Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Madhuparna Thakur

2026-05-05T18:53:54Z

EzraDrago8750: put up a article w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madhuparna Thakur
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 July 2024
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| predecessor = [[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]]
| successor = Soma Thakur
| constituency = [[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| parents = 
| mother = [[Mamata Bala Thakur]]
| father = [[Kapil Krishna Thakur]]
| relatives = [[Shantanu Thakur]] and [[Subrata Thakur]] (Cousin)
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in Zoology
| alma_mater = [[West Bengal State University]]
| occupation = Social Worker
| profession =
| known_for =
}}
'''Madhuparna Thakur''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. As a member of [[Trinamool Congress]], she is the incumbent MLA from [[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-13 |title=Madhuparna Thakur of TMC Wins by Over 33,000 Votes|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bagda-bypoll-result-2024-live-leading-trailing-winner-mla-8963765.html |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S2594.htm</ref><ref name="Maniktala Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Maniktala Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S2594.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725163249/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJuly24/candidateswise-S2594.htm |archivedate=25 July 2025 |accessdate=25 July 2025 |work= |publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |language=en}}</ref> Elected at the age of 25, she was the youngest MLA in the history of West Bengal at the time of her election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pradip |date=2024-07-09 |title=If Madhuparna wins, she will be the youngest MLA of the House ever |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/if-madhuparna-wins-she-will-be-the-youngest-mla-of-the-house-ever-571217 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=MillenniumPost |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
She contested the Legislative Bye-election in 2024 after the sitting MLA [[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]] resigned to contest the [[2024 Indian general election]], and won by a majority of 33,455 votes over the runner-up candidate, Binay Kumar Biswas of the BJP. However, she lost to BJP candidate Soma Thakur by a margin of 34,616 votes in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].

==Electoral results==
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Assembly !! Party !! Margin !! Results
|-
| [[2024_elections_in_India#West_Bengal|2024]]
| rowspan=2|[[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah]]
| rowspan=2|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 33,455
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 34,616
| {{Lost}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bagda Election Result 2026 Highlights: BJP retains Bagda seat, Soma Thakur wins with 111058 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bagda-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-west-bengal-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-wbaelb-2905420-2026-05-04 |access-date=5 May 2026 |work=India Today |date=4 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Madhuparna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:People from Bangaon subdivision]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Raj Reddy

2026-05-02T23:17:01Z

EzraDrago8750: Pg.

{{Family name hatnote|Dabbala|lang=Telugu}}{{short description|Indian-born American computer scientist (born 1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| birth_name = Dabbala Rajagopal Reddy
| native_name = దబ్బాల రాజగోపాల్ రెడ్డి
| image = AAAI 2026 - Raj Reddy 01 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Reddy at [[AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence|AAAI]] 2026
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1937|6|13}}
| birth_place = [[Buchinaidu Kandriga mandal|Katur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = United States
| field = [[Artificial Intelligence]] [[Robotics]] [[Human-Computer Interaction]]
| work_institutions = [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|IIIT Hyderabad]]<ref name="vita">[https://www.icann.org/correspondence/cerf-testimony-08feb01.htm#Vita Cerf's ''curriculum vitae'' as of February 2001], attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the [[United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet]], from [[ICANN]]'s website</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiit.ac.in/about/governing-council/|title=Governing Council {{!}} IIIT Hyderabad|date=20 August 2022 }}</ref> [[Carnegie Mellon University]] [[Stanford University]]
| education = [[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BEng]]) [[University of New South Wales]] ([[Master of Technology|MTech]]) [[Stanford University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| doctoral_advisor = [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]]
| doctoral_students = [[James K. Baker]] [[Alexander Waibel]] [[James Gosling]] [[Janet M. Baker]]<ref name=cmu-phds>{{cite web|title=CMU Computer Science PhD Awards by Advisor|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~alumni/advisor.html#R|publisher=Carnegie Mellon|access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref> [[Kai-Fu Lee]]<ref name=cmu-phds /> [[Xuedong Huang]] [[Ronald Rosenfeld|Roni Rosenfeld]] [[Harry Shum]] [[Hsiao-Wuen Hon]]
| known_for =
| author_abbreviation_bot =
| author_abbreviation_zoo =
| prizes = {{Plainlist|
* [[Legion of Honor]] (1984)
* [[Turing Award]] (1994)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (2001)
* The Okawa Prize (2004)
* The Honda Prize (2005)
* [[Vannevar Bush Award]] (2006)
}}
}}

'''Dabbala Rajagopal''' "'''Raj'''" '''Reddy''' (born 13 June 1937) is an Indian-born American [[computer scientist]]. He is one of the early pioneers of [[artificial intelligence]] and has served on the faculty of [[Stanford University|Stanford]] and [[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon]] for over 50 years.<ref name=pit-postgazette /> He was the founding director of the [[Robotics Institute]] at Carnegie Mellon University. He was instrumental in helping to create [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies]] in India, to cater to the educational needs of the low-income, gifted, rural youth. He was the founding chairman of [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]. He and [[Edward Feigenbaum]] won the 1994 ACM [[Turing Award]], sometimes known as the Nobel Prize of [[computer science]], for their work in the field of artificial intelligence. Reddy was the first person of Asian origin to receive the Turing Award.

==Early life and education==
Raj Reddy was born in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family<ref>{{Cite book|last=Suryanarayana|first=Pisupati Sadasiva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwXyCwAAQBAJ&q=Raj+Reddy+telugu&pg=PA34|title=Smart Diplomacy: Exploring China-india Synergy|date=2016-02-29|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-1-938134-70-8|language=en}}</ref> in Katur village of [[Chittoor district]] of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. His father, Sreenivasulu Reddy, was a landowner, and his mother, Pitchamma, was a homemaker. He was the first in his family to attend college.

After graduating with a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] (presently Anna University, Chennai, affiliated to [[University of Madras]]), he went to Australia as an intern. While a student at the University of New South Wales, he started using an [[English Electric DEUCE#DEUCE MARK II|English Electric Deuce Mark II computer]] (Vacuum Tube, Mercury Delay line memory with punch card I/O). After graduating with an MTech degree from UNSW in 1960, he joined IBM where he worked as an Applied Science representative. In 1963 he joined [[Stanford University]], graduating in 1966 as the first PhD in AI under John McCarthy. After 3 years on the Faculty at Stanford, he joined [[Carnegie Mellon University]] to work with AI pioneers [[Allen Newell]] and [[Herbert A. Simon|Herb Simon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ri.cmu.edu/ri-faculty/raj-reddy/|title=Raj Reddy|last=Krause|first=Alex|website=The Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:RRCMU1998.jpg|thumb|left|Reddy in 1998]]
Reddy is the University Professor of Computer Science and Robotics and Moza Bint Nasser Chair at the [[Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science|School of Computer Science]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]]. From 1960, he worked for [[IBM]] in Australia.<ref name=pit-postgazette>{{cite news|title=CMU's Raj Reddy fills lives with big questions|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/businessnews/19980615braj1.asp|access-date=2 August 2011|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=15 June 1998}}</ref> He was an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at [[Stanford University]] from 1966 to 1969.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stanford Faculty List|url=http://forum.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Historical_Faculty_List|publisher=Stanford|access-date=26 October 2012|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130195724/http://forum.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Historical_Faculty_List|url-status=dead}}</ref> He joined the [[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon]] faculty as an associate professor of Computer Science in 1969. He became a full professor in 1973 and a university professor, in 1984.<ref name=cs50>{{cite web|title=CS50: FIFTY YEARS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE|url=http://www.cs50.cs.cmu.edu/inside.php?page_id=21|publisher=Carnegie Mellon|access-date=2 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615003034/http://www.cs50.cs.cmu.edu/inside.php?page_id=21|archive-date=15 June 2010}}</ref>

Reddy was the founding director of the [[Robotics Institute]]<ref name=ri-history>{{cite web|title=History of the Robotics Institute|url=http://www.ri.cmu.edu/ri_static_content.html?menu_id=247|publisher=Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon|access-date=2 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627051612/http://www.ri.cmu.edu/ri_static_content.html?menu_id=247|archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> from 1979<ref>{{cite web|title=Robotics Institute Founders|url=http://www.carnegiemellontoday.com/article.asp?aid=157|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University Article Dec. 2004, Vol. 1, No. 4|access-date=20 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928161706/http://www.carnegiemellontoday.com/article.asp?aid=157|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> to 1991<ref name=rr>{{cite web|url=http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/rrlong.html |title=Raj Reddy |url-status=dead |work=rr.cs.cmu.edu |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709064129/http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/rrlong.html |archive-date=9 July 2011 }}</ref> and the Dean of [[Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science|School of Computer Science]] from 1991 to 1999. As a dean of [[Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science|SCS]], he helped create the [[Language Technologies Institute]], [[Human-computer interaction|Human Computer Interaction Institute]], Center for Automated Learning and Discovery (since renamed as the Machine Learning Department), and the [[Carnegie Mellon Institute for Software Research International|Institute for Software Research]]. He is the chairman of Governing Council of [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|IIIT Hyderabad.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Governing Council of International Institute of Information Technology|url=http://www.iiit.ac.in/institute/governing_council|publisher=IIIT|access-date=2 August 2011|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075421/http://iiit.ac.in/institute/governing_council|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the founding Chancellor (2008-2019) of Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=About RGUKT - RGUKT-AP |url=https://www.rgukt.in/Institute.php?view=AboutRGUKT |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.rgukt.in}}</ref>

