain]], [[Economy of Sweden|Sweden]], [[Economy of Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Economy of Taiwan|Taiwan Province of China]], [[Economy of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Economy of the United States|United States]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="g7">The G7 group of countries includes: [[Economy of Canada|Canada]], [[Economy of France|France]], [[Economy of Germany|Germany]], [[Economy of Italy|Italy]], [[Economy of Japan|Japan]], [[Economy of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Economy of the United States|United States]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="emde">The IMF category for Emerging Markets and Developing Economies include the following states: [[Economy of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Economy of Albania|Albania]], [[Economy of Algeria|Algeria]], [[Economy of Angola|Angola]], [[Economy of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Economy of Argentina|Argentina]], [[Economy of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Economy of Aruba|Aruba]], [[Economy of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Economy of the Bahamas|The Bahamas]], [[Economy of Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Economy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[Economy of Barbados|Barbados]], [[Economy of Belarus|Belarus]], [[Economy of Belize|Belize]], [[Economy of Benin|Benin]], [[Economy of Bhutan|Bhutan]], [[Economy of Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Economy of Botswana|Botswana]], [[Economy of Brazil|Brazil]], [[Economy of Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]], [[Economy of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Economy of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]], [[Economy of Burundi|Burundi]], [[Economy of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]], [[Economy of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Economy of Cameroon|Cameroon]], [[Economy of the Central African Republic|Central African Republic]], [[Economy of Chad|Chad]], [[Economy of Chile|Chile]], [[Economy of China|China]], [[Economy of Colombia|Colombia]], [[Economy of the Comoros|Comoros]], [[Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Economy of the Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]], [[Economy of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]], [[Economy of Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Economy of Djibouti|Djibouti]], [[Economy of Dominica|Dominica]], [[Economy of the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]], [[Economy of Ecuador|Ecuador]], [[Economy of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Economy of El Salvador|El Salvador]], [[Economy of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]], [[Economy of Eritrea|Eritrea]], [[Economy of Eswatini|Eswatini]], [[Economy of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Economy of Fiji|Fiji]], [[Economy of Gabon|Gabon]], [[Economy of the Gambia|The Gambia]], [[Economy of Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Economy of Ghana|Ghana]], [[Economy of Grenada|Grenada]], [[Economy of Guatemala|Guatemala]], [[Economy of Guinea|Guinea]], [[Economy of Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Economy of Guyana|Guyana]], [[Economy of Haiti|Haiti]], [[Economy of Honduras|Honduras]], [[Economy of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Economy of India|India]], [[Economy of Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Economy of Iran|Iran]], [[Economy of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Economy of Jamaica|Jamaica]], [[Economy of Jordan|Jordan]], [[Economy of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Economy of Kenya|Kenya]], [[Economy of Kiribati|Kiribati]], [[Economy of Kosovo|Kosovo]], [[Economy of Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Economy of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]], [[Economy of Laos|Lao P.D.R.]], [[Economy of Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Economy of Lesotho|Lesotho]], [[Economy of Liberia|Liberia]], [[Economy of Libya|Libya]], [[Economy of Madagascar|Madagascar]], [[Economy of Malawi|Malawi]], [[Economy of Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Economy of the Maldives|Maldives]], [[Economy of Mali|Mali]], [[Economy of the Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]], [[Economy of Mauritania|Mauritania]], [[Economy of Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[Economy of Mexico|Mexico]], [[Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], [[Economy of Moldova|Moldova]], [[Economy of Mongolia|Mongolia]], [[Economy of Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[Economy of Morocco|Morocco]], [[Economy of Mozambique|Mozambique]], [[Economy of Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Economy of Namibia|Namibia]], [[Economy of Nauru|Nauru]], [[Economy of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Economy of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]], [[Economy of Niger|Niger]], [[Economy of Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[Economy of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]], [[Economy of Oman|Oman]], [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Economy of Palau|Palau]], [[Economy of Panama|Panama]], [[Economy of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], [[Economy of Paraguay|Paraguay]], [[Economy of Peru|Peru]], [[Economy of the Philippines|Philippines]], [[Economy of Poland|Poland]], [[Economy of Qatar|Qatar]], [[Economy of Romania|Romania]], [[Economy of Russia|Russia]], [[Economy of Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[Economy of Samoa|Samoa]], [[Economy of São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Economy of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Economy of Senegal|Senegal]], [[Economy of Serbia|Serbia]], [[Economy of Seychelles|Seychelles]], [[Economy of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]], [[Economy of the Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]], [[Economy of Somalia|Somalia]], [[Economy of South Africa|South Africa]], [[Economy of South Sudan|South Sudan]], [[Economy of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts and Nevis]], [[Economy of Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]], [[Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Economy of Sudan|Sudan]], [[Economy of Suriname|Suriname]], [[Economy of Syria|Syria]], [[Economy of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]], [[Economy of Tanzania|Tanzania]], [[Economy of Thailand|Thailand]], [[Economy of Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]], [[Economy of Togo|Togo]], [[Economy of Tonga|Tonga]], [[Economy of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Economy of Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Economy of Turkey|Türkiye]], [[Economy of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Economy of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]], [[Economy of Uganda|Uganda]], [[Economy of Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[Economy of the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]], [[Economy of Uruguay|Uruguay]], [[Economy of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], [[Economy of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]], [[Economy of Venezuela|Venezuela]], [[Economy of Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Economy of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Economy of Yemen|Yemen]], [[Economy of Zambia|Zambia]], [[Economy of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="eda">The IMF definition for Emerging and Developing Asia includes these states: [[Economy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[Economy of Bhutan|Bhutan]], [[Economy of Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]], [[Economy of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Economy of China|China]], [[Economy of Fiji|Fiji]], [[Economy of India|India]], [[Economy of Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Economy of Kiribati|Kiribati]], [[Economy of Laos|Lao P.D.R.]], [[Economy of Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Economy of the Maldives|Maldives]], [[Economy of the Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]], [[Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], [[Economy of Mongolia|Mongolia]], [[Economy of Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Economy of Nauru|Nauru]], [[Economy of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Economy of Palau|Palau]], [[Economy of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], [[Economy of the Philippines|Philippines]], [[Economy of Samoa|Samoa]], [[Economy of the Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]], [[Economy of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Economy of Thailand|Thailand]], [[Economy of Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]], [[Economy of Tonga|Tonga]], [[Economy of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]], [[Economy of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]], [[Economy of Vietnam|Vietnam]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="oae">The IMF category for Other Advanced Economies includes these states: [[Economy of Andorra|Andorra]], [[Economy of Australia|Australia]], [[Economy of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[Economy of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Economy of Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR]], [[Economy of Iceland|Iceland]], [[Economy of Israel|Israel]], [[Economy of South Korea|Korea]], [[Economy of Macau|Macao SAR]], [[Economy of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Economy of Norway|Norway]], [[Economy of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]], [[Economy of San Marino|San Marino]], [[Economy of Singapore|Singapore]], [[Economy of Sweden|Sweden]], [[Economy of Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Economy of Taiwan|Taiwan Province of China]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="ede">The IMF category for Emerging and Developing Europe includes these states: [[Economy of Albania|Albania]], [[Economy of Belarus|Belarus]], [[Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Economy of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Economy of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Economy of Kosovo|Kosovo]], [[Economy of Moldova|Moldova]], [[Economy of Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[Economy of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]], [[Economy of Poland|Poland]], [[Economy of Romania|Romania]], [[Economy of Russia|Russia]], [[Economy of Serbia|Serbia]], [[Economy of Turkey|Türkiye]], [[Economy of Ukraine|Ukraine]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="meca">The IMF category for Middle East and Central Asia includes these states: [[Economy of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Economy of Algeria|Algeria]], [[Economy of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Economy of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Economy of Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Economy of Djibouti|Djibouti]], [[Economy of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Economy of Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Economy of Iran|Iran]], [[Economy of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Economy of Jordan|Jordan]], [[Economy of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Economy of Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Economy of Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]], [[Economy of Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Economy of Libya|Libya]], [[Economy of Mauritania|Mauritania]], [[Economy of Morocco|Morocco]], [[Economy of Oman|Oman]], [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Economy of Qatar|Qatar]], [[Economy of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Economy of Somalia|Somalia]], [[Economy of Sudan|Sudan]], [[Economy of Syria|Syria]], [[Economy of Tajikistan|Tajikistan]], [[Economy of Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[Economy of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[Economy of the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]], [[Economy of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], [[Economy of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Economy of Yemen|Yemen]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="asean">The IMF category for ASEAN-5 includes these states: [[Economy of Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Economy of Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Economy of the Philippines|Philippines]], [[Economy of Singapore|Singapore]], [[Economy of Thailand|Thailand]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="wbhi">The World Bank High Income category includes: [[Economy of American Samoa|American Samoa]], [[Economy of Andorra|Andorra]], [[Economy of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Economy of Aruba|Aruba]], [[Economy of Australia|Australia]], [[Economy of Austria|Austria]], [[Economy of the Bahamas|Bahamas, The]], [[Economy of Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Economy of Barbados|Barbados]], [[Economy of Belgium|Belgium]], [[Economy of Bermuda|Bermuda]], [[Economy of the British Virgin Islands|British Virgin Islands]], [[Economy of Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]], [[Economy of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Economy of Canada|Canada]], [[Economy of the Cayman Islands|Cayman Islands]], [[Economy of the Channel Islands|Channel Islands]], [[Economy of Chile|Chile]], [[Economy of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]], [[Economy of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Economy of Curaçao|Curacao]], [[Economy of Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[Economy of the Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Economy of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Economy of Estonia|Estonia]], [[Economy of the Faroe Islands|Faroe Islands]], [[Economy of Finland|Finland]], [[Economy of France|France]], [[Economy of French Polynesia|French Polynesia]], [[Economy of Germany|Germany]], [[Economy of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]], [[Economy of Greece|Greece]], [[Economy of Greenland|Greenland]], [[Economy of Guam|Guam]], [[Economy of Guyana|Guyana]], [[Economy of Hong Kong|Hong Kong SAR, China]], [[Economy of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Economy of Iceland|Iceland]], [[Economy of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Economy of the Isle of Man|Isle of Man]], [[Economy of Israel|Israel]], [[Economy of Italy|Italy]], [[Economy of Japan|Japan]], [[Economy of South Korea|Korea, Rep.]], [[Economy of Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Economy of Latvia|Latvia]], [[Economy of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]], [[Economy of Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[Economy of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[Economy of Macau|Macao SAR, China]], [[Economy of Malta|Malta]], [[Economy of Monaco|Monaco]], [[Economy of Nauru|Nauru]], [[Economy of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Economy of New Caledonia|New Caledonia]], [[Economy of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Economy of the Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Economy of Norway|Norway]], [[Economy of Oman|Oman]], [[Economy of Palau|Palau]], [[Economy of Panama|Panama]], [[Economy of Poland|Poland]], [[Economy of Portugal|Portugal]], [[Economy of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico (US)]], [[Economy of Qatar|Qatar]], [[Economy of Romania|Romania]], [[Economy of Russia|Russian Federation]], [[Economy of San Marino|San Marino]], [[Economy of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Economy of Seychelles|Seychelles]], [[Economy of Singapore|Singapore]], [[Economy of Sint Maarten|Sint Maarten (Dutch part)]], [[Economy of Slovakia|Slovak Republic]], [[Economy of Slovenia|Slovenia]], [[Economy of Spain|Spain]], [[Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts and Nevis]], [[Economy of Saint Martin (island)|St. Martin (French part)]], [[Economy of Sweden|Sweden]], [[Economy of Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Economy of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Economy of the Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks and Caicos Islands]], [[Economy of the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]], [[Economy of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Economy of the United States|United States]], [[Economy of Uruguay|Uruguay]], [[Economy of the United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands (U.S.)]]</ref>
<ref group="r" name="eap">The World Bank category of 'East Asia and Pacific (excluding high income)' includes: [[Economy of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Economy of China|China]], [[Economy of Fiji|Fiji]], [[Economy of Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Economy of Kiribati|Kiribati]], [[Economy of North Korea|Korea, Dem. People's Rep.]], [[Economy of Laos|Lao PDR]], [[Economy of Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Economy of the Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]], [[Economy of the Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia, Fed. Sts.]], [[Economy of Mongolia|Mongolia]], [[Economy of Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Economy of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], [[Economy of the Philippines|Philippines]], [[Economy of Samoa|Samoa]], [[Economy of the Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]], [[Economy of Thailand|Thailand]], [[Economy of Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]], [[Economy of Tonga|Tonga]], [[Economy of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]], [[Economy of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]], [[Economy of Vietnam|Viet Nam]] </ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Finance country lists}}
{{GDP country lists|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Global economic classifications}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Countries By Gdp (Nominal), List Of}}

[[Category:Lists of countries by GDP|Gdp (Nominal)]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by economic indicator|Gdp (Nominal)]]

Miss Carlota

2026-03-11T15:13:38Z

Ferdaus:

{{Short description|Goan theatre actress and singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Miss Carlota
| image = Miss Carlota.jpg
| caption = Portrait of D'Souza
| birth_name = Maria Carlota D'Souza
| birth_date = {{birth date|1902|12|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cunchelim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| known_for = Reviving women's presence on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]
}}

'''Maria Carlota D'Souza''' (5 December 1902 – unknown), known professionally as '''Miss Carlota''', was a [[Goan]] theatre actress and singer who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
[[File:Miss Carlota D'Souza.jpg|thumb|upright|D'Souza during her youth]]
Maria Carlota D'Souza was born on 5 December 1902, in [[Cunchelim]], [[Bardez]], [[Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now situated in India). Her parents were João Minguel and Maria Artimiza Julia Vaz. D'Souza defied societal conventions by venturing onto the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage during a time when women faced significant [[social stigma]] for such performances. She exhibited a strong passion for singing and acting from an early age.<ref name=":2" /> However, due to prevailing societal taboos, her talent for singing could not fully flourish, remaining largely unexplored during her childhood.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
D'Souza played a pivotal role in revitalizing the presence of women on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] during a period of decline. Prior to her arrival, the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater faced challenges in engaging [[Goan]] women performers, despite the efforts of directors such as [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]]. These endeavors encountered limited support from Goan families, resulting in the swift departure of new female talents. Consequently, [[Cross-gender acting|male actors assumed female roles]], upholding the Konkani ''[[tiatr]]'' stage but reinforcing the absence of women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=86 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-09 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, D'Souza's emergence marked a turning point, as she not only left an impression but also inspired other women to embrace the Konkani stage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |date=2013-08-03 |title=Miss Carlota Tiatr machiek zhogzhogit keli |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/3_aug_amcho_avaz |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Amcho Avaz |language=gom |archive-date=2023-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303070850/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/3_aug_amcho_avaz |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 October 1934, D'Souza made her debut performance in Saib Rocha's ''tiatr'' production titled ''Son of Jerusalem'' at the Princess Theatre Bhangwadi in [[Bombay]]. According to writer and politician [[Tomazinho Cardozo]], D'Souza's debut brought renewed joy and opportunities for women in Konkani theater, which had been waning. While D'Souza was preceded by individuals like [[Regina Fernandes]], Luiza Maria, Miss Ida, Miss Adelia, Miss Etilvina, and others, their contributions failed to have a substantial impact. Over time, fewer women participated in the Konkani theater, and male actors continued to portray female characters to sustain the Konkani ''tiatr'' stage. D'Souza's 1934 debut, amidst these challenging circumstances, paved the way for Goan women to reclaim their place on the Konkani stage, as acknowledged by Cardozo. D'Souza's debut in 1934 marked a significant milestone for the Konkani stage, as it witnessed the long-awaited return of Goan women to the theatrical scene. This revival brought joy to both ''tiatr'' directors and enthusiasts alike. D'Souza's performances earned her recognition and the admiration of leading ''tiatr'' directors, who eagerly sought to cast her in their productions.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Miss Carlota performing at Dubavi Gorcarn tiatr.jpg|thumb|From left to right: D'Souza, Jacinto Vaz, Bartlu, A.M.B Rose & [[C. Alvares]], performing in the ''tiatr Dubavi Gorcarn'']]
A pivotal moment in D'Souza's career came when she assumed the lead role in [[Affonceka]]'s ''tiatr'', ''Angelin Bomboinchi Puzadkarn''. Acting opposite the actor Anthony Tulu, D'Souza displayed talent and matched his performance. This particular ''tiatr'' propelled D'Souza into the spotlight, as she shared the stage with Tulu, a popular artist of that era. Recognizing her talent, Saib Rocha promptly invited her to join the Union Jack Dramatic Company and cast her in lead roles for all their productions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=12–13}}</ref> It was under the auspices of this company that D'Souza achieved acclaim for her portrayal of [[Juliet]] in Saib Rocha's [[Konkani language|Konkani]] adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.<ref name=":1" /> Her chemistry with [[J. P. Souzalin]], who played [[Romeo]], garnered praise, and their performance became a memorable collaboration. D'Souza continued to shine in subsequent ''tiatrs'' alongside J.P. Souzalin, such as ''Conde de Monte Cruzo'' (Count of Monte Cruzo) and ''Bhott Ailolo Pomburpechea Festak'' ([[Hindu priest]]'s arrival at [[Pomburpa]]'s feast), earning accolades from audiences. J. P. Souzalin openly proclaimed D'Souza as a genuine and accomplished actress.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Romeo & Juliet tiatr handbill by Saib Rocha.jpg|thumb|The [[handbill]] for the ''tiatr Romeo & Juliet'', directed by Saib Rocha, features D'Souza among the cast]]
Konkani historian and singer [[Wilson Mazarello]] writes, D'Souza's ability to evoke deep emotions was evident in her poignant performances, often moving audiences to tears.<ref name=":0" /> Tomazinho Cardozo also writes, her unique singing style, frequently showcased in duets with the artiste Anthony Tulu, further enhanced her artistic [[repertoire]]. Cardozo discusses D'Souza's talents, noting that her ability to act and sing made her a highly sought-after actress on the Konkani stage. D'Souza's performances were in demand not only in [[Bombay]] but also in [[Poona]], [[Goa]], and [[Karachi]] (then part of [[British India]]). Cardozo emphasizes her versatility as an actor, capable of both serious and comedic roles. He also highlights her professionalism, noting her thorough preparation and ability to portray characters without needing [[Prompter (theatre)|prompting on stage]].<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
D'Souza died in [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai)<ref name=":2" /> during the height of her career, leaving a void in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' community. Writer and actor [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] mourned her loss, recognizing her as a significant figure whose contributions opened doors for numerous [[Goan]] women to embrace the stage, despite the setbacks they faced.<ref name=":1" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1934
|''Son of Jerusalem''
|
|Professional debut
|
|-
|
|''Angelin Bomboinchi Puzadkarn''
|Lead role
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''
|[[Juliet]]
|[[Konkani language|Konkani]] adaptation of the original English play
|
|-
|
|''Conde de Monte Cruzo''
|Lead role
|
|
|-
|
|''Bhott Ailolo Pomburpechea Festak''
|Lead role
|
|
|-
|
|''Dubavi Gorcarn''
|Housewife (presumably)
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carlota, Miss}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Wiski, Biała Podlaska County

2026-03-10T17:15:02Z

Ferdaus: cleanup

{{see also|Wiski, Radzyń County}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wiski
| settlement_type = Village
| total_type =
| image_flag =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Biała Podlaska County|Biała Podlaska]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Tuczna|Tuczna]]
| pushpin_map = Poland
| coordinates = {{coord|51|52|N|23|21|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| website =
}}
'''Wiski''' {{IPAc-pl|'|w|J|i|s|k|J|i}} is a village in the administrative district of [[Gmina Tuczna]], within [[Biała Podlaska County]], [[Lublin Voivodeship]], in eastern Poland.{{TERYT}}

It is the birthplace of Polish novelist, journalist and translator [[Edmund Chojecki]] (1822–1899).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gmina Tuczna}}

[[Category:Villages in Biała County, Lublin Voivodeship]]

{{BiałaPodlaska-geo-stub}}

Love Punjab

2026-03-08T02:54:13Z

Ferdaus: made the stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Punjab
| native_name =
| image = Love Punjab - Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajiv Dhingra
| producer = Amarbir Singh Sandhu [[Karaj Gill]] Jaspal Singh Sandhu
| writer = [[Amberdeep Singh]]
| starring = [[Amrinder Gill]] [[Sargun Mehta]] [[Yograj Singh]] [[Nirmal Rishi]]
| music = [[Jatinder Shah]]
| cinematography = Navneet Misser
| editing = Omkarnath Bhakri
| studio = Rhythm Boyz Entertainment J Studio
| distributor = [[White Hill Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|03|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 131 minutes<ref name="British Board of Film Classification">{{cite web | title=LOVE PUNJAB | website=British Board of Film Classification | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/love-punjab-2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405224015/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/love-punjab-2016 | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 April 2016 | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref>
| country = [[India]], [[Canada]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Love Punjab''''' is a 2016 [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi film]] directed by Rajiv Dhingra, written by [[Amberdeep Singh]] and starring [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Sargun Mehta]] and Manvir Johal as the main protagonists of the film. This film is about a journey of a family to find love, ties of families and fragrance of [[Punjab]] and was released on 11 March 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clash of the titans: It is for the first time that two big films Ardaas and Love Punjab are releasing on the same date, March 11.|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/itsy-bitsy/the-dirty-war/205394.html}}</ref>

==Plot==
Pargat ([[Amrinder Gill]]) and Jessica ([[Sargun Mehta]]) are a couple who are going through a separation for various reasons. They together have a son named Manveer (Manvir Johal) who has his own set of problems in school, where he faces racism and discrimination issues. Manveer goes into deep depression and on the recommendation of the doctor, his parents decide to take him to [[Punjab]] to show his roots, culture and ancestral village. Jessica somehow convinces her father-in-law, Brar Sarpanch ([[Yograj Singh]]) to show Manveer that [[Punjab]] is better than [[Canada]]. Pargat, Jessica, and Manvir go to Punjab together for 15 days. Pargat and Jessica act like a happy couple, as Pargat's parents do not know about their impending divorce.
After spending time with each other without any interference of work and grind of daily busy life, their love for each other is re-kindled, but they do not tell each other. Manveer is better and enjoying life again. They come back to Canada and get divorced.
After the divorce, Jessica is set to get engaged to Zora, Jessica's childhood friend. Pargat realizes that he loves Jessica and can not live without her. At the engagement, Manvir steals the engagement ring but returns it. Pargat fakes a phone call from his father and Jessica finds out that they still don't know about divorce. Jessica realizes that Pargat was lying and goes outside, citing a network problem. Jessica later leaves her engagement, hops into her car and drives to their home. They have a small argument, and then Pargat confesses his love for her and they patch up. One year later, the couple has a baby girl and they plan to go to Punjab again. The film ends when Parget gets a phone call from his parents and he tells them they are coming to visit.

==Cast==
*
*[[Sargun Mehta]] as Jessica Brar
*[[Amrinder Gill]] as Pargat Brar
* [[Yograj Singh]] as Pargat's father
* [[Nirmal Rishi]] as Pargat's mother
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Naseem (Pargat's neighbour)
* [[Gurmeet Saajan]] as scientist
* [[Rana Ranbir]] as school teacher (special appearance)
* Harj Nagra as Zora (Jessica's childhood friend)
* Amberdeep Singh as Pargat's friend (special appearance)
* Manvir Johal as Manveer/Tuti
* Simran Raien as Naseem's sister
* Arshi Bains as Jessica's friend
* Harmeet Gill as Jessica's mother
* [[Harbilas Sangha]] as Pada
* Hardeep Gill as Pargat's chacha
* Ravinder Kaur as Pargat's chachi
* Mor Cue as Divorce lawyer
* Bethany Myers as Julia
* Alyssa Andronyk as the voice of Julia

== Track list ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No. !! Track !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Music
|-
| 1. || "Heerey" || rowspan="4" | [[Amrinder Gill]] || Bir Singh || rowspan="7" | [[Jatinder Shah]]
|-
| 2. || "Shaan Wakhri" || Veet Baljit
|-
| 3. || "Zindagi" || Raj Kakra
|-
| 4. || "Goriyan Bahavan" || Bittu Cheema
|-
| 5. || "Akhiyan De Taare" || [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]<ref name="India Today 2016">{{cite web | title=Kapil Sharmas new song for Love Punjab will give you the feels! | website=India Today | date=12 March 2016 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/kapil-sharma-new-song-playback-singing-love-punjab-akhiyan-de-taare-amrinder-gill-sargun-mehta-312959-2016-03-12 | language=sw | access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> || Happy Raikoti
|-
| 6. || "Dowein Nain" || Jenny Johal || Bunty Bains
|-
| 7. || "Des" || [[Ranjit Bawa]] || Happy Raikoti
|}

==Trailer controversy==
''Love Punjab'' trailer was initially released on 20 February 2016 but in a major controversy this trailer was removed by a fake application to YouTube inc compelling Amrinder Gill to lodge a police complaint.<ref name="India 2016">{{cite web | author=India | title=After 'Love Punjab' trailer dropped from YouTube, actor complains to cops | website=The Indian Express | date=5 March 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/after-love-punjab-trailer-dropped-from-youtube-actor-complains-to-cops/ | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref> Trailer was again uploaded by producers and was liked by audience.<ref name="Offensive 2016">{{cite web | last=Offensive | first=Marking Them | title='Love Punjab' trailer: Amrinder Gill's attempt to bring out your patriotic side will leave you in splits | website=The Times of India | date=23 February 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/Love-Punjab-trailer-Amrinder-Gills-attempt-to-bring-out-your-patriotic-side-will-leave-you-in-splits/articleshow/51108198.cms | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref>

==Box office==
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Punjabi films}}

''Love Punjab'' had grossed ₹15.5 crore in overseas including ₹6.98 crore in Canada,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/fan-performs-exceptionally-well-collects-40-crs-in-overseas/|title='FAN' performs exceptionally well; collects 40 crs in overseas - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2016-04-18|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-10-13|language=en-US}}</ref> ₹2.83 crore in United States,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/sardar-gabbar-singh-is-massive-at-usa-box-office/|title='Sardar Gabbar Singh' is massive at USA box office - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2016-04-11|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-10-13|language=en-US}}</ref> ₹1.09 crore in United Kingdom,<ref name=":0" /> ₹3.54 crore in Australia<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/kapoor-sons-overtakes-airlift-in-overseas/|title=Kapoor & Sons overtakes Airlift in overseas - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2016-04-04|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-10-13|language=en-US}}</ref> and ₹88.38 lacs in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/punjabi-films-dominate-australia-box-office/|title=Punjabi films dominate Australia box office - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2016-03-28|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-10-13|language=en-US}}</ref>

First time in history of Punjabi cinema two major Superstars' films were released on same day, ''Love Punjab'' and ''[[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]]''.<ref name="IBNLive 2016">{{cite web | title='Ardaas' vs 'Love Punjab': Why the Punjabi film industry should have avoided the box office clash this Friday | website=IBNLive | date=10 March 2016 | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/ardaas-vs-love-punjab-why-the-punjabi-film-industry-should-have-avoided-the-box-office-clash-this-friday-1214281.html | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref>

''Love Punjab'' shattered the records of Bollywood movies [[Ranveer Singh]]'s [[Bajirao Mastani]] and [[Akshay Kumar]]'s [[Airlift (film)|Airlift]] in the international market breaking the opening weekend box office collection record with a big margin. In Australia and New Zealand, ''Love Punjab'' grossed {{INRConvert|2.07|c}} from the Australian box office and {{INRConvert|51.91|l}} from the New Zealand box office. While ''Bajirao Mastani'' minted {{INRConvert|1.44|c}} from Australian box office and from New Zealand box office it minted {{INRConvert|26.50|l}}.

On the other hand, ''Airlift'' grossed {{INRConvert|93|l}} from Australia and {{INRConvert|36|l}} from New Zealand.<ref name="Mehta 2016">{{cite web | last=Mehta | first=Ankita | title=Overseas box office collection: Punjabi film 'Love Punjab' shatters 'Airlift' and 'Bajirao Mastani' records | website=International Business Times, India Edition | date=14 March 2016 | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/overseas-box-office-collection-punjabi-film-love-punjab-shatters-airlift-bajirao-mastani-670629 | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Box office: Punjabi film 'Love Punjab' beats 'Airlift' and 'Bajirao Mastani'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/Box-office-Punjabi-film-Love-Punjab-beats-Airlift-and-Bajirao-Mastani/articleshow/51408467.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amazing! This Regional movie has defeated 'Airlift' and 'Bajirao Mastani' at box office|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-love-punjab-box-office-collection-airlift-bajirao-mastani-319341}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' reviewed ''Love Punjab'' by giving 3.5 stars out of 5 and added “film take you on a journey to discover your roots and make you proud of them.”<ref name="Service 2016">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=Roots that run deep | website=tribuneindia.com | date=11 March 2016 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-reviews/movie-review-love-punjab/207516.html | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lTWvdYxUMk/ Love Punjab Official Trailer]
* [https://www.facebook.com/Love-Punjab-Movie-176089499391207/ Love Punjab Official Facebook Page]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DNayIUB1io/ Love Punjab Jukebox]

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]

Griha Pravesh (1979 film)

2026-03-03T23:23:53Z

Ferdaus: started new stub from scratch

{{Other uses|Grihapravesh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Griha Pravesh
| image = Griha Pravesh.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Basu Bhattacharya]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sanjeev Kumar]]|[[Sharmila Tagore]]|[[Sarika]]}}
| music = [[Kanu Roy]]
| cinematography = Adeep Tandon<ref>{{cite web|title=Griha Pravesh (HD & Eng Subs) - Hindi Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-qb9TUlSRk|date=24 April 2018}} </ref>
| editing = Om Prakash Makkar<ref>{{cite web|title=Griha Pravesh (HD & Eng Subs) - Hindi Full Movie|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-qb9TUlSRk|date=24 April 2018}} </ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1979|07|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Griha Pravesh''''' ({{translation|[[Grihapravesha|Home entry]]}}) is a 1979 Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Basu Bhattacharya]]. The film stars [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Sarika]]. The film, about adultery, was the last of Basu Battacharya's introspective trilogy on marital discord and decay in an urban setting, which included ''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]]'' (1971), ''[[Avishkaar]]'' (1973).<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema|last=Gulzar |author-link=Gulzar |author2=Govind Nihalani |author2-link=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |year=2003|publisher=(Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd), Popular Prakashan|isbn=81-7991-066-0 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Dinesh+Thakur+-inauthor%3A%22Dinesh+Thakur%22&pg=PT112 }}</ref>

== Plot ==

On one fine morning, Amar tells his wife Mansi that at one point of their relationship, the love in their marriage will gradually wane and only "togetherness" will remain. Mansi then proposes to go together on honeymoon, but this proposal is rejected by Amar who asserts that it will merely be a waste of money, which they have been saving for a long time to build a nice abode to live together with their son Babla. They currently live in a shabby home and is very keen to saving money for their dream house.

In Amar's office, a new typist named Sapna is appointed. Every co-worker gazes at her with a lustful desire, which she ignores. Her presence makes her co-workers forgetful of their works, negatively affecting the performances of the employees. The head of the Office initially contemplates terminating Sapna, but then arranges for her to seat at Amar's Cabin. He asks Amar whether he has any problem in sharing his cabin with Sapna. Amar reluctantly agrees to this arrangement.

Sapna is generally accustomed to getting everyone's attention. But Amar ignores her. This ignorance gradually draws Sapna to Amar. She gradually seduces him. Amar initially resists Sapna's seduction, but gradually gives in and launches a courtship. Amar feels that his and Mansi's relation has lost the color of love and their marriage is nothing but social obligation. He feels stressed and bored in the marriage while Sapna's company gives him the feeling of love he yearns for. He becomes stressed and shows sign of unnatural behavior at home. Even the coffee-loving nature of Amar is gone, and Sapna's persuasions have made him take interest in taking tea. These behaviors arouse surprise in Mansi.

