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2022 Bihar caste-based survey

2023-10-09T12:40:17Z

Faizanjavedifti: Created page with 'The process of caste-based survey started in Bihar from January 7, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-census-survey-to-begin-from-january-7/article66346339.ece|title=Bihar caste census to begin from January 7}}</ref> The responsibility of conducting this survey in Bihar has been entrusted to the General Administration Department (GAD) of the government. The Bihar government is planning to collect data of...'

{{Short description|2023 Survey in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox census
| name = Bihar caste-based Survey, 2022
| logo = Seal of Bihar.svg
| logo_caption = Seal of Bihar
| image = Nitish Kumar inaugurating caste based census in 2023 part 2.jpg
| image_caption = Chief Minister Nitish Kumar inaugurating caste based census in 2023
| region = [[Bihar]]
| date = January 2023 - August 2023
| population = 130,725,310<ref name="Survey data out">{{Cite news|title=Bihar caste survey data out: What it says|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-caste-census-data-8965210/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
| percent_change =
| region_type = District
| most_populous =
| least_populous =
| additional_label1 = [[Religion in India|Religion]]
| additional_data1 = {{ubl|81.99% [[Hinduism]]|17.70% [[Islam]]|0.08% [[Buddhism]]|0.06% [[Christianity]]|0.01% [[Jainism]]|0.01% [[Sikhism]]|0.13% Others}}
| additional_label2 = [[Forward caste|General caste]]
| additional_data2 = 20,291,679 (15.52%)
| additional_label3 = [[Other Backward Class]] Extremely Backward Class
| additional_data3 = 35,463,936 (27.13%) 47,080,514 (36.01%)
| additional_label4 = [[Scheduled Castes]]
| additional_data4 = 25,689,820 (19.65%)
| additional_label5 = [[Scheduled Tribes]]
| additional_data5 = 2,199,361 (1.68%)
| previous_census =
| previous_year =
| next_census =
| next_year =
| authority = [[Government of Bihar]]
| website =
}}
The '''2022 Bihar Caste-based survey''' was notified by the Government of Bihar on 6 June 2022 by gazette notification after a Supreme Court ruling.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2023-01-20|title=Bihar caste survey : Nitish Kumar welcomes Supreme Court decision|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-welcomes-scs-dismissal-of-pleas-against-bihar-caste-survey/article66413552.ece|access-date=2023-02-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2023-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214160633/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-welcomes-scs-dismissal-of-pleas-against-bihar-caste-survey/article66413552.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/t10-january-21-2023/6-let-the-caste-count-begin/articleshow/97181146.cms|title=Let the caste count begin|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date= 20 March 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230320103836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/t10-january-21-2023/6-let-the-caste-count-begin/articleshow/97181146.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey was conducted in two phases, house listing and caste and economic enumeration. The data collection for the survey began on 7 January 2023 and the data was released on 2 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-01-06|title=Bihar caste census to begin from January 7|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-census-survey-to-begin-from-january-7/article66346339.ece|access-date=2023-02-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2023-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214160627/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-census-survey-to-begin-from-january-7/article66346339.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Survey data out"/> The responsibility to conduct the survey was given to the General Administration Department (GAD) of the Government of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/second-phase-of-caste-census-starts-in-bihar-101681601188589.html|title=Second phase of caste census starts in Bihar|date=16 April 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614203118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/second-phase-of-caste-census-starts-in-bihar-101681601188589.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The government planned to collect the data digitally by mobile application named Bijaga- ''Bihar Jaati Adharit Ganana''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/bihar-caste-survey-officials-directed-to-complete-data-entry-by-today-evening-8890630/|title=Bihar caste survey: Officials directed to complete data entry by today evening, says Patna DM}}</ref> BELTRON ([[Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd.]]), a [[Government of Bihar]] agency provided IT support,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pending-in-sc-questions-survey-census-privacy-issues-8965681/|title=Pending in SC: Questions on if it is survey or census, privacy issues}}</ref> hired the services of a Maharashtra-based private firm Trigyn Technologies to develop the mobile app.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/no-caste-without-code-bihar-census-is-counting-writing-new-identity-politics/1530962/|title=No caste without code—Bihar is counting and writing a new identity politics|date=21 April 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502073621/https://theprint.in/ground-reports/no-caste-without-code-bihar-census-is-counting-writing-new-identity-politics/1530962/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Bihar government spent nearly Rs 5,000,000,000 in this work from its contingency fund (Bihar Aakasmikta Nidhi),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-caste-based-census-to-be-finished-by-february-2023-cabinet-101654177609459.html|title=Bihar caste-based census gets cabinet nod, to be completed by February 2023|date=2 June 2022|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215061136/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-caste-based-census-to-be-finished-by-february-2023-cabinet-101654177609459.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from government employees, Anganwadi workers and Jeevika Didi also worked to complete the survey till given target of May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caste-based survey to begin in Bihar from Jan 7 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caste-based-survey-to-begin-in-bihar-from-jan-seven-2317937-2023-01-05|access-date=2023-02-14|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=2023-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214162250/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caste-based-survey-to-begin-in-bihar-from-jan-seven-2317937-2023-01-05|url-status=live}}</ref> A portal was prepared for caste-based enumeration in Bihar. The digital work for caste-based enumeration in Bihar was entrusted to a Delhi-based company Trigyn Technologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-government-considers-mop-up-round-for-caste-based-survey-after-complaints-of-exclusion-by-enumerators-101691857091553.html|title=Bihar caste survey: Govt mulls mop-up round for those left out}}</ref> The survey counted the 214 castes on Bihar government list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/expectations-high-among-villagers-tepid-response-among-urbanites-to-bihar-s-caste-based-survey-101673803008840.html|title=Expectations high among villagers, tepid response among urbanites to Bihar's caste-based survey|date=15 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214173740/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/expectations-high-among-villagers-tepid-response-among-urbanites-to-bihar-s-caste-based-survey-101673803008840.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the list, 22 were counted in [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]], 32 in [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], 30 in [[Other Backward Class|Backward Classes]], 113 in Extremely Backward Classes and 7 in Upper Castes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-caste-suvey-in-bihar-patna-had-the-highest-population-of-ahirs-kurmis-and-babhans-100-years-ago-23026260.html|title=पटना में 100 साल पहले सबसे अधिक अहीर, कुर्मी और बाभन की थी आबादी; इस बार होगी इन 204 जातियों की गणना|access-date=2023-02-14|archive-date=2023-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214174332/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-caste-suvey-in-bihar-patna-had-the-highest-population-of-ahirs-kurmis-and-babhans-100-years-ago-23026260.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Nitish Kumar inaugurating caste based census in 2023 in his ancestral village of Bakhtiarpur with his family members part3.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar in conversation with the officials conducting caste based survey, in his ancestral village of Bakhtiarpur on 15 April 2023.]]

==First phase==
The first phase of caste-based survey started in Bihar from January 7, 2023, which ended on January 21.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/caste-survey-2-60-crore-families-identified-in-bihar-till-january-20/articleshow/97216990.cms|title=Caste survey: 2.60 crore families identified in Bihar till January 20|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214181744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/caste-survey-2-60-crore-families-identified-in-bihar-till-january-20/articleshow/97216990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The number of all households in the State were counted and recorded in the first phase.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-survey-phase-1-done-form-for-next-phase-still-being-finalised/article66435951.ece |title=Phase 1 completed, form for next stage still being finalised |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 January 2023 |last1=Lakshman |first1=Abhinay |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214162456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-survey-phase-1-done-form-for-next-phase-still-being-finalised/article66435951.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The second phase will be calculated on the basis of the data of the first phase. All the data collected in the first phase is uploaded on this portal and these data will be available to the enumerators and supervisors at the time of second enumeration on the mobile app. In the first phase, more than two and a half crore families were counted In the first phase of caste census, census workers reached about 25,890,497 families across Bihar in 38 districts, which have 534 blocks and 261 urban local bodies and numbered the houses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/caste-based-census-first-phase-begins-in-bihar-over-2-58-cr-families-across-38-districts-to-be-counted/videoshow/96816215.cms|title=Caste-based Census: First phase begins in Bihar; over 2.58 cr families across 38 districts to be counted|date=7 January 2023|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215080950/https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/caste-based-census-first-phase-begins-in-bihar-over-2-58-cr-families-across-38-districts-to-be-counted/videoshow/96816215.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first phase, the name of the head of the family and the number of members living there were recorded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-launches-caste-based-survey-says-people-will-be-hugely-benefitted-after-recognition-of-their-economic-status/articleshow/96820227.cms|title=Nitish Kumar launches caste-based survey, says people will be hugely benefitted after recognition of their economic status|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214181556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-launches-caste-based-survey-says-people-will-be-hugely-benefitted-after-recognition-of-their-economic-status/articleshow/96820227.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 5.18 lakh personnel were engaged in the caste census of the first phase which began on January 7. Survey of 14.35 lakh families was done in Patna district, left out families can give information to District Caste Enumeration Cell.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-caste-survey-people-staying-in-joint-families-want-them-listed-as-separate-family-units-for-govt-doles-101674666757116.html|title=Bihar caste survey: People staying in joint families want them listed as separate family units for govt doles|date=25 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214172022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-caste-survey-people-staying-in-joint-families-want-them-listed-as-separate-family-units-for-govt-doles-101674666757116.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Second phase==
[[File:Nitish Kumar inaugurating caste based census in 2023 part 1.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar inaugurating second phase of caste based survey on 15 April 2023, from his ancestral village, Bakhtiarpur.]]
In second phase of the survey, which is to start from April 15 and end on May 15,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monu |first=Sanjay Kumar |date=2023-03-18 |title=Bihar Caste-Based Survey Second Phase Starts on April 15 |url=https://www.muzcorner.in/2023/03/bihar-caste-based-survey-second-phase.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Muzcorner |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318134711/https://www.muzcorner.in/2023/03/bihar-caste-based-survey-second-phase.html |url-status=live }}</ref> people living in the households, their castes, sub-castes, socio-economic conditions etc. will be collected. The survey will end on May 31, 2023. In this phase, over 3.04 lakh enumerators will ask respondents 17 questions, including caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/203-castes-in-bihar-to-choose-from-as-2nd-leg-of-survey-begins-april-15-101679588703223.html|title=203 castes in Bihar to choose from as 2nd leg of survey begins April 15|date=23 March 2023|access-date=25 March 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325143629/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/203-castes-in-bihar-to-choose-from-as-2nd-leg-of-survey-begins-april-15-101679588703223.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Every enumerator has been given a target to reach out to 150 households. While all 17 questions are mandatory, filling Aadhaar number, caste certificate number and ration card number of the head of the family, are optional.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-based-survey-2nd-phase-form-ready-enumerators-being-trained-statisticians-worry-about-data-integrity/article66668067.ece|title=As Bihar readies for caste survey, statisticians worry about data|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 March 2023|access-date=30 March 2023|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011603/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-caste-based-survey-2nd-phase-form-ready-enumerators-being-trained-statisticians-worry-about-data-integrity/article66668067.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Bihar government has set different codes for 215 different castes of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/caste-code-in-bihar-jatigat-janganana-know-about-jati-code-list-of-bihar-caste-census-second-phase-skt|title=बिहार में 215 जातियों का कोड जारी, जातीय जनगणना के लिए अपनी जाति का कोड जानिए|date=5 April 2023|access-date=5 April 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405170838/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/caste-code-in-bihar-jatigat-janganana-know-about-jati-code-list-of-bihar-caste-census-second-phase-skt|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bihar-caste-census-starting-counting-people-with-cast-census-or-jati-janganna-with-caste-religion-code-coding-2023-04-05|title=Bihar Caste Census : जातिगत गणना में 'अ'धर्म का भी कोड, 214 जातियां हैं...कोड-1 की जाति का नाम जानते हैं?|access-date=2023-04-05|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405170837/https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bihar-caste-census-starting-counting-people-with-cast-census-or-jati-janganna-with-caste-religion-code-coding-2023-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref> The sub-categories of a particular caste concerned have been merged into one single social entity,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bhumihar-or-bhumihar-brahmin-in-bihar-caste-census-from-today-caste-code-in-caste-census-of-bihar-for-bhumihar-2023-04-15|title=Bihar Caste Census 11 : इस श्रेणी के ब्राह्मण कह रहे भूमिहार कोई जाति नहीं, आज से हो रही जातीय जन-गणना|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516113138/https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bhumihar-or-bhumihar-brahmin-in-bihar-caste-census-from-today-caste-code-in-caste-census-of-bihar-for-bhumihar-2023-04-15|url-status=live}}</ref> and they have one numerical caste code for use during the month-long second phase of caste-based headcount.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sub-categories-of-castes-merged-given-code-for-caste-based-survey/articleshow/99281038.cms?from=mdr|title=Bihar: Sub-categories of castes merged, given code for caste-based survey|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 April 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713043046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sub-categories-of-castes-merged-given-code-for-caste-based-survey/articleshow/99281038.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, there will be special strictness regarding the registration of names in this phase. If someone tries to write the name twice, now the app will mark such people. The names of people living outside the state will also be registered.

On 15 April 2023, [[Nitish Kumar]] launches 2nd phase of caste-based survey from his ancestral home at [[Bakhtiarpur|Bakhtiyarpur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-launches-2nd-phase-of-caste-based-survey-from-his-ancestral-home-at-bakhtiyarpur/articleshow/99522418.cms|title=Nitish Kumar launches 2nd phase of caste-based survey from his ancestral home at Bakhtiyarpur|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 April 2023|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416071711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-launches-2nd-phase-of-caste-based-survey-from-his-ancestral-home-at-bakhtiyarpur/articleshow/99522418.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-launches-2nd-phase-of-caste-based-survey-from-his-hometown-bakhtiyarpur-3951233|title=Nitish Kumar Launches 2nd Phase Of Caste-Based Survey From His Hometown|access-date=2023-04-16|archive-date=2023-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416054621/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-launches-2nd-phase-of-caste-based-survey-from-his-hometown-bakhtiyarpur-3951233|url-status=live}}</ref> Newborns born from January 22, 2023 till the end of the second phase are not counted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/begusarai-caste-census-in-bihar-children-of-this-age-are-not-being-included-caste-based-census-5946917.html|title=Caste Census In Bihar: जाति आधारित गणना में इस उम्र के बच्चों को नहीं किया जा रहा शामिल, जानिए वजह|date=21 April 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428100428/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/begusarai-caste-census-in-bihar-children-of-this-age-are-not-being-included-caste-based-census-5946917.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nitish Kumar informed that once the data work is completed, the report of the caste-based survey would be tabled in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar Vidhan Sabha]] and the [[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar Vidhan Parishad]]. After that the report would be made public. The work of the second phase of counting will be done from April 15 to May 15, 2023 in all 261 urban local bodies and 534 blocks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-bihar-census-caste-code-for-third-gender-community-triggers-row/article66710725.ece|title=In Bihar census, caste code for 'third gender' community triggers row|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 April 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043308/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-bihar-census-caste-code-for-third-gender-community-triggers-row/article66710725.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 16, 2023, the data entry work of caste-based census was completed.
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ class="nowrap" | List of 17 questions in second phase
! S.No !! Question
|-
| 1 || full name of family member
|-
| 2 || Father's / Husband's name
|-
| 3 || relation to the head of the family
|-
| 4 || age (in years)
|-
| 5 || gender
|-
| 6 || marital status
|-
| 7 || Religion
|-
| 8 || caste
|-
| 9 || temporary migration status (place of work or study, whether within or outside state, country or abroad)
|-
| 10 || educational qualifications (pre-primary to post master’s degree)
|-
| 11 || profession [ranges from government to private job in organised or unorganised sector, self-employed, farmer (owner of farm land), agricultural labourer, construction labourer, other labourer, skilled labourer, beggar, rag-picker, student, housewife to those having no work]
|-
| 12 || ownership of computer/laptop (with or without internet connectivity)
|-
| 13 || motor vehicle (two-wheeler, three-wheeler, four-wheeler, six-wheeler or more, tractor)
|-
| 14 || agricultural land (area from 0-50 decimals to 5 acres and above)
|-
| 15 || residential land (area from 5 decimals land to 20 decimals and above; flat owner in a multi-storied apartment)
|-
| 16 || monthly income from all sources(ranging from a minimum 0- {{INR}} 6,000 to a maximum {{INR}} 50,000 and above)
|-
| 17 || residential condition (pucca/thatched house, hutment or homeless)
|}

==Anecdote and protests==
In April 2023, there was an incident during the caste census that around 40 women in a red-light area of Ward No. 7 in Bihar's [[Arwal district]] declared a man named Roopchand as their husband. Some of them even mentioned name Roopchand as their father's name and children's name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/40-women-one-husband-bihar-caste-census-rupchand-2364873-2023-04-26|title=40 women, one husband: Bihar caste census stumbles upon Roopchand|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503062205/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/40-women-one-husband-bihar-caste-census-rupchand-2364873-2023-04-26|url-status=live}}</ref> When questioned, it was found that Roopchand is not a man. The people of this area call money Roopchand.

In some places such as [[Masaurhi]] and Dhanarua in Patna district , members of Lohar (blacksmith) community boycotted the caste survey saying that [[Bihar Government]] wants to categorise it under either Lohra/Lohara or [[Kamar (caste)|Kamar]] (carpenter) caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/caught-between-loharas-kamars-bihars-lohars-shun-caste-survey-8588309/|title=Caught between Loharas & Kamars, Bihar’s Lohars shun caste survey|website=Indian express|accessdate=17 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719122856/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/caught-between-loharas-kamars-bihars-lohars-shun-caste-survey-8588309/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legal battle==
On 20 January 2023, [[Supreme Court of India]] refused to entertain various pleas challenging Bihar Government's notification to conduct caste-based census in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2023-01-20 |title=Bihar caste survey {{!}} Nitish Kumar welcomes Supreme Court decision |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-welcomes-scs-dismissal-of-pleas-against-bihar-caste-survey/article66413552.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214160633/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumar-welcomes-scs-dismissal-of-pleas-against-bihar-caste-survey/article66413552.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/sc-pleas-bihar-governments-caste-survey-8393622/|title=SC allows caste census, says how else will Bihar fix quota|date=20 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214162802/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/sc-pleas-bihar-governments-caste-survey-8393622/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-rejects-pleas-against-bihar-caste-census-calls-them-publicity-litigation-101674213641883.html|title=Pleas against caste census in Bihar merely for publicity: Supreme Court|date=20 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214164343/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-rejects-pleas-against-bihar-caste-census-calls-them-publicity-litigation-101674213641883.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The pleas against caste-based survey were filed by many petitioners, including [[Youth For Equality]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-we-need-the-bihar-caste-census-8699418/|title=Why we need the Bihar caste census|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802202526/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-we-need-the-bihar-caste-census-8699418/|url-status=live}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] said that the exercise is not caste census, instead its a caste survey.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/its-caste-survey-not-census-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-on-plea-in-top-court/articleshow/96925356.cms|title=It's caste survey, not census: Bihar CM Nitish Kumar on plea in top court|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214164347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/its-caste-survey-not-census-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-on-plea-in-top-court/articleshow/96925356.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sc-plea-has-no-meaning-ours-is-caste-survey-not-census-nitish/articleshow/96926795.cms|title=SC plea has no meaning, ours is caste survey not census: Nitish|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 January 2023|access-date=14 February 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214164348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sc-plea-has-no-meaning-ours-is-caste-survey-not-census-nitish/articleshow/96926795.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/caste-count-not-census-in-bihar-to-avoid-legal-complications-nitish-kumar|title=Caste 'Count', Not 'Census', in Bihar to Avoid Legal Complications: Nitish Kumar|access-date=2023-02-14|archive-date=2023-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214172237/https://thewire.in/government/caste-count-not-census-in-bihar-to-avoid-legal-complications-nitish-kumar|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 May 2023, [[Patna High Court]] stayed the caste-based survey in its interim order, and directed the state government to keep the survey data, collected so far preserved till the next date of hearing (July 3, 2023).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/setback-for-nitish-kumar-patna-hc-stays-caste-based-survey-in-bihar/articleshow/99984926.cms|title=Setback for Nitish Kumar-led Mahagathbandhan govt, Patna HC stays caste-based survey in Bihar|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 May 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606075507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/setback-for-nitish-kumar-patna-hc-stays-caste-based-survey-in-bihar/articleshow/99984926.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/patna-high-court-puts-a-stay-on-bihar-caste-based-census/article66811531.ece|title=Patna High Court stays Bihar's caste-based census|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 May 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504103534/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/patna-high-court-puts-a-stay-on-bihar-caste-based-census/article66811531.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ Government of Bihar]] informed [[Patna High Court]] that 80% of the "survey" was completed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hc-puts-interim-stay-on-bihar-caste-survey-dubs-it-illegal-census/articleshow/99996915.cms?from=mdr|title=HC puts interim stay on Bihar caste survey, dubs it illegal census|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 May 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525223925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hc-puts-interim-stay-on-bihar-caste-survey-dubs-it-illegal-census/articleshow/99996915.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Patna High court asked questions on 11 points from Bihar government in its interim order. [[Government of Bihar]] countered that a central law, Collection of Statistics Act, 2008 empowers state government to carry out all kinds of censuses and surveys, including for caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/to-back-caste-survey-bihar-govt-cited-collection-of-statistics-act-what-it-says-why-hc-agreed/1738572/|title=To back caste survey, Bihar govt cited Collection of Statistics Act. What it says & why HC agreed}}</ref> On 7 July 2023, Patna High court reserved its verdict after hearing a total of 8 PIL pleas challenging various aspects of the survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/patna-high-court/patna-high-court-reserves-verdict-pleas-challenging-bihar-government-decision-conduct-caste-based-survey-232205|title=Patna High Court Reserves Verdict In Pleas Challenging Bihar Govt's Decision To Conduct Caste-Based Survey In State|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801102207/https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/patna-high-court/patna-high-court-reserves-verdict-pleas-challenging-bihar-government-decision-conduct-caste-based-survey-232205|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 August 2023, [[Patna High Court]] gave judgement that holding caste survey in Bihar is valid and legal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-high-court-holds-caste-survey-in-bihar-as-valid-and-legal-dismisses-all-petitions-challenging-survey/articleshow/102305338.cms|title=Patna high court holds caste survey in Bihar as valid and legal, dismisses all petitions challenging survey|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810153007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-high-court-holds-caste-survey-in-bihar-as-valid-and-legal-dismisses-all-petitions-challenging-survey/articleshow/102305338.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A division bench comprising Chief Justice [[K. Vinod Chandran]] and Justice Partha Sarathy passed the order in its 101-page verdict,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1053861/why-the-patna-high-court-upheld-bihars-caste-survey|title=Why the Patna High Court upheld Bihar’s caste survey|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811031443/https://scroll.in/article/1053861/why-the-patna-high-court-upheld-bihars-caste-survey|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/15968650/|title=Ek Soch Ek Prayas vs Union Of India on 1 August, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2023-08/15ace660-13fc-46e6-b819-4b5cb2e085c2/Youth_for_Equality___Ors_v_State_of_Bihar___Ors.pdf|title=IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231806/https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2023-08/15ace660-13fc-46e6-b819-4b5cb2e085c2/Youth_for_Equality___Ors_v_State_of_Bihar___Ors.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/high-courts-green-signal-to-bihar-caste-survey-challenged-in-supreme-court-4265860|title=High Court's Green Signal To Bihar Caste Survey Challenged In Supreme Court|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805085129/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/high-courts-green-signal-to-bihar-caste-survey-challenged-in-supreme-court-4265860|url-status=live}}</ref> while dismissing all petitions challenging survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/hc-upholds-bihar-caste-survey-101690904344728.html|title=HC upholds Bihar caste survey|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812031128/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/hc-upholds-bihar-caste-survey-101690904344728.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/patna-hc-upholds-bihar-caste-based-survey-8873561/|title=Patna HC upholds Bihar caste-based survey: Why it was challenged, what the court said|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807123729/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/patna-hc-upholds-bihar-caste-based-survey-8873561/|url-status=live}}</ref> The second phase of Bihar's caste-based survey resumed on 2 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/second-phase-of-caste-based-survey-resumes-in-bihar/article67150230.ece|title=Second phase of caste-based survey resumes in Bihar|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2023-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803140702/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/second-phase-of-caste-based-survey-resumes-in-bihar/article67150230.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 August 2023, [[Patna High Court]] disposed of a writ petition seeking deletion of transgenders from caste list, and stated that transgender individuals can make representations to [[Government of Bihar]] to not be considered as a caste.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/patna-high-court-transgender-community-entitled-to-make-representation-seeking-not-to-be-considered-a-caste-101692633979571.html|title=Transgenders can ask govt not to reckon them as a caste: HC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/transgenders-not-a-caste-but-a-separate-group-patna-hc/articleshow/102924574.cms?from=mdr|title=Transgenders not a caste, but a separate group: Patna HC}}</ref> Government of Bihar had filed a counter affidavit to this plea, informing the court that this anomaly was rectified on 25 April 2023 by instructing the enumerators to have three options for gender.

