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Gangeshwar Asthan

2026-05-08T06:43:43Z

FallonMansom317: Starting new article...

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Baba Gangeshwarnath Mandir
| native_name = बाबा गंगेश्वर नाथ मंदिर
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple.jpg
| caption = Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple
| alt = Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple which come under Baba Gangeshwarnath Tirth Chetra in Ratanpur Abhiman
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location of Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple in Bihar
| map_alt = Location of the temple in India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.290991|85.7193969|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Bihar]]
| province =
| district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| locale = [[Ratanpur Abhiman]]
| location = [[Ratanpur Abhiman]]
| elevation_m = 53
| elevation_footnotes = Approximate elevation
| deity = [[Shiva]] (Baba Gangeshwarnath)
| facade_direction = West
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| tradition = Hinduism
| temple_tree =
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Shravana]], [[Kartik Purnima]]
| architecture_type = Traditional Hindu Temple
| architect =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| established =
| year_completed = Unknown
| creator =
| temple_board = Baba Gangeshwarnath Tirth Chetra
| website =
| footnotes = [[Jyotirlinga]] [[Shiva]] [[Shaivism]]
}}
'''Baba Gangeshwar Nath Temple''', also known as '''Baba Gangeshwar Asthan''' or locally called '''Gangeshwar Asthan''' or '''Mahadev Asthan''', is a Hindu temple located in the western part of [[Ratanpur Abhiman]], in [[Darbhanga]], Bihar. The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]] in his [[Shiva lingam]] form and has been a site of religious significance for centuries. The temple is managed under the '''Baba Gangeshwarnath Tirth Chetra'''.

==History==
The history of the temple dates back to approximately 800 years. According to historical records, between 1160 and 1170 CE, [[Gangadeva]], the son of King [[Nanyadeva]], established a [[Shiva Lingam]] in the dense forests of [[Ratanpur Abhiman]] during his military preparations. His purpose was to seek divine blessings while strategizing to reclaim his father's kingdom.
Along with the temple, he also commissioned the excavation of a pond to ensure water availability, which is now known as Rajkhani Pokhar. Following his successful campaign against King [[Ballāla Sena]] and the liberation of his father, the temple was consecrated and named '''Gangeshwar Asthan''' after Gangadev.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-gangeswaranath-mahadev-temple-19423946.html | title=गंगेश्वरनाथ महादेव मंदिर का इतिहास | language=hi | trans-title=History of Gangeshwaranath Mahadev Temple}}</ref>

Another belief suggests that approximately 150 years ago, a local Shiva devotee named '''Gangeshwar Mishra''' from Prasadi Tola, inspired by a divine vision, reconstructed and re-consecrated the temple. Over time, the temple became known as Gangeshwar Asthan, attributed to his name.<ref name="ref2">{{Cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-preparations-for-mahashivratri-festival-at-ancient-gangeshwar-temple-201740518112877.amp.html | title=प्राचीन गंगेश्वर मंदिर में महाशिवरात्रि की तैयारियां | language=hi | trans-title=Preparations for Mahashivratri at Ancient Gangeshwar Temple}}</ref>

==Significance and features==
The temple holds religious significance among devotees, who frequently visit to offer prayers. A unique aspect of the temple is the tradition of drawing water from the deep pond within the temple premises for worship. The temple witnesses a large congregation of devotees on festivals such as Vasant Panchami, Narak Nivaran Chaturdashi, and Maha Shivaratri, during which the temple is elaborately decorated. During the Shravan month, special arrangements are made due to the large influx of pilgrims.<ref name="ref3">{{Cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-devotees-throng-ratanpur-for-baba-gangeshwarnath-mahadev-s-jalabhishek-201722885872824.html | title=बाबा गंगेश्वरनाथ महादेव के जलाभिषेक के लिए रतनपुर पहुंचे श्रद्धालु | language=hi | trans-title=Devotees Throng Ratanpur for Baba Gangeshwarnath Mahadev's Jalabhishek}}</ref><ref name="ref4">{{Cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-a-group-of-shiva-devotees-reach-from-far-and-wide-for-jalabhishek-in-baba-gangeshwarnath-temple-21874453.html | title=बाबा गंगेश्वरनाथ मंदिर में जलाभिषेक के लिए दूर-दूर से पहुंचे शिव भक्त | language=hi | trans-title=Shiva Devotees Gather from Afar for Jalabhishek at Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple}}</ref>

Devotees from distant places, including Simaria, Pahela Ghat, and Sultanganj, bring holy water from the River Ganges for the ritualistic Jalabhishek of Lord Shiva. There is also a traditional belief that the pond's water is not used for irrigation, as it is considered to hold divine energy.<ref name="ref5">{{Cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-shrines-of-gangeshwar-remained-closed-3332294.html | title=गंगेश्वरनाथ मंदिर के दरवाजे रहे बंद | language=hi | trans-title=Shrines of Gangeshwar Remained Closed}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple.jpg|Mahadev Temple Intrance
Maa Parvati Temple.jpg |Maa Parvati Temple inside Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple Permises
Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple Parking Area.jpg|Parking area in Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple
Maa Parvati And Mahadev Temple.jpg|Maa Parvati Temple and Gangeshwarnath Temple Together view
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]

Ravindra Kumar Sinha (physicist)

2026-05-08T06:36:18Z

FallonMansom317:

{{short description|Indian physicist and administrator}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{autobiography|date=May 2017}}
{{Resume-like|date=June 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Prof. Ravindra Kumar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =Prof._Ravindra_Kumar_Sinha_(Physicst).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =Prof. Ravindra Kumar Sinha
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|02|15}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
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| other_names =
| residence =
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| fields =
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| patrons =
| alma_mater =Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur
| thesis_title = A Study of the Propagation Characteristics of Rectangular Core Optical Waveguides and Devices
| thesis_url = http://www.eprint.iitd.ac.in/bitstream/2074/4061/1/TH-1729.pdf
| thesis_year = 1989
| doctoral_advisor = 
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Research work on Photonic Crystal Based Nanophotonic Devices including Zero Index Metamaterials for telecom and sensing applications.
| author_abbrev_bot =
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| influences =
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| website = http://rksinha.in/
| footnotes =
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}}

'''Prof. R K Sinha''' (born 15 February 1960) served as [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Gautam Buddha University]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Gautam Budh Nagar]] under [[Uttar Pradesh]] Government during January 28, 2022 to Jan 27, 2025. He also served as the [[Director (business)|Director]] of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]-[[Central Scientific Instruments Organisation]] (CSIR-CSIO) Sector-30C, Chandigarh-160 030, India.<ref name=ref1/><ref name=ref2/> He has been as [[Professor]] - Applied Physics, Dean-Academic [UG] & Chief Coordinator: TIFAC-Center of Relevance and Excellence in Fiber Optics and Optical Communication, Mission REACH Program, Technology Vision-2020, Govt. of India [[Delhi Technological University]] (formerly Delhi College of Engineering, [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]) Bawana Road, Delhi-110042, India<ref name=ref3/> since October 2002.

== Early life ==
Prof. Sinha graduated with masters in physics (M.Sc Physics) from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur]] in 1984 and moved to Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi from where he secured a PhD in 1989-90.<ref name=ref4/> Topic of his PhD thesis is ''A Study of the Propagation Characteristics of Rectangular Core Optical Waveguides and Devices'' under the guidance of Prof Arun Kumar and Prof B.P. Pal in Optical wave guide group headed by Prof. [[Ajoy Ghatak]] during the period of 1984-1989.

== Professional career ==
He worked at [[Osaka University]] for foreign studies, Osaka and [[Kobe University]] in Japan as Japanese government scholar during the period October 1989 - March 1991. Further during April 1991 - December 1992 he has worked as Research Associate in Electrical Communication Engineering Department of [[Indian Institute of Science|Indian Institute of Science (IISc)]], Bangalore.

He joined as lecturer at [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]] Pilani during January 1992 - September 1994.Thereafter he was assistant professor at Regional Engineering College, now known as [[National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur|National Institute of Technology]] (NIT) at Hamirpur (H.P.), India during October 17, 1994 - December 30, 1998. Then he joined as assistant professor at [[Delhi Technological University|Delhi College of Engineering]]-DCE (Faculty of Technology, University of Delhi) during December 31, 1998 to October 17, 2002 .

He was dean (Industrial Research & Development) at [[Delhi Technological University|DCE/DTU]] during August 7, 2008 to August 31, 2010 and head of department of Applied Physics and dean during January 2015 to June 2015 at [[Delhi Technological University]].

He was a chief coordinator: TIFAC-Center of Relevance & Excellence (CORE) in Fiber Optics & Optical Communication at Delhi College of Engineering" under the program "Mission Reach", Technology Vision 2020, Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council, [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science & Technology]], Govt. of India since its inception in year 2005.

He has been a director, [[Central Scientific Instruments Organisation|CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIO)]] Chandigarh from July 2, 2015 to February 2020. He has also been director, [[Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute|CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani]] during November 6, 2015 to March 8, 2016 and Director [[Institute of Microbial Technology|CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH)]], Chandigarh since April 11, 2016 to January 22, 2017 as additional charge. His major research area is [[Fiber Optics]] and [[Photonics]]. His book on Zero Index Metamterials was published in 2021.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811601880|doi = 10.1007/978-981-16-0189-7|title = Zero Index Metamaterials|year = 2021|last1 = Shankhwar|first1 = Nishant|last2 = Sinha|first2 = Ravindra Kumar|isbn = 978-981-16-0188-0| s2cid=242579582 }}</ref> He has also published a review paper on Supercontinuum Generation using soft glass specialty optical fiber<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saini |first1=Than Singh |last2=Sinha |first2=Ravindra Kumar |title=Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in soft-glass specialty optical fibers: A review |journal=Progress in Quantum Electronics |date=1 August 2021 |volume=78 |article-number=100342 |doi=10.1016/j.pquantelec.2021.100342 |bibcode=2021PQE....7800342S |s2cid=237650201 }}</ref> and published book on Supercontinuum Generation in Specialty Optical Fibers (DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1201/9781003502401), [[CRC Press]] in 2024.

== Other positions ==
Dr. Sinha is a member of many boards and other organizations. Some of them are:
* Chairman, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers-IETE (India)- Chandigarh Region, Chandigarh<ref name=ref5/>
* Member, Board of Governance of PEC University, Chandigarh<ref name=ref6/>
* Member, Research Council, LASTECH, DRDO, Delhi
* Member, Management Council, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Delhi<ref name=ref7/>
* Member, Executive Board, High Power Fiber Laser Research Program of LASTECH/DRDO
* Member, Higher Educational Council, Union Territory Chandigarh
* Member, Board of Governance, Punjab State Council for Science and Technology
* Member, Board of Governance, Pushpa Gujral Science City, Jallundher
* Member, State Higher Education Council, Chandigarh
* Member, Management Council, CSIR-Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu<ref name=ref8/>
* Member, Management Council of CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata<ref name=ref9/>
* Chief Coordinator, TePP (Technopreneur Promotion Program) Outreach cum Cluster Innovation Center at CSIO Chandigarh, DSIR, Govt. of India
* Principal Investigator/Co PI:- Bilateral Research Projects (i) Indo-Russia under DSTRMES program during 2014-2016 on Optical Nano Antenna (ii) Indo-Tunisia during 2013-2016 on Non-Linear Fiber Optics and (iii) Indo-Portugal on Carbon NanoTube during 2014-2016, through International Division, DST, Govt. of India.(iv) Indo-Russia under DST-RFBR program on Novel approaches to control EM waves during 2015-2017 (Awarded while working at DTU and are active as well)
* Principal Investigator/Co PI "Modeling and Simulation of High Power Fiber Lasers" Sponsored Project under Contract for Acquisition of Research Services from LASTEC Lab, DRDO, Govt. of India during 2015-2016. (Awarded while working at DTU)
* Chairman, Organization of Training Program on Management of Scientific Research for Value Creation, CSIR, Delhi, India
* Member, Skill Development Initiative, CSIR, Govt. of India
* Member, Publication Committee of IETE Journal of Research and IETE Technical Review Journal, IETE (India) Delhi since 2016
* Member, Skill Development Program and Indian Industry Conclave committee of IETE (India)
* Member, Technology Systems Development Board, Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India with effect from December 2016 for a period of three years.
* Expert Member, Faculty of Science, University of [[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra
* Member, Management Council, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh
* Member, Governing Council, Center for Consultancy in Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh
* Member: CII National Committee on Higher Education
* Expert Member: National System Safety Regulatory Authority (Brainstorming Session)

== Major Research Work ==

Successfully developed theory and experiments for characterization of telecom grade single mode optical fibers as well as elliptical core fibers for coherent optical communication from measurements of far field radiation patterns. This technique was extended for developing new methods for characterization of single mode integrated planar and rectangular core channel optical waveguides from far field measurements.<ref name=ref10/><ref name=ref11/> This was followed by the development of coupled mode theory for design of 4x4 optical fiber and waveguide couplers and their applications in the design of optical homodyne receivers.<ref name=ref12/><ref name=ref13/>

Development of analytical methods for dispersion compensation of light wave signals using differential time delay technique incorporating the effect of higher orders terms in propagation constant of modes in optical fiber for their application in higher rate of data transmission.<ref name=ref14/><ref name=ref15/> Development of a scheme for bit delay correction for WDM based Optical Communication System.<ref name=ref16/> Multiple Access techniques in Optical Fiber Communication systems leading to development of 3-D Optical Code sequences. Optical CDMA and Optical Turbo Codes and their performance evaluation in terms of SNR, BER and ISI in optical communication systems are published by me as author/co-author of leading journals of repute.<ref name=ref17/><ref name=ref18/><ref name=ref19/><ref name=ref20/>

Development of coupled mode theory for Electron Waveguide and their application in the design of high speed Quantum Size Devices based on electron wave propagation in multiple quantum well semiconductors at Nano-scale was proposed and nano-electronic devices (Electron Waveguide Couplers, Switches and Filters) were designed with enhanced transmission characteristics.<ref name=ref21/><ref name=ref22/><ref name=ref23/>

In addition to the above, most of his recent significant research contributions are:

''Photonic Crystal based nanophotonic devices'': Photonic crystals are periodic dielectric structures that have a band gap that forbids propagation of a certain frequency range of light. This property enables one to control light with amazing facility and produce effects that are impossible with conventional optics. Various new design of photonic crystal made of silicon on insulator (SOI) is proposed for design and development of photonic crystal based coupler, Y splitter, Dual band wavelength multiplexor and de-multiplexors. A new design of Super polarizer is also proposed and its degree of polarization and fabrication tolerance were also estimated. This was followed by the design of photonic crystal structure for slow light generation leading to formation of soliton at incredibly low power, design of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexor (DWDM) and de-multiplexore for telecom application.<ref name=ref24/><ref name=ref25/><ref name=ref26/><ref name=ref27/><ref name=ref28/><ref name=ref29/><ref name=ref30/><ref name=ref31/><ref name=ref32/>

''Metamaterials and Negative refraction'': A new structure of exhibiting negative refraction (called metamaterial) is designed, analyzed, fabricated and experimentally characterized. This was experimentally realized using V-shaped split ring resonator made up of two-dimensional arrays of 50-nanometer-thick gold on n-doped silicon substrate. It is shown that by changing the angular gap of V-shaped SRRs, it is possible to tune the electromagnetic parameters (such as dielectric permitivity, permeability and refractive index) and control the flow of light for design and development of metamaterial based optical switches and sensors at nano-scale.<ref name=ref33/><ref name=ref34/>

In addition, left-handed (metamaterials exhibiting negative refraction) metallo-dielectric photonic crystal exhibiting All Angle Negative Refraction for visible light is analyzed with detailed theoretical and numerical demonstration for the first time. On the same line another new design of left-handed metamaterial structure is analyzed and proposed for generation of ultraviolet light via second harmonic generation. Here, it is shown that negative index is achieved by excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton waves operating in dispersion regime with anti parallel refracted wave vector and the Poynting vector.<ref name=ref35/><ref name=ref36/><ref name=ref37/><ref name=ref38/><ref name=ref39/><ref name=ref40/>

''Plasmonics & Plasmonic Bandgap Engineering'': Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves guided along metal dielectric interfaces resulting from the interaction of incident photon with that of collective electron oscillation in metals. SPPs have shorter wavelength than that of incident photons and hence provide strong spatial confinement with promising application in the design and development of sub nano-scale devices. A new concept of Plasmonic Band Gap engineering is highlighted and used for SPP propagation leading to formation of Plasmonic Waveguides. Several types of plasmonic waveguides exhibiting superior propagation characteristics were designed leading to proposal of a new design of Plasmonic Mach-Zhender Interferrometer (PMZI) sensor. It is shown that proposed PMZI has very high sensitivity of the order of 6000 nm/RIU, which has been effectively used for label free classification and detection of cancer cell.<ref name=ref41/><ref name=ref42/><ref name=ref43/><ref name=ref44/><ref name=ref45/><ref name=ref46/><ref name=ref47/><ref name=ref48/><ref name=ref49/>

''Field Emission characteristics of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) & Nano-Bio Sensors'': CNTs were grown using Inconel and silicon substrates and their field emission characteristics have been studied with a view of their promising applications for next generation high performance flat panel devices. Later field emission with ultralow turn on voltage (of the order 0.1 volt/μm) from metal decorated CNTs have been obtained. A single-step method for synthesis and deposition of gold nanostructures was developed for fabrication of a highly sensitive and selective cholesterol nano-biosensor. Using electrochemical synthesis and assembly of gold nanostructures high performance electrochemical biosensor is fabricated which can be utilized for healthcare diagnostic applications.<ref name=ref50/><ref name=ref51/><ref name=ref52/><ref name=ref53/>

''Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) & Supercontinuum generation'': Prof. Sinha developed several analytical and numerical techniques for studying light wave propagation characteristics through specially designed photonic crystal fibers and developed experimental techniques for their characterization which have become topic of various text and reference books these days and very well cited by research community. Application specific photonic crystal fibers like large mode area PCF and Triangular core PCF were also designed. Very recently, a new design of PCF called Triangular Core Graded Index PCF were designed and analyzed for ultra broad band ( i.e. 2-15 μm, so far highest range) supercontinuum spectrum in mid infrared region.<ref name=ref54/><ref name=ref55/><ref name=ref56/><ref name=ref57/><ref name=ref58/><ref name=ref59/><ref name=ref60/><ref name=ref61/><ref name=ref62/><ref name=ref63/><ref name=ref64/><ref name=ref65/><ref name=ref66/><ref name=ref67/><ref name=ref68/><ref name=ref69/><ref name=ref70/><ref name=ref71/><ref name=ref72/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|

<ref name=ref1>{{cite web|url=http://csio.res.in/index.php/about-us/director|title=Director|last=Administrator|website=csio.res.in}}</ref>

<ref name=ref2>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/professor-sinha-is-csio-director/102220.html |title=Professor Sinha is CSIO Director |date=4 July 2015 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |access-date=2017-05-26 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref3>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtu.ac.in/Web/Departments/AppliedPhysics/faculty/|title=Department of Applied Physics - Delhi Technological University|website=www.dtu.ac.in}}</ref>

<ref name=ref4>{{cite web|url=http://physics.iitd.ac.in/content/during-1989|title=Department of Physics, IIT Delhi}}</ref>

<ref name=ref5>"[http://www.iete.org/council.html Governing Council - IETE]" [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]].</ref>

<ref name=ref6>"[https://www.pec.ac.in/board-of-governors Board Of Governors - PEC]" [[PEC University of Technology]].</ref>

<ref name=ref7>"[http://nplindia.org/members-management-council-npl-new-delhi-period-two-years-01012016-31122017 Member, Management Council - NPL.]" [[National Physical Laboratory of India]].</ref>

<ref name=ref8>"[http://www.cecri.res.in/AboutUs/ManagementCouncil.aspx Member, Management Council - CSIR-CECRI]" [[Central Electro Chemical Research Institute]].</ref>

<ref name=ref9>[http://www.cgcri.res.in/page.php?id=267 Member, Management Council - CSIR-CGCRI]" [[Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute]]</ref>

<ref name=ref10>{{cite journal |doi=10.1515/JOC.1989.10.3.105 |title=Characterisation of Single-Mode Asymmetric Slab Waveguide from Far Field Intensity Pattern |journal=Journal of Optical Communications |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=105 |year=1989 |last1=Sinha |first1=R. K. |last2=Hosain |first2=S. I. |bibcode=1989JOC....10..105S |s2cid=124234920 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref11>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0030-4018(87)90265-3 |title=Characterisation of single-mode channel waveguides from far field measurements |journal=Optics Communications |volume=63 |issue=2 |page=89 |year=1987 |last1=Kumar |first1=Arun |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K. |bibcode=1987OptCo..63...89K }}</ref>

<ref name=ref12>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01468039608202264 |title=Coupling characteristics of 4 × 4 elliptical core optical waveguide couplers |journal=Fiber and Integrated Optics |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |year=1996 |last1=Sinha |first1=R. K. }}</ref>

<ref name=ref13>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/50.17769 |title=Scalar modes and coupling characteristics of eight-port waveguide couplers |journal=Journal of Lightwave Technology |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=293 |year=1989 |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Varshney |first2=R.K. |last3=Sinha |first3=R.K. |bibcode=1989JLwT....7..293K }}</ref>

<ref name=ref14>{{cite journal |id={{INIST|1415611}} |last1=Sharma |first1=Ajay K. |first2=R. K. |last2=Sinha |title=On differential time delay technique governing higher-order dispersion compensation |journal=Optik |volume=111 |issue=7 |pages=310–14 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref15>{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/ofte.1997.0241 |title=Higher-Order Dispersion Compensation by Differential Time Delay |journal=Optical Fiber Technology |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=135 |year=1998 |last1=Sharma |first1=Ajay K |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K |last3=Agarwala |first3=R.A |bibcode=1998OptFT...4..135S }}</ref>

<ref name=ref16>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02564602.1998.11416754 |title=Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems and Networks |journal=IETE Technical Review |volume=15 |issue=4 |page=235 |year=2015 |last1=Sharma |first1=Ajay K |last2=Sinha |first2=R K |last3=Agarwala |first3=R A }}</ref>

<ref name=ref17>http://www.ece.nitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/internationalJournals.pdf{{full citation needed|date=September 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=ref18>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1068-5200(02)00009-3 |title=Power penalty analysis for realistic weight functions using differential time delay with higher-order dispersion |journal=Optical Fiber Technology |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=240 |year=2002 |last1=Kaler |first1=R.S. |last2=Sharma |first2=Ajay K. |last3=Sinha |first3=R.K. |last4=Kamal |first4=T.S. |bibcode=2002OptFT...8..240K }}</ref>

<ref name=ref19>{{cite journal |last1=Doukat |first1=D. |last2=Lichioui |first2=A. |last3=Fares |first3=A. |last4=Bouzid |first4=A. |title=MATCHING TECHNIQUE OF OBJECTS IN RADARS WITH STEREOSCOPIC VISION |journal=Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications |date=4 May 2001 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=46–56 |url=http://www.jmoe.org/index.php/jmoe/article/view/62 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref20>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01468030290087660 |title=Design of a Hybrid Fiber-Optic Network Using 3-D Optical Code Sequences |journal=Fiber and Integrated Optics |volume=21 |issue=4 |page=253 |year=2002 |last1=Chopra |first1=Mukesh |last2=Bhardwaj |first2=Manish |last3=Kulkarni |first3=Muralidhar |last4=De |first4=Asok |last5=Sinha |first5=R. K. |bibcode=2002FiIO...21..253C |s2cid=109824278 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref21>{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/A:1024003117903 |year=2003 |last1=Sinha |first1=R.K. |last2=Garg |first2=Shalini |last3=Deori |first3=K. L. |title=Design of a Thin-Film-Based Optical Filter for Broadband Multichannel Communication Systems |journal=Czechoslovak Journal of Physics |volume=53 |issue=5 |page=417 |bibcode=2003CzJPh..53..417S |s2cid=119017809 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref22>{{cite journal |doi=10.1088/0268-1242/18/4/316 |title=Design parameters of a tunable semiconductor multiple quantum well electron wave filter |journal=Semiconductor Science and Technology |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=292 |year=2003 |last1=Garg |first1=Shalini |last2=Sinha |first2=R K |last3=Deori |first3=K L |bibcode=2003SeScT..18..292G |s2cid=250903629 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref23>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02564602.2002.11417042 |title=Nanostructure Devices based on Electron Waveguides |journal=IETE Technical Review |volume=19 |issue=5 |page=269 |year=2015 |last1=Garg |first1=Shalini |last2=Sinha |first2=R K |last3=Deori |first3=K L |s2cid=62214997 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref24>{{cite journal |doi=10.1117/1.JNP.9.093063 |title=Slow light enabled time and wavelength division demultiplexer in slotted photonic crystal waveguide |journal=Journal of Nanophotonics |volume=9 |article-number=093063 |year=2015 |last1=Rani |first1=Preeti |last2=Kalra |first2=Yogita |last3=Sinha |first3=R. K. |bibcode=2015JNano...9.3063R |s2cid=122905607 }}</ref>

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<ref name=ref26>{{cite journal |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-862X.2010.01.007 |last1=Rawal |first1=Swati |first2=R. K. |last2=Sinha |year=2010 |title=Low-Loss Slow Light Transmission in Photonic Crystal Waveguides {{sic|Comprising |hide=y|of}} Liquid Crystal Infiltration |journal=Journal of Electronic Science and Technology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=35–8 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref27>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.optcom.2009.06.046 |title=Design, analysis and optimization of silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal dual band wavelength demultiplexer |journal=Optics Communications |volume=282 |issue=19 |page=3889 |year=2009 |last1=Rawal |first1=Swati |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K. |bibcode=2009OptCo.282.3889R }}</ref>

<ref name=ref28>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11082-008-9248-z |title=Modeling and design of 2D photonic crystal based Y type dual band wavelength demultiplexer |journal=Optical and Quantum Electronics |volume=40 |issue=9 |page=603 |year=2008 |last1=Sinha |first1=R. K. |last2=Rawal |first2=Swati |bibcode=2008OQEle..40..603S |s2cid=120928601 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref29>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12043-008-0013-4 |title=Modelling and design of complete photonic band gaps in two-dimensional photonic crystals |journal=Pramana |volume=70 |issue=1 |page=153 |year=2008 |last1=Kalra |first1=Yogita |last2=Sinha |first2=R. K. |bibcode=2008Prama..70..153K |s2cid=120867727 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref30>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Ravindra K. |last2=Kalra |first2=Yogita |title=Design of optical waveguide polarizer using photonic band gap |journal=Optics Express |date=30 October 2006 |volume=14 |issue=22 |pages=10790–10794 |doi=10.1364/OE.14.010790 |pmid=19529489 |bibcode=2006OExpr..1410790S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=ref31>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12043-006-0030-0 |title=Photonic band gap engineering in 2D photonic crystals |journal=Pramana |volume=67 |issue=6 |page=1155 |year=2006 |last1=Kalra |first1=Yogita |last2=Sinha |first2=R K |bibcode=2006Prama..67.1155K |s2cid=121427828 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref32>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11082-005-1122-7 |title=Design of Ultra Compact Polarization Splitter Based on the Complete Photonic Band Gap |journal=Optical and Quantum Electronics |volume=37 |issue=9 |page=889 |year=2005 |last1=Kalra |first1=Yogita |last2=Sinha |first2=R. K. |bibcode=2005OQEle..37..889K |s2cid=120660158 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref33>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.08.086 |title=Design and simulation of I-shaped split ring resonator metamaterial at optical communication window around 1.55 μm |journal=Optik |volume=126 |issue=23 |page=4708 |year=2015 |last1=Kishor |first1=Kamal |last2=Baitha |first2=Monu Nath |last3=Sinha |first3=R.K. |bibcode=2015Optik.126.4708K }}</ref>

<ref name=ref34>{{cite journal |doi=10.1364/JOSAB.31.001410 |title=Tunable negative refractive index metamaterial from V-shaped SRR structure: Fabrication and characterization |journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America B |volume=31 |issue=7 |page=1410 |year=2014 |last1=Kishor |first1=Kamal |last2=Baitha |first2=Monu Nath |last3=Sinha |first3=R. K. |last4=Lahiri |first4=Basudev |bibcode=2014JOSAB..31.1410K }}</ref>

<ref name=ref35>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.photonics.2017.02.003 |title=High-quality laser cavity based on all-dielectric metasurfaces |journal=Photonics and Nanostructures: Fundamentals and Applications |volume=24 |pages=18–23 |year=2017 |last1=Shankhwar |first1=Nishant |last2=Sinha |first2=Ravindra Kumar |last3=Kalra |first3=Yogita |last4=Makarov |first4=Sergey |last5=Krasnok |first5=Alexander |last6=Belov |first6=Pavel |bibcode=2017PhNan..24...18S }}</ref>

<ref name=ref36>{{cite journal |doi=10.1117/1.JNP.11.026014 |title=Split-nanotube-based negative index metamaterial for midinfrared wavelengths |journal=Journal of Nanophotonics |volume=11 |issue=2 |article-number=026014 |year=2017 |last1=Shankhwar |first1=Nishant |last2=Kalra |first2=Yogita |last3=Sinha |first3=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2017JNano..11b6014S |s2cid=125993271 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref37>{{cite journal |doi=10.1049/mnl.2011.0171 |title=UV emission from left-handed material through second harmonic generation: Optical nanoantenna and imaging application |journal=Micro & Nano Letters |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=575 |year=2011 |last1=Rajput |first1=M. |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K. |last3=Rawal |first3=S. |last4=Varshney |first4=S.K. }}</ref>

<ref name=ref38>{{Cite web |url=http://www.if.pwr.edu.pl/~optappl/pdf/2011/no1/optappl_4101p29.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-06-30 |archive-date=2017-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909010232/http://www.if.pwr.edu.pl/~optappl/pdf/2011/no1/optappl_4101p29.pdf }}{{full citation needed|date=September 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=ref39>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.09.018 |title=Blue light emission and amplification in left-handed isotropic Metallo-Semiconductor Photonic Crystal |journal=Optik |volume=122 |issue=16 |page=1412 |year=2011 |last1=Rajput |first1=Monika |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K. |bibcode=2011Optik.122.1412R }}</ref>

<ref name=ref40>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00340-009-3685-7 |title=All-angle negative refraction for visible light from left-handed metallo-dielectric photonic crystal: Theoretical and numerical demonstration with nanophotonic device application |journal=Applied Physics B |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=99 |year=2009 |last1=Rajput |first1=M. |last2=Sinha |first2=R. K. |bibcode=2010ApPhB..98...99R |s2cid=119528129 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref41>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/JSTQE.2016.2514359 |title=Controlling Parameters for Plasmonic Photothermal Ablation of a Tumor |journal=IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics |volume=22 |issue=4 |page=1 |year=2016 |last1=Soni |first1=Sanjeev |last2=Sinha |first2=Ravindra K. |bibcode=2016IJSTQ..2214359S |s2cid=9110432 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref42>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11468-015-0098-9 |title=Plasmonic Coating on Chemically Treated Optical Fiber Probe in the Presence of Evanescent Wave: A Novel Approach for Designing Sensitive Plasmonic Sensor |journal=Plasmonics |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=653 |year=2015 |last1=Minz |first1=Rashmi A. |last2=Pal |first2=Sudipta S. |last3=Sinha |first3=R. K. |last4=Mondal |first4=Samir K. |s2cid=119722590 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref43>{{cite journal |doi=10.1117/1.JNP.10.046011 |title=Modeling and design of all-dielectric cylindrical nanoantennas |journal=Journal of Nanophotonics |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=046011 |year=2016 |last1=Devi |first1=Inder |last2=Dalal |first2=Reena |last3=Kalra |first3=Yogita |last4=Sinha |first4=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2016JNano..10d6011D |s2cid=126164310 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref44>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11468-013-9652-5 |title=Surface Plasmon Polariton Band Gap-Enabled Plasmonic Mach–Zehnder Interferometer: Design, Analysis, and Application |journal=Plasmonics |volume=9 |issue=3 |page=527 |year=2013 |last1=Dillu |first1=Venus |last2=Sinha |first2=R. K. |s2cid=121114699 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref45>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00340-013-5682-0 |title=Coupling and crosstalk characteristics of hybrid silicon plasmonic waveguides |journal=Applied Physics B |volume=116 |issue=1 |page=241 |year=2013 |last1=Shruti |last2=Sinha |first2=R. K. |last3=Bhattacharyya |first3=R. |bibcode=2014ApPhB.116..241S |s2cid=122657708 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref46>{{cite journal |doi=10.1364/JOSAA.30.001502 |pmid=24323207 |title=Analysis and design of hybrid ARROW-B plasmonic waveguides |journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America A |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1502–7 |year=2013 |last1=Shruti |last2=Sinha |first2=R. K. |last3=Bhattacharyya |first3=R. |bibcode=2013JOSAA..30.1502S }}</ref>

<ref name=ref47>{{cite journal |doi=10.1088/2040-8978/15/3/035001 |title=Propagation characteristics of coupled surface plasmon polaritons in PVDF slab waveguides at terahertz frequencies |journal=Journal of Optics |volume=15 |issue=3 |article-number=035001 |year=2013 |last1=Sinha |first1=Ravindra Kumar |last2=Srivastava |first2=Triranjita |last3=Bhattacharyya |first3=Ragunath |last4=Bhattacharyya |first4=Ragunath |bibcode=2013JOpt...15c5001S |s2cid=122219312 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref48>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.physe.2012.11.025 |title=Propagation characteristics of silver nanorods based compact waveguides for plasmonic circuitry |journal=Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures |volume=48 |pages=75–79 |year=2013 |last1=Dillu |first1=Venus |last2=Shruti |last3=Srivastava |first3=Triranjita |last4=Sinha |first4=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2013PhyE...48...75D }}</ref>

<ref name=ref49>{{cite journal |doi=10.1063/1.4851775 |title=Enhanced Fano resonance in silver ellipsoidal plasmonic crystal cavity |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=114 |issue=23 |pages=234305–234305–7 |year=2013 |last1=Dillu |first1=Venus |last2=Sinha |first2=R. K. |bibcode=2013JAP...114w4305D }}</ref>

<ref name=ref50>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/am405026y |pmid=24417432 |title=Enhanced Field Emission Properties from CNT Arrays Synthesized on Inconel Superalloy |journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1986–91 |year=2014 |last1=Sridhar |first1=S. |last2=Ge |first2=L. |last3=Tiwary |first3=C. S. |last4=Hart |first4=A. C. |last5=Ozden |first5=S. |last6=Kalaga |first6=K. |last7=Lei |first7=S. |last8=Sridhar |first8=S. V. |last9=Sinha |first9=R. K. |last10=Harsh |first10=H. |last11=Kordas |first11=K. |last12=Ajayan |first12=P. M. |last13=Vajtai |first13=R. |bibcode=2014AAMI....6.1986S }}</ref>

<ref name=ref51>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/nn500921s |pmid=25054222 |title=Field Emission with Ultralow Turn on Voltage from Metal Decorated Carbon Nanotubes |journal=ACS Nano |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=7763–70 |year=2014 |last1=Sridhar |first1=Srividya |last2=Tiwary |first2=Chandrasekhar |last3=Vinod |first3=Soumya |last4=Taha-Tijerina |first4=Jose Jaime |last5=Sridhar |first5=Srividvatha |last6=Kalaga |first6=Kaushik |last7=Sirota |first7=Benjamin |last8=Hart |first8=Amelia H. C. |last9=Ozden |first9=Sehmus |last10=Sinha |first10=Ravindra Kumar |last11=Harsh |last12=Vajtai |first12=Robert |last13=Choi |first13=Wongbong |last14=Kordás |first14=Krisztián |last15=Ajayan |first15=Pulickel M. |bibcode=2014ACSNa...8.7763S }}</ref>

<ref name=ref52>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/jp411797u |title=Electrochemically Assembled Gold Nanostructures Platform: Electrochemistry, Kinetic Analysis, and Biomedical Application |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |volume=118 |issue=12 |page=6261 |year=2014 |last1=Sharma |first1=Rachna |last2=Ali |first2=Md. Azahar |last3=Selvi |first3=N. Rajan |last4=Singh |first4=Vidya Nand |last5=Sinha |first5=Ravindra K. |last6=Agrawal |first6=Ved Varun }}</ref>

<ref name=ref53>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/elan.201400050 |title=Electroactive Prussian Blue Encapsulated Iron Oxide Nanostructures for Mediator-Free Cholesterol Estimation |journal=Electroanalysis |volume=26 |issue=7 |page=1551 |year=2014 |last1=Sharma |first1=Rachna |last2=Sinha |first2=R. K. |last3=Agrawal |first3=Ved Varun }}</ref>

<ref name=ref54>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09500340.2016.1262916 |title=Temperature-dependent bending loss characteristics of W-type photonic crystal fibres: Design and analysis |journal=Journal of Modern Optics |volume=64 |issue=8 |page=855 |year=2016 |last1=Boruah |first1=Jiten |last2=Saini |first2=Than Singh |last3=Kalra |first3=Yogita |last4=Sinha |first4=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2017JMOp...64..855B |s2cid=126226771 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref55>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.12.048 |title=SBS based slow-light generation in rectangular lattice graded-index photonic crystal fiber: Design and analysis |journal=Optik |volume=132 |pages=164–170 |year=2017 |last1=Yadav |first1=Sandeep |last2=Kumar |first2=Ajeet |last3=Saini |first3=Than Singh |last4=Sinha |first4=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2017Optik.132..164Y }}</ref>

<ref name=ref56>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/JSTQE.2015.2477781 |title=Analysis and Design of Single-Mode As2Se3-Chalcogenide Photonic Crystal Fiber for Generation of Slow Light with Tunable Features |journal=IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=287 |year=2016 |last1=Sinha |first1=Ravindra Kumar |last2=Kumar |first2=Ajeet |last3=Saini |first3=Than Singh |bibcode=2016IJSTQ..22..287S |s2cid=41669552 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref57>{{cite journal |doi=10.1364/AO.55.006775 |pmid=27557002 |title=Design and analysis of a highly nonlinear composite photonic crystal fiber for supercontinuum generation: Visible to mid-infrared |journal=Applied Optics |volume=55 |issue=24 |pages=6775–81 |year=2016 |last1=Jamatia |first1=Purniya |last2=Saini |first2=Than Singh |last3=Kumar |first3=Ajeet |last4=Sinha |first4=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2016ApOpt..55.6775J }}</ref>

<ref name=ref58>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.09.106 |title=Design of As 2 Se 3 based chalcogenide ridge waveguide for generation of slow light |journal=Optik |volume=127 |issue=24 |page=11816 |year=2016 |last1=Tewari |first1=Apurva |last2=Kumar |first2=Ajeet |last3=Saini |first3=Than Singh |last4=Sinha |first4=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2016Optik.12711816T }}</ref>

<ref name=ref59>{{cite journal |doi=10.1364/AO.55.010138 |pmid=28059256 |title=Ultra broadband mid-IR supercontinuum generation in Ge_115As_24Se_645 based chalcogenide graded-index photonic crystal fiber: Design and analysis |journal=Applied Optics |volume=55 |issue=36 |pages=10138–10145 |year=2016 |last1=Chaitanya |first1=A. G. N. |last2=Saini |first2=Than Singh |last3=Kumar |first3=Ajeet |last4=Sinha |first4=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2016ApOpt..5510138C }}</ref>

<ref name=ref60>{{cite journal |doi=10.1166/asl.2015.6405 |title=Design of Large-Mode-Area Microstructured Optical Fiber with Single-Mode Operation for High Power Fiber Lasers |journal=Advanced Science Letters |volume=21 |issue=8 |page=2539 |year=2015 |last1=Saini |first1=Than Singh |last2=Kumar |first2=Ajeet |last3=Sinha |first3=Ravindra Kumar }}</ref>

<ref name=ref61>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09500340.2015.1051600 |title=Design and analysis of equiangular spiral photonic crystal fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation |journal=Journal of Modern Optics |volume=62 |issue=19 |page=1570 |year=2015 |last1=Saini |first1=T.S. |last2=Baili |first2=A. |last3=Kumar |first3=A. |last4=Cherif |first4=R. |last5=Zghal |first5=M. |last6=Sinha |first6=R.K. |bibcode=2015JMOp...62.1570S |s2cid=124035632 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref62>{{cite journal |doi=10.1117/1.OE.54.7.075101 |title=Design of small core tellurite photonic crystal fiber for slow-light-based application using stimulated Brillouin scattering |journal=Optical Engineering |volume=54 |issue=7 |article-number=075101 |year=2015 |last1=Cherif |first1=Rim |last2=Salem |first2=Amine Ben |last3=Saini |first3=Than Singh |last4=Kumar |first4=Ajeet |last5=Sinha |first5=Ravindra K. |last6=Zghal |first6=Mourad |bibcode=2015OptEn..54g5101C |s2cid=121908661 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref63>{{cite journal |doi=10.1364/AO.53.007246 |pmid=25402884 |title=Triangular-core large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber with low bending loss for high power applications |journal=Applied Optics |volume=53 |issue=31 |pages=7246–51 |year=2014 |last1=Saini |first1=Than Singh |last2=Kumar |first2=Ajeet |last3=Sinha |first3=Ravindra Kumar |bibcode=2014ApOpt..53.7246S }}</ref>

<ref name=ref64>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.optlaseng.2011.09.008 |title=Experimental verification of improved effective index method for endlessly single mode photonic crystal fiber |journal=Optics and Lasers in Engineering |volume=50 |issue=2 |page=182 |year=2012 |last1=Kishor |first1=Kamal |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K. |last3=Varshney |first3=Anshu D. |bibcode=2012OptLE..50..182K }}</ref>

<ref name=ref65>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.optcom.2010.10.045 |title=Design of highly birefringent chalcogenide glass PCF: A simplest design |journal=Optics Communications |volume=284 |issue=5 |page=1186 |year=2011 |last1=Dabas |first1=Bhawana |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K. |bibcode=2011OptCo.284.1186D }}</ref>

<ref name=ref66>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.optcom.2010.07.026 |title=Characterization of specially designed polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber from far field radiation patterns |journal=Optics Communications |volume=283 |issue=24 |page=5007 |year=2010 |last1=Kishor |first1=Kamal |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K. |last3=Varshney |first3=Anshu D. |last4=Singh |first4=Jaspreet |bibcode=2010OptCo.283.5007K }}</ref>

<ref name=ref67>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.optcom.2009.11.091 |title=Dispersion characteristic of hexagonal and square lattice chalcogenide As2Se3 glass photonic crystal fiber |journal=Optics Communications |volume=283 |issue=7 |page=1331 |year=2010 |last1=Dabas |first1=Bhawana |last2=Sinha |first2=R.K. |bibcode=2010OptCo.283.1331D }}</ref>

<ref name=ref68>{{cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Shailendra K. |last2=Saitoh |first2=Kunimasa |last3=Sinha |first3=Ravindra K. |last4=Koshiba |first4=Masanori |title=Coupling Characteristics of Multicore Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based 1 x 4 Power Splitters |journal=Journal of Lightwave Technology |date=15 June 2009 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=2062–2068 |doi=10.1109/JLT.2008.2006692 |hdl=2115/38856 |s2cid=23981384 |url=https://www.osapublishing.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-27-12-2062 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=ref69>{{cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Anshu D. |last2=Sinha |first2=Ravindra K. |title=Ultrahigh birefringent photonic crystal fiber: An Improved design |journal=International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology |volume=4 |issue=5 |year=2009 |url=https://www.ijmot.com/ijmot/uploaded/i4d910200831345pg6.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name=ref70>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/mop.10845 |title=Dispersion properties of photonic crystal fibers |journal=Microwave and Optical Technology Letters |volume=37 |issue=2 |page=129 |year=2003 |last1=Sinha |first1=R. K. |last2=Varshney |first2=Shailendra K. |s2cid=121012087 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=ref71>{{cite journal |last1=Varshney |first1=Shailendra K. |last2=Singh |first2=M. P. |last3=Sinha |first3=R. K. |title=Propagation Characteristics of Photonic Crystal Fibers |journal=Journal of Optical Communications |date=January 2003 |volume=24 |issue=5 |page=192 |doi=10.1515/JOC.2003.24.5.192 |bibcode=2003JOC....24..192V |s2cid=138972024 }}</ref>

<ref name=ref72>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Pranaw |last2=Fiaboe |first2=Kokou Firmin |last3=Roy |first3=Jibendu Sekhar |title=Highly birefringent do-octagonal photonic crystal fibers with ultra flattened zero dispersion for supercontinuum generation |journal=Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications |date=March 2019 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.1590/2179-10742019v18i11454 |s2cid=126418852 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Ravindra Kumar}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian optical physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]

List of Indian medical colleges before Independence

2026-05-06T12:41:21Z

FallonMansom317: done...

{{Short description|none}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed
| date = May 2024
}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2024}}
}}
[[Medical education in India]] has seen significant growth over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Update on Medical Education |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1947690 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2024-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sood |first1=Rita |title= Medical education in India | journal=Med Teach |date=2016 |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=585–591 |doi=10.1080/01421590802139823 | pmid= 18677660 }}</ref>
, leading to increased attention from various sources on the history and development of medical institutions in the country. Among the topics of interest is the recognition of the oldest surviving medical colleges in India, which have played a pivotal role in shaping the healthcare landscape of India. These institutions, many of which were established during the colonial period,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=Anushka |title=HISTORY REVISITED: THE ORIGINS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA |url=https://www.lexiconin.com/37/history-revisited-the-origins-of-medical-education-in-india/ |website=Lexicon |access-date=2 September 2024 |date=10 January 2022}}</ref> have been instrumental in setting the foundations for medical education and training in India. Their enduring legacy continues to be a subject of study and discussion, reflecting their historical and educational importance in the broader context of India's evolving medical education system<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Seven Oldest Medical Colleges in India |url=https://www.educationtimes.com/webstories/top-seven-oldest-medical-colleges-in-india |website=www.educationtimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=लाइव |first1=एबीपी |title=ये हैं देश के सबसे पुराने मेडिकल कॉलेज, देखें लिस्ट |url=https://www.abplive.com/education/oldest-medical-colleges-of-india-see-list-here-in-hindi-2623800 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi |date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=7 Oldest Medical Colleges in India |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/education/7-oldest-medical-colleges-in-india/photostory/102228543.cms |website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's oldest medical schools - Hektoen International |url=https://hekint.org/2022/08/31/indias-oldest-medical-schools/ |website=hekint.org |date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

==Pre-colonial India==
India has a long and well-documented history of medical education, with institutional practices dating back several centuries. In Hyderabad, formal medical instruction can be traced to 1595, when Muhammad [[Quli Qutb Shah]] established the [[Dar-ul-Shifa|Darush-Shifa]] (House of Cure), a general hospital with an attached medical school where the Unani system of medicine was taught and practiced<ref name="osmania_med">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Osmaina Medical Collage |url=https://omc.ac.in/about-omc.php |website=omc.ac.in |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref>; the structure still stands on the southern bank of the Musi River, near the [[Salar Jung Museum]]. This article, however, focuses specifically on the oldest continuously operating medical schools in India that were established prior to the country’s independence in 1947.

==Colonial India==

During the 16th century, the introduction of [[Western medicine]] into India was spearheaded by the Portuguese. The year 1600 marked a significant milestone with the arrival of medical officers accompanying the inaugural fleet of ships dispatched by the [[East India Company]]. Their presence facilitated the inception of Western medical practices within the Indian subcontinent. Initially, medical departments were established, complete with surgeons, to cater to the healthcare needs of the troops and staff affiliated with the East India Company.
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anshu |first1=A |title=Evolution of medical education in India: The impact of colonialism |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2016 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=255–259 |doi=10.4103/0022-3859.191011 |doi-access=free |pmid=27763484 |pmc=5105212 }}</ref>
A pivotal development occurred in 1775 when hospital boards were established, consisting of the Surgeon General and Physician General. These boards were primarily constituted by personnel under the command of the [[British Indian Army]] in each presidency. Subsequently, medical departments were established in the [[Bengal presidency]], [[Madras presidency]], and [[Bombay presidency]] in 1785. These departments assumed responsibility for the healthcare of both military personnel and British civilians residing in India.
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mushtaq |first1=MuhammadUmair |title=Public health in British India: A brief account of the history of medical services and disease prevention in colonial India |journal=Indian Journal of Community Medicine |date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.4103/0970-0218.45369 |doi-access=free |pmid=19876448 |pmc=2763662 }}</ref>

==List==
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+
|-
! College Name !! Location !! Established !! class="unsortable" | Remarks
|-
| [[Goa Medical College]]
| [[Bambolim]], [[Goa]]
| 1691<ref name="Proa">Prôa, Miguel Pires. "Escolas Superiores" Portuguesas Antes de 1950 (esboço). Blog Gavetas Com Saber. 2008</ref>
| Due to its status as a [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colony]], this educational institution in Goa commenced its journey as a medicine class instructed by a Portuguese physician Manoel Roiz de Sousa. The establishment of a formal medical training institution commenced in November 1842.
|-
| L'Ecole de Médecine de Pondichéry
| [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| 1823<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} JIPMER |url=http://jipmer.edu.in/about-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324013819/http://jipmer.edu.in/about-us/ |archive-date=2013-03-24}}</ref>
| Established by [[French India|French-India]], this institution holds the distinction of being India's first medical college. Following the transfer of authority from French India to the Indian government in 1956, it was rebranded as Dhanvantri Medical College. Subsequently, in 1964, it was rechristened as the [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]].
|-
| Medical College, Bengal
| 88 College Street, [[Kolkata]]
| 1835, January<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical College, Kolkata |url=https://www.medicalcollegekolkata.in/main/page/about_us |website=www.medicalcollegekolkata.in }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| Established by [[Lord William Bentinck]], this institution's students assumed a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence. Presently, it is commonly referred to as [[Calcutta Medical College]].
|-
| [[Madras Medical College]]
| [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 1835, February<ref name="History of MMC">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmc.ac.in/mmc/content_page.jsp?sq1=ih&sqf=415 |title=Institution History |publisher=Madras Medical College |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184430/http://www.mmc.ac.in/mmc/content_page.jsp?sq1=ih&sqf=415 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| The college was inaugurated with the purpose of providing medical education to the personnel of the Madras [[Government General Hospital]] which is recognized as the first Western medicine hospital of India established in 1664. Presently, the college maintains affiliation with [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University]].
|-
| [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1845<ref>{{cite web |title=History – Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals (GGMCJJH) |url=https://ggmcjjh.com/history/ |website=Grant Government Medical College}}</ref>
| In 1834, [[Robert Grant (MP)|Robert Grant]], serving as the [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor of Bombay]], spearheaded efforts to establish a medical school in the region. A notable Indian-Parsi philanthropist, [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]], contributed 100 thousand rupees towards the construction of this medical institution. Presently recognized as Grant Government Medical College, it is affiliated with the Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals for clinical training.
|-
| Hyderabad Medical School
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 1846<ref name="osmania_med"/>
| It was established following the illness of Nawab Nasir-ud-Dawlah, who failed to recover under traditional Unani treatment. Upon the recommendation of British Resident Mr. Fraser, the Residency surgeon [[William Campbell Maclean]] successfully treated the Nizam through dietary regulation, leading to increased confidence in Western medicine<ref name="osmania_med"/>. This prompted the founding of the institution, which was later renamed [[Osmania Medical College]] after the establishment of [[Osmania University]] in 1919 under [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]].
|-
| Thomson School of Medicine
| [[Agra]]
| 1854<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra (Ministry of Medical Education, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh) |url=https://snmcagra.ac.in/history.html |website=snmcagra.ac.in |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
| The institution was named after Lieutenant Governor Sir James Thomson, who founded the school and laid its foundation stone in 1854. It was originally established with the primary objective of training medical assistants and doctors to serve in the Indian Army. In 1947, the college was renamed to [[Sarojini Naidu Medical College]] in honor of [[Sarojini Naidu]] — the first female Governor of [[Uttar Pradesh]].
|-
|Glancy Medical College
|Amritsar
|1864<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.gmc.edu.in/history |website=Government Medical College Amritsar |access-date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|Glancy Medical College was originally established in 1864 in [[Lahore]], then part of [[British India]]. It was named in honor of Sir Bertrand James Glancy, who was the Governor of the region at the time. In 1920, the institution was relocated to [[Amritsar]], [[India]]. It was upgraded to the status of a medical college in 1943. The institution is presently known as the [[Government Medical College, Amritsar]].
|-
| Sealdah Medical School
| [[Sealdah]], [[Kolkata]]
| 1873<ref>{{cite web |title=history-heritage |url=https://www.nrsmc.edu.in/pages/history-heritage |website=Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College & Hospital (NRSMC&H)}}</ref>
| Also known as Campbell Medical College, this institution was established by the British to combat rising epidemics. Commencing with a small hospital in 1864, following independence, it was renamed in tribute to a freedom fighter and alumnus of the college, becoming [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital]].
|-
| King Edward Medical School
| [[Indore]]
|1878<ref>{{cite web |last1=Message |first1=Dean's |title=Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College Indore |url=https://www.mgmmcindore.in/dean-message.aspx |website=www.mgmmcindore.in |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|
The institution was originally established in 1878 as a medical school under the name King Edward Medical School, alongside the first allopathic dispensary in central India. In July 1948, it was upgraded and renamed [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College]].
|-
| Calcutta School of Medicine
| [[Belgachia]], [[Kolkata]]
| 1886<ref>{{cite web |title=R. G. Kar Medical College And Hospital |url=https://www.rgkarmch.in/ |website=www.rgkarmch.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = R.G.Kar Medical College, Kolkata—A Premiere Institute of India | journal = Indian Journal of Surgery | date = October 2011 | issue = 5 | pages = 390–393 | doi = 10.1007/s12262-011-0327-1 | first = Dilip Kumar | last = Chakrabarti |author2=Ramanuj Mukherjee |author3=Samik Kumar Bandyopadhyay |author4=Sasanka Nath |author5=Saibal Kumar Mukherjee | pmid=23024555 | pmc=3208697 | volume=73}}</ref>
| The institution began as the Calcutta School of Medicine in 1886. It was renamed Belgachia Medical College in 1916 and became Carmichael Medical College in 1918. In 1948, it adopted its current name, [[R. G. Kar Medical College]], in honor of [[Radha Gobinda Kar|Dr. Radha Gobinda Kar]].
|-
| Berry White Medical School
| [[Dibrugarh]], [[Assam]]
| 1900<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patowary |first1=Ajit |title=Plan to preserve Berry White Medical School building |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may1712/at08 |website=The Assam Tribune Online |access-date=2 December 2025 |date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145026/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may1712%2Fat08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|The college was founded as Berry White Medical School in 1900 with a large donation from Sir [[John Berry White]]. It was renamed [[Assam Medical College]] and Hospital on 3 November 1947.
|-
| [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]]
| [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]
| 1916<ref>{{cite web |title=History :: Lady Hardinge Medical College & associated SSK & KSC Hospitals |url=https://lhmc-hosp.gov.in//index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=27&lid=77 |website=lhmc-hosp.gov.in}}</ref>
| Originally named Queen Mary College & Hospital in 1914, the institution was founded by [[Winifred Hardinge, Baroness Hardinge of Penshurst|Lady Hardinge]] to promote medical education for Indian women. Following her death in 1914, it was renamed Lady Hardinge Medical College in 1916, honoring her pivotal role in its establishment and perpetuating her legacy as its founder.
|}

==See also==

*[[List of medical colleges in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in India]]

Dayanand college

2026-05-04T10:58:27Z

FallonMansom317: Starting post...

{{Short description|College in Hisar, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dayanand College, Hisar
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय
| mottoeng = Lead me from darkness to light.
| established = 1 June 1950
| closed =
| type = [[Non-profit laws of India#Trusts|Not-for-profit trust]]
| affiliation = [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 159, 50 full time and 109 part-time
| administrative_staff =
| students = 6,000
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|29.1585|75.7129|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|24|acre}}
| former_names =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| other_names = DN College, Hisar
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]]
| website = {{website|https://www.dncollege.com}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dayanand College, Hisar''' is a [[Public university|public funded]] UGC recognized college, located in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. It is a conventional Degree college running all contemporary degree courses. The college is mainly famous for its Science stream.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==History==
On 1 June 1950, the college was founded at Hisar by the not-for-profit private trust, by the efforts of its first principal and notable [[Arya Samaj]]i Lala Gian Chand Mahajan (who later became Swami Munishwaranand), under the umbrella of [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee]] (founded 1886) on 24 acres land, with 4 acres for the main campus and another 20 acres few hundred meters away for other facilities, such as hostels, staff quarters, sports ground and indoor sports complex.<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.210| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987| access-date=2 July 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date=1 May 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1951, the college qualified for and started to receive [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] grants and aid.

In 1997, the college won the award of best college by the [[Department of Higher Education, Haryana]].

Between 2006 and 2012, the college won the ''Zonal Youth Festival Championship'' five times.

During last 26 years, the college has been University Yoga Champion for 23 years in the annual competitions.

In 2016, the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] graded and accredited the college as ''A'' class institute.

==Facilities==
The college has 8625.76 sqm built-up area over 4 acres of the main campus and 12000.26 sqm built-up area for the hostels. The college also has 35 laboratories, library with 90000 books and 100 journals, computer center with 10 computers, wifi internet connection, 400 meters athletics track, a cricket stadium, hockey ground, basketball court, multipurpose indoor sports complex, dispensary and health center, separate boys and girls hostels, separate residential quarters for 26 staff and cafeteria. Out of 159 permanent, temporary and casual teaching staff, a total of 37 have PhD qualifications.

== Details ==
The college offers the various undergraduate (BA, BSc, BCom, BCA and BBA) and post-graduate courses (MA, MCom, MSC and MCA) in arts, science, commerce, business, computer and electronics.<ref name=IP1>[https://www.dncollege.com DN College hisar]</ref> As of {{FULLDATE}}, the college as 6,000, with 4,300 male (72%) and 1,700 female (28%) student.

29 Undergraduate courses - three years full time courses with 43 subject combinations:
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Bachelor of Arts
* Bachelor of Arts (honors) in English
* Bachelor of Commerce
* Bachelor of Science
* Bachelor of Business Administration
* Bachelor of Computer Application
* Bachelor of Mass Communication
{{div col end}}

6 Postgraduate courses - two years full time courses:
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Master of Arts
* Master of Commerce
* Master of Science (Geography)
* Master of Science (Mathematics)
* Master of Science (Biotechnology)
{{div col end}}

PhD and research courses - two years full time courses:
* College faculty is university approved centre for supervising the PhD and MPhil research and students.

Vocational courses, 3 month certificate, month diploma and one year advanced diploma in the following:
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Diploma in Computer Maintenance and Networking, 60 seats
* Hardware and Networking of Computers, 40 Seats
* Internet and Web Designing, 40 Seats
* TV and VCR Repair, 40 Seats
* Retailing Management, 40 Seats
{{div col end}}

== Notable alumni ==
The college has produced several thousand notable politicians, achievers, sports person, businessmen.<ref name=DNAlum1>[http://www.dncollege.com/downloads/files/n57db872776e3f.pdf DN College Alumni list]</ref>
* [[Ajay Chautala]], MP and MLA
* [[Kamal Gupta]], MLA
* [[Prem Chand Gupta]], RJD MP from Jharkhand
* [[Joginder Sharma]], [[India national cricket team|Indian national team cricketer]] and the captain of Haryana Cricket Team
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]], actor

== See also ==
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.dnc.ac.in Official website]
* [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/place/DN+College/@29.1585987,75.7129719,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x391232d5216ceded:0x17617ba25957a11a Google map]

{{Arya Samaj by country}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Arya Samaj]]

Danthalapally mandal

2026-04-26T14:15:35Z

FallonMansom317: Starting a data...