As their relation grows closer, Sapna puts pressure on Amar to inform Mansi of everything and divorce her. Amar then falls into a moral dilemma but eventually admits their courtship to Mansi. Mansi pledges to leave Amar but wants to invite Sapna to her house. She says that Sapna has seen the accountant avatar of Amar, but to truly know him as an individual, Sapna must see the family man side of him. She says that during her stay in the house, Sapna must not know of the admittance of Amar and her courtship to Mansi. Amar agrees to invite Sapna and Sapna accepts the invitation.

Meanwhile, Mansi gets the house painted. She goes to a beauty saloon and coming to home, dons a nice saree. She sends Babla to his friend Kedar's house. Amar comes to the house with Sapna and is surprised to see the transformation of Mansi and the house. Mansi behaves very gently with Sapna. When Sapna decides to leave, Mansi tells Amar to see her off. Amar accordingly leaves with Sapna while Mansi weeps.

Amar leaves Sapna halfway and bids her adieu. Sapna, understanding that Amar has refound the lost color in his life, gives a grin. Amar returns to home and have a cup of coffee with Mansi and Babla.

==Cast==
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] ... Amar
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] ... Mansi
*[[Sarika]] ... Sapna
*[[Master Bittoo]] ... Babla (child)
*[[Dinesh Thakur]] ... Shashi
*Priyadarshini ... Meena
*[[Sudha Chopra]] ... Quarrelsome Neighbor
*[[Kanu Roy]]
*[[Gulzar]] ... Guest Appearance in song
*[[Manik Dutt]]
*[[Vimal Joshi]]
*[[Raj Verma]]
*[[Nandlal Sharma]]
*[[R.S. Chopra]]
*[[Satya Banerjee]]
*[[Shashi Jain]]
*[[Tarun Mukherjee]]
*[[Nilesh]]
*[[Khokha Mukherji]]

== Soundtrack ==

The film features numerous songs, some of whom had been used in Bhattacharjee's old films. The songs used in the film are "Boliye Surili Boliyaan”, a duet by [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]] and [[Sulakshana Pandit]], Zindagi Phoolon Ki Nahi” by Bhupinder, Pehchaan To Thi Pehchana Nahi” by [[Chandrani Mukherjee]], Logon Ke Ghar Mein Rehta Hai” and “Machal Ke Jab Bhi Aankhon Mein by Bhupender and "Aap Agar Aap Na Hote" by Sulakshana. The music was composed by Kanu Roy and lyrics were written by [[Gulzar]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/griha-pravesh-1979/article7792918.ece | title=Griha Pravesh (1979) | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sumit Mitra of ''[[India Today]]'' said, "Normally, for a good director, the story comes first and the style follows. The craft is determined by the characters and the attitudes inherent in the script. But it is the other way round with Basu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Sumit |date=August 31, 1981 |title=Film review: Griha Pravesh, starring Sanjeev Kumar, Sharmila Tagore, Sarika |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19810831-film-review-griha-pravesh-starring-sanjeev-kumar-sharmila-tagore-sarika-773158-2013-11-13 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0156581|title=Griha Pravesh}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Basu Bhattacharya]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

Nee-Na

2026-03-03T20:39:26Z

Ferdaus: made initial post w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nee-Na
| image = Nee-Na Official Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = [[Lal Jose]]
| producer = Lal Jose
| writer = R. Venugopal
| starring = {{ubl|[[Deepti Sati]]|[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]|[[Ann Augustine]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' Nikhil J. Menon<ref>{{cite news|title=Nikhil turns music director with Neena|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Nikhil-turns-music-director-with-Neena/articleshow/45593401.cms|accessdate=4 January 2015|date=21 December 2015}}</ref> '''Background Score:''' [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[Jomon T. John]]
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| studio = LJ Films
| distributor = LJ Films
| released = {{Film date|2015|05|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nee-Na''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2015|2015]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed and produced by [[Lal Jose]]. The title Nee-Na is an abbreviation of the central characters ''Neena and Nalini'', played by [[Deepti Sati]] and [[Ann Augustine]] respectively and it also stars [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as male lead.<ref>{{cite news|author=Radhika C Pillai|title=Vijay Babu roped in to play the lead in Lal Jose's next|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Vijay-Babu-roped-in-to-play-the-lead-in-Lal-Joses-next/articleshow/45109575.cms|accessdate=4 January 2015|work=The Times of India|date=12 November 2014}}</ref> The music label was [[Muzik247]].

''Nee-Na'' released on 15 May and received mostly mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|last1=V.P.|first1=Nicy|title='Nee-Na' ('Neena') Movie Review Round-up: Yet Another Classy Attempt by Lal Jose|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nee-na-neena-movie-review-round-yet-another-classy-attempt-by-lal-jose-632597|accessdate=16 May 2015|work=International Business Times|date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vinay Panicker is the head of an advertising agency based in Mumbai. He is married to Nalini and they have a son. Vijay asks for a transfer to Kochi and moves to Kochi to take over the Kochi branch. He is impressed by the works of a creative director, Neena, an alcoholic and tomboy girl in his company. He also learns that she works in her own terms, comes and leaves office at her own will. She does not go along well with her colleagues. Vinay is open to her oddities and which makes Nalini to binge eat. Slowly Neena falls in love with Vinay. During a dance party, Neena asks Vinay to kiss her. Vinay startles and shrugs her off and goes home. Disturbed Vinay comes home and Neena calls. Vinay puts the phone on speaker and tells Neena that he is committed to his wife and is not up for an extramarital relation in the presence of Nalini.
Devastated, Neena goes missing for 5 days. Neena attempts suicide and Vinay is called by the hospital staff from Neena's contacts. The hospital staff mistake Vinay to be her husband. The doctor advises Vinay to take Neena to a well known rehab centre at the earliest since she is a complete [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]] and a young person who can recover. The rehab centre will allow only family members or couples. Vinay tries to contact Neena's estranged family but her father is sick and unable to travel. After telling Nalini and feeling guilty, Vinay decides to take Neena to the rehab centre by posing as Neena's husband.

During the course of treatment Vinay starts to develop feelings for Neena. Vinay even approaches Neena. This ashames Neena and begins to distance away from Vinay. She begins to avoid Vinay and tells him, she is in touch with her office colleague Karthik. Vinay who kept a certain integrity in his relationship with Neena begins to be possessive and upset by Neena's approach. Counselor Pearl explains to Vinay about Neena's behavior and says she knows that both Vinay and Neena aren't husband and wife. Whatever Neena said or done before coming to Rehab Center was by the intoxicated effect of alcoholism and inebriated [[Electra complex|father-fixation]]. After unsuccessfully trying to get in touch with her husband Nalini comes over and accidentally hears this conversation between Pearl and Vinay and understands his feelings for her have changed.
When the treatment is over and Neena and Vinay go back to Cochin, Neena asks Vinay to drop her on the way and claims Karthik will come by to pick her to take her home. She also resigns from her job saying she needs to take a break and leave the place for a change in atmosphere. Neena's parents come by and picks up Neena and commends her for leaving Vinay with his family and that is best kind of love she can give to him. Neena deletes Vinay's photos and contact number from her phone.
Vinay is hurt and wasn't able to bear the toll and gets drunk and goes home to Nalini and confides in her in an apologizing manner. Nalini remembers what Pearl has told and strengthened her with the insight that "In Vinay's life there would be only one woman and that is Nalini". In the end it is shown that Neena is in Russia and remembers Vinay lovingly and holds on to his jacket.

== Cast ==
* [[Deepti Sati]] as Neena<ref>{{cite web|title=Another Heroine for Mollywood|url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/news_another-heroine-for-mollywood.htm|website=MalayalamCinema.com|publisher=[[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|AMMA]]|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>
* [[Ann Augustine]] as Nalini Panicker
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Vinay Panicker
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Counselor Pearl
* [[Martin Prakkat]] as Dr. Nirmal Jacob
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Dr. Balachandran
* [[Vinu Mohan]] as Sunnykutty
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Geljo aka Kari Oil
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Idicula
* Basil Kothamangalam as Koshi
* Nelson as Drunkard
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as P. Kunhimuhammad
* [[Sneha Sreekumar]] as Rufiya
* Nikhil J. Menon as Pradhish
* Deepa R. Krishnan
* Nidheesh S. as Waiter

== Production ==
After the world tour, [[Lal Jose]] announced that his next will be a women-centric film, titled ''Nee-Na''. He also announced that two women named Neena and Nalini will be the title characters. In 2014 November, Lal Jose confirmed that actor-producer [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] will play the male lead in Nee-Na. In December, he announced that [[Ann Augustine]] will play one female lead - Nalini. He also stated that a new face will play the other female lead - Neena. In 2015 January, Lal Jose informed that former Miss Kerala [[Deepti Sati]] will portray Neena. The principal photography of Nee-Na started on 18 February at [[Saint Petersburg, Russia]].

==Online release==
The movie was released online on [https://reelmonk.com/?mid=64889000&act_mid=mv_64889000 Reelmonk.com] to non-resident Indian audience on 20 July 2015.<ref>"http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/malayalam-films-on-demand/article7530149.ece"</ref> "The Kerala diaspora is said to be close to 2.5 million and living mostly in the Middle East" said [[Lal Jose]], shared that during his European tour, he met many Malayalis who complained about their inability to watch new Malayalam movies as and when they are released in India. "They also shared that they were forced to watch pirated versions for want of an option to watch them legally," he added.<ref>"http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/malayalam-films-to-be-available-online-on-release-day/"</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nee-Na
| type = film
| artist = Nikhil J. Menon
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Cover
| released = 5 May 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=16|s=03}}
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = Nikhil J. Menon
| chronology = Nikhil J. Menon
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = Nee-Na
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:03
| title1 = I Remember You (Female Version)
| extra1 = Shathisree Gopalan
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 03:47
| title2 = I Remember You (Male Version)
| extra2 = Nikhil J. Menon
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 02:59
| title3 = Then Nila
| extra3 = Sachin Warrier
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 04:18
| title4 = Where Gravity Fails
| extra4 = Nikhil J. Menon
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 04:57
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/neenaofficial Official Facebook Page]
* {{IMDb title|4679186}}
* [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16403/malayalam/neena/index.htm Nee-Na] from NowRunning.com

{{Lal Jose}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lal Jose]]

Panthrandu

2026-03-03T09:42:03Z

Ferdaus: new

{{Short description|2022 Malayalam-language film}}
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Panthrandu
| image = File:Panthrandu.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official Film Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Leo Thaddeus]]
| writer = [[Leo Thaddeus]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Victor Abraham
| starring = {{plainlist|[[Vinayakan]]
*[[Dev Mohan]]
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]]
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Swaroop Sobha Sankar
| editing = Nabu Usman
| music = [[Alphons Joseph]]
| studio = Skypass Entertainment
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|6|24}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Panthrandu''''' ({{Translation|Twelve}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/07/03/number-12-panthrandu-director-leo-thaddeus-interview-new.html|title=What does the number 12 mean to director Leo Thaddeus|website=OnManorama|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810150501/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/07/03/number-12-panthrandu-director-leo-thaddeus-interview-new.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Leo Thaddeus]]. The film stars [[Vinayakan]], [[Dev Mohan]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]] and [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dev-mohan-vinayakan-shine-tom-chacko-in-leo-thaddeus-movie-panthrandu-1.6423826|title=മിസ്റ്റിക് ആക്ഷൻ ഡ്രാമയുമായി വിനായകനും ഷൈൻ ടോം ചാക്കോയും ദേവ് മോഹനും; ലിയോ തദേവൂസിന്റെ 'പന്ത്രണ്ട്'|website=Mathrubhumi|date=6 February 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810150435/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dev-mohan-vinayakan-shine-tom-chacko-in-leo-thaddeus-movie-panthrandu-1.6423826|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-lyrical-video-of-the-movie-panthrandu-is-out-jk-527052.html|title=Panthrandu | 'പടകളുണരെ...കുരുതി വഴിയേ'; 'പന്ത്രണ്ട്' എന്ന ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ലിറിക്കല്‍ വീഡിയോ പുറത്ത്|date=16 April 2022|website=News18 Malayalam|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416155519/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-lyrical-video-of-the-movie-panthrandu-is-out-jk-527052.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/panthrand-trailer-leo-thaddeus-vinayakan-dev-mohan-shine-tom-alphons-joseph-lal-1.7494552|title=കടലിന്റെ ഭംഗിയും ഗംഭീര സംഘട്ടനവും; പന്ത്രണ്ട് ട്രെയ്‌ലർ|website=Mathrubhumi|date=7 May 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810150434/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/panthrand-trailer-leo-thaddeus-vinayakan-dev-mohan-shine-tom-alphons-joseph-lal-1.7494552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/actor-vinayakan-shine-tom-chacko-and-dev-mohan-starrer-leo-thaddeus-directorial-panthrandu-movie-pack-up/articleshow/86988787.cms|title='41 ദിനരാത്രങ്ങൾ, ഒറ്റ ശരീരമായി ഞങ്ങൾ'; ശ്രദ്ധ നേടി വിനായകനും ഷൈൻ ടോമും ദേവ് മോഹനും ഒരുമിച്ചുള്ള ചിത്രം|website=Samayam Malayalam|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013085440/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/actor-vinayakan-shine-tom-chacko-and-dev-mohan-starrer-leo-thaddeus-directorial-panthrandu-movie-pack-up/articleshow/86988787.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dev Mohan]] as Emmanuel<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dev-mohan-was-guided-by-alphonse-joseph-to-play-oud-in-mystical-action-drama-panthrandu/articleshow/89387018.cms|title=Dev Mohan was guided by Alphonse Joseph to play oud in mystical action drama Panthrandu - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702200557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dev-mohan-was-guided-by-alphonse-joseph-to-play-oud-in-mystical-action-drama-panthrandu/articleshow/89387018.cms|url-status=live|last1=Soman |first1=Deepa }}</ref>
* [[Vinayakan]] as Anthro<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/feb/06/first-look-of-leo-thaddeus-panthrandu-out-29565.html|title=First look of Leo Thaddeus' Panthrandu out|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=6 February 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810150437/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/feb/06/first-look-of-leo-thaddeus-panthrandu-out-29565.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Pathro, Anthro's younger brother
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Peelu
* [[Srinda]] as Sicily, Pathro's wife
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Rossy, Sicily's mother
* Amala Rose kurian as Rachel, Zacheaus's daughter
* Veena Nair as Elsie, Anthro's sister
* [[Prasant Murali]] as Jude
* James Eliya as Srank Paily
* Sundara Pandyan as Yacob, Elsie's husband
* [[Sohan Seenulal]] as Zacchaeus
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as [[Sub-inspector|S.I.]] Vattaoli
* [[Vettukili Prakash]] as Lazar
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Kora
* Swetha Vinod as Mariya
* Oorali Martin as John
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/vinayakan-shine-lal-dev-mohan-starrer-panthrandu-malayalam-movie-starts-rolling/articleshow/85555166.cms|title=വിനായകനും ലാലും ഷൈനും ദേവും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന ലിയോ 'പന്ത്രണ്ട്'; ലിയോ തദേവൂസിന്‍റെ പുതിയ ചിത്രത്തിന് തുടക്കം|website=Samayam Malayalam|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824092236/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/vinayakan-shine-lal-dev-mohan-starrer-panthrandu-malayalam-movie-starts-rolling/articleshow/85555166.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> During the press conference of the film when Vinayakan was asked about his #MeToo allegations, he said that he has never harmed any woman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/panthrandu-vinayakan-loses-his-cool-over-metoo-question-5389513.html|title=Panthrandu: Vinayakan Loses His Cool Over 'Me Too' Question|date=17 June 2022|website=News18|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=24 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624054236/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/panthrandu-vinayakan-loses-his-cool-over-metoo-question-5389513.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/06/16/actor-vinayakan-on-me-too-allegations-kochi.html|title=Actor Vinayakan lashes out against media personnel regarding 'Me Too' controversy|website=OnManorama|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617233953/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/06/16/actor-vinayakan-on-me-too-allegations-kochi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/shine-tom-chacko-viral-video-actor-shine-tom-ran-away-from-media-while-taking-panthrandu-movie-audience-response-96245|title=Shine Tom Viral Video: 'ചേട്ടാ ഓടല്ലേ, കാലുവയ്യാത്തതല്ലേ'; മാധ്യമങ്ങൾക്ക് പിടികൊടുക്കാതെ തിയേറ്ററിൽ നിന്ന് ഇറങ്ങി ഓടി ഷൈൻ|date=24 June 2022|website=Zee News Malayalam|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714044838/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/shine-tom-chacko-viral-video-actor-shine-tom-ran-away-from-media-while-taking-panthrandu-movie-audience-response-96245|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack features three songs composed by [[Alphons Joseph]] . The lyrics were written by Joe Paul, Hari Narayanan and [[San Jaimt]].

; Track list
{{track listing
| headline=
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thatti Veezhaan
| extra1 = Martin Oorali
| lyrics1 = Leo Thaddeus
| length1 = 1:46
| title2 = Padakal Unnare
| extra2 = Hector Lewis, [[San Jaimt]] & ThirumaLi
| lyrics2 = Joe Paul & [[San Jaimt]]
| length2 = 3:17
| title3 = Melle
| extra3 = Shahabaz Aman
| lyrics3 = Hari Narayanan
| length3 = 3:39
| total_length = 8:42 
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-malayalam-movie-panthrandu-to-release-in-june-mm-526430.html|title=Panthrandu | മലയാള ചിത്രം 'പന്ത്രണ്ട്' ജൂൺ റിലീസ്; റിലീസ് തിയതി പുറത്തുവിട്ടു|date=14 April 2022|website=News18 Malayalam|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414013615/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-malayalam-movie-panthrandu-to-release-in-june-mm-526430.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

V. Vinod Nair of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The film with its themes of friendship, family and love between brothers, amid the action thriller feel, makes it an entertainer for the family audience, as well".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/panthrand/movie-review/92439694.cms|title=Panthrand Movie Review: A disjointed gang story|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710011444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/panthrand/movie-review/92439694.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sarin S. Rajan of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' called the film's flow slow but praised the visuals and strong screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/panthrandu-malayalam-movie-review-1.7635869|title=പക, വൈരാഗ്യം, പ്രതിരോധം; ക്വട്ടഷന്റെ കഥ പറയുന്ന 'പന്ത്രണ്ട്'|website=Mathrubhumi|date=25 June 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808084136/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/panthrandu-malayalam-movie-review-1.7635869|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15302546}}

[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 action drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films scored by Alphons Joseph]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bible]]

Sahil Thakur

2026-02-28T15:12:45Z

Ferdaus:

{{Short description|Indian skier(born 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox alpine ski racer
|name = Sahil Thakur
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|disciplines = [[Slalom skiing|Slalom]], [[giant slalom]]
|club =
|full_name =
|skis =
|boots =
|bindings =
|sponsor =
|birth_date = 2007
|birth_place = [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
|height =
|weight =
|wcdebut =
|website =
|olympicteams =
|olympicmedals =
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|worldsteams =
|worldsmedals =
|worldsgolds =
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|wcoveralls =
|wctitles =
|show-medals = no
|medals =
}}
'''Sahil Thakur''' (born 2007) is an alpine skier from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He represented India at the [[India at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics|2024 Winter Youth Olympic Games]] in [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon]], [[South Korea]] from 19 January to 1 February 2024. He is only the third Indian<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalwala |first=Ali Asgar |date=2024-01-25 |title=Winter Youth Olympics 2024: India's Sahil Thakur misses out in slalom event |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/winter-youth-olympic-games-2024-india-alpine-ski-men-slalom-result |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.olympics.com}}</ref> to compete in the Youth Winter Olympics. [[Aanchal Thakur]] (Slalom and Giant Slalom) took part in the inaugural [[2012 Winter Youth Olympics]] in [[Austria]] and in 2016, Saurabh<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Himachal Skier Sahil Thakur Lone Indian in Winter Youth Olympic Games in Korea |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/himachal-skier-sahil-thakur-lone-indian-in-winter-youth-olympic-games-in-korea-8746399.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> took part in the Super-G, Giant Slalom and Slalom events.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-21 |title=Lone ranger Sahil Thakur skis on unchartered slopes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/lone-ranger-sahil-skis-on-unchartered-slopes-101705847123422.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Thakur hails from [[Solang Valley|Solang]], near [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> His father Devi Chand is an apple farmer and also runs an adventure centre. Solang is situated at an altitude of 2,500 metres but Thakur heads to lower [[Himalayas]], another 1000 m higher to practice in the snow-capped mountain slopes. His father was also a skier in the 1990s. His brother Rahul is also a skier and a gold medallist at the Khelo India games.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
At the [[2024 Winter Youth Olympics]], competing with 1900 athletes from 90 countries at the Jeongseon High 1 Ski Resort, Thakur finished his first run in the 61st place<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirodkar |first=Neel |date=2024-01-25 |title=Winter Youth Olympics: Sahil Thakur misses out in slalom event |url=https://pune.news/sports/winter-youth-olympics-sahil-thakur-misses-out-in-slalom-event-126081/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=PUNE.NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> among 78 skiers in his event, and had a DNF (Did not finish) in the second run. As a rookie, the experience stands him in good stead though it ended the Indian campaign. He is the only competitor from India at the Games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalwala |first=Ali Asgar |date=2024-01-25 |title=Winter Youth Olympics 2024: India's Sahil Thakur misses out in slalom event |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/winter-youth-olympic-games-2024-india-alpine-ski-men-slalom-result |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.olympics.com}}</ref>

At the first [[Khelo India Winter Games|Khelo India winter games]], Thakur won the bronze medal in the slalom.<ref name=":0" /> His journey began at the [[Gulmarg]] games and then he won gold in the giant slalom at the Nationals. In January 2023, he participated in the selection trials at [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon]] and earned a berth for the Youth Olympics.<ref name=":0" /> In November 2023, he took part in the UAE FIS Alpine Ski Slalom to prepare for the Olympics.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Sahil}}
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male alpine skiers]]
[[Category:People from Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Skiers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Manipur State Constitution Act 1947

2026-02-26T22:07:03Z

Ferdaus: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Act in Manipur state for a de jure constitution}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Manipur State Constitution Act
| legislature = Constitution-making Committee
| image =
| imagesize =
| image_upright =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title =
| citation =
| territorial_extent = [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]]
| enacted_by = [[Manipur (princely state)]]
| date_enacted = 1947<ref>
{{Cite book |last=Manchanda |first=Rita |title=Making war, making peace : conflict resolution in South Asia |date=2015 |others=Tapan K. Bose |isbn=978-93-5150-098-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=100 |oclc=897946353}}
</ref>
|date_passed = 26 July 1947<ref>
{{harvp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|loc=p. 120: "The Constitution Drafting Committee submitted its draft to the State Council on 15 May 1947. The State Council passed it on 26 July 1947 and presented the same to the Maharaja for his assent. After duly approved by the Maharaja, the report became the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947."}}
</ref>
| royal_assent = 
| signed_by = Maharaja [[Bodhchandra Singh]]
| date_commenced = 
| date_effective = 
|date_of_expiry = 15 October 1949<ref>{{harvp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|loc=pp. 146–147: "Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 lapsed, coalition ministry in the state ceased to function, the legislature dissolved and the post of Dewan abolished with effect from 15 October 1949."}}</ref>
| date_repealed =
| administered_by =
| white_paper =
| amends = 
| repeals = 
| amended_by = 
| repealed_by = 
| related_legislation = 
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = Unknown
}}
'''Manipur State Constitution Act 1947''' is an act which enabled the [[princely state]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] to have a ''de jure'' written constitution enacted by the last Maharajah of Manipur, [[Bodhchandra Singh]].<ref name=Banerjee>
{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=S. K. |title=Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 |date=1958 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42748891 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |jstor=42748891}}
</ref> Under the constitution, a Legislative Assembly was elected in mid-1948 and a ministry was formed, which was responsible to the Maharaja. The constitution is deemed to have lapsed on 15 October 1949, when the Maharaja signed a merger agreement with the Indian Union. The validity of the act in present time is debated.<ref>{{harvp|Das|2010|loc=p. 123: "The Manipur State Constitution did not lose its validity with the signing of the merger agreement"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=S. K. |date=1958 |title=Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42748891 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=35–38|jstor=42748891 |quote=We come to the interesting question of whether the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 is still in force or not. At page 239 para 456 of Halsbury's Laws of England, Volume 11 (1933 edition) we read, "in conquered or ceded countries which at the time of their acquisition, had already laws of their own, the Crown has power to alter and change those laws, but until this is actually done the ancient laws of the countries remain in force" From this we may conclude that if the Manipur State Constitution Act, has not been specifically repealed it is to be taken as being still in force |issn=0019-5510}}</ref>

== Background ==
After the [[Anglo-Manipur War|1891 rebellion]] in Manipur, the British took direct control of the state's administration. While the Maharaja was retained as a nominal head of state, the real power rested with the British Political Agent and a British official appointed as the President of the Durbar. The other members of the Durbar served as ministers and advisors. The hill regions, populated by [[Naga people|Naga]] and [[Kuki people|Kuki]] tribes, were administered by the British official without the involvement of the Durbar.
<ref>{{harvp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|loc=pp. 48–49: "The rules of administration were framed by the Assam Governor and approved by the Government of India. Under the administrative scheme, the Durbar was the highest executive body to administer the state affairs. Even during his presidentship, the Maharaja could do nothing without consulting the Durbar."}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Verghese |first=B. G. |title=India's Northeast Resurgent: Ethnicity, Insurgency, Governance, Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Konark Publishers |page=115 |isbn=9788122004557 |quote=Rules for the Management of the State of Manipur enforced in 1933. The supreme authority was the political agent acting on behalf of the Government of Assam and the Maharaja was to be assisted by a Durbar headed by a President, an officer specially selected by the Government of Assam. The budget was also to be approved by the Government of Assam and the hill tribes were to be administered by the President in accordance with rules framed by the Government of Assam.}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |editor-first=C. U. |editor-last=Aitchison |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |volume=XII |location=Calcutta |publisher=Government of India, Central Publication Branch |year=1931 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.235895 |via=archive.org |pages=106–108}}
</ref>

In 1934, [[Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha|Nikhil Manipuri Mahsabha]] (NMM) was established by [[Hijam Irabot]] with the-then Maharajah [[Churachand Singh]] as president.{{sfnp|Parratt|Parratt|2000}} By 1938 it had become a prominent political front advocating the democratization of the powers held by the Durbar and an overhaul of the corrupt colonial administration.{{sfnp|Parratt|Parratt|2000}}<ref name="Thoiba Singh">
{{Cite thesis |last=Thoiba Singh |first=Wakambam |title=Meetei Polity – A study of the socio-economic and political changes among the Meeteis from 1750 to 1950 |date=1984 |publisher=Guwahati University/Shodhganga |hdl=10603/69732 |hdl-access=free |at=p. 228-232 (Chapter 5)}}
</ref>{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}}
Proposals for reforms were twice submitted to the Durbar in 1938 and 1939.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/>{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}} They called for abolition of exploitative taxes, reunification of the hills with the valley, establishment of self-rule, installation of a [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] system, and the establishment of a unicameral legislature based on suffrage.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/>{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}}{{sfnp|Parratt|Parratt|2000}}

Fissures between the royal house and NMM were also prominent; NMM was declared a political party whereby no state government employee could participate in it and Irabot had to resign from the Sadar Court.{{sfnp|Parratt|Parratt|2000}} In the ensuing deliberations, Churachand and the President of the Durbar [[Francis Pearson|F. F. Pearson]] declined the demands of NMM, claiming that Manipur was not "ripe for democracy".<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/>{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}} Popular resistance continued — the [[Nupi Lan|Second Nupi Lan]] would play a significant role in mobilizing anti-feudal sentiments in the masses.{{sfnp|Parratt|Parratt|2000}}{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}}<ref>
{{Cite journal |last1=Parratt |first1=Saroj N. Arambam |last2=Parratt |first2=John |date=October 2001 |title=The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/second-womens-war-and-the-emergence-of-democratic-government-in-manipur/7AC773BD926D35695A381F9DB2326B74 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=905–919 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X0100405X |s2cid=145449486 |issn=1469-8099|url-access=subscription }}
</ref>

Maharaja [[Bodhchandra Singh]] succeeded Churachand Singh in November 1941.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/> Whilst the political scene was quiet during [[World War II]], after the war, he was subject to a protracted and vigorous resistance from multiple political parties — Irabot's [[Manipur Krishak Sabha]] (MKS), Manipur Praja Sangha and [[Manipur State Congress]] etc.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/>{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}} In August 1946, NMM passed a resolution urging the immediate establishment of constitution-drafting machinery.{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}} Krishak Sabha and Praja Sangha demanded a "responsible" government in multiple meetings, throughout the year.{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}} By 21 September, Bodhchandra Singh seems to have conceded the demand for a (legislative) assembly and asked the British government for permission.{{sfnp|Parratt, Wounded Land|2005|pp=95–96}} Finally, on the advice of [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|Cabinet Mission]], he consented to the formation of a Constitution Making Committee in December 1946.<ref name="Ibochou Singh">{{Cite thesis |last=Ibochou Singh |first=Khwairakpam |title=British administration in Manipur 1891–1947 |date=1985 |publisher=Guwahati University/Shodhganga |hdl-access=free |page=v |hdl=10603/66697 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}}

== Constitution-making ==
The Constitution-Making Committee had 15 members: five members were selected from a consultation with "educated men" of the Hills, five members were elected from the Valley, two members were nominated by the Maharaja and the Chairman of the Chief Court, and the remaining three members were nominated by the Durbar.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/> Overall, the committee was dominated by Congress men and their sympathizers.{{sfnp|Parratt|Parratt|2000}} The president of the Durbar, F. F. Pearson, became the chairman.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/> Krishak Sabha as well as Praja Sangha had criticized the composition of the Committee as undemocratic and boycotted the elections to the Committee.{{sfnp|Parratt|Parratt|2000}}<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/>{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}} The representatives of the hills proposed the right of secession after a period of five years, which were rejected by the remaining members.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Roluahpuia |title=Majoritarianism in Manipur |magazine=Himal Southasian |date=2016-04-04 |url=https://www.himalmag.com/majoritarianism-in-manipur/ |quote=In the Constitution Making Committee (CMC) in 1947, the representatives of the tribal leaders proposed the right of secession of the hill areas from Manipur after a period of five years. Two members of the CMC, A Daiho, a Mao Naga and Tiankham from the Zo community made it clear that they could not be members of the committee unless such clauses were incorporated. Regardless of this, their proposal was rejected following arrests of numerous tribal leaders in 1948.}}</ref>

The Committee was formally inaugurated on 3 March 1947.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/>{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}} On, 10 March, the Maharajah addressed it in a public ceremony.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Noni |first=Arambam |editor1-first=Arambam |editor1-last=Noni |editor2-first=Kangujam |editor2-last=Sanatomba |date=2015-10-16 |title=Colonialism and Resistance |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315638317 |page=68 |doi=10.4324/9781315638317 |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 }}</ref> The first meeting was held on 24 March, and, on 29 March, broad resolutions were adopted on the central features of the would-be constitution.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/><ref name="Priyabrata Singh">{{Cite book |last=Priyabrata Singh |first=M. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125403 |title=Administration Report Of The Manipur State For The Year 1946–47 |date=1948 |pages=2–5}}</ref> A constitution-drafting committee was formed under the chairmanship of Ibunghohal Singh, and a hill local self-government regulation sub-committee was formed under the chairmanship of Pearson.{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=119–120}}
The final version of the constitution was passed by the Committee in May 1947.{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}}<ref name="Priyabrata Singh"/> The draft was soon vetted by the Durbar and on receiving Maharaja's consent, was enacted as the Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 on 27 July 1947.<ref name="Thoiba Singh"/> The report submitted by the hill local self-government regulation sub-committee was passed as the Manipur State Hill Peoples (Administration) Regulation 1947<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=L. P. |date=1987 |title=The Politics and Government of Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855332 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=487–493 |jstor=41855332 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Datta-Ray |first1=B. |title=Reorganization of North-East India Since 1947 |last2=Agrawal |first2=S. P. |date=1996 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=240–252 |isbn=978-81-7022-577-5 |language=en}}</ref>.{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|p=120}}<ref>
[https://www.independentmanipur.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Manipur-State-Hills-Peoples-Administration-Regulation-1947.pdf Manipur State Hill People's (Administration) Regulation 1947]
</ref>

== Implementation ==
In July 1947, the Maharaja replaced the Manipur State Darbar by a Manipur State Council, whose members were termed "ministers", and F. F. Pearson became the Chief Minister. On 14 August, this arrangement was replaced by an Interim Council, with M. K. [[Priyobrata Singh]], the younger brother of the Maharaja as the Chief Minister, and eight other members as ministers, of which two were Manipur State Congress members, and two were Hill representatives. These moves were seen as an attempt by the Maharaja to take power into his own hands.{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=121–122}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, Wounded Land|2005|p=98-99}}

A Franchise Sub-committee was created on 14 October 1947, but elections were not held for at least a year. Manipur State Election Rules were formulated in 1948, with the following representation for 53 seats in the assembly:{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|p=121}}
* 30 general constituencies in the Valley. [[Moirang]] was made a special constituency, which could elect two candidates, one from the Valley and one from the Hills.
* 3 reserved constituencies in the Valley, [[Lilong, Manipur|Lilong]], [[Mayang Imphal]] and [[Yairipok]], which were reserved for [[Meitei Pangals]] (Muslims).
* 18 hill constituencies where only hill people could contest the election.
* 2 special constituenceis: educational constituency and commercial & industrial constituency.