On 21 August 2023, [[Supreme Court of India]] bench comprising Justices [[Sanjiv Khanna]] and [[Sarasa Venkatanarayana Bhatti|SVN Bhatti]] asked Central Government to provide a response within seven days regarding the survey's potential consequences<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-seeks-to-intervene-in-sc-case-on-bihar-caste-survey/articleshow/102918571.cms?from=mdr|title=Centre seeks to intervene in SC case on Bihar caste survey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/india-needs-caste-census-more-than-chandrayaan-3-sc-verdict-on-bihar-caste-survey-shows-why/1723274/|title=India needs caste census more than Chandrayaan-3. SC verdict on Bihar caste survey shows why}}</ref> and subsequently scheduled the matter for resumed hearing on 28 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/supreme-court-rejects-stay-on-bihar-caste-survey-without-prima-facie-case-news-312386|title=Supreme Court Rejects Stay On Bihar Caste Survey Without Prima Facie Case}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/will-not-stay-bihar-caste-survey-unless-prima-facie-case-made-out-by-those-opposing-it-sc/article67219252.ece|title=Will not stay Bihar caste survey unless prima facie case made out by those opposing it: SC}}</ref> [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Ministry]] filed affidavit in Supreme Court that Census Act allows only Central government to conduct census and actions like a census.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/only-centre-can-conduct-census-or-anything-akin-to-census-union-tells-sc-in-bihar-caste-survey-case/article67245566.ece|title=Only Centre can conduct census, Union tells SC in Bihar caste survey case}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-caste-survey-nitish-kumar-supreme-court-manoj-kumar-jha-bihar-bjp-centres-correction-on-bihar-caste-survey-affidavit-draws-opposition-fire-4338624|title=Bihar Caste Survey: Centre's "Inadvertent Error" Draws A "Volcano" Warning}}</ref> Later in evening, it backtracked from its previous affidavit and filed a fresh affidavit claiming that the paragraph "inadverdently crept in".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/court-nod-for-bihar-caste-survey-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-regional-parties/article67247843.ece|title=Court nod for Bihar caste survey a shot in the arm for regional parties}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/-inadvertent-error-centre-withdraws-affidavit-in-supreme-court-opposing-bihar-caste-census-news-314187|title='Inadvertent Error': Centre Withdraws Affidavit In Supreme Court Opposing Bihar Caste Census}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/modi-govt-defensive-over-bihar-caste-survey-changes-affidavit-in-supreme-court|title=Modi Govt Defensive Over Bihar Caste Survey, Changes Affidavit in Supreme Court}}</ref> [[Government of Bihar]] reiterated its previously stated position that the Collection of Statistics Act, 2008, empowers it to conduct such an enumeration exercise in the interest of social justice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-asserts-exclusive-authority-to-conduct-census-seeks-intervention-in-bihar-caste-survey-validity-petitions-101693247745327.html|title=Only Centre can carry out census: Govt to Supreme Court}}</ref> On 6 September 2023, [[Supreme Court of India]] bench of justices Sanjiv Khanna and SVN Bhatti posted the matter to October 3 and clarified that it had not granted any stay on the publication of the survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-on-bihar-government-s-caste-survey-no-stay-on-publication-centre-s-affidavit-awaited-101694008568111.html|title=Supreme Court adjourns pleas opposing Bihar caste survey, next hearing on Oct 3}}</ref>

==Caste group wise population==
As per Bihar government’s Bihar caste-based survey 2022 report, released on 2 October 2023, showed that extremely backward classes (EBCs) account for 36.01 percent of the 13.07 crore population of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-caste-survey-ebc-obc-population-8965116/|title=Bihar caste survey released: EBCs form 36% of population, OBCs at 27.13%}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/with-bihar-caste-survey-how-nitish-kumar-hit-two-targets-in-one-fell-swoop-8965619/|title=With Bihar caste survey, how Nitish Kumar hit two targets in one fell swoop}}</ref> OBCs, EBCs together account for 63% of total population of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-caste-census-27-13backward-class-15-52-general-category/articleshow/104103634.cms|title=Bihar caste survey released: OBCs, EBCs together account for 63% of total population}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/bihar-publishes-caste-survey-report-obcs-ebcs-consist-of-63-of-population|title=Bihar publishes caste survey report, OBCs, EBCs constitute 63% of population}}</ref> The survey report also revealed that Hindus comprise 81.9986% of the population while the Muslim share is at 17.7088% in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-caste-based-census-report-interesting-facts-which-caste-and-religions-population-more-lalu-yadav-nitish-kumar-bahubali-jati-yadav-muslim-hindu-23545414.html|title=जाति के आधार पर बिहार में कौन 'बाहुबली', कुल 215 जातियां-6 धर्म; 2000 से ज्‍यादा लोग किसी मजहब को नहीं मानते}}</ref> There are about 190 castes whose population is less than even one percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/caste-survey-population-of-many-castes-in-bihar-not-even-500/articleshow/104139727.cms?from=mdr|title=Caste survey: Population of many castes in Bihar not even 500}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Caste Groups of Bihar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-caste-survey-obcs-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-of-population/article67371818.ece|title=Bihar caste survey OBCs, EBCs comprise more than 63% of State’s population}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-caste-survey-report-how-many-castes-in-bihar-with-more-than-1-percent-population-see-full-list-8791799.html|title=Bihar Caste Survey Report: बिहार में 1 प्रतिशत से अधिक आबादी वाली कितनी हैं जातियां? देखें पूरी लिस्ट}}</ref>
|-
! Caste Groups || Population (%)
|-
| [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] || 27.12%
|-
| EBC || 36.01%
|-
| [[Dalit]]s(SCs) || 19.65%
|-
| [[Forward caste]] || 15.52%
|-
| [[Adivasi]]s(STs) || 1.68%
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Caste !! Population<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-caste-survey-counting-census-full-list-population-share-percent-obc-ebc-upper-caste-muslim-hindu-sc-st-8792660.html|title=Full list of caste and their population|website=Livehindustan|accessdate=7 October 2023}}</ref> !! Percentage
|-
| [[Yadav]] ([[Ahir]], [[Gowala (caste)|Gowala]], Gora, Ghasi, Mehar and [[Sadgop]]) || {{number and percent|18650119|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kushwaha]] ([[Koeri]]) ||{{number and percent|5506113|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Dangi people|Dangi]]||{{number and percent|336629|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Mali caste|Mali]]||{{number and percent|349285|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Kunjra]]||{{number and percent|1828584|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kurmi]] || {{number and percent|3762969|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Dhanuk]] || {{number and percent|2796605|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Brahmin]] || {{number and percent|4781280|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Teli]] || {{number and percent|3677491|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Mallaah|Mallah]] ([[Nishad]]) || {{number and percent|3410093|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Lonia|Nonia]] || {{number and percent|2498474|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kanu (caste)|Kanu]] ||{{number and percent|2892761|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] || {{number and percent|3026912|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Bhumihar]] || {{number and percent|3750886|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Rajput]]|| {{number and percent|4510733|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Dusadh|Dushadh]] || {{number and percent|6943000|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Musahar]] || {{number and percent|4035787|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Kayastha]] || {{number and percent|785771|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|-
| [[Chamar|Ravidas]] || {{number and percent|6869664|130725310|4|disp=table}}
|}

The caste survey figure, however, were challenged by many politicians of the state. It was alleged that the population of certain castes were inflated while the population of others were underrepresented in the survey. Prominent Schedule Caste leader of state, [[Chirag Paswan]] accused that it was done in order to reap political gains. It was widely believed that population of [[Kushwaha]] caste was underrepresented in the survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chirag-paswan-questions-bihar-caste-census-data/article67376762.ece|title=Chirag Paswan questions Bihar caste census|website=The Hindu|accessdate=5 October 2023}}</ref>The president of [[Rashtriya Lok Janata Dal]], [[Upendra Kushwaha]] also claimed that the figures are unreliable as the sub-caste of Kushwaha community like [[Dangi people|Dangi]]s were counted as a seperate entity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/bihar-caste-survey-stirs-hornets-nest-as-leaders-question-numbers-will-do-own-survey-says-jdu-mp/1796204/|title=Bihar caste survey stirs hornets’ nest as leaders question numbers. ‘Will do own survey,’ says JD(U) MP|website=The Print|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>

==Caste Survey Report==

{{nobots}}
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|url=
|timestamp = 20231002112157
|fullpage =
}}


The Nitish Kumar government in Bihar on October 02, 2023 released the Caste Census data also called as Caste Survey Report. According to the data released by the Bihar government, the total population of Bihar is 13.1 crore. Out of them 36 per cent are from Extremely Backward Classes, 27.1 per cent are OBCs, 19.7 per cent are from Scheduled Castes, 1.7 per cent are from Scheduled Tribes, and 15.52 per cent are from the upper castes. Bihar Caste Survey also revealed that the Yadav community is the largest sub-group, accounting for 14.27 per cent of all OBC categories whereas Bhumihars constitute 2.86 per cent of the population, Brahmins 3.66 per cent, Kurmis 2.87 per cent and Musahars 3 per cent.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2023-10-02|title=Bihar Caste Census Data Released – Key Highlights|language=en-IN|work=ummid.com|url=https://ummid.com/news/2023/october/02-10-2023/bihar-caste-census-data-released%E2%80%93key-highlights.html|access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref>
{{Copyvio/bottom}}

==See also==
* [[Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011]]
* [[Demographics of Bihar]]
* [[Biharis]]
* [[Other Backward Class]]
* [[Reservation in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://cbs.bihar.gov.in/#/home Official website]
[[Category:Censuses in India]]

Prarthana Thombare

2023-09-25T16:21:55Z

Faizanjavedifti: /* External links */

{{short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Prarthana Thombare
| fullname = Prarthana Gulabrao Thombare
| image = Thombare POI21 (2) (51714387559).jpg
| caption =
| country = {{IND}}
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|6|18}}
| birth_place = [[Barshi]], India
| height =
| turnedpro = 2012
| retired =
| plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| careerprizemoney = US$ 91,049
| singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=111|lost=99}}
| singlestitles = 3 ITF
| highestsinglesranking = No. 335 (25 August 2014)
| currentsinglesranking =
| doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=218|lost=187}}
| doublestitles = 25 ITF
| highestdoublesranking = {{no wrap|No. 125 (16 October 2017)}}
| currentdoublesranking = No. 175 (16 January 2023)
| OthertournamentsDoubles = yes
| OlympicsDoublesresult = 1R ([[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|2016]])
| Team = yes
| FedCupresult = {{tennis record|won=13|lost=8}}
| updated = 6 November 2022
|medaltemplates-expand = yes
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's tennis}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Tennis at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|Women's Doubles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Tennis at the 2016 South Asian Games#Medalists|Women's doubles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu/Pokhara]]|[[Tennis at the 2019 South Asian Games#Medalists|Women's doubles]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu/Pokhara]]|[[Tennis at the 2019 South Asian Games#Medalists|Women's team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Tennis at the 2016 South Asian Games#Medalists|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu/Pokhara]]|[[Tennis at the 2019 South Asian Games#Medalists|Mixed doubles]]}}
}}
'''Prarthana Gulabrao Thombare''' (born 18 June 1994) is an Indian [[tennis]] player. A doubles specialist, she is the former Indian number one in women's doubles, and an Olympian.

Thombare has won three singles and 25 doubles titles on the [[ITF Women's World Tennis Tour|ITF Circuit]]. On 25 August 2014, she reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 335. On 16 October 2017, she peaked at No. 125 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Playing for [[India Fed Cup team]], Thombare has a win–loss record of 13–8.

She won a bronze medal in women's doubles at the Asian Games, along with [[Sania Mirza]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/Indian-pair-of-Sania-Prarthana-settles-for-bronze/articleshow/43709014.cms | title=Indian pair of Sania-Prarthana settles for bronze | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=28 September 2014 | access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Prarthana-given-top-billing-in-ITF-event/articleshow/39624620.cms | title=Prarthana given top billing in ITF event | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Shrivathsa Sridhar | date=4 August 2014 | access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140928/sports-tennis/article/asian-games-india-win-two-bronze-medals-tennis | title=Asian Games: Yuki Bhambri, Sania-Prarthana settle for bronze | publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=28 September 2014 | access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/18667/title/prarthana-thombare | title=Players Prarthana Thombare | publisher=[[Women's Tennis Association]] | access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref>

==Asian Games finals==
===Doubles: 1 (bronze medal)===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!width=75|Outcome
!width=75|Date
!width=170|Tournament
!width=150|Location
!width=150|Partner
!width=160|Opponents
!width=100|Score
|-
|[[Image:Bronze medal.svg|20px]] Bronze
|Sep 2014
|[[Tennis at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Asian Games]]
|[[Incheon]], South Korea
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Chin-wei]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei]]
|6–7, 6–2, [4–10]
|}

==ITF Circuit finals==
===Singles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner–ups)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:85%"
! Legend
|- style="background:#f88379;"
| $100,000 tournaments
|-style="background:#c2b280;"
|$80,000 tournaments
|-style="background:#ffe4c4;"
|$60,000 tournaments
|-style="background:#f7e98e;"
|$40,000 tournaments
|-style="background:lightblue;"
|$25,000 tournaments
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|$15,000 tournaments
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:85%"
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (2–1)
|-
|Clay (1–1)
|}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 0–1
| Sep 2013
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| 10,000{{efn|The $10,000 ITF tournaments were reclassified as $15,000 in 2017. However, there were some $15,000 even before 2017.|name=$15K_ITF}}
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yana Sizikova]]
| 6–7(7), 6–3, 5–7
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 1–1
| Nov 2013
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| ITF Mumbai, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| 15,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ching-wen]]
| 6–3, 6–7(10), 6–4
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 1–2
| Jan 2014
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| ITF Aurangabad, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| 10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Sowjanya Bavisetti]]
| 7–5, 4–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 2–2
| Apr 2014
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| ITF Chennai, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| 10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Eetee Maheta
| 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(5)
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 3–2
| May 2014
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| ITF Hyderabad, India
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishika Sunkara]]
| 6–7(4), 6–4, 6–3
|}

===Doubles: 54 (25 titles, 29 runner–ups)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{| class=wikitable style="font-size:85%"
! Legend
|- style="background:#f88379;"
| $100,000 tournaments
|-style="background:#c2b280;"
|$80,000 tournaments
|-style="background:#ffe4c4;"
|$60,000 tournaments
|-style="background:#f7e98e;"
|$40,000 tournaments
|-style="background:lightblue;"
|$25,000 tournaments
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
|$15,000 tournaments
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:85%"
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (17–19)
|-
|Clay (6–9)
|-
|Grass (2–1)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 0–1
| May 2012
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF New Delhi, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sri Peddy Reddy
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rushmi Chakravarthi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]
| 3–6, 2–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 0–2
| Jul 2012
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF New Delhi, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Shweta Rana
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Risa Hasegawa {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miyabi Inoue]]
| 6–1, 5–7, [1–10]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 1–2
| Mar 2013
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Hyderabad, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Natasha Palha]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sharmada Balu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sowjanya Bavisetti]]
| 6–1, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 2–2
| Apr 2013
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Chennai, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Natasha Palha
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rushmi Chakravarthi {{flagicon|IND}} Ankita Raina
| 5–7, 6–3, [10–6]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 2–3
| Apr 2013
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Lucknow, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Natasha Palha
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nidhi Chilumula {{flagicon|JPN}} Emi Mutaguchi
| 4–6, 6–7(4)
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 2–4
| Jun 2013
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF New Delhi, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Natasha Palha
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara {{flagicon|HUN}} Naomi Totka
| 4–6, 6–4, [11–13]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 3–4
| Aug 2013
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF New Delhi, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Akari Inoue
| {{flagicon|SWE}} Matilda Hamlin {{flagicon|IND}} Shweta Rana
| 6–1, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 4–4
| Sep 2013
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RUS}} Julia Valetova
| {{flagicon|RUS}} Viktoriya Bogoslovskaya {{flagicon|RUS}} Evgeniya Svintsova
| 6–1, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 5–4
| Jan 2014
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Aurangabad, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ankita Raina
| {{flagicon|IND}} Shweta Rana {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| 6–3, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 6–4
| Mar 2014
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Eugeniya Pashkova]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Laura Deigman {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Emily Webley-Smith]]
| 6–2, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 6–5
| Apr 2014
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Chennai, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Natasha Palha
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu
| 0–6, 6–7(4)
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 6–6
| May 2014
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Hyderabad, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Shweta Rana
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu
| 1–6, 5–7
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 6–7
| Jun 2014
| bgcolor=lightblue| [[Fergana Challenger|ITF Fergana]], Uzbekistan
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroko Kuwata]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mari Tanaka]]
| 1–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 7–7
| Aug 2014
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Bangalore, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|India}} Sharmada Balu
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Ching-wen]] {{flagicon|IND}} Natasha Palha
| 6–4, 0–6, [10–6]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 8–7
| Mar 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ekaterina Yashina]]
| {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Vera Lapko]] {{flagicon|BLR}} Anhelina Kalita
| 6–4, 5–7, [10–6]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 9–7
| Apr 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff|ITF Dehra Dun, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff|10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nungnadda Wannasuk]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerna Bhambri]] {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| 6–0, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 9–8
| Apr 2015
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Ahmedabad, India
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Nao Hibino
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]] {{flagicon|THA}} Nungnadda Wannasuk
| 3–6, 6–2, [10–12]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 10–8
| May 2015
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Balikpapan, Indonesia
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Harriet Dart]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nicha Lertpitaksinchai]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nudnida Luangnam]]
| 6–4, 4–6, [18–16]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 11–8
| Jun 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Olga Parres Azcoitia
| {{flagicon|IRL}} Jenny Claffey {{flagicon|POR}} [[Inês Murta]]
| 6–4, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 11–9
| Jun 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Olga Parres Azcoitia
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara {{flagicon|NED}} [[Eva Wacanno]]
| 1–6, 1–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 12–9
| Jun 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|NED}} Eva Wacanno
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Ola Abou Zekry]] {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Eleni Kordolaimi]]
| 6–4, 7–6(5)
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 12–10
| Sep 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Hyderabad, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prerna Bhambri
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sowjanya Bavisetti {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| 3–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 12–11
| Sep 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Hyderabad, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu
| {{flagicon|OMA}} [[Fatma Al-Nabhani]] {{flagicon|IND}} Prerna Bhambri
| 5–7, 2–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 13–11
| Sep 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Hyderabad, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nidhi Chilumula {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| 2–6, 6–3, [12–10]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 14–11
| Oct 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Lucknow, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prerna Bhambri
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu {{flagicon|IND}} Nidhi Chilumula
| 6–3, 4–6, [10–7]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 15–11
| Oct 2015
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| ITF Raipur, India
| bgcolor=f0f8ff| 10,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sharmada Balu
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prerna Bhambri {{flagicon|IND}} Rishika Sunkara
| 6–3, 6–7(4), [10–8]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 16–11
| Dec 2015
| bgcolor=lightblue| [[Lagos Open (2000–present)|ITF Lagos]], Nigeria
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Julia Terziyska]]
| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Tadeja Majerič]] {{flagicon|SWI}} [[Conny Perrin]]
| 4–6, 6–3, [10–8]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 16–12
| Dec 2015
| bgcolor=lightblue| [[NECC–ITF Women's Tennis Championships|ITF Pune]], India
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Chieh-yu]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Valentyna Ivakhnenko]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Anastasiya Vasylyeva]]
| 6–4, 2–6, [10–12]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 17–12
| Mar 2016
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Puebla, Mexico
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akiko Omae]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Irina Khromacheva]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ksenia Lykina]]
| 6–4, 2–6, [10–8]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 17–13
| Mar 2016
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Irapuato, Mexico
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Akiko Omae
| {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lyudmyla Kichenok]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Nadiia Kichenok]]
| 1–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 18–13
| Jun 2016
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Montpellier, France
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|NED}} Eva Wacanno
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Lourdes Domínguez Lino]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Jil Teichmann]]
| 7–5, 2–6, [11–9]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 18–14
| Oct 2016
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Lagos, Nigeria
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Valentini Grammatikopoulou]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Chayenne Ewijk]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Rosalie van der Hoek]]
| 5–7, 3–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 19–14
| Oct 2016
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Lagos, Nigeria
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GRE}} Valentini Grammatikopoulou
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyra Shroff]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruthi Tatachar Venugopal]]
| 6–7(3), 6–3, [11–9]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 19–15
| Feb 2017
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Perth, Australia
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Irina Bara]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Junri Namigata]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Riko Sawayanagi]]
| 6–7(5), 6–4, [9–11]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 19–16
| Apr 2017
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Pula, Italy
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|NED}} Eva Wacanno
| {{flagicon|MKD}} [[Lina Gjorcheska]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bernarda Pera]]
| 2–6, 3–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 19–17
| [[2017 Kunming Open – Women's doubles|Apr 2017]]
| bgcolor=f88379| [[Kunming Open|ITF Anning]], China
| bgcolor=f88379| 100,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xun Fangying]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Han Xinyun]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ye Qiuyu]]
| 2–6, 5–7
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 20–17
| [[2017 XIXO Ladies Open Hódmezővásárhely – Doubles|Jun 2017]]
| bgcolor=ffe4c4| [[Hódmezővásárhely Ladies Open|ITF Hódmezővásárhely]], Hungary
| bgcolor=ffe4c4| 60,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kotomi Takahata (tennis)|Kotomi Takahata]]
| {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Ulrikke Eikeri]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Tereza Mrdeža]]
| 1–0 ret.
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 21–17
| [[2018 Fuzion 100 Manchester Trophy – Doubles|Jun 2018]]
| bgcolor=f88379| [[Aegon Manchester Trophy|ITF Manchester]], UK
| bgcolor=f88379| 100,000
| Grass
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Luksika Kumkhum]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Naomi Broady]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Asia Muhammad]]
| 7–6(5), 6–3
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 21–18
| [[2018 Grand Est Open 88 – Doubles|Jul 2018]]
| bgcolor=f88379| [[Grand Est Open 88|ITF Contrexéville]], France
| bgcolor=f88379| 100,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|NED}} Eva Wacanno
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[An-Sophie Mestach]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Saisai]]
| 6–3, 2–6, [7–10]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 21–19
| Oct 2019
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Lagos, Nigeria
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Sandra Samir]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Laura Pigossi]]
| 6–4, 4–6, [7–10]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 21–20
| Oct 2019
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Lagos, Nigeria
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|EGY}} Sandra Samir
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rutuja Bhosale {{flagicon|BRA}} Laura Pigossi
| 3–6, 7–6(3), [6–10]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 21–21
| Jan 2020
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Daytona Beach, U.S.
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Paula Ormaechea]]
| {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Dalma Gálfi]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kimberley Zimmermann]]
| 6–7(4), 2–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 21–22
| Mar 2021
| bgcolor=#f0f8ff| ITF New Delhi, India
| bgcolor=#f0f8ff| 15,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sowjanya Bavisetti]]
| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Pia Lovrič]] {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Adrienn Nagy]]
| 2–6, 3–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 21–23
| Jan 2022
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Cairo, Egypt
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|HUN}} Adrienn Nagy
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Melanie Klaffner]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Sinja Kraus]]
| 5–7, 3–6
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
| 22–23
| [[2022 Engie Open de l'Isère – Doubles|Feb 2022]]
| bgcolor=ffe4c4| [[Open de l'Isère|ITF Grenoble]], France
| bgcolor=ffe4c4| 60,000
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuriko Miyazaki]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Alicia Barnett]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Olivia Nicholls]]
| 6–3, 6–3
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 22–24
| Feb 2022
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Porto, Portugal
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|HUN}} Adrienn Nagy
| {{flagicon|GRE}} Valentini Grammatikopoulou {{flagicon|NED}} [[Quirine Lemoine]]
| 2–6, 0–6
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 22–25
| May 2022
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Montemor-o-Novo, Portugal
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Alana Parnaby]]
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Francisca Jorge]] {{flagicon|POR}} [[Matilde Jorge]]
| 3–6, 4–6
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
| 23–25
| Jun 2022
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Prokuplje, Serbia
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhibek Kulambayeva]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Leyre Romero Gormaz]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Tara Würth]]
| w/o
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 23–26
| Jul 2022
| bgcolor=ffe4c4| [[Liepāja Open|ITF Liepāja]], Latvia
| bgcolor=ffe4c4| 60,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Emily Appleton (tennis)|Emily Appleton]]
| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Dalila Jakupović]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ivana Jorović]]
| 4–6, 3–6
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 23–27
| Aug 2022
| bgcolor=lightblue| ITF Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia
| bgcolor=lightblue| 25,000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Emily Appleton
| {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Cristina Dinu]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Valeriya Strakhova]]
| 1–6, 6–4, [8–10]
|-
| style="background:#98fb98"|Win
| 24–27
| Dec 2022
| style="background:lightblue;"| ITF Solapur, India
| style="background:lightblue;"| 25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ankita Raina
| {{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Madelyn Nugroho]] {{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Yashina]]
| 6–1, 6–2
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 24–28
| Dec 2022
| style="background:lightblue;"|ITF Navi Mumbai, India
| style="background:lightblue;"|25,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ankita Raina
| {{flagicon|INA}} Priska Madelyn Nugroho {{flagicon|}} Ekaterina Yashina
| 3–6, 1–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98"|Win
| 25–28
| Jan 2023
| style="background:#f7e98e;"|ITF Pune, India
| style="background:#f7e98e;"|40,000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ankita Raina
| {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Gozal Ainitdinova]] {{flagicon|KAZ}} Zhibek Kulambayeva
| 4–6, 7–5, [10–8]
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a"|Loss
| 25–29
| Feb 2023
| style="background:#f7e98e;"|ITF Mâcon, France
| style="background:#f7e98e;"|40,000
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|}} [[Darya Astakhova]]
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Magali Kempen]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Xenia Knoll]]
| 3–6, 4–6
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{WTA}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{FedCup}}

{{Top Indian female tennis players}}
{{Top Indian female doubles tennis players}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thombare, Prarthana}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Racket sportspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in tennis]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in tennis]]

Sumit Nagal

2023-09-25T09:56:20Z

Faizanjavedifti: /* External links */

{{short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Sumit Nagal
| image = Nagal RGQ22 (14) (52129786409).jpg
| caption = Nagal at the [[2022 French Open]]
| country = {{flagicon|IND}} India
| residence = [[New Delhi]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|08|16}}
| birth_place = [[Jhajjar district|Jaitpur]], [[Haryana]], India
| height = {{convert|1.78|m|abbr=on}}
| turnedpro = 2015
| plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| coach = [[Sascha Nensel]]
| careerprizemoney = US$ 704,295
| singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=8|lost=19|details=in [[ATP World Tour]] and [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] main draw matches, and in [[Davis Cup]]|small=yes}}
| singlestitles = 0
| highestsinglesranking = No. 122 (24 August 2020)
| currentsinglesranking = No. 156 (11 September 2023) 
| AustralianOpenresult = 1R ([[2021 Australian Open – Men's singles|2021]])
| FrenchOpenresult = Q2 ([[2021 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|2021]])
| Wimbledonresult = Q1 ([[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|2018]])
| USOpenresult = 2R ([[2020 US Open – Men's singles|2020]])
| Othertournaments = yes
| Olympicsresult = 2R ([[Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|2021]])
| doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=0|lost=1|details=in [[ATP World Tour]] and [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] main draw matches, and in [[Davis Cup]]|small=yes}}
| doublestitles = 0
| highestdoublesranking = No. 540 (8 October 2018)
| currentdoublesranking = No. 581 (26 June 2023) 
| Team = yes
| DavisCupresult = 2–3
| updated = 13 September 2023
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's tennis}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]]|[[Tennis at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games#Medalists|Men's singles]]}}
}}

'''Sumit Nagal''' (born 16 August 1997) is an Indian professional [[tennis]] player. He won the [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' doubles|2015 Wimbledon boys' doubles]] title with his Vietnamese partner [[Lý Hoàng Nam]], thus becoming the sixth Indian player to win a junior [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] title. He is currently the highest-[[ATP rankings|ranked]] Indian singles tennis player<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles?rankRange=1-5000&countryCode=IND|title = Rankings | Singles}}</ref> and since 2018, he has been a regular member of India's national [[Davis Cup]] squad.