{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Danthalapally
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Mahabubabad
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 7500 (estimated as of 2011)
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 506324
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08719
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Mahububabad
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Danthalapally''' is a [[Tehsil|Mandal]] in [[Mahabubabad district]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=சுகுமாறன் |date=2023-08-02 |title=அதிர்ச்சி.. பள்ளத்தில் கவிழ்ந்த பள்ளிப்பேருந்து.. 30 மாணவர்களின் கதி என்ன..? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/news/india/road-accident-in-telangana-school-bus-loses-control-overturns-in-danthalapally-mandal-of-mahabubabad-district-132639 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=ABP Nadu |language=ta}}</ref> There is a Pedda Mupparam stream which sometimes overflows causing traffic disruptions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Puli Sharath |date=2025-08-12 |title=Heavy Rains Hit Warangal, Hanumakonda and Kazipet |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/heavy-rains-hit-warangal-hanumakonda-and-kazipet-low-lying-areas-flooded-1896986 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
{{coord|17|30|35|N|80|09|34|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Mahabubabad district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]

{{telangana-geo-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Requested articles

2026-04-26T07:48:22Z

FallonMansom317: added new stub

Please remove articles that have been created.
*'''Note for requesters''' - if you could provide a couple of sources when posting a request you'll get a much faster response!

==Buildings and structures==
* Many missing articles in the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Himachal Pradesh]]
* 10+ missing articles inside the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* 10+ missing articles inside the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Assam]]
* 10+ missing articles inside the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Rajasthan]]
* [[Bachhrawan railway station]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Topra Ashokan Edicts Archaeological Park and Museum]] (currently a redirect to a subsection in another article) at [[Topra Kalan]] in Haryana
* Several missing [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|Indian Overseas Military Base]]s
* [[Desert Culture Centre & Museum]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Garden]], Surat (redirect)
* [[Latur IT Park]]
* [[Latur Food Park]]
* [[North East Mega Food Park]], [[Tihu]]
* [[Mansar Haveli]]<ref>https://waliaharry.wordpress.com/2019/12/01/reading-the-ruins-mansar-haveli/comment-page-1/</ref>

==Celebration==
*[[Victory Day (India)]] (Vijay Diwas)On 16th December<ref>https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/vijay-diwas-2023-the-triumphs-and-legacy-of-indias-victory-in-1971-war-18578611.htm </ref><ref> https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1884165</ref><ref> https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/bangladesh-delegation-likely-to-attend-vijay-diwas-celebrations-in-kolkata/article68977453.ece</ref>

==Cinema==
===Tamil cinema===
{{col-begin}}
;Tamil cinema (actors)
*[[Avinash Raghudevan]]
*[[Eeramana Rojave Shiva]]
*[[Hridayaraaj]]
*[[Jishnu Menon]]
*[[Laguparan]]
*[[Mathivanan Sakthivel]]
*[[Rajkumar Pitchumani]]

;Tamil cinema (actresses)
*[[Manisha Shree]]

;Tamil cinema (supporting actors)
*[[Akash (actor)|Akash]]
*[[Akash Premkumar]]
*[[Anbu Thasan]]
*[[Azhagu (actor)|Azhagu]]
*[[Boys Rajan]]
*[[DMJ Rajasimhan]]
*[[Ghajini (actor)|Ghajini]]
*[[Jayakumar Janakiraman]]
*[[John Amirtharaj]]
*[[Kayal Vincent]]
*[[M. R. Kishore Kumar]]
*[[Mukhtar Khan (actor)|Mukhtar Khan]]
*[[N. L. Srinivasan]]
*[[Nandha Saravanan]]
*[[Nishanth (actor)|Nishanth]]
*[[Pasanga Sivakumar]]
*[[Raviprakash]]
*[[Sam Paul (actor)|Sam Paul]]
*[[Shyam Ganesh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov163.asp |title=Love Marriage |website=Chennai Online |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021226152502/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov163.asp |archive-date=26 December 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Suganthan]]
*[[Sukran (actor)|Sukran]]
*[[Thadi Balaji]]
*[[Vazhakku En Muthuraman]]
*[[Vettai Muthukumar]]
{{col-break}}

;Tamil cinema (supporting actresses)
*[[Aadhira Pandilakshmi]]
*[[Ammu Ramachandran]]
*[[Bhawana Aneja]]
*[[Devipriya]]
*[[Latha Rao]]
*[[Mona Kakade]]
*[[Radhabhai]]
*[[Rekha Suresh]]
*[[Risha (actress)|Risha]]
*[[RJ Ananthi]]
*[[Saleem Asmitha]]
*[[Scarlett Mellish Wilson]]
*[[Shalu Shammu]]
*[[Shanthi Mani]]
*[[Srilekha Rajendran]]
*[[Usha Elizabeth]]
{{col-break}}
;Tamil cinema (child actors)
*[[Rakshana (actress)|Rakshana]]

;Tamil cinema (crew)
*[[Bobby (music director)|Bobby]]
*[[Dada Mirasi]]
*[[Gana Ulaganathan]]
*[[G. Jayachandran]]
*[[Inder Kumar (film producer)|Inder Kumar]]
*[[K. Balu]]
*[[Mohan Natarajan]]
*[[R. T. Annadurai]]
*[[S. R. Veeraraghavan]]
*[[Sameer Bharat Ram]]
*[[Sathyaprakash]]
*[[Senthil Veerasamy]]

;Tamil cinema (companies)
*[[Axess Film Factory]]
*[[Double Meaning Productions]]
*[[Ganga Gowri Productions]]
*[[KJR Studios]]
*[[Vels Film International]]
{{col-end}}

===Malayalam cinema===
{{col-begin}}
;Malayalam actors
* [[Nimisha Bijo]]
* [[Kottayam Ramesh]]
* [[Hakkim Shahjahan]]
* [[Dayyana Hameed]]
* [[Pramod Veliyanad]]
* [[Vishnu Agasthya]]
* [[Geethi Sangeetha]]
* [[Vismaya Mohanlal]] (currently a redirect to [[Mohanlal]] )
* [[Rehna Navas]]
* [[Sooraj Sun]]
* [[Gibin Gopinath]]
* [[Kannan Pattambi]]
* [[T. S. Raju]]
* [[Tony Antony]]
* [[Thrissur Elsy]]<ref>{{Citation |title=തൃശ്ശൂർ എൽസി |date=2025-09-18 |work=വിക്കിപീഡിയ |url=https://ml.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF&oldid=4564275 |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Priyanka Anoop]]
* [[Gokulam Gopalan]]
* [[Anjali Ameer]] <ref>{{Citation |title=അഞ്ജലി അമീർ |date=2025-11-30 |work=വിക്കിപീഡിയ |url=https://ml.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC&oldid=4586965 |access-date=2026-03-13 |language=ml}}</ref>
{{col-end}}

==Crime==
; In states
*[[Crime in Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Crime in Andhra Pradesh]] (redirect)
*[[Crime in Bihar]] (redirect)
*[[Crime in Chandigarh]]
*[[Crime in Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
*[[Crime in Daman and Diu]]
*[[Crime in Haryana]]
*[[Crime in Lakshadweep]]
*[[Crime in Mumbai]] (redirect)
*[[Crime in Puducherry]]
*[[Crime in Uttar Pradesh]] (redirect)

; Others
* [[Gajraula Nuns rape Case]] [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mulayam-faces-difficult-time-pacifying-christian-community-following-rape-of-two-nuns-in-up/1/315527.html]

==Culture==
* 100+ articles listed in [[User:Skysmith/Missing topics about Hinduism]]
* [[Incarceration in India]] (see [[Incarceration in the United States]] for example)
* [[Khalsa Dharam Shastra]], a Sikh code of conduct published in 1914

===Heraldry===
* [[Indian heraldry]]

===Cuisine===
* GI tagged food of India by states, districts and places
* [[Cuisine of Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Cuisine of Chandigarh]]
* [[Cuisine of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
* [[Cuisine of Daman and Diu]]
* [[Cuisine of Lakshadweep]]
* [[Cuisine of Puducherry]]
* Historical books about food: ''[[Lokopakara]]'', ''[[Supa Shastra]]''
* [[Roja supari]]
=== Title ===
* [[Rao Sahab]]

== Economy ==
* [[Balance of payments of India]]
* [[Devaluation of rupee in india]] (Currently a redirect)
* [[Gem and jewellery industry in India]]
* [[Custom duties in India]]
* [[Manufacturing in India]] (currently a redirect)
* [[National debt of India]]
* [[Overfishing in India]] (currently a redirect)
* [[Vysya Bank]] (currently included only in [[ING Vysya Bank]])

===Agriculture===
* [[Cotton production in India]]
* [[Peanut production in India]]
* [[Tea production in India]] (See [[:Category:Tea production]])
* [[Food processing industry in India]]

===Economy of states and territories===
* [[Economy of Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Arunachal Pradesh]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Chandigarh]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Chhattisgarh]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Daman and Diu]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Jharkhand]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Lakshadweep]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Manipur]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Meghalaya]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Nagaland]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Puducherry]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Sikkim]] (redirect)
* [[Economy of Tripura]] (redirect)

==Education==
* [[JJM Medical College]], a medical college in [[Davangere]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Jalpaiguri Institute of Technology]], a Polytechnic college in Raninagar, [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[West Bengal]].
* [[SCOLE Kerala]] is an open school education board in the [[kerala]].its parent organization is [[Department of General Education]]. [http://scolekerala.org/] [https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2022/09/05/plus-one-entrance-through-scole-kerala.html] [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/jun/07/scole-kerala-invites-admission-applications-2462503.html][https://education.kerala.gov.in/state-council-for-open-and-lifelong-education/] [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/scole-kerala-brings-out-self-learning-modules-in-malayalam/article65315286.ece]
* [[Inland Engineers Certificate]], refer to [http://www.ports.goa.gov.in/maritime-school], [http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/vac_hdc_ce_eic110412.pdf] - '''note''': Both links referred here give [[404 error]]
* [[Education in Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Education in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
* [[Education in Lakshadweep]]
* [[Education in Puducherry]]

==Geography==

===Mountains===
* [[Aravalli Craton]], is a [[Craton]] which is the Marwar segment of earths crust to the northwest of the Aravalli Range,
* [[Bundelkand Craton]], is a [[Craton]] which is the segment of earths crust to the southeast of the Aravalli Range

===Rivers===
* [[Eastern Yamuna Canal]]
* [[Sakhi river]], ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch.
* [[Sota River, India|Sota River]], tributary of Sahibi river, merges with [[Sahibi river]] at Behror in Alwar district.
* [[Wagli River]], a right-side tributary of the [[Berach River]].
* [[Wagon River]], a right-side tributary of the [[Berach River]].
* [[Gambhiri River]], a right-side tributary of the [[Berach River]].
* [[Orai River]], a right-side tributary of the [[Berach River]].

===Places===
* Places listed in [[User:Skysmith/Missing articles about Locations – Asia#India]]
* [[Barnish]], a village and a [[Gram panchayat]] in [[Jalpaiguri district]], West Bengal.
* [[Chak Rajaram Tiwaripur]], a village in Sant Ravidas Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Dhuvaran]], town and GSECL colony in Anand district of Gujarat
* [[Dindli Enclave]] ([http://wikimapia.org/317163/Dindli-Enclave WikiMapia])
* [[Khajoori Aliyarpur]], a village in Meerut District of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Khiriyanwan, Aurangabad]]
* [[Konnalloor]], near [[Thirunavaya|Thirunavaya]] in [[Kerala]]
* [[Nadukkara]], near Muvattupuzha in[[Kerala]]
* [[Navi Sangvi]], an area in [[Pune]]
* [[Nigdi Pradhikaran]], an area in [[Pune]]
* [[Ujjain Meridian]] ([[:nl:Meridiaan van Ujjain|in Dutch WP]])
* [[Ulladabri]], is a village in [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri]] of [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[West Bengal]].
* [[Utorda Beach]], [[Goa]]
* [[Natadol]], a village in Almora District of Uttarakhand.
* [[Sadar]] , a sub division in [[West Tripura District]] of [[Tripura]]
* [[Kohand]], a village in Karnal district of Haryana.
* [[Thinnakara]], island in [[Bangaram Atoll]] in [[Lakshadweep]]
* [[Velliyamkallu]], rock islet off [[Kozhikkode]]. famous tourist spot. [https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D വെള്ളിയാംകല്ല്]

==Government==
* {{icon|redirect}} [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]]
* [[Copyright Office (India)]] [http://copyright.gov.in/]
* {{icon|redirect}} [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)]]
* {{icon|redirect}} [[Department of Expenditure]]
* {{icon|redirect}} [[Department of Revenue (India)]] [http://dor.gov.in/]
* [[Department of Financial Services (India)]]
* [[Department of Investment and Public Asset Management]]
* [[Prime Minister National Relief Fund]]

====State level====
* Haryana Government's Boards and Corporations
** [[Haryana State Agricultural Marketing Board]] from [http://www.hsamb.gov.in HSAMB]
** [[Haryana Command Area Development Authority]] from [http://www.cadaharyana.nic.in CADAharyana]
** [[Haryana State Cooperative Apex Bank]] from [http://www.harcobank.nic.in harcobank]
** [[Federation of Cooperative Sugar Mills Ltd]] from [http://www.haryanasugarfed.com/ haryanasugarfed]
** [[HAFED]] from [http://www.hafed.gov.in HAFED]
** [[HARTRON]] from [http://hartron.org.in/ HARTRON]
** [[Haryana Finance Corporation]] from [http://www.hfcindia.org/ HFC]
** [[Haryana State Housing Board]] from [http://www.hbh.nic.in HHB]
** [[Haryana State Seed Certification Agency]] from [http://www.hssca.gov.in HSSCA]
** [[Haryana State Khadi & Village Industries Board]] from [http://www.harkhadi.nic.in HarKhadi]
** [[Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board]] from [http://mansadevi.org.in/ Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board]
** [[Haryana State Overseas Placement Assistance Society]] from [http://www.opbharyana.com/login.php opbharyana]
** [[Mewat Development Agency]] from [http://www.mda.nic.in MDA]
** [[Haryana State Handloom & Handicrafts Corporation Ltd]] from [http://www.handicrafts.nic.in/ Haryana Handloom & Handicrafts]
** [[Haryana State Roads & Bridges Development Corporation Ltd]] from [http://www.hsrdc.in HSRDC]
** [[Haryana State Renewable Energy Development Agency]] from [http://www.hareda.gov.in HAREDA]
** [[Shivalik Development Board]] from [http://www.sda.gov.in SDB]
** [[Haryana State Social Welfare Board]] from [http://www.cswb.gov.in/index.asp?langid=1 HCSWB]
** [[Haryana State Urdu Akademi]] from [http://www.haryanaurdu.nic.in HUA]
** [[Haryana State Warehousing Corporation]] from [http://www.hwc.nic.in HWC]
** [[Haryana State Council for Child Welfare]] from [http://www.childwelfarecouncilharyana.com HSCCW]
** [[Haryana State Indian Red Cross Society]] from [http://www.indianredcross.org HSIRCS]
** [[Haryana State Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh]] from [http://www.socialjusticehry.gov.in HSHKNS]
** [[Haryana State Food Corporation of India]] from [http://www.fciharyana.in HSFCI]
** [[SAMVAD Society]] from [http://www.haryanasamvad.gov.in SAMVAD]
** [[Haryana State National Rural Health Mission]] from [http://www.nrhmharyana.gov.in HSNRHM], Health Department Haryana
** [[Harayna State Health Resource Centre]] from [http://hshrc.gov.in HSHRC] of Health Department Haryana
** [[Gurugram Development Authority]] from [http://gurgaon.nic.in/GDA.php GDA]
** [[List of Zila Sainik Boards of Haryana]] [http://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Miscellaneous/Defence-II/2518.pdf List of Zila Sainik Boards of Haryana]

==History==
*[[Fall of the Mauryan Empire]]
*[[1809 Lat Bhairo riots]] in Varanasi
*[[1955 killings of Satyagrahis in Goa]]
*[[1960 Killings of United Maharashtra protesters in Mumbai]]
* [[1983 Hyderabad riots]] - [https://books.google.com/books?id=yB5NM0o3I9QC&lpg=PA288&pg=PA288] 45 killed; unofficial reports claim 70 deaths
* [[2000 anti-India riots in Nepal]]: Caused by false rumors of alleged anti-Nepal remarks by Hrithik Roshan [http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81838][http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/29nep.htm]; the owner of the TV station that started the rumor was accused by India of having ISI links[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8503067.stm]
*[[2010 Manipur blockade]] [http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article426876.ece]
*[[2011 Manipur blockade]][http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/Manipur-blockade-enters-100th-day/Article1-766264.aspx]
*[[Devi movement of 1922-23]] in South Gujarat [http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36010/][http://artscapeindia.org/library/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=1002&category_id=6&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1]
*[[Golaki matha]] or Golaka, a monastery situated in central India, and referred to in several inscriptions. Seems to be covered in [[Matha]] and we may not require an independent page.
*[[Foreign policy of Manmohan Singh]]
*[[Grouping of Villages in Mizoram]][http://www.jstor.org/stable/4370043] in the aftermath of [[March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising|MNF insurgency]]
*The various historical books listed in [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians#Contents]]
*[[Mahmud of Ghazni's raid of Somnath]]
*[[Tilaka-Manjari]], a medieval text by Dhanapala [https://books.google.ca/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC]
*[[Sudarshana Lake]], this is a artificial lake till date present in Gujrat Girnar. It is built by Chandragupta Maurya, later renovated by Ashoka, Skandagupta and Rudradamana.

==Law==
* The Parts, Schedules, Appendices and Amendments of the [[Template:Constitution of India]]

===National Policies===
* [[National Policy for Farmers]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150824071258/http://agricoop.nic.in/npf/npff2007.pdf]]
* [[National Manufacturing Policy]] [http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/16395.pdf]
* [[National Policy on Indian Systems of Medicine & Homoeopathy]]
* [[National Policy on Biofuels]] [http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/biofuel_policy.pdf]
* [[National Policy on Information Technology]]
* {{icon|redirect}} [[National Policy on AYUSH]]
* [[National Policy for Women]]

== Literature ==
* Works attributed to Bhoja:
** ''[[Champu Ramayana]]''
** ''[[Namamalika]]''
** ''[[Raja Martanda]]''
** ''[[Tattva-Prakasha]]''
** ''[[Vidvajjana-Vallabha]]''
** ''[[Yukti-Kalpataru]]''
* [[Lal Bujhakkad]], a popular character in Hindi folklore
* [[Miss India New York]]
* ''[[Nirantarapadavyākhyā]]'', the oldest commentary on Charaka Samhita. This 2018 journal article by Kenneth G. Zysk and Tsutomu Yamashita can be used as a source: [https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/view/32548/29944 Jajjaṭa’s Nirantarapadavyākhyā and Other Commentaries]
* [[Samuthriga Lakshanam]]
* [[Sri Gur Sobha]], Sikh eulogy
* [[Sutra Neti]]
* [[Venkatadhvari]], author of ''[[Vishva Gunadarsha Champu]]''
* [[Villiputhurar]] (c. 1400 CE), a Vaishnavite author who wrote ''Paratam'' (or ''Bharatam''), a Tamil version of the ''Mahabharata''

==Military==
* [[Coastal Surveillance Radar]] [https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/107-5CIR-107___________CAT-A___CSR.pdf][https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-plans-to-extend-coastal-surveillance-radar-system-to-maldives/articleshow/67627493.cms]
* [[Indian Navy base on Assumption Island]] [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/india-moves-to-set-up-overseas-military-base-in-seychelles-1.3374284]
* [[Signals Intelligence Directorate]]
* Several missing [[Indian_Armed_Forces#Overseas_Military_Bases|Indian Overseas Military Base]]s
* More than 10 projects of [[Border Roads Organisation]] doesn't have an article [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation#Projects_and_initiatives]

====Personnel====
* Lt Gen [[Satyevir Yadav]]
* [[Balai Chand Dutt]], sailor who sparked the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BC Dutt: The Good Sailor |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/freedom-issue-2018/descendants/bc-dutt-the-good-sailor/ |website=Open The Magazine |access-date=10 October 2021 |date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=» Collections » B.C. DUTT |url=https://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/b-c-dutt/ |website=www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>

==Organisations==
===Companies===
* [[Alstom India]], Indian subidiary of Alstom [https://www.alstom.com/alstom-india]
* [[Barbeque Nation]]
* [[Bison Panel]] India's largest Cement Bonded Particle Board Manufacturer. A Unit of NCL Group.
* [[ColorPlus]], the 'Smart Casual' lifestyle and clothing brand for men
* [[GE Power India]] [https://www1.nseindia.com/live_market/dynaContent/live_watch/get_quote/GetQuote.jsp?symbol=GEPIL]
* [[KDK Softwares]] [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/from-ca-to-software-firm-for-return-filing-kapil-changes-track-gets-reward/articleshow/91276137.cms]
[https://businessindia.co/magazine/technology/ease-of-filing-taxes]
[https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.e.2010-09-29.018/page/n177/mode/2up]
[https://www.assocham.org/event-detail.php?event=national-conference-on-gst]
[https://taxationsummit.in/edition11/]
[https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/intuit-acquires-tax-filing-startup-kdk-softwares/article6264298.ece]
[https://www.firstpost.com/business/corporate-business/intuit-of-us-buys-out-jaipur-based-tax-solutions-firm-kdk-software-2011173.html]
[https://www.vccircle.com/intuit-acquires-jaipur-based-taxation-software-development-firm-kdk]
[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/jaipur-firm-creates-helpline-for-gst-queries/article9459605.ece]
[https://dainiknavajyoti.com/business/icai-lists-gst-software-developed-by-kdk-software/article-11111]
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/icai-empanels-jaipur-cos-gst-software/articleshow/91996678.cms]
[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/kdk-software-announces-mou-with-all-india-federation-of-tax-practitioners-aiftp20221219112541/]
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/from-ca-to-software-firm-for-return-filing-kapil-changes-track-gets-reward/articleshow/91276137.cms]
* [[The Hotel Corporation of India]] [http://centaurhotels.com/]
* [[Nelco]] (Tata Group company)<ref>{{cite web |title=Company |url=https://www.nelco.in/about-us/profile/group-profile.php |website=Nelco |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sigachi Industries]]
* [[SJS Enterprises]]
* [[Shrey Sports]], cricket helmet manufacturer [http://shreysports.com]
* [[Sainik-Aryan group of companies]] and [[Shyam Indus group of companies]] from [http://www.shyamindus.com/groupcompanies.html here]
* [[Eris Lifesciences]], Eris Lifesciences Limited is a leading Indian pharmaceutical company based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. [https://eris.co.in/m]
* [[B C Jindal Group]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jindal India Power Limited |url=https://www.jitpl.com/about-jindal-group.shtml |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.jitpl.com}}</ref>

===Industry bodies/Trade associations===
* [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] (redirect)
* [[Sports Goods Foundation of India]]
* [[Sports Goods Manufacturers and Exporters Association]]
* [[Sports Academy of India]]
* [[Sports and Toys Exporters Association]] (SPORTTX)

=== NGOs & Not-for-Profit Organizations===
* [[Relief and Charitable Foundation of India]] (RCFI)
* [[Seva Samiti]] (Humanity Uplift Service Society)
* [[Karnataka Samithi (R), Kasaragod]]
* [[Avanti Chitranaalayam]] An Independent film studio based in Hyderabad.

===Institutions===

== People ==
* [[Prem Kher]], Indian lawyer and human rights activist - {{search|Prem+Kher}}
* [[Haji Baghlol]]
* [[Amit Kumar (Indian Internet CEO)]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220123551/https://www.cartradetech.com/our-team.html#Amit_Kumar |website=CarTrade Tech |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web| website=TED.com | url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/53134|title=TEDxIIMA|access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entrackr.com/2018/08/olx-used-car-30-stores-6-cities/|title=OLX to increase focus on used car business, to open 30 stores in 6 cities|date=August 2018|access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amit.vision |title=Amit Kumar: personal website |access-date=2024-02-22 |publisher=Amit Vision}}</ref>
* Notable dacoits: Ambika Patel alias [[Thokia]] [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/notorious-dacoit-thokia-gunned-down/344749/], Sudesh Patel alias [[Balkhariya]]/Balkhadia [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Its-official-Balkhariya-is-dead/articleshow/48089020.cms]
* [[Padma Vibhushan]], [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Shri]] recipients: Full list here:[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Padma]]
* [[Vaibhav Yadav]]: Author, Ramjas : The Aazadi Episode<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/i-saw-three-years-of-friendship-go-sour-says-vaibhav-yadav-who-will-pen-the-ramjas-episode/story-iSgeND9aLF1eHi3G1odGOI.html|title=I saw three years of friendship go sour, says Vaibhav Yadav who will pen the Ramjas episode|date=May 11, 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* Women listed in [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Missing articles by nationality/India]]
* [[Vatsa (sage)]]
* [[R. H. Deshpande]]
* [[B. M. Sreekantiah]]
*[[R. H. Kulkarni (freedom fighter)]]
* [[Manik Mahna]] (comedian)
* [[Golmei Gaiphulshillu Kabui]], retired judge

===Scientists/Academics===
* [[S.C. Dhara]], chemist; developer of main synthesis of anticancer drug [[cisplatin]]. Original publication is cited on the enwiki cisplatin page as Dhara SC (1970). "Cisplatin". Indian J. Chem. 8: 123–134. Some coverage in English-language sources that mention the Dhara synthesis:
** {{cite book|last1=Kukushikin |first1=Vadim Yu. |last2=Oskarsson |first2=Åke |last3=Elding |first3=Lars I. |last4=Farrell |first4=Nicholas |last5=Dunham |first5=Stephen |last6=Lippard |first6=Stephen J. |title=Inorganic Syntheses |chapter=Facile Synthesis of Isomerically Pure ''cis'' -Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), ''Cisplatin'' |date=1998 |volume=32 |pages=141–144 |doi=10.1002/9780470132630.ch23 |isbn=978-0-471-24921-4 }}
** {{cite journal|last1=Petruzzella |first1=Emanuele |last2=Chirosca |first2=Cristian V. |last3=Heidenga |first3=Cameron S. |last4=Hoeschele |first4=James D. |title=Microwave-assisted synthesis of the anticancer drug cisplatin, cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] |journal=Dalton Transactions |date=2015 |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=3384–3392 |doi=10.1039/C4DT03617D |pmid=25600831 }}
====Nagaland====
* [[G. Kanato Chophy]], anthropologist
* [[Sapu Changkija]], scientist
* [[Glenn T. Thong]], geologist
* [[Tiatoshi Jamir]], archaeologist
* [[Rosemary Dzuvichü]], professor and activist

===Internet celebrities===
* [[Lucky Gupta]], [[Internet Celebrity]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://up18news.com/2020/12/21/7025/press-release/|title=Lucky Gupta Becomes Jodhpur's First-Ever Internet Celebrity|last=|first=|date=21 December 2020|website=UP 18 News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221071012/https%3A%2F%2Fup18news.com%2F2020%2F12%2F21%2F7025%2Fpress-release%2F|archive-date=21 December 2020|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> - {{search|Lucky+Gupta}}
* [[Ashish Chanchlani]] {{snd}} Hi guys I'm currently working on [[User:Abdulhaseebatd/Ashish Chanchlani]]. I've assessed and added all useable, available English sources on this draft, but being Pakistani and naive in Hindi, I've certainly missed all of his Hindi coverage. So please help me adding his hindi coverage to draft (off course significant cov) as according WP:GNG. Regards [[User:Abdulhaseebatd|Abdulhaseebatd]] ([[User talk:Abdulhaseebatd|talk]]) 09:55, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

===Writers===
*[[Begum Rokega Sakhawar Hossain]] (1880-1932) Bengal feminist and writer - {{search|Begum+Rokega+Sakhawar+Hossain}}
*[[Gurcharan Sing Sainsra]], Indian novelist - {{search|Gurcharan+Sing+Sainsra}}
*[[Malika Jan]], Indian poet in Urdu - {{search|Malika+Jan}}
* [[Vivekanand Jha]]: Editor, Translator & Award Winning Poet
* Ancient poets, whose dramas were popular during Kalidasa's time
** [[Ramila (poet)]],[[https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=p&hl=en&q=Ramila%20(poet)%20Indian]]
**[[Saumilla]][[https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=p&hl=en&q=Saumilla#ip=1]]
* Ancient chroniclers known to Kalhana (the writer of ''Rajatarangini'')
** [[Nilamuni]],
** [[Helaraja]]
** [[Chavillakara]]
** [[Padmamihira]]
** [[Suvrata]]
* [[Murukan Kattakada]], Malayalam Poet
* [[Sentilong Ozüküm]], bureaucrat and writer

==Politics==
*[[National Child Rights Index]]
*[[Politics of Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Politics of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*[[Politics of Delhi]]
*[[Politics of Lakshadweep]]
*[[Politics of Puducherry]]

===Political parties===
*[[Bharatiya Prajagala Kalyana Paksha]]

===Politicians===
*[[Debu Mallick]], Indian politician - {{search|Debu+Mallick}}
*[[Suhrid Dutta]], Indian communist politician- {{search|Suhrid+Dutta}}
* [[Imtiaz Parray]], Kashmiri Congress politician and son of Kuka Parray
*[[C.Gopala Krishnamoorty Reddy]]

===Lok Sabha elections===
*[[Indian general election in Mysore, 1951|1951 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Mysore, 1957|1957 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Mysore, 1962|1962 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Mysore, 1967|1967 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Mysore, 1971|1971 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Karnataka, 1977|1977 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Karnataka, 1980|1980 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Karnataka, 1984|1984 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Karnataka, 1989|1989 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Karnataka, 1991|1991 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Karnataka, 1996|1996 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Karnataka, 1998|1998 Indian general election in Karnataka]]
*[[Indian general election in Karnataka, 1999|1999 Indian general election in Karnataka]]

===Rajya Sabha===

===Elections by state===
* [[Elections in Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Elections in Chandigarh]]
* [[Elections in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
* [[Elections in Lakshadweep]]

===Legislative assembliy elections===

===Legislative constituencies===

===Foreign relations===

==Sport==
===Sports by state or territory===
*[[Sports in Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
*[[Sports in Arunachal Pradesh]]
*[[Sports in Assam]]
*[[Sports in Bihar]]
*[[Sports in Chandigarh]]
*[[Sports in Chhattisgarh]]
*[[Sports in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*[[Goans in sports]] (stub)
*[[Sports in Haryana]]
*[[Sports in Himachal Pradesh]]
*[[Sports in Jharkhand]]
*[[Sports in Lakshadweep]]
*[[Sports in Meghalaya]]
*[[Sports in Nagaland]]
*[[Sports in Puducherry]]
*[[Sports in Rajasthan]]
*[[Sports in Sikkim]]
*[[Sports in Tripura]]
*[[Sports in Uttarakhand]]

===Trophies/awards===
* [[Vijay Merchant Trophy]]

==Transport==
===Airlines===

===Airports and Airstrips===

===Rail===
====Indian Railway ====
* [[Jakhal-Hisar line]] under [[Northern Railway zone]] is part of [[Jakhal-Sadalpur line]]
* [[Hisar-Jakhal line]] under [[North Western Railway zone]] is part of [[Jakhal-Sadalpur line]]
* [[Hansi-Hisar line]] under [[North Western Railway zone]] is part of [[Rohtak-Hisar line]], via meham, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-railway-line-projects-for-Haryana-state-government-will-give-50-Hooda/articleshow/21429031.cms from this source]
* [[Sonipat-Jind line]] under [[Northern Railway zone]]
* [[Delhi-Alwar line]] via Sohna-Nuh-Ferozpur Jhirka, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-railway-line-projects-for-Haryana-state-government-will-give-50-Hooda/articleshow/21429031.cms from this source]
* [[Hisar-Sirsa line]] via Agroha-Fatehabad, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-railway-line-projects-for-Haryana-state-government-will-give-50-Hooda/articleshow/21429031.cms from this source]
* [[Yamunanagar-Chandigarh line]] via Sadhora-Naraingarh, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-railway-line-projects-for-Haryana-state-government-will-give-50-Hooda/articleshow/21429031.cms from this source]
* [[List of Railway stations in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of Railway stations in Karnataka]]

====Regional RapiD Rail Transport====
* [[Delhi–Muzaffarnagar Regional Rapid Transit System]] from [[NCR_Proposed_Transport_Plan#Regional_Rapid_Transit_System_.28RRTS.29|NCR RRTS]]
* [[Delhi-Baraut Regional Rapid Transit System]] from [[NCR_Proposed_Transport_Plan#Regional_Rapid_Transit_System_.28RRTS.29|NCR RRTS]]
* [[Ghaziabad-Khurja Regional Rapid Transit System]] from [[NCR_Proposed_Transport_Plan#Regional_Rapid_Transit_System_.28RRTS.29|NCR RRTS]]
* [[Bulandshahr-Delhi-Hisar Regional Rapid Transit System]] from [[NCR_Proposed_Transport_Plan#Regional_Rapid_Transit_System_.28RRTS.29|NCR RRTS]]

===Roads===
* [[Tedim Road]] (in Manipur)

==Tourism==
*[[Domestic tourism in India]]
* 10+ missing articles inside the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[Adi Badri Buddha Vihar]] at [[Adi Badri (Haryana)]], [http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/taiwan-keen-to-explore-buddhist-sites-in-haryana/story-qIx5ZtwSDov25viJgPPasO.html see]
* [[Topra Ashokan Edicts Archaeological Park and Museum]] (currently a redirect to a subsection in another article) at [[Topra Kalan]] in Haryana

==Media==
===Journal===
[[Vagabhushana]]
== Miscellaneous ==
* [[IIT Gandhinagar stray dog attacks]] - [[man-eater]]s
* [[National Security Index]]<ref>{{cite news |title=National Security Index Ranks China 2, India 8 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/national-security-index-ranks-china-2-india-8/99469/ |access-date=5 September 2021 |date=11 February 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=National Security Index |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/national-security-index/73254/ |access-date=5 September 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=17 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hwang |first1=Karl |title=Measuring Geopolitical Power in India: A Review of the National Security Index (NSI) |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/giga/0018891/f_0018891_16152.pdf |publisher=GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies |access-date=5 September 2021 |date=May 2010}}</ref>
* [[oriental antissemitism]] [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/7/442] [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19427786231220046] [https://brill.com/view/journals/phen/2/3-4/article-p237_3.xml?language=en&ebody=pdf-130820]
* [[oriental christophobia]] [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4399873] [https://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Shortt_Christianophobia.pdf] [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-restrictions-around-the-world/] [https://www.opendoors.org/en-US/persecution/countries/]
* [[Taj (1956 film)|''Taj'' (1956 film)]]

==See also==
*[[Wikipedia:Requested articles]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Requested articles]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka#Articles_for_Creation|Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_politics#Articles_for_Creation|Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wikipedia requested articles|India]]
[[Category:WikiProject India|Requested articles]]
[[Category:Pending AfC under Indian topics]]

Prabal Kumar Basu

2026-04-22T14:53:20Z

FallonMansom317: new some bio w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian poet, essayist and editor}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabal Kumar Basu
| image = Prabalkumar Basu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Basu in 2018
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|09|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet
| known_for = 
}}

'''Prabal Kumar Basu''' (Bengali: প্রবালকুমার বসু) is an Indian poet, [[essay]]ist and editor. He writes in his mother tongue [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

== Early life ==
Prabal Kumar Basu was born on 21 September 1960, in [[Kolkata]] (erstwhile Calcutta) to Debkumar Basu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://penwestbengal.blogspot.com/2009/06/in-loving-memory-of-debkumar-basu.html|title=The news from 'International PEN' and {{as written|i|t's [sic]}} Centers around the globe: In loving memory of DebKumar basu|date=2009-06-02|website=penwestbengal.blogspot.com|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> and Chhanda Basu. Debkumar Basu was quite well known and active in the Bengali cultural sphere and most of his friends and acquaintances were prominent writers, poets, artists and others. Young Prabal grew up in an environment where the arts featured prominently as a part of daily life. The seeds of his literary aspirations were sowed at an early age.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

The poet [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/a-special-write-up-on-poet-shakti-chattopadhyay-1.903466|title=শক্তিকুমার বলে ডাকতেন|last=বসু|first=প্রবালকুমার|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> was a huge influence on Prabal. Travelling with the senior poet through rural [[West Bengal]] gave Prabal a ring-side view of man and nature intersect, a view which shaped his early works. His close association with nature increased manifold while he was studying engineering at [[Jalpaiguri]] which was close to the [[Dooars]] forest.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

After poet Shakti Chattopadhayay's death Prabal came in close proximity with another literary stalwart [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] who introduced Prabal to [[world literature]] and modernism. Both these ideals greatly influenced and shaped Prabal's later works.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Literary career & contributions ==
Prabal started writing poetry from his college days and his first poetry book ''Tumi i Pratham''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pranabmukherjee.nic.in/pr030317_01.html|title=Shri Pranab Mukherjee: Former President of India|website=pranabmukherjee.nic.in|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> was published immediately after he graduated. This brought him critical acclaim and he was awarded Gaurishankar Bhattacharjee Memorial Award.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 January 2002|title=Signpost of Bengali poetry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Signpost-of-Bengali-poetry/articleshow/1233506409.cms|access-date=2020-07-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He also dabbled in theatre in college, especially verse dramas, and in 1981, he formed a cultural organization named Adhunik Sanskritik Parishad, which used to stage ballet forms of poems.

In 2002, Prabal edited ''Signposts: 50 years of Bengali Poetry since Independence''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/book-review-among-erring-humans/cid/893284|title=Book Review – Among Erring Humans|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> Since then, the book has become one of the most well-read and talked about books on [[Bengali poetry]] in English. In 2003 Prabal was instrumental in setting up the Kolkata International Foundation for Art, Literature and Culture,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-16|title=26 paintings auctioned at Christie's|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/26-paintings-auctioned-at-christie-s/story-qMV80oN6IiHIvPt1nfxmDK.html|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> along with famous artists, theatre personalities, poets and others, with the objective was to set up a multi-cultural centre in Kolkata.

Prabal received much fame and accolades, along with the West Bengal Bangla Akademy Puraskar,<ref>{{Cite web|title=KAURAB Online :: A Bengali Poetry Webzine :: Translation Site|url=http://kaurab.tripod.com/english/books/prabal.html|access-date=2020-07-05|website=kaurab.tripod.com}}</ref> for his poetry book ''Jamon Kore Gaichhe Akash'' in 2005. In this same year he was invited to the Third International Poetry Festival in Wellington, New Zealand.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0510/S00007/third-wellington-international-poetry-festival.htm|title=Third Wellington International Poetry Festival |date=3 October 2005|website=www.scoop.co.nz|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://catalystnz.blogspot.com/2006/|title=Catalyst|website=catalystnz.blogspot.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> The festival was a confluence of poets from across the globe and Prabal developed a connection with other International poets. This greatly helped him acquire an international diction and world viewpoint which is evident in his later works. A crowning achievement was the Writers and Artists In-Residency Programme 2017<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ashokkumar-chavda-prabal-basu-part-of-in-residence-programme-884740-2017-03-03|title=Ashokkumar Chavda, Prabal Basu part of in-residence programme|publisher=Press Trust of India |date=3 March 2017 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>' where he was the invited guest of the then President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee|Dr. Pranab Mukherjee]]. He stayed at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Rashtrapati Bhawan]] for two weeks and had multiple cultural exchanges with the President himself.

==Yapanchitra—a platform for young poets==

It was in 2002, when Yapanchitra, a little magazine for literature, art and culture was published (editor: Barnali Roy), Prabal became its mentor. He was not merely a contributor but was responsible for the magazine's creative ideas and execution processes. In 2006, Prabal edited the international poetry volume for Yapanchitra. Later when Yapanchitra Foundation was established as a platform for young poets Prabal became the editor of Yapanchitra <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/prabal-kumar-basu/articleshow/66631899.cms|title=Prabal Kumar Basu - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 November 2018 |access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> in the year 2017.

== Literary works ==
Following are the list of Prabalkumar Basu's<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ravi|first=S.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/promoting-indian-literature/article18075669.ece|title=Promoting Indian literature|date=2017-04-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> literary works in different fields of literature:

===Poetry collections===

* Tumi i Pratham (1983)
* Byaktigata Smritistambher Pashe (1987)
* Sthayee Abaas O sthayee Thikana (1989)
* Janmobeej (1993)
* Yapanchitra (1994)
* Isworer Mukh (1998)
* Jemon Kore Gaichhe Akaash (2002)
* Manobanchha Ek Bindu Jol (2004)
* KothaTheke Shuru Karbo (2006)
* Shreshtho Kabita (2007)
* Aapnakei Thik Karte Hobe Gantyabyo (2008)
* Adharma Katha (2009)
* Bhalo Bolte Shikhun (2011)
* Premer Kabita (2012)
* Nirbachito Duratwo Mene (2013)
* Ei Je Ami Chalechi (2015)
* Aami To Boltei Partam (2017)
* Nirbachito Kabita (2017)
* Bhebechi Emni bhabei Hoy (2018)
* Balite Joler Dag (2019)
* Bakul Bamapodo Nitai Aar Ami (2020)
* November er Kabita (2022)
* Atmyiota Bagher Moto (2024)

=== Works translated in English ===
==== Poetry ====

* Of Lonely Rocks and Upright Trees (2006)
* All About Umbrellas (2008)
* As I Wander Along (2018)
* Fish without a bicycle (2022)
* In search of silence (2023)

==== Short stories ====
* Paradox of Truth (2013)

=== Short story collections (Bengali) ===
* Moha Bhoj (1993)
* Aamar Somoy Aamar Galpo (2008)
* Galpoi Galpo (2011)

=== Verse drama collections (Bengali) ===
* Chakrabyuha O Anyanyo Kabyanatya (2005)
* Kabyanatya Sangraha (2013)
* Anu-Natok (2025, collection of Micro plays)

=== Collection of essays ===
* Andho Jato Hoy Tato Dekhe (2007)
* Mor Bhabanare (2018)
* Tarun Kabir Kabyobhasha (2018)
* Chalte Chalte Rashtrapati Bhabana (2018)
* Kichhu Dekha Kichhu Katha (2019)
* Antoraaler Golpokatha (2019)
* Natya Natok Brittanto (2025)

=== Edited books ===
* Signposts: Bengali Poetry since Independence
* Anyo Aalo: Selection of essays by eminent authors, published in Yapanchitra magazine (2015)

== Awards and recognition ==
* Gaurishankar Bhattacharjee Memorial Award (1984)<ref name=":0" />
* State Academy Award for Poetry (2005)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shri Prabal Kumar Basu |url=http://pranabmukherjee.nic.in/pdf/Pr030317_01.pdf |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217141126/http://pranabmukherjee.nic.in/pdf/Pr030317_01.pdf |archive-date=February 17, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Prabal Kumar Basu - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/prabal-kumar-basu/articleshow/66631899.cms|access-date=2020-01-27|website=The Times of India|date=15 November 2018 }}</ref>
* Invitee at the 3rd Wellington International Poetry Festival in New Zealand (2005)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
* Invitee at the 4th World Haiku Conference in Tokyo (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldhaiku.net/news_files/whac4/album/whac4album14.htm|title=The WHAC4 Album|website=www.worldhaiku.net|access-date=2020-02-04|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217141122/http://www.worldhaiku.net/news_files/whac4/album/whac4album14.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldhaiku.net/news_files/whac4/chirashi.htm|title=World Haiku|last=|first=|date=|website=www.worldhaiku.net|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217141119/http://www.worldhaiku.net/news_files/whac4/chirashi.htm|archive-date=17 February 2023|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>
* Invited by President of India, to President House, India, for fifteen days to join "Writers & Artists In-Residence" Program (2017)<ref name=":5" />
* Felicitated by BRICKS Writers association (2024)
* Invited at Cairo for Cairo bookfair (2025)
* Invited at Babylon for Babylon Festival (2025)
* Invited at Mexico for Zamora poetry festival from 3rd sept to 7th sept (2025)
* Prabal's book translated in Spanish language was published by Mexican publisher Al- Golem in August 2025. Prabal is the second Bengali poet to get invitation to read poetry in Mexico after Tagore.
* Prabal also read poetry in [[Bowery Poetry Club|Bowery poetry club]] of New York, US on 10th Sept, 2025

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Prabal Kumar}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]

Ayan (film)

2026-04-22T10:41:49Z

FallonMansom317: added new article

{{short description|2009 film by K. V. Anand}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ayan film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. V. Anand]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
*K. V. Anand
*[[Subha (writers)|Subha]]
}}
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl | Subha}}
}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]
*[[M. S. Guhan]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Suriya]]
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
}}
| cinematography = [[M. S. Prabhu]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| distributor = [[Sun Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2009|04|03|df=yes}}
| runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayan |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ayan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjy0mji |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/qnr2i |archive-date=April 22, 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}15 crore<ref name="In4th Gear">{{cite web |date=30 March 2010 |title=In4th Gear |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM%2F2010%2F03%2F20&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01600&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171107024231/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM%2F2010%2F03%2F20&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01600&AppName=1 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}80 crore<ref name="gross">{{cite web |date=15 May 2020 |title=From 'Kaakha Kaakha' To 'Singam': Five Blockbuster Films Of Suriya That Made Him A Bankable Star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-kaakha-kaakha-to-singam-five-blockbuster-films-of-suriya-that-made-him-a-bankable-star/etphotostory/75759356.cms?__twitter_impression=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424063147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-kaakha-kaakha-to-singam-five-blockbuster-films-of-suriya-that-made-him-a-bankable-star/etphotostory/75759356.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ayan''''' ({{translation|Creator}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[K. V. Anand]] and produced by [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] and [[M. S. Guhan]]. The film, starring [[Suriya]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Akashdeep Saighal]], [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]], and [[Karunas]]. The film score and soundtrack was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], edited by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]], the film was filmed by [[M. S. Prabhu]]. The film tells the story of a young man involved in smuggling who becomes a target of his rivals, leading to a major change in his life.

The film was launched in [[Chennai]], while filming also took place in various locations out of India, including [[Namibia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Zanzibar]] and [[South Africa]]. It released on 3 April 2009 worldwide. ''Ayan'' was declared as the solo [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] of 2009 in [[Tamil cinema]],<ref name="sify1">{{cite web |date=Dec 31, 2009 |title=2009– Kollywood Hits & Misses! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-kollywood-hits-misses-news-tamil-kkfrfMiibaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010030945/http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-kollywood-hits-misses-news-tamil-kkfrfMiibaa.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> collecting about {{INRConvert|80|c|year=2009}} worldwide and became the [[List of Tamil films of 2009|highest grossing Tamil film]] of the year.<ref name="gross" /> The film was also successful in [[Kerala]].<ref name="In4th Gear" />

== Plot ==
Deva is a [[computer science]] post-graduate in [[Chennai]] who works with Dass by [[smuggling]] pre-release [[copyright infringement|unlicensed films]] on [[DVD]] and other small contrabands mainly through the air. Deva's widowed mother Kaveri does not appreciate his career choice. Their former business associate Nemichand Seth's son Kamalesh tries to foil their Diwali film [[piracy]] operations to take over that smuggling deal for himself through police-backed channels. After Kamalesh orchestrates a raid on their hideout, the inspector offers Dass that one of his men should take the blame for the crimes. Deva attempts to do so, but another man Chitti Babu, who has no affiliation with the gang, takes responsibility. Later, Chitti joins Dass's group and befriends Deva while he completes his education. Chitti and Deva run a variety of smuggling jobs for Dass for months, often on international routes. Chitti learns about all the means and modes of operation.

Meanwhile, Deva accidentally meets Chitti's younger sister Yamuna and they soon fall in love with Chitti being happy because Deva is well educated. On Deva's birthday, he and Chitti smuggle [[gold bar]]s worth $150 million from a [[tanker (ship)|tanker]] in [[Chennai port]]. When Dass learns of Deva's birthday, Dass gives him money and the day off to enjoy while the others trade the gold. Deva is called for temple worship by his mother, where trouble ensues when he learns that the customs authorities have received a tip-off to the hideout amid a major smuggling operation. However, the others narrowly escaped with the goods. He finds out that Chitti has been working for Kamalesh all this time. Chitti goes on to work as a [[mule (smuggling)|drug mule]] for Kamalesh, ingesting [[heroin]] capsules and transporting them to [[Malaysia]]. He meets Deva on the flight. While disembarking, Chitti falls ill and Deva fends off Kamalesh's gang to help Chitti even though they are estranged. Chitti confesses that though he worked for Kamalesh, his friendship with Deva was genuine.

In a tragic turn of events, Kamalesh's gang kidnaps Chitti before Deva can save him and they cut him up to recover the drugs. Deva fends off the thugs and tries to save Chitti. In his final moments, Chitti requests that Deva burn him so that his family never learns of his death. Deva burns Chitti's body along with the drugs and returns to [[India]] with Chitti's belongings. However, Kamalesh tips off the authorities about Chitti's death, and Yamuna herself files a case against Deva. However, Yamuna finds Chitti's phone, in which Chitti had recorded the circumstances of his death. Deva is released, and Yamuna reunites with him. Deva plans not to engage in the smuggling business for a while, but Kamalesh has his people plant drugs at the airport and blames Deva, who tips off the [[customs officer]] Parthiban. In turn, Deva informs Parthiban about the drug mules working for Kamalesh in exchange for his freedom. Deva works with Parthiban to monitor Kamalesh's calls with his clients, thus busting many illegal smuggling consignments.

Kamalesh eventually discovers the bug and tries to eliminate Deva and Parthiban. However, they both escape and secure a massive cocaine shipment from Kamalesh. Despite this, they trace the shipment to Kamalesh's accountant, who agrees to become a witness after Deva records Kamalesh makes sexual advances towards Kavitha, the accountant's daughter, by secretly mixing [[Ketamine]] into her [[Pepsi]]. Kamalesh has the accountant killed before the court hearing and gets released due to lack of evidence. Kamalesh tries to kill Deva and his mother, but they have a narrow escape. He then plans a hit on Dass as he foresee Deva to take control of their diamond smuggling operation. Dass saves Deva, but Dass dies after his vehicle collides with a petroleum tanker. Deva heads to [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]], where he finishes Kamalesh and retrieves the diamonds. When Deva returns to India, Parthiban searches him again, admitting that Deva's mother exposed him to get Deva out of his illegal activities. Deva surrenders the diamonds disguised under a wig and Parthiban reveals that he can now enlist Deva to work as a customs official. Deva accepts the job and walks out with his mother and Yamuna.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|* [[Suriya]] as Devaraj Velusamy (Deva), a post graduate in [[computer science]] who gets involved in smuggling and aids his father's friend Dass.
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Anthony Dass, a local smuggler who starts with Kamalesh's father.
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Yamuna, Chitti's sister, and Deva's love interest ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Akashdeep Saighal]] as Kamalesh, Dass's business enemy (Voice dubbed by Ajay Kapoor)
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Chitti Babu, Deva's friend, Yamuna's brother
* [[Karunas]] as Dilli, Dass's hearing-impaired driver
* [[Ponvannan]] as J. Parthiban IRS, the customs officer and the Assistant Commissioner of the [[Income Tax Air Intelligence Unit]].
* [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Kaveri Velusamy, Deva's mother
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Narcotics Officer
* Meesai Rajendran as Sub-inspector Muruganantham
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Film Producer
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Kamalesh's aide at the airport and the bar
* [[Kalairani]] as Brothel Owner
* Boys Rajan
;Cameo appearance
* [[Koena Mitra]] in the song "Honey Honey"
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Velusamy, Deva's father (Photo only) }}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Three years after the release of his debut venture ''[[Kana Kandaen]]'' starring [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] and [[Gopika]], cinematographer [[K. V. Anand]] expressed his desire to commence his second film as director. He and Subha discussed several plots and settled for "Ayan" because "it was not only different but had scope for entertainment".<ref name = "Hindu"/> It was later announced that Anand would be directing his next film, produced under the AVM Production banner, titled ''Ayan''. The film was inaugurated at AVM Studios on 24 March 2008 with the presence of most of the unit members.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} On the occasion, Anand announced the film's genre to be an action thriller interlaced with [[Romance film|Romance]] and [[Comedy film|Comedy]]. He also suggested ''Ayan'' meant "outstanding", excellence" or can be the name for sun rays in five different languages. However, this was later doubted by a few critics, raising a point saying ''Ayan'' was not necessarily a [[Tamil language]] word. Despite the film's lyricist [[Vairamuthu]]'s calls for the word to be a Tamil word, it was argued that ''Ayan'' was a nickname for the [[Hindu]] deity Lord [[Brahma]]. Since the word was then touted to be borrowed from the [[Sanskrit language]], the film was prone to a title change, in light of [[Tamil Nadu]]'s Entertainment Tax Exemption Act, which was passed in 2006.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} A similar problem was faced by the producers of ''[[Aegan]]'', which was also under production at the time. The controversy was later dropped. ''Ayan'' was announced to be predominantly set in various locations of both [[South Asia]] and [[Africa]]. It was made at a production cost of {{INR}}200 million.<ref name="mint">{{cite web |title=Suriya: Bollywood's hottest six-pack |url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/10/02211011/Suriya-Bollywood8217s-hott.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007115905/http://www.livemint.com/2009/10/02211011/Suriya-Bollywood8217s-hott.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |publisher=}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[K. V. Anand]] announced the film with both [[Suriya]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] to play the lead roles in the film.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Suriya was initially expected to play the lead role in Anand's earlier film but was not able to do so.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/eye-on-entertainment/article657957.ece|title=Eye on entertainment|work=The Hindu|date=2 April 2009|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118160113/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Eye-on-entertainment/article15937780.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ayan'' would also make Suriya's second film with [[AVM Productions]], after their previous partnership in ''[[Perazhagan]]''. Furthermore, Suriya had worked with Anand since Suriya's debut in the 1997 film ''[[Nerukku Ner]]'' for which Anand was the film's photographer.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Suriya's physique was key for his character, as he would be acting as a powerful and active youngster. He also sported 10 different looks in the film, the most for an actor at that time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-29 |title=Suriya will be sporting 13 different looks in Siruthai Siva's directorial |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-will-be-sporting-13-different-looks-in-siruthai-sivas-directorial/articleshow/96594329.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230080224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-will-be-sporting-13-different-looks-in-siruthai-sivas-directorial/articleshow/96594329.cms |archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> During the film's launch, he announced that he would give the film his best, understanding the nature of the producers, who previously presented the big-budget film ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]''. Tamannaah, after starring in the Tamil films ''[[Kalloori]]'' (for which she was nominated for a [[Filmfare Best Actress Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award]]) and ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikathavan]]'', was cast in ''Ayan''. [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] was cast in ''Ayan'' in a pivotal role, following his previous films in which he played important supporting characters.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} It was later announced that Anand would introduce a new actor to [[Tamil cinema]] in the film, who will be playing a negative role, which was later known to be [[Akashdeep Saighal]], who predominantly worked in [[Bollywood]] films.

Apart from the film's cast, the film's crew consisted of [[Harris Jayaraj]] as the composer along with [[Vairamuthu]], [[Pa. Vijay]] and [[Na. Muthukumar]] as the lyricists. [[M. S. Prabhu]] was chosen as the film's cinematographer, who was a friend of Anand and worked with him under the guidance of [[P. C. Sriram]].

===Filming===
Nenje Nenje’ song was shot on the sand dunes of the [[Namib-Naukluft National Park]], [[Dune 7 (Namibia)|Dune 7]] and [[Deadvlei]] in [[Namibia]], in freezing temperature. Songs were composed in [[Mauritius]], where William Honk choreographed the car chase shots.<ref name = "Hindu"/> The stunt sequences were shot at Binny Mills with a huge set resembling an airport while another fight was shot at [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The filming was also held at [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Zanzibar]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Themes and influences==
The film's concept revolves around [[smuggling]] and custom officers. In order to prepare the script, [[K. V. Anand]] did a lot of research and is said to have spoken to a lot of custom officers to understand the modus operandi of smuggling.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/k-v-anand-interview/article6566124.ece|title=Balancing box office formula with substance|author=Udhav Naig|work=The Hindu|date=5 November 2014|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501144316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/k-v-anand-interview/article6566124.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/cinematographers-dream-role/article567903.ece|title=Cinematographer's dream role|author=S. Aishwarya|work=The Hindu|date=12 August 2010|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730175214/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Cinematographers-dream-role/article16130116.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Ayan (soundtrack) }}
The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], in his fourth collaboration with [[Suriya]], after ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'', ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' and ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'', and his first collaboration with director [[K. V. Anand]]. Harris composed all the songs in [[Mauritius]]. The film's audio launch took place on 10 January 2009,{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} at the office of [[Sun TV Network]] in [[Chennai]], with the presence of the film's cast and crew.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The audio launch had a live telecast on [[Sun Music]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film features six tracks, with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Vairamuthu]] and [[Pa. Vijay]].