Election to the Manipur State Assembly was held between 11 June and 27 July 1948. It produced a hung assembly with no single party carrying the majority. Manipur State Congress won 14 seats, Manipur Krishak Sabha won 6 seats, a new party called [[Praja Shanti Party]], believed to have been floated by the Maharaja, won 12 seats, and the hill representatives, dubbed "independents", won 18 seats.{{efn|The hill representatives are often described as belonging 'Hill Independents Union'.<ref>
Lal Dena, [https://imphalreviews.in/revisiting-the-issue-of-manipur-merger-1949/ Revisiting the Issue of Manipur Merger, 1949], Imphal Review of Arts and Politics, 21 November 2020.
</ref> But as matter of fact, they belonged to several ethnic political parties, such as Tangkhul Long, Kabui Association, Kuki National Assembly, Mizo Union, and Khulmi National Union etc.{{sfnp|Parratt, Wounded Land|2005|pp=102–103}}{{sfnp|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011|p=1049}}<ref>Priyadarshni M. Gangte, [https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Political_climate_of_Manipur_during_the_transitionary_period_1946-52_Part_2 Political climate of Manipur during the transitionary period, 1946-52 - Some reflections - Part 2], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 14 March 2014.</ref>}} The Praja Shanti Party formed the government in alliance with the Krishak Sabha and the hill representatives. Maharaja's brother Priyobrata Singh was reappointed as the Chief Minister, despite not being a member of the Assembly.{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015|p=70}}{{sfnp|Parratt, Wounded Land|2005|p=103}}

== Assessment ==
The election held under the state constitution in 1948 has been touted as the first democratic election in India on full adult franchise.{{sfnp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015|pp=68–69}} However, the claim has been disputed. Phanjoubam Tarapot notes, "all people were not allowed to cast votes to elect their representatives. Only the rich, landowners and educated persons could exercise their franchise."{{sfnp|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003|p=172}}

With an elected assembly and appointment of ministers, Manipur was claimed to have become a "constitutional monarchy",<ref>Selected comments:
* {{harvp|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015|loc=pp. 68–69: "The Manipur State Constitution Act (MCA), 1947, in the words of Parratt, 'was a remarkably enlightened and liberal piece of legislation. It provided, for the first time on the Indian sub-continent, for a legislature to be elected by full adult franchise under a constitutional monarchy'."}}
* {{citation |first=M. Sajjad |last=Hassan |title=Explaining Manipur's Breakdown and Mizoram's Peace: the State and Identities in North East India |publisher=London School of Economics |date=February 2006 |url=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28150/ |page=7 |quote=In the meantime, popular pressure for constitutional reforms had pushed the Manipuri ruler to agree to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.}}
* Gangmumei Kamei, [https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=%20news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.Hill_Area_Committee_of_Manipur_Legislative_Assembly_An_assessment_Part_2 Hill Area Committee (HAC) of Manipur Legislative Assembly: An assessment, Part 2], ''Huiyen Lanpao'', via e-pao.net, 17 December 2012. "The Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 provide[s] for a democratic constitutional monarchy."
* {{citation |first=A. Bimol |last=Akoijam |title=How History Repeats Itself |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |number=30 |date=28 July 2001 |pages=2807–2812 |jstor=4410908 |quote=Soon after independence, unlike the other 'princely states' in the Indian subcontinent, this kingdom marked by a citizenry with a sense of their being as a 'people', adopted a constitution of its own which envisaged a democratic setup under a constitutional monarchy.}}
* {{citation |first=Govind |last=Bhattacharjee |chapter=Other Northeastern States: Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh |title=Special Category States of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199460830.003.0005 |isbn=9780199460830 |quote=Under the new constitution, Manipur became a constitutional monarchy in July, 1947, with the responsibility of administration vested in the Maharaja-in-Council.}}
</ref>
sometimes prefixed with the label "independent".<ref>Selected comments:
* {{Citation |last=Meetei |first=A. Noni |chapter=Narrating the Nation in Manipur: Reproduction of a historical question |editor1=Bhagat Oinam |editor2=Dhiren A. Sadokpam |title=Northeast India: A Reader |publisher=Routledge India |year=2018 |id={{isbn|978-0-429-48987-7}} |url=https://archive.org/details/northeast-india-a-reader |via=archive.org |pages=116–117 |isbn=978-0-429-95320-0 |quote=In 1948, Manipur became an independent constitutional monarchy with a legislative assembly consisting of fifty-three members including eighteen from the hill areas.}}
* M. S. Prabhakara, [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Insurgencies-in-Manipur-politics-amp-ideology/article16839929.ece Insurgencies in Manipur: politics & ideology], The Hindu, 28 January 2010. "The Constitution was adopted in July 1947. Thus when the transfer of power took place in Delhi, Manipur became an independent country under a constitutional monarchy, with a Constitution of its own that provided for universal adult franchise."
</ref>
However, scholar Sudhirkumar Singh notes that the chief minister was appointed by the Maharaja, without any requirement of being an elected member of the assembly. Further, according the constitution, "the ministry was responsible to the Maharaja and not to the assembly".{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements |2011|pp=130–131}}{{sfnp|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003|loc=p. 172: "However, the Chief Minister was to be nominated by the Maharaja from outside the assembly."}}
According to Sanghamitra Choudhury, the new government "was not responsible to the legislature; instead, it was only responsive to the legislature, which was a technicality devised by the constitutional experts of Maharaja".<ref>
{{citation |last=Choudhury |first=Sanghamitra |title=Women and Conflict in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72yFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-55362-5 |ref={{sfnref|Choudhury, Women and Conflict in India|2016}}}}
</ref>

Hijam Irabot, the seniormost democratic leader in the state, opposed the constitution saying there was no article guaranteeing "independence of Manipur and democracy".{{sfnp|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003|p=172}} Nevertheless, he participated in the Assembly election and won the seat from the Utlou constituency. However, before the Assembly met, he was outlawed for holding a protest meeting against the positions of Manipur State Congress. He was forced to go underground and his seat was declared vacant.{{sfnp|Parratt, Wounded Land|2005|pp=103–104}}

The state constitution was short-lived. In October 1949, the Maharaja was invited to a meeting in Shillong, and asked to sign a merger agreement with the Indian Union. When he asked for consultation with his ministry, he was told that the [[Government of India]] did not recognise the Assembly and the Ministry formed under the state constitution.{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|loc=p. 145: "As informed to the Maharaja, the Government of India did not recognize the legislative assembly and the Ministry constituted under the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947."}}<ref>
{{citation |first=A. Bimol |last=Akoijam |title=How History Repeats Itself |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |number=30 |date=28 July 2001 |pages=2807–2812 |jstor=4410908 |quote=When maharaja Bodhchandra resisted the move to merge Manipur with the Indian union saying that he was only a constitutional monarch and he needed to consult his elected members of the state assembly, the representatives of the union government informed him that the GoI did not recognise the assembly and that they would like to deal with him like the British had done before independence.}}
</ref>

After the merger, the state assembly and the ministry were dissolved and Manipur became a Part 'C' State of India (akin to a Chief Commissioner's Province). There was not much public response to the development in Manipur, save for a single student protest under the banner of the Communist Party of Manipur. Sudhirkumar Singh remarks that no serious response could have been expected because the state was "characterised by low literacy and shallow political culture".{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|loc=p. 147}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Das |first=Samir K. |chapter=India: Democracy, Nation, and the Spirals of Insecurity: State Response to Ethnic Separatism in India’s Northeast |date=2010 |editor1=Robert G. Wirsing |editor2=Ehsan Ahrari |title=Fixing Fractured Nations |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |page=123 |isbn=978-1-349-31464-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9OGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123}}
* {{Cite book |last=Indrakumar |first=Konthoujam |chapter=Colonialism and Movement for Democracy in Manipur |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-00-304589-2 |pages=61–69 |doi=10.4324/9781315638317 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |ref={{sfnref|Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy|2015}}}}
* {{citation |first=Nehginpao |last=Kipgen |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=October–December 2011 |volume=72 |number=4 |pages=1043–1060 |jstor=41856539 |ref={{sfnref|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=John |last=Parratt |title=Wounded Land: Politics and Identity in Modern Manipur |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2005 |isbn=9788183240536 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, Wounded Land|2005}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Parratt |first1=John |last2=Parratt |first2=Saroj Arambam |title=Hijam Irabot and the Radical Socialist Democratic Movement in Manipur |journal=Internationales Asienforum |language=de |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |date=2000 |pages=275–288 |doi=10.11588/iaf.2000.31.988 |url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/iaf/article/view/988}}
* {{cite book |author=Sudhirkumar Singh |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |year=2011 |hdl-access=free |title=Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur |page=120 |hdl=10603/121665 |ref={{sfnref|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |title=Bleeding Manipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC |year=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |ref={{sfnref|Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur|2003}}}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/manipur_state_constitution_act__1947_1st%20January%201947 }}
* {{cite book |author=Niṃthaukhoṃjama Khelacandra Siṃha |year=1975 |publisher=N. Tombi Raj Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpAOAAAAMAAJ&q=Manipur+State+Constitution+Act+1947 |title=Manipuri Language: Status and Importance |pages=26–50}}
* {{Cite book |last=Government of Manipur |title=Manipur Gazette, 1949, January-June |pages=1–5 |date=1949 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125717}}

[[Category:Constitutional law]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:20th century in Manipur]]
[[Category:1947 in law]]
[[Category:1947 in India]]

2021 elections in India

2026-02-15T12:20:50Z

Ferdaus: add references and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|none}} 
{{more citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2020 elections in India
| previous_year = 2020
| election_date = 2021
| next_election = 2022 elections in India
| next_year = 2022
}}

Elections in India in 2021 include [[bye-election|by-election]]s to the [[Lok Sabha]], elections to the [[Rajya Sabha]], elections to [[Legislative assembly|legislative assemblies]] of 4 states and 1 union territory, and other by-elections to state legislative assemblies, councils and local bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=27 Aug 2019}}</ref>

==Legislative assembly general elections==
[[File:2021 Indian States Legislative assembly elections.png|thumb|250px|2021 Indian election Result Colour Map]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Date(s)
! State/UT
! colspan="2" |Government Before
! Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government After
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|-
| rowspan="2" | 27 March – 6 April 2021
| rowspan="2" |[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-AS.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6 April 2021
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| [[File:IN-KL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 6 April 2021
| rowspan="2" | [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Party color|President's rule}}"|
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="left"| [[President's rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[N. Rangaswamy]]
| rowspan=2|[[File:IN-PY.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6 April 2021
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. K. Stalin]]
| [[File:IN-TN.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 27 March – 29 April 2021
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| [[File:IN-WB.svg|50px]]
|}

== Lok Sabha by-elections ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Remarks
|-
!1
|rowspan=2|6 April 2021
|[[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[H. Vasanthakumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vijay Vasanth]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Death of [[H. Vasanthakumar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=Congress retains Kanyakumari Lok Sabha seat |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/congress-retains-kanyakumari-lok-sabha-seat/article34470578.ece |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|Resignation by [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malappuram Lok Sabha Bypoll To Be Held With Kerala Assembly Election |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/malappuram-lok-sabha-bypoll-to-be-held-with-kerala-assembly-election-2370538 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
!3
|Rowspan=2|17 April 2021
|[[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|Death of [[Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title=Lok Sabha MP Balli Durga Prasad Rao passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lok-sabha-tirupati-mp-balli-durga-prasad-rao-garu-passes-away-6598709/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!4
|[[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Suresh Angadi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mangala Suresh Angadi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Death of [[Suresh Angadi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-02 |title=Karnataka: BJP wins Belgaum Lok Sabha, Basavakalyan assembly segment, Congress bags Maski assembly seat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-bjp-wins-belgaum-lok-sabha-basavakalyan-assembly-segment-congress-bags-maski-assembly-seat/articleshow/82358534.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!5
|Rowspan=3|30 October 2021
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|[[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Kalaben Delkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|Death of [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-02 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli LS bypoll {{!}} Shiv Sena wins by a margin of 51,269 votes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-bypoll-counting-of-votes-begins-for-ls-seat/article37297228.ece |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Gyaneswar Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Death of [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-01 |title=MP bypolls: Counting of votes on Tuesday in Khandwa Lok Sabha, three assembly seats |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-bypolls-counting-of-votes-on-tuesday-in-khandwa-lok-sabha-three-assembly-seats/articleshow/87471427.cms |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Ram Swaroop Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pratibha Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Death of [[Ram Swaroop Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-02 |title=Himachal bypoll results: Congress wins all four seats, including one Lok Sabha, 3 assembly seats |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachal-bypoll-results-congress-wins-all-four-seats-including-one-lok-sabha-3-assembly-seats/articleshow/87485046.cms |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Legislative assembly By-elections==
=== [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!124
|30 October 2021
|[[Badvel (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Badvel]]
|[[Gunthoti Venkata Subbaiah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[Dasari Sudha]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|}

=== [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!28
| rowspan="5" |30 October 2021
|[[Gossaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gossaigaon]]
|[[Majendra Narzary]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600|
|[[Bodoland People's Front]]
| [[Jiron Basumatary]]
|bgcolor=#F3ED13|
|[[United People's Party Liberal]]
|-
!41
|[[Bhabanipur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhabanipur]]
| [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
| bgcolor=#348017|
|[[All India United Democratic Front]]
| [[Phanidhar Talukdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!58
|[[Tamulpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamulpur]]
| [[Leho Ram Boro]]
|bgcolor=#F3ED13|
|[[United People's Party Liberal]]
| [[Jolen Daimary]]
|bgcolor=#F3ED13|
|[[United People's Party Liberal]]
|-
!101
|[[Mariani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mariani]]
| [[Rupjyoti Kurmi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Rupjyoti Kurmi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!107
|[[Thowra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thowra]]
|[[Sushanta Borgohain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Sushanta Borgohain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

=== [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!78
|Rowspan=2|30 October 2021<ref name="Bihar Bypolls Results 2021">{{cite news |title=Bihar Bypolls Results 2021 highlights: JD(U) wins both seats despite RJD's spirited fight in Tarapur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-bypolls-results-2021-live-updates-101635817113793.html |access-date=5 November 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kusheshwar Asthan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kusheshwar Asthan]]
| [[Shashi Bhushan Hazari]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[Aman Bhushan Hajari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
!164
|[[Tarapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarapur]]
|[[Mewalal Chaudhary]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[Rajeev Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Rajeev Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!125
|17 April 2021
|[[Morva Hadaf (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morva Hadaf]]
|Bhupendrasinh Khant
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|[[Nimisha Suthar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!46
|30 October 2021
|[[Ellenabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ellenabad]]
|[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
|bgcolor=#006400|
|[[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
|bgcolor=#006400|
|[[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|}

=== [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!8
|Rowspan=3|30 October 2021
|[[Fatehpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Fatehpur]]
|[[Sujan Singh Pathania]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Bhawani Singh Pathania]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!50
|[[Arki (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arki]]
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Sanjay Awasthy]]<ref name="2021-hp-arki">{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS0850.htm?ac=50 |title=Bye election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result November 2021 - Himachal Pradesh - Arki |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 2 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102102809/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS0850.htm?ac=50}}</ref>
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!65
|[[Jubbal-Kotkhai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jubbal-Kotkhai]]
|[[Narinder Bragta]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Rohit Thakur (politician)|Rohit Thakur]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!13
|17 April 2021
|[[Madhupur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Madhupur]]
|[[Haji Hussain Ansari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|[[Hafizul Hasan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|}

=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!47
| rowspan="2" |17 April 2021
|[[Basavakalyan (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Basavakalyan]]
|[[B. Narayan Rao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Sharanu Salagar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!59
| [[Maski (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maski]]
|[[Pratapagouda Patil|Pratapgouda Patil]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Basangouda Turvihal
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!33
|Rowspan=2|30 October 2021
|[[Sindagi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Sindagi]]
|Mallappa Managuli
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|Bhusanur Ramesh Balappa
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!82
|[[Hangal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Hangal]]
| [[C. M. Udasi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Srinivas Mane]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!55
|17 April 2021
|[[Damoh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
| [[Rahul Lodhi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ajay Kumar Tandon
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!45
| rowspan="3" |30 October 2021
|[[Prithvipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Prithvipur]]
| Brijendra Singh Rathore
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| Shishupal Yadav
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!62
|[[Raigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raigaon]]
| Jugal Kishore Bagri
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Kalpana Verma
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!192
|[[Jobat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jobat]]
| Kalawati Bhuria
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Sulochana Rawat
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
! 252
|17 April 2021
| [[Pandharpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]]
|[[Bharat Bhalke]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[Samadhan Autade]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!90
|30 October 2021
|[[Deglur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deglur]]<ref name="Deglur assembly Bye Election 2021 Result">{{cite news |date=2021 |title=Deglur assembly Bye Election 2021 Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS1390.htm?ac=90 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123152509/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS1390.htm?ac=90 |archivedate=23 January 2025 |accessdate=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|[[Raosaheb Antapurkar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Jitesh Antapurkar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!13
| rowspan="3"| 30 October 2021
|[[Mawryngkneng (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawryngkneng]]
|David Nongrum
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Pyniaid Sing Syiem
|bgcolor=#DB7093|
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
!24
|[[Mawphlang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mawphlang]]
|[[Syntar Klas Sunn]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|[[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]]
|bgcolor=#BBDBCB|
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
|-
!47
|[[Rajabala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajabala]]
|[[Azad Zaman]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|MD. Abdus Saleh
|bgcolor=#DB7093|
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-

|}

=== [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!26
|17 April 2021
|[[Serchhip (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serchhip]]
|[[Lalduhoma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|[[Lalduhoma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|-
!4
|30 October 2021
|[[Tuirial (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Tuirial]]
|Andrew H. Thangliana
| bgcolor="{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |
|[[Zoram People's Movement]]
|K. Laldawngliana
| bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|[[Mizo National Front]]
|-
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!51
|17 April 2021
|[[Noksen Assembly constituency|Noksen]]
|[[C. M. Chang]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|rowspan=2}}
|[[H. Chuba Chang]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
!58
|30 October 2021
|[[Shamator Chessore Assembly constituency|Shamator Chessore]]
|Toshi Wungtung
|Keoshu Yimchunger
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!110
|30 September 2021
|[[Pipili (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipili]]
|[[Pradeep Maharathy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[Rudra Pratap Maharathy]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|}

=== [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!24
| rowspan="3" |17 April 2021
|[[Sujangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sujangarh]]
|[[Bhanwarlal Meghwal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Manoj Meghwal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!175
|[[Rajsamand (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajsamand]]
|[[Kiran Maheshwari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Deepti Kiran Maheshwari|Deepti Maheshwari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!179
| [[Sahara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sahara]]
|[[Kailash Chandra Trivedi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Gayatri Devi Trivedi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!155
| rowspan="2" |30 October 2021
|[[Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vallabhnagar]]
|[[Gajendra Singh Shaktawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Preeti Shaktawat
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!157
|[[Dhariawad (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dhariawad]]
| Gautam Lal Meena
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Nagraj Meena
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!87
|17 April 2021
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar (Assembly constituency)|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|[[Nomula Narsimhaiah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|Nomula Bhagath
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!31
|30 October 2021
| [[Huzurabad (Assembly constituency)|Huzurabad]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| [[Etela Rajender]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!49
|17 April 2021
|[[Salt (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Salt]]
|[[Surendra Singh Jeena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Mahesh Singh Jeena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
| 30 September 2021
! 159
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
| Resigned on 21 May 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bhabanipur-mla-sovandeb-resigns-amid-buzz-over-mamata-banerjee-returning-to-her-old-seat-3761618.html|title=Bhabanipur MLA Sovandeb Resigns Amid Indications That Mamata Will Return To Her Old Seat|work=News18|accessdate=22 May 2021}}</ref>
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |30 October 2021
! 7
| [[Dinhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dinhata]]
| [[Nisith Pramanik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan=2|Resigned on 12 May 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2-west-bengal-bjp-mps-resign-as-mlas/articleshow/82575916.cms?from=mdr|title=2 West Bengal BJP MPs resign as MLAs|work=Economic Times|accessdate=12 May 2021}}</ref>
| [[Udayan Guha]]
|-
!86
| [[Santipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santipur]]
| [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| [[Braja Kishore Goswami]]
|-
!109
| [[Khardaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khardaha]]
| [[Kajal Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
| Died on 25 April 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/west-bengal/covid-19-positive-tmc-candidate-kajal-sinha-dies-at-kolkata-hospital-978536.html|title=Covid-19 positive TMC candidate Kajal Sinha dies at Kolkata hospital|work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=25 April 2021}}</ref>
| [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
|-
!127
| [[Gosaba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gosaba]]
| [[Jayanta Naskar]]
| Died on 19 June 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayanta-naskar-3-time-trinamool-congress-mla-from-gosaba-dies-2467894|title=3-Time Trinamool Congress MLA Jayanta Naskar Dies|work=NDTV|accessdate=20 June 2021}}</ref>
| Subrata Mondal
|}

== Local Body Elections ==

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
{{Main|2021 Andhra Pradesh municipal elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-14 |title=YSRC wins all municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/ysrc-wins-all-municipal-corporations-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/81496372.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=YSRC sweeps civic polls in Andhra Pradesh {{!}} YSRC sweeps civic polls in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/181121/ysrc-bags-261-wards-out-of-353-in-urban-local-body-polls-in-ap.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 1.
| rowspan="12" |[[2021 Andhra Pradesh urban local bodies elections|10 March 2021]]
|[[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="13" bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
| rowspan="13" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
|-
! 2.
|[[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 3.
|[[Guntur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 4.
|[[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 5.
|[[Kurnool Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 6.
|[[Ongole Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 7.
|[[Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 8.
|[[Kadapa Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 9.
|[[Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 10.
|[[Anantapuramu Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 11.
|[[Eluru Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 12.
|[[Chittoor Municipal Corporation]]
|-
!13.
| 15 November 2021
|[[Nellore Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|}

=== Chandigarh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2"| Winner 2021
|-
! 1.
|[[2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election|24 December 2021]]
|[[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh|Chandigarh Municipal Corporation]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party ]]
|-
|}

=== Chhattisgarh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=Congress wins big in polls held in 15 urban civic bodies of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhattisgarh-urban-civic-bodies-polls-congress-wins-big-bjp-1891542-2021-12-24 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title=भिलाई नगर निगम में लगातार तीसरी बार कांग्रेस का कब्जा, नीरज पाल बने मेयर |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/bhilai-news-neeraj-pal-of-congress-became-mayor-in-bhilai-municipal-corporation-bunty-girwar-sahu-chairman-ann-2033284 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
! 1.
| rowspan="4" |20 December 2021
|Birgaon Municipal Corporation
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 2.
|Bhilai Municipal Corporation
|-
! 3.
|Risali Municipal Corporation
|-
! 4.
|Bhilai-Charauda Municipal Corporation
|-
|}

=== Goa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2"| Winner 2021
|-
! 1.
|March 2021
|Municipal Corporation of Panaji
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

=== Gujarat ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-23 |title=BJP sweeps municipal polls in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-municipal-election-results-2021/article33911586.ece |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-05 |title=BJP sweeps Gandhinagar municipal polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/counting-of-votes-for-gujarat-gandhinagar-civic-municipal-polls/article36835148.ece |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
! 1.
| rowspan="6" |February 2021
|[[Amdavad Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 2.
|[[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 3.
|[[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 4.
|[[Rajkot Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 5.
|[[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 6.
|[[Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
!7.
|October 2021
|[[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|}

=== Himachal Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
| rowspan="4" |April 2021
|Palampur Municipal Corporation
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2.
|Solan Municipal Corporation
|-
!3.
|Mandi Municipal Corporation
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!4.
|Dharamshala Municipal Corporation
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
|May 2021
|Ballari Municipal Corporation
| style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2.
|rowspan="3" |September 2021
| [[Kalaburagi Mahanagara Palike|Kalaburagi Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3.
|[[Belagavi Mahanagara Palike|Belagavi Municipal Corporation]]
|-
!4.
| [[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|}

=== Meghalaya ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
! Autonomous councils
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
| [[2021 Garo Hills Autonomous District Council election|April 2021]]
|[[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]]
| style="background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
|}

=== Mizoram ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
| February 2021
|Aizawl Municipal Corporation
| style="background:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
| [[Mizo National Front]]
|-
|}

=== Punjab ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
| rowspan="8" |[[2021 Punjab, India local elections|14 February 2021]]
|[[Abohar Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="8" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!2.
|Batala Municipal Corporation
|-
!3.
|[[Bathinda Municipal Corporation]]
|-
!4.
|[[Hoshiarpur Municipal Corporation]]
|-
!5.
|[[Kapurthala Municipal Corporation]]
|-
!6.
|[[Mohali Municipal Corporation]]
|-
!7.
|[[Moga Municipal Corporation]]
|-
! 8.
|[[Pathankot Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|}

=== Rajasthan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
|January 2021
|Ajmer Municipal Corporation
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

=== Sikkim ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
|31 March 2021
|[[Gangtok Municipal Corporation]]
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|}

=== Telangana ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
| rowspan="2" |May 2021
|[[Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
!2.
|[[Khammam Municipal Corporation]]
|-
|}

=== Tripura ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations/ Autonomous councils
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
!1.
|[[2021 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|6 April 2021]]
|[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| bgcolor="Yellow" |
|[[Tipra Motha Party]]
|-
!2
| rowspan="2" | [[2021 Tripura local elections|25 November 2021]]
|[[Agartala Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== West Bengal ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Date
!Municipal corporations
! colspan="2" |Winner 2021
|-
! 1.
| rowspan="2" | [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|19 December 2021]]
|[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|style="background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[2020 elections in India]]
* [[2022 elections in India]]
* [[2021 Indian Rajya Sabha elections]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

*[http://eci.gov.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2021 elections in India]]
[[Category:2021 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Shareefa Hamid Ali

2026-02-11T07:19:46Z

Ferdaus: started a bio

{{Short description|Indian feminist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shareefa Hamid Ali
| image = Shareefa Hamid.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date text| 1883}}
| birth_place = Vadodara (formerly Baroda), Gujarat, India
| death_date = {{death year and age| 1971| 1883}}
| other_names = Sharifa Hamid Ali, Begum Hamid Ali
| occupation = Political figure and advocate
| organization = All India Women's Conference
| spouse = Hamid Ali
| mother = Ameena Tyabji
| father = Abbas J. Tyabji
| relatives = see [[Tyabji family]]
}}

'''Shareefa Hamid Ali''' ({{circa|1883}} – 1971),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World: A Global Sourcebook and History|last=Wayne|first=Tiffany K.|publisher=Greenwood|year=2011|pages=514}}</ref> also known as Begum Hamid Ali, was an Indian feminist, nationalist, advocate, and political figure. She was the President of the [[All India Women's Conference]]<ref name=":0" /> in 1935, and one of the founding members of the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]] in 1947<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World: A Global Sourcebook and History|last=Wayne|first=Tiffany K.|publisher=Greenwood|year=2011|pages=516}}</ref> and debated a gender inclusive language in the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adami |first1=Rebecca |title=Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York & London |isbn=9780429437939 |pages=74–85 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Women-and-the-Universal-Declaration-of-Human-Rights/Adami/p/book/9780367622787}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

[[File:Baroda state 1909.jpg|thumb|Baroda State in 1909]]
Begum Shareefa Hamid Ali was born on 12 December 1883, to a progressive [[Muslims|Muslim]] family in [[Baroda State|Baroda]] (now known as [[Vadodara]]), [[Gujarat]], the administrative center of colonial [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. She was the daughter of Ameena Tyabji and [[Abbas Tyabji|Abbas J. Tyabji]], the nephew of the Indian activist and politician [[Badruddin Tyabji]].<ref name="Forbes 199">{{Cite book|title=Women in Modern India|last=Forbes|first=Geraldine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|location=State University of New York|pages=199}}</ref> Her father, Abbas J. Tyabji, was the Chief Justice of [[Baroda State]] and a follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /> Her mother Ameena was one of the first prominent Muslim women to disavow ''[[purdah]].''<ref name=":0" /> Ali followed her mother's example and supported the movement against this restrictive law, as she saw it as a symbol of social division and gendered oppression.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women in the Changing Islamic System|last=Woodsmall|first=Ruth Frances|publisher=BIMLA Publishing House|year=1936}}</ref> In fact, her parents had supported her and her sisters’ education by sending them to school despite ''purdah'' restrictions. Begum Hamid Ali learned to speak six languages, [[Urdu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]. She also devoted her time to painting, drawing and music.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Legend Makers: Some Eminent Women of India|last=Srivastava|first=Gouri|publisher=New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co.|year=2003|pages=100}}</ref> At the age of twenty-five she married Hamid Ali, her cousin and an Indian Civil Service Officer. After their marriage, they moved to the province of the [[Bombay Presidency]] in India. She remained involved in social work and continued to cultivate her interests.<ref name="Forbes 199" />

== Political career ==
In 1907, Ali attended a session of the [[Indian National Congress]], which developed her interest towards the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi Movement]] and the support and uplifting in society of the ''[[Harijan]]s''. She also worked in villages to start nursing centres and classes for women, while providing her help and guidance.<ref name=":1" />
One of her most renowned achievements was organizing a campaign to encourage the [[Child Marriage Restraint Act|Sarda Act]], also known as the Child Marriage Restraint Act, which was passed on 28 September 1929.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Women of Modern India|last=Forbes|first=Geraldine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|location=State University of New York|pages=87}}</ref>  She addressed Muslim women in [[Sindh]] and used the example of her own experience to gain their support. As the mother of seven daughters, Ali claimed that two of them had been ‘’victim to this custom.’’<ref name=":3" /> Because of this, she had decided to postpone their marriages until they were educated and mature as she believed that legal age for marriage should be eighteen.<ref name=":3" />