== Early life ==

Sumit Nagal was born on 16 August 1997 to school teacher Suresh Nagal and his wife Krishna Devi, a homemaker in [[Jhajjar]], Haryana. Nagal started playing tennis at the age of eight at a local sports club. When he was ten years old, he was selected to join [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]'s training academy, as part of the first batch of Mahesh Bhupathi's Apollo Tyres Mission 2018 programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/who-is-sumit-nagal-the-indian-tennis-player-who-will-face-roger-federer-at-us-open-2019-first-round|title=Who is Sumit Nagal? The Indian tennis player who will face Roger Federer at US Open 2019 first round|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026134303/https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/who-is-sumit-nagal-the-indian-tennis-player-who-will-face-roger-federer-at-us-open-2019-first-round|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the programme, between 2008 and 2010, Nagal was based in Bangalore. Upon the programme closing down, Nagal shifted to Toronto for training with Coach Bobby Mahal.

== Career ==
=== 2015: Junior Wimbledon Title ===
Nagal won his 1st ever [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] Futures title by defeating Gustavo Vellbach 6–2, 6–0 at India F8 tournament. Nagal then won India F11 by defeating compatriot Ronit Singh Bisht 6–3, 6–4. Nagal won the [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' doubles|2015 Wimbledon boys' doubles]] title with his Vietnamese partner [[Lý Hoàng Nam]], defeating [[Reilly Opelka]] and [[Akira Santillan]] in the final. He became the sixth Indian player to win a junior Grand Slam title.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2015/indian-challenge/Sumit-Nagal-wins-Wimbledon-boys-doubles-title/articleshow/48045325.cms | title=Sumit Nagal wins Wimbledon boys' doubles title | date=12 July 2015 | access-date=13 July 2015 | archive-date=14 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714224908/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2015/indian-challenge/Sumit-Nagal-wins-Wimbledon-boys-doubles-title/articleshow/48045325.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Nagal won his 1st ever [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] futures doubles title with [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]] by defeating compatriots [[Anirudh Chandrasekar]] and Vignesh Peranamallur 6–3, 7–5, he also won the singles in the same tournament by defeating [[Vishnu Vardhan]] 7–6(7-5), 7–6(7-4).

=== 2016: Davis Cup debut ===
Nagal won Uzbekistan F1 with [[Ti Chen]] by defeating [[Sanjar Fayziev]] and [[Jurabek Karimov]] 5–5 ret. He won Poland F6 by defeating [[Daniel Masur]] 6–4, 1–6, 6–3. Nagal made his Davis Cup debut for India in the 2016 World Group Playoff tie against Spain in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Sumit Nagal, the 22-year-old from Haryana Who Just Won a Set Against Roger Federer at US Open |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/sumit-nagal-the-22-year-old-from-haryana-who-just-won-a-set-against-roger-federer-at-us-open-2019-2285305.html |access-date=17 September 2019 |date=27 August 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914131102/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/sumit-nagal-the-22-year-old-from-haryana-who-just-won-a-set-against-roger-federer-at-us-open-2019-2285305.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He then won Hungary F7 by defeating [[Péter Nagy (tennis)|Peter Nagy]] 7–6(7–3), 6–1.

=== 2017: First ATP Challenger title ===
Nagal ran into a controversy when he was dropped from Davis Cup team for serious disciplinary issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sumit Nagal 'finished mini-bar in his hotel room', dropped from India Davis Cup team |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/tennis/170117/sumit-nagal-finished-mini-bar-in-his-hotel-room-dropped-from-india-davis-cup-team.html |access-date=17 September 2019 |agency=PTI |date=17 January 2017 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917231503/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/tennis/170117/sumit-nagal-finished-mini-bar-in-his-hotel-room-dropped-from-india-davis-cup-team.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nagal lost the final of Romania F2 to [[Gonçalo Oliveira]] 6–3, 3–6, 0–6. He then won Sri Lanka F1 by defeating [[Alexander Zhurbin]] 6–3, 6-2 and Sri Lanka F3 by defeating Carlos Bolunda-Purkiss 6–1, 6–1. He continued his good form by winning Italy F23 against [[Andrea Basso]] 6–4, 6–4. Nagal then defeated Colin Van Beem by 6–3, 6–0 in the final of India F7.

Nagal won gold medal at [[Tennis at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games]] by defeating compatriot Vijay Natrajan 6–1,6-1 in the final. He didn't drop a single set in the whole championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/nagal-wins-gold-with-crushing-win-over-prashanth/amp_articleshow/60858130.cms|title= Nagal wins gold with crushing win over Prashanth|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref>

At [[2017 Bengaluru Open|Bengaluru Challenger]] Nagal stunned top seed [[Blaž Kavčič]] in the quarterfinals, then followed it by beating compatriot [[Yuki Bhambri]] in the semifinal and [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]] in the Finals capturing his first challenger title.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sumit Nagal wins ATP Bengaluru Open title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/sumit-nagal-wins-atp-bengaluru-open-title/articleshow/61799056.cms |access-date=17 September 2019 |agency=PTI |date=25 November 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723192320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/sumit-nagal-wins-atp-bengaluru-open-title/articleshow/61799056.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2018: Asian Games debut and struggle with form===
Nagal started the year at the [[2018 Maharashtra Open – Singles|Maharashtra Open]] where qualified for the main draw after beating compatriot [[Divij Sharan]] and [[Adrián Menéndez Maceiras]] but in the 1st round(of main draw) he lost to [[Ilya Ivashka]] 3–6, 3–6. He lost his Davis Cup tie match to [[Zhang Ze]] 6–4, 6–1. Nagal made his [[Asian Games]] debut in [[Tennis at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's doubles|2018 edition]], He competed in doubles event pairing with [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]], They reached the Quarter-finals before losing to eventual silver medallists [[Alexander Bublik]] and [[Denis Yevseyev]]. Nagal failed to win a single match in the qualifying rounds of any [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam events]], he missed [[2018 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] due to an injury. He lost to compatriot [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] in the 1st round of [[2018 Shenzhen Longhua Open]] after qualifying from qualifying draw. He then lost to [[Saketh Myneni]] in the Quarter-finals of [[2018 Bengaluru Open]] 6–4, 6–4. Nagal failed to reach final of any [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] or Challenger tournament at the end if the year.

=== 2019: Debut at Grand Slam main draw ===
2019 proved to be breakthrough year for Nagal. At the [[2019 US Open (tennis)|2019 US Open]], Nagal qualified to make his grand slam main draw debut. He faced [[Roger Federer]] in his opening round match.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meiseles |first1=Josh |title=Who Is Sumit Nagal? Meet Federer's First Round Opponent |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/news/us-open-2019-preview-nagal |website=www.atptour.com |access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> He lost the match but managed to take first set against the multiple grand slam champion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hegde |first1=Prajwal |title=Valiant Sumit Nagal gives Roger Federer a scare before going down at US open |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2019/valiant-sumit-nagal-gives-roger-federer-a-scare-before-going-down-at-us-open/articleshow/70852537.cms |access-date=17 September 2019 |date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827172520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2019/valiant-sumit-nagal-gives-roger-federer-a-scare-before-going-down-at-us-open/articleshow/70852537.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
Later he reached his second career ATP challenger final at the [[2019 Banja Luka Challenger|Banja Luka Challenger]]. He lost the championship match to Dutch player [[Tallon Griekspoor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Samrat |title=Sumit Nagal Loses To Netherlands' Tallon Griekspoor In Final Of Banja Luka Challenger |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/banja-luka-challenger-sumit-nagal-loses-to-netherlands-tallon-griekspoor-in-final-2101364 |access-date=17 September 2019 |date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922231814/https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/banja-luka-challenger-sumit-nagal-loses-to-netherlands-tallon-griekspoor-in-final-2101364 |url-status=live }}</ref> The next tournament he reached the final again at [[2019 Challenger de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires Challenger]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Damayanti Dasgupta|date=Mar 3, 2021|title=Sumit Nagal on fire in Argentina|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/sumit-nagal-on-fire-in-argentina/articleshow/81315822.cms|access-date=2021-04-26|website=The Times of India|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426163627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/sumit-nagal-on-fire-in-argentina/articleshow/81315822.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He won the title defeating local player [[Facundo Bagnis]]. This was his second challenger title and his first on clay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sumit Nagal wins Buenos Aires Challenger, likely to break into top 135 of ATP rankings |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/sumit-nagal-wins-buenos-aires-challenger-title-indian-tennis/article29550802.ece |access-date=7 October 2019 |date=30 September 2019 |archive-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001101900/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/sumit-nagal-wins-buenos-aires-challenger-title-indian-tennis/article29550802.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2020: First Grand Slam main draw win===
At [[2020 US Open (tennis)|2020 US Open]], Nagal won his opening round match against [[Bradley Klahn]], thus becoming first Indian since [[Somdev Devvarman]] at the [[2013 US Open (tennis)|2013 US Open]] to win a singles match in the main draw of a Grand Slam. In second round he was defeated in straight sets by the second seed and eventual champion, [[Dominic Thiem]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dominic Thiem ousts Sumit Nagal to advance into Round 3 |url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2020-09-03/dominic_thiem_ousts_sumit_nagal_to_advance_into_round_3.html |access-date=6 September 2020 |date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027011642/https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2020-09-03/dominic_thiem_ousts_sumit_nagal_to_advance_into_round_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2021: Olympic debut===
Nagal started the year at the [[2021 Australian Open]] where he received a wildcard entry into the main draw. He was defeated in straight sets to [[Ričardas Berankis]] 6–2, 7–5, 6–3. Nagal then qualified for main draw of [[2021 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell – Singles|Barcelona Open]] after beating [[Illya Marchenko]] and [[Thomas Fabbiano]]. But he was defeated in straight sets to [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] in 1st round of main draw. He lost to [[Norbert Gombos]] in the qualifiers of [[2021 BMW Open – Singles|BMW Open]]. He was seeded no.8 at the [[2021 I.ČLTK Prague Open – Men's singles|Prague Open]], he defeated [[Zdeněk Kolář]] and [[Sergiy Stakhovsky]] but again lost to [[Norbert Gombos]] who was the top seed.

Nagal qualified for the [[Tennis at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Tokyo Olympics]] in singles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sumit Nagal makes singles cut for Tokyo Olympics; AITA pairs him with Bopanna, withdraws Sharan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/nagal-now-eligible-for-tokyo-singles-draw-yuki-misses-out-due-to-injury-101626422924552.html|access-date=16 July 2021|agency=Hindustan Times|date=16 July 2021|author=PTI|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716081345/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/nagal-now-eligible-for-tokyo-singles-draw-yuki-misses-out-due-to-injury-101626422924552.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
He reached the 2nd round after defeating [[Denis Istomin]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tokyo Olympics: Sumit Nagal beats Denis Istomin to win singles Tennis match for India after 25 years|work=SportsTiger|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/tokyo-olympics-sumit-nagal-beats-denis-istomin-to-win-singles-tennis-match-for-india-after-25-years/|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724114705/https://www.sportstiger.com/tokyo-olympics-sumit-nagal-beats-denis-istomin-to-win-singles-tennis-match-for-india-after-25-years/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/sumit-nagal-wins-indias-first-olympic-singles-match-in-25-years-7420074/ Sumit Nagal wins India's first Olympic singles match in 25 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724153644/https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/sumit-nagal-wins-indias-first-olympic-singles-match-in-25-years-7420074/ |date=24 July 2021 }} ''Indianexpress.com''. Retrieved 24 July 2021</ref> He lost to [[Daniil Medvedev]] in the next round.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tokyo Olympics: Daniil Medvedev handed Sumit Nagal a tennis lesson|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/tokyo-olympics-daniil-medvedev-handed-sumit-nagal-a-tennis-lesson/articleshow/84779885.cms|access-date=19 September 2021|agency=The Times of India|date=27 July 2021|author=Hegde, Prajwal|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926100908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/tokyo-olympics-daniil-medvedev-handed-sumit-nagal-a-tennis-lesson/articleshow/84779885.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Nagal holds the distinction of being the first Indian in 25 years to reach the second round of an Olympics singles tennis event.<ref>{{Cite web|last=N.Sudarshan|title=Tennis at Tokyo 2020: Indian challenge all but over with Nagal's loss|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/tokyo-olympics/sumit-nagal-tennis-tokyo-olympics-2020-medvedev-sports-news-sania-mirza/article35549025.ece|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Sportstar|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726211835/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/tokyo-olympics/sumit-nagal-tennis-tokyo-olympics-2020-medvedev-sports-news-sania-mirza/article35549025.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[2021 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|2021 US Open]], Nagal was out in the qualifying round. Nagal had an early end to 2021 season due to a hip injury for which he underwent a surgery in November.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics-com.org/v/s/olympics.com/en/news/indian-tennis-player-sumit-nagal-hip-surgery?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#aoh=16475975490557&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Findian-tennis-player-sumit-nagal-hip-surgery|access-date=12 November 2021|title=Sumit Nagal undergoes hip surgery in Germany}}</ref> But before he was injured he lastly played at [[2021 Sibiu Open – Singles|Sibiu Challenger]] where he made it to the semi-finals before losing to top seed and eventual champion [[Stefano Travaglia]].

===2022: Struggles with Injuries and form===
Nagal reached the only quarterfinal of his year in the [[2022 Meerbusch Challenger – Singles|Meerbusch]]. Outside of that, he only won 4 matches at Challenger level.

===2023: First two challenger titles in 4 years, return to top 200, first win over a top 100 player===
Nagal began the season at [[2023 Tata Open Maharashtra|Maharastra Open]] entering the main draw as wildcard. He lost to sixth seed [[Filip Krajinović]] in three sets in first round. He next lost to [[Shintaro Mochizuki]] in three sets in first qualifying round of the [[2023 Nonthaburi Challenger III|Nonthaburi Challenger]]. He then lost to Gauthier Onclin in three sets in first qualifying round of the [[2023 BW Open]] ending the first month of the year winless.

In February, Nagal reached his first challenger semifinal since [[2021 Sibiu Open – Singles|Sibiu 2021]] in [[2023 Chennai Open Challenger – Singles|Chennai]] after coming through qualifying, beating [[Calum Puttergill]] and [[Nam Ji-sung]]. In the main draw, he beat 4th seed [[Ryan Peniston]], [[lucky loser]] [[Jason Jung]], and unseeded [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]], before losing to [[Nicolas Moreno de Alboran]] in the semifinals.

Nagal qualified for the [[2023 Garden Open – Singles|Garden Open]] in Rome. Once he reached the main draw, he beat 4th seed [[Francesco Maestrelli]], wildcard Fausto Tabacco, alternate [[Max Houkes]] and 8th seed [[Joris De Loore|Joris de Loore]] to reach his first Challenger final in 4 years. There, he beat [[Jesper de Jong]] in straight sets to win the title, becoming the first Indian player to win a Challenger title on European clay. As a result, he reentered the top 260 on 8 May 2023.

In July, Nagal was seeded 7th in the [[2023 Tampere Open – Singles|Tampere Challenger]] in Finland. There, he beat [[Jiří Veselý]], [[João Lucas Reis da Silva]] and [[Aziz Dougaz]] to reach the semifinals, where he beat [[Daniel Rincón (tennis)|Daniel Rincón]] to reach the second Challenger final of his year. There, he beat 4th seed [[Dalibor Svrčina]] to win his second Challenger title of the year, becoming the first Indian player to win two titles on European Clay in the same year. As a result, his ranking returned to the top 200 at 173 after the tournament.

His success continued on clay, after reaching yet another semifinal in [[2023 NÖ Open – Singles|Tulln]], defeating [[Albert Ramos-Viñolas]] for his first victory over a top 100 player on his way.

== Career statistics ==
===Grand Slam tournament performance timeline===
{{Performance key|short=yes}}
''Current through the [[2021 US Open (tennis)|2021 US Open]].''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:95%
!Tournament!![[2018 ATP World Tour|2018]]!![[2019 ATP World Tour|2019]]!![[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]!![[2021 ATP Tour|2021]]
![[2022 ATP Tour|2022]]!!SR!!W–L!!Win %
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|[[2018 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|[[2020 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|style=background:#afeeee|[[2021 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|style=background:#efefef|0 / 1
|style=background:#efefef|0–1
|style=background:#efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=1|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|[[2018 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|[[2020 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2021 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|A
|style=background:#efefef|0 / 0
|style=background:#efefef|0–0
|style=background:#efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|[[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|style=color:#767676|NH
|A
|A
|style=background:#efefef|0 / 0
|style=background:#efefef|0–0
|style=background:#efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|style=background:#afeeee|[[2019 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|style=background:#afeeee|[[2020 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|[[2021 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|[[2022 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|style=background:#efefef|0 / 2
|style=background:#efefef|1–2
|style=background:#efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=2|integer=yes}}
|-style=font-weight:bold;background:#efefef
|style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–0
|0–1
|1–1
|0–1
|0–0
|style=background:#efefef|0 / 3
|style=background:#efefef|1–3
|style=background:#efefef|{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=3|integer=yes}}
|}

==ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals==

===Singles: 16 (13–3)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Legend
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger (4–2)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures (9–1)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (3–0)
|-
|Clay (10–3)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|1–0
|{{dts|Jun 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F8, [[Hyderabad]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Gustavo Vellbach
|6–2, 6–0
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|2–0
|{{dts|Aug 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F11, [[Chennai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ronit Singh Bisht
|6–3, 6–4
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|3–0
|{{dts|Sep 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F15, [[Madurai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]]
|7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–4)
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|4–0
|{{dts|Aug 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Poland F6, [[Poznań]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Daniel Masur]]
| 6–4, 1–6, 6–3
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|5–0
|{{dts|Oct 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Hungary F7, [[Balatonboglar]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Péter Nagy (tennis)|Peter Nagy]]
|7–6(7–3), 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–1
|{{dts|May 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Romania F2, [[Bacău]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Gonçalo Oliveira]]
| 6–3, 3–6, 0–6
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|6–1
|{{dts|Jun 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Sri Lanka F1, [[Colombo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Alexander Zhurbin (tennis)|Alexander Zhurbin]]
|6–3, 6-2
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|7–1
|{{dts|Jul 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Sri Lanka F3, [[Colombo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Carlos Bolunda-Purkiss
|6–1, 6-1
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|8–1
|{{dts|Jul 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Italy F23, [[Pontedera]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Basso]]
|6–4, 6-4
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|9–1
|{{dts|Sep 2017}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F7, [[Chennai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|NED}} Colin Van Beem
|6–3, 6-0
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98| Win
|10–1
|[[2017 Bengaluru Open – Singles|{{dts|Nov 2017}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Bengaluru Open|Bangalore]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]]
| 6–3, 3–6, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–2
|[[2019 Banja Luka Challenger – Singles|{{dts|Sep 2019}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2019 Banja Luka Challenger|Banja Luka]], Bosnia & Herzegovina
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Tallon Griekspoor]]
|2–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|11–2
|[[2019 Challenger de Buenos Aires – Singles|{{dts|Sep 2019}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2019 Challenger de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Facundo Bagnis]]
|6–4, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|12–2
|[[2023 Garden Open – Singles|{{dts|Apr 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2023 Garden Open|Rome]], Italy
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Jesper de Jong]]
|6–3, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|13–2
|[[2023 Tampere Open – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2023 Tampere Open|Tampere]], Finland
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Dalibor Svrčina]]
|6–4, 7–5
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|13–3
|[[2023 NÖ Open – Singles|{{dts|Sep 2023}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[2023 NÖ Open|Tulln an der Donau]], Austria
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva]]
|2–6, 4–6
|}

===Doubles: 2 (2–0)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Legend
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger (0–0)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures (2–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (2–0)
|-
|Clay (0–0)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|1–0
|{{dts|Sep 2015}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F15, [[Madurai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} Vignesh Peranamallur
|6–3, 7–5
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98 | Win
|2–0
|{{dts|Apr 2016}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Uzbekistan F1, [[Karshi]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ti Chen]]
|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Sanjar Fayziev]] {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Jurabek Karimov]]
|5–5 ret.
|}

=== Junior Grand Slam tournament finals===
==== Boys' Doubles: 1 (1–0) ====
{|class="sortable wikitable" style=font-size:97%
!Outcome
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!Score
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Winner
| [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' doubles|2015]]
| [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
| Grass
| {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Lý Hoàng Nam]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Reilly Opelka]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akira Santillan]]
| 7–6(7–4), 6–4
|}

== Controversies ==
In 2017, after reports came to surface that Sumit had missed a practice session in July 2016 at [[Chandigarh]] during the tie against [[South Korea Davis Cup team|South Korea]], citing elbow injury. He was dropped from the Indian [[Davis Cup]] squad led by [[Anand Amritraj]] which was scheduled to face the New Zealand between 3 and 5 February 2017. A source close to [[All India Tennis Association]] (AITA) told Sportskeeda, "It is a case of sheer indiscipline, on the part of the player. He missed several training sessions, brought his girlfriend to the camp without informing us. Several other discrepancies have also emerged, which led to the captain taking this call."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/india-drops-sumit-nagal-davis-cup-squad-citing-indiscipline|title=India drops Sumit Nagal from Davis Cup squad citing indiscipline|date=2017-01-17|access-date=2017-01-17|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118085756/http://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/india-drops-sumit-nagal-davis-cup-squad-citing-indiscipline|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/sumit-nagal-dropped-from-indias-davis-cup-squad-due-to-serious-breach-of-discipline-aita-sources-3207554.html|title=Sumit Nagal dropped from India's Davis Cup squad due to serious breach of discipline: AITA sources|date=2017-01-17|newspaper=Firstpost|access-date=2017-01-17|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052937/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/sumit-nagal-dropped-from-indias-davis-cup-squad-due-to-serious-breach-of-discipline-aita-sources-3207554.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsnation.in/sports-news/tennis-news/sumit-nagal-dropped-from-indian-davis-cup-team-on-charges-of-serious-discipline-breach-article-158058.html|title=Sumit Nagal dropped from Indian Davis Cup team on charges of serious discipline breach|date=2017-01-17|newspaper=News Nation|access-date=2017-01-17|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053220/http://www.newsnation.in/sports-news/tennis-news/sumit-nagal-dropped-from-indian-davis-cup-team-on-charges-of-serious-discipline-breach-article-158058.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nagal denied the allegations, he got support from former India player [[Somdev Devvarman]] who stated that "I want to be clear once again. You have not chosen Sumit Nagal for the upcoming tie, because Sumit Nagal is NOT available to play. How do I know this? Because I have spent 2 weeks with Sumit in December helping him with his training and his rehab for the current shoulder injury he is recovering from."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sumit-nagal-somdev-devvarman-all-india-tennis-association-aita-davis-cup/1/860864.html|title=Sumit Nagal slams allegations made by All India Tennis Association|access-date=8 January 2018|date=18 January 2017|last1=Nickels|first1=Jepher Christopher|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520153157/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sumit-nagal-somdev-devvarman-all-india-tennis-association-aita-davis-cup/1/860864.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}

{{Wimbledon boys' doubles champions}}
{{Top ten Indian male singles tennis players}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagal, Sumit}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles]]
[[Category:Wimbledon junior champions]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Canada]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2022 Asian Games]]

List of Pashtuns

2023-07-20T14:46:58Z

Faizanjavedifti: Created an influential manuscript.