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "Ayan is Suriya’s show all the way. He bears the onus with a smile and the death-defying stunts add to the robust image he aims to project".<ref name="TheHindu(2009-04-10)">{{cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2009-04-10 |title=Hail Action! - Ayan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Hail-Action-Ayan/article15937879.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126163732/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Hail-Action-Ayan/article15937879.ece |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=22 April 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars stating "Paisa Vasool" ({{Translation|Box office hit}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-03 |title=Ayan |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ayan-review--pclxaIhdegcjc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501030507/https://www.sify.com/movies/ayan-review--pclxaIhdegcjc.html |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "Ayan is definitely a must-watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2009-04-03 |title=Ayan is a must-watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/03review-ayan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922183721/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/03review-ayan.htm |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "As a package, Ayan is a complete entertainer all the way".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2009 |title=''Ayan'': A complete entertainer |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ayan-a-complete-entertainer/articleshow/22177490.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201064553/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ayan-a-complete-entertainer/articleshow/22177490.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu-dubbed version, Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "On a whole, ''Veedokkade'' is a slickly executed action flick".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jeevi |date=1 May 2009 |title=Telugu Movie review - Veedokkade |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-veedokkade.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513232715/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-veedokkade.html |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

===Box-office===
In Chennai alone, box office totals were reported as {{INRConvert|7|c}} in theatrical revenue.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} International distribution rights were sold to [[Ayngaran International]]. Ayan's revenue was {{Currency|1046027|US}} in [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/yearly/?yr=2009&p=.htm|title=Malaysia Yearly Box Office, 2009|work=Boxofficemojo.com|access-date=22 February 2014|archive-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220195245/http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/yearly/?yr=2009&p=.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{Currency|119220|GBP}} in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/yearly/?yr=2009&sort=studio&order=ASC&p=.htm |title=United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office, 2009 |work=Boxofficemojo.com |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226102754/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/yearly/?yr=2009&sort=studio&order=ASC&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's Telugu dubbed version, ''Veedokkade'', was sold to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] based producer, [[Bellamkonda Suresh]].<ref name="in.movies.yahoo.com">{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/62283/Veedokkade-completes-100-days.html |title=Veedokkade completes 100 days | Regional News – Yahoo!! India Movies |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528160149/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/62283/Veedokkade-completes-100-days.html |archive-date=28 May 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=D Govardan |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/films/ayan-only-big-tamil-hit-year-934 |title=Ayan, the only big Tamil hit of the year |work=Financial Chronicle |access-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329065640/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/films/ayan-only-big-tamil-hit-year-934 |archive-date=29 March 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Small-is-big-in-the-Tamil-film-industry/557876/ |title=Small is big in the Tamil film industry |work=The Financial Express |date=23 December 2009 |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105041803/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/small-is-big-in-the-tamil-film-industry/557876 |url-status=live }}</ref> The final worldwide box office was around {{INRConvert|80|c}}.<ref name="gross"/> The film ran over 100 days in Kerala. The Telugu dubbed version ''Veedokkade'' ran over 100 days in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="gross"/>

==Awards==
''Ayan'' received the most nominations at the [[57th Filmfare Awards South]] (12) and the [[Vijay Awards|4th Annual Vijay Awards]] (18).
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
|rowspan=12|[[57th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Suriya]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=12|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bollywoodproduct.in/57th-filmfare-awards-south-2010/#TamilAwards|title=57th Filmfare Awards South (2010)|work=Bollywood Product|accessdate=2025-12-27|archive-date=3 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703030210/https://bollywoodproduct.in/57th-filmfare-awards-south-2010/#TamilAwards|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms|title=Filmfare Awards winners|work=The Times of India|date=2010-08-09|accessdate=2025-12-27|archive-date=11 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-09/news-interviews/28320515_1_filmfare-awards-winners-prakash-raj-k-j-yesudas|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AWARDS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.avm.in/copy-of-studio|title=AWARDS|work=[[AVM Productions]]|accessdate=2025-12-27|archive-date=7 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807072426/https://www.avm.in/copy-of-studio|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[K.V. Anand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|''Ayan''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
|[[Na. Muthukumar]] ("Vizhi Moodi")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vairamuthu]] ("Nenje Nenje")
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback – Tamil]]
|[[Harish Raghavendra]] ("Nenje Nenje")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] ("Vizhi Moodi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|[[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography – South]]
|[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] ("Pala Pala")
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=18|[[4th Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Suriya
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=18|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Admin |date=2010-06-29 |url=http://imovies4you.com/watch-star-vijay-awards-2010-videos-online |title=IMovies4You - Watch Star Vijay Awards 2010 Videos Online |work=imovies4you |access-date=2012-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801090449/http://imovies4you.com/watch-star-vijay-awards-2010-videos-online/ |archive-date=2012-08-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AWARDS" />
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|[[Rajeevan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|Dhinesh ("Pala Pala")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|K. V. Anand
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
|K. V. Anand
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Entertainer of the Year|Best Entertainer]]
|Suriya
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|Suriya
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
|''Ayan''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|Harris Jayaraj ("Vizhi Mooodi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|Vairamuthu ("Nenje Nenje")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback]]
|Harish Raghavendra ("Nenje Nenje")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Vijay Award for Best Visual Credits|Best VFX Compositor
|Srinivas Karthik Kotamraju (EFX)
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|Jagan
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|Jagan
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
|[[Kanal Kannan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|[[Nalini Sriram]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Icon of the Year|Icon of the Year]]
|Suriya
|{{won}}
|-
|Meera Isaiaruvi Tamil Music Awards
|Best Album of the Year
|Harris Jayaraj
|{{won}}
|<ref name="AWARDS" />
|-
|rowspan=10|[[South Scope|South Scope Awards]]
|Best Actor – Tamil
|Suriya
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=10|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thamarai.com/lifestyle/society/south-scope-awards-2010|title=South Scope Awards 2010|work=Thamarai|date=2010-09-22|accessdate=2025-12-27|archive-date=11 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911070014/https://thamarai.com/lifestyle/society/south-scope-awards-2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AWARDS" />
|-
|Best Actress – Tamil
|Tamannaah Bhatia
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil
|Prabhu
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Comedian – Tamil
|Jagan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music Director – Tamil
|Harris Jayaraj
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Best Male Playback – Tamil
|Harish Raghavendra (Nenje Nenje)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Karthik ("Vizhi Moodi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Playback – Tamil
|[[Mahathi]] ("Nenje Nenje")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lyricist – Tamil
|Na. Muthukumar ("Vizhi Moodi")
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer – Tamil
|[[M. S. Prabhu]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{AVM Productions}}
{{K. V. Anand}}

[[Category:2009 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Blood diamonds]]
[[Category:Films about heroin trade]]
[[Category:Films about mining]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Films shot in Botswana]]
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List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)

2026-04-21T19:46:47Z

FallonMansom317: new...

{{Short description|List of recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian award
| name = Padma Bhushan
| image = Padma Bhushan India IIe Klasse.jpg
| alt = Padma Bhushan medal suspended from its riband
| image_size = 100px
| type = National Civilian
| country = India
| established = 1954
| firstawarded = 1954
| presenter = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|30px|State Emblem of India]] [[Government of India]]
| previous = [[Padma Vibhushan]] "Dusra Varg" (Class II)
| obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus.
| reverse = A platinum [[State Emblem of India]] placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
| ribbon = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|100px|Padma Bhushan riband]]
| higher = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Vibhushan riband]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| lower = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]]
| total_awarded = 291
}}

The [[Padma Bhushan]] is the third-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[India|Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|title=PV Sindhu recommended for Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, by sports ministry|work=Firstpost|date=25 September 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235920/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|archive-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Instituted on 2{{nbsp}}January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.<ref name=award1954>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Lal|first=Shavax A.|year=1954|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=2 January 1954|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=2|quote=The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated 'Padma Vibhushan' in three classes, namely: 'Pahela Varg', 'Dusra Varg' and 'Tisra Varg'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> The recipients receive a ''Sanad'', a certificate signed by the [[President of India]] and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26{{nbsp}}January) and registered in ''[[The Gazette of India]]''{{mdash}}a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]].<ref name="scheme">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Scheme|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002803/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. The names of recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which processes require the authority of the president, are archived and they are required to surrender their medal when their name is struck from the register;<ref name=award1955>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Ayyar|first=N. M.|year=1955|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=15 January 1955|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=8|quote=All persons upon whom the decoration of 'Padma Vibhushan' ('Dusra Varg') was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Bhushan has been conferred by the President.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211317/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 2000–2009 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the [[State governments of India|state and the union territory governments]], as well as from [[Union Government ministries of India|Ministries of the Government of India]], the [[Bharat Ratna]] and the [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|Padma Vibhushan awardees]], the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Ministers]] and the [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of State]], and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] including private individuals.<ref name="scheme" />

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Varg" (Class II) under the three-tier [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15{{nbsp}}January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="scheme" /> The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.<ref name=award1955 /> The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion {{convert|1+3/4|inch|mm}} in diameter and {{convert|1/8|inch|mm}} thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of {{convert|1+3/16|inch|mm}} side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter {{convert|1+1/16|inch|mm}} is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in [[Devanagari]] script. The [[State Emblem of India]] is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm}} in width with a broad white stripe in the middle.<ref name="scheme" /><ref name=award1955 /> It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of [[Indian honours system|the Indian civilian and military awards]].{{efn|The order of precedence is: [[Bharat Ratna]], [[Param Vir Chakra]], [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] and Padma Bhushan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|title=Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals|access-date=22 November 2015|publisher=Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220808/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA%3D%3D&ParentID=XRRy6fl%2FYj1c0bK0sve+Pg%3D%3D|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>}}

A total of 291 awards were presented in the 2000s{{dash}} twenty awards were presented in 2000, followed by thirty-two in 2001, twenty-five in 2002, thirty-two in 2003, nineteen in 2004, thirty in 2005, thirty-seven in 2006, thirty-two in 2007, thirty-five in 2008, and thirty-one in 2009. The Padma Bhushan in the 2000s was also conferred upon 37 foreign recipients{{dash}} eighteen from the United States, five each from Russia and the United Kingdom, three from Japan, two from France, and one each from China, the Czech Republic, Germany, and South Africa. Individuals from ten different fields were awarded, which includes sixty-nine artists, sixty from literature and education, forty-three from science and engineering, twenty-seven from trade and industry, twenty-six from medicine, twenty-two from public affairs, eighteen from social work, twelve from civil services, ten from other fields, and four sportspersons.<ref name="award00-09">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|pages=117–166|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

In 2003, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) volunteer [[Dattopant Thengadi]] refused to accept the award until RSS founder [[K. B. Hedgewar]] RSS ideologue [[M. S. Golwalkar]] had been offered the [[Bharat Ratna]].<ref name="SaidNo">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2714615.cms|title=Those who said no to top awards|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2008|access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329133839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2714615.cms|archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> Historian [[Romila Thapar]], who had earlier refused the award in 1992, did so again in 2005.<ref name="SaidNo" /> In a letter she wrote to the then [[President of India|President]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], she mentioned that she had refused the award when the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] contacted her. However, she stated she was surprised to see her name in the list of awardees.<ref name="Thapar">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Romila-rejects-Padma-award/articleshow/1003072.cms?referral=PM|title=Romila rejects Padma award|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 January 2005|access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303111524/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Romila-rejects-Padma-award/articleshow/1003072.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> Civil servant [[S. R. Sankaran]] also refused to accept the award in 2005 without citing any reason.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/feb132005/sl4.asp|title=Awards don't matter...|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=13 February 2005|access-date=26 September 2016|author=R. Akhileshwari|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008054801/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/feb132005/sl4.asp|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref>

==Overview==

{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" |
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by year<ref name="award00-09"/>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 37
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = 2000
| data1 = 20
| label2 = 2001
| data2 = 32
| label3 = 2002
| data3 = 25
| label4 = 2003
| data4 = 32
| label5 = 2004
| data5 = 19
| label6 = 2005
| data6 = 28
| label7 = 2006
| data7 = 37
| label8 = 2007
| data8 = 32
| label9 = 2008
| data9 = 35
| label10 = 2009
| data10 = 31
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by field<ref name="award00-09"/>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 69
| label_type = Field
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = Arts
| data1 = 69
| label2 = Civil Service
| data2 = 12
| label3 = Literature & Education
| data3 = 60
| label4 = Medicine
| data4 = 26
| label5 = Others
| data5 = 10
| label6 = Public Affairs
| data6 = 22
| label7 = Science & Engineering
| data7 = 43
| label8 = Social Work
| data8 = 18
| label9 = Sports
| data9 = 4
| label10 = Trade & Industry
| data10 = 27
}}
|}

{{Table TOC|2000|2001|2002|2003|2004|2005|2006|2007|2008|2009}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
! scope="row" | {{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Indicates a posthumous honour|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable
|+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country<ref name="award00-09" />
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" | Laureates
! scope="col" | Field
! scope="col" | State
|- id="2000"
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:V._K._Aatre_in_2016_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vasudev Kalkunte|Aatre|V. K. Aatre}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil Kumar|Agarwal|Anil Agarwal (environmentalist)}}
| Others || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ram Narain|Agarwal}}
| Science & Engineering || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:Sharanrani_in_Tehran_(sq_cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sharan Rani|Backliwal}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kalyan|Dev|Swami Kalyandev}}
| Social Work || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:Veerendra_Heggade_01.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Veerendra|Heggade}}
| Social Work || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pavaguda V.|Indiresan}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:Maulanawahiduddin.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wahiduddin|Khan}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:B._B._Lal.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. B.|Lal|dab=archaeologist}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:Ramesh_Mashelkar_Apr09.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Raghunath Anant|Mashelkar}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|H. Y. Sharada|Prasad}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:Rajinikanth_in_2019.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rajinikanth}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:BegumAizazRasul1938.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Begum Aizaz|Rasul}}
| Social Work || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:Radha_Reddy,_Kuchipudi_dancer_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Radha|Reddy|Raja and Radha Reddy}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:Raja_Reddy,_Kuchipudi_dancer_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Raja|Reddy|Raja and Radha Reddy}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pakkiriswamy Chandra|Sekharan}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:KaramshiJethabhaiSomaiya.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Karamshi Jethabhai|Somaiya}}{{efn-lr|[[Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya]] died on 9 May 1999, at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite web|title=Godavari Biorefineries: History A Humble Beginning|url=http://www.somaiya.com/our-company-history|publisher=Godavari Biorefineries|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116194126/http://www.somaiya.com/our-company-history|archive-date=16 November 2016}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|S.|Srinivasan}}{{efn-lr|[[S. Srinivasan]] died on 1 September 1999, at the age of 58.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1619/16191120.htm|title=Obituary: Pioneer of Indian rocketry Dr. S. Srinivasan, 1941–99|author=Subramanian, T. S.|volume=16|issue=19|date=11 September 1999|access-date=18 February 2017|newspaper=Frontline|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920210855/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1619/16191120.htm|archive-date=20 September 2013}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Science & Engineering || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
| [[File:RatanTata.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ratan|Tata}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2000
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harbans Singh|Wasir}}
| Medicine || Haryana
|- id="2001"
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Dev_Anand_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dev|Anand}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:AnandWM2008.Presse.Konf_(revised).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Viswanathan|Anand}}
| Sports || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Amitabh_Bachchan_December_2013.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amitabh|Bachchan}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Rahulbajaj.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Bajaj}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. R.|Barwale}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Balasaheb|Bharde}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Boyi|Bhimanna}}
| Literature & Education || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Swadesh|Chatterjee}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA|Indicates a citizen of the United States}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Baldev_Raj_Chopra_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Baldev Raj|Chopra}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Ashok_H.Desai.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok|Desai}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karimpumannil Mathai|George|K. M. George (writer)}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Bhupen_Hazarika_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhupen|Hazarika}}
| Arts || Assam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Lalgudi_G._Jayaraman_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lalgudi|Jayaraman}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Yamini_Krishnamurthy_(cropped).JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yamini|Krishnamurthy}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shiv K.|Kumar}}
| Literature & Education || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Padma_Vibhushan_Raghunath_Mohapatra_(Architect_and_Sculptor)_01.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Raghunath|Mohapatra}}
| Arts || Odisha
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arun|Netravali}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohan Singh|Oberoi}}
| Trade & Industry || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Ragendra_Pachauri.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajendra K.|Pachauri}}
| Others || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abdul Karim|Parekh}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Amrita_Patel_-_Kolkata_2016-04-07_3354.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amrita|Patel}}
| Trade & Industry || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Pran_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Pran|dab=actor}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:AROON_PURIE.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aroon|Purie}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Bhupathiraju_vissam_raju.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhupathiraju Vissam|Raju|B. V. Raju}}
| Trade & Industry || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Bhanumathi_Ramakrishna_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhanumathi|Ramakrishna}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sundaram|Ramakrishnan|dab=social activist}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chitranjan Singh|Ranawat}}
| Medicine || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Palle Rama|Rao}}
| Science & Engineering || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:ProfRajReddy5.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Raj|Reddy}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Uma_Sharma.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kum Uma|Sharma}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:L._Subramaniam_at_Bharat_Bhavan.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|L.|Subramaniam}}
| Arts || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
| [[File:Naresh_Trehan_at_the_World_Economic_Forum_on_India_2012.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naresh Kumar|Trehan|Naresh Trehan}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|- id="2002"
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Gary_Ackerman_Portrait_c111-112th_Congress.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gary|Ackerman}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Maj._Haripal_Singh_Ahluwalia.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|H. P. S.|Ahluwalia}}
| Social Work || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Prabha_atre.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prabha|Atre}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Official_portrait_of_Lord_Bhattacharyya_crop_2.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushantha Kumar|Bhattacharyya|Kumar Bhattacharyya, Baron Bhattacharyya}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR|Indicates a citizen of the United Kingdom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chandu|Borde}}
| Sports || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eugene|Chelyshev}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USSR|Indicates a citizen of Russia}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pravinchandra Varjivan|Gandhi}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Shobha_gurtu.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shobha|Gurtu}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Henning_Holck-Larsen_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Henning|Holck-Larsen}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Ustad_Zakir_Hussain_1.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zakir|Hussain|dab=musician}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:BKS_Iyengar.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. K. S.|Iyengar}}
| Literature & Education || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Faquir Chand|Kohli}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:V._C._Kulandaiswamy.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. C.|Kulandaiswamy}}
| Science & Engineering || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Marchuk_GI.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gury|Marchuk}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USSR|Indicates a citizen of Russia}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagat Singh|Mehta}}
| Civil Service || Rajasthan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ismail|Merchant}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Miranda_de_Miranda.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mario|Miranda}}
| Literature & Education || Goa
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Frank_Pallone_113th_Congress.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Pallone}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramanujam Varatharaja|Perumal}}
| Science & Engineering || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Natesan|Rangabashyam}}
| Medicine || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maharaja Krishna|Rasgotra}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:01_ND_ENT-HABIB.ART_GE15GRTM7.1+DE02-P9-SC-HABIB_TANVIR_5.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Habib|Tanvir}}
| Arts || Madhya Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Kottayan_Katankot_Venugopal,_K_K_Venugopal.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kottayan Katankot|Venugopal}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:Nirmal_Verma_(1929_-_2005).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nirmal|Verma}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2002
| [[File:K.J._Yesudas.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. J.|Yesudas}}
| Arts || Kerala
|- id="2003"
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Teejan_Bai_after_performnce_at_Bharat_Bhawan_Bhopal.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Teejan|Bai}}
| Arts || Chhattisgarh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Ammanur_madhavachakyar1.jpeg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ammannur Madhava|Chakyar}}
| Arts || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prabhu|Chawla}}
| Others || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Herbert|Fischer|dab=diplomat}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GER|Indicates a citizen of Germany}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:36._St.Gallen_Symposium-Jamshyd_N._Godrej-HSGN_028-01838.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jamshyd|Godrej}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Coluthur|Gopalan}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parasaran Kesava|Iyengar|K. Parasaran}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. Rajam|Iyer}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shri Krishna|Joshi}}
| Science & Engineering || Haryana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Madurai N.|Krishnan}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajinder|Kumar|dab=chemical engineer}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramesh|Kumar|dab=nephrologist}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Purshotam|Lal}}
| Medicine || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Sitakant_Mahapatra.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sitakant|Mahapatra}}
| Literature & Education || Odisha
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bagicha Singh|Minhas}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subhash|Mukhopadhyay|dab=poet}}
| Literature & Education || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:P._S._Narayanaswamy.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. S.|Narayanaswamy}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arcot|Ramachandran}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:A_still_of_Shri_Trichur_Vaidyanatha_Ramachandran_who_will_be_presented_with_the_Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award_for_Carnatic_Music_-_Vocal_by_the_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_in_New_Delhi_on_October_26,_2004.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Trichur V.|Ramachandran}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kantilal Hastimal|Sancheti}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:T._V._Sankaranarayanan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. V.|Sankaranarayanan}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Naseeruddin_Shah_Audio_release_of_'Maximum'_06_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naseeruddin|Shah}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:TVR_Shenoy.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. V. R.|Shenoy}}
| Others || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Jagjit_Singh_(Ghazal_Maestro).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagjit|Singh}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Gajendra_Singh_Shekhawat_releasing_the_publication_at_the_inauguration_of_the_“National_Workshop_on_Developing_a_Roadmap_for_Agriculture_Knowledge_Management_in_India”,_in_New_Delhi_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ram Badan|Singh}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hari Shankar|Singhania}}
| Trade & Industry || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umayalpuram K.|Sivaraman}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Narayanan|Srinivasan}}
| Science & Engineering || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Guru_Padma_Subramanyam_in_Bhagavath_Geetha_.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Padma|Subrahmanyam}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Vilasini_Nataym_dance_by_Swapna_Sundari's_disciples_during_Youth_Festival_2011_at_CP,_Delhi_IMG_8143_11.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Swapna|Sundari|dab=dancer}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:O._V._Vijayan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|O. V.|Vijayan}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| [[File:Herbert_Efremov.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Herbert Alexandrovich|Yefremov}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USSR|Indicates a citizen of Russia}}
|- id="2004"
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:Soumitra_Chatterjee_-_Kolkata_2011-05-09_2856.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Soumitra|Chatterjee}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chandrashekhar Shankar|Dharmadhikari}}
| Public Affairs || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:Gulzar_2008_-_still_38227.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Gulzar}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:Sardara_Singh_Johl_-_2.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sardara Singh|Johl}}
| Science & Engineering || Punjab
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Madhav Vittal|Kamath|M. V. Kamath}}
| Literature & Education || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:Indian_Folklorist_Komal_Kothari.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Komal|Kothari}}
| Arts || Rajasthan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | [[Thoppil Varghese Antony]]
| Civil service || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:Yoshiro_mori_2.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yoshiro|Mori|Yoshirō Mori}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=JPN|Indicates a citizen of Japan}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:Gopi_Chand_Narang_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gopi Chand|Narang}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:Govindarajan_Padmanabhan_-_Kolkata_2004-03-12_01164_Cropped.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Govindarajan|Padmanaban}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Poornima Arvind|Pakvasa}}
| Social Work || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishnu|Prabhakar}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|N.|Rajam}}
| Arts || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:Ch.Hanumatha_Rao_(Cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chennamaneni Hanumantha|Rao|C. H. Hanumantha Rao}}
| Literature & Education || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thiruvengadam Lakshman|Sankar}}
| Civil Service || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
| [[File:T._N._Sheshagopalan.jpeg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. N.|Seshagopalan}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bijoy Nandan|Shahi}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishna|Srinivas}}
| Literature & Education || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2004
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alarmel|Valli}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|- id="2005"
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sardar|Anjum}}
| Literature & Education || Haryana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andre|Beteille}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Chandi_prasad_bhatt_1.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chandi Prasad|Bhatt}}
| Others || Uttarakhand
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mrinal Datta|Chaudhuri}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Yash_Chopra_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yash|Chopra}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Manna_Dey_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manna|Dey}}
| Arts || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Irfan_Habib.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Irfan|Habib}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Yusuf_Hamied_2025_stamp_of_India_cr2.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yusuf|Hamied}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Qurratulain|Hyder}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tarlochan Singh|Kler}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil|Kohli}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Kiran_Mazumdar-Shaw_BNC.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kiran|Mazumdar-Shaw}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mrinal|Miri}}
| Literature & Education || Meghalaya
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hari|Mohan|nolink=1}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Dr._Brijmohan_Lall_Munjal_2005_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brijmohan Lall|Munjal}}
| Trade & Industry || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:M_T_Vasudevan_nair_-_cropped_image.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. T. Vasudevan|Nair}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Azim_Premji_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009_(crop).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Azim|Premji}}
| Trade & Industry || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Balraj|Puri}}
| Literature & Education || Jammu & Kashmir
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Syed_Mir_Qasim.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Syed Mir|Qasim}}{{efn-lr|[[Syed Mir Qasim]] died on 14 December 2004, at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/former-jk-cm-syed-mir-qasim-laid-to-rest/267444|title=Former J&K CM Syed Mir Qasim laid to rest|work=Outlook|date=14 December 2004|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220010557/http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/former-jk-cm-syed-mir-qasim-laid-to-rest/267444|archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:A._Ramachandran_2012.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A.|Ramachandran}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|G. V. Iyer|Ramakrishna|nolink=1}}
| Civil Service || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Ramamurthy_(01118888).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. S.|Ramamurthy}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:DR_K_VARAPRASAD_REDDY.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. I. Varaprasad|Reddy}}
| Science & Engineering || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:K_Srinath_Reddy.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. Srinath|Reddy}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tumkur Ramaiya|Satishchandran|T. R. Satishchandran}}
| Civil Service || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Governor_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Girish_Chandra_Saxena_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Girish Chandra|Saxena}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Narasimhiah|Seshagiri}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2005
| [[File:Mark_Tully_1_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|William Mark|Tully|Mark Tully}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|- id="2006"
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jaiveer|Agarwal}}
| Medicine || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. S.|Appu}}
| Civil Service || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shashi|Bhushan}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ganga Prasad|Birla}}
| Social Work || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Grigory|Bongard-Levin}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USSR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Lokesh_Chandra.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lokesh|Chandra}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:The_Senior_Vice-Minister_of_Tourism,_Japan,_Mr._Hiroshi_Kajiyama_calls_on_the_Minister_of_State_(Independent_Charge)_for_Tourism,_Dr._K._Chiranjeevi,_in_New_Delhi_on_February_12,_2013_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Chiranjeevi}}
| Arts || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Dinesh_Nandini_Dalmia_2009_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dinesh Nandini|Dalmia}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tarun|Das}}
| Trade & Industry || Haryana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Prof.Madhav_Gadgil.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Madhav|Gadgil}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:A_K_Hangal_at_14th_Hira_Manik_Awards.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. K.|Hangal}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Devaki_Jain.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Devaki|Jain}}
| Social Work || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Kamleshwar_(1932_-_2007).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Kamleshwar|dab=writer}}
| Literature & Education || Haryana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Abdul_Halim_Jaffer_Khan_Academy_of_Sitar_2011.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abdul Halim Jaffer|Khan}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Sabri_Khan_2018_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sabri|Khan}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:A_still_of_Shri_Ghulam_Mustafa_Waris_Khan_who_will_be_presented_with_the_Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award_for_Hindustani_Music_-_Vocal_by_the_President_Dr._A.P.J_Abdul_Kalam_in_New_Delhi_on_October_26,_2004.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ustad Ghulam Mustafa|Khan|dab=singer}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shanno|Khurana}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Gunter|Kruger|nolink=1}}{{efn-lr|Gunter Kruger died on 26 February 2005, at the age of 68.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Padma-Bhushan-Dr-Guenter-Krueger/articleshow/46393497.cms|title=Padma Bhushan Dr Guenter Krueger|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 February 2015|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221064158/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Padma-Bhushan-Dr-Guenter-Krueger/articleshow/46393497.cms|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:PLeela.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|P.|Leela}}{{efn-lr|[[P. Leela]] died on 31 October 2005, at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/01/stories/2005110108140400.htm|title=P. Leela's death mourned|date=1 November 2005|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114193037/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/01/stories/2005110108140400.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=14 January 2016}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:K._P._P._Nambiar_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. P. P.|Nambiar}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Nandan_M._Nilekani.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nandan|Nilekani}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Sai_Paranjpye.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sai|Paranjpye}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:39._St.Gallen_Symposium-Deepak_S._Parekh-HSGN_028-01958.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak|Parekh}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. V.|Pylee}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subramaniam|Ramadorai}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Prof_NSR.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|N. S.|Ramaswamy}}
| Social Work || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pavani Parameswara|Rao}}
| Public Affairs || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Ramakanta_Rath_Odia_Author.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramakanta|Rath}}
| Literature & Education || Odisha
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Dr._V._Shanta,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_20,_2006_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V.|Shanta}}
| Medicine || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hira Lall|Sibal}}
| Public Affairs || Chandigarh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Billy_Arjan_Singh.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Billy Arjan|Singh}}
| Others || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:DG_CAPS.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jasjit|Singh|dab=IAF officer}}
| Others || Haryana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijaypat|Singhania}}
| Sports || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:K.G._Subramanyan_2008.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. G.|Subramanyan}}
| Arts || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Dr._Kewal_Kishan_Talwar_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. K.|Talwar}}
| Medicine || Chandigarh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijay Shankar|Vyas}}
| Literature & Education || Rajasthan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| [[File:Dusan_zbavitel.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dušan|Zbavitel}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=CZR|Indicates a citizen of Czech Republic}}
|- id="2007"
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Javed_Akhtar_in_2012.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Javed|Akhtar}}
| Literature & Education || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gabriel|Chiramel}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Ela-gandhi-2018-phoenix.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ela|Gandhi}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=RSA|Indicates a citizen of South Africa}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Saroj_Ghose_-_Kolkata_2014-02-13_8915.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saroj|Ghose}}
| Science & Engineering || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. Mohini|Giri}}
| Social Work || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Somnath|Hore}}{{efn-lr|[[Somnath Hore]] died on 1 October 2006, at the age of 85.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/20061016-eminent-sculptor-printmaker-somnath-hore-passes-away-784456-2006-10-16|title=Obituary: Somnath Hore: 1921–2006|work=India Today|date=16 October 2006|access-date=18 February 2017|last1=Sen |first1=Swagata |last2=Kaliadas |first2=K |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201080706/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/20061016-eminent-sculptor-printmaker-somnath-hore-passes-away-784456-2006-10-16|archive-date=1 February 2018}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jamshed Jiji|Irani}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurcharan Singh|Kalkat}}
| Science & Engineering || Chandigarh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|N.|Mahalingam}}
| Trade & Industry || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prithipal Singh|Maini}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Tyeb_Mehta.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tyeb|Mehta}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Rajan_Mishra.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajan|Misra|Rajan and Sajan Mishra}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Sajan_Mishra.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sajan|Misra|Rajan and Sajan Mishra}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Sunil_Bharti_Mittal_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Mittal}}
| Trade & Industry || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:PadmaBhushan-Kalamandalam-Ramankutty-Nair.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramankutty|Nair}}
| Arts || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Poet_Gopaldas_Neeraj.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gopaldas|Neeraj}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Indra_Nooyi.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Indra|Nooyi}}
| Trade & Industry || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:KavalamNarayanaPanicker.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kavalam Narayana|Panicker}}
| Arts || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Lord_Bhikhu_Parekh.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhikhu|Parekh}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Syed_Mohammad_Sharfuddin_Quadri.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin|Quadri}}
| Medicine || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vilayanur S.|Ramachandran}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Tapan_RayChaudhuri_2009_Dhaka.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tapan|Raychaudhuri}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Sayed_Haider_Raza_(1995).png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syed Haider|Raza|S. H. Raza}}
| Arts || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=FRA|Indicates a citizen of France}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:FMSTAN_&_SPIDER_Global_meeting_in_Austrian_Foreign_Ministries_in_Vienna_(49120446508)_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeffrey|Sachs}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Chandra Prasad|Saikia}}{{efn-lr|[[Chandra Prasad Saikia]] died on 9 August 2006, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/chandra-prasad-saikia-dead/article3087828.ece|title=Chandra Prasad Saikia dead|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 August 2006|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219182613/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/chandra-prasad-saikia-dead/article3087828.ece|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Literature & Education || Assam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|L. Z.|Sailo}}
| Literature & Education || Mizoram
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shiv Kumar|Sarin}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shriram|Sharma|nolink=1}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Manju_Sharma.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manju|Sharma|dab=biologist}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. N.|Srinivasan}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Osamu_Suzuki_2022.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Osamu|Suzuki|dab=businessman}}
| Trade & Industry || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=JPN|Indicates a citizen of Japan}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2007
| [[File:Justice_K_T_Thomas_(2023).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. T.|Thomas|dab=Justice}}
| Public Affairs || Kerala
|- id="2008"
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mian Bashir|Ahmed}}
| Public Affairs || Jammu & Kashmir
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Kaushik_Basu_-_Festival_Economia_2013.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kaushik|Basu}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shayama|Chona}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagjit Singh|Chopra}}
| Medicine || Chandigarh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahim Fahimuddin|Dagar}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chandrashekhar|Dasgupta}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Asis|Datta}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Official_portrait_of_Lord_Desai_crop_2.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Meghnad|Desai|Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Padma_Desai_(Columbia_University)_(7204981944)_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Padma|Desai}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sukh|Dev}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nirmal Kumar|Ganguly}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. N.|Goswamy}}
| Literature & Education || Chandigarh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Dr._Vasant_Ranchhod_Gowariker.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vasant|Gowarikar}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Baba_Kalyani_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2009_cropped.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Baba|Kalyani}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:The_Chairman_ICICI_and_the_President_Designate_BRICS_Bank,_Shri_K.V._Kamath_calls_on_the_Union_Minister_for_Finance,_Corporate_Affairs_and_Information_&_Broadcasting,_Shri_Arun_Jaitley,_in_New_Delhi_on_May_18,_2015_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. V.|Kamath}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Inderjit|Kaur|nolink=1}}
| Social Work || Punjab
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Ravindra_Kelekar.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravindra|Kelekar}}
| Literature & Education || Goa
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Asad_Ali_Khan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Asad Ali|Khan}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dominique|Lapierre}}
| Social Work || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=FRA|Indicates a citizen of France}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|D. R.|Mehta}}
| Social Work || Rajasthan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Shiv_Nadar.png|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shiv|Nadar}}
| Trade & Industry || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suresh Kumar|Neotia}}
| Trade & Industry || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:T._K._Oomen_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. K.|Oommen}}
| Literature & Education || Haryana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:K._Padmanabhaiah,_2018.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K.|Padmanabhaiah}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Vikram_Pandit_in_WEF,_2011.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vikram|Pandit}}
| Trade & Industry || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V.|Ramachandran}}
| Civil Service || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushil Kumar|Saxena}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:AN_Sehgal_2023_stamp_of_India_2.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Amarnath|Sehgal}}{{efn-lr|[[Amarnath Sehgal]] died on 28 December 2007, at the age of 85.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/renowned-sculptor-amarnath-sehgal-passes-away_415564.html|title=Renowned sculptor Amarnath Sehgal passes away|publisher=Zee News|date=28 December 2007|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314080840/http://zeenews.india.com/home/renowned-sculptor-amarnath-sehgal-passes-away_415564.html|archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Arts || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jasdev|Singh}}
| Others || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Shrilal_Shukla_2017_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sri Lal|Sukla}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:With_P_Susheela_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P.|Susheela}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Srinivasa_Varadhan_Heidelberg.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. R. Srinivasa|Varadhan}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Yuli_Vorontsov_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;" | {{sortname|Yuli|Vorontsov}}{{efn-lr|[[Yuli Vorontsov]] died on 12 December 2007, at the age of 78.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/15/world/asia/15vorontsov.html|title=Yuli Vorontsov, Envoy to U.S. and Afghanistan, Is Dead at 78|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 December 2007|access-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219173021/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/15/world/asia/15vorontsov.html|archive-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>}}{{Hash}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USSR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Sunita_Williams_in_2018_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunita|Williams}}
| Others || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2008
| [[File:Ji_Xianlin_1934.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ji|Xianlin}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=CHN|Indicates a citizen of China}}
|- id="2009"
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Isher_Judge_Ahluwalia.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Isher Judge|Ahluwalia}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Inderjit Kaur|Barthakur}}
| Public Affairs || Meghalaya
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Shamshad_Begum_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shamshad|Begum}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Abhinav_Bindra_and_Mary_Kom_-_British_High_Commission,_Delhi,_27_July_2011_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhinav|Bindra}}
| Sports || Punjab
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Santha_Dhananjayan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shanta|Dhananjayan|Dhananjayans}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Dhananjayan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. P.|Dhananjayan|Dhananjayans}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Ramachandra_Guha_at_National_Law_School_of_India_in_2024_(2).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramachandra|Guha}}
| Literature & Education || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Sgindia.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shekhar|Gupta}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Official_portrait_of_Lord_Hameed_crop_2.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Khalid|Hameed|Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed}}
| Medicine || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Minoru_Hara_20001212.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Minoru|Hara}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=JPN|Indicates a citizen of Japan}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:ஜெயகாந்தன்.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname||Jayakanthan}}
| Literature & Education || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Thomas_Kailath_profile.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thomas|Kailath}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarvagya Singh|Katiyar}}
| Science & Engineering || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Siva_Rama_Krishna_Ghattamaneni.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|G.|Krishna|Krishna (Telugu actor)}}
| Arts || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R. C.|Mehta}}
| Arts || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. Sreedhara|Menon}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. K.|Misra}}
| Civil Service || Haryana
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Mr._A.M._Naik.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. M.|Naik}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satish|Nambiar}}
| Others || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kunwar|Narayan}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nagnath|Naikwadi}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kirit|Parikh}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Sam_Pitroda_at_the_India_Economic_Summit_2009_cropped.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sam|Pitroda}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:CK_Prahalad_WEForum_2009.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. K.|Prahalad}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurdip Singh|Randhawa|}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brijendra Kumar|Rao}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhakta B.|Rath}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:SeshadriinBengaluru2010_182_(cropped).JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. S.|Seshadri}}
| Science & Engineering || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
| [[File:Ganapathi_sthapathi_2014-04-27_08-33.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. Ganapati|Sthapati}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Devendra|Triguna}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarojini|Varadappan}}
| Social Work || Tamil Nadu
|}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

;Non-citizen recipients
{{notelist-ua|2}}

;Posthumous recipients
{{notelist-lr|2}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://padmaawards.gov.in/}}
* {{cite web|title=Awards & Medals|url=http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=14 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002905/http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|archive-date=9 February 2018}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–2009}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padma Bhushan Awards (2000-09)}}
[[Category:Lists of Padma Bhushan award recipients|2000-09]]

Minervarya nilagirica

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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Nilgiris wart frog
| image = Fejervarya mudduraja.jpg
| image_caption = Male vocalizing
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |title=''Minervarya nilagirica'' |date=2023 |article-number=e.T206766457A166099958 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T206766457A166099958.en}}</ref>
| taxon = Minervarya nilagirica
| authority = (Jerdon, 1853)
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
* ''Fejervarya mudduraja'' Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi, and Sumida, 2008 "2007"
* ''Fejervarya murthii'' (Pillai, 1979)
* ''Fejervarya nilagiricus'' (Jerdon, 1853)
* ''Minervarya mudduraja'' (Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi, and Sumida, 2008)
* ''Minervarya murthii'' (Pillai, 1979)
* ''Rana limnocharis nilagirica'' Annandale, 1917
* ''Rana murthii'' Pillai, 1979
* ''Rana nilagirica'' Jerdon, 1853
* ''Zakerana mudduraja'' (Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi, and Sumida, 2008)
* ''Zakerana murthii'' (Pillai, 1979)
* ''Zakerana nilagirica'' (Jerdon, 1853)
{{hidden end}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Minervarya nilagirica''''', commonly known as '''Nilgiris wart frog''', or '''Nilgiri frog''', is a species of [[frog]] that is [[endemic]] to India.<ref name="iucn"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Minervarya nilagirica (Jerdon, 1853) {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Minervarya/Minervarya-nilagirica |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org}}</ref>

==Description==
''Minervarya nilagirica'' has a relatively large size compared to the other species in its genus.<ref name="Kuramoto">{{Cite journal|last1=Kuramoto|first1=M.|last2=Joshy|first2=S. H.|last3=Kurabayashi|first3=A.|last4=Sumida|first4=M.|year=2007|title=The genus ''Fejervarya'' (Anura: Ranidae) in central Western Ghats, India, with descriptions of four new cryptic species|journal=Current Herpetology|volume=26|issue=2|pages=81–105|doi=10.3105/1881-1019(2007)26[81:TGFARI]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=85988752 |url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/30097/1/Kuramoto.pdf}}</ref>

==Habitat and distribution==
It is found along roadsides and around wetlands excepting wet paddy fields.<ref name="Kuramoto" /> It is found from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, in the [[Western Ghats|Western]] and [[Eastern Ghats]] of India, at 800-1600 m elevation.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Minervarya/Minervarya-mudduraja |title=''Minervarya mudduraja'' (Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi, and Sumida, 2008) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zakerana mudduraja}}
*[http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-scientific_name=Fejervarya+mudduraja AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3068047}}

[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2008]]
[[Category:Minervarya|nilagirica]]

Chautham Assembly constituency

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FallonMansom317: Starting article

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Khagaria, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Chautham 
| type = SLA
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
|abolished = 2010
}}
'''Chautham Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[Khagaria district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Chautham Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

It was part of the [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 19. Balia | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-11-03 }}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Ghanshyam Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Jagadambi Mandal
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ghanshyam Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jagadambi Mandal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ghanshyam Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kamleshwari Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Satya Narain Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Panna Lal Singh Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Sunita Sharma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Panna Lal Singh Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}
<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp164.htm |title = 164 - Chautham Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-03-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122620/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp164.htm |archive-date = 2012-04-25 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Munger Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Khagaria district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|25|32|30|N|86|39|20|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research

2026-04-19T06:34:10Z

FallonMansom317: creating

{{Short description|Research institute in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research
| full_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo = ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute Logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation = NITVAR
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = {{start date and age|1992}}
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type = [[Public]]
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = Active
| purpose = [[Medical research]]
| professional_title =
| headquarters = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location = 73-G, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, Post Box No. 1895
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6237|N|73.8362|E|display=title,inline}}
| origins =
| region_served =
| products =
| services =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership =
| num_members_year =
| language =
| owner = 
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Sheela Godbole
| leader_title2 = Administrative Officer
| leader_name2 = Swati Salunke
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations = [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|1050|c}}
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| num_students =
| num_students_year =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nari-icmr.res.in/}}
| former_name =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}

The '''National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research''' (formerly National AIDS Research Institute '''NARI''') is a [[research institute]],<ref>{{cite news |title=National Aids Research Institute to drop focus on HIV, undergo name change |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/national-aids-research-institute-to-drop-focus-on-hiv-undergo-name-change/story-iDOZ0B4wo5W4TVcLuEfaxJ.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 Feb 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Isalkar |first1=Umesh |title=Nari wants to add its edu module to school syllabus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Nari-wants-to-add-its-edu-module-to-school-syllabus/articleshow/4628926.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 Jun 2009}}</ref> run by [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR), the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sayyed |first1=Nozia |title=ICMR-run Nari to help Bangladesh establish research centre |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/icmr-run-nari-to-help-bangladesh-establish-research-centre/story-mDgenXOR917rhFOQl5HETI.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 July 2019}}</ref> It was founded in 1992 with the purpose to provide leadership in biomedical research on [[HIV/AIDS in India]]. It is located in [[Bhosari]], [[Pune]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NARI Recruitment 2016 for 11 Counselor, Nurse & Various posts |url=https://www.india.com/jobs/nari-recruitment-2016-for-11-counselor-nurse-various-posts-1572262/ |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=18 January 2016}}</ref> The current director of NARI is Dr Sheela Godbole.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Sheela Godbole takes charge as ICMR-NARI director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/dr-sheela-godbole-takes-charge-as-icmr-nari-director-7926724/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 May 2022 | accessdate=25 March 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[National AIDS Control Organisation]]
* [[HIV/AIDS in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nari-icmr.res.in/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:HIV/AIDS research organisations]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Pune]]
[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Uri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:41Z

FallonMansom317: added new page!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Uri
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 9
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sajjad Shafi]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| established = 1962
| electors = 
| reservation =
}}
'''Uri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Uri is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/uri.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Uri Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |accessdate=2019-06-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231174529/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |archivedate=2008-12-31 }}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=562}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Mohammed Afzal Khan Raja || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. M. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=5 | [[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Taj Mohiuddin]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Sajjad Shafi]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - URI">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - URI |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U089.htm |accessdate=10 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010060757/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U089.htm |archivedate=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sajjad Shafi]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=39,713 |percentage=53.73% |change= {{increase}}14.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Taj Mohiuddin]] |party=Independent politician |votes=25,244 |percentage=34.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munir Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=3,316 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Bashir Ahmad Chalkoo |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=1,792 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,520 |percentage=2.06% |change={{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Muneeb |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,382 |percentage=1.87% |change={{decrease}}28.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajad Subhan Rather |party=Independent politician |votes=941 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,469 |percentage=19.58% |change= {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,908 |percentage=70.55% |change= {{decrease}}12.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,761 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}14.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=24,359 |percentage=39.25% |change={{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aijaz Ali Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=18,567 |percentage=29.92% |change={{increase}}27.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Taj Mohiuddin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,588 |percentage=26.73% |change={{decrease}}17.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Mir |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,269 |percentage=2.04% |change={{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=729 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waseem Raja |party=All J & K Kisan Majdoor Party |votes=549 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,792 |percentage=9.33% |change= {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,061 |percentage=82.85% |change= {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,909 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Taj Mohiuddin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,036 |percentage=44.54% |change={{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,157 |percentage=41.06% |change={{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmad Mangral |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,550 |percentage=2.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Mushab Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,177 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Showkat Hussain |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=1,033 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajid Naseer Khan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,020 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor-Ul-Amin Malik |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=874 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Halima Bano |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=655 |percentage=1.21% |change={{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Altaf Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=545 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,879 |percentage=3.48% |change= {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,964 |percentage=81.73% |change= {{increase}}15.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,028 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Taj Mohiuddin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,460 |percentage=48.51% |change={{increase}}19.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,276 |percentage=48.08% |change={{decrease}}5.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Akber |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,438 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=184 |percentage=0.44% |change= {{decrease}}24.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,174 |percentage=66.49% |change= {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,429 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=18,117 |percentage=53.67% |change={{decrease}}35.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Taj Mohiuddin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,731 |percentage=28.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Anayat Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=2,604 |percentage=7.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,222 |percentage=6.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Tantry |party=Independent politician |votes=1,080 |percentage=3.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,386 |percentage=24.84% |change= {{decrease}}56.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,754 |percentage=70.69% |change= {{decrease}}13.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,912 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}35.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=27,793 |percentage=89.61% |change={{increase}}22.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,565 |percentage=8.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Hanif |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,228 |percentage=81.34% |change= {{increase}}47.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,016 |percentage=83.42% |change= {{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,545 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,940 |percentage=66.73% |change={{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qazi Mohammad |party=Independent politician |votes=7,946 |percentage=33.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,994 |percentage=33.47% |change= {{decrease}}13.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,886 |percentage=78.08% |change= {{increase}}9.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,639 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,921 |percentage=65.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Mazaffar Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,309 |percentage=18.20% |change={{decrease}}14.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohiuddin Wani |party=Janata Party |votes=2,695 |percentage=14.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=259 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,612 |percentage=47.36% |change= {{increase}}16.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,184 |percentage=68.17% |change= {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,412 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,543 |percentage=62.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Mazaffar Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,916 |percentage=32.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Mohammed Afzal Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=754 |percentage=4.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,627 |percentage=30.41% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,213 |percentage=62.78% |change= {{increase}}62.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,259 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=M. M. Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,068 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,068 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Uri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Afzal Khan Raja |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,689 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}

{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,689 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Baramulla district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|34.09|74.03|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Channarayapatna Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:45Z

FallonMansom317: Starting new data...

{{Short description|Former constituency in Mysore state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Channarayapatna
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| electors = 
| reservation =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Channarayapatna Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State]], in India. It was part of [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1952">{{cite web |date=1952 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || K. Lakkappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Channarayapatna <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Lakkappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,723 |percentage = 46.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Narasimhe Gowda |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 7,828 |percentage = 34.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Joganna Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,337 |percentage = 18.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,895 |percentage = 12.65% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,888 |percentage = 60.40% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,888}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,891 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.857|76.489|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hassan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

{{HassanIN-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Nayanam

2026-04-13T05:06:16Z

FallonMansom317: new...

{{Short description|Upcoming Telugu-language psychological thriller web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nayanam.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Psychological thriller]] [[Science fiction]] [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
| creator =
| writer = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
| screenplay = Kalyan Kagitapu
| director = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
| starring = [[Varun Sandesh]] Priyanka Jain
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| producer = Ram Talluri Rajani Talluri
| cinematography = Shoeb Siddiqui
| company = SRT Entertainments
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|02|19|df=y}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Nayanam''''' is a 2025 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language sci-fi psychological web series written and directed by Swathi Prakash Mantripragada and stars [[Varun Sandesh]], in his web-series debut,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=‘Nayanam’ Marks Varun Sandesh’s OTT Debut, Premieres Dec 19 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/nayanam-marks-varun-sandeshs-ott-debut-premieres-dec-19-1921021 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-12-03 |title=Varun Sandesh: One good film is enough to make a comeback |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2025/Dec/17/varun-sandesh-one-good-film-is-enough-to-make-a-comeback |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> as an ophthalmologist whose scientific experiments become tied to questions of privacy and obsession.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Sandesh on his OTT debut: Nayanam is my darkest role yet, those who think I play soft roles will be surprised |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/varun-sandesh-on-his-ott-debut-nayanam-is-my-darkest-role-yet-those-who-think-i-play-soft-roles-will-be-surprised/d8eaf36fdd116 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> Priyanka Jain also plays a lead role. The supporting cast includes [[Uttej]], [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]], Rekha Nirosha, and Harish, among others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nayanam OTT Release: When and where to watch Varun Sandesh’s psychological thriller series online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nayanam-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-varun-sandeshs-psychological-thriller-series-online-1399062 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ScrollTrailer">{{cite web |title=Watch: In ''Nayanam'', an eye doctor does experiments to peek into people's private lives |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1089156/watch-in-nayanam-an-eye-doctor-does-experiments-to-peek-into-peoples-private-lives |website=Scroll.in |date=15 December 2025 |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> It premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 19 December 2025.<ref name="CinemaExpressDate">{{cite web |date=1 December 2025 |title=Varun Sandesh-starrer ''Nayanam'' to begin streaming on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/01/varun-sandesh-starrer-nayanam-to-begin-streaming-on-this-date |access-date=18 December 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Premise ==
''Nayanam'' follows Dr. Nayan, an ophthalmologist whose professional life is complicated by ethically questionable experiments conducted outside accepted medical practice. These experiments give him access to intimate details of other people's lives. Over time, his involvement deepens, and what begins as professional curiosity starts to influence his judgement, drawing him into a chain of events marked by manipulation, unexplained deaths, and long-hidden truths.

== Cast and characters ==
* [[Varun Sandesh]] as Nayan
* [[Uttej]] as Gowrishankar
* Priyanka M Jain as Madhavi
* [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] as Harishchandra
* Rekha Nirosha as Kavitha
* Harish as Bose

=== Season 1 (2025) ===
{{Episode table|background=|total_width=80|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Eye Beyond
|DirectedBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|WrittenBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Through Her Eyes
|DirectedBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|WrittenBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Watcher Is Watched
|DirectedBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|WrittenBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Echoes Of Deceit
|DirectedBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|WrittenBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Door Behind The Eye
|DirectedBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|WrittenBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Scars Of Silence
|DirectedBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|WrittenBy = Swathi Prakash Mantripragada
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== Production ==
''Nayanam'' is written and directed by Swathi Prakash Mantripragada, with screenplay credited to Kalyan Kagitapu.<ref name="Moneycontrol">{{cite web |title=''Nayanam'' OTT release: When and where to watch Varun Sandesh's series |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/nayanam-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-varun-sandesh-s-crime-drama-article-13707229.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=2 December 2025 |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> The series is produced by Ram Talluri and Rajani Talluri under SRT Entertainments. Ajay Arasada composed the score and Shoeb Siddiqui served as cinematographer, with editing by Venkata Krishna Chikkala.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="HansIndiaMusic">{{cite web |title=''Nayanam'' trailer blends human psychology with futuristic perception |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nayanam-trailer-blends-human-psychology-with-futuristic-perception-1029857 |website=The Hans India |date=9 December 2025 |access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="CinemaExpressDate" /><ref name="Moneycontrol" /><ref name="Outlook">{{cite web |date=9 December 2025 |title=''Nayanam'' on OTT: When and where to watch the Telugu psychological series; watch trailer |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/nayanam-ott-release-date-and-trailer |access-date=18 December 2025 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Release ==
ZEE5 released an official trailer in early December 2025<ref name="ScrollTrailer" /> and the series is scheduled to release on 19 December 2025.<ref name="CinemaExpressDate" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-09 |title=Nayanam On OTT: When And Where To Watch The Psychological Series; Watch Trailer |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/nayanam-ott-release-date-and-trailer |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/nayanam/0-6-4z5871528 Nayanam]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=39089506}}

[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]

Kartikeya Sharma

2026-04-10T04:09:22Z

FallonMansom317: creating the bio w/ infobox

{{short description|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 2 August 2022
| name = Kartikeya Sharma
| image = Kartikeya Sharma.jpg
| alt = Kartikeya Sharma
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|05|14|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|Aishwarya Sharma|2011}}
| children =
| occupation = {{ubl|ITV Media network {{small|(Founder)}}|}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Venod Sharma]]|[[Shakti Rani Sharma]]}}
| relatives = [[Manu Sharma]] (brother) [[Kuldeep Sharma (politician)|Kuldeep Sharma]] (father-in-law)
| nickname = Kartik Sharma
| known_for = [[India News]] [[NewsX]] [[The Sunday Guardian]] [[Aaj Samaj]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]]
}}
'''Kartikeya Sharma''' (born 14 May 1981) is an Indian politician, entrepreneur, and media baron, currently serving as a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] from Haryana. He won from the Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP) seat, defeating the Congress leader [[Ajay Maken]] in a highly contested election on 10 June 2022.<ref name=affidavit>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Pawan |title=Who is Kartikeya Sharma? Ajay Maken lost to the media baron in RS polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-kartikeya-sharma-101654925687508.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=June 11, 2022}}</ref> Kartikeya is the founder of [[ITV Network (India)|ITV Media Network]], which operates multiple news channels, including those in National, English, Hindi, and 7 regional languages, along with print newspapers such as the ''[[The Sunday Guardian|Sunday Guardian]]'', ''Daily Guardian'', and ''[[Aaj Samaj]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kartikeya Sharma: The media baron and son of a veteran politician who toppled Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kartikeya-sharma-haryana-rajya-sabha-elections-7963885/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=June 11, 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sharma was born to politician [[Venod Sharma]] and Shakti Rani Sharma on 14 May 1981.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allcompanydata.com/in/director-details/kartikeya-sharma/66621 | title=Kartikeya Sharma Director profile | publisher=allcompanydata.com | accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> He is married to author and professor Aishwarya Sharma (daughter of [[Indian National Congress]] politician [[Kuldeep Sharma (politician)|Kuldeep Sharma]], former speaker of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="marriage">{{cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Karnal gears up for mega wedding today |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karnal-gears-up-for-mega-wedding-today/articleshow/10824486.cms |accessdate=2 August 2014 |publisher=www.timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Anita |date=22 November 2011 |title=Karnal gears up for mega wedding today – Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karnal-gears-up-for-mega-wedding-today/articleshow/10824486.cms |accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref>) since 2011. On April 24, 2023, Sharma had a road accident on the [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] while returning to Gurugram from a Parshuram Jayanti program in [[Charkhi Dadri]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Debashish |title=Rajya Sabha MP Kartik Sharma, driver hurt in accident on KMP e-way |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/rajya-sabha-mp-injured-in-road-accident-on-kmp-expressway-truck-driver-absconding-101682360055597.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=April 24, 2023}}</ref> In accordance with his affidavit, Kartikeya Sharma declares ownership of assets exceeding Rs 387 crore.<ref name=affidavit/>

== Political career ==
Kartikeya Sharma is elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] in [[2022 Rajya Sabha elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=Who is Kartikeya Sharma? Ajay Maken lost to the media baron in RS polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-kartikeya-sharma-101654925687508.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=Newsmaker {{!}} Kartikeya Sharma: The media baron and son of a veteran politician who toppled Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kartikeya-sharma-haryana-rajya-sabha-elections-7963885/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Kartikeya Sharma was part of a parliamentary delegation, headed by [[Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha]], [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]. The delegation attended the 145th assembly of the Interparliamentary Union (IPU) in [[Kigali]], the capital of [[Rwanda]], from October 11 to 15, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Among Thousands of Global Parliamentarians, India creates History at IPU held in Rwanda |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/among-thousands-global-parliamentarians-india-creates-history-ipu-held-rwanda |publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |date=October 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha Dy Chairman Harivansh to lead delegation in Rwanda for 145th Assembly of IPU |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/rajya-sabha-dy-chairman-harivansh-to-lead-delegation-in-rwanda-for-145th-assembly-of-ipu20221009101212/ |publisher=[[ANI News]] |date=October 9, 2022}}</ref> In December 2022, he attended the Shri Parshuram Mahakumbh organised in Karnal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title= 2024 में ब्राह्मण समाज से होगा CM चेहरा? आखिर क्या हैं सांसद अरविंद शर्मा के बयान के सियासी मायने |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/delhi-ncr-haryana/haryana-next-cm-face-from-brahmin-community-in-2024-political-significance-of-mp-arvind-sharma-statement-vchr/1481817 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=zeenews.india.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title= Haryana: अगला CM ब्राह्मण हो बयान पर चले सियासी बाण, पहले सांसद भाटिया ने ली चुटकी, फिर CM ने कही ये बात |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/karnal/politics-start-on-the-agla-cm-brahmin-ho-statement-in-haryana |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.amarujala.com |language=hi}}</ref>

During a parliamentary intervention, Sharma referred to ''Namo Shakti Rath'', a women-focused mobile health screening initiative involving the use of mobile units to promote preventive healthcare and early detection, particularly for breast and cervical cancers, as part of a broader discussion on public health and cancer prevention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha MP Kartikeya Sharma lauds Health Security se National Security Cess Bill, says crucial for fight against cancer |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/rajya-sabha-mp-kartikeya-sharma-lauds-health-security-se-national-security-cess-bill-says-crucial-for-fight-against-cancer20251208192242/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha MP Kartikeya Sharma Backs Health Security Cess Bill - BW Healthcare World |url=https://www.bwhealthcareworld.com/article/rajya-sabha-mp-kartikeya-sharma-backs-health-security-cess-bill-582899 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=BW Health |language=en}}</ref>

== Business ==
Kartikeya Sharma completed his [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] from [[King's College London]]. In 2007, he founded [[ITV Network (India)|ITV Media]]. He launched a series of regional TV channels under [[India news|India News]]; by 2015, [[India news|India News]] managed five regional channels that covered [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="guardian1">{{cite web | url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/story-of-a-media-entrepreneur-kartikeya-sharma | title=Story of a Media Entrepreneur: Kartikeya Sharma | publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian]] | date=4 Jul 2015 | accessdate=2 February 2016 | author1=Sabherwal, Simran | author2=Achhpal, Henna | archive-date=7 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107223515/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/story-of-a-media-entrepreneur-kartikeya-sharma | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Later on, Sharma acquired, through ITV Media, English language news channel NewsX.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tycoons-testing-their-luck-in-Haryana/article11066792.ece | title=Tycoons testing their luck in Haryana | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=12 October 2014 | accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="exchange">{{cite web|title=Quick five with Kartikeya Sharma on NewsX purchase|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/quick-five-with-kartikeya-sharma-on-newsx-purchase_47245.html|publisher=www.exchange4media.com|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref> He entered the print media with the acquisition of [[The Sunday Guardian]], an English language Sunday newspaper, and [[Aaj Samaj]], a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] language [[daily newspaper]].<ref name="exchange" /><ref>{{cite web|title=ITV to see NewsX get scale with substance|url=http://www.mxmindia.com/2012/07/itv-to-see-newsx-get-scale-with-substance/|publisher=www.mxmindia.com|accessdate=23 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2014/12/interview-kartikeya-sharma-managing-director-itv-network/ | title=Interview: Kartikeya Sharma, Owner, iTV Network | publisher=Bestmediainfo.com | date=29 December 2014 | accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> He has also been involved with News Wire Services, an Indian TV news wire service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Advisory Board|url=http://indianewsacademy.com/advisory_board.php|publisher=indianewsacademy.com|accessdate=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319165838/http://indianewsacademy.com/advisory_board.php|archive-date=19 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kartikeya Sharma is the Owner of Picaadily Hotels, Which Along With Hyatt owns a Range of Properties in Delhi and Parts of Haryana and Punjab. In 2015, Sharma set up ''Pro Sportify'' with Ashish Chadha, CEO of the Sporty Solutionz, a company that runs the [[Pro Wrestling League]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/sports/itv-network-md-kartikeya-sharma-invests-in-pro-wrestling-league-150724 | title=iTV Network MD Kartikeya Sharma invests in Pro Wrestling League | publisher=Indiantelevision.com | date=24 Jul 2015 | accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Now, a pro wrestling league in India|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pTGzJeEw89wTMKFnR4xq1L/Now-a-pro-wrestling-league-in-India.html|publisher=www.livemint.com|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=We will be launching India News Business by next quarter: Kartikeya Sharma|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/we-will-be-launching-india-news-business-by-next-quarterkartikeya-sharma_54186.html|publisher=www.exchange4media.com|accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref>

==Awards==
Kartikeya Sharma got the Champions of Change Award 2022. He also won the award for the Best CEO of the Year at the 2016 eNBA Awards.<ref>{{cite news|title=iTV Network wins big at the eNBA Awards 2016|url=http://www.newsx.com/national/57022-itv-network-wins-big-at-the-enba-awards-2016|accessdate=25 February 2017|publisher=NewsX}}</ref><ref name="IBM">{{cite web |author=Philip Piletic |title=Kartikeya Sharma: The Man Behind the Success of ITV Media Network and NewsX |url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/e70ad5d5-6aee-416b-8a81-15b712586101/entry/Kartikeya_Sharma_The_Man_Behind_the_Success_of_ITV_Media_Network_and_NewsX?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502081930/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/e70ad5d5-6aee-416b-8a81-15b712586101/entry/Kartikeya_Sharma_The_Man_Behind_the_Success_of_ITV_Media_Network_and_NewsX?lang=en |archive-date=2019-05-02 |work=ibm.com}}</ref> He was honoured with Person Of The Year Award by the [[Businessworld]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title= Person of The Year Award से सम्मानित हुए सांसद कार्तिक शर्मा |url=https://www.indianewsharyana.com/haryana/mp-karthik-sharma-honored-with-person-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=indianewsharyana |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*Kartikeya Sharma's [https://www.linkedin.com/in/kartikeyasharma linkedin profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Kartikeya}}
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sharma family|Kartikeya Sharma]]

Paithan Gangapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-08T18:16:50Z

FallonMansom317: new initial data more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Paithan Gangapur
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,00,649
| mla = Bapuji Mansing
| party = {{Party index link|People's Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
Paithan Gangapur Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]] and [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]] constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bapuji Mansing || {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
| Govind Rao Keroji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Paithan Gangapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bapuji Mansing |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 19,764 |percentage = 23.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Rao Keroji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,209 |percentage = 22.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulabchand Balchand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,920 |percentage = 22.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeo Deoji |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 14,747 |percentage = 17.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandharinath Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,450 |percentage = 7.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baji Rao |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,350 |percentage = 3.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Rao Nanaji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,993 |percentage = 2.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 844 |percentage = 1.00% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,433 |percentage = 41.94% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,433}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,649 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

SC Bengaluru

2026-04-07T05:41:06Z

FallonMansom317:

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Bangalore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Sporting Club Bengaluru
| image = SC Bengaluru.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Sporting Club Bengaluru
| nickname = [[Golden tiger|The Golden Tigers]]
| short name = SCB
| founded = {{start date and age|2022}}
| ground = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| capacity = 8,400
| owntitle = CEO
| owner = Kishore S. Reddy
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Vacant
| league = {{ubl|[[I-League 2]]|[[BDFA Super Division]]}}
| season = [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
| position = I-League, 12th of 13
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _redsides
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFD300
| body1 = FFD300
| rightarm1 = FFD300
| shorts1 = FFD300
| socks1 = FFD300
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _yellow_collar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 = _yellowsides
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = A50021
| body2 = A50021
| rightarm2 = A50021
| shorts2 = A50021
| socks2 = 960018
| pattern_la3 = _blacklower
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 = _blacklower
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 = FFA500
| body3 = FFA500
| rightarm3 = FFA500
| shorts3 = 000000
| socks3 = FFFFFF
| website = {{URL|https://scbengaluru.com}}
}}

'''Sporting Club Bengaluru''', also known as '''Sporting Bengaluru''', (nicknamed ''The Golden Tigers'') is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. The club currently competes in the [[I-League 2]], the third tier of the [[Indian football league system#Men's|Indian football league system]], and the [[BDFA Super Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2023-12-27 |title=Dempo SC, SC Bengaluru share spoils {{!}} The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/27/sports/dempo-sc-sc-bengaluru-share-spoils/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> The club was founded in 2022. The club was founded in the year 2022 by Tony Sohi (UK), Kulbir Sohi (UK), Adrian Wright (UK) and Kishore S Reddy (India).