In 1934 she represented the [[All India Women's Conference]] at the Istanbul Congress of the [[International Alliance of Women]], and in 1937 at [[Luhačovice|Lohacovice]], [[Czechoslovakia]], she took part in the Congress of the [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Legend Makers: Some Eminent Women of India|last=Srivastava|first=Gouri|publisher=New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co.|year=2003|pages=101}}</ref>

Ali was appointed to a women's sub-committee of the National Planning Committee in 1939.<ref name="Forbes 199"/> The role of the sub-committee was to review the social, economic and legal status of women, as well as to recommend measures to make equality of opportunity and status possible. Initially appointed with two other Muslim women, they later resigned as they felt they were not being listened to. As such, Ali was the only Muslim woman participating in the committee and encouraged consultation with authorities on [[Sharia|Muslim Law]] in order to obtain a different perspective. To her disappointment, she found that other members did not understand or pay attention to her arguments. As she mentions, she found that the draft report:

{{Blockquote|text=Showed such ignorance of Islam – its laws and practice (in spite of my having sent a very clear and detailed report in my evidence of these matters) that I had to protest very strongly against its inclusion.|sign=Shareefa Hamid Ali|source=Forbes, Geraldine, Women in Modern India, Cambridge University Press, vol. IV,2 (State university of New York, 1996), 199-200.}}

Following [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s intervention and grant of an extension to the sub-committee, she signed the final report.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women in Modern India|last=Forbes|first=Geraldine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|location=State University of New York|pages=199–200}}</ref>

The [[Government of India|Indian Government]] appointed her as the Indian representative to the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]]. She also became a member of the [[National Planning Commission of India|National Planning Commission]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the Hindustan Textbook Committee.<ref name=":4" />

== The Child Marriage Restraint Act (Sarda Act) ==
Ali lobbied for [[Har Bilas Sarda]]'s [[Child Marriage Restraint Act]], also known as the Sarda Act (or Sharda Act), which aimed to reduce the number of women getting married under the age of fifteen.{{sfn|Sinha|2000|p=635}} Ali organized a campaign in [[Sindh]] where she gathered Muslim women together to back the bill by pressuring lawmakers.<ref name=":3" /> She argued that women should delay marriage until they were more mature and educated, and suggested the age of eighteen.<ref name=":3" /> As a mother of seven daughters, two of whom had risked getting married before they were adults, she had a personal connection to the campaign.<ref name=":3" /> The Sarda campaign had support from women unified by [[liberal feminism]], including [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], and the lower [[Caste system in India|castes]].{{sfn|Sinha|2000|p=634}} These women banded together to eliminate doubt about what women wanted, and embarrassed the colonial state.{{sfn|Sinha|2000|p=629}} The movement resulted in the passing of the Sarda Act in 1929, making it the first legislation for minimum age of marriage in India. It was set at 14 years old for girls and 18 for boys.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2006}}

== All India Women's Conference ==
Ali was a prominent leader in the [[All India Women's Conference]] (AIWC). She was, in order, the Honorary Treasurer, chairwoman, vice-president, and President of AIWC, and started several of its branches across India.<ref name=":1" /> Ali was also named Chairwoman of the Governing Body of the All India Women's Education Association.<ref name=":1" /> She became a part of the AIWC as the previous president, [[Sarojini Naidu]], a political activist who fought for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and a poet, was in prison. As a result, there were rotating presidents for each session, and Ali became one of two Indian women who took up this role.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2017}}

As part of the AIWC, she testified in front of the Joint Select Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform in London in 1933.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2017}} In opposition of the establishment of a separate electorate that would bring about unbalanced power to religious-based parties, she argued that this would hinder the reform of inheritance laws. [[Begum Shah Nawaz]], a politician and [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] activist, questioned her attempt,<ref>{{Cite book|title=And the World Changed: Contemporary Stories by Pakistani Women|last=Shamsie|first=Muneeza|publisher=Feminist Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-55861-931-9|location=The City University of New York|pages=5}}</ref> arguing that Muslim women would not agree with Ali's proposal if Muslim men did not accept her electoral proposal.{{sfn|Everett|2001|p=2073}}

The AIWC advocated for a [[Uniform civil code|common civil code]] that was consistent with the organization's commitments and that also took both non-communal and communal approaches. Ali and other Muslim women within the AIWC feared domination by [[Hindus]], but there were diverging opinions even among the Muslim women. Ali, as a Congress Muslim, justified her position by alluding to the [[Iraq]]i and [[Turkey|Turkish]] secular models, as well as the [[Indian Penal Code|Indian penal code]]. Her position was challenged by Begum Sultan Mir Amiruddin, who claimed that:

{{Blockquote|text=Muslim women intend merely to secure restitution of privileges granted to them by their prophet.|sign=Begum Sultan Mir Amiruddin|source={{sfn|Everett|2001|p=2076}}}}

In the end, the AIWC hoped for a secular civil code and did not explicitly call for a common civil code. The marriage and inheritance rights proposal of the AIWC did pertain more to Hindu concerns than those of Muslim women.{{sfn|Everett|2001|p=2076}}

== UN Commission on the Status of Women ==
[[File:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|thumb|Emblem of the United Nations]]
In February 1947, Ali represented India as one of 15 women to attend the first [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]]. She worked alongside delegates from [[Australia]], the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], the [[China|People's Republic of China]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States|United States of America]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women, Development, and the UN: A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice|last=Jain|first=Devaki|publisher=Bloomington: Indiana University Press|year=2005|pages=16}}</ref> At the commission, Ali and the other delegates established the guiding principles of the commission:

{{Blockquote|text=To raise the status of women, irrespective of nationality, race, language or religion, to equality with men in all fields of human enterprise, and to eliminate all discrimination against women in the provisions of statutory law, in legal maxims or rules, or in interpretation of customary law.|sign={{sfn|Luchsinger|2019|p=5}} }}

Today, the commission is still guided by these principles,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zabel|first=Darcy A.|date=2011|title=Shareefah Hamid Ali|journal=Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World: A Global Sourcebook and History|pages=516}}</ref> and has influenced the drafting of resolutions related to Ali's work in India in the 1950s and 1960s.{{sfn|Luchsinger|2019|p=6}} This includes the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and the [[Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages]].{{sfn|Luchsinger|2019|p=6}}

== See also ==
* [[All India Women's Conference]]
* [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women]]
* [[Child Marriage Restraint Act|Sarda Act]]
* [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]
* [[Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Everett |first1=Jana |title='All the Women Were Hindu and All the Muslims Were Men': State, Identity Politics and Gender, 1917-1951 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2001 |volume=36 |issue=23 |pages=2071–2080 |jstor=4410720 }}
* Forbes, Geraldine. ''Women in Modern India''. Cambridge University Press. Vol. IV,2. State University of New York, 1996.
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Luchsinger |editor1-first=Gretchen |title=Short history of the Commission on the Status of Women |publisher=UN Women |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-63214-154-5 |url=https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2019/A-short-history-of-the-CSW-en.pdf }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Devaki |title=Women, Development, and the UN: A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |id={{Project MUSE|9204|type=book}} |isbn=978-0-253-11184-5 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Sumita |title=The All-Asian Women's Conference 1931: Indian women and their leadership of a pan-Asian feminist organisation |journal=Women's History Review |date=4 May 2017 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=363–381 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2016.1163924 |s2cid=147853155 |doi-access=free |hdl=1983/a56bd83d-e982-46ba-84b3-82225ecba694 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Sumita |title=Using the Legislative Assembly for Social Reform: the Sarda Act of 1929 |journal=South Asia Research |date=November 2006 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=219–233 |doi=10.1177/0262728006071514 |s2cid=144032025 }}
* Shamsie, Muneeza (11 July 2015). And the World Changed: Contemporary Stories by Pakistani Women. Feminist Press at The City University of New York. pp. 5–. {{ISBN|978-1-55861-931-9}}.
* {{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Mrinalini |title=Refashioning Mother India: Feminism and Nationalism in Late-Colonial India |journal=Feminist Studies |date=2000 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=623–644 |doi=10.2307/3178643 |jstor=3178643 |hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0026.308 |hdl-access=free }}
* Srivastava, Gouri. ''The Legend Makers: Some Eminent Women of India''. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co., 2003.
* Wayne, Tiffany K. ''Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World: A Global Sourcebook and History''. Greenwood, 2011.
* Woodsmall, Ruth Frances. Women in the Changing Islamic System. BIMLA Publishing House, 1936.
* Zabel, Darcy A . "Shareefah Hamid Ali." In ''Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World : A Global Sourcebook and History'', 514–16. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2011.
{{Tyabji family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Shareefa Hamid}}
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Proponents of Islamic feminism]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Tyabji family]]

Avrodh: The Siege Within 2

2026-02-08T12:57:46Z

Ferdaus: typo fix

{{Short description|2022 Indian TV series}}
{{full citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| country = India
| company = [[Applause Entertainment]] Juggernaut Productions
| released = {{Start date|2022|06|04|df=y}}
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| editor =
| cinematography =
| location = India
| language = Hindi
| image = Avrodh2Poster.jpg
| composer =
| writer = Brijesh Jayrajan Sudeep Nigam
| starring = [[Abir Chatterjee]] Vijay Krishna [[Vikram Gokhale]] [[Neeraj Kabi]] [[Anant Mahadevan]] [[Rajesh Khattar]] [[Sanjay Suri]] [[Aahana Kumra]]
| director = [[Raj Acharya]]
| creator =
| runtime =
| based_on = {{Based on|''India's Most Fearless 2''|[[Shiv Aroor]] and Rahul Singh}}
| genre = [[Military drama]], [[Spy fiction|Espionage]]
| caption =
}}
'''''Avrodh: The Siege Within 2''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[military drama]] [[Spy fiction|espionage]] [[streaming television]] series which premiered on [[Sony Liv|SonyLIV]] on 24 June 2022. It was directed by [[Raj Acharya]], and stars [[Abir Chatterjee]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Biswadeep |title=Avrodh: The Siege Within Season 2: Death of a conspiracy |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/avrodh-the-siege-within-season-2-death-of-a-conspiracy |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=[[National Herald]] |date=27 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Avrodh 2: The Siege Within' releases on June 24, trailer out |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=966425 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=[[Daijiworld|Daijiworld Media]] |language=en}}</ref> The series is a [[standalone sequel]] to ''[[Avrodh: The Siege Within]]''. It is based on operations conducted by the [[Indian Army]] to stop [[Terrorism in India|terrorist attacks]] and spread of [[Fake currency|fake notes]], eventually leading to the implementation of [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]]. The series is a fictionalised retelling of the chapter, ‘''Just tell me when to begin Sir''’, from the book ''India’s Most Fearless 2'', written by [[Shiv Aroor]] and Rahul Singh.

== Plot summary ==
{{More plot|1=section|date=July 2022}}
Pradeep Bhattacharya is an [[Income tax in India|Income Tax]] officer, as well as a [[captain]] in the [[Indian Army]]. Conspirators in Pakistan try to cause [[Terrorism in India|terrorist attacks]], activate [[Separatist movements of India|separatist groups]], and spread [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit currency]] in India. Pradeep, along with the help of his colleagues and the [[Government of India|Indian government]], stop the terrorist attacks. However, the fake notes have already spread on a large scale. So, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] decides to [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetise]] notes of denomination ₹500 and ₹1000.

== Cast ==

* [[Abir Chatterjee]] as Captain Pradeep Bhattacharya, [[Para (Special Forces)]]
* Vijay Krishna as Captain Imtiaz Ahmed, [[Para (Special Forces)]]
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], based on [[Narendra Modi]]
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] Shailesh Malviya
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as Satish Mahadevan
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as General Akram Aziz, [[Pakistan Army]]
* Karan Thakur as Captain Farooq Khan, [[Pakistan Army]]
* [[Sanjay Suri]] as Prof. Ehsan Waziri, a businessman and the mastermind behind the plans
* [[Aahana Kumra]] as Waziri's spy in India
Source:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanjay Suri on 'Avrodh 2': Had to dissociate from my personal experience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/sanjay-suri-on-avrodh-2-had-to-dissociate-from-my-personal-experience/articleshow/92469891.cms |access-date=2022-09-19 |newspaper=The Times of India | agency=IANS | date=26 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=Avrodh 2: Aahana Kumra On Her Negative Character, "She Is Really A Dark-Minded & Yet Very Intelligent Woman" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/avrodh-2-aahana-kumra-on-her-negative-character-she-is-really-a-dark-minded-yet-very-intelligent-woman/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Production ==
The web series is a fictionalised retelling of the chapter, ‘''Just tell me when to begin Sir''’, from the book ''India’s Most Fearless 2'', written by [[Shiv Aroor]] and Rahul Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Avrodh 2: The Siege Within' to release on June 24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/avrodh-2-the-siege-within-to-release-on-june-24/articleshow/92076509.cms |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Directed by [[Raj Acharya]] and produced by [[Applause Entertainment]] in association with Juggernaut Productions, the story is written by Brijesh Jayrajan and Sudeep Nigam.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 7 June 2022|title=SonyLIV's 'Avrodh 2: The Siege Within' to release on June 24 |url=https://theprint.in/features/sonylivs-avrodh-2-the-siege-within-to-release-on-june-24/987105/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> It released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Spy Game: Ravi Omprakash Rao to play IB officer in 'Avrodh - The Siege Within 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/spy-game-ravi-omprakash-rao-to-play-ib-officer-in-avrodh-the-siege-within-2/articleshow/92435011.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It is a [[standalone sequel]] to ''[[Avrodh: The Siege Within]]'', which is based on the [[2016 Uri attack|2016 Uri terrorist attack]] and the subsequent [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strikes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Sanjay Suri on Avrodh 2 and surviving in Bollywood without giving 'Rs 100 crore hit' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay-suri-on-avrodh-2-and-surviving-in-bollywood-without-giving-rs-100-crore-hit-10804071.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==

''[[The Times of India]]'' said that the series makes for an intense watch with its thrilling action, and praised the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Avrodh: The Siege Within Season 2 Review : Works In Parts, Making For An Intense Watch With Some Thrilling Action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/avrodh-the-siege-within/season-2/seasonreview/92356569.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' commented that ''Avrodh: The Siege Within 2'' "is a series that tries really hard to be gripping but is hurt by lack of subtlety and some questionable production values."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=Avrodh 2 review: Abir Chatterjee's Hindi debut series is a sarkari PSA, sasti copy of Uri, Special Ops |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/avrodh-2-review-abir-chatterjee-s-hindi-debut-series-is-a-sarkari-psa-sasti-copy-of-uri-special-ops-101656048143270.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> ''[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]'' praised the cinematography and background score, but termed the plot as predictable.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |title=Avrodh 2 Review: Abir Chatterjee Hindi debut makes for a gripping watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/avrodh-2-review-abir-chatterjee-hindi-debut-makes-for-a-gripping-watch-1965928-2022-06-24 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=India Today |date= 24 June 2022|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Scroll.in]]'' lauded the action, but felt that the plot did not offer anything different.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title='Avrodh' season 2: A new plot and the same old strategy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1026793/avrodh-season-2-the-plot-has-changed-but-the-strategy-is-familiar |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Scroll.in |date= 24 June 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> [[The Telegraph (India)|''Telegraph India'']] commended Abir Chatterjee's performance, but criticised the lack of thrill and human element.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abir Chatterjee shines in his Hindi OTT debut 'Avrodh: The Siege Within 2' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abir-chatterjee-shines-in-his-hindi-ott-debut-avrodh-the-siege-within-2/cid/1872082 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> ''Koimoi'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, and commented, "Things do get interesting partly but that doesn't negate the questionable factors."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=Avrodh Season 2: Things Do Get Interesting Partly But That Doesn't Negate The Questionable Factors |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/avrodh-season-2-things-do-get-interesting-partly-but-that-doesnt-negate-the-questionable-factors/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=12392458}}
*[https://www.sonyliv.com/trailer/avrodh-1000174090 ''Avrodh: The Siege Within 2'']{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on [[Sony Liv]]

[[Category:2020s Indian television miniseries]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Indian military television series]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian Armed Forces in fiction]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in fiction]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]

Saptakoteshwar Temple

2026-02-06T07:46:42Z

Ferdaus: correct lead additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Goa}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Saptakoteshwar Temple|image=File:Saptakoteshwar_Temple.JPG|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=[[Shiva]]|tradition=[[Shaivism]]|architecture=[[Kadamba architecture|Kadamba]]|caption=Temple complex (at present).|functional_status=Active|state=[[Goa]]|country={{Flag|India}}|district=[[North Goa district|North Goa]]}}

'''Saptakoteshwar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord shiva]] at [[Narve]] in [[Goa]], India, is considered to be one of the six great sites of temples of [[Shiva]] in the [[Konkan]] area.<ref name ="Purabhilekh">{{cite book|last=Goa (India : State). Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa, Daman and Diu (India)|title=Purabhilekh-puratatva |publisher= Directorate of Archives, Archaeology, and Museum, Daman and Diu (India) Goa|year=1984|volume=2|pages=109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N80LAAAAIAAJ&q=saptakoteshwar|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==History==
Saptakoteshwar, a form of Shiva, was one of the chief deities of the Kings of the Kadamba dynasty around the twelfth century. The temple was built by the King for his wife Kamaldevi who was a staunch devotee of this god.<ref name ="Purabhilekh"/> The Kadamba kings proudly used the title (''Birudu'') ''Shree Saptakotisha Ladbha Varaveera''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gune|first=Vithal Trimbak|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu|publisher=Goa, Daman and Diu (India) Gazetteer Dept |year=1979 |volume=I |pages=794}}</ref>

The gold coins discovered at Chandor, Goa (old name: Chandraura, Chandrapura), Gopikapatna and other places of the kings Jayakeshi I, Jayakeshi II, Jayakeshi III, Shivachitta Paramadideva, Soideva, etc., have inscriptions reading:
{{cquote|Saptakotishvaralabdha – Varaprasada}}
which means "with the grace of Lord Saptakotishwara", the family deity of Kadambas.
These coins were often referred to as Saptakotisha-Gadyanakas.<ref>{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R. |title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history|pages=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&dq=goa+bhoja&pg=PA8 | isbn=978-81-7022-259-0 | year=1990 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 1352, when the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] kingdom was conquered by the [[Bahamani|Bahmani]] Sultan Allauddin Hasan Gangu, Goa came under the rule of the Sultan for about 14 years. A number of temples were destroyed during this period and the ''[[linga]]'' (symbol of Lord Shiva) at the Saptakoteshwar temple was dug up by the troops.<ref name=Goa>{{cite book|title=Culture and Religious Traditions in Temples of Goa|last=Manekar|first=Kamla|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=76-83|isbn=81-230-1161-X|year=2003}}</ref>

In 1367, the army of Vijayanagar King Harihararaya defeated the Bahmani Sultan's troops in Goa and managed to restore most of the temples to their former glory including that of Saptakoteshwar. According to the records, the temple was reconstructed by Madhava Mantri by the end of the 14th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gune|first=Vithal Trimbak|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu|publisher=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|year=1979|volume=I|pages=64}}</ref>

When the temple was demolished in 1560 by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] (and a chapel dedicated to ''Nossa Senhora De Candelaria'' was erected in its place<ref>{{cite book|last=Gune|first=Vithal Trimbak|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu|publisher=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|year=1979|volume=I|pages=64}}</ref>), the ''linga'' was used as a well shaft until some [[Hindu]]s managed to rescue it. Around this time, it is said the Hindu Chieftains from the neighbouring Bhatgram district, Narayan Shenvi Suryarao Desai had a vision in their dream, where Lord Saptakoteshwar directed them to the Lingam and asked them to keep it safe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=Jivendra Chahal |title=Saptakoteshwar Temple: A Journey Through Goa’s Spiritual Heritage – Indian.Temples |url=https://indiantempless.in/2024/03/08/saptakoteshwar-temple-a-journey-through-goas-spiritual-heritage/ |access-date=2025-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> The idol was then smuggled across the river to [[Bicholim]] where it was installed in a brand new temple and revamped in 1668 by the Maratha king [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Esteves|first=Sarto |author2=Vatsala de Sousa |title=This is Goa |year=1983|pages=19}}</ref> The construction of the new site was carried out by Shri Shivaram Desai (president of the sansthan) on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's blessings and guidance.<ref>This is mentioned on an information epitaph carved at the temple.</ref>

==Architecture==
With its shallow [[Mughal architecture|Moghul]] dome mounted on an octagonal drum sloping tiled roofs, European style ''Mandapa'', or assembly hall and tall lamp tower or ''Deepastamba'', the temple is situated in an archaeologically important area. The surroundings of the temple are tinged with several Brahminical laterite and stone caves. In the vicinity of it existed a Jain Math, the ruins of which are still visible. It was probably an important [[Jain]] temple patronised by the Kadamba rulers before they changed loyalty to Sri Saptakotishwar.

==Deities==
In front of the temple towards the right side of the Deepastamba is a shrine of Kalbhairav and outside it are seen the ''padukas'' of Dattatraya carved on the stone. A little ahead of the Deepastamba are seen two huge laterite pillar-like structures buried deep. They may be stone henges. Behind the temple are carved stone walls with niches. It may have been an ancient Agrashala. Similarly, close to the temple there is a man-made tunnel-like structure which is presently silted. Near the temple site there is a sacred tank known as Panchaganga Tirtha which is used for ablutions by devotees on the birthday of Lord [[Shiva]].

==Location==
The village of Narve is about {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Panaji]] and can be reached by an interesting route that requires a ferryboat from the island of [[Divar]].{{cn|date=November 2021}}

== See also ==
* [[History of 17th century early modern domes]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Saptakoteshwar Temple}}

==References==
*''Goa: Hindu temples and deities'' by Rui Gomes Pereira, Antonio Victor Couto, v. 1, 1978.

{{Hindu temples in Goa}}

{{coord|15.554|73.937|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Goa]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in North Goa district]]

Pakhanjur

2026-02-05T04:40:21Z

Ferdaus: starting!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pakhanjur
| other_name = Pakhanjore
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|coord={{Coord|20.0346544|N|80.6255085|E}}|zoom=15|frame-width=300|frame-height=400|frame-align=center|type=point|title=Pakhanjur|marker=town|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Interactive map of Pakhanjur
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.0346544|N|80.6255085|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanker district|Kanker]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1958
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)]]
| governing_body = Nagar Panchayat Pakhanjur
| leader_title = Council President
| leader_name = Narayan Saha ([[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]])
| leader_title1 = [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]]
| leader_name1 = Anjor Singh Paikra
| leader_title2 = Additional Superintendent of Police
| leader_name2 = Rakesh Kumar Kurre ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])
| leader_title3 = [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|Sub-Divisional Police Officer]]
| leader_name3 = Ravi Kumar Kujur
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10201
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="CensusGov2011"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]],<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ritesh |last2=Sahay |first2=Abhinav |title=Chhattisgarh CM writes to PM Narendra Modi, demands inclusion of Chhattisgarhi dialect in 8th Schedule |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-cm-writes-to-pm-narendra-modi-demands-inclusion-of-chhattisgarhi-dialect-in-8th-schedule/story-GqRbmrlCmDXY4NKOHBCAiN.html |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Others
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 494 776
| area_code = 91 7844
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = CG 19
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 991 [[male|♂]]/900[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Pakhanjur''', also known as '''Pakhanjore''', is a town, [[nagar panchayat]], and the headquarters of the eponymous [[tehsil]] in the [[Kanker District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] State in [[India]].<ref name="CensusGov2011"/> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], it is the second largest town in the district by population, only second to the district headquarters [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]]. It is located {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}} south-west of [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]] and {{convert|47|km|abbr=on}} west of the block headquarters Koyalibeda.<ref>{{cite book |title=Layout of Koyelibeda Block |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060326/asp/frontpage/story_6016109.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908142418/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060326/asp/frontpage/story_6016109.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 September 2006 |access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>

==Name==
The name of the town is written as "पखांजूर" in [[Devanagari script]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Ashish Kumar |title=Kanker: पखांजूर सीएएफ कैंप में आधी रात अचानक होने लगी फायरिंग इधर-उधर भागने लगे जवान मचा हड़कंप |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/kanker-caf-jawan-fired-30-rounds-in-air-inside-camp-late-at-night-in-pankhjur-kanker-8198868 |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=Nai Dunia |date=17 July 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> however it is transliterated as ''Pakhanjur''<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh: Food inspector, 2 more, booked over emptying of reservoir to find lost phone |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chhattisgarh-food-inspector-2-more-booked-over-emptying-of-reservoir-to-find-lost-phone20230601024558/ |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=ANI News |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> and ''Pakhanjore''<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh: 5 of family killed in house wall collapse in Kanker |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/chhattisgarh-5-of-family-killed-in-house-wall-collapse-in-kanker/articleshow/93570241.cms |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=15 August 2022}}</ref> in English, the former notably supported by [[Census of India|Indian Census]] sources<ref>{{cite web |title=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=[[Census of India]] |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Pakhanjur_religion">{{cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[Census of India]] |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref> and the latter by [[Dandakaranya Project]] report submitted to [[Rajya Sabha]] in August 1974.<ref name="Report_1974"/>

== History ==
During the pre-independence era, the entire area covered by the Pakhanjur tehsil today along with the Bande and Koyalibeda tehsils and parts of [[Abujmarh|Abujhmarh]], formed the erstwhile Paralkot [[jagir]]. In 1825, the region became the theatre of a tribal uprising led by Gaind Singh, a tribal leader and the [[zamindar]] of Paralkot, against the [[British Raj]]. Popularly known as the Paralkot Rebellion, the uprising saw the rebels fight against the exploitation and injustices meted out to the natives by the foreign powers. It ended with the capture and execution by hanging of the revered tribal leader on 20 January 1825. Subsequently, he came to be honoured as the first martyr of Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Man Gen Singh |url=http://kanker.nic.in/grtmen.html |access-date=25 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070545/http://kanker.nic.in/grtmen.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Bhupendra |title=आजादी के लिए 195 साल पहले फांसी पर चढ़े थे छत्तीसगढ़ के पहले शहीद परलकोट के जमींदार गैंदसिंह - First martyr of Chhattisgarh Zamindar Gaind Singh of Chhattisgarh was hanged for independence 195 years ago |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-first-martyr-of-chhattisgarh-zamindar-gaind-singh-of-chhattisgarh-was-hanged-for-independence-195-years-ago-20262231.html |access-date=24 July 2023 |work=Jagran |date=11 May 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

In 1958, the Pakhanjur Colony that forms the heart of the town, was established along with the neighbouring settlements of [[Kapsi]] and Bande under the [[Dandakaranya Project]].<ref name="Report_1974">{{cite book|url=http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/assets/media_files/000/011/439/11439.pdf|title=Official Name Pakhanjore|pages=1|access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214185739/http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/assets/media_files/000/011/439/11439.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

=== Dandakaranya project ===
{{main|Dandakaranya Project}}
The [[Government of India|Indian government]] created the [[Dandakaranya Development Authority]] in 1958 to assist refugees from [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh). It constructed the Bhaskel Dam and Paralkot reservoir (Kherkatta Dam), woodworking centers at [[Jagdalpur]], [[Boregaon]], and [[Umerkote]], and roads and railways in the refugee resettlement areas, including the Balangir-Kozilum railway project. A factory that mainly produces aircraft engines is located at Sunabeda. The [[National Mineral Development Corporation]] works iron ore at Bailadila. Important towns are Jagdalpur, [[Bhawanipatna]], and [[Koraput]]. The project was known as the [[Dandakaranya Project]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/10140572.pdf|title=Design report of Paralkote|year=1971|access-date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

A large number of people from East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh were settled at the newly formed 133 settlements, each designated as a Paralkot Village (PV) and numbered from PV 1 to PV 133, in areas of [[Kapsi]], Pakhanjur and Bande. These people suffered heavy losses leaving hundreds of acres of [[Agriculture|agricultural]] fields and adjusted with very small land for [[survival]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://yojana.gov.in/CMS/(S(d3srdvmjh2vecd45vrtwqa55))/pdf/Yojana/English/1965/Jul_Vol09_No14.pdf |title=Villages Established |access-date=25 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225133145/http://yojana.gov.in/CMS/%28S%28d3srdvmjh2vecd45vrtwqa55%29%29/pdf/Yojana/English/1965/Jul_Vol09_No14.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
Pakhanjur tehsil is surrounded by the [[Durgukondal]] tehsil and [[Mohla Manpur district]] to the north, Koyalibeda tehsil to the east, Bande tehsil to the south and the [[Gadchiroli district]] of [[Maharashtra]] to the west.

=== Deforestation ===
People are suffering a lot because of [[deforestation]] here. Every year lakhs of trees are cut down for industrial purpose. The famous green belt is slowly turning into an orange area which is dangerous. New programs need to be initiated to promote greenery and planting of trees.<ref>{{cite news |title=तुंहर दुआर योजना:वन विभाग ने लोगों को बांटे फलदार पौधे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/badgaon/news/forest-department-distributed-fruitful-plants-to-people-127453065.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of the 2011 Indian Census, Pakhanjur nagar panchayat had a population of 10,201, consisting of 5,370 males and 4,831 females. The population of children aged 0–6 was 1,207; 11.83% of the population. The male:female [[sex ratio]] is 900, lower than the state average of 991. The child sex ratio in Pakhanjur is around 904 compared to the state average of 969. The [[Literacy in India#Definition of literacy|effective literacy rate]] of people seven years and above is 86.86%; the male literacy is around 91.64% and the female literacy rate is 81.54%. There were 2,332 households. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] populations were 508 and 1,201 respectively.<ref name="CensusGov2011">{{cite web |title=Census 2011 - Pakhanjur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=501393 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Pakhanjur town (2011 census)<ref name="Pakhanjur_religion"/>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=[[Religion]]
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|97.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|0.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|Yellow|0.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|0.61}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|0.59}}}}

The overwhelming majority of the population of Pakhanjur is [[Hindu]], with [[Christians]], [[Sikhs]] and [[Muslim]]s having small populations.<ref name="Pakhanjur_religion" />

==Government and politics==
===Administration===
[[File:Kherkatta Dam.JPG|thumb|[[Kherkatta Reservoir]] near Kapsi]]The sub-district code of Pakhanjur tehsil is 03354 and the total number of villages is 299.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakhanjore code|url=https://allindiafacts.com/places/chhattisgarh/uttar-bastar-kanker/pakhanjur.html|access-date=2 January 2020|website=}}</ref>

=== Post office ===
The pin-code of Pakhanjur is 494776, and the sub post office is Pakhanjur Camp.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pincode|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/chattisgarh/kanker/pakhanjore-camp.html|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://pincodezip.in/pdfgen/chattisgarh/kanker/bastar/pakhanjore-camp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022226/http://pincodezip.in/pdfgen/chattisgarh/kanker/bastar/pakhanjore-camp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 November 2017|title=Pakhanjore camp post office|year=2017|pages=1|access-date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
==== Hospitals ====
* Government Civil Hospital Pakhanjore<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakhanjore Hospital|url=http://www.dbtech.in/event.php?action=dbtechevents&&id=169|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100741/http://www.dbtech.in/event.php?action=dbtechevents&&id=169|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref>
* Veterinary Hospital Pakhanjore<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://cg.nic.in/healthrsby/RSBY_Documents/PrivateHospital.pdf|title=Vandana Hospital|publisher=RSBY|page=23}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The Hahaladdi Iron Ore Deposit project site is connected through State highway SH-6.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_07_Jul_2015_1811152801Annexure-BriefSummary.pdf|title=Hahaladdi Iron Ore Deposit|pages=1|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714160842/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_07_Jul_2015_1811152801Annexure-BriefSummary.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is no major industrial activity in Pakhanjur tehsil. Small-scale industries include a handful of rice mills and stone crusher plants. Majority of the population and hence the economy is primarily dependent on agriculture.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Pakhanjur town has two prominent [[bazaar]]s namely, the old market and the new market, as the trade and commerce centres. [[Kapsi]] and Bande are the other important bazaars of the tehsil.<ref>{{cite news |title=लॉकडॉउन:पखांजूर, कापसी और बांदे में पूर्ण तालाबंदी का दिखा असर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/pankhanjur/news/full-lockout-effect-in-pakhanjur-kapasi-and-bande-127285479.html |access-date=24 July 2023 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Attractions ==
[[File:Kali mandir Pakhanjore.JPG |thumb|300px|Kali Mandir, Pakhanjur]]
[[File:Shiv mandir Pakhanjore.JPG|thumb|300px|Shiv Mandir, Pakhanjur]]
* [[Kherkatta Reservoir]] which is situated near Kapsi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Water source |first=of farmers |date=31 March 2021 |title=Pakhanjore Dam |url=https://morelifechanger.in/land-of-energy-for-pakhanjore/.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=More life changer}}</ref>
* [[Nara Narayan Mela]] or Pakhanjur Mela<ref>{{cite web|title=News in Naiduniya|date=15 January 2015|url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/kanker-paralkot-narnarayan-mela-pakhanjur-news-287133|access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref>
* Nara Narayana Sevashram
* Kali Mandir
* Shiv Mandir
* Satsang Vihar, Shri Shri Thakur Anukulchandra Temple, situated in the heart of Pakhanjur
* Ram Vatika
* Satyanand Nagar

==Transport==
===Roadways===
Pakhanjur is situated on Chhattisgarh State Highway 25 and is only connected by road from [[Durg]], [[Raipur]], [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]], [[Dalli Rajhara]], [[Bhanupratappur]], [[Jagdalpur]], [[Gadchiroli]] and [[Chandrapur]]. Its distance is {{convert|250|km|abbr=on}} from the state capital [[Raipur]].