[[Pashtuns]], also known as '''Pakhtuns''', '''Pathans''', or '''Pushtuns''', are an ethnic group that largely inhabits [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]]. They are one of the most populous ethnic groups in both countries and have a long and illustrious history. Pashtuns are also well-represented in neighbouring countries such as Iran and India.

Pashtuns are traditionally organised into tribal divisions, and their society is defined by the [[Pashtunwali]] code of honour and hospitality. Pashtunwali is a set of beliefs and values that include [[courage]], [[loyalty]], [[justice]], and [[hospitality]]. It is extremely important in the social structure and interactions of [[Pashtun tribes]].

== Artists ==

* [[Abdul Ghani Khan]] (Afghanistan/Pakistan) - Pashto poet, writer, philosopher, and artist.
* [[Raheem Shah|Rahim Shah]] (Pakistan) - Popular Pashto and Urdu singer.
* [[Khyal Muhammad]] (Pakistan) - Prominent Pashto folk singer.
* [[Gulzar Alam]] (Pakistan) - Pashto singer and music composer.
* [[Farhad Darya]] (Afghanistan) - Afghan singer and composer, known for his contributions to Afghan music.
* [[Gul Panra|Gull Panra]] (Pakistan) - Pashto female singer.

== Authors ==

* [[Abdul Ghani Khan|Khan Abdul Ghani Khan]] (Pakistan) - Prominent Pashto poet, philosopher, and writer.
* [[Hamza Shinwari]] (Pakistan) - Pashto poet and writer known for his romantic poetry.
* [[Ajmal Khattak]] (Pakistan) - Pashto poet, writer, and politician.
* [[Khushal Khattak|Khushal Khan Khattak]] (Afghanistan) - Pashto poet, warrior, and tribal chief from the 17th century.
* [[Rahman Baba]] (Afghanistan) - Renowned Pashto poet and Sufi saint.
* [[Abaseen Yousafzai]] (Pakistan) - Pashto poet known for his modernist poetry.
* [[Khatir Afridi]] (Pakistan) - Pashto poet and writer.
* [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] (India) - Sunni Islamic Scholar, Jurist and Mufti.

== Aviators ==

* [[Jahangir Khan]] (Pakistan) - Pakistani aviator who became the first Pashtun and the second Pakistani to fly around the world solo in a small aircraft.
* [[Abdul Ahad Momand]] (Afghanistan), 4th Muslim astronaut who visited Space and first Muslim in the entire world who bring Quran to the space. Due to Abdul Ahad Momand, Pashto is now the 4th language spoken in space.
* [[Ayesha Farooq]] (Pakistan) - First female fighter pilot from the Pashtun community in Pakistan.
* [[Hayatullah Khan Durrani]] (Pakistan) - Former Pakistani Air Marshal and Chief of Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force.

== Arhictects ==

* [[Sharif Fayez]] - An Afghan architect and urban planner who has contributed to the rebuilding efforts in Afghanistan.
* [[Habibullah Khan Khattak|Habib Ullah Khan]] - A renowned Pakistani architect known for his contributions to the field of architectural design and urban planning.
* [[Hayatullah Khan Durrani]] - An Afghan architect and urban planner who has played a vital role in the development and reconstruction of Afghanistan.
* Farid Esmaeil - An Afghan architect who has worked on several notable projects in Afghanistan, focusing on sustainable design and preservation of cultural heritage.
* Noor Khan Bayat - A Pashtun architect and urban planner who has worked on various architectural projects in Pakistan.
* Shamsul Qamar - An architect from Pakistan who has designed several notable buildings and structures.
* Hadi Nasiri - An Afghan architect and urban planner known for his work on projects related to urban development and sustainable architecture.
* Abasin Khan Achakzai - A Pakistani architect known for his expertise in sustainable design and construction.

== Businessman ==

* [[Shahid Khan]] (United States) - Pakistani-American billionaire and owner of the [[Jacksonville Jaguars|Jacksonville Jaguars NFL]] team and [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]] FC.
* Nasrullah Khan Durrani (Pakistan) - Founder and Chairman of Durrani Group, a prominent business conglomerate in Pakistan.
* Faisal Dawood (Pakistan) - CEO of [[Dawood Hercules Corporation]], one of the largest industrial groups in Pakistan.
* Sirajuddin Aziz (Pakistan) - CEO of Habib Metropolitan Bank, one of the leading banks in Pakistan.
* Saad Mohseni (Afghanistan) - Co-founder and CEO of [[Moby Media Group|MOBY Group]], a leading media and entertainment company in Afghanistan.
* Malik Abdul Rahim (Pakistan) - Founder and Chairman of Abdul Rahim Group, a diversified business group with interests in manufacturing, construction, and real estate.

== Scientists ==

* Abdul Qadeer Khan (Pakistan) - Pakistani nuclear scientist known for his pivotal role in Pakistan's nuclear program.
* [[Ghulam Sediq Wardak]] (Afghanistan) - A Pashtun inventor who is known for more than 344 inventions.
* [[Ziauddin Sardar]] (Pakistan) - Scientist and author of more than 50 books.
* Rafiullah Kakar (Pakistan) - Pakistani agricultural scientist specializing in crop breeding and genetics.

== Film Industry ==

* [[Dilip Kumar]] (Muhammad Yusuf Khan) - Legendary Indian actor known for his performances in Hindi films. He was born into a Pathan family in Peshawar, now in present-day Pakistan.
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] - Indian actor and film producer, often referred to as the "King of Bollywood." He has Pathan ancestry from his father's side.
* [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] - Indian actor, film director, and film producer who had a successful career in Hindi cinema. He was of Pashtun heritage.
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] - Indian actor known for his iconic portrayal of the character Gabbar Singh in the film "Sholay." He belonged to a Pashtun family.
* [[Fardeen Khan]] - Indian film actor and son of actor Feroz Khan. He has Pathan ancestry from his father's side.
* [[Zareen Khan]] - Indian actress who made her debut in Bollywood. She has Pashtun ancestry from her father's side.
* [[Huma Qureshi]] - Indian actress who has appeared in Hindi films. She has Pashtun ancestry from her father's side.
* [[Mahira Khan]] - Pakistani actress known for her roles in Pakistani and Indian films. She has Pashtun ancestry from her father's side.
* [[Arbaaz Khan]] - Indian actor, film producer, and director. He is of Pathan descent.
* [[Zayed Khan]] - Indian actor and son of actor Sanjay Khan. He has Pathan ancestry from his father's side.
* [[Sahil Khan]] - Indian actor and model.

== Journalists ==

# [[Rahimullah Yusufzai]] - Pakistani journalist and expert on Afghan affairs, known for his reporting on the region.
# [[Saleem Safi]] - Pakistani journalist, columnist, and television anchor, specializing in political analysis and current affairs.
# [[Najiba Ayubi]] - Afghan journalist and women's rights advocate, known for her work in promoting press freedom and advocating for women's rights.
# [[Nasim Zehra]] - Pakistani journalist and television anchor, known for her expertise in political analysis and foreign affairs.
# Farahnaz Zahidi - Pakistani journalist and writer, known for her contributions to women's rights, social issues, and human rights.
# Sami Yousafzai - Afghan journalist who has reported extensively on the Taliban and the situation in Afghanistan.
# [[Asma Shirazi]] - Pakistani journalist and television anchor, known for her work in political journalism and interviewing prominent figures.
# [[Iftikhar Ahmad (journalist)|Iftikhar Ahmad]] - Pakistani journalist and television anchor, known for his talk show focused on political and social issues.
# Hassan Abbas - Pakistani journalist, author, and academic, specializing in security and political analysis.

== In Sports ==

* [[Shahid Afridi]] (Pakistan) - Former Pakistani cricketer and one of the most popular and successful all-rounders in the game.
* [[Imran Khan]] (Pakistan) - Former Pakistani cricketer, legendary fast bowler, and the current Prime Minister of Pakistan.
* [[Younis Khan]] (Pakistan) - Former Pakistani cricketer and one of the leading run-scorers in Test cricket history.
* [[Rashid Khan]] (Afghanistan) - Afghan cricketer and one of the best spin bowlers in the world. He has achieved great success in international cricket.
* [[Hamid Hassan]] (Afghanistan) - Former Afghan cricketer who played as a fast bowler and represented Afghanistan in international matches.
* [[Khaibar Amani]] (Afghanistan) - Professional footballer who plays as a midfielder and has represented Afghanistan internationally.
* [[Zubair Ahmad Khan|Zubair Ahmed]] (Pakistan) - Former Pakistani field hockey player who won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
* [[Samiullah Khan (field hockey)|Samiullah Khan]] (Pakistan) - Former Pakistani field hockey player who won three gold medals at the Olympics and is considered one of the greatest field hockey players of all time.
* [[Zahir Shah Al-Zadah|Zahir Shah]] (Afghanistan) - Afghan taekwondo athlete who represented Afghanistan at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
* [[Jahangir Khan]] (Pakistan) - Former Pakistani squash player, considered one of the greatest players in the sport's history.

{{Uncategorized}}

GZB

2023-07-11T08:36:39Z

Faizanjavedifti: Page designed.

'''GZB''' may refer to:

* GZB, the Indian Railways station code for [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station]], Uttar Pradesh, India
* GZB, the Pinyin code for [[Guangzhou North railway station]], Guangdong, China

{{Disambiguation}}

Gurdwara Janam Asthan

2023-04-15T10:24:32Z

Faizanjavedifti: Just published an enlightening work.

{{Infobox building
| name = Gurdwara Janam Asthan {{nq|گردوارہ جنم استھان
}} ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਜਨਮ ਅਸਥਾਨ
| alternate_names =
| image = File:Gurdwara Janam Asthan (151717).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Gurdwara Janam Asthan'' (The birth place)'', also known as the Gurdwara Nankana Sahib<ref name="Singh">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Parvinder | title=Pakistan Gurudwara, Nankana Sahib, Panja Sahib, Dera Sahib, pilgrimage of pakistan gurudwara, Lahore Gurudwara, gurunanak Janam Asthan, gurudwara hasan abdal | website=Sikhtourism, Sikh Tourism, Golden Temple, Amritsar Tour, Hemkund Sahib, Sikh Pilgrimage, Punjab Gurudwara Tours, Pakistan Gurudwara Tours, India Gurudwara Tours, Punjab Tours, India Tours | url=http://www.sikhtourism.com/pakistan-gurudwara.htm | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
| location_town = [[Nankana Sahib]] [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| location_country = {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]]
| construction_start_date = 1600 A.D.
| completion_date = 1819–20 A.D.
| style = [[Sikh architecture]]
}}
'''Gurdwara Janam Asthan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{small|([[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]])}}, [[Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq|گردوارہ جنم استھان}}; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਜਨਮ ਅਸਥਾਨ), also referred to as '''Gurdwara Nankana Sahib''', is a highly revered [[gurdwara]] that is situated at the site where the founder of [[Sikhism]], [[Guru Nanak]], was born.<ref name="Report 2016">{{cite web | author=Staff Report | title=2,000 Sikh pilgrims arrive in city to celebrate Besakhi | website=Pakistan Today | date=13 April 2016 | url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/04/13/city/lahore/2000-sikh-pilgrims-arrive-in-city-to-celebrate-besakhi/ | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Iqbal 2015">{{cite web | last=Iqbal | first=Amjad | title=Over 2,500 Indian Sikhs attend annual pilgrimage | website=DAWN.COM | date=22 November 2015 | url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1221378 | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Nation 2016">{{cite web | title=Sikhs split over sale of Gurdwara Janam Asthan | website=The Nation | date=20 April 2016 | url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/06-Jan-2016/sikhs-split-over-sale-of-gurdwara-janam-asthan | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="dunyanews.tv 2015">{{cite web | title=Sikh pilgrims protest as permission to rally turned down in Nankana Sahib - Pakistan | website=dunyanews.tv | date=25 November 2015 | url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/310038-Sikh-pilgrims-protest-as-permission-to-rally-turne | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> The shrine is located in [[Nankana Sahib]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].

==Location==
The shrine is located in the town of [[Nankana Sahib]], approximately 65 kilometres from [[Lahore]]. Nankana Sahib had previously been known as ''Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī,''<ref name="Khalsa 2010">{{cite web | last=Khalsa | first=Sukhmandir | title=Historical Gurdwaras of Nankana, Pakistan Commemorating Guru Nanak Dev | website=About.com Religion & Spirituality | date=1 January 2010 | url=http://sikhism.about.com/od/gurdwaras/tp/Gurdwaras_of_Nankana_Sahib.htm | access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> but was eventually renamed in honour of [[Guru Nanak]].

==Significance==
Gurdwara Janam Asthan is believed to be located at the site where [[Guru Nanak]] was born to [[Mehta Kalu]] and [[Mata Tripta]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bakhshi|first1=Surinder Singh|title=Sikhs in the Diaspora|isbn=9780956072801}}</ref>

The gurdwara forms part of an ensemble of nine important gurdwaras in Nankana Sahib.<ref name=tns>{{cite news|title=Nankana’s pride|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/nankanas-pride/#.WVtDtzz3bYU|access-date=4 July 2017|agency=The News}}</ref> The shrine is frequently visited by Sikh ''yatris'' as part of a pilgrimage route in Pakistan.

{{clearleft}}
{{wide image|Gurdwara Janam Asthan LRMEXPORT 36764050687651220200504 032135197.jpg|450px|Gudrwara Janam Asthan}}

==History==
[[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Nankana Sahib in Rai-Bhoi-Di-Talwandi published in Mahan Kosh (1930), ca.1920's.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Gurdwara Janam Asthan published in ''[[Mahan Kosh]]'' (1930), ca.1920's]]
The first gurdwara is believed to have been built at the site in the 16th century by the grandson of Guru Nanak, Baba Dharam Chand.<ref name=tns/> The current gurdwara was built by [[Ranjit Singh]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=PAKISTAN NANKANA SAHIB|url=http://old.sgpc.net/historical-gurdwaras/gurdwaras_in_pakistan.asp}}</ref>

===1921 Massacre===
86 Sikhs were killed during the 20 February 1921 [[Nankana massacre]],<ref>Giani Partap Singh, Gurdwara Arthaat Akali Lehir, 1975, p 104.</ref> which took place after a confrontation between supporters of the gurdwara's manager, ''Mahant Narayan Das'', and members of the reformist [[Akali movement]] who accused him of both corruption and sexual impropriety.

==Conservation==
The gurdwara complex is listed on the Protected Heritage Monuments of the Archaeology Department of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guidelines for Critical & Sensitive Areas|format=PDF|url=http://www.environment.gov.pk/eia_pdf/f_Crit_%20Areas.pdf|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=6 June 2013|author=Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency|pages=12, 47, 48|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014185608/http://www.environment.gov.pk/eia_pdf/f_Crit_%20Areas.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:The Main Entrance of Gurdwara Janam Asthan.jpg|Main entrance
File:Nankana sahib.jpg|The main gate of Gurdwara Janam Asthan
File:Inside view of the entrance - Gurdwara Janam Asthan.jpg|Courtyard view
File:Mandap at Gurdwara Janam Asthan.jpg|''Mandap''
File:Sarovar at Gurdwara Nankana Sahib Janam Asthan.jpg|''Sarovar''
File:Arched Corridor of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, Nankana.jpg|[[Arcade (architecture)|Arcade]]s around the ''sarovar''
File:Pool in Gurdwara Janam Asthan, Nankana.jpg|Gurdwara Janam Asthan
File:The Minaret of Gurdwara Janam Asthan.jpg|View of one of the towers of the main complex
File:Ariel View of Gurdwara Janam Asthan-2.jpg|Aerial view of Janam Asthan
File:Nankana Sahib Old Photograph (Early 20th century).jpg|Old Photograph of Gurdwara Janam Asthan (Early 20th century)
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]] - Gurdwara built at the site where Guru Nanak died.
* [[Saka - The Martyrs of Nankana Sahib]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{coord|31|26|51|N|73|41|50|E|type:landmark_region:PK_scale:2000_source:ruwiki|display=title}}

{{Sikhism|state=autocollapse}}
{{Cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan |state=open}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures with domes]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev]]

Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Samyukta)

2023-01-26T15:12:40Z

Faizanjavedifti: Added article.

{{Infobox political party
| name = Rastriya Prajatantra Party (United)
| logo =
| colorcode = {{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Samyukta)}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2017|08|06}}
| dissolved = 12 March 2020
| ideology = [[Conservatism]] [[Hindu nationalism]] [[Royalism]]
| headquarters = Charumati Vihar, Chabahil
| international =
| website =
| country = Nepal
| abbreviation = RPP (U)
| split = [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]
| merged = [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]
| position = [[Centre-right]] to [[right-wing]]
| leader1_title = Chairperson
| leader1_name = [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]] [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]]
| native_name = राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी (संयुक्त)
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| womens_wing =
| seats1_title =
| seats1 =
| symbol = [[File:RPP Loktantrik Symbol.png|100px]]
}}
'''Rastriya Prajantantra Party (Samyukta)''' ({{lang-ne|राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी}} (संयुक्त)), literally the '''National Democratic Party (United)''' and abbreviated '''RPP (U)''', was a political party in Nepal. It was formed on 6 August 2017 by [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] after splitting from the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] as the Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/25173/|title=RPP splits; Pashupati Shamsher Rana forms RPP-Prajatantrik|work=My Republica|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-08-06/rastriya-prajatantra-party-splits-pashupati-shamsher-forms-new-party.html|title=Rastriya Prajatantra Party splits, again|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref> On 31 January 2019, it merged with the Unified Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist), another splinter group of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party, to form Samyukta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.onlinekhabar.com/rana-lohani-to-announce-new-party-on-friday.html|title=Rana, Lohani to announce new party on Friday – OnlineKhabar|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Pashupati Sahamsher.JPG|left|thumb|[[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], the party chairman]]

=== Formation ===
The Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Democratic) was formed by Pashupati SJB Rana after disagreements with Rastriya Prajatantra Party chairman Kamal Thapa about joining the government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-08-07/rana-splits-rpp-to-form-new-party.html|title=Rana splits RPP to form new party|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/rastriya-prajatantra-party-formally-splits/|title=RPP formally splits|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref> The party was formed with 18 members to the [[Legislature Parliament of Nepal]] from [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-09-10/deuba-to-induct-3-more-ministers-cabinet-to-become-biggest-ever.html|title=Deuba to induct 3 more ministers, cabinet to become biggest ever|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref> The party was absent for the vote on the constitution amendment bill on 22 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-08-22/constitution-amendment-bill-fails-in-parliament.html|title=Constitution amendment bill fails in Parliament|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref>

The party joined the [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] led [[Deuba cabinet, 2017|government]] on 10 September 2017. Deepak Bohara, Bikram Panday and [[Sunil Bahadur Thapa]] were inducted as ministers in the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-09-11/new-ministers-sworn-in.html|title=PM Deuba expands Cabinet, 3 ministers sworn in|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref> Deepak Bohara was also elected parliamentary party leader.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-09-10/bohara-elected-pp-leader-of-rpp-prajatantrik.html|title=Bohara elected PP leader of RPP (Prajatantrik)|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref> Two more ministers were inducted in the cabinet on 17 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-09-18/deuba-cabinet-to-induct-2-more-ministers-from-rpp-p.html|title=Deuba Cabinet to induct 2 more ministers from RPP (P)|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en}}</ref>

=== Merger and dissolution ===
In response the electoral alliance by the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]] and the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]], the party joined an electoral alliance with [[Nepali Congress]] and the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepali-congress-contest-120-parliamentary-seats-second-round-polls/|title=NC to contest 120 parliamentary seats in second round of polls|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref> In the [[2017 Nepalese legislative election|2017 legislative]] and [[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|provincial elections]], the party did not win any seat to the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]. The party did win a single seat to the [[Provincial Assembly of Province No. 3]] however through [[proportional representation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/uml-secures-74-seats-followed-ncs-72-seats-provincial-assembly/|title=Provincial PR seat allocation to parties complete|work=The Himalayan Times|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref> The party merged into [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] on March 12, 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Three chairs of RPP promise not to split again at merger meeting |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/three-chairs-of-rpp-promise-not-to-split-again-at-merger-meeting.html |website=Onlinekhabar |accessdate=2 May 2020}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Election
! rowspan="2" |Leader
! colspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="2" |Seats
! rowspan="2" |Position
! rowspan="2" |Resulting government
|-
!No.
!%
!No.
!+/-
|-
|[[2017 Nepalese general election|2017]]
|[[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]]
|88,377
|0.93
|style="text-align:center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align:center;"}" |{{Infobox political party/seats|0|275|#4682B4}}
|
|8th
|{{no2|In opposition}}
|}

== Presence in various provinces ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Province
!Seats
!Year of election
|-
|[[Provincial Assembly of Bagmati Province|Province No. 3]]
|{{Infobox political party/seats|1|110|#4682B4}}
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017]]
|}

== Leadership ==
=== Chairmen ===
* [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana|Pashupati SJB Rana]], 2017–2020
* [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]], 2019–2020

== See also ==
* [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]
* [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu Nationalism}}
{{political parties in Nepal}}

[[Category:Political parties in Nepal]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:2020 disestablishments in Nepal]]

Ghaznavids

2023-01-06T19:00:22Z

Faizanjavedifti: Developed original content.