Reddy was a co-chair<ref>{{cite web|title=Draft Minutes of PITAC|url=http://www.nitrd.gov/Pitac/meetings/2000/minutes/20000919.html|publisher=Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD)|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151105034549/https://www.nitrd.gov/Pitac/meetings/2000/minutes/20000919.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> of the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) from 1999 to 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former PITAC Members (1997–2001)|url=http://www.nitrd.gov/Pitac/former_members.html|publisher=Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD)|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-date=21 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921055034/http://www.nitrd.gov/Pitac/former_members.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was one of the founders of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence<ref>{{cite journal|title=Origins of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence|journal=AI Magazine|volume=26|issue=4|pages=5–12|url=http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1834/1732}}</ref> and was its president from 1987 to 1989.<ref name=foundations_GC_AI>{{cite journal|title=Foundations and Grand Challenges of Artificial Intelligence|journal=AI Magazine|volume=9|issue=4|pages=9–21|url=http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/950/868}}</ref> He served on the International board of governors of Peres Center for Peace in Israel.<ref>{{cite journal|title=International Board of Governors of the Peres Center for Peace|journal=Peres Center|url=http://www.peres-center.org/fulllist.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720030801/http://www.peres-center.org/fulllist.html|archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> He served as a member of the governing councils of EMRI<ref name=EMRI>{{cite web|url=http://www.emri.in/?option=com_content&task=view&id=49&Itemid=203|title=Emergency Management and Research Institute - GVK EMRI|website=emri.in}}</ref> and HMRI<ref name=HMRI>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmri.in/gov-brd.aspx |title= Hmri.in|website=www.hmri.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162717/http://www.hmri.in/gov-brd.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> which use technology-enabled solutions to provide cost-effective health care coverage to rural population in India.

==AI research==
Reddy's early research was conducted at the [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|AI labs]] at [[Stanford]], first as a graduate student and later as an assistant professor, and at CMU since 1969.<ref name=CMUfaculty>{{cite web|title=CMU-Software Engineering-Faculty-Raj Reddy|url=http://mse.isri.cmu.edu/software-engineering/Faculty/reddy-raj.html|publisher=Carnegie Mellon|access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref> His AI research concentrated on perceptual and motor aspect of intelligence such as speech, language, vision and robotics. Over a span of five decades, Reddy and his colleagues created several demonstrations of spoken language systems, e.g., voice control of a robot,<ref>{{cite web|title=HearHere Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vB4znJYTGNk| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201124000/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vB4znJYTGNk| archive-date=2014-02-01 | url-status=dead|publisher=CMU|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hear! Here! Computer Speech Recognition, Catalog Number: 102743239, Lot Number: X5866.2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ_zlj4pFV0 |work= |publication-date=1968 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref> large vocabulary connected speech recognition,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hearsay Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McrSCrl4mUc| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201123943/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McrSCrl4mUc| archive-date=2014-02-01 | url-status=dead|publisher=CMU|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Harpy Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3i6NoUZsSw| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201123857/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3i6NoUZsSw| archive-date=2014-02-01 | url-status=dead|publisher=CMU|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> speaker independent speech recognition,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Lee|author2=Hon|author3=Reddy|name-list-style=amp|title=An Overview of the Sphinx Speech Recognition System.|journal= IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing|year=1990|volume=38|issue=1|pages=35–44|doi=10.1109/29.45616|citeseerx=10.1.1.477.4864|bibcode=1990ITASS..38...35L}}</ref><ref>[[doi:10.1145/1476589.1476634|A Computer with Hands, Eyes, and Ears, McCarthy, Earnest, Reddy, and Vicens, Proceedings of the AFIPS '68, 9–11 December 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part I December 1968 Pages 329–338]]</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/WtKG5cudqoU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20211011234527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtKG5cudqoU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|title=Stanford AI Project - Hear Here (Short Version) - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtKG5cudqoU|access-date=2020-12-18|website=youtube.com| date=4 September 2013 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> and unrestricted vocabulary dictation.<ref>Introduction to {{cite book|title=Spoken language processing|url=https://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Spoken-Language-Processing-A-Guide-to-Theory-Algorithm-and-System-Development/9780130226167.page|author=Xuedong Huang|author2=Alejandro Acero|author3=Alex Acero|author4=Hsiao-Wuen Hon|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2001|isbn=978-0-13-022616-7}}</ref> Reddy and his colleagues have made seminal contributions to Task Oriented Computer Architectures,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bisiani|author2=Mauersberg|author3=Reddy|name-list-style=amp|title=Task-Oriented Architectures|journal= Proceedings of the IEEE|volume=71|issue=7|pages=885–898|doi=10.1109/PROC.1983.12685|year=1983|s2cid=38287345}}</ref> Analysis of Natural Scenes,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ohlander|author2=Price|author3=Reddy|title=Picture Segmentation Using a Recursive Region Splitting Method|journal=Computer Graphics and Image Processing|year=1978|volume=8|issue=3|pages=313–333|doi=10.1016/0146-664X(78)90060-6}}</ref> Universal Access to Information,<ref name=info>{{cite web|title=Electrifying Knowledge The Story of the Universal Digital Library_Pittsburgh Quarterly_Summer 2009 by Tom Imerito|url=http://www.pittsburghquarterly.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=479%3Aelectrifying-knowledge&catid=70%3Aeducation&Itemid=181&showall=1|publisher=CMU|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref> and Autonomous Robotic Systems.<ref name = ARS>{{cite journal|title=Robotics and Intelligent Systems in Support of Society | journal= IEEE Intelligent Systems|year=2006|volume=21|issue=3|pages=24–31|doi=10.1109/MIS.2006.57| last1=Reddy| first1=R.| citeseerx=10.1.1.106.6402| s2cid= 7757286}}</ref> Hearsay I<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/c70QlwttnVg Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201101211302/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c70QlwttnVg&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|title=CMU Hearsay 1973 (Short Version) - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c70QlwttnVg|access-date=2020-12-18|website=youtube.com| date=4 September 2013 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> was one of the first systems capable of continuous speech recognition. Subsequent systems like Hearsay II, Dragon, Harpy,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harpy - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBBeqsFcTqY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/VBBeqsFcTqY| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-18|website=youtube.com| date=27 August 2013 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> and Sphinx I/II developed many of the ideas underlying modern commercial speech recognition technology as summarized in his recent historical review of speech recognition with [[Xuedong Huang]] and [[James K. Baker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2014/1/170863-a-historical-perspective-of-speech-recognition/abstract|title=A Historical Perspective of Speech Recognition|author1=Xuedong Huang | author2=James Baker | author3= Raj Reddy| website=cacm.acm.org|date=January 2014 }}</ref> Some of these ideas—most notably the "blackboard model" for coordinating multiple knowledge sources—have been adopted across the spectrum of applied artificial intelligence.<ref name="ARS" />

== Technology in Service of Society ==
Reddy's other major research interest has been in exploring the role of "Technology in Service of Society".<ref name="ARS" /> One of the early efforts, {{interlanguage link|Centre mondial informatique et ressource humaine|fr}} was founded by Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber in France in 1981 with a technical team consisting of Nicholas Negroponte, Alan Kay, Seymour Papert, Raj Reddy, and Terry Winograd. Reddy served as the Chief Scientist for the center. The centre had as its objective the Development of Human Resource in Third World Countries using Information Technology. Several seminal experiments in providing computerized classrooms and rural medical delivery were attempted. In 1984, President Mitterrand decorated Reddy with the Légion d'Honneur medal.<ref name=":2">"Prof honored", Mitterrand Visit and Legion of Honor Ceremony. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, [http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/Prof%20honored,%20OCR,%20Mitterrand%20Legion%20of%20Honor%20Ceremony.%20Pittsburgh%20Post-Gazette,%20March%2028%201984,%20OCR%20corrected%20copy.pdf OCR corrected copy], [http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/Prof%20honored,%20PPG,%20Mitterrand%20Legion%20of%20Honor%20Ceremony.%20Pittsburgh%20Post-Gazette,%20March%2028%201984,%20original.pdf original PPG], 28 March 1984</ref><ref name=":3">"Worlds apart". Mitterrand Legion of Honor Ceremony, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, [http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/Worlds%20apart%20(OCR).%20Mitterrand%20Legion%20of%20Honor%20Ceremony,%20%20Pittsburgh%20Post-Gazette,%20March%2029%201984,%20OCR%20corrected%20copy.pdf OCR corrected copy], [http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/Worlds%20apart.%20Mitterrand%20Legion%20of%20Honor%20Ceremony,%20%20Pittsburgh%20Post-Gazette,%20March%2029%201984,%20PPG,%20original.pdf original PPG], 29 March 1984</ref><ref name=":4">"Fitting Honor for Reddy", Mitterrand Visit and Legion of Honor Ceremony. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Editorial, [http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/Fitting%20Honor%20for%20Reddy%20(OCR),%20Mitterrand%20Legion%20of%20Honor%20Ceremony.%20Pittsburgh%20Post-Gazette,%20March%2028%201984,%20OCR%20corrected%20copy.pdf OCR corrected copy], [http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/Fitting%20Honor%20for%20Reddy,%20Mitterrand%20Legion%20of%20Honor%20Ceremony.%20Pittsburgh%20Post-Gazette,%20March%2028%201984,%20PPG%20%20original.pdf original PPG], 29 March 1984</ref>

Universal Digital Library Project was started by Raj Reddy, Robert Thibadeau, Jaime Carbonell, Michael Shamos, and Gloriana S. Clair in the 1990s, to scan books and other media such as music, videos, paintings, and newspapers<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Global Infrastructure for Universal Access to Information, April 1997|url=http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/aaw.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=rr.cs.cmu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal Digital Library 1997 (2 Min) - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt5VMWbvmlI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/nt5VMWbvmlI| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-18|website=youtube.com| date=4 September 2013 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Code Swaraj">{{cite book|last1=Malamud|first1=Carl|url=https://public.resource.org/swaraj/satyagraha.smaller.pdf|title=Code Swaraj|last2=Pitroda|first2=Sam|publisher=Public.Resource.Org|isbn=978-1-892628-05-3|page=43|access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> and to provide online access to all creative works to anyone, anywhere at any time. A larger Million Book Project was started in 2001 as a collaborative effort with China (Professors Pan Yunhe, Yuting Zhuang, Gao Wen) and India (Prof N. Balakrishnan).