===Railways===
Railway services are non-existent in Pakhanjur. The nearest major railway station is [[Durg railway station|Durg Jn.]] (DURG) on the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]] {{convert|190|km|abbr=on}} from Pakhanjur. The nearest local railway station is Keoti (KETI) on the [[Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur line]] {{convert|62|km|abbr=on}} away.

There has been demands from various quarters to construct the proposed [[Gadchiroli]]-Bhanupratappur rail line via [[Durgukondal]], Kapsi and Pakhanjur instead of via [[Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki district|Manpur]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=10 August 2022 |title=Extension of railway line to connect Kanker with Maharashtra |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/extension-of-rly-line-to-connect-kanker-with-maha/articleshow/93466771.cms |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=रेलवे लाइन बनने पर सीधे महाराष्ट्र से जुड़ जाएगा कांकेर:नक्सल प्रभावित भानुप्रतापपुर गढ़चिरौली रेल लाइन सर्वे के लिए 3.37 करोड़ रुपए मंजूर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/kanker/news/rs-337-crore-approved-for-naxal-affected-bhanupratappur-gadchiroli-rail-line-survey-130166190.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=Danik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=केंद्रीय बजट में प्रोजेक्ट:भानुप्रतापपुर-गढ़चिरौली तक 133 किमी रेल लाइन बिछेगी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/balod/news/133-km-rail-line-will-be-laid-till-bhanupratappur-gadchiroli-130876415.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> This proposed line when completed, would serve as an alternative route between [[Nagpur]] and [[Vishakhapatnam]] — one of the busiest freight corridors in the country — by linking the Nagpur-Wadsa-Gadchiroli line to the Bhanupratappur-Jagdalpur-Vishakhapatnam line. If the demands are met, it would provide a much needed impetus to the development of this area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SECR exploring new route to Southern India via Gadchiroli, orders final location survey |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/9/4/SECR-exploring-new-route-to-Southern-India-via-Gadchiroli-orders-final-location-survey.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=www.thehitavada.com |date=4 September 2022}}</ref>

In May 2022, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)]] provided in-principle approval for the survey of this line. It subsequently allocated a budget of {{INRConvert|3.37|c}} for the survey, though the route and deadline were yet undecided.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=SECR exploring new route to Southern India via Gadchiroli, orders final location survey |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/9/4/SECR-exploring-new-route-to-Southern-India-via-Gadchiroli-orders-final-location-survey.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref> Given the importance of this project, the [[South East Central Railway zone|South Eastern Central Railway zone]] fast-tracked the regulatory process and in August of the same year floated tenders for the final location survey and preparation of the [[Detailed Project Report]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2022 |title=New rly line cutting jumbo route in offing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nagpur/new-rly-line-cutting-jumbo-route-in-offing/articleshow/93788978.cms |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Integrated Budgetary Financial Figures for South East Central Railway |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2023-24/INTEGRATED_BOOK_2023-24/SECR_integraged_2023-24.pdf |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=Indian Railways}}</ref> The survey was commissioned soon after.

===Airports===
Pakhanjur's nearest commercial airport with regular scheduled flights is [[Swami Vivekananda Airport]], [[Raipur]] {{convert|250|km|abbr=on}} away.

== Education ==
* [[Industrial Training Institute]] (ITI)<ref>{{cite web |title=Industrial Training Institute (ITI) |url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/62120-indiacolleges-Industrial-Training-Institute-(ITI)-Pakhanjur/ |access-date=25 February 2015 |archive-date=25 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225155227/http://www.punjabcolleges.com/62120-indiacolleges-Industrial-Training-Institute-(ITI)-Pakhanjur/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Govt. Veer Gaind Singh College Pakhanjore<ref>{{cite web|title=Govt. Veer Gaind Singh College Pakhanjore|url=http://highereducation.cg.gov.in/Kanker.htm|accessdate=25 February 2015|archive-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225151804/http://highereducation.cg.gov.in/Kanker.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Sports ==
The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium Pakhanjur is famous for football and cricket tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakhanjur stadium|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Pakhanjur+Old+Market+Stadium/@20.038132,80.625508,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3a2dcd79143e9c8f:0x3106d006c57c3594|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पखांजूर का स्टेडियम फिर से होगा "नेताजी" के नाम पर, भाजपा के शासनकाल में कर दिया गया था "मुखर्जी" के नाम |url=https://theruralpress.in/2022/06/04/pakhanjurs-stadium-will-again-be-in-the-name-of-netaji/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=The Rural Press |date=4 June 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> The stadium hosts annual celebrations on Independence Day (15 August) and Republic Day (26 January). All cultural and extracurricular activities are performed in the stadium and inter-school competitions are organised between them.

== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Chhattisgarh by population]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
[[Category:Kanker district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanker district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Chhattisgarh]]

Brahmananda Sivayogi

2026-01-23T16:04:19Z

Ferdaus:

{{Short description|Atheist, writer, and social reformer of Kerala, Sanskrit teacher (1852–1929)}}
{{One source|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Brahmananda Sivayogi
| image =
| birth_name = Karatt Govinda Menon
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1852|08|26}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1929|09|10|1852|08|26}}
| birth_place = Kollankode, [[Palakkad]], British India
| other_names = Alathur Sivayogi, Alathur Swami, Siddha Muni, Purusha Simham
| occupation = Spiritual guru, social reformer
}}
{{Renaissance of Kerala}}
'''Karatt Govinda Menon''' (26 August 1852 – 10 September 1929), better known as '''Brahmananda Sivayogi''', was an Indian social reformer, atheist, and writer from present-day [[Kerala]]. He founded the Ananda Maha Sabha in 1918. He proposed Anandadarsam or Anandamadham (religion of bliss).<ref>''Journal of Indian history'', University of Kerela Press, 2001, p. 270.</ref>

He was titled "Brahmananda Swamikal", recognising his spiritual and literary knowledge by [[Ayyathan Gopalan]], a social reformer and propagandist of [[Brahmo Samaj]] in Kerala and founder of Sugunavardhini movement. Mentor of Swami Sivayogi, and as an honor for writing a poem ''Brahmasankeerthanam'' (to be sung during [[Brahmoism|Brahmo prayer meetings]]) on the request of Gopalan and all Brahmosamajists of Malabar, and also for extending his untiring services done through Brahmo Samaj. He started Sidhdhasramam in Alathur on 1891. He propounded the theory that anandam (happiness or bliss) should be the touchstone of any human activity. The movement he spearheaded played an important role in the [[Kerala reformation movement]].

== Early life ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
Brahmananda Sivayogi was born on 26 August 1852 at Kollankode, a small village in [[Palakkad district]] of Kerala. He was the ninth son of Nani Amma of "Karatt" family and Kunhikrishna Menon of Kunnath Ravunnyarath at Vallengi. He had nine brothers and one sister. In his childhood, Brahmananda Sivayogi was called Govindankutty. His mother was a devout Nair lady who strictly followed the tenets of religion. He lived in his matrilineal house along with his parents as per the existing custom of matrilineal families. His parents and other family members naturally influenced him towards conservatism. Govindankutty accepted all the traditional life of a Nair boy. He visited temples, worshipped individual Gods, involved in prayers, offerings and other religious customs. He was sent to a nearby school, the Kollankode Board Elementary School. Several changes had occurred in the field of education in Kerala during this time. But majority were unaware of the importance of English education. Sanskrit scholars were respected everywhere. The students usually had gone to the residence of Sanskrit scholars to master the language. The well-known scholar Padmanabha Sastri was the Sanskrit Guru who gave guidance to Govindankutty. His father Kunhikrishna Menon sent his son to Koodalloor Sastrikal for higher course in Sanskrit. He studied grammar, poetry and poetics from his guru. His grasping power was extraordinary. He had expressed his poetic genius during this time. By this time he became well versed in Hindu scriptures and Tamil language. There was nothing spectacular or any sign of his later beliefs of rationalism or atheism in his early life or childhood.

After his Sanskrit studies, Karat Govinda Menon moved to [[Ernakulam]] and joined there as a [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit teacher]]. His short stay at Ernakulam and acquaintance with a lot of people having different cultures broadened his outlook. He was greatly influenced by the non-idolatry and atheistic principles of [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]] and [[Brahmo Samaj]], His attitude towards God, religion and tradition was undergoing a slow change by then.

Accordingly, he married Thavukutty Amma of Mukkil Maruthur at Vadavannur. He had to look after his own family and started his career as a Sanskrit Munshi at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] Native High School which is now known as Ganapat High School, his stay at [[Kozhikode]] was a turning point in his life. During this time a branch of Brahmo Samaj was functioning at [[Kozhikode]] which was an organisation for social reforms, led by [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]], a great social reformer of Kerala during those times. Govinda Menon participated in the discussions organised in [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmasamajam]]. He was a frequent visitor at [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmasamajam]] and wrote the book ''Brahmasankeerthanam'' on the request of Dr. Gopalan and Brahmosamajists of Malabar. [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]] honored him as "Brahmananda Swami" recognising his spiritual and literary knowledge. He had the opportunity to listen to their discourses. It naturally enriched his knowledge. Their rejection of the practice of idol worship influenced him considerably. He also got proficient in English during the stay at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. He learnt that caste was an unwanted social institution which was potentially harmful. He slowly emerged from the traditional Hindu society. Philosophically he moved away from the Hindu fold. He resigned from [[Kozhikode|Calicut school]] and joined Board Middle School at Alathur as Sanskrit Munshi. By then he was widely recognised by the name "Brahmananda Swamikal".

== Social reform activities ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
Gradually he started practising Rajayoga. During this time, he embraced saintly life and attire completely, he named his residence at Alathur as Siddhashrama. Sivayogi stopped his teaching profession in 1907 and devoted entirely to the activities concerned with his spiritual mission. He established a spiritual institution named Siddhasrama in 1907 at Alathur. Brahmananda Sivayogi's revolutionary activities were accelerated after he settled down at Alathur. He started Anandamatham (Religion of Bliss) and made a tour in some parts of Kerala to propagate the ideals of Ananda matham‘ and carried on a consistent struggle against the anti socio-religious practices. His wife Thavukuttyamma became his true disciple and got the title as Yoginimatha.

Brahmananda sivayogi was the one who titled [[Vagbhatananda|V.K.Gurikkal]] as [[Vagbhatananda]] seeing his oratorial abilities. As a social reformer, Brahmananda Sivayogi never appeared in stages and addressed huge masses. His main intention was to enlighten the people and teach them to liberate themselves from superstitions and ignorance. Even though he was a Sanskrit scholar, he preferred simple Malayalam, the vernacular language, to make the common people aware of their real status in the society. Brahmananda Sivayogi believes that superstitions and evil customs influenced the common people due to their ignorance of Rajayoga. The religious rivalry and misery can be put to an end by the knowledge that the original universal religion of mankind is "Ananda" alone. Under the leadership of direct disciples of Sivayogi like V.K.Kombi Achan, Sivaramakrishna Iyer, G.Krishna Iyer, T.K.P.Anandayogi, C.Kannan Nair, Sooryanarayana Sharma, P.A.Anandan, [[Vagbhatananda]], N.K.Anandan, Adv. Rama Varier started propaganda of Sivayogi's principles.

Like all renaissance leaders, he emphasized the importance education especially that of women education. Sivayogi brought and read many scholarly authoritative texts. He learned and interpreted the Sanskrit texts and borrowed important passages to highlight and cement his ideology. The authoritative truths he proved, with examples and logic viz., the triumph of eternal bliss, real happiness is the peacefulness of the mind, the prime victory is the victory over the mind, non-violence is the foremost form of righteousness, rites like sacrifices creates ignorance, happiness is innate etc. resulted in a denial of blindly followed principles and actions, and the formation of new progressive thoughts and principles. On its basis, the caste system, the practise of untouchability, idolatry, the temple oriented customs, animal sacrifice, superstitions, institutionalized religion, were opposed and the awareness that all men are equal was developed. As a rational intellect, he stood for the rescue of poor, neglected and ignorant lay man and elevated them to a universal brotherhood.

Swami Sivayogi died on 10 September 1929 at the age of 77.

==Books by swami==

===In Malayalam===
* ''Sivayoga Rahasyam'' – 1895
* ''Sthri Vidya Poshini'' – 1899
* ''Sidhanubhuthi'' – 1903
* ''Mokshapradeepam'' – 1905
* ''Anandakalpadrumam'' – 1905
* ''Ananda Suthram'' – 1910
* ''Rajayoga Parasyam'' – 1916
* ''Vigraharadhana Khandanam'' – 1916
* ''Ananda Vimanam'' – 1916
* ''Anandamatha Paraysyam'' – 1919
* ''Anandakkummi'' – 1920
* ''Ananda Ganam'' – 1923
* ''Anandadarsam'' – 1927
* ''Anandadarsam'' – 1928
* ''Jnanakummi''
* ''Pillathalolippu''
(Translation of most popular books are available in English, Hindi and Tamil.)

==Books about Swami==
* Biography of Brahmananda Sivayogi written by K Bheeman Nair "Asathyathil ninnu sathyathilekku"(അസത്യത്തിൽ നിന്ന് സത്യത്തിലേക്ക് )
* ''Biography of Brahmananda swami Sivayogy'' by A K Nair
* ''Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi'' by Pavanan
* ''Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi and His Selected Works'' by P.V. Gopalakrishnan

== See also (Social reformers of Kerala) ==
*[[Ayyathan Gopalan|Rao Sahib Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]]
*[[Vagbhatananda]]
* [[Mithavaadi Krishnan]]
* [[Moorkoth Kumaran]]
* [[Narayana Guru]]
* [[Padmanabhan Palpu]]
* [[Kumaran Asan]]
* [[Ayyankali]]
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]]
* [[Pandit Karuppan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi'' - Pavanan (Department of Cultural Publications, Government of Kerala, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] -14, Kerala)
* ''Kerala Navothanam - Oru Marxist Veekshanam'' - P. Govindappilla (Chintha Publishers, Thiruvananthapuram-695001)
* ''Saragrahi'' Monthly - Various issues

==External links==
* [http://sreyas.in/brahmananda-sivayogi Books of Sivayogi can be read online]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivayogi, Brahmananda Swami}}
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali Hindu saints]]

Swarathma

2026-01-16T15:29:34Z

Ferdaus: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian folk-fusion band}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Swarathma {{lang|kn|ಸ್ವರಾತ್ಮ}}
| background = group_or_band
| image = Swarathma 2017 Lineup.jpg
| image_size = 250
| landscape = Yes
| caption = Swarathma Press Photo 2017
| origin = [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]], India.
| genre = [[Indian folk music|Indian Folk]]/Fusion
| years_active = 2002 - present
| label = Independent
| website = https://www.swarathma.com
| current_members = Vasu Dixit K J Pavan Sanjeev Nayak Jishnu Dasgupta Varun Murali Joel Milan Baptist
| past_members = Abhinanth Kumar Arjun Dheeraj Joseph Montry Manuel
}}

'''Swarathma ([[Kannada]]:{{lang|kn|ಸ್ವರಾತ್ಮ}})''' is a [[Bangalore]] (India)-based [[Indian folk music|Indian Folk]]/[[fusion (music)|fusion]] band. The current line-up features Vasu Dixit (vocals and rhythm guitar), K J Pavan (percussion and vocals), Varun Murali (guitar and vocals), Sanjeev Nayak (violin and vocals), Jishnu Dasgupta (bass guitar and vocals) and Joel Milan Baptist (drums). The band's sound draws from [[Indian folk music|Indian Folk]] and [[Indian Classical Music|Classical Music]], blending it with Western sounds like [[Blues rock]] and [[Reggae]]. Their lyrics are inspired by personal journeys as well as social and political themes.

Swarathma has released two full-length studio albums, the self-titled ''Swarathma'' (2009) and ''Topiwalleh'' (2012) as well as several singles and music videos. They were featured on the cover of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's [[Indian rock|India]] edition as well on their list of 25 Hottest Indian Bands.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/swarathma-25-hottest-bands/
|title=Swarathma
|date=10 March 2010
|accessdate=31 March 2015
|publisher=Rolling Stone India
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/swarathma-working-class-heroes-3//
|title=Working Class Heroes
|date=15 May 2012
|accessdate=31 March 2015
|publisher=Rolling Stone India
}}
</ref> They swept the annual [[Jack Daniel's|Jack Daniels]] Indian Rock Awards 2009, winning Band, Song and Album of the Year.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/swarathma-sweeps-jd-rock-awards-2010
|title=Swarathma sweeps JD Rock Awards 2010
|date=6 February 2010
|accessdate=31 March 2015
|publisher=RadioandMusic
}}
</ref> They have toured [[Morocco]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Australia]] and [[Singapore]] and are one of India's biggest folk rock bands.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/swarathma-launches-second-album-topiwalleh/
|title=SWARATHMA LAUNCHES SECOND ALBUM TOPIWALLEH
|work=This Week Bangalore
|date=16 May 2012
|accessdate=31 March 2015
|publisher=ThisWeekBangalore
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.oklisten.com/swarathma
|title=Swarathma
|date=16 May 2012
|accessdate=31 March 2015
|publisher=OKLISTEN.com
}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/features/160118-most-popular-fusion-bands-india|title=Most popular fusion bands in India|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>

==History==

===Formation and early years===
Swarathma was formed in 2002 in [[Mysore]] when vocalist and songwriter Vasu Dixit met Abhinanth Kumar on guitars with the objective of creating original music. Joined by K J Pavan on percussions and Arjun on the violin, they were the original line-up. Dixit left in 2003 to pursue a Masters in Film and Video Communication from the [[National Institute of Design]], [[Ahmedabad]], leading to the band taking a two-year break, but regrouped in 2006 with Montry Manuel on drums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmusictalks.com/Swarathma.html |title=Folk Fusion like never before! |date=20 September 2009 |access-date=18 October 2009 |publisher=Indian Music Industry Newsletter |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004115/http://www.indianmusictalks.com/Swarathma.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 }}
</ref>
[[File:Vasu Dixit.jpg|Vasu Dixit is the lead singer of Swarathma performing in a concert at New Delhi|thumb]]
The first break for Swarathma came when they won ''Radio City Live 2006'', an [[SMS]] based contest for Bangalore's best band, conducted by the FM radio station [[Radio City (India radio station)|Radio City]] on 30 September 2006.<ref>

{{cite web
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/mar202006/metromon1328102006319.asp
|title=City Quakes to Rock Waves
|date=20 March 2006
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=Deccan Herald
}}
</ref> The fresh original sound of the band won them the contest coupled with the fact that they played a song ''"Ee Bhoomi"'' (This Earth) in [[Kannada]]. The show ended with a jam session with leading Indian rock band [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]]. Swarathma continued to play shows in and around Bangalore, gaining popularity and building a fan-base, while searching for a record label who would release the band's music.

Owing to other professional commitments, Abhinanth, Arjun and guitar-player Dheeraj Joseph could not continue full-time with the band. Over the year 2007, they were joined by Sanjeev Nayak on the Violin, Varun on lead guitar and Jishnu Dasgupta<ref>

{{cite journal
| last = Mehrotra
| first = Palash
| title = Underground Pleasure
| journal=Rolling Stone India
| volume = 1
| pages = 26
| url = http://www.rollingstone-india.com
|date=March 2008}}
</ref> on bass guitar who earlier played with the band bodhiTree, from [[XLRI]] Jamshedpur.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.jammag.com/rock/show_rock.php?article_id=66
|title = bodhiTree
|access-date = 20 March 2008
|publisher = Jam Magazine
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080313060048/http://www.jammag.com/rock/show_rock.php?article_id=66
|archive-date = 13 March 2008
|url-status = dead}}
</ref> The varying musical backgrounds of the members caused the music to evolve.

The new line-up played at various venues including the prestigious [[Mysore Dasara|Mysore Yuva Dasara Habba]],<ref>

{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/12/stories/2007101250170200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013052429/http://hindu.com/2007/10/12/stories/2007101250170200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 October 2007
|title=Talent from Mysore to rock Yuva Dasara on Monday
|date=12 October 2007
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}
</ref> the celebrations of the Indian festival Dasara in November 2007. Sharing the stage with other noted artistes like [[Usha Uthup]], and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<ref>

{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/04/stories/2007100457140300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026131737/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/04/stories/2007100457140300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=26 October 2012
|title=Mysore ready to host Dasara festivities
|date=4 October 2007
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}

</ref> the band was lauded for the strength of the compositions and on-stage energy.

[[Image:Sanjeev Nayak and Vasu Dixit of Swarathma.JPG|180px|right|thumbnail|Sanjeev Nayak and Vasu Dixit at Fireflies Festival 2008]]
The band was nominated in three of the eight categories of the Jack Daniels Indian Rock Awards<ref>

{{cite web
|url=https://im.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/06rock.htm
|title=Indian Rock: Coming of Age?
|date=6 March 2007
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=Rediff News
}}

</ref> 2008, including Best Vocalist, Best Song and Best Album/EP.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.india.musicballroom.com/Alternative/Indian_Rock_Awards_2008/
|title = Indian Rock Awards, 2008
|date = 13 February 2008
|access-date = 20 March 2008
|publisher = Music Ballroom
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080401112508/http://www.india.musicballroom.com/Alternative/Indian_Rock_Awards_2008/
|archive-date = 1 April 2008
|url-status = dead}}
</ref>

This was the first time that a song in Kannada was nominated for such an award.

Swarathma also played at the [[Fireflies Festival of Sacred Music]] held off Kanakapura Road in Bangalore every year on 23 February 2008. They featured alongside artistes such as [[Bonnie Chakraborty|Oikotyaan]] in the night long festival.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://worldmusiccentral.org/article.php/fireflies_festival_of_music_bangalore_08
|title = Fireflies Festival of Music February 23rd, A Dusk to Dawn Music Festival
|date = 19 February 2008
|access-date = 20 March 2008
|publisher = World Music Central
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517214419/http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/article.php/fireflies_festival_of_music_bangalore_08
|archive-date = 17 May 2008
|url-status = dead}}
</ref>

===The Swarathma debut album: breaking into the national scene===
[[Image:Vasu Dixit and Jishnu of Swarathma.JPG|250px|left|thumbnail|Vasu, his steed and Jishnu]]

In early 2008, [[Radio City (India radio station)|Radio City]] re-launched ''Radio City Live'',<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://rclive.radiocity.in/
|title=RC Live
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=Radio City
}}
</ref> a nationwide hunt for India's best [[Hindi]] band.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k8/jan/janmam87.php
|title=Radio City launches RC Live to search for India's best Hindi band
|date=30 January 2008
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=Indiantelevision.com
}}
</ref> Selecting from over 100 entries from bands across India, Swarathma made it to the national finals with a winning performance.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k8/feb/febrel60.php
|title=Swarathma and Ek are RC Live's Bangalore Regional Finalists
|date=24 February 2008
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=Indiantelevision.com
}}
</ref><ref>

{{cite web
|url=https://www.agencyfaqs.com/perl/media/media_newslets/index.html?id=30365
|title=Swarathma and Ek are RC Live's Bangalore Regional Finalists
|date=24 February 2008
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=AgencyFAQs
}}

</ref>

The band flew to New Delhi for its first show outside [[Karnataka]] at the [[Garden of Five Senses]]. Pitted against six other top bands from across the country, Swarathma delivered a powerful performance that won them the Radio City Live title.<ref>

{{cite web
|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/indiaabroad/20080307/r_t_ians_en_bwd/ten-crowned-best-hindi-band-swarathma-fo-aaba444.html
|title=Crowned best Hindi band, Swarathma focussing on first album
|date=7 March 2008
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=Yahoo India News
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}

</ref> In press interviews the band said that it was a combination of theatric showmanship and musical effort that brought them this honour.,<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/03/14/stories/2008031450370400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318184259/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/03/14/stories/2008031450370400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=18 March 2008
|title=Uncertain, with Reason
|date=14 March 2008
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
}}

</ref> coupled with the fact that the onstage energy came from close relationships that band-members shared amongst themselves.<ref>

{{cite web
|url = http://www.radioandmusic.com/headlines/y2k8/mar/31mar/swarathma_interview.php
|title = Interview with Swarathma's Jishnu Dasgupta
|date = 31 March 2008
|access-date = 2 April 2008
|publisher = Radio And Music
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080512222522/http://www.radioandmusic.com/headlines/y2k8/mar/31mar/swarathma_interview.php
|archive-date = 12 May 2008
|url-status = dead}}

</ref> [[Palash Sen]] of [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]], one of the judges of the event said, "This is the moment we've all been eagerly been waiting for - Swarathma being declared India's best Hindi Band!".<ref>

{{cite web
|url=https://www.agencyfaqs.com/perl/media/media_newslets/index.html?id=30987
|title=Radio City 91.1 FM declares Swarathma winner of RC Live
|date=29 February 2008
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=AgencyFAQs
}}

</ref> This was one of the band's biggest moments.<ref>

{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/bollywood/20080307/102571.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310144842/http://www.indiaenews.com/bollywood/20080307/102571.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=10 March 2008
|title=Crowned best Hindi band, Swarathma focussing on first album
|date=7 March 2008
|accessdate=20 March 2008
|publisher=India eNews
}}
</ref>

Swarathma entered Kshitiz Studios, New Delhi in July 2008 to record their debut album with [[EMI|EMI Music India]] as part of winning RC Live<ref>

{{cite web
|url = http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IE120080308231334&Page=1&Title=Bangalore&Topic=0&
|title = Swarathma crowned best Hindi band
|date = 9 March 2008
|accessdate = 20 March 2008
|publisher = newindpress
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
</ref> with [[Amit Kilam]] as the producer. Being the drummer for Indian Ocean, a band that Swarathma had looked up to since formation, he was able to translate the band's vision onto the CD.<ref>

{{cite web
|url=http://www.dc-epaper.com/dc/dcc/2008/08/09/ArticleHtmls/09_08_2008_117_002.shtml
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20111005153447/http://www.dc-epaper.com/dc/dcc/2008/08/09/ArticleHtmls/09_08_2008_117_002.shtml
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=5 October 2011
|title=In Studio with Swarathma
|date=8 August 2008
|access-date=7 September 2008
|publisher=Asian Age
}}
</ref> However the recording took longer than expected with vocal parts being re-recorded in Bangalore over November 2008. It was mixed at Audio Track, Chennai and mastered by Ty Degroff at The Final Sound, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

The debut album released on 5 January 2009 on Virgin Records to mostly positive reviews.<ref>

{{cite journal
| last = James
| first = Bobin
| title = Folking it Up
| journal=Rolling Stone India
| volume = 11
| pages = 113
| url = http://www.rollingstone-india.com
|date=February 2009}}
</ref> The freshness of sound coupled with insightful, sensitive lyrics touching upon subjects as varied as India's economic regeneration and personal journeys made Rolling Stone magazine give it four stars and describe it as "the next level" of Indian rock.<ref>
{{cite journal
| last = Mehrotra
| first = Palash
| title = Folking it Up
| journal=Rolling Stone India
| volume = 11
| pages = 80
| url = http://www.rollingstone-india.com
|date=February 2009}}
</ref> The band supported the album with an aggressive tour schedule playing at major Indian cities, despite a freak accident leading to Vasu's shoulder dislocation.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indiecision.com/2009/01/10/swarathma-on-tour-day-2-2/
|title = Swarathma on Tour: Day 2 – The 'Once in a Blue Moon' Show
|date = 10 January 2009
|access-date = 18 October 2009
|publisher = Indiecision Music Magazine
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090918191211/http://www.indiecision.com/2009/01/10/swarathma-on-tour-day-2-2/
|archive-date = 18 September 2009
|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Soundpad album and international acclaim===
In March 2008, Swarathma were chosen as one of the four Indian acts to be part of the India Soundpad Sessions, a project bringing together emerging artistes from India and UK's top producer [[John Leckie]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/08/11/stories/2008081151290300.htm
|title = The Spirited Six
|date = 7 August 2008
|access-date = 7 September 2008
|work = The Hindu
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603010757/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/08/11/stories/2008081151290300.htm
|archive-date = 3 June 2009
|url-status = usurped}}</ref> to collaborate and record together in a series of special studio sessions set to take place in India. Leckie was impressed by the band's brand of folk-infused indie-rock describing it as "celebratory, and totally unlike anything you would get in Britain".<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.dailymusicguide.com/Interviews/john-leckie-india-soundpad-26052009-1816.aspx
|title = John Leckie
|date = 26 May 2008
|access-date = 18 October 2008
|publisher = The Daily Music Guide
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090608075825/http://www.dailymusicguide.com/Interviews/john-leckie-india-soundpad-26052009-1816.aspx
|archive-date = 8 June 2009}}
</ref> In October 2008, Swarathma entered the Yash Raj Studios with John Leckie and [[Massive Attack]] producer Dan Austin to record two tracks for a compilation album funded by the [[British Council]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/sound-impact/377790/
|title = Sound Impact
|date = 25 October 2008
|access-date = 28 October 2008
|publisher = ExpressIndia.com
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151552/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/sound-impact/377790/
|archive-date = 14 September 2012
|url-status = dead}}
</ref> {{Quote box
| quote = ''It’s raucous, it’s fun, and even with the obvious language gap, songs like "Yeshu, Allah aur Krishna" are blindingly infectious... only terminal depression could make you ignore the sheer good vibes emanating from Swarathma. ''
| source = Rebecca McCormick, Tasty Fanzine, UK on Swarathma's tracks on the Soundpad album<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tastyfanzine.org.uk/albums87jun09.htm#Soundpad
|title=Soundpad
|date=1 June 2009
|accessdate=18 October 2009
|publisher=Tasty Fanzine, UK}}</ref>
| width = 27%
| align = left
}}The project also featured Indigo Children, Medusa and Advaita in an effort to showcase the Indian independent music scene. The album released in May 2009 to mixed reviews, however Swarathma received consistently positive feedback owing to the infectious live energy apparent on the recordings.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.rollingstone-india.com/review/reviewdetails.php?reviewid=380
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715200543/http://www.rollingstone-india.com/review/reviewdetails.php?reviewid=380
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 15 July 2011
|title = Soundpad
|date = 1 May 2009
|accessdate = 18 October 2009
|publisher = Rolling Stone Magazine}}
</ref> In October 2009, the song "Jamba" from this compilation was picked up by the Music Alliance Pact featuring the top indie songs from 33 countries.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indiecision.com/2009/09/16/music-alliance-pact-september-2009/
|title = Music Alliance Pact September 2009
|date = 1 September 2009
|access-date = 18 October 2009
|publisher = Indiecision Music Magazine
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090926075847/http://www.indiecision.com/2009/09/16/music-alliance-pact-september-2009/
|archive-date = 26 September 2009
|url-status = dead}}</ref>

In May 2009 Swarathma went on a mini-tour of the UK in support of the Soundpad album, their first international tour.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8053478.stm
|title=High hopes for India's rock scene
|date=20 May 2009
|accessdate=18 October 2009
|work=BBC News
|first=Ian
|last=Youngs
}}
</ref> They played two showcases at [[The Great Escape Festival]], one at The Arc and the other at Horatio's Bar on the Brighton Pier<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.4ortherecord.com/India-Soundpad-At-The-Great-Escape.html
|title = India Soundpad, At The Great Escape, Interview with Swarathma
|date = 20 May 2009
|access-date = 18 October 2009
|publisher = 4 The Record Magazine
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091018042123/http://www.4ortherecord.com/India-Soundpad-At-The-Great-Escape.html
|archive-date = 18 October 2009}}
</ref> where they managed to get the largely British crowd sing along to Indian lyrics.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www3.timeoutny.com/newyork/thevolume/2009/05/the-great-escape-2009-nyc-bands-go-to-the-british-seaside/
|title = The Great Escape 2009: NYC bands go to the British seaside
|date = 18 May 2009
|access-date = 18 October 2009
|publisher = TimeOut Magazine, New York
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091107094853/http://www3.timeoutny.com/newyork/thevolume/2009/05/the-great-escape-2009-nyc-bands-go-to-the-british-seaside/
|archive-date = 7 November 2009
|url-status = dead}}
</ref> Those exposed to Swarathma's theatrics-heavy stage act described it variously influenced by [[krautrock]], [[garage punk]] and ska while reaffirming its earthy appeal.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=59983142&blogId=489977564
|title = Beyond the invisible arch part 1 (Great Escape and more, 13-15/5)
|date = 18 May 2009
|access-date = 18 October 2009
|publisher = Up The Down Escalator: Music Blog
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121203220904/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=59983142&blogId=489977564
|archive-date = 3 December 2012
|url-status = dead}}
</ref>

=== ''Topiwalleh'' (2012) ===
With a slew of new songs written over the years Swarathma went into studios with producer [[Loy Mendonsa]] to record its second album titled ''Topiwalleh.'' The album featured darker overtones and a heavier sound {{Quote box
| quote = ''The band has not looked back since, wowing the audience with their spectacular Indian folk inspired stage show, their sound and their singing in mix of languages including Hindi, Kannada and English''
| source = Lalitha Suhasini, Rolling Stone India, on the Topiwalleh album<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/swarathma-working-class-heroes-3/
|title=Working Class Heroes
|date=15 May 2012
|accessdate=4 November 2016
|publisher=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
| align = left
| width = 27%
}}that was positively received. The title song was actively used by the band to speak out against corruption in politics while other songs like ''<nowiki/>'Aaj ki Taaza Fikar'<nowiki/>'' and '<nowiki/>''Ghum'<nowiki/>'' spoke about issues like media [[sensationalism]] and child sexual abuse. The band heavily toured with the album winning critical and popular acclaim across the country. Upon the release the band was featured on the cover of [[Rolling Stone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/swarathma-working-class-heroes-3/|title=Swarathma: Working Class Heroes - {{!}} Rolling Stone India|website=rollingstoneindia.com|date=15 May 2012 |access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref> Following the release drummer Montry Manuel left the band to pursue his solo percussion project Thaalavattam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Can-the-Indian-Ocean-band-survive/articleshow/20573401.cms|title=Can the Indian Ocean band survive? - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>

==Social consciousness and activism==

The band is socially conscious and have taken up causes such as discouraging the use of plastic<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=2009031620090316010626954599e5a39
|title = A Spirited Show from the Fusion Kings
|date = 16 March 2009
|access-date = 22 March 2009
|publisher = Bangalore Mirror
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707212854/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=10&contentid=2009031620090316010626954599e5a39
|archive-date = 7 July 2011
|url-status = dead}}</ref> by promoting cloth shopping bags made by Small Steps, a [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] based NGO.