== History ==
SC Bengaluru made its debut in the [[2022–23 BDFA Super Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Club Bengaluru net five against MEG, Agniputhra beat Young Challengers|url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2022/09/sporting-club-bengaluru-net-five.html|access-date=2023-08-17|website=gcsstars.com|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817085443/https://www.gcsstars.com/2022/09/sporting-club-bengaluru-net-five.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They clinched the title in their inaugural season ahead of their closest rivals [[FC Bengaluru United]], attaining 46 points in 18 games. With their win, they closed on a spot in the [[2023–24 I-League 3]], the newly formed fourth tier of the [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Club Bengaluru: A data-driven club on a quest to reach the pinnacle of Indian Football|url=https://thebridge.in/football/sporting-club-bengaluru-data-driven-club-quest-reach-pinnacle-indian-football-39192|access-date=2023-08-17|website=thebridge.in|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617070602/https://thebridge.in/football/sporting-club-bengaluru-data-driven-club-quest-reach-pinnacle-indian-football-39192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Major AIFF Decisions: 15 Clubs Nominated In 3rd Division; Youth Quota In I League Teams |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=thefangarage.com |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105857/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=AIFF League Committee: Youth quota for I-League, State FAs nominate 3rd Division League clubs |url=https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Away End |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108050756/https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Flavio |last1=Lopes |date=25 September 2023 |agency=TNN |location=Panaji |title=THIRD DIVISION: Dempo to play at home, Sporting away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928075342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms }}</ref> The club managed to qualify for the [[I-League 2]] after beating [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]] by 2–1 in the [[2023–24 I-League 3#Playoffs|playoffs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/31/sports/sporting-clube-de-goa-crowned-i-league-3-champions/|title=Sporting Clube de Goa crowned I-League 3 champions|website=navhindtimes.in|publisher=The Navahind Times|location=Vasco|date=31 December 2023|access-date=1 January 2024|first1=|last1=|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231132821/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/31/sports/sporting-clube-de-goa-crowned-i-league-3-champions/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/year-ender-2023-goan-football-on-comeback-trail|title=YEAR ENDER 2023: Goan football on comeback trail|website=gomantaktimes.com|publisher=Gomantak Times|location=Panaji|date=31 December 2023|access-date=1 January 2023|first1=Augusto|last1=Rodrigues|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101060605/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/year-ender-2023-goan-football-on-comeback-trail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFclimax-lauds-sporting-clube-for-winning-ileague-3-playoffs/107828.html|date=1 January 2024|access-date=1 January 2024|website=thegoan.net|publisher=The Goan Everyday|location=Margao|title=Climax lauds Sporting Clube for winning I-League 3 Playoffs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101061020/https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFclimax-lauds-sporting-clube-for-winning-ileague-3-playoffs/107828.html|archive-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> The club clinched back-to-back titles in the 2023–24 season as they won the I-League 2, earning promotion to the [[2024–25 I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dempo SC return to I-League after nine years|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404|date=27 April 2024|access-date=27 April 2024|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428073725/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|title=16 tournaments, 11,000 players: A hectic 2023–24 domestic season with class and character|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618135956/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|archive-date=18 June 2024|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League 2 2024–25: Newly promoted SAT Tirur face familiar foes KLASA FC in season-opener |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fixtures-202410 |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=24 October 2024 |website=Khel Now |first1=Anuj |last1=T |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106051023/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fixtures-202410 |archive-date=6 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ileague-2024-25-finale-points-table-win-i-league-churchill-brothers-vs-inter-kashi-scenarios-isl-promotion/article69419562.ece|title=I-League 2024–25 final points table: Which team getting ISL promotion, which teams are relegated?|location=Chennai|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=Sportstar|date=6 April 2025|access-date=7 April 2025|archive-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407102125/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ileague-2024-25-finale-points-table-win-i-league-churchill-brothers-vs-inter-kashi-scenarios-isl-promotion/article69419562.ece}}</ref>

== Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ==
Since forming in April 2022, SCB signed sports agency Sporting Group International as its principal partner, and Meyba as its official kit partner. They also struck up a partnership with MuscleBlaze as nutrition partner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SCB secures MuscleBlaze Sports Nutrition Partnership|url=https://scbengaluru.com/hello-world/|access-date=2023-08-17|website=scbengaluru.com|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817085435/https://scbengaluru.com/hello-world/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|2022
|Meyba
| rowspan="3" |Sporting Group International
|-
|2023
| rowspan="2" |MS Sports
|-
|2024–present
|}

== Stadium ==
[[File:Enhanced photo of the New Bengaluru Football Stadium on a matchday.jpg|thumb|Bangalore Football Stadium]]

Sporting Club Bengaluru plays its home matches at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-25 |title=Bangalore Football Stadium turf set for much-needed revamp {{!}} Goal.com India |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-bangalore-football-stadium-new-turf-ready/fuvb4wobso6w1quo4fxqyi31y |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.bongfootball.in/i-league-2-set-to-kick-off-exciting-2023-24-season-with-8-clubs-in-the-fray/|title=I-League 2 Set to Kick Off Exciting 2023-24 Season with 8 Clubs in the Fray|date=8 January 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|website=en.bongfootball.in|publisher=Bong Football News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109043700/https://en.bongfootball.in/i-league-2-set-to-kick-off-exciting-2023-24-season-with-8-clubs-in-the-fray/|archive-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>

== Players ==
=== First-team squad (2025) ===
{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=1|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=Satyajit Bordoloi}}
{{fs player|no=4|pos=DF|nat=SRB|name=[[Slavko Lukić]]}}
{{fs player|no=5|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Manoj Kannan}}
{{fs player|no=6|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Kishan Singh Chongtham|Kishan Singh]]}}
{{fs player|no=7|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Krishananda Singh]]}}
{{fs player|no=8|pos=FW|nat=UGA|name=[[Henry Kisekka]]}}
{{fs player|no=9|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Salam Johnson Singh|other=on loan from [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]}}
{{fs player|no=10|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=Jordan Lamela}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Thomyo Shimray}}
{{fs player|no=12|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Shafeel PP}}
{{fs player|no=14|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Vignesh V}}
{{fs player|no=15|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Arjun Gouda}}
{{fs player|no=16|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Shankar Sampingiraj]]}}
{{fs player|no=17|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Ishaan Raghunanda}}
{{fs player|no=20|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Sheikh Sahil|Sk Sahil]]}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=21|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Shravan Shetty}}
{{fs player|no=22|pos=DF|nat=POR|name=Carlos Lomba|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{fs player|no=23|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Ashish Jha}}
{{fs player|no=25|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Oinam Sanatomba Singh}}
{{fs player|no=27|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Saiyyad Umar}}
{{fs player|no=29|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Aadarsh Narayanapuram}}
{{fs player|no=30|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Jibin Devassy}}
{{fs player|no=32|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Arif Shaikh]]}}
{{fs player|no=33|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Shanid Valan}}
{{fs player|no=34|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=Bishal Lama}}
{{fs player|no=37|pos=GK|nat=JPN|name=[[Yuya Kuriyama]]}}
{{fs player|no=38|pos=FW|nat=ESP|name=[[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]]}}
{{fs player|no=40|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=Pranav S}}
{{fs player|no=77|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=R Neil Joseph}}
{{fs player|no=88|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Tangva Ragui|other=on loan from [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]}}
{{fs end}}

==Technical staff==
{{updated|5 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background: text-align:center;"|Role
!style="background: text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sujan Subramanya
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} M. G. Ramachandran
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Alex Praveen
|-
|Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|IND}} A. R. Dileep Kumar
|-
|Goalkeeper coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bernard]]
|}

==Records and statistics==
===Season by season===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan="2" |Season
! colspan="9" |League
! rowspan="2" |'''Playoffs'''
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]'''
!Other competitions
! colspan="2" |Top scorer(s)
|-
!Division
!{{tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Pos|Position}}
![[Durand Cup]]
!Player(s)
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2023–24 I-League 3|2023–24]]
|[[I-League 3]]
|8
|5
|2
|1
|19
|8
|17
|1st
|bgcolor="#B5651D" align="center" |[[2023–24 I-League 3#Play-offs|3rd]] {{rise|b}}
| rowspan="3" | ''Did not participate''
| rowspan="3" | ''Did not participate''
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arif Shaikh]]
|5
|-
|[[I-League 2]]
|14
|11
|0
|3
|28
|12
|33
!style="background:gold"|Champions {{rise|b}}
| rowspan="2" |–
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Thomyo Shimray
|11
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|[[I-League]]
|5
|1
|1
|3
|6
|9
|4
|–
|–
|–
|}

===Managerial record===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Chinta Chandrashekar Rao]]
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|1 October 2023
|align=left| ''present''
{{WDL|27|17|3|7|for=53|against=29}}
|}

== Honours ==
=== League ===
* '''[[I-League 2]]'''
** Champions (1): [[2023–24 I-League 2|2023–24]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-LEAGUE 2 2023/2024 — Table (final standings)|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/|access-date=27 April 2024|website=int.soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428070019/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/i-league-2024-25-a-glance-at-all-12-contenders/|title=I-League 2024–25: A glance at all 12 contenders|publisher=I-League|first1=Akhil|last1=Rawat|location=New Delhi|date=21 November 2024|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121123324/https://i-league.org/i-league-2024-25-a-glance-at-all-12-contenders/|archive-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>
* '''[[I-League 3]] Playoffs'''
** Third place (1): [[2023–24 I-League 3|2023–24]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/i-league-3|title=I-League 3 2023/24 — Final Standings (Play-off's)|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231052802/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/i-league-3|archive-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>
*'''[[BDFA Super Division]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2022–23 BDFA Super Division|2022–23]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Debutants SCB champions|date=11 December 2022|agency=TNN|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/debutants-scb-champions/articleshow/96143202.cms|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817085432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/debutants-scb-champions/articleshow/96143202.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Bengaluru}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
*[[List of football clubs in India]]
*[[FC Bengaluru United]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in Karnataka}}
{{Karnataka Sports}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:SC Bengaluru}}

[[Category:SC Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:I-League clubs]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Karnataka]]

Bengaluru North district

2026-03-30T19:00:37Z

FallonMansom317: added new place

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Bengaluru}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2007}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bengaluru North district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name = Bengaluru Rural district
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Hills and Clouds near Doddaballapura.jpg
|photo1b = HoskoteSunset.jpg
|photo2a = Devanahalli Fort view from side.jpg
|photo2b = Ghati Subramanya Temple - panoramio.jpg
|photo3a = Kempegowda International airport from Driveway.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Hills near [[Doddaballapura]], sunset near [[Hoskote]], [[Ghati Subramanya|Ghati Subramanya Temple]], [[Kempegowda International Airport]], [[Devanahalli Fort]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.280602|N|77.622607|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} [[Karnataka]]
| seat_type =
| established_title = Formation
| established_date = 15 August 1986
| founder = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Devanahalli]], [[Doddaballapura]], [[Hoskote]], [[Nelamangala]], [[Dabaspete]], [[Sasalu]]
| leader_title = [[District collector|Deputy Commissioner & Collector]]
| leader_name = Basavaraju A.B ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| area_rank = 30th
| area_total_km2 = 2,298
| population_total = 990,923
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| leader_name2 = C.K.BABA, IPS<ref>https://bangaloreruralpolice.karnataka.gov.in/25/contact-us/en</ref>
| leader_name3 = [[D. K. Shivakumar]]
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police]] (SP)
| leader_title3 = District incharge Minister
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = + 91-80
| registration_plate = * [[Devanahalli]] KA 43
* [[Nelamangala]] KA 52
| website = {{URL|https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/}}
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type2 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name2 = [[Doddaballapura]]
| leader_title1 = Additional Deputy Commissioner
| leader_name1 = Syeeda iisha ([[Karnataka Administrative Service|KAS]])
}}
'''Bengaluru North district''', (erstwhile '''Bengaluru Rural district'''),<ref name="i182">{{cite web |last=Rajpurohit |first=Pinky |date=2 July 2025 |title=Bengaluru Rural Renamed Bengaluru North; Bagepalli To Now Be Called Bhagyanagara: CM |url=https://news.abplive.com/cities/bengaluru-rural-renamed-bengaluru-north-bagepalli-to-now-be-called-bhagyanagara-cm-siddaramaiah-1784778 |work=ABP Live |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref> is one of the [[List of districts of Karnataka|31 districts in Karnataka]], India. It was formed in 1986, when [[Bangalore district|Bangalore District]] was divided into Bangalore Rural and [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]].

Presently in Bengaluru North district, there are 4 [[Tehsil|talukas]]:
*[[Devanahalli]]
*[[Nelamangala]]
*[[Doddaballapura]]
*[[Hoskote]]

It has 20 [[hobli]]es, 294 [[village]]s, 3 [[town]]s, 2 [[Cities in India|tier-three cities]], administered by 66 [[Gram panchayat|Village Panchayats (''Grama Panchayitis'')]], ''3'' [[Nagar Palika|Town Municipal Councils (''Purasabes'')]] and 2 [[Nagar Palika|City Municipal Councils (''Nagarsabes'')]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/ |access-date=4 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=4 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Municipal Data Society |url=http://www.mrc.gov.in/en}}</ref>

Proximity to the city of [[Bengaluru]] has its impact on the district, with a considerable daily commuting population. The rural people are mostly agriculturists, although with the advent of Special Economic Zones in the area, service and IT industries are booming. [[Devanahalli]] is set to be the site of a {{INR}}95 billion Devanahalli Business Park, near the [[Kempegowda International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/09/05/stories/2009090551001700.htm |title=Karnataka focuses on infrastructure development | Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=5 September 2009 |access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref>

==District profile==
[[File:Bangalore Rural district Map by Hoblis.jpg|thumb|left]]
According to the 2011 census, the total population of the district was, 990,923 of which 21.65% were urban<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |access-date=27 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 |title=Census GIS India }}</ref> with a population density of 309 persons per km2. Bangalore Rural district has 22.5% of its population belonging to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe. Hinduism is the major religion of this district. The Bangalore Rural district is essentially an agriculture district but it has sufficient scope for industrialisation, dairy development and sericulture.

It is the second least populous district in [[Karnataka]] (out of [[List of districts in Karnataka|30]]), after [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]].<ref name="districtcensus"/> The district is endowed with agricultural and horticultural crops such as ragi, rice, groundnut, sugarcane, castor, grapes, mulberry, etc. There are adequate infrastructural facilities such as transport and communications, banking, credit, and marketing. Though the region is not rich in mineral resources, its non-metallic mineral resources are utilised for bricks, tiles, and stoneware manufacture. For many years, weaving has also been a major occupation for a large section of the population. The soil and such climatic conditions are congenial for the cultivation of mulberry, rearing of silkworms, and production of silk, besides other agro-based industries. There are a number of wineries and quantity of production of wine has been increasing. There is a proposal by the Government of Karnataka to rename Bangalore Rural district to Kempe Gowda. In September 2007, the [[taluk]]s of [[Kanakapura]], [[Ramanagara]], [[Magadi]] and [[Channapatna]] were merged to form the [[Ramanagara]] district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Ramanagara|url=https://ramanagara.nic.in/en/history/|access-date=2 October 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,26,341|13=1911|14=2,38,293|15=1921|16=2,38,783|17=1931|18=2,62,885|19=1941|20=2,95,399|21=1951|22=3,58,106|23=1961|24=4,06,828|25=1971|26=4,84,947|27=1981|28=6,08,535|29=1991|30=7,17,525|31=2001|32=8,50,968|33=2011|34=9,90,923|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bengaluru Rural district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.86}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|9.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.54}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.29}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Bangalore Rural district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 990,923.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Bengaluru Rural |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/586/download/1992/DH_2011_2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE_RURAL.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 449th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|441|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.02%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Bangalore Rural has a [[sex ratio]] of 945 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 78.29%. 27.12% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 21.57% and 5.34% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of Bengaluru Rural district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
| label1 = [[Kannada]]
| value1 = 71.67
| color1 = darkslateblue
| label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value2 = 12.84
| color2 = steelblue
| label3 = [[Urdu]]
| value3 = 9.22
| color3 = green
| label4 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| value4 = 3.29
| color4 = royalblue
| label5 = [[Hindi]]
| value5 = 0.96
| color5 = orange
| label6 = Others
| value6 = 2.02
| color6 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 71.67% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 12.84% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 9.22% [[Urdu]] and 3.29% [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and 0.96% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Villages and census towns==
*[[Dargajogihalli]]

==See also==
*[[One School at a Time]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bengaluru North district}}
* [https://bangalorerural.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore Rural District}}
[[Category:Bengaluru Rural district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Karnataka]]

A. Venkatesh

2026-03-29T18:29:49Z

FallonMansom317: added data

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{infobox person
|name =A. Venkatesh
| image = Director A Venkatesh at Sandamarutham Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Venkatesh at Sandamarutham Audio Launch
|occupation=actor, director
|years_active=1996–present
}}

'''A. Venkatesh''' is an Indian [[film director]] and [[actor]] working in [[Tamil cinema]]. Beginning his career as an assistant, he directed his first film, ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'', in 1996.

==Career==

Initially, he worked as an assistant to director [[K. Rajeshwar]] on ''[[Nyaya Tharasu]]'' (1989) and ''[[Idhaya Thamarai]]'' (1990). He assisted [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] on ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' (1991) and ''[[Suriyan]]'' (1992), then he was an associate director to director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] on ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993) and ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994). During the shooting of the film ''Kaadhalan'', producer G. K. Reddy approached him to direct a film. In 1996, he made his directional debut through ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' starring [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] and [[Vineetha]]. He has directed [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s hit movies including action film ''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]'' (1996) and romance film ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]'' (1998). In 1999, he directed a drama film ''[[Pooparika Varugirom]]'' starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Vikram Krishna]] and [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9391788/ | title=Pooparika varugirom (1999) - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

Following the death of director [[Thirupathisamy]] in 2001, Venkatesh was briefly announced as the new director of the film ''Velan'' featuring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], but the project was later shelved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/hot%20news%20-%20140820011.htm |title=S U B A S |publisher=Cinematoday3.itgo.com |access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>

He started directing action movies with [[Prashanth]]'s ''[[Chocklet]]'' (2001), [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay's]] hit film ''[[Bhagavathi (film)|Bhagavathi]]'' (2002), and [[Silambarasan]]'s ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' (2003) and ''[[Kuthu]]'' (2004). These were followed by [[Sarathkumar]]'s ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'' (2004), ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'' (2005) and [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun's]] ''[[Vathiyar]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/aai/movieshow/62508198.cms | title=AAIA | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/chanakya.html#cast | title=Chanakya (2005) | Chanakya Tamil Movie | Chanakya Cast & Crew, Story, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6765648/ | title=Vathiyar (2006) - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

During 2008, Venkatesh worked simultaneously on six productions, which were at different stages of completion. The [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]-starrer ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' (2008) and [[Arun Vijay]]'s ''[[Malai Malai]]'' (2009) were released first, while [[Sundar C]]'s ''[[Vaadaa]]'' (2010) and [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]'s ''[[Killadi]]'' (2015) had delayed releases. Two further films, [[Prashanth]]'s ''Petrol'' and Sarathkumar's ''Imaya Malai'', were subsequently shelved mid-production.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/film/startrack/sept08/09ST01.aspx |title=Director Venkatesh on a roll |work=Chennai Online |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128164511/http://archives.chennaionline.com/film/startrack/sept08/09ST01.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He has also acted in various Tamil movies, notably ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' (2010). Venkatesh returned after a two-and-a-half year break with ''[[Nethra]]'' (2019). The filmmaker says the delay was because he had to fulfil commitments as an actor before he could get back to the direction. The film is a psycho-thriller based on a true event which he was witness to at an airport in Canada.<ref name="Director Venkatesh returns with Nethraa">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Director Venkatesh returns with Nethraa|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Feb/08/director-venkatesh-returns-with-nethraa-10021.html|accessdate=3 December 2025|publisher=Cinema Express|date=8 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203073659/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Feb/08/director-venkatesh-returns-with-nethraa-10021.html|archivedate=3 December 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes !! {{Reference heading}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1996 || ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' || Debut Direction ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/maha-prabhu.html#cast|title =Mahaprabhu}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/selva.html#cast|title =Selva}}</ref>
|-
|| 1998 || ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/movie/490/nilaave-vaa-tamil-movie-review|title =Nilaave Vaa|website =MovieCrow}}</ref>
|-
|| 1999 || ''[[Pooparika Varugirom]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9391788/|title =Pooparika Varugirom|website =[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocklet]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3907636/|title =Chocolate|website =[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|| 2002 || ''[[Bhagavathi (film)|Bhagavathi]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-bagavathi-five-highlights-from-vijays-mass-action-film/photostory/95278877.cms|title =20 years of 'Bagavathi': Five highlights from Vijay's mass action film|website =[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/dum.html#synopsis|title =Dum}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[Kuthu]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8669144/|title =Kuththu|website =[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2359640/|title =Aai|website =[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|| 2005 || ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4944374/|title =Chanakya|website =[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
|| 2006 || ''[[Vathiyar]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vathiyar-review-tamil-movie-8630|title =Vathiyar Review}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Singakutty]]'' ||||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4810/tamil/singakutty/1557/review.htm |title=Singakutty review |work=Nowrunning |access-date=6 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626204903/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4810/tamil/singakutty/1557/review.htm |archive-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/durai-review.html|title=DURAI MOVIE REVIEW - Behindwoods.com - Arjun Keerath Director A Venkatesh Music D Imman Jassie Gift Timmy Ramya Udit Narayan Shreya Ghosal Karthik SaloniS P Balasubramaniam Images Gallery Stills|website=behindwoods.com}}</ref>
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Malai Malai]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malai-malai-review-tamil-14902498.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330225132/http://www.sify.com/movies/malai-malai-review-tamil-14902498.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-30|title=Sify Movies - Review listing (1970)|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2010 || ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/11477.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008043956/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/11477.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2009|title=Tamil Cinema News - Tamil Movie Reviews - Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vaadaa]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/vaada-sundar-c.html|title =VAADA MOVIE REVIEW}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/vallakottai-movie-review.html|title=VALLAKOTTAI MOVIE REVIEW - TAMIL MOVIE VALLAKOTTAI MOVIE REVIEW|website=behindwoods.com}}</ref>
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Summa Nachunu Irukku]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-summa-nachunu-irukku-comic-story-peppy-tunes/article4750106.ece|title=Audio Beat: Summa Nachunu Irukku - Comic story, peppy tunes|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 May 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015 || ''[[Killadi]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/killadi/movie-review/46079731.cms|title =Killadi Movie Review|website =[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sandamarudham-review-tamil-movie-review-18783|title =Sandamarudham Review}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rombha Nallavan Da Nee]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-26 |title=Comedy inevitable part of my films: Director A. Venkatesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/comedy-inevitable-part-of-my-films-director-a-venkatesh/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Nethra]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nethraa/movie-review/67900422.cms|title =Nethraa|website =[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2024 || ''Operation Laila'' || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Operation Laila (2024) - Movie, Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/operation-laila/ET00387717 |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216151756/https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/operation-laila/ET00387717 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhil Raja]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|- kannirasi- uncredited role
|1991 || ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' || ||
|-
|1992 || ''[[Suriyan]]'' || Telegram Office clerk ||
|-
|1994 || ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' || Cameo appearance || in "Kadhalikum Pennin" song
|-
|1998 || ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]'' || Christian who prays at Hindu temple ||
|-
|2010 || ''[[Angaadi Theru]]'' || Karungali ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Sattapadi Kutram]]'' || Ekambaram ||
|-
| ''[[Mahaan Kanakku]]'' || Maths Teacher ||
|-
|2012 || ''[[Paagan]]'' || Mahalakshmi's father ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2013 || ''[[Azhagan Azhagi]]'' || Rathinavel ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' || Isakkimuthu Annachi ||
|-
| ''[[Summa Nachunu Irukku]]'' || Gautham ([[Datuk|Dato]]) ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Goli Soda]]'' || Vanmathi's father ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2015 || ''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]'' || Doctor || Anthology film; segment ''Love @ 75''
|-
| ''[[Rombha Nallavan Da Nee]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Iravum Pagalum Varum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pallikoodam Pogamale]]'' || Vijay's father ||
|-
| ''[[Sivappu]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2016 || ''[[Pagiri]]'' || Madhu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' || Gandhi's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Thodari]]'' || Thangapandian ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2017 || ''[[Nisabdham]]'' || a public prosecutor ||
|-
| ''[[Kadugu]]'' || an Inspector ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2018 || ''[[Onaaigal Jakkiradhai]]'' || Chithappu ||
|-
| ''[[Torchlight (2018 film)|Torchlight]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thodraa]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2019 || ''[[Nethra]]'' || an officer||
|-
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || Viswanathan ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2020 || ''[[Nungambakkam (film)|Nungambakkam]]'' || Advocate Durai ||
|-
|''Alti'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2022 || ''[[Oh My Dog]]'' || a moneylender ||
|-
| ''[[Nadhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Laththi]]'' || Inspector Gnanamuthu ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2023 || ''[[Rudhran]]'' || Ethiraj ||
|-
| ''[[Thuritham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Priyamudan Priya]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2024 || ''[[Singappenney (film)|Singappenney]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhil Raja]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2025 || ''[[Padai Thalaivan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aan Paavam Pollathathu]]'' || Sakthi's father ||
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Program Name
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2020
|''[[Triples (Indian web series)|Triples]]''
| Councillor Chelladurai
|[[Hotstar]]
| Debut Web Series
|-
|2023
|''[[Mr. Manaivi]]''
|Vedhanayagam
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Debut as an actor
|-
|2024
|''[[Goli Soda Rising]]''
|Vanmathi's father
|[[Disney+Hotstar]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm4062141}}

{{A. Venkatesh (director)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, A.}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2018

2026-03-29T00:21:17Z

FallonMansom317: done...

{{Short description|None}}
{{about|the Bengali films of West Bengal|the Bangladeshi Bengali films|List of Bangladeshi films of 2018}}
{{update|date=December 2018}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

This is a list of [[Bengali language]] films that are scheduled to be released in 2018

==January–March==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J A N U A R Y
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''5'''
| ''[[Boxer (2018 film)|Boxer]]''
| Sanjay Bardhan
| Shikhar Srivastava, [[Ena Saha]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Laboni Sarkar]]
| New Era Entertainment
|
|-
| ''Ray''
| [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| [[Saswata Chatterjee]], Kaushik Chakraborty, Tina Mukherjee
| Winds of Autumn Motion Pictures
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''6'''
|''[[Jole Jongole]]''
|Nitish Roy
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Tinnu Anand]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''12'''
| ''Wrong Route''
| Indrajeet Chakraborty
| Rahul Mazumdar, Prity Biswas, Kharaj Mukherjee
| B R Production
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''19'''
| ''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]''
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Subhrajit Dutta]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Lolita Chatterjee, [[Mir Afsar Ali]], [[Darshana Banik]]
| rowspan="2" | [[SVF Entertainment]]
|
|-
| ''[[Total Dadagiri]]''
| [[Pathikrit Basu]]
| [[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
|
|-
| ''[[Inspector Notty K]]''
| [[Ashok Pati]]
| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Nusrat Faria Mazhar]]
| [[Jeet (actor)|Jeetz Filmworks]], Walzen Media Works, [[Surinder Films]]{{efn|Indo Bangladesh joint production with [[Jaaz Multimedia]]}}
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''25'''
|''[[Jonaki (film)|Jonaki]]''
|[[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]]
|[[Lolita Chatterjee]], Burjor Patel, [[Jim Sarbh]], Ratnabali Bhattacharya, Sumanto Chattopadhyay, Indrajeet Sinha, Arunima Sinha
|Magic Hour Films
|<ref>[http://www.jonakithefilm.com/ Jonaki]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |F E B R U A R Y
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''9'''
| ''[[Nilacholey Kiriti]]''
| Anindya Bikash Dutta
| [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Arunima Ghosh]], [[Samadarshi Dutta]]
| Camellia Films Pvt Ltd
|
|-
| ''Bhalobashar Bari''
| [[Tarun Majumder]]
| [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Dwijen Bandopadhyay
| M. K. Media Pvt Ltd
|
|-
| ''Michael''
| Satrajit Sen
| [[Mir Afsar Ali]], Tonushree Chakraborty, [[Swastika Mukherjee]], Sayani Dutta, Arunima Ghosh, [[Soumitra Chattopadhyay]], [[Soumyajit Majumdar]], Payel Mukherjee, Kanchan Mallick
| Greentouch Entertainment Pvt Ltd & Tripod Entertainment Pvt Ltd
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''16'''
| ''[[Noor Jahaan]]''
| Abhimanyu Mukherjee
| Adrit Roy, Puja Cherry Roy
| [[Raj Chakraborty|Raj Chakraborty Production]], [[SVF Entertainment]]
|
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |M A R C H
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''9'''
|''[[Ka Kha Ga Gha]]''
|Dr. Krishnedu Chatterjee
|[[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|Krishna Movies
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''23'''
|''[[Rongberonger Korhi]]''
|[[Ranjan Ghosh]]
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]
|Camellia Productions
|
|-
|''[[Raja Rani Raji]]''
|[[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
|[[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Rittika Sen]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''30'''
|''[[Alifa]]''
|Deep Choudhury
|[[Baharul Islam (actor)|Baharul Islam]], [[Jaya Seal]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Ghare & Baire]]''
|[[Mainak Bhoumik]]
|[[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Koel Mallick]]
|
|
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |A P R I L
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''13'''
|''[[Aami Ashbo Phirey]]''
|[[Anjan Dutt]]
|[[Anjan Dutt]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], Darshana Banik, Sauraseni Mitra, [[Anindya Chatterjee]], [[Anjana Basu]]
|[[SVF Entertainment]]
|
|-
|''[[Kabir (film)|Kabir]]''
|[[Aniket Chattopadhyay]]
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Rukmini Maitra]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]]
|Dev Entertainment Ventures Pvt Ltd
|<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last=Ganguly|first=Ruman|title=Tolly films to look out for this year|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tolly-films-to-look-out-for-this-year/articleshow/62325473.cms|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''20'''
|''[[Alinagarer Golokdhadha]]''
|[[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|[[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Parno Mitra]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Chalbaaz]]''
|[[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|[[Shakib Khan]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''27'''
|''[[Guptodhoner Sandhane]]''
|Dhrubo Banerjee
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Arjun Chakraborty]]. [[Ishaa Saha]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Arindam Sil]], [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|
|-
|''[[Drishtikone]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|Surinder Films
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |M A Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''11'''
|''[[Haami]]''
|Shiboprosad Mukherjee, Nandita Roy
|Shiboprosad Mukherjee, Gargee RoyChowdhury, Tanusree Shankar, [[Churni Ganguly]]
|Windows Productions
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''18'''
|''[[Sesh Chithi]]''
|Tanmoy Roy
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Lily Chakraborty]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''25'''
|''[[Rainbow Jelly]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=সূর্যের সাতটা রঙের ঘোড়া ছুটছে|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/rainbow-jelly-properly-portrayed-the-colours-of-rainbow-1.805707?}}</ref>
|[[Soukarya Ghosal]]
|Mahabrata Basu, Anumegha Banerjee, [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Shantilal Mukherjee]]
|Indigenous Production
|
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |J U N E
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''1'''
|''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherjee]]
|Jisshu U Sengupta, Sara Sengupta, Anjan Dutt, Srabanti, Rudranil Ghosh, Sayantika
|[[SVF Entertainment]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''15'''
|''[[Bhaijaan Elo Re]]''
|[[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|[[Shakib Khan]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''15'''
|''[[Sultan: The Saviour]]''
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''22'''
|''[[Ahare Mon]]''
|[[Pratim D. Gupta]]
|[[Adil Hussain]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|
|
|}

== July–September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |J U L Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''6'''
|''[[Shonar Pahar]]''
|Parambrata Chatterjee
|Jisshu U Sengupta, Parambrata Chatterjee, Tanuja Mukherjee, Arunima Ghosh, Srijato Bandyopadhyay (child artiste)
|Greentouch Entertainment
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''13'''
|''[[Maati (film)|Maati]]''
|Saibal Banerjee Leena Gangopadhyay
|Adil Hussain, [[Paoli Dam]], Shankar Chakroborty, Laboni Sarkar, Chandan Sen, Aporajita Addhya, Monami Ghosh, Anoshua Majumder, Rishi Koushik, Sabitri Chatterjee
|[[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
|
|-
|''[[Fidaa (2018 film)|Fidaa]]''
|Pathikrit Basu
|[[Yash Dasgupta]], Sanjana Banerjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Abar Basanta Bilap]]''
|Rajesh Dutta, Ipsita Roy Sarkar
|Moonmoon Sen, Kharaj Mukherjee, Sumit Samaddar, and Mir Afsar Ali, Mousumi Saha and others
|Chhandasi Creations
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''18'''
|''[[Reunion (2018 film)|Reunion]]''
|Murari Mohan Rakshit
|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''20'''
|''[[Biday Byomkesh]]''
|[[Debaloy Bhattacharya]]
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''27'''
|''[[Oskar (given name)|Oskar]]''
|Partha Sarathi Manna
|[[Aparajita Adhya]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Saheb Bhattacharya]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Satyahari Mondal]], Ayoshi Talukdar
|Shreyant Films
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |A U G U S T
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''10'''
|''[[Crisscross (2018 film)|Crisscross]]''
|[[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|[[Nusrat Jahan]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Ridhima Ghosh|Ridhima Ghosh Chakrabarty]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] & [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''24'''
|''[[Tuski]]''
|[[Aniket Chattopadhyay]]
|[[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Anamika Saha]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"| '''31'''
|''[[Nirbhoya]]''
|Milan Bhowmik
|Raaj Bhowmik, Meghali
|
|
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |S E P T E M B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''21'''
|''Naqaab''
|[[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
|[[Shakib Khan]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
|
|
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! Production company
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87" |O C T O B E R
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''8'''
|''AranyaDeb''
|Debasish Sen Sharma
|[[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Mir Afsar Ali]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Debasish Sen Sharma: ‘AranyaDeb’ is the marriage between the real and unreal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/debasish-sen-sharma-aranyadeb-is-the-marriage-between-the-real-and-unreal/articleshow/65365140.cms|access-date=2021-04-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''12'''
|''[[Kishore Kumar Junior]]''
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|[[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Aparajita Auddy]], [[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
|''Camelia Production Pvt. Ltd''
|
|-
|''[[Byomkesh Gotro]]''
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Arjun Chakraborty]], Sauraseni Maitra, [[Arindam Sil]]
|''[[SVF Entertainment]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]''
|Srijit Mukherji
|Jisshu U Sengupta, Joya Ahsan, [[Aparna Sen]], [[Alexx O'Nell]], [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], Jit Das
|SVF Entertainment
|
|-
|''Villain''
|Baba Yadav
|[[Ankush Hazra]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Rittika Sen|Ritika Sen]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Manojder Adbhut Bari]]''
|Anindya Chattopadhyay
|Soumitra Chatterjee, Sandhya Roy, Abir Chatterjee, [[Bratya Basu]]
|Windows Production House
|
|-
|''[[Hoichoi Unlimited]]''
|Aniket Chattopadhyay
|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Koushani Mukherjee]], [[Puja Banerjee]], Roja Paromita Dey, Arna Mukhopadhyay, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
|Dev Entertainment Ventures
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |N O V E M B E R
| style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''2'''
|''[[Girlfriend (2018 film)|Girlfriend]]''
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]], [[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Koushani Mukherjee]]
|
|
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''23'''
|''[[Generation Ami]]''
|[[Mainak Bhoumik]]
|[[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]], [[Sauraseni Maitra]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#87f7bf" |D E C E M B E R
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#c7f7df"| '''21'''
|''[[Adventures of Jojo]]''
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|Joshojit Banerjee, [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Rosogolla (film)|Rosogolla]]''
|[[Pavel (film director)|Pavel]]
|[[Ujaan Ganguly]], Abantika Biswas, [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{2018 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 2018}}
[[Category:2018 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of 2018 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2018]]
[[Category:2018 Bengali-language films| ]]

Abdul Mateen Jami

2026-03-27T19:56:24Z

FallonMansom317: added new pg

{{Short description|Indian Urdu poet and writer (1950)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Abdul Mateen Jami
| native_name = عبد المتین جامی
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1950|07|27}}
| birth_place = Rasulpur, Sungra, [[Cuttack district]], Odisha, India
| occupation = Poet, writer, critic, translator
| language = Urdu
| genre = Poetry, fiction, criticism, translation
| notable_works = ''Nishat-e-Aagahi'', ''Bisāt-e-Sukhan'', ''Tarana-e-Javed'', ''Monis-e-Sukhan'', ''Purane Kapdon Ka Saudagar'', ''Nayi Tanqeedi Jihatain''
}}

'''Abdul Mateen Jami''' ({{langx|ur|عبد المتین جامی}}; born 27 July 1950), also written as '''Abdul Matin Jami''', is an Indian Urdu poet,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7ZKAQAAIAAJ&q=Abdul+Mateen+Jami+Odisha |title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak |date=2002 |publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad |isbn=978-81-902761-5-3 |page=32 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Abdul+Mateen+Jami+Odisha |title=Cuttack, One Thousand Years |date=1990 |publisher=Cuttack City Millennium Celebrations Committee, The Universe |page=38 |language=en}}</ref> fiction writer, critic, and translator from Odisha. He has published multiple collections of poetry, fiction, and literary criticism, and has translated works from Odia, Bengali, and Malayalam into Urdu.

== Early life ==
Abdul Mateen Jami was born on 27 July 1950 in Rasulpur, Sungra, [[Cuttack district]], Odisha, India. His father's name was Sheikh Sanaullah, and his mother's name was Umm-e-Salām. He began his literary journey in 1974.<ref name="Rahmani1">{{Cite book |last=Rahmani |first=Saeed |title=Odisha mein Urdu Shairi (Tazkira) |trans-title=Urdu Poetry in Odisha (A Biographical Record) |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/odisha-mein-urdu-shairi-saeed-rahmani-ebooks |edition=1st |date=2018 |location=Bhubaneswar |publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy |language=ur |page=85}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Jami began writing poetry in 1976. His natural inclination has been towards modern poetry, and his mentor in poetry was his maternal uncle, [[Karamat Ali Karamat]]. He has explored a wide range of poetic forms, including [[ghazal]], [[nazm]] (both traditional and free verse), [[prose poetry]], [[triolet]], [[sonnet]], [[gajra]], [[Doha (poetry)|doha]], and [[ruba'i]]yat (quatrains).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nazish |first=Motiullah |author-link=Motiullah Nazish |title=Odisha mein Urdu Nasr Nigari |trans-title=Urdu Prose Writing in Odisha |date=2018 |edition=1st |publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy |location=Sanskriti Bhawan, BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar |language=ur |pages=184–185}}</ref>

By the 1980s, Jami had composed around one hundred ghazals, many of which were published in prominent Urdu literary magazines and newspapers. His poetry appeared in publications such as ''Akhbar-e-Mashriq'' ([[Kolkata]]), ''Sada-e-Orissa'', ''Adab-e-Nikhar'' ([[Mau|Mau Nath Bhanjan]]), ''Nai Naslen'' ([[Aligarh]]), ''Gul Kada'' ([[Sahaswan]]), ''Saaz-e-Sarmadi'' ([[Dehradun]]), and ''Chingari'' ([[Delhi]]). He was also actively involved in local literary activities in Cuttack.<ref name="Newalpuri">{{Cite book |last=Newalpuri |first=Hafeezullah |author-link=Hafeezullah Newalpuri |title=Odisha mein Urdu |trans-title=Urdu in Odisha |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/odisha-mein-urdu-hafeezullah-newalpuri-ebooks |edition=1st |date=2001 |location=Delhi |publisher=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |language=ur |page=385}}</ref>

He has published several poetry collections:
* ''Nishat-e-Aagahi'' (1996),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qureshi |first=Shareef Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/deed-o-baaz-deed-shareef-ahmad-qureshi-ebooks |title=Deed-o-Bazdeed|trans-title=Visiting and Social Interactions|publisher=Shareef Ahmad Qureshi |year=2002 |edition=1st |location=[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], U.P |pages=193–195 |language=ur}}</ref> his poetry collection
* ''Bisāt-e-Sukhan'' (2014), a collection of rubaiyat
* ''Monis-e-Sukhan'' (2016), a collection of rubaiyat
* ''Tarana-e-Javed'' (2016), a [[Diwan (poetry)|diwan]] of rubaiyat

He has composed over 1,500 rubaiyat, including experiments in free-form rubaiyat, and has explored various meters used in classical [[ruba'i]] composition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karamat |first=Karamat Ali |author-link=Karamat Ali Karamat |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/naye-tanqeedi-masail-aur-imkanaat-tanqeedi-mazameen-ka-majmua-karamat-ali-karamat-ebooks |title=Naye Tanqeedi Masail aur Imkanat|trans-title=New Critical Issues and Possibilities|publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2009 |edition=1st |location=[[Daryaganj]], Delhi |pages=387, 397–398 |language=ur|chapter=Odisha mein Urdu Shayari – Nisf Sadi ka Safar|trans-chapter=Urdu Poetry in Odisha – A Journey of Half a Century|isbn=978-81-8223-531-1}}</ref>

Jami has also written fiction, including the short story collection:
* ''Purane Kapdon Ka Saudagar'' (2017), containing 20 stories, of which five are translations.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|pp=184, 186}}

His fiction includes both traditional and modern symbolic narratives. In addition to short stories, Jami has written plays, verse dramas, and has contributed to journalism and critical writing.{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=85}}{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|pp=184–185}}

== Literary criticism ==
Jami has written numerous critical essays. His collection ''Nayi Tanqeedi Jihatain'' ({{translation|New Critical Perspectives}}) was published in 2017 and discusses around twenty poets and prose writers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sabili |first=Asrarul Haque |date=26 August 2019 |title=Salīm Anṣārī ke Muṭālaʿa kā Safar |trans-title=The Journey of Salim Ansari’s Study |url=https://www.jahan-e-urdu.com/?p=13043 |website=Jahan-e-Urdu |language=ur|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

He co-authored the book ''Urdu Adab Ka Koh-i-Noor: Karamat Ali Karamat'' ({{translation|The Koh-i-Noor of Urdu Literature – Karamat Ali Karamat}}) with Azizur Rahman, published in 2022 by the Odisha Urdu Academy.<ref name="Amīn">{{cite web |last1=Mayūrbhanji|first1=Md Rūhul Amīn|title=Karāmat Alī Karāmat: Hayat-o-Khidmaa|trans-title=Karāmat Alī Karāmat: Life and works|publisher=qindeelonline.com|date=28 July 2022|url=https://qindeelonline.com/karamat-ali-karamat/ |access-date=1 July 2025|language=ur}}</ref>

== Translation ==
Jami has translated several literary works from Odia, Bengali, and Malayalam into Urdu. His Odia translations include stories by writers such as Padma Bhushan [[Manoj Das]] and Jnanpith awardee [[Pratibha Ray]]. He has also translated short stories from Bengali literature and rendered them into Urdu in an engaging style. Additionally, he translated a Malayalam short story by [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] into Urdu under the title ''Do Suroopay''.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=186}}

== Awards and recognition ==
Jami has received several literary awards in recognition of his contributions to Urdu literature. These include the Hashmi Youth Development Association Award in Sungrah in 1997, the Najmi Academy Award and the Swagatika Award, both in Cuttack in 2000, and the [[Bihar Urdu Academy|Bihar Urdu Academy Award]] in 2014.{{Sfn|Nazish|2018|p=186}}{{Sfn|Rahmani|2018|p=85}} On 30 November 2022, he received the Amjad Najmi Award (2021) from the [[Odisha Urdu Academy]] in Bhubaneswar.<ref name="Sambad">{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=1 December 2023 |editor-last=Patnaik |editor-first=Soumya Ranjan |editor-link=Soumya Ranjan Patnaik |title=୨୦ ବର୍ଷ ପରେ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଉର୍ଦୁ ଏକାଡେମୀ ପୁରସ୍କାର |trans-title=Odisha Urdu Academy Award after 20 years |url=https://m.sambadepaper.com/imageview_16965_187006_4_72_01-12-2023_7_i_1_sf.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Sambad]] |language=or |location=Cuttack |volume=40 |issue=56 |page=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204171826/https://m.sambadepaper.com/imageview_16965_187006_4_72_01-12-2023_7_i_1_sf.html |archive-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Odisha Urdu Academy]]
* [[Odisha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jami, Abdul Mateen}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]

Typist Gopu

2026-03-26T11:17:13Z

FallonMansom317: general cleaned up intro for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actor (died 2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Typist Gopu
| occupation = Film Actor, Stage Actor, Television Actor
| years_active = 1965–2007
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|77|2011|07|31|noage=1}}<ref name=dinamani>{{cite news|url=http://dinamani.com/weekly_supplements/sunday_kondattam/article633301.ece|title=வாய்ப்பும், வருமானமும் தேவை!|date=2011-07-31|accessdate=2013-11-26|publisher=[[Dinamani]]|author=Manoj Krishna|language=Tamil}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2019|03|06|85|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 March 2019 |title=பழம்பெரும் நடிகர் டைப்பிஸ்ட் கோபு மறைவு: நாடகத்தினர், திரையுலகினர் அஞ்சலி |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/19954-old-stalwart-typist-gopu-dead.html |magazine=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234943/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/19954-old-stalwart-typist-gopu-dead.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Gopalarathnam''', known by his stage name '''Typist Gopu''', was an Indian actor known for comedy and supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovguide.com/|title=OVGuide | Online Video Guide|website=ovguide.com}}</ref> He acted in over 600 stage plays and 400 films.<ref name=dinamani/>

==Career==
A native of Manakkal, [[Lalgudi]] in [[Trichy district]], Gopalarathnam was active in college dramas during his B.Com. from [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College|Vivekananda College]], [[Chennai]] and got introduced to the stage through his friend [[Nagesh]] in his drama troupe in 1955. In the 1959 play ''Nenje Nee Vaazhga,'' he played the role of a typist, which was praised and he got his name "Typist" Gopu.<ref name=dinamani/> In 1965, he made his film debut in [[K. Balachandar]]'s movie ''[[Naanal (film)|Naanal]]'' and went on to act alongside major actors in the period. He later joined [[Y. G. Mahendran]]'s United Amateur Artists. He received [[Kalaimamani]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/11/stories/2003101106480400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031026093219/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/11/stories/2003101106480400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-10-26|title=Kalaimamani awards announced|date=2003-10-11|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2013-11-26}}</ref> He also acted on comedy television serials<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001720500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112120552/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001720500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-12|title=The 'Typist' is a contented man|date=2004-04-30|accessdate=2013-11-26|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Malathi Rangarajan}}</ref> after acting opportunities ceased to come.

==Filmography==
This is partial filmography. You can expand it.

===1960s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1965
|[[Naanal (film)|''Naanal'']]
|
|Debut film
|-
| rowspan="2" |1966
|''[[Sadhu Mirandal]]''
|Kadam Master
| Special Appearance
|-
|[[Madras to Pondicherry|''Madras To Pondicherry'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1967
|''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Adhey Kangal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aalayam (film)|Aalayam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Karpooram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anubavam Pudhumai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1968
|''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naalum Therindhavan|Naalum Therinthavan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kadhal Vaaganam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kallum Kaniyagum]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Soappu Seeppu Kannadi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1969
|''[[Vaa Raja Vaa]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ponnu Mappillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thirudan]]''
|
| Guest Role
|-
|}

===1970s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" |1970
|''[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Patham Pasali]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Enga Mama]]''
| Koteeswaran's Hostel Warden
|
|-
|''[[Dharisanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Veettuku Veedu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1971
|''[[Thenum Paalum]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thangaikkaaga]]''
|
|
|-
|''Kankatchi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1972
|''[[Agathiyar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]''
|Dr.Irudhayam
|
|-
|''Rani Yaar Kuzhanthai''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1973
|''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thedi Vandha Lakshmi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bharatha Vilas]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Nathayil Muthu|''Nathaiyil Muthu'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Kasi Yathirai]]
|
|
|-
|[[Alaigal (film)|''Alaigal'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1974
|''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Urimaikural]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|''Naan Avanillai'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1975
|''[[Dr. Siva]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yarukku Maappillai Yaro]]''
|
|
|-
|''Sonthangal Vaazhga''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1976
|''[[Unakkaga Naan]]''
|
|
|-
|''Nee Oru Maharani''
|
|
|-
|[[Uthaman (1976 film)|''Uthaman'']]
|
|
|-
|[[Satyam (1976 film)|''Satyam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Mayor Meenakshi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Muthana Muthallavo''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1977
|[[Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)|''Sri Krishna Leela'']]
|
|
|-
|''Nallathukku Kalamillai''
|
|
|-
|''[[Avar Enakke Sontham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Palabishegham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Uyarndhavargal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978
|''[[General Chakravarthi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kanchi Kamakshi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ennai Pol Oruvan]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1979
|''[[Kuppathu Raja (1979 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thaayillamal Naan Illai]]''
|
|
|-
|}

===1980s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1982
|''[[Simla Special]]''
|
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Rajathanthiram (1984 film)|Rajathanthiram]]''
|Waiter
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Vanna Kanavugal]]''
|
|
|-
| 1988
|''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1990s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" |1990
|''[[Nalla Kaalam Porandaachu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Keladi Kanmani]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Madurai Veeran Enga Saami]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[En Kadhal Kanmani]]''|| Ramesh
|
|-
|''[[Michael Madhana Kamarajan]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1991
|''[[Naadu Adhai Naadu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adhikari (film)|Adhikari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Vathiyare]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Archana IAS]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Idhayam (film)|''Idhayam'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Thayamma]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Rudhra|''Rudra'']]
|Bank cashier
|
|-
|''[[Pudhiya Raagam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1992
|''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thirumathi Palanisamy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sugamana Sumaigal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Pandiyan (film)|''Pandiyan'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993
|''[[Dhuruva Natchathiram (1993 film)|Dhuruva Natchathiram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Walter Vetrivel]]''
|
|
|-
|''En Idhaya Rani''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1994
|''[[Pudhiya Mannargal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pondattiye Deivam]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Paattu Padava]]''
|
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]''
|Tenant
|
|-
|[[Golmaal (1998 film)|''Golmaal'']]
|
|
|-
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2000
|[[Manasu (film)|''Manasu'']]
|
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]''
|
|Last film
|}

== Television ==

* ''Vasool Chakravarthy''
* ''Veetukku Veedu Looty''
* ''Mr. Brain''
* ''Thuppariyum Sambu''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6R6wQe_GcOc|title=09 Vesham Palithathu|date=19 July 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=8174134}}
* [https://www.moviebuff.com/typist-gopu Typist Gopu] on Moviebuff

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopu, Typist}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]

{{India-film-actor-1930s-stub}}

Niraja Gopal Jayal

2026-03-25T12:22:22Z

FallonMansom317: new the details first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian political scientist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| workplaces = [[London School of Economics]], [[King's College London]]
}}
'''Niraja Gopal Jayal''' is an Indian political scientist, who works on issues concerning citizenship, representation, and democracy. She is currently a professor at both, [[King's College London]] and the [[London School of Economics]], in the United Kingdom, and previously taught at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in [[New Delhi]], India.