{{Short description|Medieval Muslim dynasty and state}}

{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Ghaznavid Empire
| common_name = Ghaznavids
| native_name = {{lang|fa|غزنویان}} ''Ġaznaviyān''
| era = Medieval
| status = [[Empire]]
| status_text =
| empire =
| government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]]
| year_start = 977
| year_end = 1186
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event_end =
| date_end =
| p1 = Samanids
| flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Samanid_amirate_at_the_death_of_Nasr_II,_943.svg
| p2 = Saffarid dynasty
| flag_p2 = Saffarid_dynasty_861-1003.png
| p3 = Ma'munids
| p4 = Farighunids
| p5 = Hindu Shahi
| p6 = Emirate of Multan
| flag_p6 = Map_of_the_Multan_Emirate.png
| s2 = Ghurid dynasty
| flag_s2 = Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png
| s1 = Seljuk Empire
| flag_s1 = Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg
| image_flag = 
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
{{Location map+
| Ghaznavid Empire
| width=300 
| float = center
| border=none
| nodiv= 1 | mini= 1 | relief= yes
| places =
{{Annotation|270|05|[[AD 1000|1030]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|140|20|[[Kara-Khanid Khanate|KARAKHANID KHANATE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|50|85|[[Buyid dynasty|BUYIDS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|35|75|[[Kakuyid dynasty|KAKUYIDS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|25|5|[[Khazars|KHAZARS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|88|10|[[Oghuz Yabgu State|OGHUZ YABGUS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|200|150|[[Western Chalukya Empire|WESTERN CHALUKYAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|245|115|[[Pala Empire|PALA EMPIRE]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|185|113|[[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|CHAHAMANAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|260|30|[[Qocho|QOCHO]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|272|203|[[Template:Continental Asia in 800 CE| ◁ ]] [[Template:Continental Asia in 1100 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}

|caption=
}}
| image_map_caption = {{center|Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE under [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]].{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=146}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C.E. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=430–431 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA430 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| capital = [[Ghazni]] (977–1163) [[Lahore]] (1163–1186)
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]{{efn|"''Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability.''"{{sfn|Katouzian|2003|p=128}}}} (official and court language; lingua franca) [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (theology) [[Turkic language|Turkic]] (military){{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=134}}
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| currency =
| leader1 = [[Sabuktigin]] (first)
| leader2 = [[Khusrau Malik]] (last)
| year_leader1 = 977–997
| year_leader2 = 1160–1186
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| title_deputy = [[Vizier]]
| deputy1 = [[Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini]] (first mentioned)
| year_deputy1 = 998–1013
| deputy2 = [[Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah]] (last mentioned)
| year_deputy2 = 12th century
| stat_year1 = 1029 estimate{{sfn|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}}{{sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=496}}
| stat_area1 = 3400000
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today =
| image_flag2 =
}}
The '''Ghaznavid dynasty''' ({{lang-fa|غزنویان}} ''Ġaznaviyān'') or the '''Ghaznavid Empire''', was a [[Persianate]] [[Muslim]] dynasty and empire of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ''[[mamluk]]'' origin,{{efn|name=b|The Ghaznavids also claimed ancestry from the last [[Sassanid]] Shah, [[Yazdgerd III]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peacock |first=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj9haotAapcC&pg=PA33 |title=Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation |date=2013-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-15369-4 |language=en|page=33|quote="The Ghaznavids claimed descent from the last Sasanian shah, Yazdagird III..."}}</ref> but this was "a fictitious genealogy" they themselves had promulgated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Kane |first1=Bernard |title=The Appearance of Persian on Islamic Art |publisher=Persian Heritage Foundation |isbn=978-1-934283-16-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPU3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en|quote="a fictitious genealogy connecting them with the Sasanian monarch Yazdegerd III had been promulgated"}}</ref>}} ruling at its greatest extent, large parts of [[Persia]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], much of [[Transoxiana]] and the northwest [[Indian subcontinent]] from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by [[Sabuktigin]] upon his succession to the rule of [[Ghazni Province|Ghazna]] after the death of his father-in-law, [[Alp Tigin]], who was an ex-general of the [[Samanid Empire]] from [[Balkh]], north of the [[Hindu Kush]] in [[Greater Khorasan]].

Sabuktigin's son, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the [[Amu Darya]], the [[Indus River]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] in the east and to [[Rey, Iran|Rey]] and [[Hamadan]] in the west. Under the reign of [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]], the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the [[Seljuk Empire]] after the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]] in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India.

In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] sultan [[Ala al-Din Husayn]]. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the [[Ghuzz Turks]] who in turn lost it to [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, their regional capital. In 1186, Lahore was conquered by the Ghurid sultan, [[Muhammad of Ghor]], with its Ghaznavid ruler, [[Khusrau Malik]], [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|imprisoned and later executed]].

==Rise to power==
[[File:Portrait from the Palace courtroom, Lashkari Bazar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ghaznavid portrait, Palace of [[Lashkari Bazar]]. [[Daniel Schlumberger|Schlumberger]] noted that the [[turban]], the small mouth and the strongly slanted eyes were characteristically Turkic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlumberger |first1=Daniel |title=Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar |journal=Syria |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |page=263 & 267|doi=10.3406/syria.1952.4789 |jstor=4390312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390312 |issn=0039-7946}}</ref>]]
Two military families arose from the Turkic slave-guards of the [[Samanid Empire]], the [[Simjurids]] and Ghaznavids, who ultimately proved disastrous to the Samanids. The Simjurids received an [[appanage]] in the [[Quhistan|Kohistan]] region of eastern Khorasan. The Samanid generals Alp Tigin and [[Abu al-Hasan Simjuri]] competed for the governorship of Khorasan and control of the Samanid Empire by placing on the throne [[emir]]s they could dominate after the death of [[Abd al-Malik I (Samanid emir)|Abd al-Malik I]] in 961. His death created a succession crisis between his brothers.

A court party instigated by men of the scribal class – civilian ministers rather than Turkic generals – rejected the candidacy of Alp Tigin for the Samanid throne. [[Mansur I]] was installed instead, and Alp Tigin prudently retired to south of the [[Hindu Kush]], where he captured Ghazna and became the ruler of the city as a Samanid authority.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the [[Amu Darya]] but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the [[Buyid dynasty]], and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the subsequent rise of the Ghaznavids.

[[File:Fighting between Mahmud of Ghazni and Abu 'Ali Simjuri.jpg|thumb|Fight between Mahmud of Ghazni and [[Abu 'Ali Simjuri]] of the [[Samanid Empire]].]]
The struggles of the Turkic slave generals for mastery of the throne with the help of shifting allegiance from the court's ministerial leaders both demonstrated and accelerated the Samanid decline. Samanid weakness attracted into Transoxiana the [[Karluks]], a Turkic people who had recently converted to Islam. They occupied [[Bukhara]] in 992, establishing in Transoxania the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]].{{citation needed}}

Alp Tigin's died in 963, and after two ghulam governors and three years, his slave [[Sabuktigin]] became the governor of Ghazna.

==Domination==

===Sabuktigin===
{{Main|Sabuktigin}}
[[File:Ghaznavid ruins of Lashkari Bazar (northern view, composite).jpg|thumb|400px|Ghaznavid fortress of [[Lashkari Bazar]] in [[Lashkargah]], ancient Bost, southern [[Afghanistan]]. It was founded by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 998-1030 CE.]]
Sabuktigin lived as a [[mamluk]], Turkic slave-soldier,{{sfn|Levi|Sela|2010|p=83}}{{efn|The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...''{{sfn|Levi|Sela|2010|p=83}}}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=4}} during his youth and later married the daughter of his master [[Alp Tigin|Alptigin]],{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=19}} who fled to [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] following a failed coup attempt, and conquered the city from the local [[Lawik dynasty|Lawik rulers]] in 962.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=37}} After Alptigin death, his son Abu Ishaq Ibrahim governed Ghazna for three years.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=38}} His death was followed by the reign of a former ghulam of Alptigin, Bilgetigin. Bilgetigin's rule was so harsh the populace invited [[Abu Bakr Lawik]] back.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=38}} It was through Sabuktigin's military ability that Lawik was removed, Bilgetigin was exiled, and Sabuktigin gained the governorship.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=39}}

Once established as governor of Ghazna, Sabuktigin was asked to intervene in Khurasan, at the insistence of the Samanid emir, and after a victorious campaign received the governorships of Balkh, Tukharistan, Bamiyan, Ghur and Gharchistan.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} Sabuktigin inherited a governorship in turmoil.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=42}} In Zabulistan, the typical military fief system(''mustaghall'') were being changed into permanent ownership(''tamlik'') which resulted in the Turkic soldiery unwilling to take up arms.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=42}} Sabuktigin reformed the system making them all a ''mustaghall''-type fief.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=42}} In 976, he ended the conflict between two Turkic ghulams at Bust and restored the original ruler.{{sfn|Bosworth|1994|p=203}} Later that same year, Sabuktigin campaigned against Qusdar, catching the ruler(possibly Mu'tazz b. Ahmad) off guard and obtaining an annual tribute from him.{{sfn|Bosworth|1994|p=203}}

After the death of Sabuktigin, his son by Alptigin's daughter, [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]], was given Ghazna.{{efn|Kaushik Roy states Turkic nobles at Balkh chose Ismail as Emir.{{sfn|Roy|2015|p=88}}}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=45}} Another son, Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr, was given the governorship of Bust, while in Khorasan, the eldest son Mahmud, was given command of the army.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} Sabuktigin's intent was to ensure governorships for his family, despite the decaying influence of the Samanid Empire, and did not consider his dynasty as independent.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} Ismail, upon gaining his inheritance, quickly traveled to Bust and did homage to Emir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nuh.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=45}} Mahmud, who had been left out of any significant inheritance, proposed a division of power, to which Ismail refused.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=169}} Mahmud marched on Ghazna and subsequently Ismail was defeated and captured in 998 at the [[Battle of Ghazni (998)|Battle of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Roy|2015|p=88}}

===Mahmud, son of Sabuktigin===
{{Main|Mahmud of Ghazni}}
[[File:Mahmud in robe from the caliph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mahmud of Ghazni at his court (center) receives a robe from Caliph [[Al-Qadir]]; painting by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]].]]
In 998, [[Mahmud of Ghaznavid|Mahmud]], son of Sebuktigin, succeeded to the governorship, and Ghazni and the Ghaznavid dynasty became perpetually associated with him. He emphasized his loyalty in a letter to the caliph, saying that the Samanids had only been replaced because of their treason.{{sfn|Kennedy|1986|p=301}} Mahmud received the governorship of Khurasan and titles of Yamin al-Dawla and Amin al-Milla.{{sfn|Kennedy|1986|p=301}} As a representative of caliphal authory, he championed Sunni Islam by campaigning against the Ismaili and Shi'ite Buyids.{{sfn|Kennedy|1986|p=301}} He completed the conquest of the Samanid and [[Hindu Shahi|Shahi]] territories, including the [[Ismaili]] [[Emirate of Multan|Kingdom of Multan]], [[Sindh]], as well as some [[Buyid dynasty|Buwayhid]] territory.

By all accounts, the rule of Mahmud was the golden age and height of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mahmud carried out seventeen expeditions through northern India to establish his control and set up tributary states, and his raids also resulted in the looting of a great deal of plunder. He established his authority from the borders of [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] to [[Samarkand]], from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Yamuna]].

During Mahmud's reign (997–1030), the Ghaznavids settled 4,000 [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] families near Farana in Khorasan. By 1027, due to the Turkmen raiding neighbouring settlements, the governor of Tus, Abu l'Alarith Arslan Jadhib, led military strikes against them. The Turkmen were defeated and scattered to neighbouring lands.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=224}} Still, as late as 1033, Ghaznavid governor [[Tash Farrash]] executed fifty Turkmen chiefs for raids into Khorasan.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=225}}

====Indian conquests====
[[File:Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants as tribute (Majmu al-Tawarikh, Hafiz i-Abru, Herat, 1425).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants as tribute (''Majmu al-Tawarikh'', Hafiz i-Abru, Herat, 1425).<ref>{{cite web |title=An Indian Embassy before Sultan Mahmud of Ghanzna, from the "Majmal al-Tawarikh" of Hafiz-e Abru |url=https://worcester.emuseum.com/objects/11449/an-indian-embassy-before-sultan-mahmud-of-ghanzna-from-the|website=worcester.emuseum.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr B. |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18074-8 |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Mahmud of Ghazni led incursions deep into [[India]], as far as [[Mathura]], [[Kannauj]] and [[Somnath]]. In 1001, he defeated the [[Hindu Shahi]] in the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]]. In 1004-5, he invaded the [[Bhera|Principality of Bhatiya]] and in 1006 the neighbouring [[Emirate of Multan]].<ref name="DAA">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Dr Aijaz |title=New Dimensions of Indian Historiography : Historical Facts and Hindutva Interpretation |publisher=K.K. Publications |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AttiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |language=en}}</ref> In 1008-9, he again vanquished the [[Hindu Shahis]] at the [[Battle of Chach]], and established Governors in the conquered areas.<ref name="DAA"/> In India, the Ghaznavids were called ''Turushkas'' ("Turks") or ''Hammiras'' (from the Arabic ''Amir'' "Commander").{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=29}}

In 1018, he laid waste to the city of [[Mathura]], which was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grousset |first1=René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA146 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sethi |first1=R. R. |last2=Saran |first2=Parmatma |last3=Bhandari |first3=D. R. |title=The March of Indian History |publisher=Ranjit Printers & Publishers |page=269 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbNGAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Firishta|Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah]], writing an "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India. When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Art of Mathura|"all the idols" were burnt and destroyed]] during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Firishtah |first1=Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī |title=The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=978-81-208-1994-8 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTyRYXtxMSEC&pg=PA60 |language=en}}</ref> In 1018 Mahmud also captured [[Kanauj]], the capital of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]], and then confronted the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]], from whom he obtained the payment of tribute.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitra |first1=Sisir Kumar |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |pages=81–82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA81 |language=en|edition=Second Revised }}</ref> In 1026, he raided and plundered the [[Somnath temple]], taking away a booty of 20 million dinars.{{sfn|Yagnik|Sheth|2005|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=36–37}}

The wealth brought back from Mahmud's [[India]]n expeditions to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (''e.g.'', [[Abolfazl Beyhaghi]], [[Ferdowsi]]) give glowing descriptions of the magnificence of the capital and of the conqueror's munificent support of literature.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ghazni|volume=11|pages=917–918}}</ref> Mahmud died in April 1030 and had chosen his son, Mohammed, as his successor.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=228}}

==Decline==
===Twin sons of Mahmud===
[[File:Mahmud coin minted in Ghazni.jpg|thumb|Coin of Mahmud minted in Ghazni.]]
Mahmud left the empire to his son Mohammed, who was mild, affectionate and soft. His brother, [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud]], asked for three provinces that he had won by his sword, but his brother did not consent. Mas'ud had to fight his brother, and he became king, blinding and imprisoning Mohammed as punishment. Mas'ud was unable to preserve the empire and following a disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]] in 1040, he lost all the Ghaznavid lands in [[Persia]] and Central Asia to the Seljuks, plunging the realm into a "time of troubles".{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}}{{sfn|Amirsoleimani|1999|p=243}}{{sfn|Spuler|1991|p=1051}} His last act was to collect all his treasures from his forts in hope of assembling an army and ruling from India, but his own forces plundered the wealth and he proclaimed his blind brother as king again. The two brothers now exchanged positions: Mohammed was elevated from prison to the throne, while Mas'ud was consigned to a dungeon after a reign of ten years and was assassinated in 1040. Mas'ud's son, Madood, was governor of Balkh, and in 1040, after hearing of his father's death, he came to Ghazni to claim his kingdom. He fought with the sons of the blind Mohammed and was victorious. However, the empire soon disintegrated and most kings did not submit to Madood. In a span of nine years, four more kings claimed the throne of Ghazni.

===Ibrahim===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Ghaznavids in Lashkari Bazar
| image1 = Lashkari_Bazar_guard_drawing.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Ghaznavid figures in the wall paintings from one of the Ghaznavid palaces at Laškarī Bāzār in central Afghanistan, probably built by Masud I (1030-41).jpg
| caption2 =
| footer=Figures in the wall paintings from the Ghaznavid palace of [[Lashkari Bazar]] in central Afghanistan, probably built by Masud I (1030-41); with black-and-white [[Line art|line drawing]] of the left figure, by the discoverer [[Daniel Schlumberger]] (1978).<ref>Daniel Schlumberger, Lashkari Bazar: une Résidence Royale Ghaznévide et Ghoride, Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique Française, XVIII (Paris: Boccard, 1978) vol. 1, plate 123</ref> The figures wear the typical Turkic attire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |journal=Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |page=233, Fig 14 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254}}</ref>
}}

In 1058, Mas'ud's son [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]], a great calligrapher who wrote the Koran with his own pen, became king. Ibrahim re-established a truncated empire on a firmer basis by arriving at a peace agreement with the Seljuks and a restoration of cultural and political linkages.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} Under Ibrahim and his successors the empire enjoyed a period of sustained tranquility. Shorn of its western land, it was increasingly sustained by riches accrued from raids across Northern India, where it faced stiff resistance from Indian rulers such as the [[Paramara]] of [[Malwa]] and the [[Gahadvala]] of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} He ruled until 1098.

===Mas'ud III===
[[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]] became king for sixteen years, with no major event in his lifetime. Mas'ud built the [[Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III]] and one of the [[Ghazni Minarets]]. Signs of weakness in the state became apparent when he died in 1115, with internal strife between his sons ending with the ascension of Sultan [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] as a Seljuk vassal.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} Bahram Shah defeated his brother [[Arslan ibn Mas'ud|Arslan]] for the throne at the [[Battle of Ghazni (1117)|Battle of Ghazni]] in 1117.

===Sultan Bahram Shah===
[[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Sultan Bahram Shah]] was the last Ghaznavid King, ruling [[Ghazna|Ghazni]], the first and main Ghaznavid capital, for thirty-five years. In 1148 he was [[Battle of Ghazni (1148)|defeated in Ghazni]] by [[Sayf al-Din Suri]], but he recaptured the capital the next year. [[Ala al-Din Husayn]], a [[Ghorid]] King, [[Battle of Ghazni (1151)|conquered the city]] in 1151, in revenge for his brother Kutubbuddin's death, who was son-in-law of the king but was publicly punished and killed for a minor offence. Ala al-Din Husayn then razed the city, burning it for 7 days, after which he became known as ''"Jahānsuz"'' (''World Burner''). Ghazni was restored to the Ghaznavids by the intervention of the Seljuks, who came to the aid of Bahram.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} Ghaznavid struggles with the Ghurids continued in subsequent years as they nibbled away at Ghaznavid territory, and Ghazni and [[Zabulistan]] were lost to a group of [[Oghuz Turks]] before being captured by the Ghurids.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} [[Ghazni]] fell to the Ghurids around 1170.<ref name="CEB299">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2383-6 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Mohammad Habib]]|editor=[[K. A. Nizami]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib |publisher=People's Publishing House|page=109|language=en}}</ref>

===Late Ghaznavids===
{{Main|Siege of Lahore (1186)}}
{{South Asia in 1175|right|{{center|The last Ghaznavid king [[Khusrau Malik]] had his capital in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], until the [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid]] invasion of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref>{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=32, 146}}}}| {{Annotation|76|56|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|50px]]}}}}
After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, the Ghaznavids established themselves in [[Lahore]], their regional capital for Indian territories since its conquest by Mahmud of Ghazni, which became the new capital of the Late Ghaznavids.<ref name="CEB299"/> Ghaznavid power in northwestern India continued until the Ghurid conquest of [[Lahore]] by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1186, [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} Both [[Khusrau Malik]] and his son were imprisoned and summarily executed in [[Firuzkuh]] in 1191, extinguishing the [[Ghaznavid|Ghaznavid lineage]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=131}}

==Military and tactics==
The core of the Ghaznavid army was primarily made up of Turks,{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=114}} as well as thousands of native [[Afghans|Afghan]]s who were trained and assembled from the area south of the [[Hindu Kush]] in what is now Afghanistan.{{sfn|Houtsma|1987|p=151}} During the rule of Sultan Mahmud, a new, larger military training center was established in Bost (now [[Lashkar Gah]]). This area was known for [[blacksmith]]s where war weapons were made. After capturing and conquering the [[Punjab region]], the Ghaznavids began to employ [[Hindus]] in their army.{{sfn|Roy|2016|p=24}}

[[File:The Kara-Khanid ruler Ilig Khan on horse submitting to Mahmud of Ghazni riding an elephant, Persian painting, 1306-14.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|The [[Kara-Khanid]] ruler "Ilig Khan" on horse, submitting to Mahmud of Ghazni, who is riding an elephant, in 1017. They agreed to partition former [[Samanid Empire|Samanid]] territory along the [[Oxus river]].<ref name="Bos106">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA99 |language=en|quote="An agreement was reached at this point with the Karakhanid Ilig Nasr [[Ali Arslan Khan|b. Ali]] making the Oxus the boundary between the two empires [the Karakhanids and the Ghaznavids], for the shrunken Samanid amirate came to an inglorious end when the Ilig occupied Bukhara definitively in 999"}}</ref> Persian painting published circa 1306-14.]]

Like the other dynasties that rose out of the remains of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], the Ghaznavid administrative traditions and military practice came from the Abbasids. The [[Arabian horse]]s, at least in the earliest campaign, were still substantial in Ghaznavid military incursions, especially in dashing raids deep into hostile territory. There is a record of '6000 Arab horse' being sent against king Anandapala in 1008, and evidence of this Arabian cavalry persists until 1118 under the Ghaznavid governor in [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=111-112}}

Due to their access to the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indus-Ganges plains]], the Ghaznavids, during the 11th and 12th centuries, developed the first Muslim army to use [[war elephants]] in battle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raza |first1=S. Jabir |title=Indian Elephant Corps Under the Ghaznavids |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=212–222 |jstor=44156208 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156208 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The elephants were protected by [[armour plating]] on their fronts. The use of these elephants was a foreign weapon in other regions that the Ghaznavids fought in, particularly in Central Asia.{{sfn|Lewis|1992|p=205}}

==State and culture==
{{See also|List of Ghaznavid Viziers}}
[[File:Mas'ud III b. Ibrahim minaret, Ghazni, built between 1099 and 1115 CE (graphical reconstruction, colorized).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]]'s [[Ghazni minaret|minaret in Ghazni]] was at least 44 meters tall, before its top half crumbled in 1902 due to an earthquake. It was built between 1099 and 1115 CE. It stood next to the [[Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III]].<ref name="RPW">Ralph Pinder-Wilson (2001) Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets, Iran, 39:1, 155-186, DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2001.11834389</ref>]]
Although the dynasty was of [[Central Asian]] Turkic origin, it was thoroughly [[Persianised]] in terms of language, culture, literature and habits{{efn|"The Ghaznavids inherited Samanid administrative, political, and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a Persianate state in northern India. ..."{{sfn|Ziad|2006|p=294}}}}{{sfn|Ziad|2006|p=294}}{{efn|Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model..{{sfn|Meisami|1999|p=143}}}}{{sfn|Meisami|1999|p=143}} and has been regarded as a "Persian dynasty".{{efn|Firdawsi was writing his Shah-nama. One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit
evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty"{{sfn|Spuler|1970|p=147}}}}

According to [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]]:{{blockquote|The Ghaznavid sultans were ethnically [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]], but the sources, all in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Persian language|Persian]], do not allow us to estimate the persistence of Turkish practices and ways of thought amongst them. Yet given the fact that the essential basis of the Ghaznavids' military support always remained their Turkish soldiery, there must always have been a need to stay attuned to their troops' needs and aspirations; also, there are indications of the persistence of some Turkish literary culture under the early Ghaznavids (Köprülüzade, pp. 56–57). The sources do make it clear, however, that the sultans' exercise of political power and the administrative apparatus which gave it shape came very speedily to be within the Perso-Islamic tradition of statecraft and monarchical rule, with the ruler as a distant figure, buttressed by divine favor, ruling over a mass of traders, artisans, peasants, etc., whose prime duty was obedience in all respects but above all in the payment of taxes. The fact that the personnel of the [[bureaucracy]] which directed the day-to-day running of the state, and which raised the revenue to support the sultans' life-style and to finance the professional army, were [[Persian people|Persians]] who carried on the administrative traditions of the Samanids, only strengthened this conception of secular power.
 