In April 2009 they announced that they would be doing one free performance for the underprivileged, or for a cause, for every paid performance they did.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://demo.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Swarathma+comes+to+Chennai&artid=DPeGQhcriRA=&SectionID=lifojHIWDUU=&MainSectionID=wIcBMLGbUJI=&SectionName=rSY%7C6QYp3kQ=&SEO=
|title = Swarathma Comes to Chennai
|date = 1 April 2009
|accessdate = 18 October 2009
|publisher = Express Buzz
}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This has led them to play at village courtyards<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://swarathma.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/playing-for-the-village/
|title=Playing for the Village
|date=4 March 2009
|accessdate=18 October 2009
|publisher=Swarathma Blog}}
</ref> and orphanages<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://swarathma.wordpress.com/2009/03/19/the-loveliest-girls-in-the-world/
|title=The Loveliest Girls in the World
|date=19 March 2009
|accessdate=18 October 2009
|publisher=Swarathma Blog}}
</ref> as well as in aid of NGOs such as the [[Indian Youth Climate Network]] organised [[Climate Solutions Road Tour]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indiecision.com/2009/01/22/live-solar-punch-rosemary-swarathma-climate-solutions-bandra-amphitheatre/
|title = Live: Solar Punch, Rosemary, Swarathma @ Climate Solutions, Bandra Amphitheatre
|date = 22 January 2009
|access-date = 18 October 2009
|publisher = Indiecision Music Magazine
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100123161029/http://www.indiecision.com/2009/01/22/live-solar-punch-rosemary-swarathma-climate-solutions-bandra-amphitheatre/
|archive-date = 23 January 2010
|url-status = dead}}</ref> and the Twestival Bangalore<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-10/bangalore/28068810_1_bangalore-event-coordinator-twestivals-twitter-festival
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-10/bangalore/28068810_1_bangalore-event-coordinator-twestivals-twitter-festival
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=25 October 2012
|title=An offline Twitter affair, for a cause
|date=10 September 2009
|accessdate=18 October 2009
|first1=B Pradeep
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|last1=Nair}}
</ref> that raised INR 30,000 in one afternoon for Dream a Dream Foundation.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/podsandblogs/2009/09/better_living_through_twitter.shtml
|title=Better Living Through Twitter?
|date=17 September 2009
|accessdate=18 October 2009
|publisher=BBC Pods and Blogs}}
</ref> They also supported the Green Idol campaign of [[Greenpeace]] in India by doing street shows to raise awareness about [[global climate change]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://greenidol.in/node/65180
|title = Swarathma joins 'Greenidol' Bandwagon
|date = 27 June 2009
|access-date = 18 October 2009
|publisher = Green Idol
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090916094413/http://www.greenidol.in/node/65180
|archive-date = 16 September 2009
|url-status = dead}}
</ref>
In January 2010 they launched a series of concerts called Action Replay,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indiecision.com/2010/01/05/swarathma-start-action-replay-gig-series/
|title = Swarathma start action replay gig series
|date = 5 January 2010
|access-date = 9 January 2010
|publisher = Green Idol
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100108154007/http://www.indiecision.com/2010/01/05/swarathma-start-action-replay-gig-series/
|archive-date = 8 January 2010
|url-status = dead}}</ref> which involves performances at venues for people who otherwise cannot access live contemporary music. They performed at the Sumanahalli Leprosy Rehabilitation Centre in Bangalore to raise awareness of a land dispute.

==Collaborative musical style==
Swarathma is best known for a number of often spontaneous collaborations that they both release and perform live. Their song "Pyaasi" (The Thirsty) features the voice of [[Shubha Mudgal]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/2170-interview-vasu-dixit-music-bengaloored-movie|title="It's great to earn money from something you love": Navya P K - Citizen Matters, Bangalore News|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref> with whom they also went on to co-write the song 'Duur Kinara'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-creative-people-never-tune-out-shubha-mudgal-1627295|title=Creative people never tune out: Shubha Mudgal {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2011-12-18|newspaper=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref> They collaborated with Lebanese garage-blues act The Wanton Bishops to create a music video for their song 'Lay it on Me'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Swarathma-jams-with-The-Wanton-Bishops/articleshow/30658988.cms|title=Swarathma jams with The Wanton Bishops - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref> They re-versioned [[Ekla Chalo Re]], Rabindranath Tagore's iconic song.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/journeys-in-song/article6362983.ece|title=Journeys: in song|last=Bhattacharya|first=Budhaditya|date=2014-08-29|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref> They were a part of the global [[Power to the People (Basement Jaxx song)|Power to the People]] project, bringing their Indian folk style to the international collaboration. Various artistes joined the band as guests in performances, notably [[Saxophone|saxophonist]] David Moskowicz of [[Lyon]], France and [[Tavil]] player Raja of Bull Temple Road, Bangalore. Such varied instruments gave the band a sound unlike any other, while bringing together musicians from backgrounds so diverse that they could not converse with each other, not having a common language.<ref>

{{cite web
|url = http://citizenmatters.in/articles/view/61-musicians-sans-frontiers
|title = Musicians Sans Frontiers
|date = 24 January 2008
|access-date = 20 March 2008
|publisher = Citizenmatters.in
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130217222900/http://citizenmatters.in/articles/view/61-musicians-sans-frontiers
|archive-date = 17 February 2013
|url-status = dead}}
</ref> Noted Indian pop-rock singer [[Rabbi Shergill]] also joined Swarathma on stage at the Nokia Music Connects Conference in September 2009.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indiecision.com/2009/09/24/pics-advaita-swarathma-taj-lands-end/
|title = Pics: Advaita, Swarathma @ Taj Lands End
|date = 24 September 2008
|access-date = 18 October 2008
|publisher = Indiecision Music Magazine
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090926075356/http://www.indiecision.com/2009/09/24/pics-advaita-swarathma-taj-lands-end/
|archive-date = 26 September 2009
|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==TV appearances==
On 31 August 2008, Swarathma were featured in an [[NDTV India]] talk show called ''Salaam Zindagi'', that featured well-known Indian bands like Parikrama and [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]. Swarathma spoke of their journey and plans for the future.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/SZgallery4.asp?txtclr=&bgclr=&imgid=2394&img=5
|title = Life and Times of Bands
|date = September 2008
|access-date = 6 September 2008
|publisher = NDTV.com
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120221231148/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/SZgallery4.asp?txtclr=&bgclr=&imgid=2394&img=5
|archive-date = 21 February 2012
|url-status = dead}}
</ref>

In early October 2008, Swarathma travelled to [[Singapore]] to perform at a pan-Asian talent showcase called ''Sutasi''.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/swarathma-heads-singapore-sutasi
|title=Swarathma heads to Singapore for Sutasi
|date=1 October 2008
|accessdate=28 October 2008
|publisher=Radioandmusic.com
}}
</ref> Along with six other Indian acts, Swarathma shared the stage with bands, artists and songwriters from all over Asia.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/asian-age-plus/news-plus/mutual-admiration-ruled-at-sutasi.aspx
|title=Mutual Admiration ruled at Sutasi
|date=19 October 2008
|accessdate=28 October 2008
|publisher=The Asian Age}}
</ref> The reality series aired on Zee Cafe in India, and in Sri Lanka and South Korea in June–August 2009.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indiecision.com/2009/06/23/sutasi-to-be-broadcast-on-zee-cafe/
|title = Sutasi To Be Broadcast on Zee Cafe
|date = 23 June 2009
|access-date = 18 October 2009
|publisher = Indiecision Music Magazine
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903040823/http://www.indiecision.com/2009/06/23/sutasi-to-be-broadcast-on-zee-cafe/
|archive-date = 3 September 2009
|url-status = dead}}</ref>

On 27 November 2011, Swarathma featured in the 7th episode of the [[Star World India]] series ''[[The Dewarists]]'', collaborating with noted [[Hindustani classical music]] singer [[Shubha Mudgal]]. Together, they produced a track titled "Duur Kinara".

In August 2014, they were featured on Fox Life's ''SoundTrek'', season 2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bestmediainfo.com/2014/08/fox-life-is-back-with-soundtrek-2nd-season/|title=Fox Life is back with Soundtrek 2nd season {{!}} Best Media Info, News and Analysis on Indian Advertising, Marketing and Media Industry.|website=www.bestmediainfo.com|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>

In February 2016, the band was featured on ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'', season 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=65122|title=Royal Stag Barrel Select MTV Unplugged reaches Odisha capital Bhubaneswar with superlative Harshdeep Kaur, Odisha Current News, Odisha Latest Headlines|website=orissadiary.com|access-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105032023/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=65122|archive-date=5 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|www.swarathma.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091018042123/http://www.4ortherecord.com/India-Soundpad-At-The-Great-Escape.html Interview with Swarathma for www.4ortherecord.com]



{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}

[[Category:Folk rock groups]]
[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Karnataka]]

Airport metro station (Nagpur)

2026-01-09T14:27:23Z

Ferdaus:

{{distinguish|Airport South metro station (Nagpur)|New Airport metro station}}
{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{onesource|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Airport
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Orange}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Airport metro station (Nagpur).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = New Manish Nagar, Sonegaon, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440005
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.0863|79.0638|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] Platform-2 → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2019|03|08}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Orange|left=Ujjwal Nagar|to-left=Automotive Square|right=Airport South}}
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro North-South Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Airport''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in the city of [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra. The station serves the Sonegaon area of [[Nagpur]], and is linked by a feeder bus service to [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]]. It was opened to the public on 8 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nagpur Metro Flagged Off by PM Modi, to Open For Public on Women's Day |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nagpur-metro-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-to-open-for-public-on-womens-day-2059661.html |website=News18 |accessdate=25 November 2021}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Airport track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ujjwal Nagar}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Airport South}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]] '''Next Station:''' [[Airport South metro station (Nagpur)|Airport South]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] '''Next Station:''' [[Ujjwal Nagar metro station|Ujjwal Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
[[Category:Airport railway stations in India]]

Pincky Balhara

2026-01-03T14:57:29Z

Ferdaus: stub

{{short description|Indian Kurash wrestler and Judoka|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Pincky Balhara
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1998|10|20}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 164cm
| weight = 52kg
| country = India
| sport = [[Kurash]]
| spouse =
| event =
| collegeteam =
| universityteam = Delhi University
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics 2016 =
| highestranking =
| show-medals =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Kurash]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Beach Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2016 Asian Beach Games|2016 La Dang]] | [[Beach kurash at the 2016 Asian Beach Games|52 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]] | [[Kurash at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's 52 kg|52 kg]]}}
| updated = 28 August 2018
}}

'''Pincky Balhara''' is an Indian Kurash [[wrestler]] and [[Judoka]].

== Achievements ==
From 24 September to 3 October 2016, [[India at the 2016 Asian Beach Games|India]] competed in the [[2016 Asian Beach Games]]. The country's first medal was won by Balhara, a bronze medal in the 52 kg wrestling ([[kurash]]) event.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pincky bags India's first medal at Asian Beach Games |work=The Times of India. |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Pincky-bags-Indias-first-medal-at-Asian-Beach-Games/articleshow/54512428.cms |access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref>

At the [[2018 Asian Games]], in [[Jakarta]], Balhara won a 52 kg silver medal in Kurash.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Games: India win silver, bronze in Kurash|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/asian-games-india-win-silver-bronze-in-kurash/articleshow/65581064.cms|accessdate=28 August 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balhara, Pincky}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kurash practitioners at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kurash practitioners at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in kurash]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]

{{India-wrestling-bio-stub}}

Kurumba (tribe)

2025-12-23T01:32:14Z

Ferdaus: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Kurumba people (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Chingleput Ryots' case

2025-12-21T19:41:16Z

Ferdaus: started basic info more to come - done

{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
The '''Chingleput Ryots' Case''' was a prominent trial which took place in the [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput District]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] in [[India]] between 1881 and 1883. The action of the th [[M. E. Grant Duff]] provoked outrage all over the Presidency. Indian nationalists frequently cited the case as an example of the alleged unjust rule of the [[British Raj]].

== Origin ==

In May 1881, a group of ''[[ryots]]''s in the [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput district]] accused an Indian ''[[tahsildar]]'' of extortion and filed a case against him in a local court. The ''tahsildar'' tried to threaten the ''ryots'' with dire consequences and allegedly got the [[District Collector]] of Chingleput to prosecute them for [[perjury]]. However, the ''tahsildar'' was still convicted for tampering with official records and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment. The ''tahsildar'' filed a fresh appeal in the [[Madras High Court]] resulting in the reduction of the sentence from two to one year. Dissatisfied, the tahsildar appealed once again against the verdict. Though the Madras High Court refused to entertain a second appeal, the Governor of Madras intervened and issued an order on 31 May 1883 acquitting the tahsildar due to lack of evidence

{{blockquote|The Governor in Council, after considering the further opinions expressed by the Judges of the High Court in this peculiar case, has come to the conclusion that it will be most consistent with justice to give the accused the benefit of the doubt raised by the subsequent evidence, and he is accordingly pleased under Section 401, Code of Criminal Procedure, to remit the remainder of the sentence}}

The District Collector of Chingleput who had allegedly shielded the corrupt ''tahsildar'' later acted as the Revenue Secretary of the Government of Madras.

== Reaction ==

The Governor was heavily condemned and criticized by the Indian press for acquitting the corrupt ''tahsildar''. ''[[The Hindu]]'', which had supported the ''ryots'' throughout the trial and even collected money to fight the case on their behalf, charged him with allowing the affair "to cast dirt on the fair face of British Justice".<ref name="thehindu_willingtostrike">{{cite news|title=WILLING TO STRIKE AND NOT RELUCTANT TO WOUND|url=http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091300770200.htm|date=13 September 2003|author=S. Muthiah|work=[[The Hindu]]|authorlink=S. Muthiah}}</ref>

The incident was brought before the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] and [[John Eldon Gorst|Sir John Gorst]], the [[Under-Secretary of State for India]] was questioned by [[James Tuite]], the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[North Westmeath]] in February 1887.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

;Sources

* {{cite web|title=INDIA (MADRAS)—THE COLLECTOR OF CHINGLEPUT|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1887/feb/28/india-madras-the-collector-of-chingleput|date=28 February 1887|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}

[[Category:1881 in British India]]
[[Category:1882 in British India]]
[[Category:1883 in British India]]
[[Category:1881 in case law]]
[[Category:1882 in case law]]
[[Category:1883 in case law]]
[[Category:1880s trials]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]

Boleng

2025-12-21T18:29:10Z

Ferdaus: Updated entries and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<mapframe latitude="28.322477" longitude="94.954255" zoom="10" width="242" height="179" align="right">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
94.95208740234376,
28.323724553546015
]
}
}
]
}
</mapframe>{{Short description|Town in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
'''Boleng''' is a town in [[Siang district]], lying on the banks of Siang River in the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Amar|first1=Sangno|title=Tension over district headquarters simmers at Pangin-Boleng|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/archives/dec14%2002.html|publisher=The Arunachal Times|date=1 December 2014}}</ref> It is the headquarters of the newly created [[Siang district|Siang District]], which was bifurcated from West Siang and East Siang. It is located about 100&nbsp;km from [[Pasighat]], [[East Siang district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The district is named after the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], locally known as Siang.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 December 2018|title=Pema Khandu Declared the Formal Functioning of Siang District|work=Northeast Today|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/pema-khandu-declared-the-formal-functioning-of-siang-district/|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207113202/https://www.northeasttoday.in/pema-khandu-declared-the-formal-functioning-of-siang-district/|archive-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The people of Boleng celebrate a variety of festivals. Solung, Aran, Etor etc are important festivals here. Legend has it that Solung, which is the principal festival of the [[Adi people|Adis]], came into existence when the Goddess of Wealth, ''Kiine-Naane'' asked them in person to carry out the worship or 'puja'.

Solung is celebrated by the Adis for five days. The first day or the ''Solung Gidi Dogin'' is the day when they prepare for this event. ''Doreph Long'', the second day is the day of animal slaughters. ''Binnyat Binam'' or the third day is the day of prayers. ''Taktor of Ekoph'' is the fourth day and on this day arms and ammunition are manufactured. ''Miri'' or the fifth day is the day of farewell. The songs that are sung during Solung are the lyrics of ''Solung Abang'' that show the life of humans, animals, plants, etc. Solung is celebrated in the month of September.

Popular dances in Boleng include the ''Ponung'' dance and the war dance called ''Taapu''. Boleng is also ideal for adventure sports activities. The archaeological site of [[Malinithan]] (200 km) in the neighbouring West Siang district is linked to the legend of Lord Krishna and his wife Rukmini. The severed head of ''Sati'' (Parvati) is said to have fallen at [[Akashiganga Waterfalls|Akashiganga]] (100 km) according to ancient Hindu mythology.

== Languages ==
The main language spoken in the area is [[Adi language|Adi]]. Other languages include [[Hindi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], etc.

== Connectivity ==
The town is connected to [[Pasighat]] and Along by daily private sumo service. The nearest railway station is [[Murkongselek railway station]] in [[Dhemaji district]], [[Assam]].

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India|Census of India 2011]], Boleng had a population of 5,776. Males constitute 51.3% of the population and females 48.7%. Boleng has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 53.6%, and female literacy is 46.4%.
== Climate ==
{{Weather box|width = auto
|location = Boleng
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 26.8
| Feb record high C = 29.3
| Mar record high C = 33.3
| Apr record high C = 33.9
| May record high C = 36.2
| Jun record high C = 36.9
| Jul record high C = 37.1
| Aug record high C = 36.4
| Sep record high C = 36.4
| Oct record high C = 34.2
| Nov record high C = 30.4
| Dec record high C = 26.3
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 20.1
| Feb high C = 20.9
| Mar high C = 23.0
| Apr high C = 25.2
| May high C = 27.5
| Jun high C = 28.9
| Jul high C = 29.0
| Aug high C = 29.7
| Sep high C = 30.0
| Oct high C = 27.2
| Nov high C = 24.4
| Dec high C = 21.6
| year high C =
|Jan mean C = 15.8
|Feb mean C = 17.0
|Mar mean C = 19.3
|Apr mean C = 21.7
|May mean C = 24.2
|Jun mean C = 26.0
|Jul mean C = 26.4
|Aug mean C = 26.9
|Sep mean C = 26.1
|Oct mean C = 23.8
|Nov mean C = 20.3
|Dec mean C = 17.2
|year mean C =
| Jan low C = 11.2
| Feb low C = 12.9
| Mar low C = 15.6
| Apr low C = 18.3
| May low C = 21.0
| Jun low C = 23.6
| Jul low C = 24.4
| Aug low C = 24.6
| Sep low C = 23.6
| Oct low C = 20.5
| Nov low C = 15.9
| Dec low C = 12.4
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = 3.8
| Feb record low C = 4.9
| Mar record low C = 8.0
| Apr record low C = 10.1
| May record low C = 14.4
| Jun record low C = 18.9
| Jul record low C = 21.4
| Aug record low C = 20.7
| Sep record low C = 18.1
| Oct record low C = 12.7
| Nov record low C = 7.0
| Dec record low C = 3.9
| year record low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 69.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 147.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 355.9
| Apr precipitation mm = 558.3
| May precipitation mm = 561.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 583.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 552.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 395.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 415.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 162.7
| Nov precipitation mm = 37.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 30.6
| year precipitation mm =
|unit rain days = 2.5 mm
| Jan rain days = 5.5
| Feb rain days = 8.2
| Mar rain days = 13.8
| Apr rain days = 16.6
| May rain days = 18.9
| Jun rain days = 22.9
| Jul rain days = 24.2
| Aug rain days = 22.2
| Sep rain days = 18.0
| Oct rain days = 8.5
| Nov rain days = 2.6
| Dec rain days = 2.9
| year rain days =
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 71.9
| Feb humidity = 74.9
| Mar humidity = 77.2
| Apr humidity = 80.6
| May humidity = 83.9
| Jun humidity = 88.2
| Jul humidity = 89.8
| Aug humidity = 87.7
| Sep humidity = 85.7
| Oct humidity = 77.7
| Nov humidity = 72.6
| Dec humidity = 71.7
| year humidity =
| Jan dew point C = 10.3
| Feb dew point C = 12.1
| Mar dew point C = 14.8
| Apr dew point C = 18.0
| May dew point C = 21.1
| Jun dew point C = 23.7
| Jul dew point C = 24.5
| Aug dew point C = 24.6
| Sep dew point C = 23.3
| Oct dew point C = 19.4
| Nov dew point C = 14.8
| Dec dew point C = 11.6
| year dew point C =
| Jan sun = 279.3
| Feb sun = 246.4
| Mar sun = 257.4
| Apr sun = 252.2
| May sun = 269.2
| Jun sun = 229.0
| Jul sun = 203.0
| Aug sun = 240.6
| Sep sun = 242.4
| Oct sun = 288.6
| Nov sun = 273.7
| Dec sun = 274.9
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 85.0
| Feb percentsun = 78.0
| Mar percentsun = 69.0
| Apr percentsun = 65.0
| May percentsun = 64.0
| Jun percentsun = 55.0
| Jul percentsun = 48.0
| Aug percentsun = 59.0
| Sep percentsun = 66.0
| Oct percentsun = 81.0
| Nov percentsun = 85.0
| Dec percentsun = 85.0
| year percentsun =
| source 1 = Open-meteo.com Normals (1991-2020)<ref>https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api?start_date=1991-01-01&end_date=2019-12-31&hourly=&daily=temperature_2m_mean,temperature_2m_max,temperature_2m_min,daylight_duration,sunshine_duration,snowfall_sum,rain_sum,precipitation_sum,dew_point_2m_mean,relative_humidity_2m_mean,relative_humidity_2m_max,relative_humidity_2m_min&latitude=28.3341&longitude=94.9623</ref>
}}

== Gallery ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = BolengAirView2.jpg
| image2 = Boleng AirView1.jpg
| direction =
| align = center
| total_width = 600
| image3 = Boleng~2.jpg
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|28.335|94.961|display=title}}
[[Category:Siang district]]
{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}{{Arunachal Pradesh}}

Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha

2025-12-14T11:48:05Z

Ferdaus: small changes

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha
| abbreviation = ICS(SCS)
| party_logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
| founder = [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
| secretary =
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = 1984
| split = [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
| merged = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| successor =
| eci = Dissolved Party<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance =
| position =
| loksabha_seats =
| state_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
|
| states_govt_its_own =
| states_govt_with_coaliation =
| ideology =
|colours =
| headquarters =
| publication =
| symbol =[[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]]Wheel
| website =
}}

'''Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha''' (ICS(SCS)) was a [[political party]] in India between 1984 and 1999. The party was formed through a split in the [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]], and was led by former [[Assam]] Chief Minister (1971–78), [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]].

This faction merged with Sharad Pawar's [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in 1999.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun11/spotlite.htm tribuneindia...Spotlight]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Congress (Socialist) - Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
[[Category:1984 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Assam]]
[[Category:Defunct socialist parties in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1984]]

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{India-party-stub}}

Maharana Pratap

2025-11-25T22:51:46Z

Ferdaus: cleanup layout for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|Maharana of Mewar from 1572 to 1597}}
{{Other people|Pratap Singh|Pratap Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharana Pratap
| title = [[Maharana]] Mewari Rana
| image = File:Maharana Pratap By Surendra Singh Shaktawat.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Maharana Pratap by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
| succession = {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} 13th [[List of Ranas of Mewar|Rana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]
| reign = 28 February 1572 – 19 January 1597<ref name=brittanica>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rana-Pratap-Singh|title=Rana Pratap Singh – Indian ruler|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616003537/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rana-Pratap-Singh|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| coronation = 28 February 1572
| predecessor = [[Udai Singh II]]
| successor = [[Amar Singh I]]
| birth_date = {{birth-year|18 May 1540}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]]<ref name=brittanica /><ref>{{cite book |title=Ritual and Identity: Performative Practices as Effective Transformations of Social Reality |editor1-first=Klaus-Peter |editor1-last=Köpping |editor2-first=Bernhard |editor2-last=Leistle |editor3-first=Michael |editor3-last=Rudolph |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2006 |page=286 |isbn=978-3-82588-042-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkBh1Nl4dHwC&pg=PA286 |access-date=11 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412063214/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BkBh1Nl4dHwC&pg=PA286 |archive-date=12 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> (present day: [[Kumbhalgarh|Kumbhalgarh Fort]], [[Rajsamand District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1597|1|19|1540|5|9|df=yes}}<ref name=brittanica />
| death_place = [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]]<ref name=brittanica /> (Present day: Chavand, [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, India)
| queen = [[Ajabde]]
| spouse = 10<ref name="c9o">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/maharana-pratap-jayanti-know-the-real-life-story-of-the-brave-rajput-warrior-2174403.html|title=Maharana Pratap Jayanti: Know the Real-life Story of the brave Rajput warrior|website=News18|date=6 June 2019 |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nahar|2011|p=7}}{{Unbulleted list
|[[Phool Bai Rathore]]
|Solankhinpur Bai
|Champa Bai Jhala
|Jaso Bai Chauhan
|Alamde Bai Chauhan
|Asha Bai Khichar
|Shahmati Bai Hada
|Ratnawati Bai Parmar
|Lakhi Bai Solanki
|Amar Bai Rathore
}}
| issue = 22 (including [[Amar Singh I]] and Bhagwan Das) and 5 daughters<ref name="c9o" />
| full name = Maharana Pratap Singh Sisodia
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
| father = [[Udai Singh II]]
| mother = [[Jaiwanta Bai|Jaiwanta Bai Songara]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| regent = [[Bhamashah]] [[Man Singh Jhala|Jhala Man Singh]]
| reg-type = Ministers
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}
{{double image|left|10 Rupee commemorative coin of 475th Birth Anniversary of Maharana Pratap (front face).png|150|10 Rupee commemorative coin of 475th Birth Anniversary of Maharana Pratap (Back face).png|150|Front and back view of 10 Rupee commemorative coin, released on 2015. On the occasion of commemorating the 475th Birth Anniversary of Maharana Pratap.}}
'''Pratap Singh I''' (18 May 1540 – 19 January 1597), popularly known as '''Maharana Pratap''' ({{IPA|hi|məɦaːˈɾaːɳaː pɾəˈtaːp|IPA|audio=Maharana Pratap.ogg}}), was king of the [[Kingdom of Mewar]], in north-western India in the present-day state of [[Rajasthan]], from 1572 until his death in 1597. He is notable for leading the [[Rajput confederacy|Rajput]] resistance against the expansionist policy of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] including the [[battle of Haldighati]].