== Career ==
Jayal taught at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] from 1986, and was associated with their Centre for the Study of Law and Governance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN RESEARCH INFORMATION NETWORK SYSTEM |url=http://irins.inflibnet.ac.in/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=irins.inflibnet.ac.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lama-Rewal |first1=Stéphanie Tawa |last2=Jayal |first2=Niraja Gopal |date=2020-12-15 |title="What is new is the comprehensive nature of the political assault on academic institutions"—An Interview with Niraja Gopal Jayal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/6842 |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |language=fr |issue=24/25 |doi=10.4000/samaj.6842 |issn=1960-6060|doi-access=free }}</ref> In October 2021, she joined the King's India Institute at [[King's College London]], in the United Kingdom, holding the Avantha Chair.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Niraja Gopal Jayal |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/niraja-gopal-jayal |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.kcl.ac.uk}}</ref> From 2019 to 2023, she is also a Centennial Professor at the Department of Gender Studies in the [[London School of Economics]], in the United Kingdom.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Science |first=London School of Economics and Political |title=Niraja Gopal Jayal |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/gender/people-profiles/Visitors/Professor-Niraja-Gopal-Jayal.aspx |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2009, Jayal was invited to deliver the Radhakrishnan Memorial Lectures at [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]], Oxford University.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, she was invited to deliver lectures on Indian democracy at the M.S. Merian – R. Tagore International Centre of Advanced Studies, a collaborative project involving six Indian and German institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Himanshu |title=ICAS:MP Lecture by Niraja Gopal Jayal (Jawaharlal Nehru University) |url=https://micasmp.hypotheses.org/2937 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ICAS:MP |date=2019 |doi=10.58079/rf9v |language=en-US}}</ref> She has also held visiting positions at [[EHESS]], France; [[Princeton University]] in the United States of America; and the [[University of Melbourne]] in Australia.<ref name=":0" /> In 2011–2012, she was a vice-president of the [[American Political Science Association]].<ref name=":0" /> Jayal is also a trustee of the [[New India Foundation]], a philanthropic organisation in India that funds academic research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New India Foundation |url=https://www.newindiafoundation.org/trustees |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=New India Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027130531/https://www.newindiafoundation.org/trustees |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She is a member of the editorial boards of several political science journals, including ''[[Governance (journal)|Governance]]'' (2016 to present), ''[[Pacific Affairs]]'' (2015 to present); ''Indian Politics and Policy'' (Policy Studies Organization; American Political Science Association) (2017- to present); ''[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]]'' (2011–17); ''India Review'' (2002 to present); ''[[Studies in Indian Politics]]'' (2013–present); ''[[Parliamentary Affairs]]'' (2019–2024), and is an editor of the ''Modern South Asia'' Series of books published by Oxford University Press (2017 to present).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Niraja Gopal Jayal |url=https://www.pass.va/en/academicians/ordinary/gopal_jayal.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.pass.va |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, Jayal was a member of a committee established by the Ministry of Finance, in the Government of India, to establish a new composite index to measure [[backwardness]] in Indian states.<ref name=":2" /> She has also served on advisory committees to the Government of India's [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] (rural local governance), and as part of a committee established to review the functioning of the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]].<ref name=":2" /> In 2008, she was commissioned by the Government of India's [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] (rural local governance) to study the representation of women in local rural governance councils called panchayats, which formed part of the basis for a proposed Women's Reservation Bill that would reserve 50% of seats on such council for women (the bill did not pass).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-05 |title=A silent revolution |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30196088.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> From 2002 to 2005, Jayal worked with UNRISD on their Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Governance of the Public initiative, authoring and publishing a report on Ethnic Diversity and the Governance of Public Institutions in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niraja Gopal Jayal |url=https://www.unrisd.org/en/about/people/niraja-gopal-jayal-61854cb1bb51c |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=UNRISD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jayal |first1=Niraja Gopal |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/593657 |title=Representing India |last2=Development |first2=UN Research Institute for Social |date=2006 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-8612-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Gopal has criticized the Indian Government's proposed [[National Register of Citizens]] and [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act 2019]], particularly noting legal challenges in establishing and implementing both, as well the shift towards an ethno-nationalist conception of India, and related political violence against religious minorities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayal |first=Niraja Gopal |date=2019-11-26 |title=The misadventure of a new citizenship regime |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-misadventure-of-a-new-citizenship-regime/article30090226.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2019-11-09 |title='Violence against minorities is being normalised today' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/violence-against-minorities-is-being-normalised-today/article29933713.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Publications and honors ==
Jayal's book, ''Citizenship and Its Discontents'' (Harvard University Press, 2013), won the Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy Prize of the Association of Asian Studies in 2015<ref name=":1" /> and was reviewed in ''The Hindu,''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gudavarthy |first=Ajay |date=2014-06-30 |title=Reducing the citizen to a consumer |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/reducing-the-citizen-to-a-consumer/article6164051.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nathan |first=Andrew J. |date=2013 |title=Review of Citizenship and Its Discontents: An Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23527065 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=191 |jstor=23527065 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> ''[[The American Historical Review]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Thomas Blom |date=2014 |title=Review of Citizenship and Its Discontents: An Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43698928 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=1669 |doi=10.1093/ahr/119.5.1669 |jstor=43698928 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samaddar |first=Ranabir |date=2014 |editor-last=Jayal |editor-first=Niraja Gopal |title=Citizenship: Norm, Institution and the Contests |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24479260 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=36–38 |jstor=24479260 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

Her other publications include:

* ''Representing India: Ethnic Diversity and the Governance of Public Institutions'' (Palgrave Macmillan 2006) {{ISBN|9781403986122}}
* ''Democracy and the State: Welfare, Secularism and Development in Contemporary India'' (Oxford University Press 1999) {{ISBN|9780195656121}}
* (with Sudha Pai) ''Democratic governance in India : challenges of poverty, development, and identity'' (Sage Publications 2001) {{ISBN|9780761995562}}
* (co-editor with [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]]), ''The Oxford Companion to Politics in India'' {{ISBN|9780198075929}}
* (editor) ''Democracy in India'' (Oxford University Press 2001)
* (editor) ''Local Governance in India: Decentralisation and Beyond'' (Oxford University Press 2005) {{ISBN|9780195692969}}
* ''Citizenship and Its Discontents'' (Harvard University Press, 2013) {{ISBN|9780674066847}}
* ''Citizenship imperilled : India's fragile democracy'' (Orient Blackswan 2021) {{ISBN|9788178246451}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:Academics of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hunasuru Assembly constituency

2026-03-25T05:28:51Z

FallonMansom317: small changes

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hunasuru
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 212
| map_image = 212-Hunasuru constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Assembly constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:241653}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = G. D. Harish Gowda
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = H. P. Manjunath
}}
'''Hunasuru Assembly constituency''', also spelled Hunsur, is one of the 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India. It is part of [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[File:Hunasuru (Taluk) Vidhana Sabha Constituency.jpg|thumb|Hunasuru Vidhana Sabha Constituency Map]]
[[File:HUNSUR TALUK 2011.jpg|thumb|Taluk boundary same as Assembly constituency as per 2011 Census]]
[[File:ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY MAP - MYSORE DISTRICT.pdf|thumb|Assembly Constituencies of Mysore district]]

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | [[D. Devaraj Urs]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| N. Rachiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | [[D. Devaraj Urs]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || U. Kariyappa Gowda
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 elections in India#Mysore|1972 By-election]] || rowspan="2" | [[D. Devaraj Urs]]
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[Chandraprabha Urs]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || H. L. Thimmegowda
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Chandraprabha Urs]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 elections in India#Karnataka|1991 By-election]] || [[Chikkamadu S.]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[C. H. Vijayashankar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 elections in India#Karnataka|1998 By-election]]{{cn|date=March 2026}} || |[[G. T. Devegowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || V. Papanna || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[G. T. Devegowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | H. P. Manjunath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] || H. P. Manjunath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || G. D. Harish Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Election result 2023: Hunasuru">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Karnataka Assembly Election result 2023: Hunasuru |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10212.htm?ac=212 |access-date=28 November 2024 |date=2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128154116/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10212.htm?ac=212 |archive-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. D. Harish Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 94,665 |percentage = 47.11% |change = {{increase}}29.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Manjunath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 92,254 |percentage = 45.91% |change = {{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devarahalli Somashekara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,258 |percentage = 3.11% |change = {{decrease}}25.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ravikumar |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,912 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 894 |percentage = 0.44% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,411 |percentage = 1.20% |change = {{decrease}}20.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,224 |percentage = 83.27% |change = {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,945}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,653 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Manjunath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 92,725 |percentage = 50.72% |change = {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,998 |percentage = 28.99% |change = {{increase}}25.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devarahalli Somashekara |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 32,895 |percentage = 17.99% |change = {{decrease}}31.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devanoor Puttananjaiah |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 1,124 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Imtiyaz Ahmed |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,098 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 994 |percentage = 0.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,727 |percentage = 21.73% |change = {{increase}}17.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 183,728 |percentage = 80.51% |change = {{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,811}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 228,211 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 91,667 |percentage = 49.22% |change = {{increase}}19.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Manjunath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,092 |percentage = 44.62% |change = {{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. S. Ramesh Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,406 |percentage = 3.44% |change = {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,534 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,575 |percentage = 4.60% |change = {{decrease}}22.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,525 |percentage = 83.04% |change = {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,228}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,619 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.31 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Manjunath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,930 |percentage = 56.36% |change = {{increase}}16.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumaraswamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 43,723 |percentage = 29.36% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. T. Rajanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,637 |percentage = 8.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunath Urs. M. C |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 9,011 |percentage = 6.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Annayanayak |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,229 |percentage = 2.84% |change = {{decrease}}21.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Puttananjayya |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 1,745 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dyavappanayaka |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,434 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lokesha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,207 |percentage = 27.00% |change = {{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,588 |percentage = 79.35% |change = {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,917}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,630 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Manjunath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,497 |percentage = 39.57% |change = {{increase}}5.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkamadu S.]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 42,456 |percentage = 29.22% |change = {{decrease}}15.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. T. Devegowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,004 |percentage = 24.78% |change = {{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Vasuki |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,261 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. D. Mahadevanayaka |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,986 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,265 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hunsur. K. Chandrashekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,163 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,041 |percentage = 10.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,363 |percentage = 77.42% |change = {{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,292}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,752 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. T. Devegowda]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,258 |percentage = 44.29% |change = {{increase}}18.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkamadu S.]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,126 |percentage = 33.90% |change = {{increase}}16.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marilingaiah. B. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,967 |percentage = 14.68% |change = {{decrease}}13.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hosurkumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,272 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dwarakish. B. S |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,265 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadeva. P |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,876 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,132 |percentage = 10.39% |change = {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,059 |percentage = 74.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,054}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,068 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. Papanna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,046 |percentage = 28.61% |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkamadu S.]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,256 |percentage = 26.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. T. Devegowda]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 31,051 |percentage = 25.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandraprabha Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,736 |percentage = 17.74% |change = {{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. D. Raju |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 2,418 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,790 |percentage = 2.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,614 |percentage = 74.97% |change = {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,507}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,555 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,973 |percentage = 31.04% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Papanna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 33,122 |percentage = 28.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Govindaraju |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 23,945 |percentage = 20.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandraprabha Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,661 |percentage = 16.97% |change = {{decrease}}17.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harihara Anandaswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,484 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,851 |percentage = 2.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,461 |percentage = 78.45% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,880}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 1.30% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,718 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1991 elections in India#Karnataka|1991 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkamadu S.]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,467 |percentage = 34.92% |change = {{decrease}}19.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,536 |percentage = 30.82% |change = {{increase}}29.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Papanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,884 |percentage = 25.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasekhara |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,219 |percentage = 5.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basararaju. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 994 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 736 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,931 |percentage = 4.10% |change = {{decrease}}30.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,836}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandraprabha Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,086 |percentage = 54.27% |change = {{increase}}13.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kariyappa Gowda. D |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,349 |percentage = 19.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. L. Thimmegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,941 |percentage = 19.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basararaju. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,096 |percentage = 3.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadeva Rao Kadam |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,164 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kittu. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 777 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevu |party = Independent politician |votes = 608 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,737 |percentage = 34.78% |change = {{increase}}31.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,567 |percentage = 74.93% |change = {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,128}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,439 |percentage = 6.40% |change = {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,220 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. L. Thimmegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,516 |percentage = 44.27% |change = {{decrease}}29.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandraprabha Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,116 |percentage = 41.10% |change = {{increase}}18.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkachannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,764 |percentage = 11.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,619 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,400 |percentage = 3.17% |change = {{decrease}}48.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,877 |percentage = 76.99% |change = {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,716}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,161 |percentage = 1.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,859 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}29.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chandraprabha Urs]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 50,951 |percentage = 74.10% |change = {{increase}}36.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prema Kumar. H. N |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,363 |percentage = 22.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malleswamy. H. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 864 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkamadu S.]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 605 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 516 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirza Mohammed Baig |party = Independent politician |votes = 461 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,588 |percentage = 51.76% |change = {{increase}}33.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,124 |percentage = 75.29% |change = {{decrease}}7.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,760}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,364 |percentage = 1.95% |change = {{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,142 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}18.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Devaraj Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,766 |percentage = 55.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. L. Thimmegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,711 |percentage = 37.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Chikkamadu S.]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,665 |percentage = 7.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 409 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,055 |percentage = 18.11% |change = {{decrease}}62.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,243 |percentage = 82.45% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,551}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,692 |percentage = 2.48% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,771 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}31.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 elections in India#Mysore|1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Devaraj Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,877 |percentage = 86.91% |change = {{increase}}35.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,778 |percentage = 6.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. K. Mallaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,968 |percentage = 4.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Sinddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 584 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. R. Bhagavatar |party = Independent politician |votes = 376 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,099 |percentage = 80.53% |change = {{increase}}52.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,583}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}35.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. Kariyappa Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,711 |percentage = 51.53% |change = {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Hombe Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 11,960 |percentage = 23.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sanjeevaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,093 |percentage = 16.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. L. Nanjaraje Urs |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,667 |percentage = 5.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadeva Rao Kadam |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 940 |percentage = 1.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shivarame Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 525 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,751 |percentage = 27.56% |change = {{increase}}7.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,780 |percentage = 66.24% |change = {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,896}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,166 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Devaraj Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,420 |percentage = 58.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,583 |percentage = 39.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. S. Setty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 908 |percentage = 2.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,837 |percentage = 19.64% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,763 |percentage = 68.52% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,911}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,409 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = [[D. Devaraj Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,440 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}40.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Devaraj Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,259 |percentage = 24.14% |change = {{decrease}}12.62 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rachiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,583 |percentage = 23.38% |change = {{decrease}}13.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Lingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,874 |percentage = 22.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kuntaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,333 |percentage = 15.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Peeranna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,573 |percentage = 7.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Rama Rao Sindhe |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,430 |percentage = 7.30% |change = {{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,385 |percentage = 1.57% |change = {{decrease}}19.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,052 |percentage = 90.21% |change = {{increase}}45.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,052}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,608 |ref = |change = {{increase}}158.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hunasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Devaraj Urs]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,216 |percentage = 36.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Mari Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,726 |percentage = 16.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. T. Thammaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,317 |percentage = 13.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Kuntaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,237 |percentage = 13.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Chandrase Kharaiah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 1,757 |percentage = 10.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. N. Rama Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,657 |percentage = 9.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,490 |percentage = 20.64% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 16,910 |percentage = 44.83% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 16,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,719 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.31|76.29|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Subdivisions of Jharkhand

2026-03-25T03:37:00Z

FallonMansom317: added stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2024}}

'''Subdivision''' is an administrative unit below [[List of districts of Jharkhand|district]] level and above the [[Community development block in India|block]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blocks of Jharkhand |url=https://tamra.gov.in/public_block_detail.php?state_id=20 |website=www.tamra.gov.in}}</ref> or Tehsil level in the state [[Jharkhand]] of India. Presently there are 43<ref>{{Cite web |title=Districts Subdivisions in Jharkhand |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/home/stateprofile |access-date= |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> subdivisions in 24<ref>{{Cite web |title=Districts of Jharkhand |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/Home/DistrictList |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> districts of Jharkhand. Subdivisions are a group of blocks and it is administered by Sub-divisional Officer (SDO) also called as [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate (India)|Sub-divisional Magistrate]] (SDM).

== List of subdivisions ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Districts
! Subdivisions
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bokaro District |url=https://bokaro.nic.in/ |website=www.bokaro.nic.in}}</ref>
| [[Bermo subdivision]]
|-
| [[Chas subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chatra district|Chatra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chatra district |url=https://chatra.nic.in/ |website=www.chatra.nic.in}}</ref>
| [[Chatra subdivision]]
|-
| [[Simaria subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Deoghar District|Deoghar]]
| [[Deoghar subdivision]]
|-
| [[Madhupur subdivision]]
|-
| [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| [[Dhanbad Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| [[Dumka district|Dumka]]
| [[Dumka Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| [[Dhalbhum subdivision]]
|-
| [[Ghatshila subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]]
| Garhwa subdivision
|-
| [[Nagar Untari|Nagar Untari subdivision]]
|-
| Ranka subdivision
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Giridih district|Giridih]]
| [[Bagodar-Saria subdivision]]
|-
| [[Dumri subdivision]]
|-
| [[Giridih Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| [[Khori Mahuwa subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Godda district|Godda]]
| Godda subdivision
|-
| Mahagama subdivision
|-
| [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| [[Gumla subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]
| [[Barhi subdivision]]
|-
| [[Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
| [[Jamtara Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| [[Khunti district|Khunti]]
| Khunti subdivision
|-
| [[Koderma district|Koderma]]
| [[Koderma subdivision]]
|-
| [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| Lohardaga subdivision
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Latehar district|Latehar]]
| Latehar Sadar subdivision
|-
| Mahuadanr subdivision
|-
| [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| Lohardaga subdivision
|-
| [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| Pakur subdivision
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| Medininagar subdivision
|-
| Chhatarpur subdivision
|-
| Husainabad subdivision
|-
| [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
| [[Ramgarh subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| [[Bundu subdivision]]
|-
| [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]]
| [[Rajmahal subdivision]]
|-
| [[Sahibganj subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| [[Chandil subdivision]]
|-
| [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]]
|-
| [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| [[Simdega subdivision]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
| Chaibasa subdivision
|-
| Jagannathpur subdivision
|-
| Porahat subdivision
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://jharkhand.gov.in/ Government Of Jharkhand]
* [https://jharnet.com/subdivisions-of-jharkhand/ Subdivisions of Jharkhand]

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand| ]]
{{Improve categories|date=December 2024}}

Falam language

2026-03-24T13:18:08Z

FallonMansom317: Starting info...

{{short description|Language spoken in Burma}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Falam
|altname=Lai
|nativename=''Lai ṭong''
|states=Burma, India
|region=West Burma, North East India
|ethnicity=Chin
|speakers=70,000 in Burma
|date=1983
|speakers2=40,000 in India (2011 Census)
|ref = e25
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman language|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]]
|fam5=[[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
|fam6=[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]
|fam7=[[Lai languages|Lai]]
|dia1=Zanniat
|dia2=Laizo
|dia3=Zahau
|dia4=Tlaisun
|dia5= Khualsim
|dia6=Lente
|dia7=Tapong
|dia8=Sim
|dia9=Torr
|dia10=Chorei
|dia11=Ngawn
|script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
|lc1 = cfm
|ld1 = Falam Chin
|lc2 = cnw
|ld2 = Ngawn Chin
|lc3 = rnl
|ld3 = [[Ranglong language|Ranglong]]
|glotto=fala1243
|glottorefname=Falam Chin
|glottoname=Falam
|glotto2=ngaw1239
|glottorefname2=Ngawn Chin
|glottoname2=Ngawn
|glotto3=rang1267
|glottoname3=Halam
|ELP2=1627
|ELPname2=Chorei
}}

'''Falam Chin''' (also known as '''Lai''') is a [[Kuki-Chin language]] in [[Falam Township]], [[Chin State]], [[Myanmar]].

Falam Chin is closely related to most Central Chin languages, especially [[Hakha Chin language|Hakha Chin]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=King|first1=Deborah|title=VOICE AND VALENCE-ALTERING OPERATIONS IN FALAM CHIN: A ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR APPROACH|date=2010|publisher=The University of Texas at Arlington|location=Arlington, Texas}}</ref> The Falam people are primarily Christian and have translated the [[Bible]] into Falam Chin.

==Dialects==
''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the following dialects of Falam:

* Tlaisun (Shunkla, Sunkhla, Taishon, Tashom, Tashon)
* Laizo (Laiso, Laizao, Laizo-Shimhrin)
* Zahao (Lyen-Lyem, JaHau Yahow, Zahau, Zahau-Shimhrin, Za-How)
* Sim

Falam takes its name from a village, founded by the Tlaisun (in English, {{gloss|Tashon}}) tribe, and Tashon was the original language spoken in Falam. Falam grew in population from the surrounding tribes from Sunthla (also {{gloss|Sunkhla}}), Sim and Zahau (also {{gloss|Zahao}}) that created a new language based on these three tribes, very different from the Tlaisun language. This language was later popularly known as ''Laizo''. Laizo was recorded as the first language used in the official radio broadcasting dialect of Chin in [[Myanmar]]. In order to be inclusive in Laizo, the name was later changed to Falam, although its official name is still Laizo.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Rupini and Koloi are also quite different.<ref name="e18"/> The Chorei and Zanniat dialects (collectively known as ''Baro Halam'') may be considered separate languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Myanmar |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010180533/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages |archive-date=2016-10-10 |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World}}</ref> Tapong has lower intelligibility with other Falam Chin dialects, having 75% [[lexical similarity]] with Zanniat.<ref name=":0" /> Dialects once misleadingly called Southern [[Luhupa language|Luhupa]] are actually Northern Kuki-Chin, and evidently Falam.<ref>[http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%207-Zones%2070-74.pdf Linguasphere code 73-DDD-bp]</ref>

''Ethnologue'' reported the following speaker populations of Falam dialects in 1983: 9,000 Taisun, 16,000 Zanniat, 7,000 Khualsim, 4,000 Lente, 14,400 Zahau, 18,600 Laizo.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Phonology ==
The Falam language has five spoken vowels, but in writing, six are used. Of the five spoken, three of them, /u/, /a/, and /ɔ/ are spoke from the back of the mouth, /i/ is spoken from the top of the mouth, and /e/ is spoken from the middle. /ɔ/ can be pronounced as aw or o.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chin Writers' Handbook |date=2011 |publisher=Bibles International |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA}}</ref>

== Writing system ==

A written script for Falam (Laizo) was created in 1924 by Rev. Dr. Herbert Cope.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Lian |first=Salai Van Cung |last2=Salem-Gervais |first2=Nicolas |date=November 2020 |title=How Many Chin Languages Should Be Taught in Government Schools? Ongoing developments and structural challenges of language-in-education policy in Chin State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345667190_How_Many_Chin_Languages_Should_Be_Taught_in_Government_Schools_Ongoing_developments_and_structural_challenges_of_language-in-education_policy_in_Chin_State |journal=Parami Journal of Education |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> Falam Chin is written using the [[Latin script]], with the exception of the letters Q, Y, J and X. The consonants ''ṭ'' (t with dot), ''ng'' (Guttural sound), and ''aw'' vowel ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [{{IPA|ɔː}}] or [{{IPA|ɑː}}]) are frequently used in both Chin literature and speaking.

This is a sample of written Falam Chin:

{{Verse translation|lang=cfm|A hmaisabik ah Pathian in lei le van a seemsuah. Lei cu pianhmang le hmuithlam zianghman a rak nei lo.|In the beginning God created heaven and earth. The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep water.|attr1={{cite web|title=Chin (Falam) Language|url=http://www.language-museum.com/encyclopedia/c/chin-falam.php|website=LM Languages}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Incubator|code=cfm}}
*Dum, James Qial; Van Kyi; S Hrang Kap Hnin (eds). 2009. ''[https://chin-dictionary.com/english-falam-dictionary/ Mirang—Lai (Falam) dictionary / Mirang Ca Zirpawl hrang]''. Lailun Foundation.
*Bibles International. 2009. ''Falam primer''. Bibles International: The Bible Society of Baptist Mid-Missions. {{ISBN|1-59645-107-6}}
*Bibles International. 2008. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YjOhHG1cv6kC Falam writers' handbook]''. Bibles International: The Bible Society of Baptist Mid-Missions. {{ISBN|1-59645-107-6}}
*Bibles International. 2009. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YjOhHG1cv6kC Chin Cangantui Kutkaih / Chin Writers' Handbook - Falam]''. Bibles International: The Bible Society of Baptist Mid-Missions. {{ISBN|1-59645-127-0}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Burma}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kuki-Chin languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Mizoram]]

HDFC Bank

2026-03-20T08:56:52Z

FallonMansom317: cleanup information per sources and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{short description|Indian banking and financial services company}}
{{for|its subsidiary|Housing Development Finance Corporation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = HDFC Bank Limited
| logo = HDFC Bank Logo.svg
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|HDFCBANK}}|{{BSE|500180}}|{{NYSE|HDB}} (ADS)|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| logo_caption =
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Atanu Chakraborty]] (chairman)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rbi-approves-appointment-of-atanu-chakraborty-as-part-time-chairman-of-hdfc-bank/article34390586.ece|title=RBI approves appointment of Atanu Chakraborty as part-time chairman of HDFC Bank|publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=22 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423060640/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rbi-approves-appointment-of-atanu-chakraborty-as-part-time-chairman-of-hdfc-bank/article34390586.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>| [[Sashidhar Jagdishan]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE040A01034}}
| industry = [[Banking]] [[Financial services]]
| products = {{ubl|[[Retail banking|Consumer banking]]|[[Commercial banking]]|[[Insurance]]|[[Credit cards]]|[[Investment banking]]|[[Mortgage loan]]s|[[Private banking]]|[[Private equity]]|[[Investment management]]|[[Asset management]]|[[Wealth management]]|[[Stockbroking]]<ref name="AR201213">{{cite web|url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/hdfcbank/balance-sheet/HDF01|title = Balance Sheet of HDFC Bank|publisher = moneycontrol|access-date = 7 January 2016|archive-date = 4 April 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404003111/https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/hdfcbank/balance-sheet/HDF01|url-status = live | last1=Com | first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4.70|lc|lk=on}}
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|96242|c}}
| income_year = 2025
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|70792|c}}
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|39.10|lc}}
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|5.17|lc}}
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = {{formatnum:214521}} (FY25)<ref name=arep>{{Cite web|publisher=Business Standard|title=HDFC Bank headcount declines|url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/banking/hdfc-bank-adds-1k-employees-in-fy25-icici-s-headcount-drops-by-6-723-125042201115_1.html|access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations = 9,545 branches 21,417 ATMs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who We Are – Overview of Our Mission & Values {{!}} HDFC Bank |url=https://www.hdfc.bank.in/about-us/who-we-are |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.hdfc.bank.in |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|August 1994}}
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
| subsid = [[HDFC Life]] [[HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company|HDFC ERGO]] HDFC Securities<ref>{{cite web |last1=Securities |first1=HDFC |title=About Us |url=https://www.hdfcsec.com/article/about-us-1647 |website=hdfcsec.com |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111041928/https://www.hdfcsec.com/article/about-us-1647 |url-status=live }}</ref> HDFC AMC (HDFC Mutual Fund) HDB Financial Services<ref>{{cite news |title=How HDB Financial Services Can Add To HDFC Bank's Long Rally |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/moneycontrol-research/how-hdb-financial-services-can-add-to-hdfc-banks-long-rally-3707561.html |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=Moneycontrol |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426121321/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/moneycontrol-research/how-hdb-financial-services-can-add-to-hdfc-banks-long-rally-3707561.html |url-status=live }}</ref> HDFC Capital Advisors
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Results Q4FY25 |url=https://www.hdfc.bank.in/content/dam/hdfcbankpws/in/en/pdf/financial-results/2024-2025/quarter-4/financial-results-for-the-quarter-and-year-ended-March-31-2025.pdf |publisher=HDFC Bank |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Q4FY25 Earnings Presentation |url=https://www.hdfcbank.com/content/bbp/repositories/723fb80a-2dde-42a3-9793-7ae1be57c87f/?path=/Footer/About%20Us/About%20Investor%20Relations/pdf/2024/march/Q4FY25-Earnings-Presentation.pdf |publisher=HDFC Bank |access-date=11 December 2025 |date=19 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''HDFC Bank Limited''' is an Indian [[banking]] and [[financial services]] company headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. It is India's largest private sector bank by assets and market capitalisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top companies in India by total assets |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo/totassets/bse/bank-private.html |publisher=Moneycontrol |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref> In 2025 HDFC became the 10th largest bank in the world by market capitalisation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-02 |title=Top 10 largest banks in the world by market cap (2025): Indian bank in the global 10 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-largest-banks-in-the-world-by-market-cap-2025-9978985/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) has identified the HDFC Bank, [[State Bank of India]], and [[ICICI Bank]] as [[Systemically important financial institution|Domestic Systemically Important Banks]] (D-SIBs), which are often referred to as banks that are “[[too big to fail]]”.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=54979 |title=RBI releases 2022 list of Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) |date=2 January 2023 |website=rbi.org.in |publisher=RBI |access-date=6 December 2023 |quote=State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, and HDFC Bank continue to be identified as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs), under the same bucketing structure as in the 2021 list of D-SIBs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2 January 2023 |title=RBI releases Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) of 2022 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rbi-releases-domestic-systemically-important-banks-d-sibs-of-2021-list-here-11672660568619.html |work=Livemint |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

As of April 2024, HDFC Bank has a market capitalization of $145 billion making it the third-largest company on the Indian stock exchanges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo/marketcap/bse/banks-private-sector.html|title=Largest bank by Market capitalization|website=MoneyControl|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606043759/https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo/marketcap/bse/banks-private-sector.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, it was the [[List of largest employers in India|sixteenth largest employer in India]] with over 173,000 employees, after its [[takeover]] of parent company [[Housing Development Finance Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= Financial Results (Indian GAAP) for the Quarter and Year Ended March 31, 2023 |url=https://www.hdfcbank.com/content/bbp/repositories/723fb80a-2dde-42a3-9793-7ae1be57c87f/?path=/Footer/About%20Us/Investor%20Relation/Detail%20PAges/financial%20results/PDFs/2023/Press-Release-March-2023.pdf|date= 31 March 2023 |website= hdfcbank.com |publisher= HDFC Bank |access-date= 16 November 2023 |page= 4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/HDB/hdfc-bank/number-of-employees|title=HDFC Bank: Number of Employees 2006–2021 | HDB|website=macrotrends.net|access-date=22 May 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522071805/https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/HDB/hdfc-bank/number-of-employees|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (396).jpg|thumb|right|HDFC Bank at [[EXCON]] 2025, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]] ]]

== History ==
HDFC Bank was incorporated in 1994 as a subsidiary of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC Ltd]], which received an 'in principle' approval from the RBI to set up a bank in the Private Sector as part of its [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation]] of the Indian banking industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hdfcbank.com/personal/about-us/overview/who-we-are |title=About HDFC Bank |website=hdfcbank.com |publisher=HDFC Bank |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/202305140546_HDFC_Bank_Ltd.pdf |title=HDFC Bank Ltd |date=2 May 2023 |website=careratings.com |publisher=CARE Ratings |access-date=6 December 2023 |quote=The Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited (HDFC) was among the first institutions to receive an 'in principle' approval from RBI to set up a bank in the private sector, as part of the RBI's liberalization of the Indian banking industry in 1994. The bank was incorporated in August 1994 in the name of 'HDFC Bank Limited' (HBL), with its registered office in Mumbai, India.}}</ref> The bank commenced operations in January 1995, with its registered office in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/hdfc-bank-ltd_hdfcbank/reports|title=HDFC Bank: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of HDFC Bank|website=profit.ndtv.com|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709001214/http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/hdfc-bank-ltd_hdfcbank/reports|url-status=live}}</ref> Its first corporate office and a full-service branch at Sandoz House, [[Worli]], was inaugurated by the then [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Union Finance Minister]], [[Manmohan Singh]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In February 2000, [[Times Bank]] merged with HDFC Bank, which was India's first-ever voluntary merger of banks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hdfc, Timesbank Merger By Feb 25 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/hdfc-timesbank-merger-by-feb-25-100021901051_1.html |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Times Bank was established by India's largest media conglomerate, [[The Times Group]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Tamal|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/R9RVglpE4GP7OdDFN9wRPO/Bank-for-the-buck.html|title=A Bank for the Buck|date=19 November 2012|work=Livemint|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403234024/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/R9RVglpE4GP7OdDFN9wRPO/Bank-for-the-buck.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2001, HDFC Bank's [[American depository receipt|ADS]] listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] after an IPO.<ref>{{cite news |title=HDFC Bank prices ADS at $13.83: Reuters |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2001/jul/20hdfc1.htm |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

In 2008, HDFC Bank acquired the [[Centurion Bank of Punjab]] (CBoP) for {{INRconvert|9510|c|mode=historical|lk=c|year=2008}} in a [[Stock swap|share-swap]] deal, reportedly the largest acquisition in the Indian financial sector at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=HDFC Bank buys Centurion in India's biggest financial sector buyout |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/business/worldbusiness/24iht-indiabank24.10327786.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=4 December 2008}}</ref>

In 2021, the bank acquired a 9.99% stake in Ferbine, an entity promoted by [[Tata Group]], to operate a pan-India umbrella entity for retail payment systems, similar to the [[National Payments Corporation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kotak Mahindra Bank, HDFC Bank To Acquire 9.99% Each In Ferbine|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/kotak-mahindra-bank-hdfc-bank-to-acquire-9-99-each-in-ferbine-private-ltd-6578201.html|access-date=4 March 2021|website=Moneycontrol|date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103152/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/kotak-mahindra-bank-hdfc-bank-to-acquire-9-99-each-in-ferbine-private-ltd-6578201.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== HDFC Ltd–HDFC Bank merger ===
On 4 April 2022, [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC Ltd]] announced that it would merge with HDFC Bank, marking India's largest-ever [[Mergers and acquisitions|M&A deal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hdfc-to-merge-with-hdfc-bank-in-indias-biggest-ever-ma/articleshow/90651390.cms|title = HDFC HDFC Bank Merger: HDFC to merge with HDFC Bank in India's biggest-ever M&A | |website = [[The Times of India]]| date=5 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name="bloomberg_0623">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Preeti |last2=Patil |first2=Divya |title=Bank Giant Bigger Than Morgan Stanley Arises From India Merger |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-30/india-s-hdfc-vaults-into-ranks-of-world-s-most-valuable-banks?fromMostRead=true&sref=CIpmV6x8 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=30 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> As part of the merger, HDFC Ltd would transfer its [[mortgage|home loan]] portfolio to HDFC Bank, while the bank offered depositors of HDFC Ltd the choice of either withdrawing their money or renewing their deposits with the bank at the [[interest rate]] that the bank was then offering.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=3 July 2023 |title=What is the HDFC Bank-HDFC merger date |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/what-is-the-hdfc-bank-hdfc-merger-date/articleshow/101414476.cms |access-date=4 July 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On 1 July 2023, the merger of HDFC Ltd with HDFC Bank was completed.<ref name="hd4">{{cite news |title=HDFC Bank completes merger with HDFC after final board approval |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/hdfc-bank-completes-merger-with-hdfc-after-final-board-approval/articleshow/101402111.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="hd3">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Lalatendu |title=HDFC Bank completes merger formalities, rebrands HDFC Ltd. offices, branches |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hdfc-bank-completes-merger-formalities-rebrands-hdfc-ltd-offices-branches/article67030718.ece |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=1 July 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Consequently, HDFC Bank had a [[Market capitalization|market capitalisation]] of $154 billion, becoming the seventh most valuable bank in the world. HDFC Bank also became one of the [[List of largest banks|world's top 100 banking companies]] by total assets.<ref name="hd1">{{cite news |title=HDFC Ltd-HDFC Bank merger: Behind Sashi Jagdishan's big plans for HDFC Bank |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-buzz/story/hdfc-ltd-hdfc-bank-merger-behind-sashi-jagdishans-big-plans-for-hdfc-bank-390643-2023-07-20 |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=Business Today |date=20 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hd2">{{cite news |last1=Mascarenhas |first1=Rajesh |title=HDFC Bank becomes world's 7th largest lender post merger |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/hdfc-bank-becomes-worlds-7th-largest-lender-post-merger/articleshow/101840225.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=18 July 2023}}</ref>

The combined entity had a customer base of 12 crore (120 million), surpassing the population of Germany in size.<ref name="hd5">{{cite news |date=30 June 2023 |title=Bank giant bigger than Morgan Stanley arises from HDFC Bank, HDFC Ltd merger |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bank-giant-bigger-than-morgan-stanley-arises-from-hdfc-bank-hdfc-ltd-merger/articleshow/101380691.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The merger resulted in a substantial increase in bank headcount, with the workforce totaling 1.77 lakh (177k) employees. The merged entity became the second-largest bank in India, trailing only the [[State Bank of India]] in terms of assets.<ref name="hd8">{{cite news |date=3 July 2023 |title=Spotlight on HDFC Ltd and HDFC Bank Merger ! |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/hdfc-ltd-and-hdfc-bank-merger-record-date-ftse-nifty-sensex-msci-mutual-funds-17103621.htm |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> The number of branches increased to 8,300.<ref name="hd6">{{cite news |date=1 July 2023 |title=HDFC Ltd and HDFC Bank complete their merger today: Take a look at what's happened so far |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/personal-finance/banking/news-hdfc-ltd-completes-its-merger-with-and-hdfc-bank-today-sashidhar-jagdishan-home-loans-nse-bse-242387 |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=Zee Business}}</ref>

Shares of HDFC Ltd were delisted and shareholders were allotted 42 shares of HDFC Bank for every 25 shares of HDFC Ltd held,<ref name="hd9">{{cite news |title=HDFC-HDFC Bank merger likely to be effective July 1, HDFC to be delisted on July 13: Deepak Parekh |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/hdfc-hdfc-bank-merger-to-be-effective-july-1-hdfc-to-be-delisted-july-13-deepak-parekh-387245-2023-06-27 |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=Business Today |date=27 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> leading to an increase in the equity capital of HDFC Bank.<ref name="hd7">{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Charmaine Jacob, Joanna |title=India's HDFC Bank completes $40 billion takeover of the country's largest mortgage lender. Here's what it means |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/03/indias-hdfc-bank-completes-40-billion-merger-with-mortgage-lender-hdfc.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |publisher=CNBC |date=3 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Operations ==
[[File:HDFC Bank.jpg|thumb|A branch of HDFC Bank in [[Hyderabad]]]]
As of March 2024, HDFC Bank's distribution network included 8,735 branches and 20,938 ATMs (cash recyclers; cash deposit and withdrawal) spread throughout 3,836 cities and villages. The distribution network of HDFC Ltd., which consists of 737 locations and includes 214 offices of HDFC Sales Private Limited, has been integrated into the network of the Bank.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

HDFC Bank is the sole private bank operating in the union territory of [[Lakshadweep]] after opening a branch in [[Kavaratti]] island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=Sole Private Bank Operator in UT Lakshdweep |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/hdfc-bank-first-private-bank-brach-office-in-lakshadweep-kavaratti-9261984/ |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries and associates ==
Notable subsidiaries and associate companies of HDFC Bank include:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Type
!Ownership stake
!{{Reference column heading}}
|-
| [[HDFC Life]]
| [[Life insurance]]
| 50.37%
|<ref>{{cite web |title=HDFC Life Insurance Company Limited |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=126945 |website=ICRA |access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company|HDFC ERGO]]
| [[General insurance]]
| 50.48%
|<ref>{{cite web |title=HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company Limited |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/202311121118_HDFC_ERGO_General_Insurance_Company_Limited.pdf |website=CARE Ratings |access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| HDFC Asset Management Company
| [[Mutual funds]]
| 52.55%
|<ref>{{cite web |title=HDFC Asset Management Company Limited |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/HDFC-ASSET-MANAGEMENT-COM-45228895/company/ |website=MarketScreener |access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| HDFC Securities
| [[Stockbroking]]
| 95.48%
|<ref>{{cite web |title=HDFC Securities Limited |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/202312131236_HDFC_Securities_Limited.pdf |website=CARE Ratings |access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| HDB Financial Services
| [[Consumer debt|Consumer finance]]
| 94.84%
|<ref>{{cite web |title=HDB Financial Services Limited |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/HDBFinancialServicesLimited_December%2007,%202023_RR_332383.html |website=CRISIL |access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| HDFC Capital Advisors
| [[Private equity real estate]]
| 90%
|<ref>{{cite news |title=HDFC divests 10% stake in HDFC Capital Advisors to ADIA for Rs 184 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hdfc-divests-10-stake-in-hdfc-capital-advisors-to-adia-for-rs-184-cr-122052600885_1.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
| HDFC Credila
| [[Student loan|Education finance]]
| 9.99%
|<ref>{{cite news |title=HDFC Bank completes Rs 9,553 cr stake sale in education unit HDFC Credila |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/hdfc-bank-completes-rs-9-553-cr-stake-sale-in-education-unit-hdfc-credila-124032100231_1.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|}
[[File:HDFC Bank, Hathibarkala Branch.jpg|thumb|An HDFC Bank branch located in [[Dehradun]]]]

== Listings and shareholding ==
The [[equity shares]] of HDFC Bank are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]]. Its [[American depositary receipt]]s are listed on the [[NYSE]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=HDFC bank: Information about American Depository Receipt|url=https://www.hdfcbank.com/personal/about-us/investor-relations/adr|url-status=live|website=hdfc bank|access-date=22 October 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022112314/https://www.hdfcbank.com/personal/about-us/investor-relations/adr}}</ref>

Its [[global depository receipt]]s (GDRs) were listed on the [[Luxembourg Stock Exchange]] but were terminated by the board of directors, following its low trading [[Volume (finance)|volume.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=HDFC Bank's Global Expansion |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/hdfc-banks-global-expansion |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=HDFC Bank terminates, de-lists GDRs from Luxembourg Stock Exchange|work=The hindu Business line|location=New Delhi|publication-place=New delhi|publication-date=16 July 2019|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/hdfc-bank-terminates-de-lists-its-gdrs-from-luxembourg-stock-exchange/article28468674.ece|access-date=22 October 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022110810/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/hdfc-bank-terminates-de-lists-its-gdrs-from-luxembourg-stock-exchange/article28468674.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

On 2 December 2020, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) ordered HDFC Bank to temporarily halt the issuance of new credit cards and all planned activities under the bank's Digital 2.0 program, citing incidents of outages in the bank's internet banking, mobile banking and payment utility services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RBI asks HDFC Bank to halt issue of new credit cards, planned activities under Digital 2.0|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rbi-halts-hdfc-bank-digital-activities-asks-bank-to-stop-sourcing-new-credit-card-customers-after-multiple-digital-failures-6183521.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207105648/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rbi-halts-hdfc-bank-digital-activities-asks-bank-to-stop-sourcing-new-credit-card-customers-after-multiple-digital-failures-6183521.html|archive-date=7 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2022|website=Moneycontrol|date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2020|title=Explained: Why RBI has asked HDFC Bank to stop digital launches, new credit card sourcing|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/hdfc-bank-rbi-action-explained-7083629/|access-date=8 December 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208100906/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/hdfc-bank-rbi-action-explained-7083629/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 29 January 2020, RBI imposed a monetary penalty on HDFC Bank for failure to undertake ongoing due diligence in case of 39 current accounts opened for bidding in the [[Initial public offering|initial public offer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=49273|title=RBI imposes penalty on HDFC bank|website=rbi.org.in|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130070954/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx%3Fprid%3D49273|url-status=live}}</ref>

A HDFC Bank manager was arrested on charges of fraud, involving a sum of ₹59,41,000 in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/16/former-hdfc-bank-manager-arrested-for-rs-5941-lakh-fraud-in-odisha-2034332.html|title=A HDFC bank manager arrested for Rs 59.41 lakh fraud in Odisha|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005153615/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/16/former-hdfc-bank-manager-arrested-for-rs-5941-lakh-fraud-in-odisha-2034332.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Altico Capital and [[Dubai]]'s [[Mashreq (bank)|Mashreq Bank]] have approached RBI, accusing HDFC Bank of violating regulatory provisions by debiting part of the funds the company had raised through external commercial borrowing (ECB) and parked at the bank. They claimed that HDFC bank's decision to transfer money from the account may be a violation of the RBI's end-use rule.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/altico-and-mashreq-approach-rbi-against-hdfc-bank/articleshow/71546523.cms|title=Altico and Mashreq approach RBI against HDFC Bank|website=The Economic Times|access-date=13 October 2019|last1=Das|first1=Saikat|archive-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012181759/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/altico-and-mashreq-approach-rbi-against-hdfc-bank/articleshow/71546523.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 May 2021, RBI imposed a penalty of {{INRconvert|10|c|mode=historical|lk=|year=2021}} on HDFC Bank for deficiencies in regulatory compliances with regard to its auto loan portfolio. The said penalty was imposed with regard to the contraventions of certain provisions of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reserve Bank of India imposes Rs 10 crore penalty on HDFC Bank|work=The indian express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/reserve-bank-imposes-rs-10-crore-penalty-on-hdfc-bank-7335173/|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023031340/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/reserve-bank-imposes-rs-10-crore-penalty-on-hdfc-bank-7335173/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2023, HDB Financial Services suffered a breach exposing the data of more than 7 crore (70 million) customers, including email addresses, names, dates of birth, phone numbers, genders, [[Postal code|post codes]] and loan information belonging to the customers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2023 |title=HDB Financial Services flags data breach at service provider |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/hdb-financial-services-flags-data-breach-at-service-provider/articleshow/98483482.cms |access-date=27 June 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In June 2025, HDFC Bank's [[Managing director|Managing Director]] and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], [[Sashidhar Jagdishan]], was named in a [[First Information Report]] (FIR) filed by the [[Lilavati Hospital|Lilavati Kirtilal Mehta Medical Trust]], which manages [[Lilavati Hospital]] in [[Mumbai]]. The complaint alleged his involvement in a financial transaction worth ₹2.05 crore, reportedly aimed at pressuring a trustee of the hospital. This action was linked to a long-standing loan recovery dispute involving Splendour Gems Limited, originating from a recovery certificate issued in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=2025-06-07 |title=HDFC Bank denies allegations against MD & CEO Jagdishan, says recalcitrant defaulters at work to thwart recovery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hdfc-bank-denies-allegations-against-md-ceo-jagdishan-says-recalcitrant-defaulters-at-work-to-thwart-recovery/article69669694.ece |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=HDFC Bank rubbishes Lilavati Trust's allegations against MD & CEO Sashidhar Jagdishan - know charges here |url=https://www.etnownews.com/companies/hdfc-bank-rubbishes-lilavati-trusts-allegations-against-md-ceo-sashidhar-jagdishan-know-charges-here-article-151816513 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-09 |title=Who is Sasidhar Jagdishan, MD and CEO of HDFC Bank named in Lilavti Trust FIR? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/hdfc-bank-shares-who-is-sasidhar-jagdishan-md-and-ceo-of-hdfc-bank-accused-in-lilavti-trust-fir/articleshow/121720349.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}

* [[Aditya Puri]]
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[List of companies of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Tamal |date=2013 |title=A Bank for the Buck |title-link=A Bank for the Buck |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |page=344 |isbn=978-81-8495-396-1|author-link=Tamal Bandyopadhyay }}
* {{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Tamal |date=2019 |title=HDFC Bank 2.0: From Dawn to Digital |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-93-88423-35-9|author-link=Tamal Bandyopadhyay }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Shilpa |last2=Malik |first2=Priyanka |last3=Gautam |first3=Shalini |date=9 February 2024 |title=Analysis of financial performance with regard to digital payment: a case of HDFC bank |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13198-023-02201-x |journal=International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=2085–2096 |doi=10.1007/s13198-023-02201-x|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Devi |first1=Pooja |last2=Chauhan |first2=Riya |last3=Jain |first3=Ruchi |chapter=An Application of Fintech is Revolutionary in Indian Banking Sector: W.R.T. To HDFC Bank |date=14 February 2025 |pages=59–62 |title=2025 International Conference on Intelligent Control, Computing and Communications (IC3) |doi=10.1109/IC363308.2025.10957709 |isbn=979-8-3315-2749-5 |via=[[IEEE]]}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|HDFC Bank}}
*{{Official website}}{{Finance links
| name = HDFC Bank
| symbol = HDB
| sec_cik = 1144967
}}

{{HDFC Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Financial services in India|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1994]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:HDFC Group]]
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:BSE SENSEX]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]

Roshni Prakash

2026-03-20T05:50:06Z

FallonMansom317: small changes

{{short description|Indian film actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roshni Prakash
| image = Roshni Prakash.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|9|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mysore, Karnataka
| occupation = Actress
| spouse =
| footnotes =
| yearsactive = 2016–present
}}
'''Roshni Prakash''' is an Indian actress and model who works in South Indian film industry. She was a finalist in [[Femina Miss India South]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/sep/18/roshini-prakashs-innocence-wins-her-lead-role-in-kavalu-daari-1658744.html|title=Roshini Prakash's innocence wins her lead role in Kavalu Daari|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 September 2017 |access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> After making her film debut in 2016 with the Telugu film ''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Saptagiri Express]]'', she appeared in the Kannada films ''Ajaramara'' and ''[[Kavaludaari]]'' and Tamil film ''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/i-eat-gym-and-read-691399.html|title=I eat, gym and read|date=6 September 2018|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-move/roshni-plays-strong-role-696360.html|title=Roshni plays strong role in 'Kavaludaari'|date=5 October 2018|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/08/two-film-old-roshini-prakash-keen-to-break-away-from-stereotypes-1961553.html|title=Two-film-old Roshini Prakash keen to break away from stereotypes|website=The New Indian Express|date=8 April 2019 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Prakash grew up in [[Mysore]], Karnataka. She was trained in [[bharatanatyam]] dancing and graduated from college with a degree in engineering. Although she was accepted into a [[Master's degree|master's]] program in Australia, she decided to pursue acting after being asked to audition for a role.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laisram |first=Romal |date=2025-01-10 |title=Actress Roshni Prakash has a lot to celebrate this Makara Sankranti & Pongal as her latest release — ‘Vanangaan’ — hits theatres, today! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Jan/10/actress-roshni-prakash-has-a-lot-to-celebrate-this-makara-sankranti-pongal-as-her-latest-release-vanangaaan-hits-theatres-today |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

She made her debut in the 2016 Telugu film ''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Saptagiri Express]]'', directed by Arun Pawar. In 2017, she debuted in Sandalwood with the films Ajaraamara and ''[[Tiger Galli]]''. In 2018 she appeared in the [[Kollywood]] film ''[[Yemaali]]'', directed by [[V. Z. Durai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Jan/10/actress-roshni-prakash-has-a-lot-to-celebrate-this-makara-sankranti-pongal-as-her-latest-release-vanangaaan-hits-theatres-today|title = Actress Roshni Prakash has a lot to celebrate this Makara Sankranti & Pongal as her latest release — 'Vanangaan' — hits theatres, today!| date=10 January 2025 }}</ref>

In 2019, she played the female lead in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kavaludaari]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/it-is-very-difficult-to-please-bengaluru-audience-728339.html|title=It is very difficult to please Bengaluru audience|date=12 April 2019|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="A"/> She acted as Janani in the Kannada science fiction film ''[[Murphy (film)|Murphy]]'' (2024). She played the role of the small-town girl Tina in ''[[Vanangaan]]'' (2025), directed by [[Bala (director)|Bala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/always-consider-vanangaan-lucky-project-says-actress-roshini-prakash-561|title = I will always consider Vanangaan a lucky project, says actress Roshini Prakash| date=9 January 2025 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Saptagiri Express]]'' || Poornima || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|rowspan=2|2017 || ''Ajaraamara'' || Ambuja (Ammu) || rowspan=2 |[[Kannada]]||
|-
| ''[[Tiger Galli]]'' || Meera ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Yemaali]]'' || Divya || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2019 || ''[[Kavaludaari]]'' || Priya || Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[47 Days]]'' || Paddu || rowspan=2 |Telugu || Released on [[Zee5]]
|-
|rowspan=2| 2021 || ''[[11th Hour (TV series)|11th Hour]]'' || Ragini || Web series; released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|-
|''Buy 1 Get 1 Free'' || rowspan="2" | Meera || rowspan="2" |Kannada
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|Lucky Man]]'' ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Gandeevadhari Arjuna]]'' || Sruthi ||Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024 || ''[[Dhonima]]'' || Dhanam || Tamil || <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaali-venkat-roshini-prakashs-dhonima-teaser/articleshow/111021785.cms|title=Kaali Venkat & Roshini Prakash's 'Dhonima' teaser|language=en|access-date=5 July 2024|newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Murphy (film)|Murphy]]'' || Janani || Kannada || Nominated- [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Actress- Kannada]] <ref>{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Murphy' movie review: An interesting time travel film that prefers emotional impact over poignant drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/murphy-movie-review-an-interesting-time-travel-film-that-prefers-emotional-impact-over-poignant-drama/article68768188.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Mystery of Moksha Island]]'' || Nilya || Telugu ||Web series; released on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney + Hotstar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Vanangaan]]'' || Tina || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mark (2025 film)|Mark]]'' || Sanchana || Kannada ||
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9329204}}
* {{Instagram|roshni.prakash}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Roshni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

ID – The Fake

2026-03-19T00:09:10Z

FallonMansom317: creating a pg needs work

{{Correct title|title=''ID: The Fake''|reason=:|edit=substitution}} 
{{Short description|2025 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Arun Sivavilasam
| writer = Arun Sivavilasam
| starring = [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|01|03|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''ID: The Fake''''' is a 2025 [[Malayalam cinema|Indian Malayalam-language]] thriller film written and directed by Arun Sivavilasam. The film stars [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Divya Pillai]], [[Indrans]], and [[Kalabhavan Shajohn|Kalabhavan Shajon]] in key roles. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan’s ID The Fake On OTT: Where To Watch The Cybercrime Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/dhyan-sreenivasans-id-the-fake-on-ott-where-to-watch-the-cybercrime-drama-9491335.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813103124/https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/dhyan-sreenivasans-id-the-fake-on-ott-where-to-watch-the-cybercrime-drama-9491335.html |archive-date=2025-08-13 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=News18 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The narrative follows Vinod, the main character, a [[Food delivery|food delivery worker]] whose life is upended when a manipulated image of his wife Gauri goes viral online. As he struggles with the emotional and social consequences, Vinod sets out to uncover the truth behind the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ID: The Fake': Dhyan Sreenivasan's film has its moments, despite its predictability |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/01/03/dhyan-sreenivasan-cyber-crime-id-the-fake-film-review.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website='ID: The Fake': Dhyan Sreenivasan's film has its moments, despite its predictability |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as Vinod
* [[Divya Pillai]] as Gauri
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
* [[Johny Antony]]
* Jasnya Jayadeesh

== Production ==
It is produced by Mohammed Kutty under the banner of Essa Entertainments.

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically in India on 3 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-07 |title=Malayalam movie ID The Fake OTT release announced: Where to watch Dhyan Sreenivasan, Divya Pillai starrer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/malayalam-movie-id-the-fake-ott-release-announced-where-to-watch-dhyan-sreenivasan-divya-pillai-starrer/articleshow/123156436.cms |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The film streaming OTT release on [[Saina Play]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-07 |title='ID: The Fake' OTT release: Find out where to watch Dhyan Sreenivasan's Malayalam thriller online - Deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/id-the-fake-ott-release-find-out-where-to-watch-dhyan-sreenivasans-malayalam-thriller-online-deets-inside/articleshow/123158035.cms |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Onmanorama]] noted that the film addresses the timely issue of cybercrime and praised Dhyan Sreenivasan’s performance, but criticised its predictable narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ID: The Fake': Dhyan Sreenivasan's film has its moments, despite its predictability |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/01/03/dhyan-sreenivasan-cyber-crime-id-the-fake-film-review.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website='ID: The Fake': Dhyan Sreenivasan's film has its moments, despite its predictability |language=en}}</ref>

[[The Indian Express]] observed that it was one of several smaller releases that failed to make a significant impact critically or commercially in a competitive release period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-08 |title=Malayalam cinema 6-month report card: Disappointment of most hyped movie, tables turning between Mohanlal-Mammootty and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/2025-malayalam-cinema-6-month-report-mohanlal-mammootty-asif-ali-empuraan-thudarum-10101772/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reference ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=21990258}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

Pran (actor)

2026-03-16T21:19:45Z

FallonMansom317: enhanced structure for consistency as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian actor (1920–2013)}}
{{About|the Indian film actor||Pran (disambiguation){{!}}Pran}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Still of Pran in Yamla Jat (1940).png
| caption = Publicity still, 1940
| birthname = Pran Krishan Sikand
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|02|12}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|07|12|1920|02|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Shukla Sikand|1945}}
| children = 3 (including [[Sunil Sikand]])
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 1940–2007
| works = [[Pran filmography|Filmography]]
| honours = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2001) [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (2013)
| website = {{URL|https://www.pransikand.com|pransikand.com}}
| othername =
| awards = 3 [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Filmfare Awards for Best Supporting Actor]]
}}

'''Pran Krishan Sikand''' ({{IPA|hi|pra:n|pron}}; 12 February 1920 – 12 July 2013), better known [[mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Pran''', was an Indian actor who worked in [[Hindi cinema]]. He was one of the most successful and respected actors in the history of [[Indian cinema]]; in a career spanning over six decades he was also one of the highest-paid actors of his time.

Pran was in/famous for his [[villain]] roles, and a highly regarded character actor in [[Bollywood]] from the 1940s to the 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Pran |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |author=[[Gulzar]], [[Govind Nihalani]], Saibal Chatterjee |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd.|year=2003 |isbn= 8179910660 |pages=605 |access-date=15 April 2013}}</ref> He played heroes from 1940 to 1947, negative roles from 1942 to 1991, and supporting and character roles from 1967 to 2007. From the late 1940s through the 70s was the peak of Pran's career as a villain, especially in the 1950s and 60s: his interpretations were the first true personification of "evil" on the Indian screen, and the intensity of his portrayals of negative/villainous characters was such that the given name "Pran" fell into disuse.

In a long and prolific career, Pran appeared in over [[Pran filmography|362 films]]. He played the leading man in ''[[Khandan (1942 film)|Khandaan]]'' (1942), ''Pilpili Saheb'' (1954) and ''[[Halaku_(film)|Halaku]]'' (1956), and was known for his roles in ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958), ''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai]]'' (1960), ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]'' (1965), ''[[Upkar]]'' (1967), ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), ''[[Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool]]'' (1969), ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970), ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' (1970), ''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]'' (1972), ''[[Be-Imaan]]'' (1972), ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973), ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]'' (1974), ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977), ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978), ''[[Sharaabi]]'' (1984) and ''[[Duniya (1984 film)|Duniya]]'' (1984).

Pran received many [[#Awards and honours]] in his career, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] in 1967, 1969 and 1972, and was awarded the [[Filmfare Special Award]] in 1997. He was named ''"Villain of the Millennium"'' by [[Stardust Awards]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/pran-bollywood-s-black-gold-is-93-14210/slide/13 |title=Pran, Bollywood's black gold |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-date=17 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217024526/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/pran-bollywood-s-black-gold-is-93-14210/slide/13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Padma Bhushan]] Award in 2001<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> for his contributions to [[the arts]]. He was honoured in 2013 with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the highest national award for cinema artists, by the Government of India. In 2010, he was named on the list of CNN's Top 25 Asian actors of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Big-B-in-CNN-s-top-25-Asian-actors-list/H1-Article1-515456.aspx |title=Big B in CNN's top 25 Asian actors list |date=5 March 2010 |location=New York |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101080219/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Big-B-in-CNN-s-top-25-Asian-actors-list/H1-Article1-515456.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/pictureStory.php?galId=768&pg=2&view=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126024745/http://www.indianexpress.com/pictureStory.php?galId=768&pg=2&view=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Asia's Best Actors |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=15 April 2013 }}</ref>

Pran died on 12 July 2013 at the age of 93 at Mumbai's [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre]] after suffering a prolonged illness.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/legendary-actor-pran-dies-at-93-391494 | title=Legendary actor Pran dies at 93 | publisher=NDTV | access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Pran was born on 12 February 1920 in [[Lahore]],<ref name="of">{{cite web|url=http://www.pransikand.com/aboutpran.html |title=Pran – The legend of Hindi cinema – About Pran |access-date=15 April 2013 }}</ref> into a wealthy [[Punjabi Hindu]] family but raised in Ballimaran of [[Old Delhi]] in [[Delhi]]. His father, Kewal Krishan Sikand Ahluwalia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pran's 104th Birth Anniversary: Unknown Facts About The Legendary Actor |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/prans-104th-birth-anniversary-unknown-facts-about-the-legendary-actor-8775901.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> was a [[civil engineer]] and a government civil contractor; his mother was Rameshwari. Pran was one of seven children; four sons and three daughters.<ref name="bol">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC&q=Pran+Sikand&pg=RA1-PA89 |title=Bollywood: Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow |author=Dawar, Ramesh |publisher=Star Publications |year= 2006 |isbn = 1-905863-01-2 |pages= 89 |access-date=15 April 2013}}</ref>

Pran was academically gifted, especially in mathematics. His father had a transferable job, and so Pran studied in various places, including [[Dehradun]], Lahore, [[Kapurthala]], [[Meerut]] and [[Unnao]] (Uttar Pradesh), finally completing his [[matriculation]] from Hamid School, in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur (U.P.)]]. After that, he joined A. Das & Co., [[Delhi]] as an apprentice to become a professional photographer. He travelled to [[Shimla]] and played [[Sita]] in a local staging of "[[Ramlila]]". [[Madan Puri]] enacted the role of [[Rama]] in this play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/28/stories/14282185.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020312184555/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/28/stories/14282185.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2002 |title=Padma Bhushan Pran – Fine actor, finer man|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 January 2001 |access-date= 14 December 2011}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career (1940–1967) ===
Pran got his first role in [[Dalsukh M. Pancholi]]'s [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''[[Yamla Jat]]'' (1940) because of an accidental meeting with writer Wali Mohammad Wali at a shop in [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-facts-you-did-not-know-about-pran/20120416.htm#1 | title=92 Facts You Didn't Know About Pran – 2 | work= [[Rediff.com]] | date=16 April 2012 | access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> Directed by Moti B. Gidwani, the film featured [[Noor Jehan]] and [[Durga Khote]]. This was followed by small roles in the film ''Chaudhary'' and ''Khajanchi'', both in 1941. Pancholi cast him again in ''[[Khandaan (1942 film)|Khandaan]]'' (1942), which was Pran's first [[Hindi]]-language film. It featured him as a [[romantic hero]], opposite Noor Jehan, who had acted with him in ''Yamla Jat'' as a child artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/779639.cms |title=Pran chosen for Raj Kapoor award |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 July 2004 |access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=tri /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodprofilesite.com/villians.html |title=Villains |publisher=bollywoodprofilesite.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531082239/http://bollywoodprofilesite.com/villians.html |archive-date=31 May 2009}}</ref> In ''Khandaan'', she was under 15 years old and compensated for the difference in their heights in [[close-up]] shots by standing on top of bricks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090212/1175360.html |title=Villain of the Millennium Pran turns 89 |publisher=News.webindia123.com |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> In the [[Partition of India|pre-independence]] era, director Gidwani cast Pran in more films like ''Kaise Kahoon'' (1945) and ''Khamosh Nigahen'' (1946).