[[File:Vessel with bull's head spout, Ghaznavid dynasty, late 11th to early 12th century, bronze - Linden-Museum - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC03872.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Vessel with bull's head spout, Ghaznavid dynasty, late 11th to early 12th century, bronze. Linden-Museum – Stuttgart, Germany]]
[[Persianization|Persianisation]] of the state apparatus was accompanied by the Persianisation of high culture at the Ghaznavid court... The level of literary creativity was just as high under Ebrāhīm and his successors up to Bahrāmšāh, with such poets as Abu’l-Faraj Rūnī, Sanāʾī, ʿOṯmān Moḵtārī, Masʿūd-e Saʿd-e Salmān, and Sayyed Ḥasan Ḡaznavī.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=75-77, 107-110}} We know from the biographical dictionaries of poets (taḏkera-ye šoʿarā) that the court in Lahore of Ḵosrow Malek had an array of fine poets, none of whose dīvāns has unfortunately survived, and the translator into elegant Persian prose of Ebn Moqaffaʿ’s Kalīla wa Demna, namely Abu’l-Maʿālī Naṣr-Allāh b. Moḥammad, served the sultan for a while as his chief secretary.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=127-128}} The Ghaznavids thus present the phenomenon of a dynasty of Turkish slave origin which became culturally Persianised to a perceptibly higher degree than other contemporary dynasties of Turkish origin such as [[Seljuq Empire|Saljuqs]] and [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Qarakhanids]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}}}}

Persian literary culture enjoyed a renaissance under the Ghaznavids during the 11th century.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=44}}{{sfn|Sharlet|2011|p=46}}{{sfn|Rowson|1998|p=251}} The Ghaznavid court was so renowned for its support of Persian literature that the poet [[Farrukhi Sistani|Farrukhi]] traveled from his home province to work for them.{{sfn|Sharlet|2011|p=27}} The poet Unsuri's short collection of poetry was dedicated to [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud]] and his brothers Nasr and Yaqub.{{sfn|Sharlet|2011|p=52}} Another poet of the Ghaznavid court, [[Manuchehri]], wrote numerous poems about the merits of drinking wine.{{sfn|Yarshater|1960|p=44}}

[[File:Detail of the Intricate Brickwork on the Mas'ud III Tower.jpg|thumb|Detail of the Intricate Brickwork on the Mas'ud III [[Ghazni minaret]].]]
[[File:MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg|thumb|Marble wall border, [[Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III]], Ghazni, Afghanistan, 12th century CE.]]
Sultan Mahmud, modelling the Samanid Bukhara as a cultural center, made Ghazni into a center of learning, inviting Ferdowsi and al-Biruni. He even attempted to persuade [[Avicenna]], but was refused.{{sfn|Spooner|Hanaway|2012|p=284}} Mahmud preferred that his fame and glory be publicized in Persian and hundreds of poets assembled at his court.{{sfn|Notghi|Sabri-Tabrizi|1994|p=244}} He brought whole libraries from Rayy and Isfahan to Ghazni and even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=132}} Due to his invasion of Rayy and Isfahan, Persian literary production was inaugurated in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] and [[Persian Iraq|Iraq]].{{sfn|Ahmadi|2004|p=146}}

The Ghaznavids continued to develop historical writing in Persian that had been initiated by their predecessors, the [[Samanid Empire]].{{sfn|Meisami|1993|p=247}} The historian [[Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi]]'s ''[[Tarikh-e Beyhaqi]]'', written in the latter half of the 11th century, is an example.{{sfn|Poliakova|1984|p=241}}

Although the Ghaznavids were Turkic and their military leaders were generally of the same stock,{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=4|loc="In this book I have discussed the Ghaznavids as a Turkish dynasty, of slave origin, who established themselves on the eastern margins of the Iranian world [...] these Turkish condotierri became rulers of what was, at Mahmud's death in 1030, the most extensive empire known in the eastern Islamic world, since the dismemberment of the Abassid Caliphate"}} as a result of the original involvement of [[Sebuktigin]] and [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in Samanid affairs and in the Samanid cultural environment, the dynasty became thoroughly Persianized, so that in practice one cannot consider their rule over Iran one of foreign domination. They also copied their administrative system from the Samanids.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=36}} In terms of cultural championship and the support of Persian poets, they were more Persian than their ethnically-Iranian rivals, the [[Buyid dynasty]], whose support of Arabic letters in preference to Persian is well known.{{sfn|Yarshater|2008}}

The 16th century Persian historian, [[Firishta]], records Sabuktigin's [[genealogy]] as descended from the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian kings]]: "Subooktu-geen, the son of Jookan, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Ferooz, the son of [[Yazdegerd III|Yezdijird]], king of Persia." However, modern historians believe this was an attempt to connect himself with the history of old Persia.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=40}}

Historian Bosworth explains: "In fact with the adoption of Persian administrative and cultural ways the Ghaznavids threw off their original Turkish steppe background and became largely integrated with the Perso-Islamic tradition."{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=297}} As a result, [[Ghazni]] developed into a great centre of Arabic learning.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=134}}

With Sultan Mahmud's invasions of [[North India]], Persian culture was established at Lahore, which later produced the famous poet, [[Masud Sa'd Salman]].{{sfn|Ziad|2006|p=294}} Lahore, under Ghaznavid rule in the 11th century, attracted Persian scholars from Khorasan, India and Central Asia and became a major Persian cultural centre.{{sfn|Alam|Nalini|Gaborieau|2000|p=24}}{{sfn|Spooner|Hanaway|2012|p=284}} It was also during Mahmud's reign that Ghaznavid coinage began to have bilingual legends consisting of Arabic and Devanagari script.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} The entire range of Persianate institutions and customs that would come to characterize the political economy of most of India would be implemented by the later Ghaznavids.{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=35}}

The Persian culture established by the Ghaznavids in Ghazna and Eastern Afghanistan survived the Ghurid invasion in the 12th century and endured until the invasion of the Mongols.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=39}}

==Legacy==
{{Continental Asia in 1100 CE|left|{{center|The Ghaznavids and other polities in continental Asia {{circa}} 1100}}|{{Annotation|100|75|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|55px]]}}}}
At its height, the Ghaznavid empire grew to cover large parts of present-day Iran, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, all of Afghanistan, Pakistan and large parts of northwest India. The Ghaznavid rulers are generally credited with spreading Islam into the [[Indian subcontinent]].

[[File:MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni]] (1030–1041), derived from [[Hindu Shahi]] designs, with the name of Mas'ud ({{lang-fa|مسعود}}) around the head of the horserider.]]
In addition to the wealth accumulated through raiding Indian cities, and exacting tribute from Indian [[raja]]s, the Ghaznavids also benefited from their position as an intermediary along the trade routes between China and the [[Mediterranean]].

They were, however, unable to hold power for long and by 1040 the [[Seljuk Empire]] had taken over their [[Persian Empire|Persian]] domains and a century later the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] took over their remaining sub-continental lands.

==List of rulers==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="5%" | #
! width="20%" | Laqab
! width="20%" | Personal Name
! width="15%" | Reign
! width="15%" | Succession right
! width="25%" | Notes
|-
| 1
| Nasir-ud-din
{{Nastaliq|{{Nastaliq|نصر الدين}}}} ''Defender of the Faith''
| [[Sabuktigin]]
| 977–997
|
|
|-
| 2
| No title
| [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]]
| 997–998
| son of Sabuktigin
|
|-
| 3
| Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim {{Nastaliq|یمین الدولہ ابو لقاسم}} ''Right-hand man of the State''
| [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]]
| 998–1030
| first son of Sabuktigin
|
|-
| 4
| Jalal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جلال الدولہ}} ''Dignity of the State''
| [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Muhammad]]
| 1030 ''1st reign''
| second son of Mahmud
|
|-
| 5
| Shihab ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|شھاب الدولہ}} ''Star of the State''
| [[Ma'sud I of Ghazni|Masud I]]
| 1030–1041
| first son of Mahmud
| Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the [[battle of Dandanaqan]]
|-
| —
| Jalal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جلال الدولہ}} ''Dignity of the State''
| [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Muhammad]]
| 1041 ''2nd reign''
| second son of Mahmud
| Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
|-
| 6
| Shihab ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|شھاب الدولہ}} ''Star of the State''
| [[Maw'dud Ghaznavi|Mawdud]]
| 1041–1048
| son of Masud I
| Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=22-24}}
|-
| 7
| ? {{Nastaliq|?}}
| [[Mas'ud II of Ghazni|Masud II]]
| 1048
| son of Mawdud
|
|-
| 8
| Baha ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|بھاء الدولہ }} ''Splendor of the State''
| [[Ali of Ghazna|Ali]]
| 1048–1049
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 9
| Izz ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|عز الدولہ}} ''Glory of the State''
| [[Abd al-Rashid of Ghazna|Abd al-Rashid]]
| 1049–1052
| fifth son of Mahmud
|
|-
| 10
| Qiwam ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|قوام الدولہ}} ''Support of the State''
| [[Toghrul of Ghazna|Toghrul]]
| 1052–1053
| Turkish mamluk general
| Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=45}}
|-
| 11
| Jamal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جمال الدولہ}} ''Beauty of the state''
| [[Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna|Farrukh-Zad]]
| 1053–1059
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 12
| Zahir ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|ظھیر الدولہ}} ''Help of the State''
| [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]]
| 1059–1099
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 13
| Ala ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|علاء الدولہ}} ''Blessing of the State''
| [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ūd III]]
| 1099–1115
| son of Ibrahim
|
|-
| 14
| Kamal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|کمال الدولہ}} ''Perfection of the State''
| [[Shir-Zad of Ghazna|Shir-Zad]]
| 1115–1116
| son of Masud III
| Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=90}}
|-
| 15
| Sultan ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|سلطان الدولہ}} ''Sultan of the state''
| [[Arslan ibn Mas'ud|Arslan-Shah]]
| 1116–1117
| son of Masud III
| Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, [[Ahmad Sanjar]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=93-95}}
|-
| 16
| Yamin ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|یمین الدولہ }} ''Right-hand man of the state''
| [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]]
| 1117–1157
| son of Masud III
| Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a [[Tributary state|tributary]] of the [[Great Seljuq Empire]]. Bahram was assisted by [[Ahmad Sanjar]], sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=297}}
|-
| 17
| Muizz ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|معزالدولہ }} ''Honor of the State''
| [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna|Khusrau Shah]]
| 1157–1160
| son of Bahram-Shah
|
|-
| 18
| Taj ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|تاج الدولہ}} ''Crown of the state''
| [[Khusrau Malik]]
| 1160–1186
| son of Khusrau-Shah
|
|-
|}

==Family tree of the Ghaznavid sultans==
{{Family tree of the Ghaznavid sultans}}

==See also==
{{History of Afghanistan|File:Atkinson1839.jpg}}
{{History of Greater Iran}}
{{History of Pakistan}}
{{History of Turkmenistan}}
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
*[[List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire]]
*[[History of Afghanistan]]
*[[History of Pakistan]]
*[[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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==Further reading==
* Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1963) ''The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040'' Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, {{OCLC|3601436}}
* Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1977) ''The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay, The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186'' Columbia University Press, New York, {{ISBN|0-231-04428-3}}
*{{citation|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20ghaznavids.pdf|last = Bosworth|first = Clifford Edmund|contribution = THE GHAZNAVIDS|year = 1998|title = History of Civilisations of Central Asia|editor1-last = Asimov|editor1-first = M.S.|editor2-last = Bosworth|editor2-first = C.E.|publisher = UNESCO Publishing|isbn = 978-92-3-103467-1 }}
* M. Ismail Marcinkowski (2003) ''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey'' Pustaka Nasional, Singapore, {{ISBN|9971-77-488-7}}

==External links==
* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0831222.html Mahmud of Ghazna] Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition)
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050135/Mahmud Mahmud] Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036676/Ghaznavid-Dynasty Ghaznavid Dynasty] Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-14003/Central-Asian-arts Ghaznavids and Ghurids] Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042545/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/mahmud_ghaznavi/Mahmud%20Ghaznavi.html Mahmud Ghaznavi's 17 invasions of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period''by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period''] published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: – Online version posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in translation)
* [http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/afghan-secrets-revealed-on-google-earth/2008/07/18/1216163136557.html Afghan secrets revealed on Google Earth]
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Persia |volume=21 |pages=187–252 |first=Karl Hermann |last=Ethé}}
{{Central Asian history}}
{{Empires}}
{{Afghanistan topics}}
{{Iran topics}}
{{Iranian Intermezzo}}

[[Category:Ghaznavid Empire|*]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Medieval Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History of Ghazni Province]]
[[Category:Ghilman]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:11th century in Iran]]
[[Category:Medieval Khorasan]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Iran]]

Vanity Fair (magazine)

2022-06-15T15:42:51Z

Faizanjavedifti: Created an original article format.

{{Short description|American monthly periodical about popular culture, fashion, and current affairs}}
{{About|the contemporary American magazine|earlier magazines of the same name|Vanity Fair (magazines)}}
{{Use American English}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox magazine
|title = Vanity Fair
|image_file = Vanity Fair Logo.svg
|image_caption =
|image_size = 250px
|company = [[Condé Nast]]
|paid_circulation =
|unpaid_circulation =
|total_circulation = 1,225,706<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp |title= Circulation averages for the six months ended: 12/31/2019 |date= December 31, 2019 |publisher= [[Alliance for Audited Media]]|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref>
|circulation_year = Dec. 2019
|language = English
|category = Culture
|frequency = Monthly
|editor = [[Radhika Jones]]
|issn = 0733-8899
|firstdate = {{Start date and age|1983|2}}
|country = United States
|website = {{URL|https://vanityfair.com}}
}}
'''''Vanity Fair''''' is a monthly magazine of [[popular culture]], [[fashion]], and [[Current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] published by [[Condé Nast]] in the United States.

The [[Vanity Fair (American magazine 1913–1936)|first version of ''Vanity Fair'']] was published from 1913 to 1936. The imprint was revived in 1983 after Conde Nast took over and currently includes five international editions of the magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 13 Fashion Magazines In The World You Could Subscribe To |url=https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/top-fashion-magazines/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=STYLECRAZE |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2018, the Editor-in-Chief is [[Radhika Jones]]. Vanity Fair is most recognized for its celebrity pictures and the occasional controversy that surrounds its more risqué images. Furthermore, the publication is known for its energetic writing,{{Promotional inline}} in-depth reporting, and social commentary.

==History==
===''Dress and Vanity Fair''===
[[File:VanityFairNovember1924.jpg|thumb|Cover of November 1924 issue]]
{{main|Vanity Fair (American magazine 1913–1936)}}
[[Condé Montrose Nast]] began his empire by purchasing the men's fashion magazine ''Dress'' in 1913. He renamed the magazine ''Dress and Vanity Fair'' and published four issues in 1913. It continued to thrive into the 1920s. However, it became a casualty of the [[Great Depression]] and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, at 90,000 copies, was at its peak. Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that ''Vanity Fair'' would be folded into ''Vogue'' (circulation 156,000) as of the March 1936 issue. Vanity Fair celebrates its 95th anniversary in 2008, as well as its 25th anniversary as a relaunched publication. The National Portrait Gallery in London has mounted an exhibition called "Vanity Fair Portraits, 1913–2008," which will travel to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra, Australia, to celebrate the magazine's photographic heritage. Vanity Fair: The Portraits, a special jubilee issue and hardback book, will be published in the fall of 2008.

Vanity Fair is notably a fictitious place ruled by [[Beelzebub]] in the book ''[[Pilgrim's Progress]]'' by [[John Bunyan]].<ref>"It beareth the name of Vanity Fair, because the town where it is kept is 'lighter than vanity.'"[http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/christn/chfijba4f.html ''The Pilgrim's Progress'']; accessed 2014.10.30</ref> Later use of the name was influenced by the well-known 1847–48 [[Vanity Fair (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[William Makepeace Thackeray]].

===Modern revival===
Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of [[Samuel Irving Newhouse, Jr.|S.I. Newhouse]], announced in June 1981 that it was reviving the magazine.<ref>{{Citation |title=Conde Nast to Revive Vanity Fair Magazine |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |page=16 }}.</ref> The first issue was released in February 1983 (cover date March), edited by [[Richard Locke (critic)|Richard Locke]], formerly of ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]''.<ref>{{Citation |first=Sandra |last=Salmans |title=Courting the Elite at Condé Nast |newspaper=New York Times |page=F1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/06/business/courting-the-elite-at-conde-nast.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804221605/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/06/business/courting-the-elite-at-conde-nast.html |archive-date=August 4, 2017 }}.</ref> After three issues, Locke was replaced by [[Leo Lerman]], veteran features editor of ''Vogue''.<ref>{{Citation |first=Curt |last=Suplee |title=Vanity Fair Editor Fired |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |page=B4 }}.</ref> He was followed by editors [[Tina Brown]] (1984–1992), [[Graydon Carter]] (1992-2017) and [[Radhika Jones]] (2017 to present). Regular writers and [[columnists]] have included [[Dominick Dunne]], [[Sebastian Junger]], [[Michael Wolff (journalist)|Michael Wolff]], [[Maureen Orth]] and [[Christopher Hitchens]]. Famous contributing photographers for the magazine include [[Bruce Weber (photographer)|Bruce Weber]], [[Annie Leibovitz]], [[Mario Testino]] and [[Herb Ritts]], who have all provided the magazine with a string of lavish covers and full-page portraits of current [[celebrities]]. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant [[Demi Moore]], an image entitled ''[[More Demi Moore]]'' that to this day holds a spot in pop culture.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/11/18/1991-vanity-fair-cover-featuring-pregnant-demi-moore-named-1-of-most-influential-images-of-all-time/|title=1991 Vanity Fair cover featuring pregnant Demi Moore named 1 of most influential images of all time|work=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times - WITW|access-date=November 22, 2017|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043746/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/11/18/1991-vanity-fair-cover-featuring-pregnant-demi-moore-named-1-of-most-influential-images-of-all-time/|archive-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>

In addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist [[Marie Brenner]] wrote an [[exposé (journalism)|exposé]] on the [[tobacco industry]] titled "The Man Who Knew Too Much". The article was later adapted into a movie ''[[The Insider (film)|The Insider]]'' (1999), which starred [[Al Pacino]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Most famously, after more than thirty years of mystery, an article in the May 2005 edition revealed the identity of [[Deep Throat (Watergate)|Deep Throat]] ([[W. Mark Felt]]), one of the sources for ''[[The Washington Post]]'' articles on [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]], which led to the 1974 resignation of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Richard Nixon]]. The magazine also features candid interviews with celebrities, including a monthly [[Proust Questionnaire]]. Other notable interviews have included: [[Teri Hatcher]], who revealed in the magazine that she was sexually abused as a child; [[Jennifer Aniston]]'s first interview after her divorce from [[Brad Pitt]]; [[Anderson Cooper]], who talked about his brother's death; and [[Martha Stewart]]'s first interview after her release from prison.

Some of the pictorials in ''Vanity Fair'' have attracted criticism. The April 1999 issue featured an image of actor [[Mike Myers]] dressed as a [[Hindu]] deity for a photo spread by [[David LaChapelle]]: after criticism, both the photographer and the magazine apologized.<ref>[http://www.saja.org/vf.html SAJA Vanity Fair article], June 9, 2000 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116102721/http://www.saja.org/vf.html }}</ref>

The magazine was the subject of [[Toby Young]]'s book, ''[[How to Lose Friends and Alienate People (memoir)|How to Lose Friends and Alienate People]]'', about his search for success in [[New York City]] while working for Graydon Carter's ''Vanity Fair''. The book was made into a [[How to Lose Friends & Alienate People (film)|movie]] in 2008, with [[Jeff Bridges]] playing Carter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Weide|first=Robert B.|title=How to Lose Friends & Alienate People|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455538/|others=Simon Pegg, Kirsten Dunst, Megan Fox|access-date=January 18, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103160055/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455538/|archive-date=January 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bridges/bridges-agrees-to-alienate-people-idUSN1736725620070518|title=Bridges agrees to "Alienate People"|work=Reuters|access-date=January 18, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120229/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bridges/bridges-agrees-to-alienate-people-idUSN1736725620070518|archive-date=January 19, 2018}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Condé Nast Entertainment]] struck a deal with [[Discovery Communications]]-owned cable channel [[Investigation Discovery]] for ''Vanity Fair Confidential'', a crime and mystery documentary TV series based on stories from ''Vanity Fair'' magazine.<ref>William Launder (July 29, 2013), [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324691204578632661289755592 Condé Nast Pushes Into TV Business] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203172249/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324691204578632661289755592 }} ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.</ref> Condé Nast Entertainment launched a ''Vanity Fair'' [[YouTube]] channel in July 2013. In anticipation of its 100th anniversary that year, ''Vanity Fair'' co-produced 10 short films, one to celebrate each decade, from well-known documentary filmmakers like [[Barbara Kopple]] and including the film producer [[Judd Apatow]], and actors [[Don Cheadle]] and [[Bryce Dallas Howard]].<ref>Christine Haughney (September 8, 2013), [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/business/media/harder-edge-from-vanity-fair-chafes-some-big-hollywood-stars.html Harder Edge From Vanity Fair Chafes Some Big Hollywood Stars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307105615/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/09/business/media/harder-edge-from-vanity-fair-chafes-some-big-hollywood-stars.html }} ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

{{anchor|The Hive}}
''Vanity Fair'' launched ''The Hive'' in June 2016, its online business, politics and technology news vertical. In January 2017, ''Vanity Fair'''s ''Hive'' and Condé Nast Entertainment partnered with [[Cheddar (TV channel)|Cheddar]] online TV channel to create a live weekly series called ''VF Hive on Cheddar''. Editor Graydon Carter called the series a "representation of how people are consuming more voraciously than ever".<ref name="Media Post">{{cite news|last1=Guaglione|first1=Sara|title='Vanity Fair,' Cheddar Partner For Weekly Live Series|url=http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/292484/vanity-fair-cheddar-partner-for-weekly-live-ser.html|access-date=January 20, 2017|publisher=Media Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110143851/http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/292484/vanity-fair-cheddar-partner-for-weekly-live-ser.html|archive-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref>

In 2017 former editor Tina Brown published<ref>{{Cite news|last=Senior|first=Jennifer|title=Tina Brown's 'Vanity Fair Diaries' Recall a Glossier Time|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/books/review-vanity-fair-diaries-tina-brown.html|access-date=2021-09-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> "The Vanity Fair Diaries". It was announced in November 2017 that [[Radhika Jones]], editorial director of ''[[The New York Times]]'' books section, would succeed Carter as Editor-in-Chief on December 11, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ember|first1=Sydney|title=Radhika Jones, Vanity Fair's Surprise Choice, Is Ready to Go|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/business/radhika-jones-vanity-fair.html|work=The New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114023405/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/business/radhika-jones-vanity-fair.html|archive-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/13/media/vanity-fair-editor-radhika-jones-graydon-carter/index.html|title=New York Times books editor to head Vanity Fair|last=Wattles|first=Tom Kludt and Jackie|work=CNNMoney|access-date=November 22, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114215115/http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/13/media/vanity-fair-editor-radhika-jones-graydon-carter/index.html|archive-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, ''Vanity Fair'' received accolades for removing actor [[James Franco]] from a cover shoot following sexual harassment allegations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.com/movies/james-franco-was-digitally-erased-from-vanity-fair-cover-after-sexual-harassment-allegations/|title=James Franco Was Digitally Erased from Vanity Fair Cover After Sexual Harassment Allegations|website=people.com|access-date=May 3, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420024503/http://people.com/movies/james-franco-was-digitally-erased-from-vanity-fair-cover-after-sexual-harassment-allegations/|archive-date=April 20, 2018}}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=Accolades from who?}}

In 2020, [[Dario Calmese]] became the first Black photographer to shoot the cover of a ''Vanity Fair'' issue; his subject was [[Viola Davis]].<ref>Jessica Testa (14 July 2020), [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/style/the-black-photographer-making-history-at-vanity-fair.html The Black Photographer Making History at Vanity Fair] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> ''Vanity Fair'' employees [[Condé Nast union|unionized]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Izadi |first1=Elahe |title=Condé Nast workers win recognition of company-wide union |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/09/09/conde-nast-union/ |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==International editions==
In 1991 Vanity Fair began publishing an international edition. The current five international editions of ''Vanity Fair'' being published; namely in the [[United Kingdom]] (since 1991),<ref name="epfan">{{cite news |author1=Eric Pfaner |title=A Vanity Fair for France Puts Timing in Question |work=The New York Times |location=Paris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/business/media/looking-behind-the-french-vanity-fair-announcement.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live |access-date=November 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102174732/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/business/media/looking-behind-the-french-vanity-fair-announcement.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |archive-date=November 2, 2014}}</ref> [[Italy]] (since 2003, ISSN 1723-6673),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1723-6673|title = ISSN 1723-6673 (Print) | Vanity fair | the ISSN Portal}}</ref> [[Spain]] (since 2008),<ref name=epfan/> France (since 2013),<ref>Christina Passariello and Quentin Marion (June 25, 2013), [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323998604578567453017806518 Vanity Fair French Edition Launches Wednesday] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203172245/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323998604578567453017806518 }} ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.</ref> and [[Mexico]] (since 2015), with the Italian version published weekly. The Italian ''Vanity Fair'' was established in October 2003<ref name=epfan/><ref>{{cite news|author=Stefania Medetti|title=Italy receives the first weekly edition of Vanity Fair|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/198172/|access-date=April 15, 2015|work=Campaign}}</ref> and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013.<ref>Alessandra Turra (October 25, 2013), [http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/italian-vanity-fair-fetes-10th-anniversary-7249534 Italian Vanity Fair Fetes 10th Anniversary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114032133/http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/italian-vanity-fair-fetes-10th-anniversary-7249534 }} ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

''Vanity Fair Germany'' launched in February 2007 at a cost of [[€]]50 million (euros) , then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nast's biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, the German edition was shut down in 2009.<ref>Caitlin Fitzsimmons (February 20, 2009), [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/feb/20/conde-nast-german-vanity-fair-closes Condé Nast closes German Vanity Fair] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921201014/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/feb/20/conde-nast-german-vanity-fair-closes }} ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref>