Marks of a student are a result of several factors such as the quality of the teachers, the education level of the parents, the ability to pay for coaching classes and the time spent on the task of learning the subject. Rural students tend to be at a serious disadvantage along each of these dimensions. Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) was created for educating gifted rural youth in Andhra Pradesh in 2008, by Drs. [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]], K. C. Reddy, and Raj Reddy, based on the premise that the current nationwide merit-based admissions, such as SAT tests, are flawed and do not provide a level playing field for gifted youth from rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RGUKT|url=https://www.rgukt.in/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=rgukt.in}}</ref>

Reddy proposed that a fully connected population makes it possible to think of a KG-to-PG-Online-College in every village providing personalized instruction.<ref>[http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/KG2PG.pptx KG to PG Online Micro University in Every Village], Talk presented to HRD Ministry of AP, 5 July 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/DFE.ppt Disruptive Future of Education], Talk presented at the VC conference, India, 11 August 2016</ref> Assuming that all students are provided digital literacy and learning-to-learn training as part of primary education before they dropout, anyone can learn any subject at any age even if there are no qualified teachers on the subject.

AI can be used to empower the people at the bottom-of-the-pyramid, who have not benefited from the IT revolution so far.<ref>[http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/3BPHIT.pptx Reaching the Three Billion People at The Bottom of the Pyramid], Talk at Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 6 June 2018</ref> Reddy proposed that recent technological advances in AI will ultimately enable anyone to watch any movie, read any textbook, and talk to anyone independent of the language of the producer or consumer.<ref name=":1">[http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/VC3B.pptx Voice Computing and Reaching the 3B People at the Bottom of the Pyramid], Talk presented at Heidelberg Laureate Forum, 20 Sep 2016</ref> He also proposed that the use of Smart Sensor Watches can be used to eliminate COVID lockdowns by monitoring the sensor data to identify and isolate people with symptoms.<ref>[http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/WLF.pptx No More Lockdowns? An Agenda to Eliminate Lockdowns the Post-Pandemic Era], World Laureates Forum, Shanghai, 29 Oct 2020</ref>

==Awards and honors==
He is a fellow of the [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence|AAAI]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elected AAAI Fellows|url=https://www.aaai.org/Awards/fellows-list.php|access-date=2020-12-22|website=aaai.org}}</ref> [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raj Reddy|url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/reddy_9634208|access-date=2020-12-22|website=awards.acm.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Acoustical Society of America]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellows of the Society|url=https://acousticalsociety.org/fellows-of-the-society/|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Acoustical Society of America|language=en-US}}</ref> [[IEEE]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IEEE Fellows Directory - Member Profile|url=https://services27.ieee.org/fellowsdirectory/getdetailprofile.html?custNum=CGkk3kYKKIObDh/v6YgeMQ==&bccaptions=Search%20Results&bclocations=/fellowsdirectory/keywordsearch.html?keyword=Reddy|access-date=2020-12-22|website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref> and Computer History Museum.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Reimagining Tradition: CHM Honors Tech Legends in First-Ever Virtual Fellow Awards|url=https://computerhistory.org/blog/reimagining-tradition/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=CHM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chm.us2.pathable.com/hall-of-fellows|date=21 February 2021|title=2021 CHM Fellows: RAJ REDDY - For his groundbreaking work in artificial intelligence, robotics, and computer science education}}</ref> Reddy is a member<ref name="rr" /> of the [[United States National Academy of Engineering]], [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], [[Chinese Academy of Engineering]], [[Indian National Science Academy]], and [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].

He has been awarded honorary doctorates (Doctor Honoris Causa) from SV University, Universite Henri-Poincare, University of New South Wales,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Honorary Degrees|url=http://www.unsw.edu.au/news/pad/articles/1999/sep/121honorarydegrees.html|publisher=University of New South Wales|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803194350/https://www.unsw.edu.au/news/pad/articles/1999/sep/121honorarydegrees.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, University of Massachusetts,<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Degree|url=http://www.umass.edu/chronicle/archives/00/09-01/cs.html|publisher=University of Massachusetts|access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> University of Warwick,<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Graduates and Chancellor's Medallists|url=https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/calendar/hongrads/|publisher=University of Warwick|access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> Anna University, IIIT (Prayagraj), Andhra University, [[IIT Kharagpur]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Honoris Causa Awardees|url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/top-awardees/causa.php|publisher=IIT-kgp|access-date=7 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016054922/http://iitkgp.ac.in/top-awardees/causa.php|archive-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]],<ref>{{cite web|title=HKUST to Confer Honorary Doctorates on Eminent Academics and Leaders|url=http://www.ust.hk/eng/news/press_20101104-817.html|publisher=Press Release|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927065317/http://www.ust.hk/eng/news/press_20101104-817.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, and [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Reddy To Receive Honorary Degree at CMU Commencement {{!}} Carnegie Mellon University - Computer Science Department |url=https://csd.cmu.edu/news/raj-reddy-receive-honorary-degree-cmu-commencement |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=csd.cmu.edu}}</ref>

In 1994 he and [[Edward Feigenbaum]] received the [[Turing Award]], "for pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology."<ref name="AI">{{cite web |url=http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=6247682&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=1994 |title=ACM Award Citation / Raj Reddy |work=awards.acm.org |url-status=dead |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726143851/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=6247682&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=1994 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> In 1984, Reddy was awarded the French [[Legion of Honour]] by French President [[François Mitterrand]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Reddy also received [[Padma Bhushan]], from the President of India in 2001,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=330 |title=Padma Bhushan Awardees — Padma Awards |work=india.gov.in |access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> the Okawa Prize in 2004,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Winners of the Okawa Prize |url=http://www.okawa-foundation.or.jp/e/oka/oka_j/j_200401.htm |publisher=Okawa Foundation |access-date=3 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612004208/http://www.okawa-foundation.or.jp/e/oka/oka_j/j_200401.htm |archive-date=12 June 2008 }}</ref> the Honda Prize in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Honda Prize 2005|url=http://www.hondafoundation.jp/en/project/hondaprize/award2005.html|publisher=Honda Foundation|access-date=3 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803204104/http://www.hondafoundation.jp/en/project/hondaprize/award2005.html|archive-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> and the [[Vannevar Bush Award]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/awards/bush_recipients.jsp#a2006 |title=National Science Board — Honorary Awards — Vannevar Bush Award Recipients|work=nsf.gov |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>

==Contributions==
Machine Intelligence and Robotics: Report of the NASA Study Group – Executive Summary,<ref>{{cite book|title=Machine Intelligence and Robotics_Executive Summary|url=http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/NASA%20Ex%20Summary.pdf|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> Final Report<ref>{{cite book|title=Machine Intelligence and Robotics: Report of the NASA Study Group|url=http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/NASA%20Sagan%20Report.pdf|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> Carl Sagan (chair), Raj Reddy (vice chair) and others, NASA JPL, September 1979. Foundations and Grand Challenges of Artificial Intelligence, AAAI Presidential Address, 1988.<ref name="foundations_GC_AI" />

==Miscellaneous==
[[Kai-Fu Lee]]'s 2018 bestseller '[[AI Superpowers]]: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order' is dedicated "To Raj Reddy, my mentor in AI and in life".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Kai-Fu|date=2018-09-22|title=Opinion {{!}} What China Can Teach the U.S. About Artificial Intelligence (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/22/opinion/sunday/ai-china-united-states.html|access-date=2020-12-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{MathGenealogy |id=44068 |title=Raj (Dabbala Rajagopal) Reddy}}

{{Turing award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Raj}}
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Engineering faculty]]
[[Category:Turing Award laureates]]
[[Category:Vannevar Bush Award recipients|2006]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:University of New South Wales alumni]]
[[Category:College of Engineering, Guindy alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Speech processing researchers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Roboticists]]
[[Category:International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]

Regulation and licensure in engineering

2026-04-25T20:30:38Z

EzraDrago8750: Added A Entry - done

{{Short description|none}} 

'''Regulation and licensure in engineering''' is established by various jurisdictions of the world to encourage life, public welfare, safety, well-being, the environment and other interests of the general public<ref>Ontario Professional Engineers Act, R.S.O. 1990, Chapter 28 and R.R.O. Regulation 941: General</ref> and to define the [[licensure]] process through which an [[engineer]] becomes licensed to practice [[engineering]] and to provide [[professional services]] and products to the public.

As with many other professions and activities, engineering is often a restricted activity.<ref>New York Article 145 §7201. Definition of practice of engineering. The practice of the profession of engineering is defined as performing professional service such as consultation, investigation, evaluation, planning, design or supervision of construction or operation in connection with any utilities, structures, buildings, machines, equipment, processes, works, or projects wherein the safeguarding of life, health and property is concerned, when such service or work requires the application of engineering principles and data.</ref> Relatedly, jurisdictions that license according to particular engineering discipline define the boundaries of each discipline carefully so that practitioners understand what they are competent to do.