== Early life and accession ==
Maharana Pratap was born to [[Udai Singh II]] of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]] and [[Jaiwanta Bai]] in 1540, the year in which Udai Singh ascended to the throne after defeating [[Vanvir singh|Vanvir Singh]].{{sfn|Rana|2004|pp=28, 105}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=A History of Jaipur|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|isbn=978-8-12500-333-5|page=48|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Daryanani|first=Mohan B.|title=Who's who on Indian Stamps| year=1999|isbn=978-8-49311-010-9|page=302|publisher=Mohan B. Daryanani }}</ref> His younger brothers were [[Shakti Singh (16th century Indian noble)|Shakti Singh]], Vikram Singh and Jagmal Singh. Pratap also had two stepsisters: Chand Kanwar and Man Kanwar. His chief consort was [[Ajabde|Ajabde Bai Punwar]] of [[Bijolia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Rajendra Shankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHFuAAAAMAAJ|title=Maharana Pratap|date=2005|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-4339-4|language=en}}</ref> Their eldest son was [[Amar Singh I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Sri Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3twgPwAACAAJ|title=Maharana Pratap: A Biography|date=2002|publisher=Hope India Publ.|isbn=978-81-7871-005-1|language=en}}</ref> He belonged to the royal family of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharana Pratap & his times|first1=Gopi Nath|last1=Sharma|first2=M. N.|last2=Mathur|publisher=Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti|location=[[Udaipur State]]|page=29}}</ref> After the death of Udai Singh in 1572, Rani Dheer Bai Bhatiyani wanted her son [[Jagmal Singh|Jagmal]] to succeed him<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zExuAAAAMAAJ|title=Akbar|publisher=Vikas Publishers|year=1980|isbn=978-0-70691-076-6|location=[[University of Michigan]]|page=135}}</ref> but senior courtiers preferred Pratap, [[primogeniture|as the eldest son]], to be their king. The desire of the nobles prevailed and Pratap ascended the throne as Maharana Pratap, the 54th ruler of [[Mewar]] in the line of the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia Rajputs]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Augustus|1y=1890|1p=190|2a1=Rana|2y=2004|2p=17}} He was crowned in [[Gogunda]] on the auspicious day of [[Holi]]. Jagmal swore revenge and left for [[Ajmer]], to join the armies of Emperor [[Akbar]] who later gave him a portion of [[Sirohi state|Sirohi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/mughulempire00bhar/page/335/mode/1up?view=theater |title=History and Culture of the Indian People |publisher=Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan |year=1974 |volume=7 |publication-place=Bombay |page=335 |chapter=Hindu Resistance to Muslim Domination |quote=Uday Singh left twenty wives and twenty-five sons, of whom the eldest was Pratap Singh. Before his death, however, he nominated his ninth son Jagmal as his successor. Jagmal actually ascended the throne while Pratap and the other nobles went to perform the funeral rites of the deceased monarch. On their return, however, the nobles forced Jagmal to abdicate and offered the throne to the rightful successor, Pratap Singh, and he accepted it. Jagmal went to Ajmer, joined Akbar, and received a portion of Sirohi, but later died fighting with its rightful chieftain.}}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''Pratap Singh I'''|2. [[Udai Singh II]]|3. [[Jaiwanta Bai]]|4. [[Rana Sanga]]|5. [[Rani Karnavati|Karnavati Hada]]|6. Akheraj Chauhan|7. Jharna Bai|9. [[Rana Raimal]]|10. Ratan Jhali|11. Rao Nirbudh|12. Rani Bundi Sa|collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;}}

== Initial conflict with the Mughals ==

=== Background ===
[[Akbar]] initially favored diplomacy over direct conflict in his dealings with Maharana Pratap. Although Jagmal, Pratap's rival, sought Akbar’s support and had been named successor by his father, the emperor refrained from military intervention—largely due to ongoing unrest in [[Gujarat]]. Instead, Akbar dispatched several emissaries to negotiate with Pratap, including Jalal Khan, [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]], Raja Bhagwant das, and [[Todar Mal]]. However, all these attempts ended in failure. Pratap consistently resisted submission, either by making ambiguous promises or by declining to meet the envoys altogether. Rajput sources claim that Pratap even insulted [[Man Singh]] by avoiding a feast held in his honor, an account many modern historians consider exaggerated. The breakdown of negotiations likely stemmed from Akbar’s demands—such as personal attendance at the Mughal court, payment of tribute, political allegiance, or a matrimonial alliance—all of which were unacceptable to Pratap. By late 1573 A.D., it had become evident that a peaceful resolution was unlikely, and a military confrontation appeared inevitable.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |pages=221–224 |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Gopinath |last=Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526–1707 A.D.)|pages=88–91 |date=1954 |publisher=S.L. Agarwala |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=DeNapoli |first=Antoinette Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43GVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Real Sadhus Sing to God: Gender, Asceticism, and Vernacular Religion in Rajasthan |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-994002-8 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11856-0 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref>

Some scholars suggest that a key but often overlooked point of contention between Akbar and Maharana Pratap was an elephant named Ram Prasad. Historical sources such as [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni]] and [[Abul Fazl]] mention that Akbar had repeatedly requested this elephant from the Rana, but Pratap refused to surrender it. The elephant was eventually captured by the Mughal army during the Battle of Haldighati and brought to Akbar. Badauni even describes Ram Prasad as a subject of dispute. This incident has been interpreted by some historians as further evidence of Pratap’s unwillingness to submit to Mughal authority, casting doubt on claims that he ever sent his son Amar Singh or any proposal to Akbar’s court, as suggested by Abu'l-Fazl.<ref>{{cite book| last=Maujumdar|first=RC|title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 07, The Mughul Empire| year=1970| isbn=9788172765699| pages=382–383|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan }}</ref>

The conflicts between Pratap Singh and Akbar led to the Battle of [[Haldighati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeNapoli |first=Antoinette Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43GVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |title=Real Sadhus Sing to God: Gender, Asceticism, and Vernacular Religion in Rajasthan |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-994002-8 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11856-0 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref>

According to Indian Journal of Secularism, in his campaign to extend his empire, [[Akbar]] presented Rana Pratap with the rank of Panj Hazari (commander of an army of 5,000). Rana Pratap refused, demanding instead the rank of Dah Hazari (commander of an army of 10,000).leading to battle of haldighati.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Journal of Secularism: IJS : a Journal of Centre for Study of Society & Secularism |date=2006 |publisher=The Centre |pages=118 |language=en |quote=In the process of expanding his empire, Akbar had offered Rana Pratap the status of panj hazari (' head of five thousand soldiers') but the latter refused to accept this, demanding the post of dah hazari or head of ten thousand soldiers.}}</ref>{{dubious|reason=This claim is not supported by mainstream historians and relies on a questionable source.|date=June 2025}}{{self-published inline|date=June 2025}}

===Battle of Haldighati===
{{Main|Battle of Haldighati}}
The [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567-1568]] had led to the loss of the fertile eastern belt of Mewar to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. However, the rest of the wooded and hilly kingdom in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] range was still under the control of Maharana Pratap. Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] was intent on securing a stable route to Gujarat through Mewar; when Pratap Singh was crowned king (Maharana) in 1572, Akbar sent a number of envoys, including one by [[Raja Man Singh]] I of [[Amer, India|Amer]], entreating him to become a vassal like many other rulers in [[Rajputana]]. When Pratap refused to personally submit to Akbar and several attempts to diplomatically settle the issue failed, war became inevitable.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=75}}{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=119–120}}

The forces of Pratap Singh and Mughal and Rajput general Man Singh met on 18 June 1576 beyond a narrow mountain pass at [[Haldighati]] near [[Gogunda]], modern day [[Rajsamand]] in [[Rajasthan]]. This came to be known as the [[battle of Haldighati]]. Pratap Singh fielded a force of around 3000 cavalry and 400 Bhil archers. Man Singh commanded an army numbering around 10,000 men.{{sfn|de la Garza|2016|p=56|ps=One year later the Rajputs attempted a similar all-out charge at Haldighati. The result was an even more decisive Mughal victory.}}{{sfn|Raghavan|2018|p=67|ps=Although most of the other Rajput rulers soon entered the Mughal alliance system, the kingdom of Mewar continued its resistance. Udai Singh was followed by his son, Pratap Singh, whose continued opposition to Mughal expansion – despite military defeats, most notably in the battle of Haldighati in 1576...}}<ref name="sarsa" /> After a fierce battle lasting more than three hours, Pratap found himself wounded and the day lost. He managed to retreat to the hills and lived to fight another day.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=77–79}} The Mughals were victorious and inflicted significant casualties among the forces of Mewar but failed to capture Maharana Pratap.{{sfn|de la Garza|2016|p=56|ps=One year later the Rajputs attempted a similar all-out charge at Haldighati. The result was an even more decisive Mughal victory.}}{{sfn|Raghavan|2018|p=67|ps=Although most of the other Rajput rulers soon entered the Mughal alliance system, the kingdom of Mewar continued its resistance. Udai Singh was followed by his son, Pratap Singh, whose continued opposition to Mughal expansion – despite military defeats, most notably in the battle of Haldighati in 1576...}}<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=428|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|access-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rana Pratap was able to escape due to selfless devotion of chief of Jhala who drew upon himself the attack of armies by declaring himself to be Rana.<ref> An Advanced History of India by RC Majumdar </ref>

Haldighati was a futile victory for the Mughals, as they were unable to kill or capture Pratap, or any of his close family members in [[Udaipur]].{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=121–122}} While the sources also claim that Pratap was able to make a successful escape, Man Singh managed to conquer Gogunda within a week after Haldighati then ended his campaign. Subsequently, [[Akbar]] himself led a sustained campaign against the Rana in September 1576, and soon, [[Gogunda]], [[Udaipur]], and [[Kumbhalmer|Kumbhalgarh]] were all under Mughal control.{{Sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=121–122}}

=== Post-Haldighati Mughal invasions ===
[[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]] led multiple invasions that resulted in the subjugation of key areas in [[Mewar]], such as [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Mandalgarh]], [[Gogunda]], and Central [[Mewar]], bringing them permanently under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. The [[Mughal Empire]] established its supremacy in [[Mewar]] after Shahbaz Khan's invasions. This ultimately led to a significant weakening of Pratap's power, forcing him to seek shelter in his hilly abode.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10571 |title=Mewar and the mughal emperors |date=1954 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Co |pages=113}}</ref>

==Patronage of art==
Maharana Pratap's court at Chavand provided refuge to numerous poets, artists, writers, and artisans. During his reign, the Chavand school of art emerged and developed as a distinctive artistic tradition. His support for cultural activities is evidenced by the presence of notable figures such as the artist Nasiruddin in his court.<ref name="MP">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=Maharana Pratap: The Invincible Warrior |publisher=Juggernaut |year=2018 |isbn=9789386228963 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPYmvwEACAAJ&q=battle+of+dewair |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>

==Reconquest of Mewar==
Mughal pressure on Mewar relaxed after 1579 following rebellions in [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] and [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim|Mirza Hakim's]] incursion into the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. After this Akbar sent Jagannath Kachhwaha to invade Mewar in 1584. This time too Mewar army defeated Mughals and forced them to retreat. In 1585, Akbar moved to [[Lahore]] and remained there for the next twelve years watching the situation in the north-west. No major Mughal expedition was sent to Mewar during this period.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=122}} Taking advantage of the situation, Pratap recovered some of the Mughal occupied areas of Mewar and captured thirty-six Mughal outposts. Udaipur, Mohi, Gogunda, Mandal and Pandwara were some of the important areas that were recaptured during this conflict. According to the 1588 inscription near [[Jahazpur]], the Rana gave the lands of Pander to a trusted follower called Sadulnath Trivedi. G.N. Sharma claims that the Pander inscription is proof that the Rana had occupied north-eastern Mewar and was granting lands to those who had been loyal to him.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=122}}<ref name=GN>{{Cite book|first=GN|last=Sharma|title=Mewar and the Mughal Emperors: 1526-1707 A. D.|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1962|pages=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sQBAAAAMAAJ&q=thirtysix|quote=}}</ref> From 1585 till his death, the Rana had recovered a large part of Mewar. The citizens who had migrated out of Mewar started returning during this time. There was good monsoon which helped to revive the agriculture of Mewar. The economy also started getting better and trade in the area started increasing. The Rana was able to capture the territories around Chittor but could not fulfill his dream of capturing Chittor itself.<ref name=CP>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|pages=473–474|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20rima%20hooja}}</ref>

==Death==
Maharana Pratap reportedly died from injuries sustained in a hunting accident<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sri Ram |title=Maharana Pratap |year=2005 |isbn=978-8-17871-003-7 |page=91 |publisher=Hope India Publications}}</ref> at Chavand on 19 January 1597, at the age of 56.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=122}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=R.K. |last2=Bakshi |first2=S.R. |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages – The Heritage of Rajputs (Set of 5 Vols.) |year=2008 |isbn=978-8-17625-841-8 |page=46|publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref> He was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Amar Singh I]]. On his deathbed, Pratap is said to have instructed his son never to submit to the [[Mughals]] and to make efforts to reclaim [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Rana|1y=2004|1pp=77–79|2a1=Nahar|2y=2011|2pp=198–201}}

According to some accounts, the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] was deeply affected upon hearing the news of Maharana Pratap's death. The court poet [[Dursa Arha]] is said to have eulogised Pratap in the Mughal court as a mark of respect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.539416 |title=Veer Vinod (Maharana Amar Singh Avval–Pancham Prakaran)}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|Statue of Maharana Pratap in [[City Palace, Udaipur]].]]
Maharana Pratap is a prominent figure in both folk and contemporary [[Rajasthani culture]] and is viewed as a folk hero and celebrated warrior in [[Rajasthan|that state]], as well as in [[India]] as a whole.{{Sfn|Nahar|2011|p=1.2}}

Historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] notes –
{{Blockquote|
''"Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitute a glorious saga of Rajput valour and the spirit of self sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of guerrilla warfare was later elaborated further by [[Malik Ambar]], the Deccani general, and by [[Shivaji]]".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India |url=https://www.slideshare.net/princynavya/medieval-history-of-india-satish-chandra |publisher=National Council for Educational Training and Research |page=153 |date=1983 |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411051800/https://www.slideshare.net/princynavya/medieval-history-of-india-satish-chandra |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Year Book 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEEgEAAAQBAJ&q=rana+pratap+sporadic+warfare&pg=PA1980|last1 = Meena|first1 = R. P.}}</ref>''}}

Bandyopadhyay also seconds Satish Chandra's view with the observation that
{{Blockquote|
Pratap's successful defiance of Mughals using guerrilla strategy also proved inspirational to figures ranging from Shivaji to anti-British revolutionaries in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Brishti |title=Maharana Pratap: Mewar's Rebel King |date=2007 |publisher=Rupa Co |location=New Delhi}}</ref>}}

In 2007, a statue of Maharana Pratap was unveiled by former President [[Pratibha Patil]] in the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharana Pratap's statue unveiled |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/maharana-pratap-s-statue-unveiled/story-MLuPzzVCikZmx0KbPc3ZbO.html |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2007 |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
===Film and television===
* 1988–1989: ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', broadcast on [[Doordarshan]], where he was played by [[Puneet Issar]]
* 2012: ''[[Maharana Pratap: The First Freedom Fighter]]''
* 2013–2015: ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV serial)|Jodha Akbar]]'', broadcast on [[Zee TV]], where he was played by [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]]
* 2013–2015: ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', broadcast by [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]], where he was portrayed by [[Faisal Khan (actor)|Faisal Khan]] and [[Sharad Malhotra]]
* 2016: [[ABP News]] presented ''[[Bharatvarsh (TV series)|Bharatvarsha]]'', in which episode 8 showcased the story of Maharana Pratap.
* 2023: [[Deepraj Rana]] as Maharana Pratap in Webseries [[Taj: Divided by Blood]] on Zee5

== See also ==
{{Portal|Monarchy|History|Hinduism
}}
* [[Udaipur State]]
*[[Durgadas Rathore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longmans | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | year=1960 | pages=75–81 | isbn=9780861251551 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India (Part Two): From Sultanat to the Mughals|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|location=|pages=|language=en}}
*{{citation |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |title=Maharana Pratap |year=2004 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=9788128808258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0UnRk-rRa4C }}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mughulempire00bhar/page/n6/mode/2up|title=History and Culture of the Indian People|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1974|editor-last=Majumdar|editor-first=R. C.|editor-link=R. C. Majumdar|volume=VII |location=Bombay}}
*{{cite book|last=Augustus|first=Frederick|url=https://archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up|title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1)|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta|year=1890|translator=Annette Susannah Beveridge}}
* {{cite book|last=de la Garza|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=The Mughal Empire at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500–1605|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317245315}}
* {{cite book|title=Attendant Lords: Bairam Khan and Abdur Rahim, Courtiers and Poets in Mughal India|first=T.C.A.|last=Raghavan|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2018}}
*{{Cite book|last=Nahar|first=Vijay|title=हिंडुआ सूरज मेवाड़ रतन|publisher=Pinkcity Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-93-80522-45-6|location=[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]|pages=|language=hi|trans-title=Hindua Suraj Mewar Ratan|author-link=Vijay Nahar}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=Pratap Singh I|wikt=no|c=Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar|commonscat=yes|n=no|q=Maharana Pratap|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q2722956|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}}
* [http://www.mewarindia.com Official Website for the Royal Family of Udaipur]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[List of Ranas of Mewar|Rana of Mewar]]||18 May 1540||19 January 1597}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Udai Singh II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Rana of Mewar
|years=1572–1597}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Amar Singh I]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Udaipur}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap, Maharana}}
[[Category:Maharana Pratap| ]]
[[Category:1540 births|Singh, Pratap]]
[[Category:1597 deaths|Singh, Pratap]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

[[Category:Hunting accident deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Eastern Fleet (India)

2025-11-25T19:50:26Z

Ferdaus:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Eastern Fleet
|image=File:Eastern Fleet.png
|image_size= 250px
|caption=
|start_date=1 November 1971
|country= {{flag|India}}
|branch= {{navy|India}}
|type= [[Naval fleet|Fleet]]
|size=
|command_structure= [[Eastern Naval Command]]
|garrison=[[Visakhapatnam]]
|garrison_label= Headquarters
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|nickname= Sunrise Fleet<ref name="PIB-Sunrise">{{cite web |title=FLEET AWARDS FUNCTION - EASTERN NAVAL COMMAND Recognising Operational Achievements |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1728727 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|motto=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honors=
|commander1= [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Alok Ananda]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]
|commander1_label= [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet|FOCEF]]
|notable_commanders= Rear Admiral [[S H Sarma]], [[PVSM]]
|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
}}

The '''Eastern Fleet''' is a [[Naval fleet]] of the [[Indian Navy]]. It is known as the 'Sword Arm' of the [[Eastern Naval Command]] and called the ''Sunrise Fleet''.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Suraj Berry Assumes Charge as the Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-suraj-berry-assumes-charge-flag-officer-commanding-eastern-fleet |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="PIB-Sunrise" />
It is headquartered at [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] on the east coast of India. It is a part of the [[Eastern Naval Command]] and is responsible for the naval forces in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and parts of the [[Indian Ocean]].
[[File:File Photo of Eastern Fleet 1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The Eastern Fleet in 2016]]
The Eastern Fleet was constituted on 1 November 1971. The Fleet is commanded by a [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] with the title [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]] (FOCEF). [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Alok Ananda]] is the current FOCEF, who took over on 17 October 2025.
[[File:Indian Naval Ships Shivalik, Sahyadri, Jyoti and Kamorta of the Eastern Fleet manoeuvring in the Andaman Sea (2).jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Eastern Fleet manoeuvring in the Andaman Sea]]

==History==
After the [[independence of India|independence]] and the [[partition of India]] on 15 August 1947, the ships and personnel of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] were divided between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The division of the ships was on the basis of two-thirds of the fleet to India, one third to Pakistan.<ref>Bhatia (1977), p. 28: "Consequent on the partition of the country on 15 August 1947, two thirds of the undivided fleet and associated assets came to India."</ref>

The operational ships of the remaining [[Royal Indian Navy]], minus Pakistan, were initially placed under the command of the Commodore Commanding Indian Naval Squadron (COMINS), later the Rear-Admiral Commanding Indian Naval Squadron (RACINS), whose title was then changed to Flag Officer (Flotilla) Indian Fleet (FOFIF). These appointments were initially held by British officers: Commodore H.N.S. Brown, who was the Commanding Officer of {{INS|Delhi|C74}} and serving as COMINS, seemingly at the same time, and later, Commodore (later Rear Admiral) [[Geoffrey Barnard]] who became COMINS and later Rear-Admiral Commanding, INS.<ref name=BW8>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/chapter8.pdf|title=Blue Print to Blue Water: Chapter 8}}</ref> The Flotilla was later upgraded to the Indian Fleet under a Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet (FOCIF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/evolution-of-western-naval-command-1612-1968/|title=EVOLUTION OF WESTERN NAVAL COMMAND 1612 – 1968|first=Cmde Odakkal|last=Johnson|date=17 February 2016 }}</ref>
On the proclamation of a Republic in 1950, the 'Royal' title was dropped and the Navy became simply the Indian Navy. Barnard was succeeded by Rear Admiral N.V. ("Uncle Richard") Dickinson, Rear Admiral F.A. Ballance, and then the final British officer [[Rear Admiral]] [[St John Tyrwhitt]] as FOCIF.<ref name=BW8 /> In 1956, [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ram Dass Katari]] became the first Indian flag officer, and was appointed the first Indian FOCIF on 2 October, when he took over from Rear Admiral Tyrwhitt.{{Sfn|Singh|1992|pp=250}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Katari |first1=Ram Dass |title=A sailor remembers |year=1982 |publisher=Vikas |isbn=9780706920642}}</ref> (title alternately given as Flag Officer (Flotilla).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Galleries/History/Fore/Historic-40.jpg.html|title=Indian Navy | Rear Admiral R D Katari [www.bharat-rakshak.com]|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref> In 1957, {{INS|Mysore|C60}} was commissioned, and the flag of Rear Admiral Katari was transferred, INS Mysore thus becoming the flagship of the Indian Fleet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Satyindra |title=Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951-65 |date=1992 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-148-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PLeQ8sM06kC |language=en |page=80}}</ref>

On 1 March 1968, the [[Eastern Naval Command]] was established and the Indian Fleet was renamed as the Western Fleet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Jubilee Celebrations of ENC {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/golden-jubilee-celebrations-enc |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiranandani |first1=G M |title=Transition to triumph : history of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 |year=2000 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1897829721}}</ref> With the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] imminent, the Eastern Fleet was constituted on 1 November 1971. [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[S H Sarma]] was appointed the first [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]] (FOCEF).<ref>{{cite web |title=NAVY EASTERN FLEET FORMED ADM SARMA PLACED IN COMMAND |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1971-SEPT-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1971-11-18_085.pdf}}</ref>

==Indo-Pakistani War of 1971==
In mid 1971, The [[aircraft carrier]] {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}}, along with the frigates [[INS Brahmaputra (1957)|INS Brahmaputra]] and [[INS Beas (1958)|INS Beas]] were moved from the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] to the [[Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=Nilakanta |title=A Sailor's story |year=2011 |publisher=Punya Pub |isbn=978-8189534141}}</ref> Thus, INS Vikrant became the flagship of the Eastern Fleet.

According to [[Vice Admiral]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan]], the then Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Naval Command]] (FOC-in-C ENC), the aim of the Eastern fleet was:

''"To destroy the enemy's maritime forces deployed in support of his military operations in East Bengal and to deny all sustenance from reaching the enemy from the sea. This aim would involve keeping under the most careful surveillance the area of a triangle with a base of 270 miles and two sides of 165 and 225 miles, involving 18,000 square miles. Apart from actual surveillance, each merchant ship in this area would have to be challenged, identified and boarded. If neutral and carrying contraband, the ship would have to be escorted to the nearest Indian port. If Pakistani, she would be boarded, captured and taken in as a war prize. Ships that refused to stop would have to be forced to do so. The main task would be the isolation of Chittagong. This would mean physical attack on this port from the sea and the air. The responsibility for this, it had been agreed with the Army and Air Force would be, in the main, that of the Navy."''<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=N |title=A Sailor's story |year=2011 |publisher=Punya Pub |isbn=978-8189534141}}</ref>

According to Rear Admiral S H Sarma, the Fleet Commander, the tasks of the Eastern Fleet were:
* To seek and destroy enemy naval units at sea
* To destroy his bases so that enemy naval units could not get shore support
* To establish a blockade off the East Pakistani coast
* To establish contraband control <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarma |first1=S H |title=My years at sea |year=2001 |publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-8170621218 |pages=159–160}}</ref>

[[File:INS Vikrant (R11) with a Sea King helicopter during Indo-Pakistani war of 1971.jpg|thumb|right|300px|INS Vikrant with a Sea King helicopter during Indo-Pakistani war of 1971.jpg]]
[[File:INS Vikrant (R11) launches an Alize aircraft during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.jpg|thumb|right|300px|INS Vikrant launches an Alize aircraft during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]

===ORBAT===
The Order of Battle of the Eastern Fleet in 1971 was:<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Sarma |first1=S H |title=My years at sea |year=2001 |publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-8170621218 |pages=154}}</ref> 
'''Fleet Commander:''' [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[S H Sarma]], {{small|[[PVSM]]}}
* '''Flag Ship''' '''Aircraft Carrier''' {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} - [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Swaraj Parkash]], {{small|[[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], [[AVSM]]}}
'''Anti-Aircraft Frigates'''
* [[INS Brahmaputra (1957)|INS Brahmaputra]] - [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] JC Puri, {{small|[[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}}
* [[INS Beas (1958)|INS Beas]] - [[Commander]] [[Laxminarayan Ramdas|L Ramdas]], {{small|[[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]}}
'''Anti-Submarine Frigates'''
* [[INS Kamorta (P77)|INS Kamorta]] - [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Manohar Prahlad Awati|M P Awati]], {{small|[[Vir Chakra|VrC]]}}
* [[INS Kavaratti (P80)|INS Kavaratti]] - [[Commander]] Subir Pal {{small|[[Vir Chakra|VrC]]}}
'''Destroyer'''
* [[HMS Rotherham|INS Rajput]] - [[Lieutenant Commander]] Inder Singh, {{small|[[Vir Chakra|VrC]]}}
'''[[Landing Ship, Tank]]s'''
* [[INS Magar (1949)|INS Magar]] - [[Commander]] TN Singhal, {{small|[[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]}}
* [[INS Gharial (L12)|INS Gharial]] - [[Commander]] AK Sharma, {{small|[[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]}}
* [[INS Guldar (L13)|INS Guldar]] - [[Commander]] Utful Dabir, {{small|[[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]}}
'''Tanker'''
* INS Deshdeep - [[Commander]] C G Francis

The Eastern Fleet effectively blockaded the ports of [[East Pakistan]]. [[Bréguet 1050 Alizé|Alizé]] and [[Hawker Sea Hawk]] aircraft from the {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} and the ships of the fleet bombarded [[Chittagong]] and [[Cox's Bazar]].<ref name="auto1"/> The air strikes of INS Vikrant resulted in the sinking or rendering useless 11 merchant ships totalling 56914 tons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=Nilakanta |title=A Sailor's story |year=2011 |publisher=Punya Pub |isbn=978-8189534141|page=64}}</ref> The Eastern Fleet also enforced contraband control until tasked with an amphibious landing to cut off the land escape routes into Burma.<ref>{{cite book |title=Transition to guardianship : the Indian navy 1991-2000 |date=15 January 2010 |publisher=Published by Principal Director of Administration, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) [in association with] Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1935501268}}</ref>

On 11 December, the FOC-in-C ENC signalled the Eastern Fleet:

''"Appreciate enemy with senior officers including (Pakistani) FOCEF planning major breakout and will try to get away by hugging the coast. Senior officers may try to escape by air. Approaches to harbour likely to be mined.''

''"Your mission is:''
*(a) Put Chittagong airport out of commission.
*(b) Attack ships in harbour by air and surface units if they break out.
''This is undoubtedly the most important mission of the war in the East. The enemy ships must, I repeat, must, be destroyed. Good Luck."''''<ref name="auto"/>

After the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|surrender]] of [[Pakistan]] on 16 December 1971, the FOCEF was given the task of reopening and reactivating the [[Port of Chittagong]].

==Kargil War==
The [[Indian Navy]] launched Operation Talwar on 25 May 1999. The entire Western Fleet had sailed from [[Mumbai]] to the North Arabian Sea to increase surveillance and adopt a deterrent posture. Elements of the Eastern Fleet joined the Western Fleet in the Arabian Sea later. The joint Western and Eastern Fleets blockaded the [[:Category:Ports and harbours of Pakistan|Pakistani ports]] (primarily the [[Port of Karachi|Karachi port]]).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/CP65.Grare.FINAL.pdf|title=The Resurgence of Baluch nationalism|first=Frédéric |last=Grare|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]| access-date=20 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sea Power|url=http://www.forceindia.net/SeaPower.aspx|access-date=17 August 2013|newspaper=Force India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818112456/http://www.forceindia.net/SeaPower.aspx|archive-date=18 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Azam Khan|first=Cdr (Retd) Muhammad|title=Exercise Seaspark—2001|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/seaspark.htm|publisher=Defence Journal|access-date=17 August 2013|archive-date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216075557/http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/apr/seaspark.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy celebrates its silent Kargil victory|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/12113/report-indian-navy-celebrates-its-silent-kargil-victory|access-date=17 August 2013|newspaper=DNA India|date=30 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=General Ashok K Mehta|title=The silent sentinel|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05ashok.htm|access-date=17 August 2013|newspaper=Rediff|date=5 August 2005}}</ref> They began aggressive patrols and threatened to cut Pakistan's sea trade. This exploited Pakistan's dependence on sea-based oil and trade flows.<ref name=navy>{{cite news|title=The silent sentinel|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05ashok.htm|access-date=19 October 2014|date=5 August 1999|author=General Ashok K Mehta}}</ref> Later, then-[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full-scale war had broken out.<ref name = "Globalsecurity">{{cite web| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm|title=1999 Kargil Conflict|work=GlobalSecurity.org| access-date=20 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Bruce |last=Riedel|title=Avoiding Armageddon |date=2 May 2013 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn=978-9350299944 |url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/7days/story_16836328.jsp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203634/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/7days/story_16836328.jsp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lambeth|first=Benjamin|title=Airpower at 18,000': The Indian Air Force in the Kargil War|year=2012|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|page=54|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/kargil.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hiranandani|first=G. M.|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991–2000|year=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-1935501268|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2snz5Cfb0gC&q=a%20leander%20class%20frigate%20barrier&pg=PA1924}}</ref>

==Fleet Commander==
{{Main|Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet}}

The Eastern Fleet is commanded by a [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] with the title Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF), based at [[Visakhapatnam]].

==See also==
* [[Eastern Naval Command]]
* [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]
* [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1971]]
[[Category:Fleets of the Indian Navy]]

1600 in India

2025-11-22T18:49:47Z

Ferdaus: quick improve article for consistency and corrected details

{{short description|none}} 
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1600}}Events from the year '''1600 in India'''.

==Events==
* [[East India Company]] granted Royal Charter by [[Elizabeth I of England]] (ran until disestablishment in [[1874 in India|1874]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-IRAAAAYAAJ |title=United Service Magazine - and Naval and Military Journal (1875 - Part III) |date=1875 |publisher=Hursett and Blackett |location=London |page=148 (History of the Indian Navy) |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
* [[Dhamapur Dam]] opened<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhamapur D03651 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dhamapur_D03651 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413002616/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dhamapur_D03651 |archive-date=13 April 2013 |accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
: [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{india year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1600}}

[[Category:1600 in India| ]]
[[Category:1600 in Asia]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1600s in India]]
[[Category:1600 by country]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Chaitram Deochand Pawar

2025-10-23T08:42:17Z

Ferdaus: started a entry added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
[[File:The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Chaitram Deochand Pawar at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 28, 2025.jpg|thumb|The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Chaitram Deochand Pawar at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-I at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 28, 2025.]]
'''Chaitram Deochand Pawar''', also known as '''Chaitram Pawar''', is an Indian social worker from [[Maharashtra]], India. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award of India, in 2025 in the field of social work for his efforts in [[afforestation]], [[water conservation]], and [[wildlife conservation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-25 |title=Padma awards 2025 highlights: Vasudevan Nair gets Padma Vibhushan (posthumous), Sreejesh, Nandamuri Balakrishna and Ajith Kumar get Padma Bhushan, R. Ashwin gets Padma Shri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padma-awards-2025-live-updates-recipients/article69139742.ece |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards: Pankaj Udhas, Kumudini Lakhia among awardees |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/padma-awards-gujarats-lavji-parmar-suresh-soni-among-awardees |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en}}</ref> He is the president of Devgiri Kalyan Ashram, Dhule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari amends Tribal Rights Act; activists not happy with the move |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/maharashtra-governor-bhagat-singh-koshyari-amends-tribal-rights-act-activists-not-happy-with-the-move/articleshow/76088616.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He is from the [[Konkani people|Konkani]] tribe.