==Events==
As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent [[Irving Paul Lazar]], the first ''Vanity Fair'' Oscar Party took place in 1994.<ref name="hollywoodreporter.com">Gary Baum (November 13, 2013), [https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/vanity-fair-oscar-party-exits-655904 Vanity Fair Oscar Party Exits Sunset Tower; Will It Land in Parking Lot?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219133703/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vanity-fair-oscar-party-exits-655904 }} ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.</ref> During its first years, the magazine's [[Oscar party]] was co-hosted by producer [[Steve Tisch]] at Morton's in [[West Hollywood]].<ref>Annette Haddad (May 12, 2007), [https://articles.latimes.com/2007/may/12/business/fi-mortons12 Mortons to be a memory] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140120074334/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/may/12/business/fi-mortons12 }} ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref> At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, at around 120 for dinner.<ref name="Graydon Carter, the Last Impresario">Alex Williams (February 28, 2014), [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/fashion/Graydon-Carter-vanity-fair-oscars-party.html Graydon Carter, the Last Impresario] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909045815/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/fashion/Graydon-Carter-vanity-fair-oscars-party.html }} ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> In 2008, in sympathy with a [[2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike|Writers Guild of America strike]], ''Vanity Fair'' canceled its annual party.<ref>Richard Pérez-Peña (7 February 2008), [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/arts/07iht-06vanity.9829588.html Vanity Fair cancels its Oscars party] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> Between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at [[Sunset Tower]].<ref name="hollywoodreporter.com"/> The 2014 edition took place in a temporary, 12,000-square-foot glass-walled structure at 8680 Sunset Boulevard.<ref name="Graydon Carter, the Last Impresario"/> ''Vanity Fair'' makes a limited number of invitations available each year for charity.<ref>Christopher Palmeri (February 9, 2012), [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-09/vanity-fair-oscar-party-invites-draw-100-000-prices-at-charity-auctions.html Vanity Fair Oscar Party Invites Draw Prices at Charity Auctions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209191051/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-09/vanity-fair-oscar-party-invites-draw-100-000-prices-at-charity-auctions.html }} ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''.</ref><ref>[https://www.gq.com.mx/actualidad/articulos/la-revista-vanity-fair-llega-a-mexico-en-abril-2015/4159 Vanity Fair llega a México] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023313/http://www.gq.com.mx/actualidad/articulos/la-revista-vanity-fair-llega-a-mexico-en-abril-2015/4159 }} ''GQ''. October 29, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2015.</ref>

In recent years ''Vanity Fair'' and ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] (owned by 2020 presidential candidate Mike Bloomberg)'' have hosted an after-party at the French ambassador's house following the [[White House Correspondents' Association]] dinner.<ref name="Graydon Carter, the Last Impresario"/>

==Controversy==
===Roman Polanski lawsuit===
In 2005, ''Vanity Fair'' was found liable in a [[lawsuit]] brought in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] by film director [[Roman Polanski]], who claimed the magazine had [[libel]]led him in an article by [[A. E. Hotchner]] published in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jul/22/pressandpublishing.generalelection2005|title=Polanski wins libel case against Vanity Fair|last=Cozens|first=Claire|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=February 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20171010223714/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jul/22/pressandpublishing.generalelection2005|archive-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref> The article recounted a claim by [[Lewis H. Lapham]], editor of ''[[Harper's]]'', that Polanski had made sexual advances towards a young model as he was traveling to the funeral of his wife, [[Sharon Tate]], in August 1969, claiming that he could make her "the next Sharon Tate". The court permitted Polanski to testify via a video link, after he expressed fears that he might be extradited were he to enter the United Kingdom.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4019031.stm Polanski takes appeal to Lords] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305132925/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4019031.stm }} [[BBC News]] (online), November 17, 2004</ref>

The trial began on July 18, 2005, and Polanski made English legal history as the first claimant to give evidence by video link. During the trial, which included the testimonies of [[Mia Farrow]] and others, it was proved that the alleged scene at the famous New York restaurant [[Elaine's]] could not possibly have taken place on the date given, because Polanski only dined at this restaurant three weeks later. Also, the Norwegian then-model disputed the accounts that he had claimed to be able to make her "the next Sharon Tate".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/23/movies/MoviesFeatures/polanski-wins-vanity-fair-libel-suit.html|title=Polanski Wins Vanity Fair Libel Suit|last=Lyall|first=Sarah|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 28, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223324/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/23/movies/MoviesFeatures/polanski-wins-vanity-fair-libel-suit.html|archive-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref>

Polanski was awarded damages by the [[High Court of Justice of England and Wales|High Court]] in London.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/polanski-wins-libel-payout-of-16350000-from-vanity-fair-499893.html|title=Polanski wins libel payout of from 'Vanity Fair'|work=The Independent|access-date=February 28, 2018|language=en-GB|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228190726/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/polanski-wins-libel-payout-of-16350000-from-vanity-fair-499893.html|archive-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> The case was notable because Polanski was living in France as a fugitive from U.S. justice,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/polanski-wins-50000-damages-7205215.html|title=Polanski wins Â damages|work=Evening Standard|access-date=February 28, 2018|language=en-GB|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228164520/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/polanski-wins-50000-damages-7205215.html|archive-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> and never appeared in the London court for fear he would be extradited to the U.S. Graydon Carter, editor of ''Vanity Fair'', responded, "I find it amazing that a man who lives in France can sue a magazine that is published in America in a British courtroom."<ref>[https://www.vanityfair.com/commentary/content/printables/050919roco02?print=true How I spent my summer vacation in London being sued by Roman Polanski – and what I learned about "solicitors," pub food, and the British chattering class] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527025322/http://www.vanityfair.com/commentary/content/printables/050919roco02?print=true }}, by Graydon Carter, ''Vanity Fair'', September 19, 2005</ref>

===Miley Cyrus photos===
On April 25, 2008, the televised entertainment program ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'' reported that 15-year-old [[Miley Cyrus]] had posed [[Toplessness|topless]] for a photo shoot with ''Vanity Fair''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23608789-5001026,00.html|title=Miley Cyrus topless controversy|access-date=April 27, 2008|publisher=news.com.au/dailytelegraph/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501145339/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0%2C22049%2C23608789-5001026%2C00.html|archive-date=May 1, 2008}}</ref> The photo, and subsequently released behind-the-scenes photos, show Cyrus without a top, her bare back exposed but her front covered with a bedsheet. The photo shoot was taken by photographer [[Annie Leibovitz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20195785,00.html|title=Miley Cyrus: I'm Sorry for Photos|author=Stephen M. Silverman|author-link=Stephen M. Silverman|access-date=April 27, 2008|publisher=people.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153649/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20195785%2C00.html|archive-date=May 13, 2008}}</ref> The full photograph was published with an accompanying story on ''[[The New York Times]]'' website on April 27, 2008. On April 29, 2008, ''The New York Times'' clarified that though the pictures left an impression that she was bare-breasted, Cyrus was wrapped in a bedsheet and was actually not topless.<ref name="NYT VF">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/business/media/28hannah.html|title=A Topless Photo Threatens a Major Disney Franchise|author=Brook Barnes|access-date=April 29, 2008|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512221952/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/business/media/28hannah.html|archive-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref> Some parents expressed outrage at the nature of the photograph, which a [[Disney]] spokesperson described as "a situation [that] was created to deliberately manipulate a 15-year-old to sell magazines".<ref name="NYT VF"/>

In response to the internet circulation of the photo and ensuing media attention, [[Miley Cyrus]] released a statement of apology on April 27: "I took part in a photo shoot that was supposed to be 'artistic' and now, seeing the photographs and reading the story, I feel so embarrassed. I never intended for any of this to happen and I apologize to my fans who I care so deeply about."<ref name="NYT VF"/> Nearly ten years later to the day, Cyrus repudiated the Disney apology statement in an [[Instagram]] story showing a ''[[New York Post]]'' front page regarding the story, simply stating "IM NOT SORRY Fuck YOU #10YearsAgo".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/miley-cyrus-takes-back-2008-apology-over-controversial-vanity-fair-photos|title=Miley Cyrus Takes Back 2008 Apology Over Controversial "Vanity Fair" Photos|last=Dodson|first=P. Claire|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|access-date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

===Modified photos===
In January 2014, ''Vanity Fair'' was under fire for allegedly altering the appearance of a celebrity featured in its pages for its February issue, [[Lupita Nyong'o]], an actress known for her role in ''[[12 Years A Slave (film)|12 Years A Slave]]''. In Nyong'o's case, the magazine tweeted the photo and it began with fans accusing the company of altering her complexion. However, some believe that the ''Vanity Fair'' images are simply a product of bright set lighting, rather than deliberate skin lightening. Nyong'o was pleased with the work and saw no harm done to herself; she did not hold ''Vanity Fair'' or the photographer liable. [https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/fans-attack-vanity-fair-magazine-for-lightening-lupita-nyongos-skin-on-its-cover/ Pictured here]

Shortly before the Nyong'o case, ''Vogue'' magazine, a partner and buyer of ''Vanity Fair'' in 1936, was accused of altering actress [[Lena Dunham]]'s photos. Dunham considered the modified photos to be offensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.eonline.com/news/500812/did-vanity-fair-lightening-lupita-nyong-o-s-skin-color-check-out-the-controversial-photo|title=Did Vanity Fair Lighten Lupita Nyong'o's Skin Color? Check Out the Controversial Photo|publisher=E!Online|access-date=February 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/lenadunham|title=Lena Dunham Twitter|publisher=Twitter|access-date=February 20, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213035118/https://twitter.com/LenaDunham|archive-date=February 13, 2015}}</ref>

===Richard Engel story===
In 2015, ''Vanity Fair'' had to update the account it had published by the ''[[NBC News]]'' correspondent [[Richard Engel]] about the disputed circumstances of his [[NBC News team kidnapping in Syria|2012 kidnapping in Syria]], stating that he had misidentified his captors.<ref>Emily Steel (16 April 2015), [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/business/media/vanity-fair-updates-article-by-nbc-reporter-engel.html Vanity Fair Updates Article by NBC Reporter Engel] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

===Jeffrey Epstein story===
In 2019, former contributing editor [[Vicky Ward]] said her 2003 profile of Jeffrey Epstein in ''Vanity Fair'' had included on-the-record accounts of Annie and [[Maria Farmer]] (who filed the earliest known criminal complaints about Epstein), but that they were later stricken from Ward's article after Epstein pressured the magazine's editor [[Graydon Carter]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tracy|first=Marc|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/09/business/media/vicky-ward-jeffrey-epstein-vanity-fair.html|title=Ex-Vanity Fair Writer Says Editor Stopped Her From Exposing Epstein in '03|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 14, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/22/753337520/why-the-media-didnt-pay-much-attention-to-jeffrey-epstein|title=Why 'Vanity Fair' Story Left Out Abuse Allegations Against Epstein|last=Folkenflik|first=David|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=February 14, 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==

* [https://www.vanityfair.com/ ''Vanity Fair'' homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110528014639/http://m.vanityfair.com/ ''Vanity Fair'' Mobile Blog Reader]
* [http://www.vanityfair.co.uk/ ''Vanity Fair'' homepage (UK)]
* [http://www.vanityfair.it/ ''Vanity Fair'' homepage (Italy)]
* [http://www.revistavanityfair.es/ ''Vanity Fair'' homepage (Spain)]
*{{fashionmagazine|id=vanity-fair-usa|name=''Vanity Fair''}}

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2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute

2022-05-11T07:21:25Z

Faizanjavedifti: Published a captivating reference.

{{short description|Indian land dispute ruling}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox court case
| name =
| image =
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| date decided = {{start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = M Siddiq (D) Thr Lrs v. Mahant Suresh Das & Ors
| citations = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/pdf/JUD_2.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109070055/https://www.sci.gov.in/pdf/JUD_2.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-the-five-judges-who-will-deliver-the-ayodhya-verdict-today/articleshow/71979670.cms|title=Meet the five judges who delivered the Ayodhya verdict|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217222347/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-the-five-judges-who-will-deliver-the-ayodhya-verdict-today/articleshow/71979670.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ECLI =
| transcripts =
| appealed from = [[High Court of Allahabad]]
| appealed to = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| opinions =
| number of judges = 5
| decision by = Joint opinion of 5 judges<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-verdict-full-text-addendum-mystery-author-1617468-2019-11-09|title=Who wrote Ayodhya verdict?|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023153051/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-verdict-full-text-addendum-mystery-author-1617468-2019-11-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
| concurring =
| concur/dissent =
| keywords = 
| italic title = no
| judges = [[Ranjan Gogoi|Ranjan Gogoi (CJI)]], [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]], [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|DY Chandrachud]], [[Ashok Bhushan]], [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| prior actions =
| subsequent actions = See [[#Summary of the verdict|below]]
| related actions =
}}
{{Ayodhya debate}}
The final judgement in the [[Ayodhya dispute]] was declared by the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 9 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms|title=Ayodhya verdict live updates: Supreme Court delivers judgement on Ram Mandir-Babri Masjid case|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110001744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms|archive-date=10 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Supreme Court ordered the disputed land (2.77 acres) to be handed over to a trust (to be created by the [[government of India]]) to build the ''[[Ram Janmabhoomi]]'' (revered as the birthplace of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity, [[Rama]]) temple. The court also ordered the government to give an alternative 5 acres of land in another place to the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]] for the [[Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur|purpose of building a mosque]] as a replacement for the demolished [[Babri Masjid]].

== Background ==
=== Allahabad High Court verdict ===
The [[Babri Masjid]] was [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished]] during a political rally which turned into a riot on 6 December 1992. A subsequent land title case was lodged in the [[Allahabad High Court]], the verdict of which was pronounced on 30 September 2010. In the judgment, the three judges of the Allahabad High Court ruled that the {{convert|2.77|acre}} of Ayodhya land be divided into three parts, with {{1/3}} going to the [[Rama|Ram Lalla]] or Infant Rama represented by the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], {{1/3}} going to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board, and the remaining {{1/3}} going to [[Nirmohi Akhara]]. The judgment affirmed that the disputed land was the birthplace of Rama as per the faith and belief of Hindus, and that the Babri Masjid was built after the demolition of a Hindu temple, noting that it was not built in accordance with the [[Five Pillars of Islam|tenets of Islam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277|title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site|accessdate=16 October 2019|publisher=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017092145/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277|archive-date=17 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/StartWebSearch.do Gist of Judgements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817123428/http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/StartWebSearch.do }} by Justices S. U. Khan, Sudhir Agarwal and Dharam Veer Sharma, Allahabad High Court, 6 October 2010</ref>{{clarification needed}}

===Title cases===
In 1950, Gopal Singh Visharad filed a [[Quiet title|title suit]] with the Allahabad High Court seeking injunction to offer [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worship) at the disputed site. A similar suit was filed shortly after but later withdrawn by Paramhans Das of Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Anil |title=Chronolgy of Ayodhya's Ram Janambhoomi-Babri Masjid title suit issue |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/66354/20100928/ayodhya-supreme-court-babri-masjid-ram-temple.htm |newspaper=International Business Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001232319/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/66354/20100928/ayodhya-supreme-court-babri-masjid-ram-temple.htm |archive-date=1 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1959, the Nirmohi Akhara, a Hindu religious institution,<ref>{{cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Sukumar |title=Temple Interrupted |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1907/19070040.htm |newspaper=Frontline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930141742/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1907/19070040.htm |archive-date=30 September 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> filed a third title suit seeking direction to hand over the charge of the disputed site, claiming to be its custodian. A fourth suit was filed by the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board for declaration and possession of the site. The Allahabad High Court bench began hearing the case in 2002, which was completed in 2010. After the [[Supreme Court of India]] dismissed a plea to defer the High Court verdict,<ref>{{cite news |title=Time-line of Ayodhya dispute and slew of legal suits |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_time-line-of-ayodhya-dispute-and-slew-of-legal-suits_1444808 |newspaper=DNA India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041107/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_time-line-of-ayodhya-dispute-and-slew-of-legal-suits_1444808 |archive-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=J. |title=Ayodhya verdict tomorrow |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article800650.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001085642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article800650.ece |archive-date=1 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> on 30 September 2010, the High Court of Allahabad, the three-member bench comprising justices S. U. Khan, Sudhir Agarwal and D. V. Sharma, ruled that the disputed land be split into three parts. The site of the Ram Lalla [[Murti|idol]] would go to the party representing ''Ram Lalla Virajman'' (the installed Infant Rama deity), [[Nirmohi Akhara]] was to receive Sita Rasoi and Ram Chabutara, and the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to receive the rest. The court also ruled that the ''[[status quo]]'' should be maintained for three months.<ref>{{cite news |title=India holy site 'split between Hindus and Muslims' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11441890 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001042438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11441890 |archive-date=1 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=S. U. Khan |author2=S. Agarwal |author3=D. V. Sharma |title=Decision of the hon'ble special full bench hearing Ayodhya matters |url=http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/DisplayAyodhyaBenchLandingPage.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827003623/http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/DisplayAyodhyaBenchLandingPage.do |archive-date=27 August 2014 }}</ref> All the three parties appealed against the division of disputed land to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Court orders 3-way division of disputed Ayodhya land |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003104001/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/ |title=Ayodhya Dispute Case Background |website=Supreme Court Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063612/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/ |archive-date=6 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Supreme Court held final hearing on the case from 6 August 2019<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-dispute-supreme-court-hearing-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-1577628-2019-08-06|title=Ayodhya dispute: Supreme Court to commence day-to-day hearing today|website=India Today|access-date=25 August 2019|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825045218/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-dispute-supreme-court-hearing-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-1577628-2019-08-06|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> to 16 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece|title=Supreme Court hearing ends in Ayodhya dispute; orders reserved|website=The Hindu Business Line|publisher=Press Trust of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023101322/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece|archive-date=23 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the land to be handed over to a trust (to be formed by the Government of India) to build the Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give 5 acres of land to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to build a mosque as a replacement for the demolished Babri Masjid.<ref name="timesofindia-09Nov19Verdict">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms|title=Ram Mandir verdict: Supreme Court verdict on Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

== Restrictions imposed before judgement ==
For 15 days preceding the verdict, restrictions were imposed in [[Ayodhya]] to prevent violence. Security arrangements were increased across [[India]]. Thousands of paramilitary forces and police troops were deployed in Ayodhya and surveillance of the region was carried out using CCTV cameras and drones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ayodhya-turned-into-a-fortress-ahead-of-supreme-court-verdict20191109103259/|title=Ayodhya turned into a fortress ahead of Supreme Court Verdict|website=[[Asian News International]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109141020/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ayodhya-turned-into-a-fortress-ahead-of-supreme-court-verdict20191109103259/|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

Internet services were closed in several places in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ahead of Ayodhya verdict, internet shuts down in Uttar Pradesh cities|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ahead-of-ayodhya-verdict-internet-shuts-down-in-uttar-pradesh-cities/articleshow/71979981.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227192913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ahead-of-ayodhya-verdict-internet-shuts-down-in-uttar-pradesh-cities/articleshow/71979981.cms|archive-date=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/jaipur-news/suspension-of-internet-extended-in-jaipur-commissionerate-till-monday-in-view-of-ayodhya-verdict-2130237 |title=In Jaipur, Internet Suspension Extended till Monday over Ayodhya Verdict |access-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115005110/https://www.ndtv.com/jaipur-news/suspension-of-internet-extended-in-jaipur-commissionerate-till-monday-in-view-of-ayodhya-verdict-2130237 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> while it was announced that a total of 31 districts and 673 individuals were being closely monitored.<ref name=news18>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/ayodhya-verdict-internet-services-shutdown-in-agra-aligarh-29-districts-monitored-2379701.html|title=Ayodhya Verdict: Internet Services Shutdown in Agra, Aligarh; 29 Districts Monitored|website=News18|access-date=2019-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109142050/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/ayodhya-verdict-internet-services-shutdown-in-agra-aligarh-29-districts-monitored-2379701.html|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Section 144]] of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure of India]] was invoked in the entire state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ayodhya-verdict-section-144-imposed-across-up-all-educational-institutions-ordered-shut-till-nov-11-2800723|title=Ayodhya verdict: Section 144 imposed across UP, all educational institutions ordered shut till Nov 11|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18|archive-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119030526/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ayodhya-verdict-section-144-imposed-across-up-all-educational-institutions-ordered-shut-till-nov-11-2800723|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as in some major cities such as [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prohibitory-orders-in-bengaluru-holiday-for-schools-colleges-across-karnataka-on-saturday/article29926594.ece |title=Prohibitory orders in Bengaluru; holiday for schools, colleges across Karnataka on Saturday |work=The Hindu |accessdate=2019-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109120522/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prohibitory-orders-in-bengaluru-holiday-for-schools-colleges-across-karnataka-on-saturday/article29926594.ece |archive-date=9 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhopal]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Kritika Bansal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/section-144-imposed-in-bhopal-ahead-of-ayodhya-verdict-1615320-2019-11-03 |title=Section 144 imposed in Bhopal ahead of Ayodhya verdict – India News |publisher=Indiatoday.in |accessdate=2019-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105144246/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/section-144-imposed-in-bhopal-ahead-of-ayodhya-verdict-1615320-2019-11-03 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jaipur]],<ref name=news18/> [[Lucknow]], and [[Mumbai]]. A [[public holiday]] was declared for schools and colleges across the states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], as well as [[Delhi]], on the day of the verdict.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-schools-colleges-shut-in-up-mp-k-taka-j-k-delhi-sec-144-imposed/story-mJRtFC27n4CQKe5Qf1UlyH.html |title=Ayodhya verdict: Schools, colleges shut in UP, MP, K'taka, J-K, Delhi; Sec 144 imposed – india news |publisher=Hindustan Times |accessdate=2019-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110082159/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-schools-colleges-shut-in-up-mp-k-taka-j-k-delhi-sec-144-imposed/story-mJRtFC27n4CQKe5Qf1UlyH.html |archive-date=10 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Security was stepped up across various towns in [[Telangana]]; 20,000 personnel deployed in [[Hyderabad]], mainly around the communally sensitive areas of the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] including the [[Charminar]] and [[Mecca Masjid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ayodhya-verdict-heavy-security-deployed-in-hyderabad|title=Ayodhya verdict: Heavy security deployed in Hyderabad|last=AuthorTelanganaToday|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109181340/https://telanganatoday.com/ayodhya-verdict-heavy-security-deployed-in-hyderabad|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/just-another-day-in-hyderabad/article29933673.ece|title=Just another day in Hyderabad|last=Deshpande|first=Abhinay|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913012039/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/just-another-day-in-hyderabad/article29933673.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports, around 40,000 police personnel were deployed in Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/09/ayodhya-verdict-section-144-imposed-in-mumbai-40000-police-personnel-deployed-2059387.html|title=Ayodhya verdict: Section 144 imposed in Mumbai, 40,000 police personnel deployed|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110074645/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/09/ayodhya-verdict-section-144-imposed-in-mumbai-40000-police-personnel-deployed-2059387.html|archive-date=10 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and 15,000 in [[Chennai]] as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ayodhya-verdict-security-tightened-in-chennai-15000-police-personnel-deployed-2800747 |title=Ayodhya verdict: Security tightened in Chennai, 15,000 police personnel deployed |publisher=Dnaindia.com |accessdate=2019-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110081238/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ayodhya-verdict-security-tightened-in-chennai-15000-police-personnel-deployed-2800747 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] made a public request for maintaining peace and religious harmony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sae.news/2019/11/09/pm-calls-for-peace-and-harmony-on-ayodhya-verdict-2/|title=PM calls for peace and harmony on Ayodhya verdict|last=Desk|first=SAE News|website=The South Asian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-14}}{{Dead link|bot=Creator0077 |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Summary of the verdict ==
The five-judge bench of the Supreme Court [[unanimously]] pronounced its verdict on 9 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates/article29929219.ece|title=Ayodhya verdict: as it happened {{!}} Temple at disputed site, alternative land for mosque, says Supreme Court|last=Desk|first=The Hindu Net|date=2019-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111181217/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates/article29929219.ece|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775|title=Indian top court gives Ayodhya holy site to Hindus|work=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=2019-11-09|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109142205/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The judgement can be summarised as follows.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/scs-verdict-on-ayodhya-land-dispute-key-takeaways/articleshow/71980491.cms|title=Supreme Court's verdict on Ayodhya land dispute: 10 Key takeaways|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109061140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/scs-verdict-on-ayodhya-land-dispute-key-takeaways/articleshow/71980491.cms|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highlights-of-the-ayodhya-verdict/article29929685.ece|title=Highlights of the Ayodhya verdict|author=The Hindu Net Desk|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220005358/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highlights-of-the-ayodhya-verdict/article29929685.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/damage-desecration-demolition-of-babri-masjid-illegal-acts-says-sc/articleshow/71989378.cms|title=Damage, desecration & demolition of Babri Masjid illegal acts, says SC|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110001551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/damage-desecration-demolition-of-babri-masjid-illegal-acts-says-sc/articleshow/71989378.cms|archive-date=10 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindus-made-a-better-case-waqf-board-couldnt-prove-exclusive-possession-of-ayodhya-site-sc/articleshow/71989387.cms|title=Hindus made a better case, Waqf Board couldn't prove exclusive possession of Ayodhya site: SC|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110001410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindus-made-a-better-case-waqf-board-couldnt-prove-exclusive-possession-of-ayodhya-site-sc/articleshow/71989387.cms|archive-date=10 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref>
* The Court ordered the government of India to create a trust to build the Ram Mandir temple and form a Board of Trustees within three months. The disputed land will be owned by the government of India and subsequently transferred to the Trust after its formation.
* The Court ordered the entire disputed land of area of 2.77 acres to be allocated for the construction of a temple while an alternative piece of land of area of 5 acres be allocated to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board for the construction of a mosque at a suitable place within [[Ayodhya]].
*The Court ruled that the 2010 [[Allahabad High Court]]'s decision, division of the disputed land was incorrect.
*The Court ruled that the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]] and the 1949 desecration of the [[Babri Masjid]] was in violation of law.
*The Court observed that archaeological evidence from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] shows that the Babri Masjid was constructed on a "structure", whose architecture was distinctly indigenous and non-Islamic.
*On objections raised with regards to ASIs various scientific claims by the Muslim parties, the Supreme Court observed, the contesting parties could have raised it before the [[Allahabad High Court]] as there were legal remedies available for the same.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-dispute-muslim-parties-in-sc-retract-statement-on-ram-chabutra-1603148-2019-09-25 |title=Ayodhya dispute: Muslim parties in SC retract statement on Ram Chabutra - India News |accessdate=2020-08-08 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913020534/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-dispute-muslim-parties-in-sc-retract-statement-on-ram-chabutra-1603148-2019-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> The apex court of India also commented that the ASI report which was submitted on behalf of the Allahabad High Court was not an "ordinary opinion".<ref name="ASI-0">{{cite news |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ayodhya-case-sc-says-asi-report-not-an-ordinary-opinion-inferences-drawn-by-cultivated-minds/articleshow/71338308.cms |title=Ayodhya case: SC says ASI report not an ordinary opinion; inferences drawn by cultivated minds - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |accessdate=2020-08-08 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031185250/https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ayodhya-case-sc-says-asi-report-not-an-ordinary-opinion-inferences-drawn-by-cultivated-minds/articleshow/71338308.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, on ''The Historians report to the Nation'' authored by Aligrah historians and presented as an evidence, the court observed : "At the highest, this report can be taken as an opinion."<ref name=timesofindia-18Sep19>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/historians-report-on-babri-mosque-mere-opinion-sc/articleshow/71176583.cms |title=Historians' report on Babri mosque mere 'opinion': SC |work=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Dhananjay |last1=Mahapatra |accessdate=8 August 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629101135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/historians-report-on-babri-mosque-mere-opinion-sc/articleshow/71176583.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*The ruins of an ancient religious structure under an existing building do not always indicate that it was demolished by unfriendly powers, the Supreme Court held in its 1,045-page judgment in the Ayodhya case.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-ruins-dont-always-indicate-demolition-observes-sc/article29938243.ece |title=Ayodhya verdict | Ruins don't always indicate demolition, observes Supreme Court |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112003600/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-ruins-dont-always-indicate-demolition-observes-sc/article29938243.ece |archive-date=12 November 2019 |url-status=live |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas }}</ref>
*The court observed that all four of the ''[[Janamsakhis]]'' (biographies of the first [[Sikhism|Sikh]] [[guru]], [[Guru Nanak]]) state unambiguously and in detail that [[Guru Nanak]] made pilgrimage to Ayodhya and offered prayers in the [[Ram Lalla Temple|Ram temple]] in 1510–11 CE. The court also mentioned that a group of [[Nihang]] Sikhs performed puja in the "mosque" in 1857.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Garg|first=Abhinav|title=How Guru Nanak played a 'role' in Ayodhya verdict|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-guru-nanak-played-a-role-in-ayodhya-verdict/articleshow/71999559.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111082509/https://m.timesofindia.com/india/how-guru-nanak-played-a-role-in-ayodhya-verdict/articleshow/71999559.cms|archive-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>
*The Court said that Muslim parties, including the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board, failed to establish exclusive possession of disputed land. It said that the Hindu parties furnished better evidence to prove that Hindus had worshipped continuously inside the mosque, believing it to be the birthplace of the Hindu deity [[Rama]]. The Court cited that iron railings set up in 1856–57 separated the inner courtyard of the mosque from the outer courtyard, and that Hindus were in exclusive possession of the outer courtyard. It said that even before this, Hindus had access to the inner courtyard of the mosque.
*The Court ruled that the suit filed by [[Nirmohi Akhara]] could not be upheld and it had no [[shebait]] rights.<ref name=timesofindia-09Nov19NoRegret>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-regret-over-sc-saying-nirmohi-akhara-not-shebait-of-deity-ram-lalla-outfit/articleshow/71981069.cms|title=No regret over SC saying Nirmohi Akhara not 'shebait' of deity Ram Lalla: Outfit|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 November 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-regret-over-sc-saying-nirmohi-akhara-not-shebait-of-deity-ram-lalla-outfit/articleshow/71981069.cms|archive-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> However, the court ruled that Nirmohi Akhara should be given appropriate representation in the board of trustees.
*The Court rejected the claim made by Shia Waqf Board against the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board for the ownership of the [[Babri Masjid]].