Pran had acted in 22 films from 1942 to 1946 in [[Lahore]]; 18 were released by 1947. Due to [[Partition of India|India's partition in 1947]], his career had a brief break. His films from 1944 to 1947 were made in undivided India, but ''Taraash'' (1951) and ''Khanabadosh'' (1952) (both co-starring [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]]) were released only in Pakistan after Partition. He left Lahore and arrived in [[Bombay]]. For a few months, he looked for acting opportunities while doing other jobs. He worked in Delmar Hotel, [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] for eight months, after which he got a chance to act in 1948.

Because of help from writer [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] and actor [[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]], he got a role in the [[Bombay Talkies]]' film, ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]'' which starred [[Dev Anand]] and [[Kamini Kaushal]] and was directed by [[Shaheed Latif]]. The movie launched Pran's career in Bombay. Incidentally, it proved to be Dev Anand's big break as a hero.<ref name=bol /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20060703/cover4.html |title=My Best Year – PRAN:1948 |work=[[India Today]] |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref> By 1950 he had been gradually established as a premier villain in Hindi cinema. Within a week of ''Ziddi''{{'}}s success, he had signed three more films – S M Yusuf's ''Grihasti'' (1948), which became a diamond jubilee hit, [[Prabhat Film Company|Prabhat Films]]'s ''Apradhi'' (1949) and Wali Mohammad's ''Putli'' (1949). By then, Wali Mohammad, who was responsible for Pran's first role, had come to Bombay and became a producer, setting up an office at Famous Studios, near [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]].<ref name=kis /><ref>''Bollywood: a history'', by Mihir Bose, page 161, published by Lotus Collection, Roli Books, 2007. {{ISBN|81-7436-508-7}}.</ref> In the 1940s, romantic duets featuring him, like the songs "Tere Naaz Uthane Ko Jee Chahta Hai" from ''Grihasti'', opposite Shardha, and from ''Khandaan'' (1942), with Noor Jehan, became popular in the 1940s. The way he expressed his dialogues in films such as ''Sheesh Mahal'' (1950), a series of disguises he made in ''Adalat'' (1958), and the rapport he shared with vamps like [[Kuldip Kaur]] in ''Jashan'' (1955) showcased his versatility in the 1950s.

As a villain, Pran's initial successful films were ''Ziddi'' and ''Bari Behan'' (1949). Pran's trademark blowing of smoke rings first appeared in the latter film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-92-facts-you-didnt-know-about-pran-part-three/20130712.htm#7 |title=Tribute: 92 Facts You Didn't Know About Pran |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> He was regularly offered the role of the main villain or of a negative character in films with [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]] and [[Raj Kapoor]] as the lead hero in the 1950s and 60s. From the 1950s directors like [[M. V. Raman]], [[Nanabhai Bhatt]], Kalidas, Ravindra Dave, [[I. S. Johar]] and [[Bimal Roy]] repeatedly cast him. Similarly in the 1960s, he was frequently in the directorial ventures of A. Bhim Singh, [[Shakti Samanta]], [[Bhappi Sonie]], [[K. Amarnath]], [[Nasir Hussain]] and others. In the 1970s, newer, younger directors and producers cast him in their films even though Pran asked for the highest price among supporting actors from 1968 to 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5235495618822538449&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsDate=20130712&NewsTitle=And%20Pran%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Most%20Loved%20Bad%20Man%20of%20Indian%20Cinema |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110204826/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5235495618822538449&SectionId=5131376722999570563&SectionName=Features&NewsDate=20130712&NewsTitle=And%20Pran%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Most%20Loved%20Bad%20Man%20of%20Indian%20Cinema |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 January 2016 |title=And Pran – The Most Loved Bad Man of Indian Cinema |work=Sakal Times |date=12 February 1920 |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref>

Pran's performance as the negative character was appreciated especially in Dilip Kumar starrers such as ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]'' (1955), ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' (1955), ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958), ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]'' (1966), ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967) and ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' (1968); and films with Dev Anand as the lead man such as ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1948), ''[[Munimji]]'' (1955), ''[[Amar Deep (1958 film)|Amar Deep]]'' (1958), ''[[Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai]]'' (1961); and with Raj Kapoor in ''[[Aah (film)|Aah]]'' (1953), ''[[Chori Chori (1956 film)|Chori Chori]]'' (1956), ''[[Jagte Raho]]'' (1956), ''[[Chhalia]]'' (1960), ''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai]]'' (1960) and ''Dil Hi Toh Hai'' (1963). Films with him as the lead hero, ''Pilpili Saheb'' (1954) and then ''Halaku'' in 1956, were big hits too. He had roles in several genres, like as a pirate in ''Sindbad the Sailor'' (1952) and ''Daughter of Sindbad'' (1958); in action-packed thrillers like ''Azad'' (1955); historicals like ''Aan'' (1952) and ''Raj Tilak'' (1958); social themes like ''Baradari'' (1955); and light romances like ''Munimji'' (1955) and ''Asha'' (1957).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://calcuttatube.com/pran-krishan-sikand-bollywood-legend/46968/ |title=Pran Krishan Sikand-Bollywood Legend |publisher=Calcutta Tube |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121015951/http://calcuttatube.com/pran-krishan-sikand-bollywood-legend/46968/ |archive-date=21 November 2010}}</ref> In the 1960s and early 1970s, despite being in his 40s, he continued to play pivotal roles as a character in the age range of 25 to 30 in films with [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Dharmendra]] as the lead heroes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-92-facts-you-didnt-know-about-pran-part-three/20130712.htm#1 |title=Tribute: 92 Facts You Didn't Know About Pran|work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> From the early 1950s to the early 1970s, Pran gained particular notoriety due to his frequent roles as a villain.<ref name=Akhtar>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/talking-talkies/article4098313.ece |title=Talking talkies |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 November 2012 |author=Kumar, Anuj |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> From 1964, with ''[[Pooja Ke Phool]]'' and ''[[Kashmir Ki Kali]]'', he also brought a comical side to his negative characters. While Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor's careers as the young hero started to decline in the late 1960s and Rajendra Kumar and Shammi Kapoor stopped playing the lead by 1973, Pran continued with his roles. His association with Dev Anand, begun in 1948, continued even during the 1970s and the 1980s with ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' (1970), ''[[Yeh Gulistan Hamara]]'' (1972), ''[[Joshila]]'' (1973), ''[[Warrant (1975 film)|Warrant]]'' (1975) and ''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]'' (1978).

Pran played roles in comedy films starring [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Mehmood Ali]] in the lead. His collaborations with Mehmood include ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]'' (1968), ''Lakhon Me Ek'' (1971) and with Kishore Kumar include ''Chham Chhama Chham'' (1952), ''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'' (1957), ''[[Bewaqoof]]'' (1960), ''[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half Ticket]]'' (1962) and ''Man-Mauji'' (1962).

=== Later career (1967−retirement) ===
In the late 1960s, Pran played Malang Chacha, a veteran war hero, in [[Manoj Kumar]]'s film ''[[Upkar]]'' (1967). The [[Kalyanji Anandji]] song "Kasme Waade Pyaar Wafaa" was picturised on him. In this film, Pran played a more sympathetic role. He received his first [[Filmfare Award]] for ''Upkar''. Kumar continued to cast him in pivotal roles in films such as ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970), ''[[Be-Imaan]]'' (1972), ''[[Sanyasi (1975 film)|Sanyasi]]'' (1975) and ''[[Dus Numbri]]'' (1976).

From 1967 onward he also acted in Bengali films, beginning with Ashim Banerjee's ''Sonai Dighe'', where [[Joy Mukherjee]] was the hero.<ref name=Ninety>{{cite web|author=Kohli, Suresh |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/226373/ninety-plus-counting.html= |title=Ninety-plus and counting |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=12 February 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>

Pran played the supporting role in several of these, which replaced his image as the villain with that of a character actor. After 1969, he was offered the lead role in films like ''Nanha Farishta'' (1969), ''[[Jangal Mein Mangal]]'' (1972), ''Dharma'' (1973), ''[[Ek Kunwari Ek Kunwara]]'' (1973) and ''[[Rahu Ketu (1978 film)|Rahu Ketu]]'' (1978).<ref name="HT Life of Pran">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-life-of-a-legendary-villain-pran/story-KELN4O66t6fPYY9uVEzVEP.html|title=Life of Pran|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

Pran and [[Ashok Kumar]] were very close friends in professional and real life. They acted in 27 films together from 1951 to 1987 starting with ''Afsana'' (1951). Their other films include ''Mr. X'' (1957), ''[[Adhikar (1971 film)|Adhikar]]'' (1971), ''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]'' (1972), ''[[Chori Mera Kaam]]'' (1975) and ''Raja Aur Rana'' (1984). Sung by [[Kishore Kumar]], the songs "Hum Bolega To Bologe Ke Bolta Hai" from ''[[Kasauti]]'' (1974) and "Micheal Daru Peeke Dandha Kartha Hai" from ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]'' (1974), picturised on Pran, were very popular.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} 

From 1969 to 1982, Pran was one of the highest-paid actors in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/And-Pran/Article1-963262.aspx |title=And Pran... |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=Chintamani, Gautam |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424002319/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/And-Pran/Article1-963262.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2013}}</ref> He played the lead role in the film ''[[Aurat (1967 film)|Aurat]]'' (1967) paired opposite [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], with [[Rajesh Khanna]] in a supporting role. Pran and Khanna worked in five more films — ''[[Maryada (1971 film)|Maryada]]'' (1971), ''[[Jaanwar (1983 film)|Jaanwar]]'' (1983), ''[[Souten]]'' (1983), ''[[Bewafai]]'' (1985) and ''[[Durgaa]]'' (1985). In 1973, he recommended [[Amitabh Bachchan]] to [[Prakash Mehra]] for the character of Vijay in ''Zanjeer'', a role earlier offered to Dev Anand and Dharmendra. Pran's role as Sher Khan, with his red wig and beard and [[Pathan]] I style was well appreciated.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dadasaheb-Phalke-Award-for-Pran/articleshow/19521567.cms | title=Dadasaheb Phalke Award for Pran | work=[[The Times of India]]| date=13 April 2013 | access-date=13 April 2013 | author=Dubey, Bharati}}</ref> Pran acted with Bachchan in about 14 films with notable ones being ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973), ''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]'' (1974), ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978), ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (1977 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977), ''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]'' (1980), ''[[Kaalia]]'' (1981), ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' (1981) and ''[[Sharaabi]]'' (1984).

Pran occasionally accepted antagonistic roles from 1971 to 1992. He appeared as a villain in films like ''[[Maryada (1971 film)|Maryada]]'', ''Naya Zamana'', ''Jawan Muhabat'', ''Aan Baan'', ''Roop Tera Mastana'', ''Yeh Gulistan Hamara'', ''Gaddar'', ''Rahu Ketu'', ''Andha Kanoon'' (1983), ''Duniya'' (1984), ''Insaaf Kaun Karega'', ''Durgaa'', ''Bewafai'', ''Hoshiyar'', ''Dharm Adhikari'' and ''Azaad Desh Ke Ghulam''.<ref name="HT Life of Pran" /> Pran had dual roles in ''Khoon Ka Rishta'', ''Insaaf'' and ''Jangal Mein Mangal''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-legend-of-pran-latest-dada-saheb-phalke-award-winner/article_b97fd360-e2ad-599b-b1c8-0c855b1317b0.htm |title=The Legend of Pran: Latest Dada Saheb Phalke Award Winner {{!}} Bollywood {{!}} indiawest.com |website=www.indiawest.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221165528/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-legend-of-pran-latest-dada-saheb-phalke-award-winner/article_b97fd360-e2ad-599b-b1c8-0c855b1317b0.htm |archive-date=2019-02-21}}</ref>

He produced the movie ''[[Lakshmanrekha]]'' in 1991, the only one he produced in his Bollywood career, and played Kishan Lal Sharma in the movie.<ref name="facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.top10always.com/top-10-facts-about-pran-saheb/|title=Top 10 Facts about Pran Saheb|publisher=Top10always.com|access-date=30 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108134607/http://www.top10always.com/top-10-facts-about-pran-saheb/|archive-date=8 November 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Pran 90th bday.jpg|thumb|right|Pran at his 90th birthday in 2010.]]
In 1998, at the age of 78, Pran suffered a heart attack,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-92-facts-you-didnt-know-about-pran-part-two/20120423.htm#4 |title=92 Facts You Didn't Know About Pran: Part II |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> after which he started rejecting film offers due to age-related problems. But in the 1990s, Amitabh Bachchan requested Pran to do roles in his home productions ''[[Tere Mere Sapne (1996 film)|Tere Mere Sapne]]'' (1996) and ''[[Mrityudata]]'' (1997). Pran made an exception by acting in them to help Bachchan through a difficult time in his career. In 1997, his character in ''Mrityudaata'' was modified to compensate for Pran's shaking legs in real life and in ''Tere Mere Sapne'', his shots were taken with him seated. After 2000, he made a few guest appearances.<ref name=Ninety />

== Personal life ==
Pran married Shukla Ahluwalia in 1945 and has two sons, Arvind and [[Sunil Sikand]], and a daughter, Pinky.<ref name=of />

== Illness and death ==
He was treated at the [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre|Lilavati Hospital]] and died on 12 July 2013. He had been admitted to hospital a few times in the last few months for deteriorating health; at some point he was battling pneumonia.<ref>{{cite web | title=Veteran actor passes away at 93 | date=12 July 2013 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/veteran-actor-pran-passes-away-at-93_861881.html | publisher=Zee News | access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref> Pran's death was widely noted by statesmen and his fellow entertainers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Politicians-film-fraternity-condole-Pran-s-death/Article1-1091591.aspx | title=Politicians, film fraternity condole Pran's death | work=Hindustan Times | location=New Delhi | date=12 July 2013 | access-date=13 July 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713221340/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Politicians-film-fraternity-condole-Pran-s-death/Article1-1091591.aspx | archive-date=13 July 2013}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] paid his condolences on his death and called him "an icon".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pran-was-an-icon-prime-minister_861901.html | title=Pran was an icon: Prime Minister | publisher=Zee News |location=New Delhi | date=12 July 2013 | access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref> Veteran actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] tweeted his feelings about his death calling him a "magnificent pillar" of the film industry.<ref name=Mourn>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/bollywood-mourns-death-of-beloved-pran-sahab_138904.htm | title=Bollywood mourns death of beloved Pran 'sahab' | publisher=Zee News | date=12 July 2013 | access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Pran had a six-decade career in [[Hindi cinema]] and is one of the most celebrated actors in the industry. His acting is said to have been effective enough to desist people from naming their children "Pran" because of his negative roles,<ref name=Akhtar /> while the industry had started calling him "Pran Sahab".<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/feb25/film6.htm Pran is eighty – His is the kind of life (Pran) life will always be proud of] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117155701/http://www.screenindia.com/old/feb25/film6.htm |date=17 November 2010}}. ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]''.</ref> His favourite line "Barkhurdaar" became immensely popular. In fact he was paid more than most male leads of his time, often most people would go to watch movies to only watch Pran.

In 2000, Bunny Reuben, a film journalist, authored a biography on Pran, titled "...and Pran". The name of this book arises from the fact that in the majority of Pran's movies, his name was credited in the last after all the other actors, "....and Pran". His biography, "...and Pran", was a tribute to about 250 of his 350 movies that had his name at the end of the credits, usually with the words "...and Pran" and sometimes "...above all, Pran".<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041024/spectrum/book8.htm Reel evil] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 24 October 2004." Bimal Roy presents, Madhumati, starring Dilip Kumar, Vyjayanthimala, Johny Walker, Tiwari ... and Pran."</ref> In 2012, he gave his handprint for "Legend's Walk", a waterfront promenade in [[Bandra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/pran-in-riteish-deshmukh-s-legend-s-walk_105798.htm |title=Pran in Riteish Deshmukh's 'Legend's Walk' |date=13 February 2012 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> In 2022, Pran was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |work=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Pran filmography}}

{{small|Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090615083811/https://www.pransikand.com/filamcareer.html# Official website]. See also articles on individual films.}}

== Awards and honours ==
Pran has been honoured with awards for his portrayal of negative characters. He has received three [[Filmfare Awards]] in the [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]] category for ''Upkar'', ''Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool'' and ''Be-Imaan''. However, in 1973 when he was awarded for his role of constable Ram Singh in ''Be-Imaan'', he refused to accept the award stating that the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] should have gone to [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] for ''[[Pakeezah]]'' and not to the musical duo [[Shankar Jaikishan]] for ''Be-imaan''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Super Admin |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2006/filmfare-awards-golden-022706.html|title=Things that u dont know about Filmfare Awards|work=One India|date=27 February 2006|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="PranWebsite_awards" /> He was awarded three [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] for his supporting roles.

For his vast contributions to Indian cinema, Pran has been honoured with Lifetime Achievement awards, including those of Filmfare, [[Star Screen Awards]] and [[Zee Cine Awards]]. In 2001, the [[Government of India]] conferred the [[Padma Bhushan]] on him. In April 2013, he was announced to be the winner of the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the most prestigious award of Indian cinema, presented by the Government of India. The award was presented to him at the [[60th National Film Awards]] for his lifetime of work in the film industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/actor-pran-to-receive-dadasaheb-phalke-award-353373|title=Actor Pran to receive Dadasaheb Phalke Award|publisher=NDTV|date=12 April 2013|access-date=12 April 2013| author=Das, Mala}}</ref> He could not attend the [[60th National Film Awards]] in May 2013 where he was to be presented the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]. Instead, Information and Broadcasting minister [[Manish Tewari]] presented the award at Pran's home in Mumbai. Celebrities congratulated him on this occasion with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] calling him "a large pillar of the Indian Film Industry" on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.tweetwood.com/SrBachchan/tweet/322817997284720641|title=Amitabh Bachchan @SrBachchan|via=Twitter|date=13 April 2013|access-date=13 April 2013|author=[[Amitabh Bachchan|Bachchan, Amitabh]]|quote=A glorious tribute to a great human and a large pillar of the Indian Film Industry .. PRAN..the Dada Saheb Phalke award by the state|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615214507/http://in.tweetwood.com/SrBachchan/tweet/322817997284720641|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> He was a contender of the award for the previous year with [[Manoj Kumar]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]], but [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] was chosen as the awardee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/veteran-actor-soumitra-chatterjee-to-get-dadasaheb-phalke-award/926789|title=Veteran actor Soumitra Chatterjee to get Dadasaheb Phalke award|work=The Financial Express|date=22 March 2012|access-date=13 April 2013|location=Kolkata|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200837/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/veteran-actor-soumitra-chatterjee-to-get-dadasaheb-phalke-award/926789|archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Civilian Award ===
* 2001 – [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award from the Government of India.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" /><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/25josy.htm Lata, Bismillah Khan get Bharat Ratnas] Rediff, 25 January 2001. "The Padma Bhushan...veteran actor Pran,".</ref>

=== National Film Awards ===
[[File:Manish Tewari presenting the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for Lifetime Achievement to Veteran Actor Pran Kishan Sikand (Pran), in Mumbai. The Secretary, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Shri Uday Kumar Verma is also seen (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pran being felicitated with Dadasaheb Phalke award at his residence on 5 August 2011.]]

* 2013 – [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], India's highest national award for cinema artists, presented by the Government of India, for lifetime achievement.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Actor-Pran-to-receive-this-years-Dadasaheb-Phalke-Award/articleshow/19512494.cms|title=Actor Pran to receive this year's Dadasaheb Phalke Award|newspaper=The Times of India| access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Filmfare Awards ===
* 1967 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Upkar]]''<ref name="PranWebsite_awards">{{cite web| url=http://www.pransikand.com/awards.html|title=PRAN – Awards|access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref>
* 1969 – Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool]]''<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1972 – Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Be-Imaan]]''<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1997 – [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Award]]<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />

=== Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards ===
* 1961 – Best Actor in a Supporting Role: ''[[Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai]]''<ref>[http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196225.htm 1962:25th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1961] [[BFJA Awards]] website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107012222/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196225.htm |date=7 January 2010 }}</ref>
* 1966 – Best Actor in a Supporting Role: ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]''<ref>[http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196730.htm 1967:30th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1966] [[BFJA Awards]] website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228025258/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196730.htm |date=28 December 2007 }}</ref>
* 1973 – Best Actor in a Supporting Role: ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]''<ref>[http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197437.htm 1974: 37th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1973] [[BFJA Awards]] website. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422070342/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197437.htm |date=22 April 2008 }}</ref>

=== Other awards and recognitions ===
* 1972–73 – Chitrlok Cine Circle [[Ahmedabad]]: "Best Character Artiste Award".<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1975–76 – Bombay Film Award: Most Versatile Actor.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1977–78 – Bombay Film Award: Most Versatile Actor.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1978 – North Bombay Jaycees: Best Character Actor.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1984 – "Extra Ordinary Special Award as Wizard of Acting" by Bombay Film Award.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1984 – Filmgoers Award: Reigning "Abhinay Samrat".<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1985 – Kala Bhushan Award presented by [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Kala Sangam.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1987 – North Bombay Jaycees: Outstanding Performance of Decade.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* "Viyayshree Award" presented for Enriching Human Life and Outstanding Attainments India Int. Friendship Society).<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* "Ars Gratia Artis" for excellence in emotive Art.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1990 – Kala Rattan Award presented by [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Kal Sangam for 50 glorious Years.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1990 – [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] Association: an Award for 50 years in the Industry.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1990 – [[Southall]] Lion's Club London: "In recognition of Invaluable Services to Charity at the Celebration of Golden Jubilee of his services to the Film Industry.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1991 – Cinegoers Award: "Abhinay Samrat Golden Jubilee Award".<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 1992 – Outstanding contribution to Indian Film Industry, Indian Motion Pictures Producers' Association.<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 2000 – [[Screen Lifetime Achievement Award]]<ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 2000 – [[Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement]]<ref name=kis>[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/apr/05pran.htm ..In March 2000, he was honoured with the Zee Lifetime Achievement Award] [[Rediff]], 5 April 2000.</ref><ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 2000 – "Villain of the Millennium" by the [[Stardust Awards]].<ref name=tri /><ref name="PranWebsite_awards" />
* 2004 – Lifetime Achievement Award instituted by the [[Maharashtra]] Government.<ref name=tri>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040725/spectrum/main6.htm A lifetime of villainy] Prerana Trehan, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 25 July 2004.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''...and PRAN, a Biography'', by Bunny Ruben. [[HarperCollins]], India, 2004. {{ISBN|81-7223-466-X}}.
* ''The Life of A Villain-Pran'' by Chobay Gill (2005), [[HarperCollins]] New Delhi, 446 pages. {{ISBN|81-7223-466-X}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pran}}
* [https://www.pransikand.com/ PRAN – The legend of Hindi Cinema – Official Website]
* {{IMDb name|id=0695199|name=Pran}}
* [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/apr/05pran.htm Interview with Pran Kishen Sikand] at [[Rediff.com]]
* [http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-facts-you-did-not-know-about-pran/20120416.htm 92 Facts You Didn't Know About Pran]

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActorAward}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pran}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Hindkowan people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Lahore]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]

Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport

2026-03-08T17:45:59Z

FallonMansom317: brief add formatting to improve readability and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Airport serving Guwahati, Assam, India}}
{{redirect2|LGBI|LGBIA}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport
| nativename = 
| IATA = GAU
| ICAO = VEGT
| type = Public/Military
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator = [[Adani Group|Guwahati International Airport Limited]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbonds.com/company/271983/|title=Guwahati International Airport|website=cbonds.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref>
| city-served = [[Guwahati]], [[Dispur]]
| location = [[Borjhar]], Guwahati, [[Assam]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1958|||df=yes|p=n|br=n}}
| metric-elev = yes
| elevation-m = 49
| elevation-f = 162
| coordinates = {{coord|26|06|22|N|091|35|09|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.adani.com/lgbia-guwahati-airport Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label = '''GAU'''
| metric-rwy = yes
| r1-number = 02/20
| r1-length-m = 3,110
| r1-length-f = 10,200
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 6,160,157 ({{increase}} 3.4%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 45,984 ({{decrease}} 0.4%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 26,606 ({{increase}} 41.1%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
| image = Guwahati Airport Logo.svg
| image-width = 230px
| image2 = Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport.jpg
| image2-width = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Assam
| focus_city = <div>
* [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] <ref name="auto">{{cite web
|title=Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi Airport, Guwahati, Assam
|url=https://india-evisa.it.com/airports/lokpriya-gopinath-bordoloi-airport-guwahati-assam/#:~:text=Lokpriya%20Gopinath%20Bordoloi%20Airport%2C%20Guwahati,Airport%20Services
|website=india-evisa.it.com
|access-date=4 January 2026
}}</ref>
* [[IndiGo]]<ref name="auto"/> </div>
}}

'''Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport''' {{airport codes|GAU|VEGT}}, or '''Guwahati Airport''', is an [[international airport]] serving the [[List of cities in Assam|largest city of Assam]] and the capital of the state within it, [[Guwahati]] and [[Dispur]], in [[India]]. It is the primary airport of [[Northeast India]]. It is located at [[Borjhar]], 26 km (16 mi) from Dispur and 28 km (18 mi) from Guwahati. It is named after [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], an independence activist and the first [[Chief Minister of Assam]] after India's independence. The airport is managed by the [[Airports Authority of India]] and also serves as an [[Indian Air Force]] base.

==History==
[[File:Guwahati Airport security check area.jpg|thumb|Domestic security check area of the airport]]
[[File:Guwahati Airport boarding gates.jpg|thumb|Boarding gates of the airport]]

The airport has undergone numerous expansions and renovations since its establishment in 1958, to facilitate socio-economic development, growth, connectivity and [[Tourism in Assam|tourism in the state]] as well as [[Tourism in Northeast India|in North-East India]], as a gateway to the region. It handled more than 3.7 million passengers in 2017, an increase of 36% from 2016. The airport witnessed annual traffic of over 23% in 2018–19, with a total footfall of 5.7 million passengers and 55,066 aircraft movements in the same period. In 2023, the airport operated on its highest capacity in terms of passengers and aircraft movements ever since its establishment. It handled more than 5.6 million passengers and 46,600 aircraft till 31 December 2023, with an updated figure due in April 2024, thus almost touching its peak capacity of 6 million passengers per annum.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|last=Kalita|first=Kangkan|title=New terminal of Guwahati airport to take off this year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/new-terminal-of-guwahati-airport-to-take-off-this-year/articleshow/106530401.cms|work=The Times of India|date=4 January 2024|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

Lokapriya Gopinath Bardoloi International Airport, Guwahati, recorded significant growth in passenger traffic during 2025, driven by increases in both domestic and international travel. The airport handled a total of approximately 7.01 million passengers during the year.

Domestic traffic accounted for the majority of passengers, with about 3.5 million domestic arrivals and 3.4 million domestic departures. International operations included 45,423 arriving passengers and 45,474 departing passengers, reflecting steady growth in overseas connectivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/guwahati-s-lgbi-airport-sees-unprecedented-growth-in-passenger-traffic/ar-AA1TqCO2?ocid=BingNewsVerp|title=MSN|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Passenger traffic at Lokapriya Gopinath Bardoloi International Airport (2025)
|-
! Category
! Passengers
|-
| Domestic arrivals
| 3,500,000
|-
| Domestic departures
| 3,400,000
|-
| International arrivals
| 45,423
|-
| International departures
| 45,474
|-
! Total passengers
! 7,010,000
|}

In 2002, the first international flight operated by [[Air India]] from the airport to [[Bangkok]], using an [[Airbus A310]] aircraft, thus becoming the first international airport in the North-East region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal flags off Guwahati-Bangkok flight |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/chief-minister-sarbananda-sonowal-flags-off-guwahati-bangkok-flight/articleshow/71240238.cms |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=PTI |title=Guwahati joins international air route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Guwahati-joins-international-air-route/articleshow/5884951.cms |access-date=21 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=4 April 2002}}</ref> However, the flight was withdrawn due to poor passenger load. In January 2019, the airport won bids for two international destinations under the [[Government of India|government's]] [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]], with destinations most anticipated being [[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]] and [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]. In November 2021, the airport won more bids, this time for six international destinations under the UDAN Scheme – Dhaka, Bangkok–Don Mueang, [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]], [[Changi Airport|Singapore]] and [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 November 2021|title=Six new flights to Southeast Asian nations from Guwahati soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/six-new-flights-to-southeast-asian-nations-from-guwahati-soon/articleshow/87600033.cms|access-date=15 December 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In February 2019, the airport was given on lease for 50 years' ownership to [[Adani Group]], at the highest bid of ₹ 160 per passenger.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |date= 26 February 2019 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/adani-group-emerges-highest-bidder-for-guwahati-airport/articleshow/68168565.cms |title=Adani Group emerges highest bidder for Guwahati airport |newspaper=Economic Times |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>

As of February 2024, international flights in the airport are operated by [[Drukair]] from [[Paro International Airport|Paro]] to Singapore, as a connecting flight, and by [[Thai AirAsia]] to Bangkok–Don Mueang.<ref name="druk1">{{cite news|url=https://aeroroutes.com/eng/220720-kbaug22sin|title=DRUKAIR INCREASES SINGAPORE SERVICE FROM AUGUST 2022|website=Aeroroutes|date=20 July 2022|accessdate=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="laun">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AviationAll_/status/1701984050930753647|title=Thai AirAsia to launch flights to Guwahati from December 1|work=AviationAll|accessdate=13 September 2023}}</ref>

To relieve the existing terminal from rising traffic and demand, a new terminal building is under construction since March 2018, and will be completed by July 2024.<ref name="AT">{{cite news|title=Construction works start on India's Guwahati airport terminal|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/news/construction-works-start-indias-guwahati-airport-terminal/|work=Airport Technology|date=15 March 2018|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Assam: Guwahati Airport's New Terminal To Depict 'Foxtail Orchid'|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-guwahati-airports-new-terminal-to-depict-foxtail-orchid|work=The Sentinel|date=2 February 2024|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>

==Structure==
===Runway===
The airport has a {{cvt|3110|m}}-long and {{cvt|60|m}}-wide runway, oriented 02/20, capable of handling widebody aircraft like the [[Boeing 787]], and is equipped with CAT-III [[Instrument Landing System]] (ILS), [[VHF omnidirectional range#DVOR|Döppler Very High Frequency]] (DVOR)/[[Distance Measuring Equipment]] (DME) and [[Precision Approach Path Indicator|PAPI lights]] facilities to allow flight operations to take place at night and during unfavourable weather conditions, like rain and fog. The airport has two [[Airport apron|apron]]s–one in front of the main passenger terminal and another in front of the under-construction second passenger terminal, together capable for parking of 25 narrowbody aircraft like the [[Airbus A321]] and Boeing 737.<ref name="AG">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.adani.com/lgbia-guwahati-airport/about-us|website=Adani Group|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>

===Terminals===
====Terminal 1====
Terminal 1 is the existing passenger terminal since 1958. It covers an area of {{cvt|28685|sqm}}, and is divided into two parts for domestic and international passengers. It has three levels: the ground floor for arrivals, the [[mezzanine]] floor for boarding area and the third floor for departures. It has four [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]], and is capable for serving 20,000 passengers during peak hours and 6 million passengers annually. In front of its entrance, there is a large parking space for vehicles. To its north, there is a cargo terminal along with storage areas, and to its south, there are an [[air traffic control]] (ATC) tower, a fire station, a fuel station and a technical block.<ref name="AG"/>

==Facilities==
The airport offers a specialised service that offers customised packages and an array of services to meet travellers' requirements, including professional assistance to corporate clients and support to group travellers, senior citizens and solo travellers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pranaam Meet and Greet Service|url=https://www.adani.com/lgbia-guwahati-airport/services/pranaam-service|website=Adani Group|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>

Other facilities include in-line baggage handling systems, conveyor belts, booking counters, immigration and emigration counters, check-in kiosks, CCTVs, washrooms, restaurants, lounges, multiple retail stores and souvenir shops, lost and found service, free WiFi, child care facilities, cargo services, medical facilities, facilities for physically challenged passengers, duty-free, porter service, foreign exchange counters and tourist information desks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guwahati Airport Services|url=https://www.adani.com/lgbia-guwahati-airport/services|website=Adani Group|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>

==Features==
The airport has adopted various measures such as a solid waste management system, a wastewater treatment facility, a rainwater harvesting facility, a solar power plant to the south of the terminal for generating electricity, green spaces and an underground drainage system. The upcoming Terminal 2 will also have the same features with more developed systems.<ref name="AG"/>

==Expansion==
To meet the growing demands and rising traffic in the future, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) has undertaken construction of a second passenger terminal in the northern side of the airport, at a cost of {{INRConvert|1232|c}}.<ref name="AT2">{{cite web|title=Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport, Guwahati, India|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/lokpriya-gopinath-bordoloi-international-airport-guwahati/|publisher=Airport Technology|date=7 May 2021|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>

The new terminal building will be capable of handling 4,300 domestic and 200 international
passengers during peak hours, and about 10 million passengers annually. It will be equipped
with 64 check-in counters, 20 self-check-in kiosks, 10 escalators, six elevators, six baggage claim counters, 16 self-baggage drop counters, in-line baggage security screening systems, ten [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]], multiple retail stores, souvenir shops and passenger-friendly facilities and amenities.<ref name="ITNE">{{cite news|title=Assam: Guwahati airport to get new terminal representing 'Foxtail Orchid' in July|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-guwahati-airport-to-get-new-terminal-representing-foxtail-orchid-in-july-833810-2024-02-02|work=India Today NE|date=2 February 2024|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>

The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the new terminal was laid by the then [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]], [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]], and [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]] [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] in January 2018, and construction began in March 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gajapati Raju lays foundation stone for Guwahati Airport's new terminal|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/gajapati-raju-lays-foundation-stone-for-guwahati-airport-s-new-terminal-118012800540_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=28 January 2018|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="AT"/> It was scheduled to be ready by June 2021. However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which caused several delays in work due to lack of labour and restrictions, it was rescheduled to June 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guwahati airport to get new passenger terminal by June 2021. All you need to know|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/guwahati-airport-to-get-new-passenger-terminal-by-june-2021-all-you-need-to-know-about-lgbi-655096|work=India TV|date=7 October 2020|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Singh, Bikash|title=Guwahati Aiport's [sic] new Rs 1232 crore integrated terminal expected to be ready by June 2022|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/guwahati-aiports-new-rs-1232-crore-integrated-terminal-expected-to-be-ready-by-june-2022/articleshow/78534525.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=7 October 2020|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> The estimated completion date was again changed to be the end of 2023. As of February 2024, more than halfway of the work had been completed, and the date for completion and opening was set to July 2024.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="ITNE"/> As of February 2025, all works have been completed, with just the finishing touches being given. Meanwhile, the existing terminal has been optimised to cater to the rising traffic and demand, by increasing the total area to {{cvt|1000|sqm}}, a significant increase from its previous size of just {{cvt|270|sqm}}. The new terminal is scheduled to be opened either by April or May 2025, at the earliest.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guwahati Airport Upgrades Terminal; New Building Set for 2025|url=https://ssmb.in/2025/02/06/guwahati-airport-upgrades-terminal-new-building-set-for-2025/|work=Steel Structures and Metal Buildings|date=6 February 2025|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> In March 2025, Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma stated that the new terminal would be operational by late 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Integrated terminal of Guwahati airport to be ready by this year: Assam CM |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/integrated-terminal-of-guwahati-airport-to-be-ready-by-this-year-assam-cm/118675028 |work=Economic Times |agency=IANS |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==


{{Airport-dest-list

|[[Air India]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]

|{{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports|title=Our Network|work=Air India Express|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/air-india-express-continues-rapid-expansion-introduces-phuket-and-dibrugarh-to-its-netw|title=APN news|date=31 December 2024 |accessdate=31 December 2024}}</ref> [[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express expands network with new flights to Bangkok, Dimapur and Patna – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-express-expands-network-with-new-flights-to-bangkok-dimapur-and-patna-details-inside-3678834/|work=The Financial Express|date=28 November 2024|access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Express introduces six new daily direct flights, Guwahati–Jaipur route gets its first|website=CNBCTV18|date=13 August 2024|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/air-india-express-6-new-daily-direct-flights-guwahati-jaipur-route-19459158.htm|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]

| [[Akasa Air]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Akasa Air Flight Network|url=https://www.akasaair.com/fly-with-akasa/our-network|website=Akasa Air|access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>| [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Bagdogra Airport|Siliguri]]

|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]| [[Lengpui Airport|Aizawl]], [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/alliance-air-to-commence-guwahati-dibrugarh-service-in-mar-2023-1193014|title=Alliance Air to commence Guwahati-Dibrugarh service in Mar-2023|work=CAPA|accessdate=24 March 2023}}</ref> [[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]], [[Donyi Polo Airport, Itanagar|Itanagar]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Lilabari Airport|Lilabari]], [[Pasighat Airport|Pasighat]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Route Map|url=https://allianceair.in/routemap|website=Alliance Air|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> [[Rupsi Airport|Rupsi]], [[Shillong Airport|Shillong]], [[Tezpur Airport|Tezpur]], [[Tezu Airport|Tezu]], [[Ziro Airport|Ziro]]

|[[Drukair]]| [[Paro International Airport|Paro]], [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref name="druk1"/>
[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok]] (starting from April)<ref name="https://drukair.com.bt/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/SCHEDULE-APRIL-2026.pdf"/>
|[[IndiGo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/airOperation/certification/scheduled/domestic/2025/INTERGLOBE%20AVIATION%20LTD_flight_Schedule.pdf&mainundefined|title=Winter Schedule 2025-26: IndiGo|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> | [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref name="6E">{{cite web|title=IndiGo announces new flights to bolster accessibility across East, NE India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/indigo-announces-new-flights-to-bolster-accessibility-across-east-ne-india-124110801550_1.html|website=www.business-standard.com|access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref> [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]], [[Lengpui Airport|Aizawl]],<ref name="nenews1">{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/indigo-to-launch-direct-flights-from-guwahati-to-aizawl-and-varanasi.html|title=IndiGo to launch direct flights from Guwahati to Aizawl and Varanasi|work=NorthEast Now|date=3 January 2020|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]], [[Dimapur Airport|Dimapur]],<ref name="6E"/> [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport|Durgapur]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Pall|first=Samreen|title=Durgapur: New Direct Flights To Bhubaneswar, Bagdogra, And Guwahati To Begin Starting August End|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/durgapur-new-direct-flights-to-bhubaneswar-bagdogra-and-guwahati-to-begin-starting-august-end-8928886.html|website=News18|date=11 June 2024|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], [[Jorhat Airport|Jorhat]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport|Lucknow]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Silchar Airport|Silchar]]

|[[SpiceJet]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SpiceJet Flight Schedule|url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/schedules.aspx|website=[[SpiceJet]]|access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Bagdogra Airport|Siliguri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/spicejet-to-resume-guwahati-bagdogra-service-from-feb-2023-1183856|title=SpiceJet to resume Guwahati-Bagdogra service from Feb-2023|work=CAPA|accessdate=3 February 2023}}</ref>

|[[Thai AirAsia]]| [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><ref name="laun"/>
}}

==Statistics==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=GAU}}

==See also==
* [[Airports in India]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/guwahati Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]] website
* [https://www.adani.com/lgbia-guwahati-airport Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport] official website
* {{ASN|GAU}}
{{Adani Group}}
{{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Airports in Assam]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1958]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]

Thaikkupin Tharam

2026-03-04T04:58:34Z

FallonMansom317: added new data

{{Short description|1956 film by M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thaikkupin Tharam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| writer = S. Ayyapillai
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[P. Bhanumathi]] [[T. S. Balaiah]] [[P. Kannamba]]
| cinematography = R. R. Chandran
| editing = M. A. Thirumugam M. A. Mariappan M. G. Balu Rao
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = [[Thevar Films]]
| distributor = Subbu & Co.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 1956 |title=Thaikkupin Tharam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560914&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 October 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|1956|9|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thaikkupin Tharam''''' ({{translation|Wife after Mother}}) is a 1956 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, the directorial debut of [[M. A. Thirumugam]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[P. Bhanumathi]]. It was the first film produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] under the then newly-formed [[Thevar Films]]. ''Thaikkupin Tharam'' was released on 21 September 1956 and ran for over 100 days in theatres.

== Plot ==
Muthaiyan is the brave son of Ratnam Pillai and Meenakshi. They are landed gentry and are highly respected in the village for their noble deeds. Meenakshi's brother Doraiswami, on the other hand, is disliked by all for his arrogance, cruelty and dishonourable ways. The two families have not been on speaking terms ever since Doraiswami tried to usurp Ratnam Pillai's traditional rights at the temple festival. Doraiswami's daughter, Sivakami, however, is a good-natured girl who is in love with Muthaiyan. Muthaiyan too reciprocates her love and they are determined to surmount all hurdles and get married. When Doraiswami's men capture Muthaiyan and keep him a prisoner on the pretext that he had hurled stones at Doraiswami's prized bull when he had caught it grazing on his crops, Sivakami comes to his rescue.

Meanwhile, accosting Doraiswami demanding his son's release, Ratnam Pillai declares bravely that he would overpower the touted bull. But the bull gores him to death. In his dying breath, he elicits a promise from Meenakshi that she would ensure that their son sets right this slur on their honour. Muthaiyan's mother makes him promise that he would not even think of Sivakami any more. Sivakami's father too has isolated her in house arrest and has started looking out for a suitable husband for her.

At a bullock cart race for Sivakami's hand, Doraiswami sabotages Muthaiyan's cart, and although he is first, he injures right after crossing the finish line. Doraiswami tells off Sivakami for her support of Muthaiyan and Meenakshi, while tending to Muthaiyan's injuries, tells him to not talk to Sivakami. The two meet each other that night anyway but are seen by a servant of Doraiswami, as well as Meenakshi.

How Muthaiyan wins the hand of Sivakami after overpowering the mighty bull Senkodan and reforming his wily uncle forms rest of the tale.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="songbook" />
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Muthaiyan
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Duraisami Pannaiyar
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Rathnam Pillai
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Velan
* [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar|Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa (Thevar)]] as Mayandi

{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="songbook" />
* [[P. Bhanumathi]] as Sivakami
* [[P. Kannamba]] as Meenakshi
* Surabhi. Balasaraswathi as Selva
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as Valli
* K. Rathnam as Senkamalam
* K. R. Saradambal as Patti

;Dance<ref name="songbook" />
* [[Sayee–Subbulakshmi]]
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Thaikkupin Tharam'' was the directorial debut of [[M. A. Thirumugam]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manian |first=Aranthai |title=பம்மல் முதல் கோமல் வரை |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |pages=1997 |language=ta |trans-title=From Pammal to Komal |oclc=225093103}}</ref> and the first film produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] under the then newly-formed [[Thevar Films]]. Principal photography commenced on 5 July 1955 in the sets put up at [[Vauhini Studios]], with [[Nagi Reddi]] cranking the camera for the first shot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=26 August 2018 |title=கலைமாமணி வாமனன் எழுதும் 'திரை இசைத்திலகம் கே.வி.மகாதேவன் 1918–2018' – 26 {{!}} தேவர் படத்திற்கு இசை வரம்! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/55177 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063926/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/55177 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2012 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆரின் முதலாளி |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2012/nov/16/எம்ஜிஆரின்-முதலாளி--587004.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063858/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kathir/2012/nov/16/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF--587004.html |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> Thirumugam also took care of editing, assisted by M. A. Mariappan and M. G. Balu Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1956 – தாய்க்குப் பின் தாரம் – தேவர் பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1956 – Thaikkupin Tharam – Thevar Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails11.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170612003521/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956-cinedetails11.asp |archive-date=12 June 2017 |access-date=12 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref name="songbook" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=106 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Manushanai Manushan Saapiduraandaa" || T. M. Soundararajan || [[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 04:18
|-
| "Aahaa Nam Aasai Niraiverumaa" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Bhanumathi || rowspan="2" |Kavi Lakshmanadas || 03:02
|-
| "Naadu Sezhitthida Naalum Uzhaitthida" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || 04:54
|-
| "Asaindhaadum Thendrale Thoodhu Sellaayo" || P. Bhanumathi || rowspan="5" |[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 03:13
|-
| "Vittadhadi Aasai...Eravuttu Eni Edukkum" || S. C. Krishnan & A. G. Rathnamala || 03:18
|-
| "Kaadhal Viyaadhi Polladhadhu" || Jikki || 02:41
|-
| "Thandhayaipppol...Annaiyum Pidhaavum" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:11
|-
| "En Kaadhal Inbam Idhuthaana" || A. M. Rajah & P. Bhanumathi || 03:35
|-
| "Kandhaavaram Thandharlvaan Thiruchendhooril Vaazhvone Vandhaaluvaan" || S. C. Krishnan, A. G. Rathnamala & chorus || T. S. Natarajan, [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]|| 04:35
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Thaikkupin Tharam'' was released on 21 September 1956,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 1956 |title=Thaikkupin Tharam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560921&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 June 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> delayed from a 14 September release.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=16 September 1956 |title=தாய்க்குப்பின் தாரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-09-16/page/n39/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240922053259/https://archive.org/details/kalki1956-09-16/page/n39/mode/2up |archive-date=22 September 2024 |access-date=22 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=39 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote the film is "a picture distinctive for theme and treatment alike. Neither a social nor a conventional thriller, yet ambitious to combine the powers of both, it is a fantasia".<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 1956 |title=New Tamil film |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19560928&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 October 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to historian [[Sachi Sri Kantha]], it was the "first successful movie in a social theme" for Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=3 November 2014 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 22 {{!}} Sibling Rivalry and Siblicide in DMK of 1950s |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-22/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022030141/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-22/ |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> The film ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |date=21 September 2022 |title=Thaikkupin Tharam Movie: தேவரும் எம்.ஜி.ஆர்-வும்... இணைந்ததும் பிரித்ததும் 'தாய்க்குப் பின் தாரம்'! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/thaikkupin-tharam-movie-was-released-on-this-day-66-years-ago-74602 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921063501/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/thaikkupin-tharam-movie-was-released-on-this-day-66-years-ago-74602 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.ThaaikuPinThaaram_M.A.Thirumugam_1956/47.%20ThaaikuPinThaaram_M.A.Thirumugam_1956.pdf |title=தாய்க்குப்பின் தாரம் |publisher=[[Thevar Films]] |year=1956 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=12 October 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}

[[Category:1956 Indian films]]
[[Category:1956 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1956 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1956 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]

Abhimanyu (1990 film)

2026-03-03T22:00:36Z

FallonMansom317: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abhimanyu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| story = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Ananth Nag]] [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
| based_on = [[Ankusham]] (1990) by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| producer = Sri Sudarshan Productions
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = [[Lok Singh]]
| editing = Vemoori Ravi
| studio = Sri Sudarshan Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1990|8|29}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Abhimanyu''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film|action-drama film]] written and directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]. The film starred [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], and [[Ananth Nag]], while many other prominent actors featured in supporting roles.<ref>[http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ravichandran/filmography.html Ravichandran filmography]</ref> The soundtrack and score composition was by [[Hamsalekha]]. The film was a remake of 1989 Telugu film ''[[Ankusam]]''. In a protest sequence, [[Ravi Teja]] appeared as a student leader in a small scene.

== Premise ==
[[Inspector]] Abhimanyu ([[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]) learns that a thug-for-hire named "Spot" Naga ([[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]) is assigned to kill his former mentor-turned-[[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] G.K.S Master ([[Anant Nag]]). Abhimanyu sets out to thwart Naga's plans.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as [[Inspector]] Abhimanyu
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Seetha
* [[Ananth Nag]] as [[Chief minister (India)|CM]] G.K.S Master
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as "Spot" Naga
* [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* Veena
* [[Mysore Lokesh]]
* Lohitashwa
* [[Ravi Teja]] as the student leader in protest
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed and the lyrics were written by [[Hamsalekha]] and the audio rights were acquired by [[Lahari Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://southoldmp3.blogspot.in/2013/12/abhimanyu1990-kannada-movie-mp3-songs.html|title=Southoldmp3: Abhimanyu(1990) Kannada Movie Mp3 Songs Free Download|date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kallige Praana
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Usira Mele
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Manjula Gururaj
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| length2 =
| title3 = Desha Hinge Aadre
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| length3 =
| title4 = Kele Kele Bharatha Mathe
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Chandrika Gururaj]]
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1990 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
[[Category:1990 drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

[[kn:ಅಭಿಮನ್ಯು]]

Adithattu

2026-03-03T09:41:23Z

FallonMansom317: added new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adithattu
| image = adithattu_official_poster.jpeg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = [[Jijo Antony]]
| writer = [[Khais Millen]]
| producer = Susan Joseph
 Sin Treesa Jijo Anthony Vineesh Vijayan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]]
*[[Sunny Wayne]]
*[[V. I. S. Jayapalan]]
*[[Alexander Prasanth]]
*Mullan Ani
*Joseph Yesudas
*Murugan Martine
*[[Sabumon Abdusamad]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Pappinu
| editing = Noufal Abullah
 [[Sarath Geetha Lal]]
| music = Nezer Ahemed
 Sreehari
| studio = Middle March Studios
Kanayil Films
| distributor = Capital Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|07|01}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Adithattu''''' is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by [[Jijo Antony]] and starring [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Sunny Wayne]] and [[Alexander Prasanth]] in lead roles.

== Cast ==
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Ambross (Fishermen)
*[[Sunny Wayne]] ad Marcos ( Fishermen), The main antagonist
*[[V. I. S. Jayapalan]] as Dinkan
*[[Alexander Prasanth]] as Srank Raayan
*Mullan Ani as Mulan
*Joseph Yesudas as Kambli
*Murugan Martine as Nelson
*[[Sabumon Abdusamad]]

== Plot ==
Sailing among the inlets of the Arabian ocean, seven fishermen start arguing. Their former skipper has been murdered and they start to suspect one another.

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The film focuses quite a bit on the fishermen's work in the deep sea and their personalities, with the story feeling like an afterthough".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/adithattu/movie-review/92600773.cms | title=Adithattu Movie Review: A story that is lost at sea | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Manorama Online]]'' wrote that "The movie has done complete justice to the subject it deals with and the treatment it has pitched".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/07/01/adithattu-thriller-deep-seas-sunny-wayne-shine-tom-chacko-quick-review.html | title='Adithattu' review: A thriller in the deep seas }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "Adithattu has two principal advantages: a nail-biting third act and a 90-min duration".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/jul/01/adithattu-movie-review-gritty-well-acted-adventure-brimming-with-turbulent-emotions-32477.html | title=Adithattu Movie Review: Gritty, well-acted adventure brimming with turbulent emotions | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=July 2022 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award/Festival
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="2" |[[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-mammootty-vincy-aloshious-8851029/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website= The Indian Express |date=21 July 2023 }}</ref>
|[[Jijo Antony]]
|<ref>{{Cite web | title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards Winners List|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-winners-list-mammootty-bags-best-actor-special-mention-for-kunchacko-boban-1231289 |website= Pinkvilla }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-07-21 |title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam wins Best Film, Mammootty and Vincy Aloshious win acting honours |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-wins-best-film-mammootty-and-vincy-aloshious-win-acting-honours/article67105863.ece |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|
|}

=== Nominations ===
The film was also nominated for Best Experimental film at the 2022 WSXA Amnesty International Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=WSXA Amsterdam 2022 |url=https://festregards.com/wsxa-amsterdam-2022/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=FEST REGARDS }}</ref> and in the same category at the San Antonio Independent Film Festival (Ecuador).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-11-10 |title=Sunny Wayne starrer "Adithattu" gets acclaimed at multiple film festivals. |url=https://maxxolife.com/sunny-wayne-starrer-adithattu-gets-acclaimed-at-multiple-film-festivals/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Maxxolife }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FESCISA 2022 |url=https://fescisa.wixsite.com/fescisa/fescisa-2022 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=fescisa |language=es}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Adithattu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Nezer Ahamed & Sreehari
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=y|2022|5|01}}
| recorded = 2022–2023
| venue =
| studio = My Studio
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=07|s=57}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = Middle March Studios & [[Manorama Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|FeDMbr0C7bE|Adithattu (Official Audio Song)}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Adithattu
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Aanju Valikkada Laisa
| single1date = 1 May 2022
| single2 = Theerathai
| single2date = 13 Feb 2025
}}}}

=== Songs ===
The songs were composed by Nezer Ahamed produced and arranged by Nezer Ahamed.

==== Original version ====
'''Adithattu'''
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aanju Valikkada Laisa
| music1 = Nezer Ahamed
| extra1 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| lyrics1 = Nezer Ahemed Jerson Yesudas Lakshmi Cheriyedath
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Theerathai
| music2 = Sreehari K
| extra2 = Sreehari K
| lyrics2 = Sharfu
| length2 = 3:44
}}

== Reception ==

This movie had resemblances with [[Kondal]]

''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called the film a "(g)ritty, well-acted adventure brimming with turbulent emotions."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adithattu Review {{!}} Gritty, well-acted adventure brimming with turbulent emotions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/02/adithattu-review-gritty-well-acted-adventure-brimming-with-turbulent-emotions-2471904.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 July 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14888106}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
{{2020s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Darbara Singh (speaker)

2026-02-28T12:03:12Z

FallonMansom317: improved article

{{About|the speaker of Punjab assembly|the chief minister|Darbara Singh}}
{{short description|Indian politician (1927–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Darbara Singh
| image = Darbara Singh Lok Sabha photo.jpg
| imagesize = 200
| caption =
| birth_date = 25 February 1927
| birth_place = [[Lyallpur]], [[British India]] {{small|(now in Pakistan)}}
| death_date = 24 May 1998 (aged 71)
| death_place = Rajasthan, India
| office = [[Governor of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 1 May 1998
| term_end = 24 May 1998
| predecessor = [[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
| successor = [[Navrang Lal Tibrewal]]
| office1 = [[List_of_speakers_of_the_Punjab_Legislative_Assembly|Speaker of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 14 March 1969
| term_end1 = 3 September 1973
| predecessor1 = Joginder Singh Mann
| successor1 = [[Kewal Krishan]]
| office2 = Member of [[11th Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 1998
| predecessor2 = [[Umrao Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| constituency2 = [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (1996–1998)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1972–1996), [[Independent politician|Independent]] (until 1972)
| spouse = Prabjot Kaur
| parents = Mangal Singh
}}

'''Darbara Singh''' (25 February 1927 – 24 May 1998) was an Indian politician who served as Speaker of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]], Member of Parliament in the [[11th Lok Sabha]], and briefly as the 14th [[Governor of Rajasthan]].

==Early life==
He was born on 25 February 1927 in [[Lyallpur]], British India (now in Pakistan). Singh began his political career as an independent candidate before joining major political parties.

==Political career==
Darbara Singh was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] in 1967 and 1969 from the [[Nakodar Assembly Constituency|Nakodar]] constituency as an independent candidate. He served as Deputy Minister for Public Works in 1967. In 1969, he was elected Speaker of the Punjab Legislative Assembly, serving until 1973.<ref name="compendium">[http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/compendium_doc.pdf Punjab Vidhan Sabha Compendium], p. 83. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</ref>

He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1972 and remained with the party until 1996.

==Member of Parliament==
In 1996, he was elected to the [[11th Lok Sabha]] from [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]] as a member of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]. In 1998, he vacated the seat for former Prime Minister [[Inder Kumar Gujral]].<ref name="loksabha">[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3794.htm Biographical Sketch – Lok Sabha Secretariat]. Retrieved 16 April 2025.</ref>

==Governor of Rajasthan==
Darbara Singh was appointed as the 14th Governor of [[Rajasthan]] on 1 May 1998. He served in the position until his death on 24 May 1998.<ref name="rajbhawan">[https://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en/formergovernors/sardarshdarbarasingh.html "Sardar Shri Darbara Singh"]. Rajasthan Raj Bhavan. Retrieved 16 April 2025.</ref><ref name="rajbhawan-list">[https://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en/formergovernors/listformergovernors.html "List of Former Governors"]. Rajasthan Raj Bhavan. Retrieved 16 April 2025.</ref>

==Personal life==
He was married to Prabjot Kaur and was the son of Mangal Singh.

==Death==
He died in office on 24 May 1998 in Rajasthan at the age of 71.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3794.htm Biographical Sketch – Lok Sabha Secretariat]
* [https://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en/formergovernors/sardarshdarbarasingh.html Profile – Rajasthan Raj Bhavan]

{{PunjabIN-INC-politician-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Darbara}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Governors of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

Era Krishnappa Nayak

2026-02-28T06:45:27Z

FallonMansom317: Starting details...