Pawar has led water and forest conservation efforts in the Bharipada village of Maharashtra’s [[Dhule district]], reportedly leading to construction of over 500 check dams and trenches, and improving the groundwater levels and irrigation in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Award: पद्मश्री पुरस्काराने सन्मानित कोण आहेत चैत्राम पवार ? |url=https://marathi.ndtv.com/maharashtra/padma-award-who-is-padmashri-awardee-chaitram-pawar-7558188 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=NDTV Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-05-27 |title=The Man Who Stopped a Drought: The Untold Story of Chaitram Pawar |url=https://www.thebrighterworld.com/detail/The-Man-Who-Stopped-a-Drought-The-Untold-Story-of-Chaitram-Pawar/ODUxMQ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=The Brighter World |language=en}}</ref> His efforts have also contributed to biodiversity conservation providing shelter to 8 endangered animal species and 48 bird species, and preserving 435 species of trees, creepers, and shrubs.<ref name=":0" />

He was felicitated with Sant Eshwer Vishisht Sewa Samman in 2019 from the Sant Eshwer foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitram Pawar |url=https://santeshwer.org/team/chaitram-pawar/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Sant Eshwer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Chaitram Deochand}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Conservationists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Shalimar Gardens, Delhi

2025-08-13T11:52:05Z

Ferdaus: added basic biography v1...

#REDIRECT [[Aurangzeb's Sheesh Mahal]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

India Songs

2025-07-28T20:05:06Z

Ferdaus: put up stub

{{short description|Weekly song chart in India published by Billboard}}
{{Update|date=July 2024}}

[[File:Billboard Logo 2013.svg|205px|right]]
The '''India Songs''' is a [[record chart]] in India for songs. It has been compiled by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' and Luminate since February 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> The chart is updated every Wednesday at Billboard website ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). The chart consists of 25 songs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |date=2022-02-14 |title=Billboard Expands International Footprint With 'Hits of the World' Charts |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/billboard-hits-of-the-world-weekly-chart-announcement-1235031189/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>

The first number-one song on the chart was "[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]" by [[Sid Sriram]] on the issue dated February 19, 2022.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs: Week of February 19, 2022 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-02-05/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Methodology ==
The chart tracks songs' performance from Friday to Thursday, and is made available on Tuesday morning. The chart includes 25 songs, ranked based on streaming data, and digital sales provided by [[MRC Data]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Billboard unveils 'Hits of the World' charts |url=https://theindustryobserver.thebrag.com/billboard-unveils-hits-of-the-world-charts/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=The Industry Observer |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Artist achievements==
===Most number-one singles===
{| class="wikitable sortable" 
|-
! Total songs !! Artist !! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| align="center" | 2 || [[Sidhu Moose Wala]] || align="center" |<ref name=":0" />
|}

===Most weeks at number one===
{| class="wikitable sortable" 
|-
! Total weeks !! Artist
|-
| align="center" | 32 || [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
|-
| align="center" | 9 || [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
| align="center" | 6 || [[Ananya Bhat]]
|-
| align="center" | 5 || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| align="center" | 2 || [[Kaala Bhairava]]
|}

===Most single-week entries===
{| class="wikitable sortable" 
|-
! Entries !! Artist !! Date !! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| June 18, 2022
| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-06-18/|access-date=2022-07-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5
| Sidhu Moose Wala
| June 11, 2022
| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-06-11/|access-date=2022-07-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4
| Sidhu Moose Wala
| July 2, 2022
| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-07-02/|access-date=2022-07-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| Sidhu Moose Wala
| June 25, 2022
| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-06-25/|access-date=2022-07-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Song milestones ==
=== Most weeks at number one ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! {{abbr|No.|Number}} of weeks
! Song
! Artist
! Release year
!Language
|-
| rowspan="3"| 11
| "295"
| [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| 2022
|Punjabi
|-
| "Mehbooba"
| [[Ananya Bhat]]
| 2022
|Kannada
|-
| "Shree Hanuman Chalisa"
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| 2022
|Hindi{{Br}}Sanskrit
|-
| 9
| "[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]"
| [[Sid Sriram]]
| 2022
|Telugu
|-
| 2
| "Komuram Bheemudho"
| [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| 2022
|Telugu
|-
|}

== List of number-one songs ==
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Reached number one
!Artist(s)
!Single
!Weeks at number one
!Language
!References
|-
|1
|February 19, 2022
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|"[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]"
|align="center"|9
|Telugu
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=''Billboard'' India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2
|April 23, 2022
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|"[[Hanuman Chalisa|Shree Hanuman Chalisa]]"
|align="center"|5
|Awadhi
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs: Week of April 30, 2022 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-04-30/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|3
|May 7, 2022
|[[Ananya Bhat]]
|"Mehbooba"
|align="center"|6
|Kannada
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs: Week of May 14, 2022 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-05-14/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|4
|May 21, 2022
|[[Kaala Bhairava]]
|"Komuram Bheemudho"
|align="center"|2
|Telugu
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs: Week of May 28, 2022 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|5
|June 11, 2022
|rowspan="2"|[[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
|"[[The Last Ride (song)|The Last Ride]]"
|align="center"|14
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
| align="center"| <ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-06-25/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|6
|June 18, 2022
|"[[295 (song)|295]]"
|align="center"|18
| align="center"| <ref name=":0" />
|-
|7
|August 6, 2022
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|"[[Kesariya (song)|Kesariya]]"
|align="center"|3
|Hindi
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 6, 2022 |title=India Songs: Week of August 6, 2022 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-08-06/ |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|8
|August 27, 2022
|[[Nakash Aziz]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|"Ra Ra Rakkamma"
|align="center"|1
|Kannada
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 27, 2022 |title=India Songs: Week of August 27, 2022 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-08-27/ |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|9
|September 3, 2022
|[[Blackpink]]
|"[[Pink Venom]]"
|align="center"|1
|Korean{{Br}}English
| align="center"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 3, 2022 |title=India Songs: Week of September 3, 2022 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2022-09-03/ |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Hits of the World]]
* [[IMI International Top 20 Singles]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/}}

{{Billboard charts}}

[[Category:Record charts]]

2023 Duleep Trophy

2025-05-31T18:48:14Z

Ferdaus: Adding new details and citations

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2023 Duleep Trophy
| image =
| image_size =
| fromdate = 28 June
| todate = 16 July 2023
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = [[India]]
| champions = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| runner up = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| count = 14
| participants = 6
| matches = 5
| attendance =
| player of the series = [[Vidwath Kaverappa]] ([[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]])
| most runs = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] ([[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]) (202)
| most wickets = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] ([[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]) (16)
| previous_year = 2022–23
| previous_tournament = 2022–23 Duleep Trophy
| next_year = 2024–25
| next_tournament = 2024–25 Duleep Trophy
}}

The '''2023 Duleep Trophy''' was the 60th edition of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a domestic [[first-class cricket]] competition that was played in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126243/indias-domestic-season-takes-off-in-june-cricbuzzcom | title=India's domestic season takes off in June | work=Cricbuzz | date=11 April 2023 | access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> It took place from 28 June to 16 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/duleep-trophy-to-kick-off-india-s-2023-24-domestic-season-on-june-28-1368152 | title=Duleep Trophy to kick off India's earliest ever domestic season on June 28 | work=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> The tournament was played across six zones, forming part of the 2023 Indian domestic cricket season, announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in April 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/indias-domestic-cricket-season-2023-24-to-begin-with-duleep-trophy-from-june-28/articleshow/99400913.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=The%20coveted%20Duleep%20Trophy%20will,%2C%20West%20and%20North%2DEast. | title=India's domestic cricket season 2023-24 to begin with Duleep Trophy from June 28 | work=The Times of India | date=11 April 2023 | access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55555999/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2023-24?type=Latest | title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2023-24| work=Board of Control for Cricket in India | access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] were the defending champions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/duleep-trophy-2022-23-1331050/west-zone-vs-south-zone-final-1331057/match-report-5 | title=Jaiswal, Sarfaraz, Unadkat fire West Zone to Duleep Trophy title | work=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-10 |title=BCCI wakes up finally, to live stream Duleep Trophy final and Deodhar games |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-wakes-up-finally-to-live-stream-duleep-trophy-final-and-deodhar-games/articleshow/101646898.cms |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the final, South Zone defeated West Zone by 75 runs to win their 14th title.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=16 July 2023 |title=South Zone win Duleep Trophy, beat West Zone by 75 runs in the final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/south-zone-win-duleep-trophy-beat-west-zone-by-75-runs-in-the-final/articleshow/101796683.cms |work=Times of India|date=16 July 2023 }}</ref>

==Squads==
The squads for all the teams was announced by BCCI on 20 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 June 2023 |title=Squads for Duleep Trophy 2023-24 announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556008/squads-for-duleep-trophy-2023-24-announced |website=BCCI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 June 2023 |title=Duleep Trophy 2023: Full squads, schedule, dates, venues, where to watch|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/duleep-trophy-2023-squads-schedule-venues-dates-live-streaming-info/article66972897.ece |website=SportStar|date=15 June 2023 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
! style="width:15%;"| [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
! style="width:15%;"| [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
! style="width:15%;"| [[North East Zone cricket team|North East Zone]]
! style="width:15%;"| [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
! style="width:15%;"| [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Shivam Mavi]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kunal Chandela]]
* [[Saransh Jain]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]]
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Amandeep Khare]]
* [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]]
* [[Himanshu Mantri]]
* [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]]
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
* [[Vivek Singh (cricketer)|Vivek Singh]]
* [[Manav Suthar]]
* [[Yash Thakur]]
* [[Akshay Wadkar]]
|
* [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]
* [[Akash Deep]]
* [[Sudip Kumar Gharami]]
* [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
* [[Kumar Kushagra]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Anustup Majumdar]]
* [[Shantanu Mishra]]
* [[Manisankar Murasingh]]
* [[Riyan Parag]]
* [[Abhishek Porel]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishan Porel]]
* [[Anukul Roy]]
* Bipin Saurabh
|
* [[Jayant Yadav]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Vaibhav Arora]]
* [[Prashant Chopra]]
* [[Abid Mushtaq]]
* [[Pulkit Narang]]
* [[Ankit Kalsi]]
* [[Siddarth Kaul]]
* [[Ankit Kumar]]
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Nishant Sindhu]]
* [[Baltej Singh]]
* [[Prabhsimran Singh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dhruv Shorey]]
* [[Manan Vohra]]
* [[Nehal Wadhera]]
|
* [[Rongsen Jonathan]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nilesh Lamichaney]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* Anup Ahlawat
* [[Nagaho Chishi]]
* [[Akash Choudhary]]
* [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]]
* Joseph Lalthankhuma
* [[Imliwati Lemtur]]
* Kishan Lyngdoh
* Jotin Pheiroijam
* [[Rex Rajkumar]]
* [[Dippu Sangma]]
* [[Prafullomani Singh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kishan Singha]]
* [[Palzor Tamang]]
|
* [[Hanuma Vihari]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Mayank Agarwal]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Sachin Baby]]
* [[Ricky Bhui]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Darshan Misal]]
* [[Vidwath Kaverappa]]
* [[Sai Kishore]]
* [[Vasuki Koushik]]
* [[Suyash Prabhudessai]]
* [[Pradosh Ranjan Paul]]
* [[Ravikumar Samarth]]
* [[K. V. Sasikanth]]
* [[Sai Sudharsan]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
* [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]]
|
* [[Priyank Panchal]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Harvik Desai]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tushar Deshpande]]
* [[Yuvrajsinh Dodiya]]
* [[Chintan Gaja]]
* [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]]
* [[Kedar Jadhav]]
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]
* [[Shams Mulani]]
* [[Arzan Nagwaswalla]]
* [[Het Patel]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[Prithvi Shaw]]
* [[Atit Sheth]]
* [[Arpit Vasavada]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|}

==Fixtures==
===Bracket===
{{6TeamBracket
| RD1=Quarter-finals
| RD2=Semi-finals
| RD3=Final
| seeds = no
| score-width = 200px
| nowrap = yes

| RD1-team1= '''[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]'''
| RD1-score1= '''182 & 239'''
| RD1-team2= [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| RD1-score2= 122 & 129

| RD1-team3= '''[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]'''
| RD1-score3= '''540/8d & 259/6d'''
| RD1-team4= [[North East Zone cricket team|North East Zone]]
| RD1-score4= 134 & 154

| RD2-team1= '''[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]'''
| RD2-score1= '''220 & 297'''
| RD2-team2= [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| RD2-score2= 128 & 128/4

| RD2-team3= '''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD2-score3= '''195 & 219/8'''
| RD2-team4= [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| RD2-score4= 198 & 211

| RD3-team1= [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| RD3-score1= 146 & 222
| RD3-team2= '''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD3-score2= '''213 & 230'''
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 28 June–1 July 2023
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| team2 = [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 182 (71.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 38 (58)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 5/42 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 122 (42.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 33 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Avesh Khan]] 3/34 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 239 (87.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Himanshu Mantri]] 68 (153)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ishan Porel]] 3/15 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 129 (41.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Akash Deep]] 24 (14)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] 8/64 (18.2 overs)

| result = Central Zone won by 170 runs
| venue = [[KSCA Cricket Ground]], [[Alur, Hassan|Alur]]
| toss = Central Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] and Mohit Krishnadas
| motm = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] (Central Zone)
| rain =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381385.html Scorecard]
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 28 June–1 July 2023
| daynight =
| team1 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| team2 = [[North East Zone cricket team|North East Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 540/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (136 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Nishant Sindhu]] 150 (245)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kishan Singha]] 2/74 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 134 (39.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nilesh Lamichaney]] 44 (77)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Siddarth Kaul]] 3/16 (8 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 259/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (55.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ankit Kalsi]] 70 (101)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Pheiroijam Jotin 2/44 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 154 (47.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Palzor Tamang]] 40 (82)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Pulkit Narang]] 4/43 (13.5 overs)

| result = North Zone won by 511 runs
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| toss = North East Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = Pranav Joshi and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]]
| motm = [[Nishant Sindhu]] (North Zone)
| rain =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381386.html Scorecard]
| notes =
}}
----

===Semi-finals===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 5–8 July 2023
| team1 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| team2 = [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 220 (92.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Atit Sheth]] 74 (129)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shivam Mavi]] 6/44 (19.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 128 (31.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 48 (69)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Arzan Nagwaswalla]] 5/74 (14.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 297 (93.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 133 (278)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Saransh Jain]] 4/56 (28.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 128/4 (35 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 40 (30)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Yuvrajsinh Dodiya]] 1/16 (4 overs)

| venue = [[KSCA Cricket Ground]], [[Alur, Hassan|Alur]]
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Abhijit Bengeri and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Atit Sheth]] (West Zone)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381387.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 5–8 July 2023
| team1 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| team2 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 198 (58.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 49 (52)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Vidwath Kaverappa]] 5/28 (17.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 195 (54.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 76 (115)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jayant Yadav]] 3/38 (11.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 211 (56.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 63 (93)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] 5/76 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 219/8 (36.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 54 (57)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Harshit Rana]] 3/84 (13 overs)

| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm = [[Mayank Agarwal]] (South Zone)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381388.html Scorecard]
| result = South Zone won by 2 wickets
| notes =
}}
----

===Final===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–16 July 2023
| team1 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| team2 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 213 (78.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 63 (130)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shams Mulani]] 3/29 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 146 (51 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Prithvi Shaw]] 65 (101)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vidwath Kaverappa]] 7/53 (19 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 230 (81.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 42 (89)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 5/40 (22.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 222 (84.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Priyank Panchal]] 95 (211)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Vasuki Koushik]] 4/36 (25 overs)

| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] and Akshay Totre
| motm = [[Vidwath Kaverappa]] (South Zone)
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381389.html Scorecard]
| result = South Zone won by 75 runs
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/duleep-trophy-2023-24-1381384 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Duleep Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023 Duleep Trophy}}
[[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]

William Dalrymple (historian)

2025-05-06T19:07:57Z

Ferdaus: improved article

#REDIRECT [[William Dalrymple]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
{{R unprintworthy}}
{{R from move}}
}}

Nanpura Parsi Library

2025-02-25T16:10:54Z

Ferdaus: made a stub more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox library
| name = Nanpura Parsi Library and Reading Room
| library_logo =
| image =
| caption =
| location = Navdi Bandar Road, Opposite Lal Bhai Complex, Nanpura, [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] 395001
| established =
| num_branches =
| collection_size =
| annual_circulation =
| pop_served =
| budget =
| director = Manav Vikas Sansthan Trust
| num_employees =
| website =
}}
'''Nanpura Parsi Library and Reading Room'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haug|first1=Martin|title=Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings and Religion of the Parsis To Which Is Also Added a Biographical Memoir of the Late Dr. Haug by Professor E. P. Evans.|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge Univ Press|isbn=9781108053730|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAxTPnkiWrkC&dq=Parsi+Library+surat&pg=PA45}}</ref> is the oldest public library in [[Surat]], formerly known for a large collection of books related to [[Parsi]] culture.

Due to dwindling interest in the library, it eventually shut down. The contents of the library were sent to libraries in [[Navsari]] and [[Mumbai]] as well as to other libraries under the control of the Surat Parsi Punchayet.<ref name="dna">{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=beJdj242XaFjb1I36tIybbtATVsJX/mjPTABI8b0vak=|title=Parsi library now has newspapers & periodicals|website=dnasyndication.com}}</ref>

The Manav Vikas Sansthan, a trust running other libraries in Surat, took over operations in 1980 after the Nanpura Parsi Library was closed. It now only consists of weekly periodicals and newspapers, in English, Gujarati and Hindi <ref name="dna" />

==See also==
*[[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Libraries in Surat]]
[[Category:Parsi culture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]

Arjun Dass Grover

2025-01-26T08:27:33Z

Ferdaus: Adding basic info from scratch!

{{Short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Multiple issues |
{{More citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{COI|date=August 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Arjun Dass Grover
|alma_mater = King George Medical College, Lucknow
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|3|1|df=yes}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1987|10|7|1928|3|1|df=yes}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|death_place = Chandigarh
|education = M.B.B.S. (1951) M.S. Ophthalmology (1955), King George Medical College, Lucknow
|occupation = Ophthalmologist
|spouse(s) = Pushpa Miglani
|notable_works =
}}
'''Arjun Dass Grover''' (1928–1987){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} was an Indian ophthalmologist.

==Personal life==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}
Grover was born on 1 March 1928{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} in [[Mianwali]] ([[West Punjab]]) to Shri Bhoga Ram and Piari Bai. His primary education was in [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]]. Later he went to [[Lahore]] and joined D.A.V. College and passed his F.Sc. He was admitted to [[Balak Ram medical College|Balak Ram Medical College]] but after the [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947, he continued his medical education in [[King George Medical College]], [[Lucknow]]. He passed his M.B.B.S. with honors in 1951 and M.S in [[ophthalmology]] in 1955 from the same college. He married Pushpa Miglani in 1954. He settled in [[Chandigarh]] in 1960 and died on 7 October 1987.

==Professional life==

After a short stint in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] at the Sitapur Eye Hospital, he joined the Gandhi Eye Hospital in [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]] as an assistant professor in charge of the research wing from 1956 to 1960. He carried out extensive research on [[trachoma]]. His work on [[Molluscum contagiosum|Molluscum Contagiosum]] was acknowledged in the famous Ophthalmology Book series of Sir [[Stewart Duke-Elder|Stewart Duke Elder]]. He helped set up the eye department at [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|P.G.I. Chandigarh]] in 1960. In 1962, he resigned from P.G.I. and started the first private eye hospital in Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://grover.net.in/about-us.html|title = Grover Eye Laser & ENT Hospital, Chandigarh.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thecityguide.in/Chandigarh/Chandigarh/Sector-35-A/Hospitals/Grover-Eye-and-ENT-Hospital-ISUA/|title = EDITOR'S NOTE OF GROVER EYE AND ENT HOSPITAL, SECTOR - 35 A|access-date = 16 August 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140809194628/http://www.thecityguide.in/Chandigarh/Chandigarh/Sector-35-A/Hospitals/Grover-Eye-and-ENT-Hospital-ISUA/#|archive-date = 9 August 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===Key positions===
* Founder Chandigarh Ophthalmological Society (1985)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chdophsoc.org/about-cos.php |title=About Chandigarh Ophthalmological Society |access-date = 1 May 2021}}</ref>
* President of [[Indian Medical Association]], Chandigarh State Branch 1981–82{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
* Medical Director and Chairman - Grover Eye Laser & ENT Hospital

==Philanthropy==

He participated in the first eye operation camp held by the [[Lions Club]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://lionscentral.org/projects|title = Lions Club Chandigarh}}</ref> Later his social work extended to the tribal areas near [[Ranchi]] ([[South Chotanagpur division|Chhota Nagpur]], [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]] and [[Khunti district|Khunti]]) where in 1983 the tribal people learned that cataracts were curable. [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools]] carried on his work and established a hospital in his memory.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.davhzb.in/search?q=grover&x=7&y=2 |title=N.D. GROVER MEMORIAL INTER SCHOOL QUIZ-2013 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.davhzb.in/2012/07/n-d-grover-memorial-super-performers.html|title = N. D. Grover Memorial Super Performers' Felicitation Ceremony-2012|access-date = 16 August 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913212947/http://www.davhzb.in/2012/07/n-d-grover-memorial-super-performers.html#|archive-date = 13 September 2016|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://www.davcollegeabohar.com/|title = Founder principal Sh. N.D. Grover - DAV College Abohar}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.davrdbihar1.net.in/grv.html |title=MAHATMA N. D. GROVER |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214153710/http://www.davrdbihar1.net.in/grv.html |archivedate=2013-12-14 }}</ref>

==Dedications==
* The lecture hall in the [[Indian Medical Association]] building, Chandigarh is named after him.
* An oration was instituted in his memory.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indmedica.com/cos/oration.htm|title = Dr. A. D. Grover Memorial Oration}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grover, Arjun Dass}}
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Gagata sexualis

2024-09-05T01:25:57Z

Ferdaus: started first biography w/ refs

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{Cite journal | author = Ng, H.H. | title = ''Gagata sexualis'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2010 | page = e.T168584A6519912 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2010 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/168584/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T168584A6519912.en | access-date = 14 January 2018| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| taxon = Gagata sexualis
| authority = [[Raj Tilak (ichthyologist)|Tilak]], 1970
}}
'''''Gagata sexualis''''' is a species of [[sisorid catfish]] [[endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name="iucn"/><ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase species |genus= Gagata |species= sexualis| month = February | year = 2012}}</ref> This species grows to a length of {{convert|6|cm|in}} [[fish measurement|TL]].<ref name="fishbase"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web| url=http://www.planetcatfish.com/common/species.php?species_id=1447| title=''Gagata sexualis'' Tilak, 1970| publisher=PlanetCatfish}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3764124}}

[[Category:Gagata|sexualis]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1970]]

{{Sisoridae-stub}}

South African cricket team in India in 1991–92

2024-05-27T11:46:24Z

Ferdaus: basic enhanced citations for clarity additionally and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use South African English|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = South African cricket team in India in 1991–92
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag_of_South_Africa_(1928-1994).svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 10
| to_date = 14 November 1991
| team1_captain = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
| team2_captain = [[Clive Rice]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] (158)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kepler Wessels]] (211)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] (5)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Allan Donald]] (9)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] and [[Kepler Wessels]]
}}

The [[South African cricket team]] toured [[India]] in the 1991–92 season. The tour was significant in that it was [[South Africa]]'s first official international [[cricket]] series since their suspension from the sport in 1970 due to the [[apartheid]] policy.<ref name="OTD">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149368.html |title=Welcome back |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/59223969 |title=South Africa in India 1991: The story of Hussein Manack and Faiek Davids |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

The tour consisted of a series of three [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches against the [[Indian cricket team|Indian national team]] and were the first-ever official ODIs played by South Africa. India won the series 2–1, and the Men of the Series were [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] of India and [[Kepler Wessels]] of South Africa.

==Squads==
{|
|-
! colspan=2 | Squads
|- valign="top"
||
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{cr|IND}}
|-
| [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[Pravin Amre]]
|-
| [[Kapil Dev]]
|-
| [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
|-
| [[Kiran More]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Chandrakant Pandit]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
|-
| [[Venkatapathy Raju]]
|-
| [[Ravi Shastri]]
|-
| [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
|-
| [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]]
|-
| [[Javagal Srinath]]
|-
| [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|-
| [[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
|}
||
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{cr|RSA|1928}}
|-
| [[Clive Rice]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[Jimmy Cook]]
|-
| [[Allan Donald]]
|-
| [[Clive Eksteen]]
|-
| [[Andrew Hudson (cricketer)|Andrew Hudson]]
|-
| [[Peter Kirsten]]
|-
| [[Adrian Kuiper]]
|-
| [[Craig Matthews]]
|-
| [[Brian McMillan]]
|-
| [[Dave Richardson (South African cricketer)|Dave Richardson]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Tim Shaw (cricketer)|Tim Shaw]]
|-
| [[Richard Snell (cricketer)|Richard Snell]]
|-
| [[Kepler Wessels]]
|-
| [[Mandy Yachad]]
|-
| [[Ali Bacher]] (manager)
|}
|-
|}

==Match details==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 10 November 1991
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA|1928}}
| score1 = 177/8 (47 overs)
| score2 = 178/7 (40.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kepler Wessels]] 50 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 2/26 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 62 (73)
| wickets2 = [[Allan Donald]] 5/29 (8.4 overs)
| result = {{cr|IND}} won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1991-92/RSA_IN_IND/RSA_IND_ODI1_10NOV1991.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkota|Calcutta]], [[India]]
| umpires = [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] and [[R. S. Rathore]]
| motm = [[Allan Donald]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field first.
| rain = Match reduced to 47 overs a side.
| notes = [[Pravin Amre]] (Ind), [[Jimmy Cook]], [[Andrew Hudson (cricketer)|Andrew Hudson]], [[Peter Kirsten]], [[Adrian Kuiper]], [[Clive Rice]], [[Richard Snell (cricketer)|Richard Snell]], [[Brian McMillan]], [[Dave Richardson (South African cricketer)|Dave Richardson]], [[Tim Shaw (cricketer)|Tim Shaw]], [[Allan Donald]] all (SA) made their ODI debuts.
*10 South African players made their ODI debuts except [[Kepler Wessels]] who had previously played for [[Australian cricket team|Australia]].
*[[Allan Donald]] (SA) took a five-wicket haul for South Africa in its first ever ODI and became the third bowler to take a five-wicket haul in an ODI on debut.
}}

The first match was South Africa's first-ever ODI and their first cricket match of any sort against India. The attendance was reported to be over 90,000.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1991-92/RSA_IN_IND/RSA_IND_ODI1_10NOV1991_MR India v South Africa 1st ODI Match Report]</ref>

The match was reduced to 47 overs per side. India won the toss and chose to field. South Africa scored 177/8 in their 47 overs with notable contributions from Wessels (50) and [[Adrian Kuiper]] (43). In their reply, India started badly with [[Allan Donald]] grabbing the first 3 wickets to leave India at 20/3. [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (62) and debutant [[Pravin Amre]] (55) guided India close to victory and despite Donald dismissing both of them to complete a 5-wicket haul, the lower order finished the game for India to give them a 1–0 lead in the series.

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 12 November 1991
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 223/6 (45 overs)
| score2 = 185/8 (45 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA|1928}}
| runs1 = [[Kris Srikkanth]] 68 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Allan Donald]] 3/36 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kepler Wessels]] 71 (96)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 3/43 (9 overs)
| result = {{cr|IND}} won by 38 runs
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1991-92/RSA_IN_IND/RSA_IND_ODI2_12NOV1991.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]], [[Gwalior]], [[India]]
| umpires = [[S. K. Bansal]] and [[R. V. Ramani]]
| motm = [[Kepler Wessels]]
| rain = Match reduced to 45 overs a side.
}}

The second match of the series was reduced to 45 overs per side. South Africa won the toss and inserted India. Half-centuries from [[Kris Srikkanth]] (68), [[Navjot Sidhu]] (61) and [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] (52*) helped India to a total of 223/6. In reply, South Africa could only score 185/8 leaving India with a 2–0 lead in the series. [[Kepler Wessels]] again top-scored for South Africa with 71.

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 14 November 1991
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 287/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 288/2 (46.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA|1928}}
| runs1 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 109 (149)
| wickets1 = [[Allan Donald]] 1/55 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kepler Wessels]] 90 (105)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 1/48 (10 overs)
| result = {{cr|RSA|1928}} won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1991-92/RSA_IN_IND/RSA_IND_ODI3_14NOV1991.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| umpires = [[Subrata Banerjee]] and [[Pilloo Reporter]]
| motm = [[Kepler Wessels]]
}}

In the third match, India won the toss and [[Ravi Shastri]], the stand-in captain for the absent [[Mohammad Azharuddin]], chose to bat. Shastri (109), [[Kris Srikkanth]] (53) and [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] (105) again scored the bulk of the runs with India finishing on 287/4. South Africa reached their target with more than 3 overs to spare thanks to half-centuries from [[Kepler Wessels]] (90), [[Peter Kirsten]] (86*) and [[Adrian Kuiper]] (63*). This was South Africa's first-ever ODI victory.

==External links==
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1991-92/RSA_IN_IND/ Cricinfo]
* [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/IND/1991-92_IND_South_Africa_in_India_1991-92.html CricketArchive]
* [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154345.html Wisden reports]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South African cricket team in India in 1991-92}}
[[Category:1991 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1991 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:1992 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1992 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1991–92 to 1994]]
[[Category:South African cricket tours of India|1991-92]]

Swami Ramanand Shastri

2024-05-22T18:14:47Z

Ferdaus:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Swami Ramanand Shastri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date |1908|2|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dhaulaba, [[Ahmedabad District]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Gujarat]], India)
| residence =
| death_date = 1974
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term =1952, 1967, 1971 - 1974
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1014.htm
}}

'''Swami Ramanand Shastri''' (1908 - 1974) was an Indian politician. He was elected from the [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor ]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the lower House of the Indian Parliament the [[Lok Sabha]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1952, 1967 and 1971.<ref name="Sabha1964">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=List of Members of Lok Sabha Showing Permanent and Delhi Addresses and Telephone Numbers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1HVAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 October 2017|year=1964|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|page=76}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1962">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuoDAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 October 2017|year=1962|publisher=Lok Sabha|page=487}}</ref><ref name="(Firm)1970">{{cite book|author=Times of India (Firm)|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkQjAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 October 2017|year=1970|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=357}}</ref>

Swami Ramanand Shastri died in 1974. The bye-poll necessitated by his death was won unopposed by Ram Dayal of Congress when his Jana Sangh rival withdrew from the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bijnor-9352875.html|title = डिंपल ने पाई बिजनौर के रामदयाल जैसी तकदीर}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1014.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Ramanand}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki district]]