A licensed engineer takes legal responsibility for engineering work, product or projects (typically via a seal or stamp on the relevant design documentation) as far as the local engineering legislation is concerned. Regulations require that only a licensed engineer can sign, seal or stamp [[technical documentation]] such as reports, plans, engineering drawings and calculations for study estimate or valuation or carry out design analysis, repair, servicing, maintenance or supervision of engineering work, process or project. In cases where public safety, property or welfare is concerned, licensed engineers are trusted by the government and the public to perform the task in a competent manner. In various parts of the world, licensed engineers may use a protected title such as '''professional engineer''', '''chartered engineer''', or simply ''engineer''.

== Legislative intent ==
It is illegal for a practicing engineer to jeopardize public safety in any way.<ref>California Professional Engineers Act, Article 2, 6710.1</ref> This means that an engineer must adhere to the highest level of technical and moral conduct reasonable or suffer litigation if an engineering system fails causing harm to the public, including maintenance technicians. Breaches of engineering law are often sufficient grounds for enforcement measures, which may include the suspension or loss of license and financial penalties. They may also include imprisonment, should [[gross negligence]] be shown to have been a factor in loss of human life.

An engineering licence provides the public with the assurance that qualified persons are doing or overseeing engineering work. An unlicensed worker or manager has no specific liability, as this is borne by the employer through tort law or engineering legislation, and there is no regulatory authority to enforce acceptable engineering practice in relation to the work.<ref>No Author Listed, FINAL REPORT Repeal of the Industrial Exception Data Gathering and Analysis Research Project, Professional Engineers Ontario, January 2017.</ref>

In cases of gross negligence, an engineering firm may not be considered vicariously liable for an individual engineer's offence.

==Licensure and regulation==
Becoming a licensed engineer is a process that varies around the world but generally requires a four-year engineering degree and four years of engineering experience. In some regions, use of the term "engineer" is regulated, in others it is not. Where engineering is a regulated profession, there are specific procedures and requirements for obtaining a registration, charter or license to practice engineering. These are obtained from the government or a charter-granting authority acting on its behalf and engineers are subject to regulation by these bodies.<ref name = "Layton pp. 6-7">{{cite book |first=Edwin |last=Layton |year=1986 |title=The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland, USA |isbn=0-8018-3287-X}} (pp. 6–7)</ref> In addition to licensure, there are voluntary certification programs for various disciplines which involve examinations accredited by the Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Primer on Credentials for Engineering and Related Fields |url=http://www.cesb.org/cesb-library/15-library-documents/documents/22-a-primer-on-credentials-for-engineering-and-related-fields.html |publisher=cesb.org |access-date=2016-01-18 |archive-date=2016-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117023827/http://www.cesb.org/cesb-library/15-library-documents/documents/22-a-primer-on-credentials-for-engineering-and-related-fields.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to [[occupational closure]], licensed engineers enjoy significant influence over their regulation. They are often the authors of the pertinent codes of ethics used by some of these organizations.<ref name = "Layton pp. 6-7"/> Engineers in private practice most often find themselves in traditional professional-client relationships in their practice. Engineers employed in government service and government-run industry are on the other side of that relationship. Despite the different focus, engineers in industry and private practice face similar ethical issues and reach similar conclusions.<ref name="NSPE Employment">{{cite report |title=NSPE Ethics in Employment Task Force Report |url=http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-report.asp |access-date=2006-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927020844/http://www.nspe.org/ethics/eh1-report.asp |archive-date=2006-09-27 |url-status=dead |publisher=NSPE}}</ref> One American engineering society, the [[National Society of Professional Engineers]], has sought to extend a single professional license and code of ethics for all engineers, regardless of practice area or employment sector.<ref name = "Layton pp. 238-239">Layton (1986). pp. 238–239.</ref>

== Asia ==
=== People's Republic of China ===
China has two parallel systems for evaluating professional engineers, one as part of the "Professional Title" and the other as part of the "Occupation Qualification".

Under the "Professional Title" system,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/xxgk2020/fdzdgknr/zcfg/gfxwj/rcrs/202212/t20221219_491948.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310013806/http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/xxgk2020/fdzdgknr/zcfg/gfxwj/rcrs/202212/t20221219_491948.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2023-03-10 |title=人力资源社会保障部办公厅关于进一步做好职称评审工作的通知_中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部 }}</ref> engineers are divided into Assistant Engineer, Engineer, and Senior Engineer. Professional titles are awarded based on educational background, work experience, performance, participation in training programs, and awards received.

Under the "Occupation Qualification" system,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/SYgundongxinwen/201710/t20171024_280005.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317095004/http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/SYgundongxinwen/201710/t20171024_280005.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2023-03-17 |title=国家职业资格目录 }}</ref> engineers are classified by their specific profession, such as "Registered Architect," "Registered Structural Engineer," "Registered Civil Engineer," "Registered Electrical Engineer," "Registered Public Equipment Engineer," etc. To obtain a registered engineer title, in addition to having a certain amount of work experience in a specific profession, one must pass a series of specific exams organized by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpta.mohrss.gov.cn/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023151903/http://cpta.mohrss.gov.cn/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-10-23 |title=中国人事考试网 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pqrc.org.cn/EnglishEdition_Form.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327021104/https://www.pqrc.org.cn/EnglishEdition_Form.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2023-03-27 |title=English }}</ref>

Registered engineers must pass two levels of rigorous exams. Whether design documents or drawings need to be signed by registered engineers depends on provinces or cities.

To qualify, candidates must complete two levels of exams. The first level is an 8-hour close-book basic knowledge exam, covering coures of undergraduate engineering degrees. After passing this exam, participants can take the second-level professional exam the following year. This professional exam is divided into multiple disciplines, such as structural, architectural, electrical, and mechanical. It tests candidates' ability to understand and apply relevant codes and standards. The exam is conducted over a weekend, with each day featuring a 6-hour session. The first day's exam focuses on code requirements, while the second day's exam involves questions about actual engineering cases, requiring references to equations and performing calculations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsj.sh.gov.cn/xxzsp/ksy/kwap/202406/t20240619_1312142.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714192646/https://www.rsj.sh.gov.cn/xxzsp/ksy/kwap/202406/t20240619_1312142.shtml |archive-date=2024-07-14 |title=上海市2024年度全国中级注册安全工程师职业资格考试考务工作安排 }}</ref>

=== South Korea ===
In South Korea, engineering credentials are primarily structured through the national technical qualification system under the ''National Technical Qualifications Act'', which classifies technical qualifications into five grades: professional engineer, master craftsman, engineer, industrial engineer, and craftsman.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Technical Qualifications Act |url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=20166&key=40&type=part |publisher=Korea Legislation Research Institute |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Qualification Titles |url=https://www.q-net.or.kr/qnet/html/eng_qnet/title.html |publisher=Q-Net |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> Within this hierarchy, the ''professional engineer'' ({{lang|ko|기술사}}, ''gisulsa'') is the grade most analogous to a professional engineering licence in other jurisdictions, because it is separately governed by the ''Professional Engineers Act'', which defines professional engineers' duties, permits the establishment of registered professional engineer offices, and requires registered practitioners to sign and seal designs and reports prepared in the course of practice.<ref>{{cite web |title=PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS ACT |url=https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawViewContent.do?hseq=4610 |publisher=Korea Legislation Research Institute |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS ACT |url=https://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?chrClsCd=010202&lsId=000755&lsiSeq=176672&urlMode=engLsInfoR&viewCls=engLsInfoR |publisher=Korea Law Information Center |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref>

Unlike jurisdictions that rely on a single broad P.E. title, South Korea divides the professional engineer grade into a large number of field-specific categories. Q-Net lists 84 professional engineer categories overall, including information-technology fields such as ''Professional Engineer Information Management'' and ''Professional Engineer Computer System Application''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qualification Titles |url=https://www.q-net.or.kr/qnet/html/eng_qnet/title.html |publisher=Q-Net |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Engineer Information Management |url=https://www.q-net.or.kr/crf005.do?id=crf00503&jmCd=0601 |publisher=Q-Net |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Engineer Computer System Application |url=https://www.q-net.or.kr/crf005.do?id=crf00503&jmCd=0622 |publisher=Q-Net |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref>

Eligibility is experience-based and examination-centered. According to Q-Net, candidates typically qualify for the professional engineer examination through combinations of lower-tier qualifications, academic credentials, and substantial work experience; the examination process itself consists of a written examination followed by an interview.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qualification Testing Category |url=https://www.q-net.or.kr/qnet/html/eng_qnet/category.html |publisher=Q-Net |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Method and Implementation |url=https://www.q-net.or.kr/qnet/html/eng_qnet/method.html |publisher=Q-Net |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref> This differs from some U.S. licensure models, in which state boards or NCEES records may require professional references as part of the licensing process.<ref>{{cite web |title=Model Rules |url=https://ncees.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Model_Rules_January-2024_web.pdf |publisher=National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Reference FAQs |url=https://help.ncees.org/article/69-professional-reference-faqs |publisher=NCEES |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref>