{{Short description|Nayak of Belur from 1524 to 1566}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Era Krishnappa Nayak
| title =
| image =
| succession = [[Nayakas of Belur|Nayak of Belur]]
| reign = 1524–1566
| predecessor =
| successor = Venkatadri Nayak
| father = Pottappa Nayaka
| religion = [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
| dynasty = Nayaks of Belur
}}

'''Era Krishnappa Nayak''' was the king of [[Nayakas of Belur|Belur]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Henry Heras]]|author2=|title= The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara
|volume=1 |publisher=B.G.Paul & Company |year=1927|pages=52, 98|language=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf1tAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> He reigned from 1524 to 1566.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=K. D. Swaminathan|author2=|title= The Nayakas of Ikkeri
|volume= |publisher=P. Varadachary |year=1957|page=56|language=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8MBAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> He ruled [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] and [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] region.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=M. P. Cariappa, Ponnamma Cariappa|author2=|title=The Coorgs and Their Origins
|volume= |publisher=Geetha Book House |year=1981|page=44|language=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8otAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Satinder Kumar|author2=|title=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian Tribes: The Kinnaura - The Korwa
|volume= |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=2000|page=1456|isbn=978-81-261-0517-5|language=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtkjAQAAIAAJ }}
</ref>

== Family background ==
Era Krishnappa Nayaka belonged to the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Balija]] caste.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[M.M.Kalburgi]]|author2=|title=Karnatakada Kaifiyattugalu
|volume= |publisher=Kannada University , Hampi |year=1994|page=118|language=Kn|quote=| url= }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Noboru Karashima]] |author2=|title=Kingship in Indian History
|volume= |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1999|page=192|isbn=9788173043260|quote=To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> He was the son of Pottappa Nayaka, his grand father Timmappa Nayak and great-grandfather of Giriyappa Nayak. His brother Surappa Nayaka, ruled [[Nayaks of Gingee|gingee]] region.<ref>{{Cite book | title =A Concordance of Nayakas: The Vijayanagar Inscriptions in South India | publisher = Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2RuAAAAMAAJ | pages = 35| year = 2002| last1 =Noboru Karashima|isbn=9780195658453 | author1-link = Noboru Karashima}}</ref>

== Service under Sri Krishna Deva Raya ==
He served as the ''Tambula Karandavahin'' ({{Lit|betel-bearer}}) to [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ramanujapuram Narasimhachar|author2=|title=The Kesava Temple at Belur
|volume= |publisher=Mysore government Press |year=1919|page=2|language=|quote=Some time after the destruction by the Muhummadans of Dorasamudra or Halebid, the celebrated Hoysala capital situated about 10 miles to the east of Belur, the latter continued as the capital of the Belur kingdom which was conferred by the Vijayanagar king Krishna Deva Raya ( 1509-1529 ) on Era Krishnappa Nayaka, the bearer of his hadapa or betel-bag, whose successors ruled over the principality for nearly two centuries | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-U2AQAAMAAJ }}</ref> Era Krishappa Nayak was then succeeded by his son Venkatadri Nayaka.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=H. P. Keshava Naik|author2=|title=Some Aspects of Feudal Elements in the Vijayanagara Polity, 1336-1565 A.D.
|volume= |publisher=Prasaranga, University of Mysore |year=1998|page=33|language=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxtuAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Era Krishnappa}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon

2026-02-23T17:04:12Z

FallonMansom317: General improvements to article content

{{short description|Retired Indian Army General}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| name = K J S Dhillon
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[UYSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| image = KJS Dhillon.png
| image_size = 250px
| nickname = Tiny Dhillon
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{Army| India}}
| serviceyears = December 1983 – January 2022
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
| unit = [[Rajputana Rifles|4 Rajputana Rifles]]
| commands = [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]
| awards = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| laterwork = Chairperson of the Board of Governors (BoG) of [[IIT Mandi]]
}}

[[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] '''Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon''', [[PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[General Officer]] of the [[Indian Army]] and the Chairperson of the Board of Governors (BoG) of [[IIT Mandi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Operation Maa' author in Kashmir, Lieutenant General KJS Dhillon hangs up his boots |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jan/31/operation-maa-author-in-kashmir-lieutenant-general-kjs-dhillon-hangs-up-his-boots-2413559.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He last served as the Director General [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]] (DG DIA) and Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Intelligence) (DCIDS Int) under the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) from 9 March 2020 to 31 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen KJS Dhillon to take charge as DG DIA, DCIDS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-gen-kjs-dhillon-take-charge-dg-dia-dcids-1654022-2020-03-09 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |website=[[India Today]] |date=9 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Prior to this, he served as the 48th Commander of the [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] assuming the post from Lieutenant General [[Anil Kumar Bhatt]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-dhillon-takes-over-as-goc-15-corps/726048.html|title=lt-gen-dhillon-takes-over-as-goc-15-corps|date=2019-02-09|access-date=2019-04-08|archive-date=8 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208185041/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lt-gen-dhillon-takes-over-as-goc-15-corps/726048.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kashmirreader.com">{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirreader.com/2019/02/09/lt-gen-kjs-dhillon-takes-over-as-goc-of-srinagar-based-15-corps/|title=Lt Gen KJS Dhillon takes over as GoC of Srinagar-based 15 Corps|last=Desk|first=KR Web|website=Kashmir Reader|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-11|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209104758/https://kashmirreader.com/2019/02/09/lt-gen-kjs-dhillon-takes-over-as-goc-of-srinagar-based-15-corps/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dhillon is an alumnus of [[National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla & [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun. He graduated from the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington, and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], Delhi.<ref name="kashmirreader.com" />

== Career ==
Dhillon was commissioned in December 1983 in 4'th Battalion of [[Rajputana Rifles]] and had a 39 year long military career. He is credited with important appointments at the Army Headquarters and instructional appointments at Infantry School, Mhow, and Indian Army training team abroad.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Manjeet Negi |date=8 February 2019 |title=KJS Dhillon takes charge of Colonel of Regiment of Rajputana Rifles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lieutenant-general-kjs-dhillon-colonel-regiment-rajputana-rifles-1601761-2019-09-21 |access-date=2022-03-09 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is considered an expert on [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], as he served there for five tenures since 1988, including as sector commander of [[Rashtriya Rifles]] and Brigadier General Staff of the Chinar Corps.<ref name="kashmirreader.com" /> Before taking over as the Chinar Corps Commander, the General Officer was tenanting the appointment of Director General Perspective Planning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/lt-gen-kjs-dhillon-is-new-kashmir-corps-commander-201241/|title=Lt Gen KJS Dhillon Is New Kashmir CORPS Commander|date=2019-02-09|website=Kashmir Life|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref> He was appointed as the [[colonel of the regiment|Colonel of the Regiment]] of [[Rajputana Rifles]] on 21 September 2019, when he took over from Lt Gen [[Abhay Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lieutenant-general-kjs-dhillon-colonel-regiment-rajputana-rifles-1601761-2019-09-21|title=KJS Dhillon takes charge of Colonel of Regiment of Rajputana Rifles|first=Manjeet Singh|last=Negi|date=21 September 2019|website=India Today}}</ref>
He retired from Service on 31 January 2022 and was succeeded by Lt Gen CP Cariappa as the Colonel of Regiment of Rajputana Rifles.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== As XV Corps commander==
He has successfully maintained a balance, in [[Kashmir]]'s security scenario, between counter-infiltration and counter-terrorist operations on one hand and the use of military soft power on the other. The perpetrators of ''[[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama Blast]]'' were targeted in the first 100 hours.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-encounter-army-men-killed-commanders-led-from-front-kjs-dhillon-1459491-2019-02-19|title=Pulwama encounter: Armymen led from front to prevent civilian casualties, says Lt Gen KJS Dhillon|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> In an official statement on this, he described his efforts against terror launch pads especially, ''"after August 5 last year"'', as the statement read.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/lt-gen-dhillon-hands-over-command-of-kashmir-based-15-corps-to-lt-gen-bs-raju-120022900651_1.html Lt Gen Dhillon hands over command of Kashmir based 15 Corps to Lt Gen BS Raju]</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
During his military career of 39 years, he has been awarded with the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]], [[Yudh Seva Medal]], and the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Army's 15 Corps commander awarded Uttam Yudh Seva Medal for his services in Kashmir valley |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/25/armys-15-corps-commander-awarded-uttam-yudh-seva-medal-for-his-services-in-kashmir-valley-2094533.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4" align="centre"|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-

|[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"

|colspan="1"|[[Param Vishist Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Later career ==
Dhillon was appointed as the Chairperson of the Board of Governors (BoG) of [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi]], on 25 August 2023 for a period of three years. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Lt Gen Dhillon is IIT-Mandi BoG Chairperson |work=[[Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/lt-gen-dhillon-is-iit-mandi-bog-chairperson-8912339/}}</ref> Dhillon will succeed Professor Prem Vrat, the founding director of [[IIT Roorkee]], in the position.

==Books==
* ''Kitne Ghazi Aaye, Kitne Ghazi Gaye: My Life Story''<ref name="DP">{{cite news |last= Chellappan|first= Kumar|date=7 May 2022|title=Kashmir's story comes alive through a veteran's eyes|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/india/kashmir-s-story-comes-alive-through-a-veteran---s-eyes.html|newspaper=Irish Times| access-date= 21 January 2023}}</ref>
* ''Wafadari, Imaandari, Zimmedari (WIZ): War-room to Board-room''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]
| years = 9 February 2019 – 29 February 2020
| before = [[Anil Kumar Bhatt]]
| after = [[B. S. Raju]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Director General of Perspective Planning
| years =
| before =
| after =
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Kanwal Jeet Singh}}
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Mandi]]

1958–59 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-23T16:37:16Z

FallonMansom317:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1958–59 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| count = 10
| participants = 23
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Pankaj Roy]] (Bengal) (605)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1958/59 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1958-59/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Ramakant Desai]] (Bombay) (50)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1958/59 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1958-59/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1957–58
| previous_tournament = 1957–58 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1959–60
| next_tournament = 1959–60 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1958–59 Ranji Trophy''' was the 25th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] won the title defeating [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in the final. This started a sequence of 15 consecutive Ranji titles for Bombay.

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''29''' || 2.325
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 1.514
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''15''' || 1.057
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 0.708
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.439
|-
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 3.600
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 0.963
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]{{refn|group="n"|The match between [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] and [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]] was not played. Assam were declared winners}}
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.498
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.272
|-
|}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''34''' || 2.966
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.657
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.222
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.443
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Patiala cricket team|Patiala]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.375
|-
|}
{{col-2}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''30''' || 1.733
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''23''' || 1.317
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''22''' || 1.332
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.598
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.543
|-
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''19''' || 1.996
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 1.126
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || 0.993
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.527
|-
|}

{{col-end}}

==Knockout stage==
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 90px

|21 Feb 1959 – Madras|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]|93 & 298|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''389 & 4/0'''
|||||
|||||
|||||

|27 Feb 1959 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''438 & 33/0'''|[[Services cricket team|Services]]|211 & 259
|14 Feb 1959 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''293 & 169/1'''|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]|198 & 263

|7 Mar 1959 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''294 & 536/9d'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|176 & 234

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
}}

===Final===

{{Test match
| date = 7–11 Mar 1959
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] (H)
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''294 (107.5 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[H. D. Amroliwala]] 139
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Premangsu Chatterjee]] 6/76
| score-team2-inns1 = '''176 (72.4 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Pankaj Roy]] 51
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Manohar Hardikar]] 4/24
| score-team1-inns2 = '''536/9 decl (141 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Madhav Apte]] 157, [[Ramnath Kenny]] 111
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Sujit Bose 3/125
| score-team2-inns2 = '''234 (70.3 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Pankaj Roy]] 95
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ramakant Desai]] 4/37
| result = Bombay won by 420 runs
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| umpires = [[Mohammad Yunus (umpire)|Mohammad Yunus]] and [[Narayan Sane]]
| report = [https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1958-59/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_BENG_RJI-FINAL_07-11MAR1959.html Scorecard]
| toss = Bombay won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1958-59.html CricketArchive]
*[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1958-59/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ ESPNcricinfo]

== Notes ==

{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1958-59 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1958 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1959 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1958–59]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Sarala Devi

2026-02-11T07:10:07Z

FallonMansom317: basic fixed intro per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Sarala Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sarala Devi
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Sarala Devi.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = ସରଳା ଦେବୀ
| native_name_lang = or
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|08|9}}
| birth_place = Narilo village, [[Orissa Division]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|10|04|1904|08|9}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place = 
| burial_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| style =
| height = 
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = {{marriage |[[Bhagirathi Mohapatra]] |1917}}
| children = Amitav Mohapatra
| mother =
| father =
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Nityanand Kanungo]] (brother)
* [[Bidhu Bhusan Das]] (nephew)
}}
}}
'''Sarala Devi''' (9 August 1904 – 4 October 1986) was an Indian independence activist, feminist, social activist, politician and writer. She was the first Odia woman to join the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] in 1921 and the first Odia woman delegate of the [[Indian National Congress]]. She became the first woman to be elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] on 1 April 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shinwari |first=Nazo |date=2017-11-06 |title=Sarala Devi Chaudhurani: Founder Of India's First Women's Organisation {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/11/07/sarala-devi-chaudhurani/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

She was also the first female Speaker of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] But only for one day and in the absence of that time speaker [[Mukunda Prasad Das (politician)|Mukunda Prasad Das]] and there are no official records present in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], the first woman Director of Cuttack Co-operative Bank, and the first female Senate member of [[Utkal University]]. She was the only representative from Odisha on President Dr S. Radhakrishnan's Education Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Sarala Devi |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?6872 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Sarala_Devi 1938.jpg|thumb|left|c. 1938]]
Sarala Devi was born on 9 August 1904 in Narilo village, near Balikuda, in what was then the [[Orissa Division]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Jagatsinghpur district]], [[Odisha]]) to a very wealthy, aristocratic [[Karan (caste)|Zamindar Karan]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffOADwAAQBAJ&dq=sarala+devi+karana&pg=PA165 |title=Orissa Society of Americas 30th Annual Convention Souvenir: For Annual Convention Held in 1999 at Toronto, Canada |publisher=Odisha Society of the Americas |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keMrAQAAIAAJ&q=karana |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref> Her father was [[Dewan]] Basudev Kanungo, and her mother was Padmavati Devi. She was adopted and raised by her father's elder brother, Balamukunda Kanungo, a Deputy [[District collector|Collector]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|title=Sarala Devi: A centenary tribute|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2004/11/07/stories/2004110700400600.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150826142500/http://www.thehindu.com/lr/2004/11/07/stories/2004110700400600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2015|date = 7 November 2004|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Manushi1">{{cite web|last1=Mohanty|first1=Sachidananda|title=Sarala Devi: The Biplababi of Orissa|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20file%20109/3.%20Sarala%20Devi.pdf|website=Manushi|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Manushi2">{{cite web|last1=Mohanty|first1=Sachidananda|title=Sarala Devi: The Biplababi of Orissa|url=http://www.manushi.in/docs/683.%20Sarala%20Devi.pdf|website=Manushi|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151743/http://www.manushi.in/docs/683.%20Sarala%20Devi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="OdishaGovt">{{cite web|last1=Jena|first1=Bijaya Lakhmi|title=Sarala Devi, An Inspiration for Women|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/Jan/engpdf/77-80.pdf|website=Government of Odisha|access-date=18 December 2016|date=January 2014}}</ref><ref name="National Movement">{{cite web|last1=Prabhukalyan|first1=Mohapatra|title=Oriya Women in National Movement|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/jan-2008/engpdf/10-12.pdf|website=Government of Odisha|access-date=18 December 2016|date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="Freedom Fighter">{{cite web|last1=Dhyanimudra|first1=Kanungo|title=Sarala Devi as a Freedom Fighter|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/August/engpdf/43-45.pdf|website=Government of Odisha|access-date=18 December 2016|date=August 2014}}</ref>

Sarala received her primary education in [[Banki, Odisha|Banki]], where her uncle was posted. Women had no access to higher education, at the time, so her uncle hired the services of a home tutor. Sarala learned Bengali, Sanskrit, Odia and basic English from her tutor. She lived with her uncle until the age of 13.

==Public life==
While in Banki, Sarala was inspired by stories of Suka Devi, the queen of Banki, to join the independence movement. She donated a sizeable part of her large collection of jewellery and vast tracts of real estate to the fight for India's independence. She married well-known lawyer Bhagirathi Mohapatra in 1917, and the latter joined the Indian National Congress in 1918. Sarala herself joined the Congress in 1921, following [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s first visit to Orissa. She was the first woman Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] as well as its first woman Speaker for one day.

She was very close to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh]], [[Acharya Kripalani]], [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] and [[Sarojini Naidu]].<ref name="Salt Satyagraha">{{cite web|last1=Giri|first1=Pradeep Kumar|title=The Role of Odia Women in Salt Satyagraha : Sarala Devi|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2016/August/engpdf/85-89.pdf|website=Government of Orissa|date=August 2016|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>
She was the Secretary of Utkal Sahitya Samaj at [[Cuttack]] from 1943 to 1946.<ref name="Reformer">{{cite web|last1=Ratha|first1=Prabodha Kumar|title=Sarala Devi : the Socio-Political Reformer of Odisha|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2013/aug-sept/engpdf/24-26.pdf|website=Government of Odisha|access-date=18 December 2016|date=August 2013}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Sarala wrote 30 books and 300 essays.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Sanjukta|title=More than just 'presiding deities in their kitchen'|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/more-than-just-presiding-deities-in-their-kitchen-173384.html|website=The Statesman|access-date=18 December 2016|date=30 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mohanty|first1=Sachidananda|title=Early Women's Writings in Orissa, 1898-1950: A Lost Tradition|date=7 December 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132101956|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCGAwAAQBAJ|access-date=18 December 2016|language=en}}</ref>

* Bishwa Biplabani, 1930
* Utkalaa Nari Samasya, 1934
* Narira Dabi, 1934
* Bharatiya Mahila Prasanga, 1935
* Rabindra Puja, 1935
* Beera Ramani, 1949
* {{cite book | last=Debi | first=Sarala | title=Raya Ramananda | publisher=Odisa Sahitya Ekademi | year=1963 | oclc=19014670 | language=Or}}
* {{cite book | author=Sarala Debi | last2=Mohanty | first2=Sachidananda | last3=Forbes | first3=Geraldine | title=The Lost World of Sarala Devi : Selected Works | year=2016 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-946667-2 | oclc=992496394 }} Translated from Oriya.
* {{cite book | author=Sarala Debi | title=Nari Jagata | year=1935 | oclc=1046977239 | language=or}}
* {{cite book | author=Sarala Debi | last2=Rauta | first2=Bholanatha | last3=Acaryya | first3=Mahendra Kumara | title=Saraladebi Racanabali | year=2017 | oclc=1105736602 | language=or}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/how-gandhiji-influenced-my-life/article3232635.ece Sarala Devi's eye-witness account of Mahatma Gandhi in Orissa]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Sarala}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Women in Odisha politics]]
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Activists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

Andhra University

2026-02-10T04:25:22Z

FallonMansom317: minor edit

{{Short description|Public university in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Andhra University
| image = Andhra University logo.png
| caption = Crest of the University
| latin_name =
| motto = ''Tejasvi nāvadhītamastu'' (from the ''[[Aranyaka#Taittiriya Aranyaka|Taittiriya āraṇyaka]]'' of the [[Yajurveda]], 8.0.0)
| mottoeng = "May the Divine Light illuminate our studies."
| established = {{Start date and age|1926}}
| founder = [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy|Sir C. R. Reddy]]
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| chancellor = [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = G. P. Rajasekhar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/iit-kharagpur-professor-g-p-raja-sekhar-appointed-as-the-vice-chancellor-of-andhra-university/article69234993.ece|title=IIT Kharagpur professor G. P. Raja Sekhar appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University|date=18 February 2025|accessdate=22 February 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| principal =
| dean =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| free_label =
| free =
| other_name = AU
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|andhrauniversity.edu.in}}
| coor = {{coord|17|43|45.38|N|83|19|17.61|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| accreditation = NAAC (A++)
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| staff =
| faculty =
| colors =
}}
{{Infobox India university ranking
|QS_A_2024=651-700|THE_W_2024=1501+|THES_A_2024=501-600|NIRF_O_2024=41|NIRF_U_2024=25
|NIRF_E_2024=90|NIRF_P_2024=34}}'''Andhra University''' is a [[public university]] located in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It was established in 1926 by the Andhra University Act, 1925 (Madras Act II of 1926).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The-AP-Universities-Act-1991.pdf |url=https://www.andhrauniversity.edu.in/filestorage/The-AP-Universities-Act-1991.pdf |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The-University.pdf |url=https://ia601506.us.archive.org/20/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.201823/2015.201823.The-University.pdf |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> It is graded as an A++ institution by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]], receiving a score of 3.74 on a scale of 4.

== History ==

King [[Vikram Deo Verma]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jeypore]], [[Orissa]] was one of the biggest donors of the university. He donated lands and two million rupees for the establishment of the university which was set to be shifted elsewhere by the education authorities due to lack of funding.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bayya |first=Venkatesh |date=26 June 2019 |title=Andhra University to celebrate 150th birth anniversary of Maharajah Vikram Deo |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/au-to-celebrate-150th-birth-anniv-of-maharaja-vikram-deo/articleshow/69949545.cms}}</ref> Furthermore, he provided {{INR|1}} lakh annually to the university, an approximate figure of {{INR|17}} lakhs between 1930s - 1940s.a<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/maharaja-vikram-deos-birth-anniversary-observed/article31948345.ece|title = Maharajah Vikram Deo's birth anniversary observed|newspaper=The Hindu|date= 29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/andhra-university-donors-park-fails-to-draw-funds/articleshow/57300058.cms|title = Andhra University donor's park fails to draw funds|newspaper=The Times of India|date= 23 February 2017}}</ref> The liberal king was conferred an Honorary Doctorate degree from the university. The Jeypore College of Technology and Science in Andhra University was founded by Maharajah Vikram Deo.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Mahalik, Nirakar|year=2013|title=Vikram Dev Verma|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/nov/engpdf/66-68.pdf|journal=Odisha Review|pages=66–68}}</ref>

== University emblem ==
The university emblem was designed by Sri Kowta Rammohan Sastri with the guidance of [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]]. The rising sun represents the university itself and the radiating light rays representing its faculties of study. The lotus is the seat of [[Goddess Lakshmi]] (prosperity) and [[Saraswati]] (knowledge). The swastika is the symbol of benediction. An ocean is the vast region of knowledge. The two serpents represent the seekers and custodians of wisdom.<ref>{{cite book|author=Andhra University Golden Jubilee Celebrations (1926–76) Souvenir|title=The Andhra University Emblem: What it signifies|publisher=Andhra University|location=Waltair|page=v}}</ref>
[[File:Andhra University Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|Andhra University, Visakhapatnam]]

== Faculties and departments ==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
*Andhra University College of Arts and Commerce (established 1931)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andhrauniversity.edu.in/college/college-of-arts-and-commerce/arts-home|title=Andhra University {{!}} College of Arts & Commerce|website=www.andhrauniversity.edu.in|access-date=2019-10-04|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004054740/http://andhrauniversity.edu.in/college/college-of-arts-and-commerce/arts-home|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Andhra University College of Engineering]] (established 1955)
*Andhra University College of Engineering for Women (established 2010)
*[[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar College of Law]] (formerly AU College of Law)(established 1945)
*[[Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences]] (established 1951)
*[[Andhra University College of Science and Technology]] (established 1931)
*Andhra University School of Distance Education (established 1972)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andhrauniversity.edu.in/admissions/school-of-distance-education|title=Andhra University {{!}} School of Distance Education|website=www.andhrauniversity.edu.in|access-date=2019-10-04|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004050357/http://andhrauniversity.edu.in/admissions/school-of-distance-education|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== NAAC accreditation ==
[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] accredited Andhra University as A++ grade in 2023, one of three university that year to receive the grade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Andhra University gets A++ NAAC accreditation |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151123/andhra-university-gets-a-naac-accreditation.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The university received a CGPA score of 3.74 and the A++ status will be sustained for seven years till 8 November 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=V. Kamalakara |date=2023-11-14 |title=Andhra University bags NAAC A++ |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-university-bags-naac-a/article67531370.ece |access-date=2023-11-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devalla |first=Rani |date=2023-11-14 |title=AU gets accredited with NAAC A++ grade |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/au-gets-accredited-with-naac-a-grade-837543 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
{{alumni|date=December 2021}}


=== Artists and writers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[Lakshmi Nandan Bora]]
|
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]] writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talukdar |first=Jyotirmoy |date=2021-06-04 |title=Lakshmi Nandan Bora: A Stalwart Of Assamese Literature Who Will Remain Forever Young |url=https://thewire.in/culture/lakshmi-nandan-bora-obituary-stalwart-of-assamese-literature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913152356/https://thewire.in/culture/lakshmi-nandan-bora-obituary-stalwart-of-assamese-literature |archive-date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
|-
|[[P. Lalita Kumari]]
|1972 MA
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feminist Volga Wins Sahitya Akademi Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/dec/18/feminist-volga-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-854985.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331200031/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/dec/18/Feminist-Volga-Wins-Sahitya-Akademi-Award-854985.html |archive-date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-09-13 |url-status=live |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ipsita Pati]]
|
|Odia and Bollywood actress
|
|-
|[[Trivikram Srinivas]]
|
|Film director and screenwriter
|
|-
|[[P. Susheela]]
|
|Playback singer
|
|}

=== Politicians, civil servants, and lawyers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Class year
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[Konamaneni Amareswari]]
|
|Former Judge of [[Telangana High Court|Hyderabad High Court]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hon'ble Smt. Justice K. Amareswari |url=https://tshc.gov.in/retjudges/kaj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627195845/https://tshc.gov.in/retjudges/kaj.html |archive-date=2022-06-27 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=High Court for the State of Telangana}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
|
|15th [[List of governors of Mizoram|Governor of Mizoram]] and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manish |date=21 April 2014 |title=Vizag's non-local 'localite' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Vizags-non-local-localite/articleshow/34016778.cms |access-date=16 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623202044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Vizags-non-local-localite/articleshow/34016778.cms |archive-date=2022-06-23}}</ref>
|-
|[[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
|
|12th [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |date=2002-03-07 |title=Obituary: GMC Balayogi |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/mar/07/guardianobituaries.india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613085710/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/mar/07/guardianobituaries.india |archive-date=2014-06-13 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jasti Chelameswar]]
|1976
|Former Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hon'ble Sri Justice J. Chelameswar |url=https://tshc.gov.in/retjudges/jcj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703201105/https://tshc.gov.in/retjudges/jcj.html |archive-date=2022-07-03 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=High Court for the State of Telangana}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kothapalli Geetha]]
|
|Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-24 |title=Araku MP Kothapalli Geetha launches Jana Jagruti Party in Vijayawada |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/araku-mp-kothapalli-geetha-launches-jana-jagruti-party-vijayawada-87185 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Madhu Gottumukkala|Dr. Madhu Gottumukkala]]
|
|Acting Director, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Madhu Gottumukkala {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/about/leadership/dr-madhu-gottumukkala |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Negeri Lencho]]
|2011 PhD
|Former Minister for Communication Affairs, Government of [[Ethiopia]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-03-23 |title=Centre for African studies to come up in Andhra university |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230317/centre-for-african-studies-to-come-up-in-andhra-university.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021822/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230317/centre-for-african-studies-to-come-up-in-andhra-university.html |archive-date=2017-03-28 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Negeri Lencho {{!}} College of Humanities, Language studies, Journalism & Communication |url=http://www.aau.edu.et/chls/negeri-lencho/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311161651/http://www.aau.edu.et/chls/negeri-lencho/ |archive-date=2020-03-11 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Addis Ababa University}}</ref>
|-
|[[G. Ramanujulu Naidu]]
|1951
|Former Judge of [[Telangana High Court|Hyderabad High Court]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hon'ble Sri Justice G. Ramanujulu Naidu |url=https://tshc.gov.in/retjudges/grnj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627195919/https://tshc.gov.in/retjudges/grnj.html |archive-date=2022-06-27 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=High Court for the State of Telangana}}</ref>
|-
|[[Venkaiah Naidu]]
|
|13th [[Vice President of India]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Manoj |first1=C. G. |last2=Mathew |first2=Liz |date=2022-08-07 |title=Venkaiah Naidu: The reluctant Vice-President who could have been more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/venkaiah-naidus-sunday-profile-end-of-session-demitting-office-8075426/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807040858/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/venkaiah-naidus-sunday-profile-end-of-session-demitting-office-8075426/ |archive-date=2022-08-07 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[K. Padmanabhaiah]]
|
|Former [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary of India]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri K. Padmanabhaiah |url=https://asci.org.in/sri-k-padmanabhaiah/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913131741/https://asci.org.in/sri-k-padmanabhaiah/ |archive-date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Administrative Staff College of India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]
|
|[[Deputy Speaker Of Legislative Assembly, GOVT OF AP] [Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha MP]] from [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narsapuram]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha - Kanumuru, Shri Raghu Ramakrishna Raju |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5097 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pavani Parameswara Rao]]
|
|Senior Advocate at the [[Supreme Court of India]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-09-14 |title=Eminent jurist Pavani Parameswara Rao dead |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140917/eminent-jurist-pavani-parameswara-rao-dead.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127070744/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140917/eminent-jurist-pavani-parameswara-rao-dead.html |archive-date=2017-11-27 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Varanasi Subramanyam]]
|
|Maoist politician
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-26 |title=3 top Maoist leaders produced in court |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/3-top-Maoist-leaders-produced-in-court/article15002212.ece |access-date=2022-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/3-top-Maoist-leaders-produced-in-court/article15002212.ece |archive-date=2019-04-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== Others ===
* [[Satya N. Atluri]], Mechanical Engineering (1959–1963), recipient of the [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)|Padma Bhushan Award for 2013]] in science & engineering
* [[Neeli Bendapudi]], 18th president of the [[University of Louisville]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], Kentucky, [[United States of America|US]], president elect of [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vizag's Neeli Bendapudi named first woman president of Pennsylvania University |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/dec/11/vizags-neeli-bendapudi-named-first-woman-presidentof-pennsylvania-university-2394237.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[B. M. Choudary]], inorganic chemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
* [[Undurti Narasimha Das]], immunologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
* [[Kunchithapadam Gopalan]], geochronologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
* [[Chennupati Jagadish]], applied physics 1977–1980, [[Order of Australia|Companion of the Order of Australia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2016-01-28 |title=Scientist from A.P. wins Australia's highest civilian honour |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Scientist-from-A.P.-wins-Australia%E2%80%99s-highest-civilian-honour/article14024662.ece |access-date=2022-09-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Pilli Alfred James]], public administrator
* [[S. Rao Kosaraju]], Computer Science (1959–1964), founder of the [[Kosaraju's algorithm]], which finds the strongly connected components of a [[directed graph]]
* [[Kolluru Sree Krishna]], geophysicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
* [[C. M. Prasad]], psychiatrist
* [[N. S. Raghavan]], Electrical Engineering 1959–1964, co-founder of Infosys
* [[Anumolu Ramakrishna]], former Deputy Managing Director of [[Larsen & Toubro]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient
*[[B. L. S. Prakasa Rao]], statistician, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate and [[National Science Foundation]] Fellow<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bose|first1=Arup|date=27 September 2010|title=The ET Interview: B.L.S. Prakasa Rao|journal=Econometric Theory|volume=27|issue=2|pages=373–411|doi=10.1017/S0266466610000319|s2cid=121673858|issn=1469-4360}}</ref>
* [[Barry Ramachandra Rao]], space physicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Sumit |date=2015-09-24 |title=Teacher who spent his time with students |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/teacher-who-spent-his-time-with-students/article7688252.ece |access-date=2022-09-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[C. R. Rao]], statistician, [[National Medal of Science]] laureate<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ww2.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13|title=Statisticians in History – Calyampudi R. Rao|website=ww2.amstat.org|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704210128/https://ww2.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13|archive-date=4 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[G. S. R. Subba Rao]], natural product chemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
* [[Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao]], Mechanical Engineering, founder and Chairman of the [[GMR Group]], an infrastructure enterprise
* [[Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao]], plant breeder, popularly known as the "father of hybrid sorghum", Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar recipient
* [[B. S. Daya Sagar]], geoengineering (1988–1994), only Asian recipient of [[Georges Matheron Lectureship]] Award from [[International Association for Mathematical Geosciences]]
* [[B. L. K. Somayajulu]], geochemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
* [[Adusumilli Srikrishna]], organic chemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
* [[Duvvuri Subbarao]], economist and former [[Reserve Bank of India]] Governor<ref>{{cite news|title=There can't be painless adjustments|url=http://businessworld.in/article/-There-can-t-be-painless-adjustments-/08-11-2014-54648/|access-date=1 October 2017|work=BW Businessworld|date=20 June 2008|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Vadlamani]], chartered accountant<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://andhrauniversity.edu.in/|title=Andhra University | Visakhapatnam|website=andhrauniversity.edu.in|accessdate=22 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Srinivasan Varadarajan]], chemist and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee



== See also ==
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Andhra University}}
*[http://www.andhrauniversity.edu.in/ Official website]

{{Universities in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Andhra University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1926]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:State universities in Andhra Pradesh]]

Navneet Malik

2026-02-08T18:05:08Z

FallonMansom317: creating

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date= November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Navneet Malik
| nickname =
| image = Navneet Malik.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| height =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|07|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], Haryana, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik: After Rohtak, Delhi's the first big city I saw and fell in love!|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-delhi-junction/navneet-malik-after-rohtak-delhis-the-first-big-city-i-saw-and-fell-in-love-101716651144834.html|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>
| years_active = 2022–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| spouse =
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[The Freelancer (TV series)|The Freelancer]]''|''[[Deewaniyat]]''}}
}}
'''Navneet Malik''' is an Indian actor and model who is best known for his portrayal of Mohsin Fazal in ''[[The Freelancer (TV series)|The Freelancer]]'' (2023) and Jeet Chaudhary in ''[[Deewaniyat]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |title='This Character Has A Lot Of Shades...': Navneet Malik On Playing 'Mohsin' In 'The Freelancer'|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/navneet-malik-talks-about-the-freelancer-his-character-mohsin-and-his-experience-working-with-neeraj-pandey-1626793|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[ABP News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Rejections a part of an actor's life': Navneet Malik on life before 'The Freelancer'|url=https://ianslive.in/navneet-malik-on-facing-rejections-each-one-left-a-trace-on-me--20230820115105|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[IANS]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik opens up on bridging the gap between actors and casting directors|url=https://ianslive.in/navneet-malik-talks-about-bridging-the-gap-between-actors-and-casting-directors--20230827145705|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[IANS]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Malik is the first male model winner of the Max Elite Model Look India (2014) held in Mumbai. He went on to represent India at the world finale of the Elite Model Look 2014 contest held at Shenzhen Bay Sports Center, [[Shenzhen]], China in December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik: Playing young Sanjay Dutt on screen was a huge challenge|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/navneet-malik-playing-young-sanjay-dutt-on-screen-was-a-huge-challenge-101676877273132.html|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> Malik completed his civil engineering in [[Haryana|Rohtak, Haryana]], before moving to [[Mumbai]] to pursue his acting dream.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In 2024, Malik launched an app called ''Starnex'' for aspiring artists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik launches Starnex App for aspiring artists|url=https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/navneet-malik-launches-starnex-app-a-game-changer-for-aspiring-artists-4574436|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Mayapuri (magazine)|Mayapuri]]|language=hi}}</ref>

==Career==
In [[Mumbai]], Malik attended the Actor's Truth workshop trained under acting coach Saurabh Sachdeva. Later, he appeared in over 50 commercials including brands like ''[[Harley Davidson]]'', ''[[Royal Enfield]]'', ''Being Human'', ''Raymond'', ''Peter England'', ''Thumbs Up'', and ''Vivo''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In 2022, Malik made his [[Bollywood]] debut in ''[[Love Hostel]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://btimesnews.com/grateful-to-be-launched-under-the-red-chillies-entertainment-along-with-bobby-deol-vikrant-massey-and-sanya-malhotra-in-love-hostel-says-actor-navneet-malik/ |title="Grateful to be launched under the Red Chillies Entertainment Along With Bobby Deol, Vikrant Massey And Sanya Malhotra In Love Hostel", Says Actor Navneet Malik |date=26 February 2022|access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref> starring [[Bobby Deol]], [[Vikrant Massey]] and [[Sanya Malhotra]]. In the same year, he was seen in the film ''[[Heropanti 2]]'' starring [[Tiger Shroff]], playing [[Tara Sutaria]]'s boyfriend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audience applauds Navneet Malik's outstanding performance in Sajid Nadiadwala's 'Heropanti 2'|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/audience-applauds-navneet-maliks-outstanding-performance-in-sajid-nadiadwalas-heropanti-2|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[National Herald]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2022
| ''[[Love Hostel]]''
| Param
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik on his debut film 'Love Hostel': I'm hoping the audience will accept me with open arms – Exclusive!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/navneet-malik-on-his-debut-film-love-hostel-im-hoping-that-the-audience-will-accept-me-with-open-arms-exclusive/articleshow/89991803.cms|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Heropanti 2]]''
| Inaaya's boyfriend
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=This actor was Tara Sutaria's boyfriend in 'Heropanti 2', now his look is being praised|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/heropanti-2-navneet-malik-wins-fans-heart-as-tara-sutarias-boyfriend-in-film-2951831|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[NDTV India]]|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
| ''The Virgin Tree''
|{{TBA}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik Of 'The Freelancer' Wraps Up Sanjay Dutt-Starrer 'The Virgin Tree'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/navneet-malik-of-the-freelancer-wraps-up-sanjay-dutt-starrer-the-virgin-tree|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[The Outlook India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
!scope="row" | 2022
| [[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']]
| [[Bakshi Jagabandhu|Bakshi Jagbandhu]]
| Episodic lead (Episode 18)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title="I'm honoured to play the character of a courageous Indian freedom fighter," says Navneet Malik, lead actor of the new television show Swaraj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/im-honoured-to-play-the-character-of-a-courageous-indian-freedom-fighter-says-navneet-malik-lead-actor-of-the-new-television-show-swaraj/articleshow/96108476.cms|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| 2024
| ''[[Aankh Micholi (TV series)|Aankh Micholi]]''
| Sumedh Thakkar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik On Learning Gujarati For Aankh Micholi: 'I Have Mastered The Dialect'|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/navneet-malik-on-learning-gujarati-for-aankh-micholi-i-have-mastered-the-dialect-article-107190856|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Times Now]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik Offers An Insight Into His Character In 'Aankh Micholi'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/navneet-malik-offers-an-insight-into-his-character-in-aankh-micholi--news-341757|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[The Outlook India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| 2024–2025
| ''[[Deewaniyat]]''
| Jeet Chaudhary
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik, who was last seen in Aankh Micholi, has been cast as the other male lead in the upcoming show, Deewaniyat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/navneet-malik-joins-vijayendra-kumeria-and-kritika-singh-yadav-in-deewaniyat/articleshow/112737094.cms|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Navneet Malik on his character in Deewaniyat: Jeet is a mix of strength and sensitivity, struggling to find his love and heal from past wounds|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/navneet-malik-on-his-character-in-deewaniyat-jeet-is-a-mix-of-strength-and-sensitivity-struggling-to-find-his-love-and-heal-from-past-wounds/articleshow/114984680.cms|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
!scope="row" | 2023
|''[[The Freelancer (TV series)|The Freelancer]]''
| Mohsin Fazal
| Negative lead
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A very smart villain enters Bollywood! He played such a role in 'The Freelancer' that he even fought with Tiger Shroff|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/web-series-mohit-raina-anupam-kher-starrer-the-freelancer-main-villain-played-by-navneet-malik-fight-with-tiger-shroff-in-heropanti-2-know-about-actor-7368665.html|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[News 18]]|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''Nawazuddin''
|{{TBA}}
|[[Netflix]] series
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Freelancer actor Navneet Malik talks about is foray in web space|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/with-the-canvas-of-web-series-release-pressure-has-gone-up-101694772643630.html|access-date=11 November 2024|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
!scope="row" | 2022
| ''Jaaniya''
| Ankit Tiwari
|<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Jaaniya (Official Video) ; Ankit Tiwari ; ICONYK ; Ft. Navneet & Anisha ; Latest Hindi Songs 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IietMBSwiM|access-date=8 October 2024|date=7 June 2022|publisher=Treasure Records|via=YouTube| url-access=limited }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi television actors]]
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm13619009}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category: Navneet Malik
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Television
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Navneet}}
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Haryana]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Bagicha Singh Minhas

2026-02-06T05:55:10Z

FallonMansom317: added a bio

{{short description|Indian economist}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox economist
| name = Bagicha Singh Minhas
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1929}}
| birth_place = Damunda, [[Jalandhar]]
| alma_mater = [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]], Punjab University, University of Illinois, Stanford University
}}

'''Bagicha Singh Minhas''' (1929-2005) is an Indian economist.

==Education==
Minhas was born in [[Damunda, Dist Jalandhar Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]], and obtained his [[Undergraduate degree|first degree]] of BSc (agriculture) from [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]], Amritsar, and a [[Master of Economics|Master's degree in economics]] from [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]]. He then obtained another degree from the [[University of Illinois]], USA, and followed it up with a PhD in economics from [[Stanford University]], USA. He taught economics at Stanford as an [[Professor|Assistant Professor]], but later returned to India as a Research Professor and became Head of the Planning Division at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] from 1971 to 1986.

==Career==
Minhas was a member of the Indian Planning Commission from 1971 to 1973. Simultaneously, in 1972–73, Minhas was appointed a member of the Finance Commission. He worked on planning strategies as well as [[financial analysis]].

Minhas worked as a Consultant to the [[World Bank]] at Washington D.C. and the Statistics and Survey Division of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agricultural Organization]] (Rome). In 1976–78, he worked as a Senior Fellow at the [[Institute of Development Studies]] (IDS) at the University of Sussex in the UK and, a little later, he held appointments as visiting professor at [[Johns Hopkins University]] and as [[Rufus Putnam]] Visiting Professor at Ohio. From 1981 to 1984, he served as Secretary General of the Afro-Asian Rural Reconstruction Organization and also Chairman of the National [[Sampling (statistics)|Sample Survey]] (NSS) Organization (1980–90).

Minhas has been a Fellow of the [[Econometric Society]] (1973), a National Fellow at the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] (1990–92) and a life member of the [[American Economic Association]]. From 1992 to 1993, he was the President of the Indian Economic Society and, from 1994 to 1998, the President of the Indian Association for Research in National Income & Wealth.

The Financial Express Award for Economics 1999 was presented to Minhas at the Annual Conference of the Indian Economic Association at Amritsar on 27 December 1999.

Minhas then received the [[Padma Bhushan]] Award in 2003 for science and engineering.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

Minhas was a co-author of a pioneering article deriving the [[constant elasticity of substitution]] production function and demonstrating its econometric uses. Future Nobel Memorial Prize laureates [[Kenneth Arrow]] and [[Robert Solow]] were co-authors.<ref>Arrow, Kenneth J., et al. "Capital-labor substitution and economic efficiency." The Review of Economics and Statistics (1961): 225-250.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minhas, Bagicha Singh}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Nilgai

2026-01-26T10:23:19Z

FallonMansom317: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Largest living Asian antelope}}
{{Redirect|Blue bull|the Belgian Blue Bull|Belgian Blue|the South African rugby union team|Blue Bulls}}
{{good article}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Nilgai
| image = Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) male.jpg
| image_caption = Male at Jamtra, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| image2 = Female neelgai 1 gir 2006 karthick.jpg
| image2_caption = Female at [[Gir National Park]], [[Gujarat]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |year=2016 |errata=2017 |article-number=e.T2893A115064758 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2893A50182076.en |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A3
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=CITES>{{cite Species+ |id=65574 |title=''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' (Pallas, 1766) |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Boselaphus tragocamelus
| parent_authority =
| authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1766)
| synonyms_ref =<ref name=ms>{{cite journal |author =Leslie, D.M. | year=2008 |title=''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) |journal=Mammalian Species |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1644/813.1 |volume=813 |s2cid=86706220 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1732&context=usgsstaffpub}}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Antilope tragocamelus'' (Pallas, 1766)
* ''A. albipes'' ([[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|Erxleben]], 1777).
* ''A. leucopus'' (Zimmermann, 1777)
* ''A. picta'' (Pallas, 1776)
* ''Boselaphus picta'' ([[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]], 1816)
* ''B. albipes'' (Desmarest, 1816)
* ''Cemas tragocamelus'' ([[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1816)
* ''C. picta'' (Oken, 1816)
* ''Damalis risia'' ([[Charles Hamilton Smith|C. H. Smith]], 1827)
* ''D. picta'' ([[Joshua Brookes|Brookes]], 1828)
* ''Portax risia'' (C. H. Smith, 1827)
* ''P. tragelaphus'' ([[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1846)
* ''Tragelaphus hippelaphus'' ([[William Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1838)
| range_map = Boselaphus tragocamelus map.png
| range_map_caption = Natural range of the nilgai
}}

The '''nilgai''' ('''''Boselaphus tragocamelus''''') ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|i|l|ˌ|g|aɪ}}, literally meaning "blue cow") is the largest [[antelope]] of [[Asia]], and is ubiquitous across the northern Indian subcontinent. It is the sole member of the [[genus (biology)|genus]] '''''Boselaphus''''', which was first [[scientific description|scientifically described]] by [[Peter Simon Pallas]] in 1766. It is a sturdy, thin-legged antelope with a sloping back, a deep neck with a white patch on the throat, a short crest of hair along the neck terminating in a tuft, and white facial spots. A column of pendant, coarse hair hangs from the dewlap ridge below the white patch. It stands {{cvt|100-150|cm}} at the shoulder; males weigh {{cvt|109-288|kg}}, and the lighter females {{cvt|100-213|kg}}. A [[Sexual dimorphism]] is prominent; while females and juveniles are orange to tawny, adult males have a bluish-grey [[Coat (animal)|coat]]. Only males possess [[horn (anatomy)|horns]], {{cvt|15-24|cm}} long.

Major nilgai populations occur in the Indian and Nepal [[Terai]]. The [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] nilgai prefers areas with short bushes and scattered trees in [[scrub forest]]s and grassy plains. It commonly occurs on agricultural land and rarely in dense forests. Its diet encompasses grasses and herbs, though it also eats [[woody plant]]s in the dry tropical forests of India. Females become [[sexually mature]] by two years, while males do not become sexually active until four or five years old. The time of the year when mating takes place varies geographically, but a peak breeding season lasting three to four months can be observed at most places. [[Gestation]] lasts eight to nine months, following which a single calf is born, sometimes also twins or even triplets. Nilgai calves stay hidden for the first few weeks of their lives. Three distinct kinds of groups have been observed: one or two females with young calves, three to six adult and yearling females with calves, and all-male groups with two to 18 members. The lifespan of the nilgai is around 10 years. Typically tame, the nilgai may appear timid and cautious if harassed or alarmed; it flees up to {{cvt|300|m}}, or even {{cvt|700|m}}, galloping away from the source of danger.

The nilgai is categorised as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. It was introduced to [[Texas]] in 1924.

==Taxonomy==
The nilgai was [[scientific description|described]] by [[Peter Simon Pallas]], who in 1766 proposed the [[scientific name]] ''Antilope tragocamelus''.<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3|id=14200692|page=}}</ref> Pallas based his description on an account of a male nilgai by [[James Parsons (physician)|James Parsons]].<ref name=parsons>{{cite journal |last1=Parsons |first1=J. |title=An account of a quadruped brought from Bengal and now to be seen in London |journal=Philosophical Transactions |date=1745 |volume=43 |issue=476 |pages=465–467 |url=https://archive.org/stream/jstor-104493/104493#page/n1/mode/2up |doi=10.1098/rstl.1744.0089 |s2cid=186210125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Renshaw |first1=G. |title=Final Natural History Essays |date=1907 |publisher=Sherratt & Hughes|location=Cambridge, England |url=https://archive.org/details/finalnaturalhist00rensrich/page/120 |pages=120–121}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The vernacular name "nilgai" {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɪ|l|ˌ|g|aɪ}} comes from the fusion of the Hindi words ''nil'' (blue) and ''gai'' (cow). The word was first recorded in use in 1882.<ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Nilgai|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> Alternative origins could be from the Persian ''gaw'' ("cow").<ref name=ms/> The nilgai has been referred to by a variety of names - neelghae,<ref name=ms/> nilgau, nilgo,<ref name=iucn/> nylghau,<ref name="gray">{{cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=J.E.|title=Synopsis of the species of antelopes and strepsiceres, with descriptions of new species |journal=[[Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]] |date=1850 |volume=18|pages=111–146|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedings32londgoog#page/n150/mode/2up}}</ref> and nylghai,<ref name="pilgrim">{{cite journal|last1=Pilgrim |first1=G.E.|title=The fossil bovidae of India|journal=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India |series=New Series |date=1939|volume=26|pages=1–356}}</ref> constructions referring to other "blue" animals.<ref name=ms/> During [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign of India, the nilgai was known by the name ''nilghor'' (''nil'' for "blue" and ''ghor'' for "horse").<ref name=wai/>

The generic name ''Boselaphus'' comes from the combination of the Latin ''bos'' (cow or ox) and the Greek {{transliteration|grc|elaphos}} (deer).<ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Boselaphus|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> The specific name ''tragocamelus'' is derived from the joining of the two Greek words ''tragos'' (he-goat) and ''kamelos'' (camel). The binomial combination was first used by English zoologist [[Philip Sclater]] in 1883.<ref name=ms/>

==Evolution==
A 1992 [[phylogenetic]] study of [[mtDNA|mitochondrial DNA]] sequences showed a strong possibility of a [[clade]] consisting of Boselaphini, [[Bovini]], and [[Tragelaphini]]. Bovini consists of the genera ''[[Bubalus]]'', ''[[Bos]]'', ''Pseudoryx'' ([[saola]]), ''Syncerus'' ([[African buffalo]]), ''[[Bison]]'' and the [[extinct]] ''[[Pelorovis]]''. Tragelaphini consists of two genera: ''[[Taurotragus]]'' (eland) and ''[[Tragelaphus]]''. A closer relationship between Boselaphini and Tragelaphini was predicted,<ref name="allard">{{cite journal |last1=Allard |first1=M.W. |last2=Miyamoto |first2=M.M.|last3=Jarecki|first3=L.|last4=Kraus|first4=F.|last5=Tennant|first5=M.R.|title=DNA systematics and evolution of the artiodactyl family Bovidae|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=1992 |volume=89|issue=9|pages=3972–3976 |pmid=1570322 |pmc=525613 |doi=10.1073/pnas.89.9.3972 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1992PNAS...89.3972A}}</ref> and seconded by a similar study in 1999.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hassanin |first1=A. |last2=Douzery |first2=E. J. P. |title=Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences| date=1999 |volume=266 |issue=1422 |pages=893–900 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0720 |pmid=10380679 |pmc=1689916}}</ref>
{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1= [[Bovini]]
|2= {{clade
|1=[[Tragelaphini]]
|2=[[Boselaphini]]}}}}}}
Though the tribe Boselaphini has no African representation today,<ref name="brain">{{cite book |last1=Brain|first1=C.K.|title=The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy |date=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, US|isbn=978-0-226-07089-6 |page=167}}</ref> [[fossil]] evidence supports its presence in the continent in the prehistoric times, as early as the late [[Miocene]]. The two living antelope species of this tribe have been found to have a closer relationship with the earliest bovids (like ''[[Eotragus]]'' species) than do the other bovids.<ref name=pilgrim/><ref name="pitra">{{cite journal|last1=Pitra|first1=C.|last2=Furbass|first2=R.|last3=Seyfert|first3=H.M.|title=Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): alternative placement of the Anoa|journal=[[Journal of Evolutionary Biology]]|date=1997|volume=10|issue=4|pages=589–600|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10040589.x |s2cid=84545142 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This tribe originated at least 8.9 million years ago, in much the same area where the [[four-horned antelope]] lives today, and may represent the most "primitive" of all living bovids, having changed the least since the origins of the family.<ref name=Bibi2007>{{cite journal | author = Bibi, F. | year = 2007 | title = Origin, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography of early Bovini | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 248 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–72 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.009 |bibcode = 2007PPP...248...60B}}</ref> The extant and extinct boselaphine forms show similar development of the [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]] cores (the central bony part of the horn).<ref name="solounias">{{cite journal|last1=Solounias|first1=N.|title=A new hypothesis uniting Boselaphus and Tetracerus with the Miocene Boselaphini (Mammalia, Bovidae) based on horn morphology|journal=[[Annales Musei Goulandris]] |date=1990|volume=8|pages=425–439}}</ref> Though the extant nilgai females lack horns, historic relatives of the antelope had horned females.<ref name="kostopoulus" /> Fossil relatives were once placed in the subfamily Cephalophinae<ref>{{cite book|last=Von Zittel| first=Karl A.| title=Text-book of Palaeontology. Volume III. Mammalia. |publisher=Macmillan and Co.|place=London| year=1925|pages=211–214 |url=https://archive.org/stream/textbookofpaleon31896zitt#page/210/mode/2up}}</ref> which now contains only the African [[duikers]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-120|pmid=22823504|pmc=3523051|title=A multi-locus species phylogeny of African forest duikers in the subfamily Cephalophinae: Evidence for a recent radiation in the Pleistocene|journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] |volume=12 |page=120 |year=2012 |last1=Johnston|first1=A. R.|last2=Anthony|first2=N. M. |issue=1 |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..120J |doi-access=free }}</ref> Fossils of ''[[Protragoceros]]'' and ''[[Sivoreas]]'' dating back to the late Miocene have been discovered not only in Asia and southern Europe but also in the [[Ngorora Formation]] ([[Kenya]]) and are thought to belong to the Boselaphini.<ref name="kostopoulus">{{cite journal|last1=Kostopoulus|first1=D. S.|title=The Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkas¸dag˘i, Turkey|journal=Geodiversitas|date=2005|volume=27|pages=747–791 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257306924}}</ref><ref name="benefit">{{cite journal |last1=Benefit|first1=B.R.|last2=Pickford|first2=M.|title=Miocene fossil cercopithecoids from Kenya|journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]|date=1986|volume=69|issue=4|pages=441–464 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330690404 |bibcode=1986AJPA...69..441B }}</ref> Other Miocene fossils of boselaphines discovered are of ''[[Eotragus]]'', ''[[Miotragocerus]]'' and ''[[Tragoportax]]''; fossils of ''Miotragoceros'' are not apparent in Africa (only ''M. cyrenaicus'' has been reported from the continent), but have significant presence in the [[Shiwalik Hills]] in India and Pakistan, as do several ''Tragoportax'' species. A 2005 study showed the migration of ''Miotragoceros'' to eastern Asia around eight million years ago.<ref name="zhang">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Z. |title=Late Miocene Boselaphini (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from Fugu, Shaanxi Province, China|journal=[[Vertebrata PalAsiatica]]|date=2005| volume=43|issue=3|pages=208–218 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262300595}}</ref> Alan W. Gentry of the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] reported the presence of another boselaphine, ''[[Mesembriportax]]'', from [[Langebaanweg]] ([[South Africa]]).<ref name="ak">{{cite book|last1=WoldeGabriel|first1=G.|editor1-last=Haile-Selassie|editor1-first=Y.|title=Ardipithecus Kadabba: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia|date=2009| publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley| isbn=978-0-520-25440-4 |pages=289–290}}</ref>

Remains of the nilgai dating back to the [[Pleistocene]] have been discovered from the [[Kurnool caves]] in southern India.<ref name="prasad">{{cite journal|last1=Prasad|first1=K.N.|title=Pleistocene cave fauna from peninsular India |url=https://caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V58/V58N1-Prasad.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Cave and Karst Studies]] |date=1996|volume=58|pages=30–34}}</ref> Evidence suggests that they were hunted by humans during the [[Mesolithic]] period (5,000 to 8,000 years ago).<ref name="murty">{{cite journal |last1=Murty |first1=M.L.K.|title=Ethnoarchaeology of the Kurnool cave areas, South India|journal=[[World Archaeology]]|date=2010|volume=17|issue=2|pages=192–205|doi=10.1080/00438243.1985.9979962}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Patnaik|first1=Rajeev|last2=Badam|first2=G. L.|last3=Murty|first3=M. L. K.|date=2008 |title=Additional vertebrate remains from one of the Late Pleistocene—Holocene Kurnool Caves (Muchchatla Chintamanu Gavi) of South India|journal=[[Quaternary International]]|series=Multiple Approaches to South Asian Paleoanthropology: A Tribute to Gudrun Corvinus|volume=192|issue=1|pages=43–51 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.018 |bibcode=2008QuInt.192...43P}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Nilgai at Ranthambore.jpg|thumb|Close view of a male nilgai showing the facial markings, throat patch, beard, and short horns]]
[[File:Boselaphus tragocamelus 05 MWNH 1497d.jpg|thumb|Skull of a nilgai]]
The nilgai is sturdy with a deep neck, a sloping back and thin legs; it has a short mane of hair behind and along the back ending behind the shoulder, a white patch on the throat, and around two white spots each on its face, ears, cheeks, lips, and chin.<ref name=wai/> The ears, tipped with black, are {{convert|15|-|18|cm|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=ms/> Along the dewlap ridge below the white throat patch, it has a column of coarse hair, known as the "pendant" which is around {{convert|13|cm|abbr=on}} long in males.<ref name=texas/> The tufted tail has a few white spots and is tipped with black.<ref name=wai/> It is up to {{convert|54|cm}} long; the forelegs are generally longer than the hindlegs,<ref name=clio>{{cite book |editor1-last=Eldredge |editor1-first=N.|title=Life on Earth: An Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution |date=2002 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California (US) |isbn=978-1-57607-286-8 |page=192}}</ref> and are often marked with white "socks".<ref name=ms/> While females and juveniles are orange to tawny, males are much darker and typically bluish grey. The [[ventral]] parts, the insides of the thighs, and the tail are all white.<ref name=clio/> A white stripe extends from the underbelly and broadens as it approaches the [[rump (animal)|rump]], forming a patch lined with dark hair.<ref name=texas/> Almost white, though not [[Albinism in biology|albino]], individuals have been observed in the [[Sariska National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=1987 |title=Unusual coloration of nilgai (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'') |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49081242 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=84 |page=203 |last1=Ranjitsinh |author-link=MK Ranjitsinh Jhala |first1=M. K.}}</ref> while individuals with white patches have been recorded at zoos.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smielowski, J. |year=1987 |title=Albinism in the Blue bull or Nilgai ''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' (Pallas, 1766) |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49081500 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=84 |pages=427–428}}</ref> The hairs, typically {{convert|23|-|28|cm}} long, are fragile and brittle.<ref>{{cite journal |last2=Sabnis |first2=J.H. |date=1981|title=Aids to the identification of artiodactylan hairs with general comments on hair structure |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48228823 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=78 |pages=299–302 |last1=Koppiker |first1=B.R.}}</ref> Males have thicker skin on their head and neck that protect them in fights.<ref name=wai/> The nilgai is not well-insulated with subcutaneous fat during winter, so severe cold might be fatal for the nilgai.<ref name=deal/> Males are horned, and the occasional female. The horns are {{convert|15|-|24|cm}} long but generally shorter than {{convert|30|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=wai/> Smooth and straight, these may point backward or forward.<ref name="lundeberg">{{cite book|last1=Lundeberg|first1=A.|last2=Seymour|first2=F.|title=The Great Roosevelt African Hunt and the Wild Animals of Africa |date=1910 |publisher=D. B. McCurdy|location=Chicago, US |isbn=978-5-519-33652-9|page=351}}</ref> The horns of the nilgai lack the ringed structure typical of those of other bovids.<ref name=mp>{{cite book |last1=Tiwari |first1=S. K. |title=National Parks of Madhya Pradesh: State of Bio Diversity and Human Infringement |date=1998 |publisher=APH Pub. Corporation |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-7024-950-4 |pages=110–112 |edition=First}}</ref>

The nilgai is the largest antelope in Asia.<ref name=wai>{{cite book |last1=Padhi |first1=S. |last2=Panigrahi |first2=G.K. |last3=Panda |first3=S. |title=The Wild Animals of India |date=2004 |publisher=Biotech Books |location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7622-106-1 |pages=26–27}}</ref><ref name=rafferty>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rafferty |editor1-first=J.P. |title=Grazers |date=2011 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publication |location=New York, US |isbn=978-1-61530-336-6|pages=83–84 |edition=First |url=https://archive.org/details/grazers0000raff/page/83}}</ref> It stands {{convert|1.0|-|1.5|m|abbr=on}} at the shoulder;<ref name=texas>{{cite book |last1=Schmidly |first1=D.J.|title=The Mammals of Texas |date=2004 |publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin, Texas (US) |isbn=978-1-4773-0886-8 |pages=283–284 |edition=Revised}}</ref> the head-and-body length is typically {{convert|1.7|-|2.1|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=wai/> Males weigh {{convert|109|-|288|kg|abbr=on}}; the maximum weight recorded is {{convert|308|kg|abbr=on}}. Females are lighter, weighing {{convert|100|-|213|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=texas/> [[Sexual dimorphism]] is prominent; the males are larger than females and differ in and colouration.<ref name=ms/>

The maximum recorded length of the skull is {{convert|376|mm|abbr=on}}. The [[dental formula]] is {{DentalFormula|upper=0.0.3.3|lower=3.1.3.3}}. The [[milk teeth]] are totally lost and the [[permanent dentition]] completed by three years of age. The permanent teeth get degraded with age, showing prominent signs of wear at six years of age. The nilgai has keen senses of vision and hearinng,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goetze|first1=J.R.|title=The Mammals of the Edwards Plateau, Texas|date=1998|publisher=Museum of Texas Tech University |location=Lubbock, Texas |isbn=978-0-9640188-7-7 |page=242}}</ref> though its sense of smell is not acute.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=C. E. |year=1936 |title= Rearing wild animals in captivity, and gestation periods |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=17 |issue= 1 | pages = 10–13 |jstor=1374541 |doi=10.2307/1374541}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:A nilgai female in Pilibhit Tiger Reserve, AJT Johnsingh. IMG 5875.JPG|thumb|A nilgai female in [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]], Uttar Pradesh]]
[[File:Nilgai in Blackbuck National Park 02.jpg|thumb|Nilgai prefer areas with low bushes.]]
The nilgai is [[endemic]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]; major populations occur in India, Nepal, and border areas of Pakistan.<ref name=iucn/>
Significant numbers occur in the [[Terai]] lowlands in the foothills of the [[Himalaya]]s; it is abundant across northern India.<ref name=mallon>{{cite book |last1=Mallon |first1=D.P. |last2=Kingswood |first2=S.C. |last3=East |first3=R. |title=Antelopes: global survey and regional action plans |date=1900 |publisher=IUCN |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0594-1 |page=189}}</ref> It prefers areas with short bushes and scattered trees in [[scrub forest]]s and grassy plains. They are common in agricultural lands, but hardly occur in dense woods. In southern Texas, it roams in the prairies, scrub forests and [[oak]] forests. It is a [[Generalist and specialist species|generalist]] animal; it can adapt to a variety of habitats.<ref name=ms/> Though sedentary and less dependent on water, nilgai may desert their territories if all water sources in and around it dry up.<ref name=sheffield/> Territories in Texas are {{Cvt|0.6|to|8.1|sqkm|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name=ms/>