On 12 December 2019 the Supreme Court dismissed all the 18 petitions seeking review of the verdict.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-dismisses-all-petitions-seeking-review-of-its-ayodhya-verdict-2147777|title=Supreme Court Dismisses All Petitions Seeking Review Of Its Ayodhya Verdict|website=NDTV|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212111821/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-dismisses-all-petitions-seeking-review-of-its-ayodhya-verdict-2147777|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Domestic reactions ==
===Parties to the dispute===
The primary lawyer of the Muslim parties Zafaryab Jilani said that they were not satisfied with the verdict but added that the verdict also contained some "good examples".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-top-court-rules-in-favor-of-hindus-in-a-long-feud-with-muslims-11573285258|title=India's Top Court Rules in Favor of Hindus in a Long Feud With Muslims Over Religious Site|last=Pokharel|first=Bill Spindle and Krishna|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110045240/https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-top-court-rules-in-favor-of-hindus-in-a-long-feud-with-muslims-11573285258|archive-date=10 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board's lawyer, Zafaryab Jilani, "expressed dissatisfaction over the Supreme Court's Ayodhya verdict, saying it has a lot of contradictions and they will seek a review of it."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-lots-of-contradictions-not-satisfied-says-sunni-waqf-board-lawyer-jilani-on-ayodhya-verdict/341979 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |title=Lots Of Contradictions, Will Seek Review: Sunni Waqf Board Lawyer On Ayodhya Verdict |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913025850/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-lots-of-contradictions-not-satisfied-says-sunni-waqf-board-lawyer-jilani-on-ayodhya-verdict/341979 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zufar Faruqi, chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board, issued a statement saying that he accepted the verdict and declared that it will not submit a [[review petition]] for the same.<ref name=timesofindia-09Nov19Accept>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/humbly-accept-ayodhya-verdict-wont-file-any-review-petition-up-sunni-central-waqf-board/articleshow/71984497.cms |title=Humbly accept Ayodhya verdict, won't file any review petition: UP Sunni Central Waqf Board|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/humbly-accept-ayodhya-verdict-wont-file-any-review-petition-up-sunni-central-waqf-board/articleshow/71984497.cms|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], a litigant in the dispute, refused to accept the alternative site for a mosque ordered by the court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/no-alternative-land-acceptable-for-mosque-in-ayodhya-jamiat-ulama-e-hind/story-PEQlgzCb0heVioDJthZUlK.html|title=No alternative land acceptable for mosque in Ayodhya: Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115153607/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/no-alternative-land-acceptable-for-mosque-in-ayodhya-jamiat-ulama-e-hind/story-PEQlgzCb0heVioDJthZUlK.html|archive-date=15 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] decided to file a review petition after rejecting the verdict on 17 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-muslim-personal-law-board-to-file-review-petition-against-supreme-court-decision/article29998744.ece|title=Ayodhya verdict: Muslim Personal Law Board to file review petition against Supreme Court's decision|last=Rashid|first=Omar|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219015414/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-muslim-personal-law-board-to-file-review-petition-against-supreme-court-decision/article29998744.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aimplb-to-seek-review-of-sc-verdict-in-ayodhya-case-refuses-alternative-5-acre-plot/articleshow/72094797.cms|title=AIMPLB to seek review of SC verdict in Ayodhya case, against taking alternative 5-acre plot|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=2019-11-17|via=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118054717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aimplb-to-seek-review-of-sc-verdict-in-ayodhya-case-refuses-alternative-5-acre-plot/articleshow/72094797.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other religious figures ===
Prominent leaders from the Hindu and the Muslim communities extended their support to the Indian government in maintaining peace, after meeting with [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] [[Ajit Doval]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nsa-ajit-doval-meets-hindu-muslim-religious-leaders-post-ayodhya-verdict/articleshow/71993902.cms|title=NSA Ajit Doval meets Hindu, Muslim religious leaders post Ayodhya verdict|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-10|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326021636/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nsa-ajit-doval-meets-hindu-muslim-religious-leaders-post-ayodhya-verdict/articleshow/71993902.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Shahi Imam]] of the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi]] supported the verdict, saying that the dispute should not continue further.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/supreme-court-verdict-on-ayodhya-jama-masjid-shahi-imam-says-matter-shouldnt-be-stretched-further/articleshow/71984503.cms|title=Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya: Jama Masjid Shahi Imam says matter shouldn't be stretched further|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-09|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218071143/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/supreme-court-verdict-on-ayodhya-jama-masjid-shahi-imam-says-matter-shouldnt-be-stretched-further/articleshow/71984503.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Some major industrial bodies supported the decision.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-inc-hails-supreme-court-verdict-on-ayodhya-ram-temple/articleshow/71983508.cms|title=India Inc hails Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya Ram temple|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2019-11-09|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113153233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-inc-hails-supreme-court-verdict-on-ayodhya-ram-temple/articleshow/71983508.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Political parties and figures ===
Many political parties in India supported the judgement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ayodhya-verdict-political-fallout-11573285690478.html|title=Ayodhya Verdict: Political Fallout|last=Varma|first=Gyan|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109125013/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ayodhya-verdict-political-fallout-11573285690478.html|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) said the judgement will usher in peace and unity in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/bjp-hails-ayodhya-verdict-says-it-will-set-the-tone-for-peace-and-unity/article29931711.ece|title=BJP hails Ayodhya verdict; says it will set the tone for peace and unity|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109130230/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/bjp-hails-ayodhya-verdict-says-it-will-set-the-tone-for-peace-and-unity/article29931711.ece|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] supported the verdict and called for calm and peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-welcomes-ayodhya-verdict-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-1617339-2019-11-09|title=Congress welcomes Ayodhya verdict, appeals for peace|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|via=[[India Today]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109123040/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-welcomes-ayodhya-verdict-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-1617339-2019-11-09|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> Political figures such as Delhi chief minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]], Bihar chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]], Madhya Pradesh chief minister [[Kamal Nath]], and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] leader [[M. K. Stalin]] supported the judgement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-politicians-appeal-for-peace-after-big-ayodhya-verdict-2129810|title=Ayodhya Verdict: Politicians Appeal For Peace After Big Judgement|website=[[NDTV]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109131709/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-politicians-appeal-for-peace-after-big-ayodhya-verdict-2129810|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/sc-ayodhya-verdict-should-be-looked-at-without-disagreement-mk-stalin20191109141507/|title=SC Ayodhya verdict should be looked at without disagreement: MK Stalin|website=[[Asian News International]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109131708/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/sc-ayodhya-verdict-should-be-looked-at-without-disagreement-mk-stalin20191109141507/|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> The Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] tweeted about the decision saying that it should not be considered as win or loss for anybody.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/narendramodi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1193067717164593153&ref_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775|title=Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308051933/https://twitter.com/narendramodi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1193067717164593153&ref_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed}} In a subsequent address to the nation, he said that there would be peace and unity and that all issues can be solved within the constitutional framework.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/world/asia/ayodhya-supreme-court-india.html|title=Court Backs Hindus on Ayodhya, Handing Modi Victory in His Bid to Remake India|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-10|last2=Yasir|first2=Sameer|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111003312/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/world/asia/ayodhya-supreme-court-india.html|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-constitution-can-resolve-knotty-issues-says-modi/article29932317.ece|title=Ayodhya verdict {{!}} Constitution can resolve knotty issues, says Modi|date=2019-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118081728/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-constitution-can-resolve-knotty-issues-says-modi/article29932317.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] president [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] said that he was not satisfied with the judgement, calling it a victory of "faith over facts".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-a-victory-of-faith-over-facts-owaisi/article29930772.ece|title=Supreme Court is supreme, not infallible: Owaisi|last=Mohammed|first=Syed|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111181500/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-a-victory-of-faith-over-facts-owaisi/article29930772.ece|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other ===
[[National Herald (India)|''National Herald'']], published two articles criticizing the verdict.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/10/congress-faces-flak-for-national-herald-article-on-ayodhya-judgement-2059872.html|title=Congress faces flak for National Herald article on Ayodhya judgement|website=The New Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112155605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/nov/10/congress-faces-flak-for-national-herald-article-on-ayodhya-judgement-2059872.html|archive-date=12 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/managed-by-cong-leaders-newspaper-compares-ayodhya-ruling-to-actions-of-pak-sc-draws-bjps-ire-2381195.html|title=Managed by Cong Leaders, Newspaper Compares Ayodhya Ruling to 'Actions of Pak SC'; Draws BJP's Ire|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|via=[[News18]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111132555/https://www.news18.com/news/india/managed-by-cong-leaders-newspaper-compares-ayodhya-ruling-to-actions-of-pak-sc-draws-bjps-ire-2381195.html|archive-date=11 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref><ref name="print"/> The editorial later withdrew the articles and issued an apology after facing criticism on social media and from the BJP.<ref name="print">{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/national-herald-takes-down-controversial-ayodhya-opinion-after-congress-faces-backlash/319032/|title=National Herald takes down controversial Ayodhya opinion after Congress faces backlash|work=The Print|access-date=2019-11-17|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117040840/https://theprint.in/india/national-herald-takes-down-controversial-ayodhya-opinion-after-congress-faces-backlash/319032/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-slams-congress-over-national-herald-article-on-ayodhya-verdict/articleshow/71995925.cms|title=BJP slams Congress over National Herald article on Ayodhya verdict|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2019-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111083639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-slams-congress-over-national-herald-article-on-ayodhya-verdict/articleshow/71995925.cms|archive-date=11 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

A few celebrities also expressed their opinion in support for the decision and called for harmony and peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ayodhya-verdict-rajinikanth-taapsee-pannu-kangana-ranaut-and-others-react-6111633/|title=Ayodhya verdict: Rajinikanth, Taapsee Pannu, Kangana Ranaut and others react|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109231552/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ayodhya-verdict-rajinikanth-taapsee-pannu-kangana-ranaut-and-others-react-6111633/|archive-date=9 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Concerns of Sikh community==
1045-page judgment referring [[Sikhism]] as a '[[cult]]' instead of a distinct sovereign [[religion]] and quoting accounts of [[Nihang]] Sikh worshiping [[Idolatry in Sikhism|idols]] which is totally prohibited in Sikhism, was condemned by [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Brar | first=Kamaldeep Singh | title=SGPC House condemns references to Sikh Guru in Ayodhya verdict | website=The Indian Express | date=2019-11-28 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sgpc-house-condemns-references-to-sikh-guru-in-ayodhya-verdict-6140505/ | access-date=2020-08-01 | archive-date=1 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801131725/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sgpc-house-condemns-references-to-sikh-guru-in-ayodhya-verdict-6140505/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Surjit | title=SGPC condemns Ayodhya verdict | website=Hindustan Times | date=2019-11-28 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sgpc-condemns-ayodhya-verdict/story-N4nKabrWG5rsp1ZnDxfU0K.html | access-date=2020-08-01 | archive-date=13 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913025825/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sgpc-condemns-ayodhya-verdict/story-N4nKabrWG5rsp1ZnDxfU0K.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]],<ref>{{cite web | title='Sikh cult' in Ayodhya judgement: DSGMC forms panel | website=The Times of India | date=2019-11-16 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sikh-cult-in-ayodhya-judgement-dsgmc-forms-panel/articleshow/72079207.cms | access-date=2020-08-01 | archive-date=26 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026173812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sikh-cult-in-ayodhya-judgement-dsgmc-forms-panel/articleshow/72079207.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> [[H. S. Phoolka]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Phoolka objects to term 'Sikh cult' in Ayodhya verdict addendum | website=Hindustan Times | date=2019-11-14 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/phoolka-objects-to-term-sikh-cult-in-ayodhya-verdict-addendum/story-KBG1F7XwxaV9UPnM88eMHM.html | access-date=2020-08-01 | archive-date=13 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913025848/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/phoolka-objects-to-term-sikh-cult-in-ayodhya-verdict-addendum/story-KBG1F7XwxaV9UPnM88eMHM.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Why Sikhs Are Angry With the Ayodhya Judgment | website=The Wire | date=2019-11-13 | url=https://thewire.in/religion/why-sikhs-are-angry-with-the-ayodhya-judgment | access-date=2020-08-01 | archive-date=15 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815110136/https://thewire.in/religion/why-sikhs-are-angry-with-the-ayodhya-judgment | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=How a Third Dimension was Introduced to the Ayodhya Judgment | website=The Wire | date=2019-11-20 | url=https://thewire.in/religion/sikh-response-ayodhya-judgment | access-date=2020-08-01 | archive-date=13 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913025447/https://thewire.in/religion/sikh-response-ayodhya-judgment | url-status=live }}</ref> Dr. Manjit Singh Randhawa filed a petition in the Supreme Court seeking to expunge 'all distorted facts' in the verdict judgment and word 'cult' while referring to the Sikh religion.<ref>{{cite web | title=Petition in SC against term 'Sikh cult' in Ayodhya verdict | website=The Tribune | date=2020-01-24 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/petition-in-sc-against-term-%E2%80%98sikh-cult%E2%80%99-in-ayodhya-verdict-30652 | access-date=2020-08-01 | archive-date=13 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913022904/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/petition-in-sc-against-term-%E2%80%98sikh-cult%E2%80%99-in-ayodhya-verdict-30652 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== International reactions ==
The Indian [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] briefed foreign envoys and diplomats about the verdict on 9 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mea-briefs-diplomats-of-various-countries-on-scs-ayodhya-verdict/articleshow/71985377.cms|title=MEA briefs diplomats of various countries on SC's Ayodhya verdict|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2019-11-09|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113203741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mea-briefs-diplomats-of-various-countries-on-scs-ayodhya-verdict/articleshow/71985377.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] of [[Pakistan]], [[Shah Mehmood Qureshi]], criticised the verdict and questioned its timing as it coincided with the inauguration of the [[Kartarpur Corridor]]. He called the court verdict an indication of the "bigoted ideology of Modi government".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/after-370-foreign-minister-of-islamic-republic-of-pakistan-whines-about-ayodhya-verdict|title=After 370, Foreign Minister of Islamic Republic of Pakistan whines about Ayodhya verdict|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109144147/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/after-370-foreign-minister-of-islamic-republic-of-pakistan-whines-about-ayodhya-verdict|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya in Hinduism]]
* [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sci.gov.in/pdf/JUD_2.pdf Official judgement released by the Supreme Court]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-chronology-of-the-ayodhya-dispute/article29929198.ece A chronology of the Ayodhya dispute] published by ''[[The Hindu]]''

[[Category:November 2019 events in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]

User:Faizanjavedifti

2021-07-03T20:13:30Z

Faizanjavedifti: info

== Faizan Javed Ifti ==

=== Early Life: ===

[https://faizanjavedifti.com/ Faizan Javed Ifti] is a Pakistani businessman and Software Engineer. He was born on 23, March 1997. He lives in Karachi, Pakistan. He completed his schooling at city Cambridge school and college from Government. Premier College for boys. He then pursued a credit course in software engineering from the University of Karachi.

{{Infobox person
| name = Faizan Javed Ifti
| image =
| caption = Businessman
| birth_date = 23 March 1997
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
| nationality = Pakistani
| occupation = [[Businessman]], [[Software Engineer]]
| years_active = 2015-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

=== Career : ===

Faizan Javed Ifti is a serial, entrepreneur, innovator, business executive, and influencer. He is the founder and owner of Eureka industries, LBSP, and Sufiyan Textile. He believes in the conception that “All our visions can come true if we have the bravery to track them”. He is well known as a businessman in the world of business and marketing and built a reputation as an influencer and businessman. He also runs the Lbsp (Largest buying selling in Pakistan), Hq Linen (High-quality linen). The recent project and his achievement are Lbsp that gain high advancement in the field of marketing. He has been recognized as a pioneer in the advertising, marketing, and business industry. Faizan developed an interest in the latest industry trends at an early age and has launched several businesses. He started his company at the young age of 19, and become a young influencer and businessman. And from this age, he pervaded the internet with good business ideas for achieving a good life. As an influencer at a very young age of 19, his goal to help the people to established the business, to spread positivity, and happiness through the use of knowledge. He held the position of consultant, coach, trainer, and business developer.

'''Personal Life : '''

Faizan Javed Ifti has established fame and name as a young Entrepreneur and influencer in the market. As a young entrepreneur, he makes a strong network on Instagram, Facebook, Linked In, and other social sites. In these, social sites he promotes the different brands and businesses. He is an entrepreneur full of potential and abilities.

'''References :'''

https://apnews.com/press-release/prodigy-news/karachi-south-asia-asia-pakistan-65cac029aef435162d22aadfd84e712c

https://faizanjavedifti.medium.com/faizan-javed-ifti-a-young-pakistani-influencer-businessman-f02ebdcb3314

https://indianconventions.com/faizan-javed-ifti-a-young-pakistani-businessman/

https://news.topwirenews.com/2021/01/06/faizan-javed-ifti-a-young-pakistani-influencer-businessman_16251/

https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11983875/bio

http://faizanjavedifti.blogspot.com/2020/10/faizan-javed-ifti-youngest-and-most.html?view=magazine

https://www.techworldme.com/how-the-classified-advertisings-will-help-you/

https://issuu.com/faizanjavedifti/docs/12.docx

https://www.crunchbase.com/person/faizan-javed-ifti

==External links==

* [https://faizanjavedifti.com/ Official Website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/Faizanjavedifti Facebook]
* [https://www.instagram.com/faizanjavedifti/ Instagram]
* [https://twitter.com/javedifti Twitter]

User:Faizanjavedifti/sandbox

2021-06-15T19:09:38Z

Faizanjavedifti: Created page with "== Faizan Javed Ifti == === Early Life: === [https://faizanjavedifti.com/ Faizan Javed Ifti] is a Pakistani businessman and Software Engineer. He was born on 23, March 1997...."

Draft:Faizanjavedifti

2021-06-13T08:18:53Z

Faizanjavedifti: info box

== Faizan Javed Ifti ==

=== Early Life: ===

[https://faizanjavedifti.com/ Faizan Javed Ifti] is a Pakistani businessman and Software Engineer. He was born on 23, March 1997. He lives in Karachi, Pakistan. He completed his schooling at city Cambridge school and college from Government. Premier College for boys. He then pursued a credit course in software engineering from the University of Karachi.

{{Infobox person
| name = Faizan Javed Ifti
| image =
| caption = Businessman
| birth_date = 23 March 1997
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
| nationality = Pakistani
| occupation = [[Businessman]], [[Software Engineer]] ,[[Motivational Speaker]]
| years_active = 2015-present
| spouse =
|Notable Work =
}}

=== Career : ===

Faizan Javed Ifti is a serial, entrepreneur, innovator, business executive, and influencer. He is the founder and owner of Eureka industries, LBSP, and Sufiyan Textile. He believes in the conception that “All our visions can come true if we have the bravery to track them”. He is well known as a businessman in the world of business and marketing and built a reputation as an influencer and businessman. He also runs the Lbsp (Largest buying selling in Pakistan), Hq Linen (High-quality linen). The recent project and his achievement are Lbsp that gain high advancement in the field of marketing. He has been recognized as a pioneer in the advertising, marketing, and business industry. Faizan developed an interest in the latest industry trends at an early age and has launched several businesses. He started his company at the young age of 19, and become a young influencer and businessman. And from this age, he pervaded the internet with good business ideas for achieving a good life. As an influencer at a very young age of 19, his goal to help the people to established the business, to spread positivity, and happiness through the use of knowledge. He held the position of consultant, coach, trainer, and business developer.

'''Personal Life : '''

Faizan Javed Ifti has established fame and name as a young Entrepreneur and influencer in the market. As a young entrepreneur, he makes a strong network on Instagram, Facebook, Linked In, and other social sites. In these, social sites he promotes the different brands and businesses. He is an entrepreneur full of potential and abilities.

'''References :'''

https://apnews.com/press-release/prodigy-news/karachi-south-asia-asia-pakistan-65cac029aef435162d22aadfd84e712c

https://faizanjavedifti.medium.com/faizan-javed-ifti-a-young-pakistani-influencer-businessman-f02ebdcb3314

https://indianconventions.com/faizan-javed-ifti-a-young-pakistani-businessman/

https://news.topwirenews.com/2021/01/06/faizan-javed-ifti-a-young-pakistani-influencer-businessman_16251/

https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11983875/bio

http://faizanjavedifti.blogspot.com/2020/10/faizan-javed-ifti-youngest-and-most.html?view=magazine

https://www.techworldme.com/how-the-classified-advertisings-will-help-you/

https://issuu.com/faizanjavedifti/docs/12.docx

https://www.crunchbase.com/person/faizan-javed-ifti

Bharatpedia:Tutorial

2021-05-31T20:53:30Z

Faizanjavedifti: info and description