The examinations are also selective. For example, Q-Net reports that in 2024 the written-examination pass rate was 3.4% for ''Professional Engineer Information Management'' and 13.0% for ''Professional Engineer Computer System Application''; the corresponding interview pass rates were 76.7% and 71.4%, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Engineer Information Management |url=https://www.q-net.or.kr/crf005.do?gId=&gSite=Q&gbnn=gbnSubtab2&id=crf00503&jmCd=0601&jmInfoDivCcd=B0 |publisher=Q-Net |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Professional Engineer Computer System Application |url=https://www.q-net.or.kr/crf005.do?gId=&gSite=Q&gbnn=gbnSubtab2&id=crf00503&jmCd=0622&jmInfoDivCcd=B0 |publisher=Q-Net |access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
In [[Iran]], registration or licensure of professional engineers and engineering practice is governed by [[Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran)]].
For standardization, FE and PE exams are written and graded by a central organization, the National Organization for Examination and Training (NOET) which is known as Sanjesh in [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanjesh.org/ |title=National Organization for Examination and Training (NOET) of Iran |publisher=sanjesh.org |access-date=2016-07-01 |archive-date=2019-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007065410/http://www.sanjesh.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Requirements for licensing are as follows:

Graduate from accredited four-year college or university program with a degree in engineering (e.g., [[Bachelor of Engineering]], [[Bachelor of Science in Engineering]]. Complete a standard Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) written examination, which tests applicants on breadth of understanding of basic engineering principles and, optionally, some elements of an engineering speciality. Accumulate a certain amount of engineering experience requirement is at least four years. Complete a written Principles and Practice in Engineering (PE) examination, which tests the applicant's knowledge and skills in their chosen engineering discipline ([[Civil engineering|civil]], [[Electrical engineering|electrical]], [[Industrial engineering|industrial]], [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]], [[Computer engineering|computer]], etc.), as well as engineering ethics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pe.sanjesh.org/pages/whoispe.html |title=Who is Professional Engineer? |website=Professional Engineering Exam |publisher=NOET |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630145424/http://pe.sanjesh.org/pages/whoispe.html |archive-date=2016-06-30 }}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
In [[Pakistan]], engineering education and profession is regulated by the [[Pakistan Engineering Council]] (PEC) via PEC Act 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pec.org.pk/downloads/pec_act/PEC%20Act%20(UPDATED%20VERSION%20DEC%202016).pdf |title=PEC Act, 1976 |website=Pakistan Engineering Council. |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820130626/https://pec.org.pk/downloads/pec_act/PEC%20Act%20(UPDATED%20VERSION%20DEC%202016).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> PEC is a federal government organization. Any person with an engineering degree ([[B.E.|BE/BS/BSc Engineering]]) from PEC accredited universities/institutes is legally allowed to register with the [[Pakistan Engineering Council]] (PEC) as a Registered engineer (RE). Previously, every engineering graduate registered with the PEC and at least five years of relevant work experience was eligible for the title of professional engineer (PE) without any exam. To improve the quality of engineering profession, this two-tier system has been enhanced via PEC CPD Bye-Laws 2008.<ref name="PEC_CPD">{{Cite web |url=https://pec.org.pk/downloads/cpd/PEC_CPD%20_ByeLaws.pdf |title=PEC CPD Bye-Laws |website=Pakistan Engineering Council. |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727110646/https://www.pec.org.pk/downloads/cpd/PEC_CPD%20_ByeLaws.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This system was realistically implemented starting 10 July 2010. Graduate engineers now enroll and practice as registered engineer (RE) in their general discipline of work. After at least five years of relevant work experience and accumulation of at least 17 CPD (Continued Professional Development) points, they may attempt the Engineering Practice Examination (EPE) conducted by the PEC. EPE is held by PEC biennially in major cities across the country. Those who pass the EPE are given the prestigious title of professional engineer (PE) in their specialized discipline of work.

To improve the quality of engineering services, engineers with professional engineer (PE) status are also required to engage in CPD activities in order to be able to retain their PE license. CPD points are awarded for various developmental activities such as formal education (e.g. [[Postgraduate diploma]], master or PhD), on-job experience, participating in conferences/workshops as audience, speaker or organizer, publications in technical journals, part-time teaching activities, serving as guest lecturer (other than full-time teaching) and serving as external examiner for master/PhD thesis.

For CPD points system, upper limit of points has also been implemented to prevent abuse of the system and encourage balanced participation in various CPD activities. In case of on-job work experience which is the primary engagement of engineering profession, one CPD point is awarded for 400 hours of work. Upper limit of 2 credit points per year has been established for on-job work experience. Rewarding only 800 hours (~4 months full-time) of work per year has many benefits including inherent tolerance for bouts of unemployment, in-built allowance for sickness/disease/injury, discouraging workaholism, enabling full-time engineering teachers to gain relevant field experience with reduced time commitment (e.g. part-time consulting engagement) and encouraging participation in other CPD activities which further the engineering profession (e.g. guest lectures, publishing research, authoring a book and social work for engineers under recognized engineers' associations).

To avoid confusion, PEC CPD Bye-Laws 2008 introduced the legal term "registered person". Registered person is a term distinct from registered engineer (RE). It is a blanket term used for all persons enrolled with PEC in any capacity – whether as registered engineers (RE) or professional engineers (PE).

'''Mobility'''

In Pakistan, engineering is regulated at the federal level. Engineers recognized as registered engineer (RE) or professional engineer with PEC need not go through further process once they move to another province or territory within Pakistan. For structural engineers, registration with local building authority may be a further requirement depending upon the jurisdiction and local building code.

[[Washington Accord (credentials)|Washington Accord]]: Pakistan gained Observer status in Washington Accord in 2009, Provisional member in 2010 and became Full signatory on 21 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://accords.pec.org.pk/HEI.html |title=Appreciation and Acknowledgment by Chairman PEC for HEIs towards attainment of signatory status of Washington Accord (WA) |publisher=Pakistan Engineering Council |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204054416/https://accords.pec.org.pk/HEI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan was the 19th signatory ever to achieve this status.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://accords.pec.org.pk/chairman-message.html |title=Pakistan has become the full signatory of Washington Accord |website=Pakistan Engineering Council. |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418131300/https://accords.pec.org.pk/chairman-message.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/4850/pakistan-declared-full-signatory-of-washington-accord/ |title=Pakistan declared full signatory of Washington Accord |website=Daily Times. |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126063501/https://dailytimes.com.pk/4850/pakistan-declared-full-signatory-of-washington-accord/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/213229-PEC-enters-into-Washington-Accord |title=PEC enters into Washington Accord |website=The News. |date=29 June 2017 |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126063500/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/213229-PEC-enters-into-Washington-Accord |url-status=live }}</ref>

IPEA & IntPE: Through clause 13 (h) of PEC CPD Bye-laws 2008, PEC was unilaterally honoring the Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF)/International Professional Engineers Agreement (IPEA) since 10 July 2010.<ref name="PEC_CPD"/> An engineer already registered as a professional engineer with EMF/IPEA would be exempt from EPE & CPD points requirement and will be awarded professional engineer (PE) title on submission of application. On 29 June 2018, International Engineering Alliance (IEA) bestowed on PEC the authority to award IPE (IntPE) status to qualifying candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pec.org.pk/IPE.aspx |title=International Professional Engineer |website=Pakistan Engineering Council. |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418132311/https://www.pec.org.pk/IPE.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> PEC developed the application framework and, since September 2020, began accepting applications through a dedicated IPEA portal on the PEC website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ipea.pec.org.pk/ |title=Apply for IPEA |website=Pakistan Engineering Council. |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420135754/https://ipea.pec.org.pk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
In Sri Lanka, the title "engineer" is not regulated. However, as per the ''Engineering Council Act No 4 of 2017'', all engineering practitioners in Sri Lanka needs to be registered with the [[Engineering Council, Sri Lanka|engineering council]] to practice. Failing to do so would result in an offence and can be convicted by a summary trial before a [[Magistrate]] with imprisonment period not exceeding one year and/or a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand rupees.

== Europe ==
The designation ''[[European Engineer]]'' (EUR ING) is an international professional qualification and title for engineers in many European countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engineerseurope.com/what-eur-ing-certificate|work=engineerseurope.com|title=What Is The Eur Ing Certificate}}</ref> The certificate for this is granted after successful application to a national member of Engineers Europe (previously named the European Federation of National Engineering Associations (FEANI)),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engineerseurope.com/|work= engineerseurope.com|title=Engineers Europe}}</ref> an association of over 350 national engineering organisations from 33 countries ({{as of|2025|lc=y}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engineerseurope.com/what-engineers-europe|title=What is Engineers Europe?|website=Engineers Europe|access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref>

===Austria===
Austria's nationally-based [[seat (legal entity)|seat]] requirements for architects and engineers were criticised by the [[European Commission]] in 2016, as the Commission believed the requirements were not consistent with the EU's [[Services Directive]] of 2006.<ref>European Commission, [https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/cs/memo_16_3644/memo_16_3644_en.pdf November <nowiki>[</nowiki>2016<nowiki>]</nowiki> infringements package: key decisions], section 4, published on 17 November 2016, accessed on 5 February 2025</ref>

=== Germany ===
The use of the job title engineer (''Ingenieur'' in [[German language|German]]) was not regulated until the 8th of July 1965.<ref>[http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl165s0601.pdf Bundesgesetzblatt Teil I 1965 Nr. 30 vom 15.07.1965 ''Gesetz zum Schutze der Berufsbezeichnung "Ingenieur" (Ingenieurgesetz)''] (in German)</ref> It was estimated that at this point there were 105 000 Engineers with academic degrees, 225 000 engineers with an academy or engineering school degree, and 30 000 self-styled engineers.<ref>[https://www.spiegel.de/politik/prestige-gehoben-a-dddde73f-0002-0001-0000-000046273850 Prestige gehoben] 24.08.1965, DER SPIEGEL 35/1965 (in German)</ref> Self-styled engineers could apply for an exception to continue to use the job title or had to cease to use the title within a certain time frame.