The Indian population was estimated at one million in 2001.<ref name=iucn/>
The population in Bangladesh was thought to be extinct, but some individuals from India and Nepal have crossed the border into the northwest of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Another nilgai found in Naogaon |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/another-nilgai-found-naogaon-1723582 |access-date=2021-02-08|website=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Comeback on the cards for Asian antelope declared extinct in Bangladesh |author=Islam, R. |work=Mongabay |date=2024 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/03/comeback-on-the-cards-for-asian-antelope-declared-extinct-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref>

The nilgai were first introduced to Texas in 1924, by [[Caesar Kleberg]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=Caesar Kleberg: Pioneer of Wildlife Conservation and Ranching in Texas |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/kleberg-caesar |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> onto a {{cvt|6000|acre|ha|abbr=on}} ranch near the Norias Division of the [[King Ranch]], one of the largest ranches in the world. The feral population had a spurt toward the latter part of the 1940s, and gradually spread out to adjoining ranches.<ref name="teer">{{cite book |last1=Teer|first1=James G.|title=It's a Long Way from Llano: The Journey of a Wildlife Biologist|date=2008|publisher=Texas A & M University Press|location=College Station, Texas (US)|isbn=978-1-60344-068-4 |pages=98–104 |edition=First}}</ref>

[[File:Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) bull (19725141044).jpg|thumb|Nilgai search for new areas if they run out of water.]]
Population densities show great geographical variation across India. Density can be as low as 0.23 to 0.34 individuals per km2 in [[Indravati National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pandey|first1=R. K. |title=Habitat utilization and diurnal activity pattern in Indian wild buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'' Linn.) in Indravati Wildlife National Park, India: a study of habitat/animal interactions|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |date=1988 |volume=4|pages=269–280}}</ref> and 0.4 per km2 in the [[Pench Tiger Reserve]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Biswas|first1=S.|last2=Sankar|first2=K.|title=Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (''Panthera tigris tigris'') in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of Zoology |date=2002 |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=411–420 |doi=10.1017/S0952836902000456}}</ref> or as high as 6.6 to 11.36 per km2 in Ranthambhore National Park, and 7.0 individuals per km2 in [[Keoladeo National Park]].<ref name=bagchi2>{{cite journal |last1=Bagchi |first1=S. |last2=Goyal|first2=S.P.|last3=Sankar|first3=K.|title=Herbivore density and biomass in a semiarid tropical dry deciduous forest of western India |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |date=2004 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=475–478 |doi=10.1017/S026646740400166X |s2cid=84994405}}</ref> Seasonal variations were noted in [[Bardiya National Park]] in a 1980 study; the density 3.2 per km2 during the dry season and 5 per km2 in April, the start of the dry season.<ref name=dinerstein/> In southern Texas, densities were found to be 3–5 per km2 in 1976.<ref name=ms/>

Historic notes mention nilgai in southern India, but these may have been feral:<ref>{{cite book |title=Notes on Jerdon's Mammals of India |date=1871 |url=https://archive.org/stream/notesonjerdonsma00mcmarich#page/124/mode/2up |publisher=Higginbothams |location=Madras (Chennai), India |pages=124–125 |last1=McMaster|first1=A.C.}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I believe that the Coimbatore and Salem collectorates are almost the only places in Southern India, in which nil-gai are to be found. It is difficult to account for the animals being thus so widely divided from their usual haunts unless as has been generally supposed, these Southern specimens are the progeny of a semi-domesticated herd, which, at some by-gone period, had escaped from the preserve of a native potentate.|Andrew Cooke McMaster (''Notes on Jerdon's Mammals of India'', 1871)}}

==Behavior and ecology==
[[File:Nilgais (Boselaphus tragocamelus) bull and cows (19973574544).jpg|thumb|A herd of nilgai in [[Ranthambore National Park]], Rajasthan, India]]
[[File:Nilgai bull group, Umred Karhandla WLS AJTJ P1090895.jpg|thumb|A group of nilgai in [[Umred Pauni Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary]], Maharashtra]]
The nilgai is [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] (active mainly during the day). A 1991 study investigated the daily routine of the antelope and found feeding peaks at dawn, in the morning, in the afternoon, and during the evening.<ref name="oguya">{{cite journal|last1=Oguya|first1=B. R. O.|last2=Eltringham|first2=S. K.|title=Behaviour of nilgai (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'') antelope in captivity|journal=Journal of Zoology |date=1991 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=91–102|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04751.x}}</ref> Females and juveniles do not interact appreciably with males, except during the mating season. Groups are generally small, with 10 or fewer individuals, though groups of 20 to 70 individuals can occur at times.<ref name="texas" /> In a 1980 study in [[Bardiya National Park]], the average herd size was of three;<ref name="dinerstein">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=E. |title=An ecological survey of the Royal Karnali-Bardia Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Part II: Habitat/animal interactions|journal=Biological Conservation|date=1979|volume=16|issue=4|pages=265–300 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(79)90055-7 |bibcode=1979BCons..16..265D }}</ref> In a 1995 study in the [[Gir National Park]], herd membership varied with season.<ref name="khan">{{cite journal |last1=Khan|first1=J. A. |last2=Chellam |first2=R. |last3=Johnsingh |first3=A. J. T. |title=Group size and age-sex composition of three major ungulate species in Gir Lion Sanctuary, Gujarat, India |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |date=1995 |volume=92|issue=295–302}}</ref> However, three distinct groupings are formed: one or two females with young calves, three to six adult and yearling females with calves, and male groups with two to 18 members.<ref name="sankar" />
[[File:Nilgai running.jpg|thumb|A nilgai running]]
Typically tame, the nilgai may appear timid and cautious if harassed or alarmed; instead of seeking cover like [[duiker]]s it would flee up to {{convert|300|m}}-or even {{convert|700|m|ft}} on galloping-away from the danger.<ref name="sheffield">{{cite journal|last1=Sheffield |first1=W. J. |year=1983 |title=Food habits of nilgai antelope in Texas |journal=Journal of Range Management |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=316–322 |jstor=3898478 |doi=10.2307/3898478 |hdl=10150/645878 |s2cid=55180587 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Though generally quiet, nilgai have been reported to make short guttural grunts when alarmed, and females make clicking noises when nursing young.<ref name="sankar" /><ref name="Goldman1980">{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=J. E. |last2=Stevens|first2=V.J.|title=The birth and development of twin Nilgai ''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' at Washington Park Zoo, Portland |journal=International Zoo Yearbook|date=1980|volume=20|issue=1 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1980.tb00982.x}}</ref> Alarmed individuals, mainly juveniles below five months, give out a coughing roar (whose pitch is highest in case of the juveniles) that lasts half a second, but can be heard by herds less than {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} away and responded to similarly.<ref name="ms" />

Fights take place in both sexes and involve pushing their necks against each other or ramming into one another using horns. Fights can be gory; despite the protective skin deep, lacerated wounds and even deaths might occur.<ref name="ms" /> [[Display (zoology)|Display]] behaviour focuses on the throat patch and the beard, and threatening opponents by pointing the horns toward them. A young male was observed making a submissive display in the Sariska Reserve by kneeling before an adult male that stood erect.<ref name="sankar" /> Nilgai mark their territories by forming dung piles as much as {{convert|50|cm|abbr=on}} in radius. The defecation process is elaborate; the antelope stands with its legs about 1 m apart, with the rump lowered and the tail held almost vertical; it stays in the same posture for at least 10 seconds after relieving itself. The process is not as elaborate in the females as it is in the males.<ref name="sheffield" />

[[File:Nilgais fighting, Lakeshwari, Gwalior district, India.jpg|thumb|Sparring males]]
In India, the nilgai shares its habitat with the four-horned antelope, [[chinkara]], [[chital]], and [[blackbuck]]; its association with the [[gaur]] and the [[water buffalo]] is less common.<ref name=ms/> In [[Ranthambore National Park]], the nilgai and the chinkara collectively prefer the area rich in ''[[Acacia]]'' and ''[[Butea]]'' species, while the [[Sambar (deer)|sambar deer]] and the chital preferred the forests of ''[[Anogeissus]]'' and ''[[Grewia]]'' species.<ref name="bagchi">{{cite journal |last1=Bagchi |first1=S. |last2=Goyal |first2=S. P. |last3=Sankar |first3=K. |title=Niche relationships of an ungulate assemablage in a dry tropical forest |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=2003 |volume=84|issue=3|pages=981–988|doi=10.1644/BBa-024|doi-access=free}}</ref> In India, the [[Bengal tiger]] and [[Asiatic lion]] prey on the nilgai, but the latter is not a significant predator of this antelope.<ref name=bagchi/> [[Leopard]]s also prey on the nilgai, though they prefer smaller prey.<ref name="hayward">{{cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=M. W. |last2=Henschel |first2=P. |last3=O'Brien |first3=J. |last4=Hofmeyr |first4=M. |last5=Blame |first5=G.|last6=Kerley|first6=G. I. H.|title=Prey preferences of the leopard (''Panthera pardus'') |journal=Journal of Zoology|date=2006|volume=270|issue=2|pages=298–313 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x}}</ref> [[Dhole]]s generally attack juveniles.<ref name=ms/> Other predators includes the [[Indian wolf]]<ref name=Jethva2004>{{cite journal |last1=Jethva |first1=B.D. |last2=Jhala |author2-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |first2=Y. V. |year=2004 |title=Foraging ecology, economics and conservation of Indian wolves in the Bhal region of Gujarat, western India |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=351–357 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00218-0 |bibcode=2004BCons.116..351J }}</ref> and [[striped hyena]].<ref name=ms/>

===Diet===
The nilgai is a [[Browsing (herbivory)|browser]]<ref name=dinerstein/> or mixed feeder,<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Haque|first1=N.|title=Study on the ecology of wild ungulates of Keoladeo National Park Bharatpur, Rajasthan |type=PhD Thesis |location=Centre for Wildlife and Ornithology, Aligarh Muslim University |date=1990}}</ref> but primarily a grazer in Texas.<ref name=sheffield/> It prefers grasses and herbs, but also feeds on [[woody plant]]s in the dry tropical forests of India. Diets generally suffice in protein and fats.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan|first1=A. A.|title=A note on nutritive value of forages for nilgai|journal=Pakistan Journal of Forestry|date=1979|volume=29|issue=3|pages=199–202}}</ref> The protein content of the nilgai's should be at least seven percent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Priebe |first1=J. C. |last2=Brown|first2=R. D. |title=Protein requirements of subadult nilgai antelope|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A|date=1987|volume=88|issue=3|pages=495–501|doi=10.1016/0300-9629(87)90070-3|pmid=2892623}}</ref> The nilgai can survive for long periods without water and does not drink regularly even in summer.<ref name=ms/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prater|first1=S.H.|title=The Wild Animals of the Indian Empire and the problems of their preservation. Part 2.|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |date=1934|volume=37|pages=59–96 |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbomb37121934bomb#page/71/mode/1up/}}</ref>
[[File:Nilgai or blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) male and female from keoladeo national park JEG2996.jpg|thumb|A herd of nilgai grazing in [[Keoladeo National Park]], Rajasthan]]
[[File:Adult male nilgai browsing in trees outside Burla.jpg|thumb|Nilgai can reach for high branches.]]
In Sariska Reserve, it prefers herbs and grasses; grasses become more important in the rainy season, while during winter and summer it feeds additionally on ''[[Butea monosperma]]'' flowers, foliage of ''[[Anogeissus pendula]]'', ''[[Capparis sepiaria]]'', ''[[Grewia flavescens]]'' and ''[[Zizyphus mauritiana]]''), pods of ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'', ''[[Acacia catechu|A. catechu]]'' and [[Acacia leucophloea|A. leucophloea]], and fruits of ''Zizyphus mauritiana''.<ref name=sankar/> Preferred grass species include ''[[Cenchrus]]'' species, ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'', ''[[Desmostachya bipinnata]]'', ''[[Scirpus tuberosus]]'' and ''[[Vetiveria zizanoides]]''. Woody plants eaten include ''Acacia nilotica'', ''A. senegal'', ''A. leucophloea'', ''[[Clerodendrum phlomidis]]'', ''[[Crotalaria burhia]]'', ''[[Indigofera oblongifolia]]'', ''[[Morus alba]]'' and ''[[Zizyphus nummularia]]''; herbs favoured are ''[[Cocculus hirsutus]]'', ''[[Euphorbia hirta]]'' and ''[[Sida rhombifolia]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Solanki|first1=G. S. |last2=Naik |first2=R. M. |title=Grazing interactions between wild and domestic herbivores |journal=Small Ruminant Research |date=1998 |volume=27|issue=3|pages=231–235 |doi=10.1016/S0921-4488(97)00038-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirza |first1=Z. B. |last2=Khan |first2=M. A.|title=Study of distribution, habitat and food of nilgai ''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' in Punjab|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |date=1975 |volume=7 |pages=209–214}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=1992|title=Notes on the food habits of nilgai ''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48732563 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=89|pages=115–116|author1=Sankar, K. |author2=Vijayan, V. S.}}</ref> Seeds of ''[[Paspalum distichum]]'' occurred in the dung of nilgai most of the year; ''Acacia nilotica'' and ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'' seeds were discovered in the dry season and those of ''[[Echinochloa crusgalli]]'' during the monsoon.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Middleton| first1=B. A.| last2=Mason |first2=D. H. |year=1992 |title=Seed herbivory by nilgai, feral cattle, and wild boar in the Keoladeo National Park, India |journal=Biotropica |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=538–543 |jstor=2389017 |doi=10.2307/2389017| bibcode=1992Biotr..24..538M}}</ref>

===Reproduction===
[[File:Nilgai mating at Bandhavgarh National Park.jpg|thumb|Nilgai mating]]
[[File:Boselaphus tragocamelus-no watermark.jpg|thumb|A mother with her calves]]
Observations of females in southern Texas revealed that [[Ovary|ovaries]] are developed by two years of age and the first birth takes place typically a year later, though in a few cases females as young as one-and-a-half years may mate successfully.<ref name=texas/> Females can breed again around a year after parturition.<ref name=ms/> Males in the same location were found to have active [[Testis|testes]] by the age of three years, that [[sexual maturity|matured]] considerably by the next year.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Lochmiller| first1 = R.L. |last2=Sheffield |first2=W. J. | year=1989 |title=Reproductive traits of male nilgai antelope in Texas
|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=276–278 |jstor=3671738 |doi=10.2307/3671738 | bibcode = 1989SWNat..34..276L }}</ref> Males become sexually active at four or five years. Mating may occur throughout the year, with peaks of three to four months. The time of the year when these peaks occur varies geographically. In Texas, a peak is apparent from December to March.<ref name="deal">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=K. H. |title=Wildlife and natural resource management|date=2011|publisher=Delmar Cengage Learning|location=Clifton Park, New York |isbn=978-1-4354-5397-5|page=155|edition=3rd}}</ref> In [[Bharatpur National Park]], the breeding season is from October to February, peaking in November and December. Sariska reserve witnesses a similar peak in December and January.<ref name="sankar">{{cite journal |last1=Sankar |first1=K. |last2=Johnsingh |first2=A. J. T.|last3=Acharya|first3=B.|title=Blue bull or nilgai |journal=Envis Bulletin (Wildlife and Protected Areas): Ungulates of India |date=2004|volume=7|issue=1|pages=29–40 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230668415|issn=0972-088X}}</ref>
In the mating season, [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rutting]] males move about in search of females in [[oestrus]].<ref name=sankar/> Males become aggressive and fight among themselves for [[Dominance (ethology)|dominance]]. These fights are characterised by displays of the enlarged chest, the throat patch and the beard while holding the head upright; and threatening the opponent by running with the horns pointed toward him and circling him.<ref name=sheffield/><ref name="cowan">{{cite journal|last1=Cowan|first1=I. McT. |last2=Geist |first2=V. |title=Aggressive behavior in deer of the genus ''Odocoileus''|journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=1961|volume=42|issue=4|pages=522–526|doi=10.2307/1377372|jstor=1377372}}</ref> The victorious bull would protect the vicinity of the targeted female from other males. The courtship typically lasts for 45 minutes. The male, stiff and composed, approaches the receptive female, who keeps her head low to the ground and may slowly walk forward. The male licks her genitalia, upon which the female holds her tail to a side and the male gives out a [[flehmen response]]. Finally, the male pushes his chest against her rump, and mounts her.<ref name=sheffield/>

Gestation lasts eight to nine months, following which a single calf or twins (even triplets at times) are born. In a 2004 study in the Sariska reserve, twins accounted for as high as 80 percent of the total calf population.<ref name=sankar/> Births peak from June to October in the Bharatpur National Park, and from April to August in southern Texas. Calves are precocial; they are able to stand within 40 minutes of birth, and forage by the fourth week.<ref name=wai/> Pregnant females isolate themselves before giving birth. As typical of several bovid species, nilgai calves are kept in hiding for the first few weeks of their lives. This period of concealment can last as long as a month in Texas.<ref name=sheffield/> Calves, mainly males, bicker playfully by neck-fighting.<ref name="oguya"/> Young males would leave their mothers at ten months to join bachelor groups.<ref name=clio/> The lifespan of the nilgai is typically ten years in Texas.<ref name=texas/>

==Threats and conservation==
The nilgai is listed as [[least concern]] on the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]'s [[Red List]],<ref name=iucn/> and on [[CITES#Appendix III|Appendix III]] of [[CITES]].<ref name=CITES/> While it is common in India, the nilgai occurs sparsely in Nepal and Pakistan.<ref name=mallon/> The major reasons behind its decimation in these two countries are rampant hunting, deforestation and habitat degradation in the 20th century. As of 2008, the feral population in Texas was nearly 37,000.<ref name=iucn/> Wild populations also exist in the US states of [[Alabama]], [[Florida]] and [[Mississippi]] and the Mexican state of [[Tamaulipas]], where they have escaped from private exotic ranches.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} The population around the Texas-Mexico border is estimated to be around 30,000 (as of 2011).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cárdenas-Canales|first1=E.M.|last2=Ortega-Santos|first2=J.A.|last3=Campbell|first3=T.A.|last4=García-Vázquez|first4=Z.|last5=Cantú-Covarrubias|first5=A.|last6=Figueroa-Millán|first6=J.V.|last7=DeYoung|first7=R.W.|last8=Hewitt|first8=D.G.|last9=Bryant|first9=F.C.|title=Nilgai antelope in northern Mexico as a Possible Carrier for Cattle Fever Ticks and Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina|journal=[[Journal of Wildlife Diseases]]|date=2011|volume=47|issue=3|pages=777–9|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-47.3.777|pmid=21719852|s2cid=41500720|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/publications/11pubs/campbell114.pdf|access-date=2011-07-17|archive-date=2011-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106093424/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/publications/11pubs/campbell114.pdf}}</ref>

In India, the nilgai is protected under Schedule III of the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Environment ministry may allow hunting of 'nuisance' wild animals|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment-ministry-may-allow-hunting-of-nuisance-wild-animals-50140|access-date=11 March 2016|work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|date=11 June 2015}}</ref> Major protected areas for the nilgai across India include: Gir National Park (Gujarat); Bandhavgarh National Park, [[Bori Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kanha National Park]], [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]], [[Panna Tiger Reserve]], [[Pench Tiger Reserve]], [[Sanjay National Park]], [[Satpura National Park]] (Madhya Pradesh); [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project#Tadoba Andhari Reserve|Tadoba Andhari Reserve]] ([[Maharashtra]]); [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Sultanpur National Park]] in Gurgaon, [[Ranthambore National Park]] and [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] (Rajasthan).<ref name="belsare">{{cite book|last1=Belsare|first1=D.K.|title=Vanishing Roar of Bengal Tigers|date=2011|publisher=[[RoseDog Books]]|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (US)|isbn=978-1-4349-8509-5|pages=17–29}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
[[File:Nilgai, Lakeshwari, Gwalior district, India.jpg|thumb|Tamed nilgai in Gwalior district]]
Nilgai remains have been excavated at [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] in [[West Bengal]], suggesting that it was domesticated or hunted in [[eastern India]] in the [[Neolithic]] period (6500–1400 BCE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma|first1=R.S.|title=Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India |date=2007|publisher=Macmillan India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-230-63380-3 |page=129 |edition=Second}}</ref> and during the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (3300–1700 BCE).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J.P.|last2=Adams|first2=D.Q.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|date=1997|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|location=London|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5 |page=256 |edition=First}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=2011|title=Faunal Remains from Shikarpur, a Harappan Site in Gujarat, India|journal=Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies |volume=1|pages=16–25|author1=Joglekar, P. P. |author2=Goyal, P.j}}</ref> There is a reference to the nilgai in the ''[[Aitareya Brahmana]]'' (a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious text dated 500–1000 BCE), where one of the [[Prajapati]]s is said to have assumed the form of a nilgai:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parpola|first1=A.|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-022692-3 |page=247}}</ref>

[[File:Nilgai (blue bull).jpg|thumb|Nilgai illustrated by [[Ustad Mansur]] for [[Jahangir]] (1605–27), c. 1620]]
The nilgai is extensively featured in paintings, dagger hilts and texts from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=C.|editor1-last=Ekhtiar|editor1-first=M. |title=Art of the Islamic World: A Resource for Educators|date=2013|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York, US |isbn=978-0-300-19181-3|page=158}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=D.|title=The Pacific Islands, Africa, and the Americas|date=1987|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York, US|isbn=978-0-87099-461-6 |page=145}}</ref> its representation, however, is less frequent than that of horses and camels.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alexander|first1=D.|last2=Pyhrr|first2=S.W. |last3=Kwiatkowski|first3=W.|title=Islamic Arms and Armor: in The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=2015|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York, US |isbn=978-1-58839-570-2|page=212}}</ref> On being disturbed while hunting nilgai, the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] recorded his ire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eraly|first1=A. |title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age|date=2007|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-0-14-310262-5 |page=259}}</ref>

For centuries Indian villagers have associated the nilgai with the [[cow]], a sacred animal revered by [[Hindu]]s, and the name ("gai" means "cow" in Hindi) indicates the similarity they saw with the cow.<ref name=clio/><ref name="lewis">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=M.|title=Inventing Global Ecology: Tracking the Biodiversity Ideal in India, 1945–1997|date=2003 |publisher=Orient Longman|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-250-2377-7 |page=286}}</ref> The nilgai is rarely consumed by Hindus due to its religious significance. Tribes such as the [[Bishnoi]]s traditionally take care of wild animals like the nilgai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/This-vet-treats-700-wild-patients-a-year/articleshow/51228019.cms|title=This vet treats 700 wild patients a year! |date=2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Thomas|first1=R.|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> The nilgai was not widely hunted until the 20th century, when habitat degradation and poaching became rampant.<ref name="mc">{{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=M.|title=Wildlife and Plants: Volume 12|date=2007|publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=New York, US|isbn=978-0-7614-7705-1|pages=718–9|edition=3rd}}</ref> The meat of nilgai is said to be lighter and milder flavoured than [[blackbuck]] meat.<ref name=lundeberg/><ref>{{cite book|title=Field Guide to Meat: How to Identify, Select and Prepare Virtually Every Meat, Poultry and Game Cut |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomeat0000gree|url-access=registration|date=2005 |publisher=Quirk Books |isbn=978-1-59474-017-6|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|page=264 |last1=Green|first1=A.}}</ref>

===Culling and conservation===
The populations of nilgai in India are so large that farmers in the states of [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] have pleaded to the government to cull them. Nilgai herds raid and trample crop fields across these states,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=S. K. |last2=Rajpurohit|first2=L.S.|title=Nilgai, ''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' – a mammalian crop pest around Jodhpur|journal=Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology |date=2000 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=55–59}}</ref> often causing food shortages.<ref name="et"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dabas|first1=H.|title=As Nilgai destroy fields, cane farmers urged to grow pulses|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/As-Nilgai-destroy-fields-cane-farmers-urged-to-grow-pulses/articleshow/49587588.cms|access-date=9 March 2016|work=The Times of India |date=2015}}</ref>
Farmers use live electric wires to guard their farms, which kills other animals as well.<ref name="lenin">{{cite news|last1=Lenin|first1=J.|title=India: Changing the nilgai's name as a management strategy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/india-untamed/2014/dec/27/changing-nilgais-name-management-strategy|access-date=9 March 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2014}}</ref> Farmers in [[Neemuch]] (Madhya Pradesh) went on a hunger strike in 2015 demanding compensation for the damage caused by nilgai.<ref>{{cite news|author=Times News Network|title=Nilgai menace drives Neemuch farmers to edge|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Nilgai-menace-drives-Neemuch-farmers-to-edge/articleshow/50254024.cms|access-date=9 March 2016|work=The Times of India|date=2015}}</ref> Although blackbuck cause a similar problem, the damage caused by them is significantly lower as they merely break off young shoots.<ref name=chauhan>{{cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=N.P.S. |last2=Singh |first2=R.|title=Crop damage by overabundant populations of nilgai and blackbuck in Haryana (India) and its management (Paper 13)|journal=Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990 |date=1990 |pages=218–220|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=vpc14}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=N.P.S. |last2=Sawarka r|first2=V.B. |title=Problems of over-abundant populations of 'Nilgai' and 'Blackbuck' in Haryana and Madhya Pradesh and their management|journal=The Indian Forester|date=1989|volume=115|issue=7}}</ref> In 1990, it was suggested that [[culling]], building enclosures for the antelopes and fencing off agricultural areas as remedies.<ref name=chauhan/>

The governments of [[Government of Bihar|Bihar]],<ref name=et/> [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=D.|title=Maharashtra government wants nilgai, wild boar to be declared vermin |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-government-wants-nilgai-wild-boar-to-be-declared-vermin-2180592|access-date=10 March 2016|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=2016}}</ref> and [[Government of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma |first1=S. |title=U'khand asks MoEF to declare wild boar, nilgai vermin|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Ukhand-asks-MoEF-to-declare-wild-boar-nilgai-vermin/articleshow/48300138.cms|access-date=9 March 2016|work=The Times of India|date=2015}}</ref> have urged the [[Government of India]] to declare the nilgai as [[vermin]]; the proposal has been implemented in Bihar, where nilgai can now be hunted to minimise the damages incurred by locals.<ref name="et">{{cite news|last1=Vishnoi|first1=A.|title=Centre allows Bihar to cull Nilgai herds and wild pigs; declares them 'vermin'|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-15/news/69061867_1_environment-ministry-blue-bull-bihar-government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143854/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-15/news/69061867_1_environment-ministry-blue-bull-bihar-government|archive-date=March 10, 2016|access-date=10 March 2016|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2015}}</ref> The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] has given farmers and firearm licence holders the right to cull the animals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Akhef|first1=M.|title=Govt allows culling of nilgai, wild boar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/Govt-allows-culling-of-nilgai-wild-boar/articleshow/48274780.cms|access-date=9 March 2016|work=The Times of India|date=2015}}</ref> However, animal rights activists in various parts of India were unhappy with the decision.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh |first1=V.A.|title=Animal rights groups unhappy with government's decision to declare nilgai as vermin|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-animal-rights-groups-unhappy-with-government-s-decision-to-declare-nilgai-as-vermin-2182775|access-date=10 March 2016|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=2016}}</ref> Shivanshu K. Srivastava, a [[columnist]] and [[Activism|social activist]], wrote that "The culling of nilgais (blue bulls) in Bihar in July 2016 was so deplorable that it doesn't need any justification. The excuse given for this slew by the State government, the then environment minister Prakash Javadekar and the judiciary is so illogical that it mocks all the solutions available to stop the nilgais from destroying the farms. We live in the 21st century and culling is only the very last option we have. The farmers can either opt for fencing around the farmlands or if it's unaffordable, then the government can give ordinances to relocate them to the forests."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metroindia.com/news/article/27/08/2016/animals-ought-to-have-fundamental-rights/35790|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831073546/http://www.metroindia.com/news/article/27/08/2016/animals-ought-to-have-fundamental-rights/35790|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 31, 2016|title=Animals ought to have fundamental rights |website=Metroindia |access-date=2017-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=30459|title=Animals, too, have the right to live|website=www.observerbd.com|access-date=2017-03-02|archive-date=2017-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042956/http://www.observerbd.com/details.php?id=30459|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state governments have attempted other initiatives to curb the nilgai: in November 2015, the [[Government of Rajasthan]] came up with a proposal to allow shooting nilgai with non-lethal darts to inhibit [[fertilisation]] in their bodies, so as to regulate their increasing populations.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mazoomdaar|first1=J.|title=A new sport in Rajasthan: Shoot and save the nilgai|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/a-new-sport-in-rajasthan-shoot-and-save-the-nilgai/|access-date=9 March 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2015}}</ref> As the name "nilgai" appeals to the religious sentiments of Hindus, the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] has sought to officially rename it {{lang|hi|rojad}} (Hindi for "forest antelope") and the Government of Haryana to rename it as ''roze'' in a bid to make their culling acceptable.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghatwai|first1=M.|title=To save crops and legitimise killing nilgai, Madhya Pradesh renames it to 'rojad' in rulebooks|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/to-save-crops-and-kill-nilgai-madhya-pradesh-renames-it-to-rojad-in-rulebooks/|access-date=10 March 2016|work=The Indian Express |date=2016}}</ref>
in 1994, it becamer known that the nilgai's faeces contains nearly 1.6 percent nitrogen, which could enhance the quality of the soil up to a depth of {{convert|30|cm}}. Seeds in the droppings could easily germinate and assist in afforestation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Prajapati|first1=M.C.|last2=Singh|first2=S.|title=A beneficial aspect of nilgai (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'') in scientifically utilised ravines – an observation|journal=The Indian Forester |date=1994 |volume=120|issue=10}}</ref>

In September 2019, a video surfaced of a nilgai being buried alive with an excavator in Bihar as part of the culling. The state forest department has claimed to have begun an investigation to find those responsible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/neelgai-buried-alive-in-vaishali-district-of-bihar-mc23-nu-1032980-1.html|title=Brutal pictures surfaced from Bihar, Nilgai was buried alive|website=News Track |date=2019 |access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Boselaphus tragocamelus}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Boselaphus tragocamelus}}

{{Artiodactyla|R.4}}
{{portalbar|Mammals|Animals|Biology|India}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q200444}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Boselaphini]]
[[Category:Fauna of South Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1766]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas]]

Beas Conservation Reserve

2026-01-25T16:22:08Z

FallonMansom317:

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{coord|31|23|N|75|11|E|display=title}}
The '''Beas Conservation Reserve''' covers an 185 km stretch of the river [[Beas]]. The area of the Reserve lies primarily in north-west [[Punjab]]. It was declared a conservation reserve by the government of Punjab, [[India]] in 2017. The Beas flows down meandering from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills to Harike Headworks, where it spreads into multiple channels. The braided channels form islands and sand bars creating a complex environment that supports rich biodiversity. In September 2019, the reserve was declared a Ramsar site under the aegis of the 1971 [[Ramsar Convention]] on Wetlands of International Importance.<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Beas Conservation Reserve|date=1 February 2020|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2408|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{Cite web|title=Lease of life: The 185-km long Beas Conservation Reserve is helping protect many endangered aquatic species|date=23 February 2020|author=Indulekha Aravind|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lease-of-life-the-185-km-long-beas-conservation-reserve-is-helping-protect-many-endangered-aquatic-species/articleshow/74260960.cms |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
Beas Conservation Reserve hosts more than 500 species of birds and over 90 species of fish.<ref name="beas ref1">{{cite news |last1=Aravind |first1=Indulekha |title=Lease of life: The 185-km long Beas Conservation Reserve is helping protect many endangered aquatic species |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lease-of-life-the-185-km-long-beas-conservation-reserve-is-helping-protect-many-endangered-aquatic-species/articleshow/74260960.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=The Economic Times|date=23 February 2020}}</ref> It is the only location to host the endangered [[Indus river dolphin]] (''Platanista gangetica minor''), once thought to be lost from the country.<ref name = RSIS/> It is a functionally blind mammal that performs underwater navigation and hunting activities through echolocation.<ref name = ET/>
Other threatened species which are found in the reserve include the endangered masheer (''Tor putitora''), the hog deer (''Axis porcinus''), the [[fishing cat]], and the vulnerable [[smooth-coated otter]] (''Lutrogale perspicillata'').<ref name = RSIS/>
A 2017 programme reintroduced 47 long-snouted gharials (''Gavialis gangeticus'') to the Beas, 30 years after they had disappeared. The presence of the Indus river dolphin and the [[gharial]], led the area to be declared a [[conservation reserve]].<ref name = ET/>

==Environmental concerns==
[[Urban area|Urban]] as well as domestic pollution has threatened the [[ecosystem]] of the reserve. Agriculture along the river's course also stands as a major factor. The river itself is fragmented by [[dams]], barrages and [[canals]], disrupting water flow into the ecosystem.<ref name = RSIS/><ref name = ET/>

==Research==
Peer-reviewed geospatial research published in 2025 examined human–wildlife interactions around the Beas Conservation Reserve using landscape metrics and spatial modelling.

<ref>{{cite web
|last1=Sood |first1=Navdeep
|last2=Kumar |first2=Rohan
|last3=Sharma |first3=Swati
|title=Identification of human–wildlife interaction hotspots near riparian reserves: A case study of Beas Conservation Reserve, a Ramsar site
|url=https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/124459/records/6878e9135d9ad5f58d6068a6
|work=Ecology, Conservation, SDG
|year=2025
|doi=10.36953/ECJ.29132919
|access-date=26 January 2026
}}</ref>

==Measures taken==
The Department of Forests and Wildlife Preservation, Punjab, conduct the scientific management of the [[wetland]].<ref name = RSIS/>
Since the declaration of the area as a conservation reserve, it is being protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act. Commercial fishing as well as netting have been banned within the reserve area, and experts have noted that indiscriminate fishing has been significantly reduced.<ref name = ET/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Protected areas of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Gheghiya

2026-01-21T08:29:13Z

FallonMansom317: Starting a stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gheghiya
| other_name = Gheghia
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.17054|N|83.64091|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/10509697/gheghia.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Gheghia''|accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.50
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 81
| population_total = 1557<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Gheghiya''' (also spelled '''Gheghia''') is a village in [[Mohania]] block of [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. As of 2011, its population was 1,557, in 238 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Kaimur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=344–423|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kaimur district]]

{{Kaimur-geo-stub}}

Satluj Valley

2026-01-16T15:27:05Z

FallonMansom317: added details after review and added references to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{One source|date=January 2026}}

[[File:Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca. 1857.jpg|thumb|Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca. 1857]]

'''Satluj Valley'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Anuradha GoyalAnuradha |title=Satluj Valley |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/himachal-pradesh/travel-guide/satluj-valley/is49505096.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref> (alternative spelling ''Sutlej'') is a [[valley]] in the [[Kinnaur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. [[Sutlej]] river runs through it.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|31.345|77.453|display=title}}

[[Category:Valleys of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Kinnaur district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Vibhut Shah

2026-01-11T00:57:15Z

FallonMansom317: added info!

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1933)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vibhut Shah
| image = Vibhut Shah at the Gujarat High Court.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|06|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nadiad]], British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Novelist, playwright, short story writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]], [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
| period =
| genre = Romantic fiction
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| years_active = 1968–2012
| awards =
| signature = Vibhut shah autograph.jpg
| signature_alt =
| website = 
}}

'''Vibhut Shah''' (born 23 June 1933) is an Indian contemporary [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] novelist, playwright, and short story writer.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |last=Lal |first=Mohan |page=4042 |year=1992 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=9788126012213 }}</ref>

== Early life ==

Vibhut Shah was born on 23 June 1933 in [[Nadiad]] (now in [[Kheda district|Kheda district, Gujarat]], India).<ref name="AGSI">{{cite book |title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era) |last=Brahmabhatt |first=Prasad |publisher=Parshwa Publication |location=Ahmedabad |year=2010 |pages=231–234 |language=gu |isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref> His father, Champaklal, was a lawyer. He was the second of three siblings, with an elder brother, Navin, and a younger sister, Asha. His father died in 1946.

Shah completed his primary education in Nadiad and his secondary education in [[Kheda]]. He earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in English and Gujarati in 1956 from L. D. Arts College, affiliated with [[Gujarat University]], [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="AGSI" /> He later obtained a [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] degree and a diploma in [[Library and information science|Library Science]] in 1963 from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].

In 1957, Shah moved to [[Jamnagar]] and joined M. P. Shah Medical College as a librarian, where he worked until 1965.<ref name="AGSI" /> He subsequently served as Chief Librarian at the [[Gujarat High Court]] from 1966 until his retirement, completing a total of twenty-six years of service at the institution.<ref name="AGSI" />

Shah began writing in the mid-1960s and has since published several collections of short stories, one-act plays, and novels. He received eleven literary awards from various institutions, primarily government bodies. He was also active in the Gujarati theatre movement and wrote radio plays. His notable works include ''Asangati'', ''Ambiya-Bahar'', ''Kartak Kare Shringar'', and ''Angaar–Ashlesh''.

== Literary career ==

=== 1959–1968 ===

During his Bachelor of Arts studies, Shah was influenced by [[Niranjan Bhagat]] and S. R. Bhatt, who encouraged his interest in contemporary literature. He wrote his first short story, ''Dhummas Ni Shristi'', in 1959, which was published in the magazine ''Yuvak'' in 1960. Between 1960 and 1963, he wrote several short stories, some of which appeared in the magazine ''Kumar'' and the newspaper ''Sandesh''. His writing activity slowed when he moved to [[Vadodara]] from 1962 to 1963 to pursue studies in Library Science at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].

Shah resumed writing between 1966 and 1968, producing short stories that were later published in magazines such as ''Navneet Samarpan'', ''Kruti'', ''Srirang'', and ''Ruchi''. While studying law at a law college in [[Jamnagar]], he wrote his first radio play, ''Pratishodh'', in 1965 for a Best Radio Play competition organised by Ahmedabad's radio station, ''Akashvani''. The play was well received, following which he wrote approximately one hundred radio plays over the years, many of which were regularly broadcast.

=== 1968–1987 ===

Shah's first short story collection, ''Tekariyo Par Vasant Bethi Chhe'', was published in 1968 and received favourable critical response, establishing his presence in Gujarati literature. In 1969, the book received the second prize for Best Book of the Year from the Government of Gujarat. His first collection of one-act plays, ''Laal Piro Ane Vadari'', was published in 1970 and won the Best One-act Plays Collection of the Year award from the Government of Gujarat. The book was later included in the Bachelor of Arts curriculum at [[Saurashtra University]] in 1972.

Following this, Shah published his second one-act play collection, ''Shanti Na Pakshi'', in 1974, which received the same award in 1975. In 1979, his three-act play ''Bheena Bheena Dankh'' was staged for twenty performances in Ahmedabad. The production was mounted by Natyadeep, an institute founded by Shah to promote Gujarati theatre.

=== 1988–2012 ===

After gaining recognition for his short stories and one-act plays, Shah turned to writing novels. His first novel, ''Asangati'', written during 1987–1988, was published to critical and popular acclaim and won the Best Novel of the Year award from the [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] in 1989. Between 1989 and 2005, he wrote several novels that further established his reputation as a contemporary Gujarati novelist. These include ''Saptaparna'' (1989), ''Amavasya'' (1990), ''Sambhavami'' (1992), ''Agnimegh'' (1993), ''Ambiya-Bahar'' (1995), ''Kartak Kare Shringar'' (2001), ''Angar–Ashlesh'' (2003), and ''Na Sur Na Sargam'' (2005).

During this period, Shah also published two collections of one-act plays, ''Mamuni Na Shyam Gulab'' (1990) and ''Nat Kedar'' (1992), as well as two short story collections, ''Flower Vase'' (1988) and ''Kunjar'' (1994). ''Flower Vase'' received the Best Short Story Collection award from the Gujarat Sahitya Akademi in 1989, while ''Mamuni Na Shyam Gulab'' was awarded the second prize of the Shri Batubhai Umarvadia Award for Best One-act Play in 1992.

After a prolonged interval, Shah published his final short story collection, ''Shesh Kathachakra'', in April 2012.

== Awards ==
Vibhut Shah received several literary awards during his writing career.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No !! Year !! Title !! Award !! Institution
|-
| 1 || 1969 || ''Tekariyo Par Vasant Bethi Chhe''|| Second prize – Best Book of the Year || Government of Gujarat, India
|-
| 2 || 1971 || ''Laal Piro Ane Vadari''|| First prize – Best One-act Plays Collection || Government of Gujarat, India
|-
| 3 || 1972 || ''Hoo Be''|| Dr Jayant Khatri Award for Best Gujarati Short Story (published between 1966 and 1968) || Dr Jayant Khatri Memorial Committee, Mandvi, Kutch
|-
| 4 || 1972 || ''Aatla Varsho Pachhi Pan''|| Shri Vaju Kotak Award for Best Short Story || ''Chitralekha'' magazine
|-
| 5 || 1975 || ''Shanti Na Pakshi''|| First prize – Best One-act Plays Collection || Government of Gujarat, India
|-
| 6 || 1978 || ''Bandish''|| First prize – Best Short Story Collection || Government of Gujarat, India
|-
| 7 || 1978 || ''Chandra No Dagh''|| Shri Prithviraj Kapoor Award for Best Play || Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
|-
| 8 || 1989 || ''Flower Vase''|| First prize – Best Short Story Collection || [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]
|-
| 9 || 1989 || ''Asangati''|| First prize – Best Novel of the Year || Gujarat Sahitya Akadami
|-
| 10 || 1992 || ''Mamuni Na Shyam Gulab''|| Second prize – Shri Batubhai Umarvadia Award for Best One-act Play || [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
|-
| 11 || 1993 || ''Vahala Pappa''|| First prize – Best Humorous Play, [[All India Radio]] Competition || Government of India
|}

== Major works acknowledged in other forms of media and arts ==

=== Novels published in Gujarati newspapers ===

During his active literary career, several of Shah's novels were serialised in the Sunday editions of leading Gujarati newspapers, which contributed to his wider recognition among Gujarati readers. His first novel to be published in a newspaper was ''Saptaparna'' in 1989, after Hasmukh Gandhi, then editor-in-chief of the newspaper ''Samakalin'', sought Shah's consent to publish it in the paper's Sunday edition. The novel was also published simultaneously in ''Jansatta'' and received a positive response from readers.

Following the reception of ''Saptaparna'', the same newspapers published another of his novels, ''Sambhavami'', in 1992. Subsequently, several of his novels appeared in major Gujarati newspapers, including [[Gujarat Samachar]], ''Sandesh'', ''Jansatta'', and [[Bombay Samachar|Mumbai Samachar]]. These included ''Ambiya-Bahar'' in ''Sandesh'' (1994), ''Kartak Kare Shringar'' in ''Jansatta'' (1998–1999), ''Angar–Ashlesh'' in ''Gujarat Samachar'' (2003), and ''Na Sur Na Sargam'' in ''Mumbai Samachar'' (2004–2005).

=== Inclusion in study courses ===

Shah's first collection of one-act plays, ''Laal Piro Ane Vadari'', was included in the Bachelor of Arts curriculum at [[Saurashtra University]] in 1972. In 1993, his radio play ''Fakt Pandar Minute'' (Only Fifteen Minutes), written for [[All India Radio|Akashvani]], was included as part of the Class X Gujarati language syllabus by the [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board|Gujarat Secondary Education Board]] (GSEB), Gandhinagar. The work remained in the curriculum for twelve years.

=== Plays and adaptations ===

In 1978, a [[Television film|telefilm]] based on Shah's first radio play, ''Pratishodh'', was produced and later telecast on Ahmedabad Doordarshan. Another three-act play written by Shah, ''Jambli Rang Ni Kanya'' (Purple-Coloured Girl), was staged in Ahmedabad in 1998 by the theatre group Rangbahar.

The National Institute for the Visually Handicapped, Mumbai, produced an audio cassette set of his novel ''Amavasya'' for visually impaired readers during 2004–2005. In July 2008, Shah's short story ''Manasnu Maun'' (The Face of a Man) was selected by Suresh Dalal for inclusion in the anthology ''Varta-Viswa'', published in August 2010.

=== Other contributions to Gujarati literature ===

During his active years, Shah served on the judging panel of one-act play competitions organised by the INT drama institute of Mumbai, in association with the Gujarati newspaper ''Gujarat Samachar''. These competitions featured amateur artists from colleges across Gujarat. Shah also wrote critical reviews of these competitions for ''Gujarat Samachar'' between 1989 and 2006.

== Bibliography ==
The following is a list of Vibhut Shah's published works:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! English translation !! Year !! Type
|-
| 1 || ''Tekariyo Par Vasant Bethi Chhe'' || The Spring on the Hills || 1968 || Short story collection
|-
| 2 || ''Laal Piro Ane Vadari'' || Red, Yellow, and Blue || 1970 || One-act play collection
|-
| 3 || ''Shanti Na Pakshi'' || Birds of Peace || 1974 || One-act play collection
|-
| 4 || ''Bandish'' || Composition || 1977 || Short story collection
|-
| 5 || ''Flower Vase'' || Flower Vase || 1988 || Short story collection
|-
| 6 || ''Asangati'' || Inconsistencies || 1988 || Novel
|-
| 7 || ''Saptaparna'' || Seven Leaves || 1989 || Novel
|-
| 8 || ''Mamuni Na Shyam Gulab'' || Black Roses of Mamuni || 1990 || One-act play collection
|-
| 9 || ''Amavasya'' || The Last Day of the Lunar Month || 1990 || Novel
|-
| 10 || ''Sambhavami'' || I Exist || 1992 || Novel
|-
| 11 || ''Nat Kedar'' || A Musical Note in Indian Classical Music || 1992 || One-act play collection
|-
| 12 || ''Agnimegh'' || A Bright Cloud in an Overcast Sky || 1993 || Novel
|-
| 13 || ''Kunjar'' || Green Foliage of the Grove || 1994 || Short story collection
|-
| 14 || ''Ambiya-Bahar'' || A Second Spring in a Mango Grove || 1995 || Novel
|-
| 15 || ''Kartak Kare Shringar'' || A Love Play of the Lunar Month Kartak || 2001 || Novel
|-
| 16 || ''Angar–Ashlesh'' || The Embrace of Fire || 2003 || Novel
|-
| 17 || ''Na Sur Na Sargam'' || Neither a Melody nor a Musical Composition || 2005 || Novel
|-
| 18 || ''Shesh Kathachakra'' || The Unfinished Circle of Stories || 2012 || Short story collection
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Vibhut}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century librarians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century librarians]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian librarians]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fiction writers]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Jamnagar]]
[[Category:People from Nadiad]]
[[Category:Radio writers]]
[[Category:Romantic fiction novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]

Seemanthini (1936 film)

2026-01-10T00:31:39Z

FallonMansom317: added a entry!

{{short description|1936 film by Ellis R. Dungan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seemanthini
| image = Seemanthini.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ellis R. Dungan]]
| writer =
| starring = T. P. Rajalakshmi M. R. Krishnamoorthi T. P. Rajagopal M. S. Ramachandra Iyer M. D. Rajam Parvathi Rukmani
| producer = National Movie Tone
| music = Trichy T. V. Nataraja Chariyar
| cinematography = Jiten Banerjee
| released = {{Film date|1936|09|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 165 min. (15000 Feet)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Seemanthini''''' is a 1936 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film by American film director [[Ellis R. Dungan]] and starring [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]]. It was Dungan's third film as director.<ref name="willemen">{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOZkAAAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=British Film Institute |year=1994 |isbn=0-85170-455-7 |pages=88 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen}}</ref><ref name="willemen2">{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOZkAAAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=British Film Institute |year=1994 |isbn=0-85170-455-7 |pages=171}}</ref><ref name="narayanan">{{Cite book |last=Arandhai Narayanan |title=Arambakala Tamil Cinema (1931–41) |publisher=Vijaya Publications |year=2008 |location=Chennai |pages=39 |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="anandan">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru |publisher=Sivagami Publications |year=2004 |location=Chennai |pages=28:7 |language=ta |author-link=Film News Anandan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-10-08 |title=Blast from the past: Seemanthani (1938) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-seemanthani-1938/article2520597.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0215168}}

{{Ellis R. Dungan}}

[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1936 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ellis R. Dungan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{1930s-Tamil-film-stub}}

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India

2025-11-30T02:08:17Z

FallonMansom317: revised

{{short description|LDS Church in India}}
{{Infobox LDS in Country|
|name = The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India
|icon=Flag of India.svg
|image = Bangalore Mormon Temple.jpg
|caption = The [[Bengaluru India Temple]] under construction
|area=[[Area (LDS Church)#Asia|Asia]]
|membership=15,454 (2024)<ref name=newsroom>{{citation |url= https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/india |title= Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: India |work= Newsroom |publisher= LDS Church |accessdate=4 June 2023}}</ref>
|stakes=4
|districts=3
|wards=21
|branches=24
|missions =2
|u=1
|fhc=20<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.familysearch.org/fhcenters/locations/?c=India#|title=India Family History Centers|access-date=August 21, 2022|publisher=familysearch.org}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Book of Mormon - Hindi.jpg|thumb|125px|right|The [[Book of Mormon]] in [[Hindi]].]]
{{multiple image|perrow = 1
| image1 = LDS Church logo - hin.png
| width1 = 190
| image2 = Logo of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.svg
| width2 = 225
| footer = Logo of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in [[Hindi]] (above) and [[English language|English]] (below).
}}
'''[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]''' (LDS Church) has been present in [[India]] since the 19th century. As of 2019, there were local members, [[Mormon missionary|missionaries]] and multiple [[meetinghouse]]s of the LDS Church in the country.<ref name=Global>{{citation |url= http://globalmormonism.byu.edu/?page_id=67 |title= Global Mormonism: Countries: India |work= GlobalMormonism.BYU.edu |publisher= [[Brigham Young University]] |accessdate= 2014-05-01}}. This online source is a reprint, with permission, from: {{citation |editor1-first= Arnold K. |editor1-last= Garr |editor1-link= Arnold K. Garr |editor2-first= Donald Q. |editor2-last= Cannon |editor2-link= Donald Q. Cannon |editor3-first= Richard O. |editor3-last= Cowan |editor3-link= Richard O. Cowan |title= Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History |place= Salt Lake City |publisher= [[Deseret Book]] |year= 2000 |pages= 537–538 |isbn= 1573458228 }}</ref> The church stated in 2024, that there are 15,454 members from India.<ref name="newsroom3">{{citation |title=Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: India |work=Newsroom |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/india |publisher=LDS Church |accessdate=4 June 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Joseph Richards introduced the LDS Church to India in 1851, when he arrived in [[Calcutta]]. A small [[Branch (LDS Church)|branch]] was organized in Calcutta, but most of the members migrated to the [[United States]]. As per the church's policy, all members were invited to gather in one place, the main reason being that they wanted to build the church and strengthen the [[Priesthood (LDS Church)|priesthood]] leadership. Though many members of the branch migrated to the US, a small group of members continued to have meetings in Calcutta, which still exists in there even today.

In the church's history in India, there were early missionaries who visited Madras (present day Chennai), Bombay (preset day Mumbai), and other places in India, who spread their religion. In fact, there were missionaries visiting [[Taj Mahal]] in Agra and teaching the tourists, which was filmed in one of the videos, "The Ancient America Speaks," produced by the church in 1974. There were many events in church history in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The golden history started in 1963 at Coimbatore. This was revealed by John Aki, then [[temple president|president]] of the [[Hong Kong China Temple]] during the year 2011. Some of the first families were [[Sealing (LDS Church)|sealed]] in the Hong Kong China Temple by Anthony D. Perkins, a [[general authority]] who was the president of the church's Asia [[Area (LDS Church)|Area]] at that time. Perkins anticipated that church membership in that part of India would grow.<ref name="openthemagazine1">{{citation |first= Aastha Atray |last= Banan |url= http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/india-s-own-mormons |title= India's Own Mormons |publisher= [[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN Magazine]] |date= 10 March 2012 |accessdate= 2014-05-01}}</ref> The movement increased in India by 1993, when [[Mormon missionaries|missionaries]] began [[proselytizing]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="openthemagazine1" />

By the beginning of 2000, there were 2,435 members in four [[District (LDS Church)|districts]] and eighteen branches,<ref name=Global/> and in 2005, there were 5,951.<ref>{{citation |contribution-url= https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2010-01-29/country-information-india-34927 |contribution= Country information: India |title= Online Church Almanac |publisher= [[Church News]] |date= 29 January 2010 |accessdate= 2014-05-01}}</ref> The church holds All India Young Single Adults (YSA) conferences with the goal of helping young members of the church find a spouse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trueger |first=Ian |date=2016-12-27 |title=How Mormons find love in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38314831 |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

By 2013, there were about 10,000 members of the LDS Church in India.<ref>{{citation |last= Stewart |first= Briana |date= 23 April 2013 |url= http://www.ldsliving.com/story/72316-the-lds-church-in-india |title= The LDS Church in India |publisher= [[Deseret Book#Other offerings|LDS Living]] |accessdate= 2014-05-01}}</ref> This number rose to 15,454 in 2024.<ref name="newsroom"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!width="50"|Year
!width="50"|Membership
!width="60"|Congregations
!width="50"|Districts
!width="50"|Stakes
|-
| 2000 || 2,435 || 18 || 4 ||
|-
| 2005 || 5,951 || || ||
|-
| 2013 || 10,000 || || ||
|-
| 2018 || 13,995 || 45 || 3 || 4
|-
| 2023 || 15,224 || 45 || 3 || 4
|}

During the church's April 2018 [[General Conference (LDS Church)|general conference]], [[President of the Church (LDS Church)|church president]] [[Russell M. Nelson]] announced that a [[Temple (LDS Church)|temple]] would be built in [[Bengaluru]], India. This was one of seven new temples announced at the time, and the first to be built in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weaver |first1=Sarah Jane |title=In India, the story of the India LDS temple announcement is revealed |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900016345/in-india-the-story-of-the-india-temple-announcement-is-revealed.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420033326/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900016345/in-india-the-story-of-the-india-temple-announcement-is-revealed.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 20, 2018 |website=[[Deseret News]] |publisher=Deseret News |access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

On December 2, 2020, the groundbreaking ceremony was done, in order to signify the beginning of construction of the Bengaluru India Temple by Robert K. William, a native of India serving as an [[area seventy]].<ref>[https://www.thechurchnews.com/temples/2020-12-04/bengaluru-india-temple-groundbreaking-saints-199159 article on ground breaking for the temple]</ref>

==Stakes & districts==
{{Location map+|India|width=300|caption=Stake Centers in India (November 2025) {{font color|green|Green}} = Stake {{font color|orange|Orange}} = District {{font color|purple|Purple}} = meetinghouse not part of stake or district|places=
{{Location map~|mark=Orange pog.svg|India|lat=10.9983|long=76.9907|label=Coimbatore}}
{{Location map~|mark=Green pog.svg|India|lat=12.9926|long=77.7047|position=left|label=Bengaluru}}
{{Location map~|mark=Orange pog.svg|India|lat=13.0149|long=80.2263|label=Chennai}}
{{Location map~|mark=Purple pog.svg|India|lat=30.3491|long=78.0610|position=left|label=Dehradun}}
{{Location map~|mark=Purple pog.svg|India|lat=15.4876|long=73.8132|position=left|label=Goa}}
{{Location map~|mark=Green pog.svg|India|lat=17.0160|long=81.7757|position=bottom|label=Rajahmundry}}
{{Location map~|mark=Green pog.svg|India|lat=17.4456|long=78.4993|position=left|label=Hyderabad}}
{{Location map~|mark=Orange pog.svg|India|lat=17.7261|long=83.3065|label=Visakhapatnam}}
{{Location map~|mark=Purple pog.svg|India|lat=19.0873|long=72.9078|label=Mumbai}}
{{Location map~|mark=Purple pog.svg|India|lat=22.5941|long=88.4124|position=left|label=Kolkata}}
{{Location map~|mark=Green pog.svg|India|lat=28.5599|long=77.1626|label=New Delhi}}
}}
As of November 2025, the following stakes and districts were located in India:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Stake/District
! data-sort-type=date|Organized
! Mission
|-
|Bengaluru India Stake
|12 Dec 1980
|India Bengaluru
|-
|Chennai India District
|11 Oct 2009
|India Bengaluru
|-
|Coimbatore India District
|11 Oct 2009
|India Bengaluru
|-
|Hyderabad India Stake
|1 Mar 1988
|India Bengaluru
|-
|New Delhi India Stake
|19 Aug 1986
|India New Delhi
|-
|Rajahmundry India Stake
|20 Mar 2011
|India New Delhi
|-
|Visakhapatnam India District
|11 Oct 2009
|India New Delhi
|}
In addition to these stakes & districts, branches with meetinghouses that are not part of a stake or district are located in Dehradun, Goa, Kolkata and Mumbai and are part of the India New Delhi Mission. The India South Branch (Located in the India Bengaluru Mission) and the India New Delhi Dispersed Members Unit serves individuals and families not in proximity to a church meetinghouse.

==Missions==
{| class="wikitable"
! Mission
! Organized
|-
|[[List of missions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints#India Bangalore|India Bengaluru Mission]]
|1 Jan 1993
|-
|[[List of missions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints#India New Delhi|India New Delhi Mission]]
|1 Nov 2007
|}
The India Bengaluru Mission covers Southern India, the [[Maldives]], and [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]. India New Delhi Mission covers Northern India, [[Bangladesh]], and [[Nepal]].

==Temples==
India was included in the Bangkok Thailand Temple upon its completion on 22 October 2023. On 1 April 2018, the Bengaluru India Temple was announced to be constructed, and ground was broken in December 2020. In addition to the temple, a two-level meetinghouse, administrative offices, a distribution center, and a patron housing facility will be built on the site.
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
{{LDS Temple/Bengaluru India Temple|format=LDS Temple list2}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|LDS Church}}
* [[Christianity in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Additional reading==
*{{citation |last= Britsch |first= R. Lanier |author-link= R. Lanier Britsch |title= From the East: The History of the Latter-day Saints in Asia, 1851-1996 |place= Salt Lake City |publisher= Deseret Book |year= 1998 |pages= 8–33, 506–55 |isbn= 1573452688 |oclc= 37606249}}.

==External links==
* [https://in.churchofjesuschrist.org/ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India] Official site
* [https://news-in.churchofjesuschrist.org/ LDS Church - India Newsroom]
* [https://www.comeuntochrist.org/ ComeUntoChrist.org] Latter-day Saints Visitor site

{{LDS-Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India}}
[[Category:Christian denominations in India]]
[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India|*]]