From that point on the typical ways to be allowed to use the job title engineer were to obtain the academic title of a diploma engineer ''Diplom-Ingenieur'' (abbreviated ''Dipl.-Ing.'') or doctor engineer (Phd, ''Dr.-Ing.'') from an academic institutions, or to obtain a graduated engineer title (''Ingenieur (grad.)'') from an engineering school or engineering academy. Earlier graduates from engineering schools or academies could continue to use the title or in some cases could change their title to ''Ingenieur (grad.)''. Mining schools were granting some engineer titles, too.

In the 1970s Germany converted its engineering schools and academies into universities of applied sciences and founded new such universities. With this change the ''Ingenieur (grad.)'' was no longer granted. Instead universities of applied sciences awarded the academic title of diploma engineer ''Diplom-Ingenieur'', too. Over time, and depending on the actual state of the infighting between universities and universities of applied sciences, universities of applied sciences granted the title with a suffix ''Diplom-Ingenieur (FH)''.

Around the same time the federal states (''Bundesländer'') established their own engineer laws, because in Germany education is a matter of regulation for the federal states, not the federal government. These laws are all very similar and describe who is allowed to use the job title of an engineer.

Today (2023) the number of engineers with the academic title ''Diplom-Ingenieur'', with or without a suffix, is on the decline. Germany adopted the [[Bologna Process]] and changed to a bachelor/master system with the respective academic titles. Only very few universities still provide diploma degree courses and grant an academic title with the word engineer (''Ingenieur'') in the title. For a doctorate the ''Dr.-Ing.'' is still awarded.

However, the use of the term ''Ingenieur'' continues to be protected even after the implementation of the bologna process. This also applies to translations and abbreviations. The group of people allowed to use the job title was actually widened. Typically since 2013 the engineer laws of the states allow persons who completed scientific or engineering studies of at least three years (e.g. bachelor, or the older diploma studies) at a German academic institution to use engineer as a job title. Also a lot of ''grandfather cases'' are covered, like engineers with a ''Ingenieur (grad.)'' title.

Further, the laws of the states contain provisions for the authorities to grant persons who obtained their engineering degree or title from a foreign institution or otherwise the right to use the job title. With special provisions for EU member states.

The state laws typically regard the unauthorized use of the job title engineer as a misdemeanor. § 132a of the criminal code of Germany makes the unauthorized use of an [[academic degree]] title a criminal offense punishable by up to one year of imprisonment or a fine.

==== Engineering chambers ====
Engineers offering certain engineering services need to be a member of an engineering chamber (''Ingenieurkammer'') by law. This is most commonly the case for freelance consulting (''Beratender Ingenieur'') activities in construction, but can also be required for other engineering work. Voluntary membership is also possible.

Engineering chambers are self-governing and provide services for their members.

==== ''Techniker'' ====
"State-certified engineer" (German: ''staatlich geprüfter Techniker'') is a {{clarification needed|text=European Union qualification|date=April 2023}} for a professional engineering technologist (not to be confused with an [[engineering technician]] or "Dipl.-Ing").

The certificate is granted to engineering technologists upon successful completion of a technical college and it is also granted by an international organization with headquarters in Germany, the "''BVT''", Federal Association of Higher Professions for Technology, Economy and Design (''Bundesverband höherer Berufe der Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung e.V.'').

''Techniker'' certificates have been grouped on the same level as academic bachelor's degrees in national (DFQ) and [[European Qualifications Framework]] (EFQ).

A member of the BVT is entitled to use the initials "BVT" after his name. To achieve this qualification, it is required to complete a 42-month apprenticeship program, a minimum 2,400 hour college diploma in engineering or technology, two years of relevant experience and pass the state examination. The academic requirement to be a state-certified engineer is a degree equivalent to ''level 6 on EQF = bachelor'' on the European Qualification Framework. A bachelor's (honours) degree in engineering or engineering technology from an accredited university is also equated to level 6 on EQF. A state-certified engineer is not required to complete a university degree. Before Jan. 31, 2012, a state-certified engineer certificate usually qualified the holder to proceed to bachelor's level education at a university of applied science. In the past, this led to wide and controversial discussions between bachelor's and master's degrees engineers and state-certified engineers.

Today, this is on the same level as a bachelor's degree. One can continue to study to a master's degree level to achieve SCE qualification. The academic requirements for qualification are similar to incorporated engineer qualification/registration by EC UK. State-certified engineers now assist engineers with only a diploma or master's degree. They are also holding full engineering positions as systems engineers, integration engineers, test engineers, QA engineers, etc.

State-certified engineer, business manager and designer levels are now a level 6–Bachelor on DQF and EQF, as of Jan. 31, 2012.
The following top representatives and agents institutions were involved: federal government (Federal Ministry for Education and Research, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology), standing conference and economic ministerial meeting of countries, the Confederation of German Employers' Associations, German Chambers of Industry and Commerce, German Trade Union Federation and the Federal Institute for Vocational Application. They agreed on a common position on the implementation of the EQF, as a German qualifications framework (DQR).

=== United Kingdom ===
{{main|Chartered Engineer (UK)}}

"''In general there is no restriction on the right to practise as an engineer in the UK. However there are a small number of areas of work, generally safety related, which are reserved by statute, regulations or industry standards to licensed or otherwise approved persons.''"<ref name=EngC>[http://www.engc.org.uk/glossary-faqs/frequently-asked-questions/international-activity/european-directive-on-recognition-of-professional-qualifications/ Engineering Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921082757/http://engc.org.uk/glossary-faqs/frequently-asked-questions/international-activity/european-directive-on-recognition-of-professional-qualifications/ |date=2017-09-21 }} European Directive on Recognition of Professional Qualifications.</ref> The title "engineer" is not regulated, but certain engineering titles are. There is no system for licensing, but registers are held of qualified persons. The [[Engineering Council]] is the UK regulatory body for its engineering profession. It holds the national registers of 235,000 engineers registered as EngTech (engineering technicians), ICTTech (information and communications technology technicians), IEng (incorporated engineers) and CEng (chartered engineers). These titles are fully protected under law by means of the Engineering Council's royal charter and bylaws. In order to protect these titles, action is taken through the courts against their unauthorized use.

To receive designation as a CEng, it is required to have approved education (typically to Master's level) and also demonstrate significant technical and commercial leadership and management competencies.<ref name=CEng>[http://www.engc.org.uk/professional-registration/the-professional-titles/chartered-engineer/ Engineering Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430165624/http://www.engc.org.uk/professional-registration/the-professional-titles/chartered-engineer |date=2016-04-30 }} Chartered Engineer (CEng)</ref>

A chartered engineer is entitled to register through [[European Federation of National Engineering Associations|Engineers Europe]] (formerly FEANI) as a [[European Engineer]] and use the pre-nominal designation EUR ING.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engc.org.uk/international-activity/european-recognition/eur-ing/european-engineer-eur-ing-registration/|title=European Engineer (EUR ING) registration|website=Engineering Council|access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>

== North America ==
=== Canada ===
The practice of engineering in Canada is highly regulated under a system of licensing administered by a self regulated engineering association in each province. In Canada the designation "professional engineer" and "engineer" (including titles containing the word engineer and abbreviations such as P.Eng.) can only be used by licensed engineers and the practice of engineering is protected in law in all provinces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://engineerscanada.ca/news-and-events/news/who-can-use-the-title-engineer|title=Who can use the title "engineer"?|date=24 March 2022|work=Engineers Canada|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> The regulation and [[licensing]] of engineers is done through each province's own engineering association which was created by acts passed by that province's [[legislature]]. There is also [[Canadian Council of Professional Engineers|Engineers Canada]] which regulates [[Undergraduate degree|undergraduate programs]] for engineering. The process for registration is generally as follows:

# Qualify academically by one of two equally valid methods:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doetzel |first1=Ed |title=How to Choose the Province Where You Should Qualify as a Professional Engineer |url=https://techexam.ca/2022/12/how-to-choose-the-province-where-you-should-qualify-as-a-professional-engineer-for-technical-exams |website=CyberEd |date=8 December 2022 |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref>
## Graduate with a degree from an accredited program in engineering or applied science, accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB).
## Graduate from a non-CEAB program with a minimum of two years education in engineering or a related study area plus the completion of a technical examination program.
# Complete an engineer-in-training (EIT) or engineering internship program under the direction of a professional engineer. With the exception of Quebec, this is a minimum four-year program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oiq.qc.ca/documents/255/A-Cheminement_permis_sept.2010.pdf|title=A Cheminement permis}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
# Review of work experience by the association.
# Pass a professional practice exam,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peo.on.ca/registration/ppe.html |title=Professional Practice Examinations |access-date=2011-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430221110/http://peo.on.ca/registration/ppe.html |archive-date=2011-04-30 }}</ref> on [[engineering law]] the content and format of which differs by province. Many provinces require the National Professional Practice Examination (NPPE), which includes a significant component on ethics and professional practice; however, applicants with an accredited engineering degree who passed an ethics course may be exempt from this exam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Professional Practice Exam (NPPE) |url=https://www.apega.ca/apply/membership/professional-member/national-professional-practice-exam#:~:text=The%20National%20Professional%20Practice%20Exam%20(NPPE)%20confirms,Professional%20Practice%20Exam%20before%20licensure%20is%20granted. |website=APEGA |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

Professional engineers are not licensed in a specific discipline but are bound by their respective provincial engineering legislation (e.g. in Ontario: Professional Engineers Act R.R.O. 1990, Regulation 941, Section 72) from practicing beyond their training and experience. Breaches of the code are often sufficient grounds for enforcement measures, which may include the suspension or loss of license and financial penalties. It could also result in serving time jail, should negligence be shown to have played a part in any incident that causes loss of human life.

Engineers are not tested on technical knowledge during the licensing process if their education was accredited by the CEAB. Accreditation of schools and their accredited degree granting status are monitored and controlled. This accreditation process is governed by [[Engineers Canada]] through their active group CEAB.

The accreditation process is continuous and enforced through regular accreditation reviews of each school. These reviews typically include the review of the school's curriculum (including marked final exams and assignments), interviews of current students, extracurricular activities and teaching staff as well additional areas the visiting board may feel need addressing. The specific areas considered are curriculum content, program environment and general criteria. The associations are granted both an exclusive right to title and an exclusive right to practice. A professional engineer is legally required to be licensed in most provinces. The level of enforcement varies depending on the specific industry but often a complaint needs to be filed for regulatory action to commence.

The professional engineer's license is only valid in the province of delivery. There are, however, agreements between the associations to ease mobility. In 2009, [[Professional Engineers Ontario|professional engineers Ontario]] led an initiative to develop a national engineering licensing framework.

The term "engineer" is often used loosely in some Canadian industry sectors to describe people working in the field of engineering technology—not professional engineering—as engineering technologists or engineering technicians and trades names such as stationary engineer. For example, the [[Canadian Coast Guard]] and the Canadian Navy often calls its technicians "marine engineers," "power engineers" and "military engineers" internally, but not in the public domain. The term "locomotive engineer" has been an integral part of the Canadian railroad since its inception. "[[Stationary engineers|Stationary engineering]]" is a trade whose technicians operate heavy machinery and equipment that provide heat, light, climate control and power.

=== United States ===
In the United States, registration or [[licensure]] of professional engineers and engineering practice is governed by the individual states. Each registration or license is valid only in the state where it is granted. Some licensed engineers maintain licenses in more than one state. [[Comity]], also known as reciprocity, between states allows engineers who are licensed or registered in one state to obtain a license in another state without meeting the ordinary rigorous proof of qualification by testing. This is accomplished by the second state recognizing the validity of the first state's licensing or registration process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nspe.org/Licensure/Resources/LicComity/index.html |publisher=National Society of Professional Engineers |access-date=2008-03-14 |year=2008 |title=Licensure by Comity |archive-date=2008-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908082639/http://www.nspe.org/Licensure/Resources/LicComity/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== History ====
Licensure in the United States began in the State of [[Wyoming]] when lawyers, notaries and others without engineering education were making poor quality submissions to the state for permission to use state water for irrigation. Clarence Johnson, the Wyoming state engineer, presented a bill in 1907 to the state legislature that required registration for anyone presenting themselves as an engineer or land surveyor and created a board of examiners. Charles Bellamy, a 52-year-old engineer and mineral surveyor then became the first licensed professional engineer in the United States. After enactment, Johnson would wryly write about the effect of the law, saying, "A most astonishing change took place within a few months in the character of maps and plans filed with the applications for permits." [[Louisiana]], followed by [[Florida]] and [[Illinois]], would become the next states to require licensure. [[Montana]] became the last state to legislate the licensing in 1947, except Hawaii.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= McGuirt|first1= Doug|title= The Professional Engineering Century|url=https://www.nspe.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdfs/pemagazine/june2007_the_professional_engineering.pdf|access-date= July 7, 2018|journal= Professional Engineer|publisher= [[National Society of Professional Engineers]]|date= June 2007|pages= 24–29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716193510/https://www.nspe.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdfs/pemagazine/june2007_the_professional_engineering.pdf|archive-date= July 16, 2017}}</ref>

==== Requirements ====
Requirements for licensing vary, but generally are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncees.org/About_NCEES/Publications/Publications/Model_Law.php |publisher=National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying |access-date=2010-05-05 |year=2009 |title=Model Law |format=php |archive-date=2010-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505013529/http://www.ncees.org/About_NCEES/Publications/Publications/Model_Law.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

# Graduate from an [[Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology]] (ABET)-accredited four-year college or university program with a degree in engineering (e.g., Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science in engineering, [[Master of Science]] in engineering, [[Master of Engineering]]) or in some states, graduate from an ABET-accredited four-year college or university program with a degree in engineering technology. Most states require that a program be accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of ABET to satisfy this education component of licensure, however, some states also accept programs accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission (ETAC) of ABET.
# Complete a standard [[Fundamentals of Engineering exam|Fundamentals of Engineering]] (FE) written examination, which tests applicants on breadth of understanding of basic engineering principles and, optionally, some elements of an engineering speciality. Completion of the first two steps typically qualifies applicants for certification in the United States as an [[engineer in training]] (EIT), sometimes also called an engineer intern (EI).<ref>59 Okla. Stat. Sec. 475.12. Retrieved 16 August 2006 from [http://www.pels.state.ok.us/regulat/Statutes.pdf Oklahoma state board of licensure for professional engineers and land surveyors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921041503/http://www.pels.state.ok.us/regulat/Statutes.pdf |date=2006-09-21 }}.</ref>
# Accumulate a certain amount of engineering experience: in most states the requirement is four years, but it is lower in some. For engineering technology graduates, the required number of years may be higher.
# Complete a written [[Principles and Practice in Engineering Exam|Principles and Practice in Engineering]] (PE) examination, which tests the applicant's knowledge and skills in their chosen engineering discipline (civil, electrical, industrial, mechanical, etc.), as well as [[engineering ethics]].

For standardization, FE and PE exams are written and graded by a central organization, the [[National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying]] (NCEES). However, each state's board of professional engineers individually sets the requirements to take the exams, as well as the passing score. For example, applicants in some states must provide professional references from several PEs before they can take the PE exam. There is a fairly large range in exam pass rates for FE and PE exams, but the pass rate for repeat test takers is significantly lower.<ref>{{cite web |author=NCEES |author-link=NCEES |title=Exam Pass Rates |url=http://www.ncees.org/Exams/PE_exam.php |access-date=2010-07-10 |archive-date=2010-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730100715/http://www.ncees.org/Exams/PE_exam.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

All 50 states and the District of Columbia have engineering boards that are represented on the NCEES, which administers both the FE and PE examinations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncees.org/Exams/PE_exam.php |title=PE exam |access-date=2010-07-06 |archive-date=2010-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730100715/http://www.ncees.org/Exams/PE_exam.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Degree requirements in the United States are evolving. Effective January 1, 2020, the NCEES model will require additional credits beyond a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree. NCEES is developing the types of creditable activities that will satisfy the additional educational requirement. This has received some support from civil engineers.<ref name="ASCE MOE">[[American Society of Civil Engineers]] (ASCE) (2001) ''Academic Prerequisites for Licensure and Professional Practice''. Policy Statement [http://sections.asce.org/indiana/ASCE_%20Pol_Stat_465.pdf 465] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028183357/http://sections.asce.org/indiana/ASCE_%20Pol_Stat_465.pdf |date=2006-10-28 }}.</ref><ref name="ACEC">{{cite web |url=http://www.acec-nh.org/pdfs/2007_12_4_15_43.pdf |title=White Paper on Implementation of Additional Engineering Education Requirements as a Prerequisite for Licensure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903052229/http://www.acec-nh.org/pdfs/2007_12_4_15_43.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-03 |url-status=dead |publisher=American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC) |date=2007 |access-date=2011-03-22}}</ref>

As of 2023, it is still possible for an individual to bypass Steps No. 2 and 4. In Texas, for example, FE exam waivers are still available to individuals with several years of creditable experience.<ref>{{cite web |year=2023 |title=Exam Waiver Requirements |url=https://pels.texas.gov/lic_waiver.htm |access-date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Texas Board of Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors}}</ref>

In a few states, it is still possible for an individual to bypass Step No. 1 and apply to take the registration examinations—as long as a PE sponsors the applicant—because work experience can be substituted for academic experience. The requirement for years of experience may also vary. For example, in California it is possible to take a PE examination with only two years of experience after a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree or one year of experience after a Master of Engineering. In other states candidates may take one of the PE exams directly through NCEES, in some cases immediately after graduation, but they still must wait until obtaining the required experience before obtaining a license. Some states also have state-specific examinations. California requires two additional exams in [[land surveying]] and [[earthquake engineering]] for civil engineering candidates and many states have exams based on their individual laws and ethics requirements.

Some states issue generic professional engineering licenses. Others, known as "discipline states", issue licenses for specific disciplines of engineering, such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, [[nuclear engineering]], [[electrical engineering]] and [[chemical engineering]]. However, in all cases engineers are ethically required to limit their practice to their area of competency, which is usually a small portion of a discipline. While licensing boards do not often enforce this limitation, it can be a factor in negligence lawsuits. In a few states, licensed civil engineers may also perform land survey work.

In addition to the person's license, most states require that firms providing engineering services are authorized to do so. For instance, the state of Florida requires businesses offering engineering services to be registered with the state and have a Florida licensed professional engineer qualify the business.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fbpe.org/licensure/licensure-process/engineering-firms/|title=Engineering firms|publisher=Florida Board of Professional Engineers|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511205744/https://fbpe.org/licensure/licensure-process/engineering-firms/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Civil engineer]]s account for a large portion of licensed professional engineers. In Texas, for example, about 37 percent of licenses are for civil engineers, with civil engineering exams making up more than half of the exams taken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbpe.state.tx.us/downloads.htm#roster |publisher=Texas Board of Professional Engineers |access-date=2013-08-21 |year=2013 |title=Texas PE License Information Roster |archive-date=2014-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801071230/http://www.tbpe.state.tx.us/downloads.htm#roster |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbpe.state.tx.us/exam_passfail.htm |publisher=Texas Board of Professional Engineers |access-date=2013-08-21 |title=Examination Pass/Fail Rates |archive-date=2014-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320002002/http://www.tbpe.state.tx.us/exam_passfail.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many of the remainder are [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]], [[Electrical engineering|electrical]] and [[Structural engineering|structural]] engineers. However, some engineers in other fields obtain licenses for the ability to serve as professional witnesses in courts, before government committees or just for prestige—even though they may never actually sign and seal design documents.

Areas that include much of [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical]], [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]] and [[chemical engineering]] may be specifically exempted from regulation under an "industrial exemption". The industrial exemption varies from state to state. An industrial exemption covers engineers who design products such as automobiles that are sold (or have the potential to be sold) outside the state where they are produced, as well as the equipment used to produce the product. Structures subject to [[building code]]s are not covered by an industrial exemption, though small residential buildings often do not require an engineer's seal. In some jurisdictions, the role of [[architects]] and [[structural engineers]] overlap. In general, the primary professional responsible for designing habitable buildings is an architect. The architect signs and seals design plans for buildings and other structures that humans may occupy. A structural engineer is contracted to provide technical structural design ensuring the stability and safety of the overall structure, however, no states currently allow engineers the ability to perform professional architecture without also being licensed as an architect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab095377.pdf |title=AIA Statutory Matrix on the Legal Relationships Between the Professions of Architecture and Engineering|date=August 2012 |publisher=American Institute of Architects |access-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010100037/http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab095377.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2015 }}</ref>

Many private companies employ non-degree workers in technical positions with engineering titles such as "test engineer" or "field engineer". At the company's discretion, as long as the company does not offer engineering services directly to the public or other businesses, such positions may not require an engineering license.

However, it is important to make a distinction between a "graduate engineer" and a "professional engineer". A "graduate engineer" is anyone holding a degree in engineering from an accredited four-year university program, but is not licensed to practice or offer services to the public. Unlicensed engineers usually work as employees for a company or as professors in engineering colleges, where they are governed under the industrial exemption clause.

==Designations==
Letters after or before a person's name (post-nominal or pre-nominal letters) are commonly used to denote the holder of an engineering license in various jurisdictions:

===Africa===
* ''Ing.'' in [[Ghana]] (for engineers holding a BSc or higher with relevant engineering experience) and a registered member of the Ghana Institute of Engineers ([[GhIE]])
* ''Pr Eng'' or ''Pr Ing'' is used as a post-nominal in South Africa (for engineers holding a BEng, BSc.Eng. or B.Ing. with relevant experience). ''Pr.Cert.Eng.'', standing for professional certificated engineer is used as a post-nominal for engineers who have registered with the [[Engineering Council of South Africa]] after passing the Engineers Certificate of Competence Examinations.
* ''R.Eng.'' standing for registered engineer in [[Kenya]] (holders of five years of post-secondary engineering education and four years of work experience).
* ''Eng.'' is used for engineers holding the Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Engineering (or higher) with relevant engineering experience in [[Egypt]] and must be a member in the Egyptian Syndicate of Engineers.
* ''Engr'' is used as a pre-nominal in Nigeria (for holders of bachelor or higher degree in engineering with relevant experience and having successfully passed the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) Professional Exams and fulfill other NSE and Council for Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) requirements)"<ref name=COREN>{{cite web |url=http://www.corenng.org/registration/registration.htm |title=Registration requirements |date=July 21, 2004 |website=COREN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20040919041830/http://www.corenng.org/registration/registration.htm |archive-date=2004-09-19 }}</ref>
* ''REng'' or ''CEng'' is used as post-nominal for registered engineers in Nigeria after fulfilling both NSE and COREN requirements.
* ''Eng'' is used as a pre-nominal in Uganda for registered engineers. In Uganda, a registered engineer must as a prerequisite be a member of the Uganda Institution of professional engineers (UIPE) and must have a Bachelor of Science (or higher) in engineering together with relevant engineering experience that must be documented, supported by two registered engineers and defended by the applicant in an interview with the Engineers' Registration Board (ERB), which has the power to confirm designation as a registered engineer. Annual fees must be paid to the ERB by all registered engineers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://main.constructionreviewonline.com/aprilug2_10.html |title= Engineers Registration Board |website=CR UG |access-date=2010-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219164327/http://main.constructionreviewonline.com/aprilug2_10.html |archive-date=2011-02-19 }}</ref>

===Australia and New Zealand===
* ''RPEng'' stands for Registered Professional Engineer of Professionals Australia. Assessed by [[Professionals Australia]].
* ''CPEng'' stands for Chartered Professional Engineer. Assessed by [[Engineers Australia]] and [[Engineering New Zealand]].
* ''NER'' stands for National Engineering Register, administered by [[Engineers Australia]].
* ''RPEQ'' stands for Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland and is required by all engineers within Queensland, and any engineers doing work for Queensland. It is subject to CPD requirements<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bpeq.qld.gov.au/BPEQ/Resources/Continuing_Professional_Development/BPEQ/Navigation/CodesandGuides/ContinuingProfessionalDevelopment/Continuing_Professional_Development.aspx?hkey=469067a1-cb90-480e-89aa-783c538678f4 |title=Continuing Professional Development |publisher=BPEQ |access-date=2016-03-08 |archive-date=2016-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229084901/http://www.bpeq.qld.gov.au/BPEQ/Resources/Continuing_Professional_Development/BPEQ/Navigation/CodesandGuides/ContinuingProfessionalDevelopment/Continuing_Professional_Development.aspx?hkey=469067a1-cb90-480e-89aa-783c538678f4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to maintain status. Administered by the [[Board of Professional Engineers of Queensland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpeq.qld.gov.au/|title=BPEQ|website=bpeq.qld.gov.au|access-date=2015-11-03|archive-date=2016-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111064741/http://www.bpeq.qld.gov.au/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Graduate Engineer'' is an official designation under Australian Legislation (Professional Employees Award 2010) that covers graduated engineering students of a suitable engineering course.<ref name="employers award1">Australian Government Award,[http://awardviewer.fwo.gov.au/award/show/MA000065 "Professional Employees Award 2010"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524074243/http://awardviewer.fwo.gov.au/award/show/MA000065 |date=2018-05-24 }}, ''Office of the Fair Work Ombudsman'', July 29, 2017. Retrieved 2018/06/05.</ref>
* ''Professional Engineer'' and ''Experienced Engineer'' are official designations under Australian Legislation (Professional Employees Award 2010) for engineers that carry out professional engineering duties and; are a member of Engineers Australia; or are a graduate engineer with 4 years experience with professional engineering duties; or are who have not graduated from a university course, but are an engineer with five years experience carrying out professional engineering duties as would be the case for autodidactic and industry-trained engineers.<ref name="employers award1"/>

===Asia===
* ''Mohandess Payeh 1'' and ''Mohandess Payeh 2'' are titles used respectively for professional engineer and engineer-in-training in [[Iran]].
* ''Ir'' is used as a pre-nominal in Hong Kong, [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]].
* ''Er'' is used as a pre-nominal in Singapore and ''P.E./P.Eng.'' ( professional engineer ) are used as post-nominal designations.
* ''P.E.Jp.'' as a pre-nominal in Japan.
* ''Engr.'' or ''engineer'' is allowed before your name only if you have membership in IEB, in [[Bangladesh]].
* ''R.E.'' and ''P.E.'' are used as post-nominal designations for engineers in [[Pakistan]] registered with the [[Pakistan Engineering Council]] (PEC) after completing a four years Bachelor of Engineering/Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree. ''R.E.'' (registered engineer) and ''P.E.'' (professional engineer)
* ''Mohandes'' is used as a pre-nominal in Arab countries like [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]].
* ''Eng.'' or {{lang|ar|.م}} as a pre-nominal in Jordan (for engineers holding a university degree in engineering after five years of studies).
* ''Engr.'' or ''engineer'' is used as a pre-nominal in the [[Philippines]] for individuals passing the government regulated professional licensure examination, which is only given for certain fields of engineering.
* ''CEng'' (Sri Lanka) is used in Sri Lanka as a post-nominal abbreviation by corporate members of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka (IESL).
* ''IEng.'' The term incorporated engineers is offered by the [[Institution of Incorporated Engineers, Sri Lanka]].
* ''CEng'' (India) is used as post-nominal abbreviation in India by those who are registered as a chartered engineer with Institution of Engineers (India).
* ''Er'' is used before their name by chartered engineers who hold the IE [India] designation, in India.
* {{Lang|he|אינג}} is used in [[Israel]] mostly by master's degree civil engineers.

===Europe===
* ''EUR ING'' ([[European Engineer]]) in Europe, used as a pre-nominal (similar to Dr or Prof.) after being suitably registered in their own country and then accepted by [[Engineers Europe]].
* ''Ing.'' ({{lang|es|ingeniero}}) in Spain, used as a pre-nominal, for the engineers who have the equivalent to a master's degree as they studied five or six courses in an engineering superior school. There also exists an {{Lang|es|ingeniero técnico}} (''I.T.''), who is a professional that holds a degree and has taken a minimum of three courses in an official engineering college. Both types of engineers have full competency in their respective professional field of engineering, the difference being that the three-year engineers have competence only in their specialty (mechanical, electrical, chemical, etc.) and the "engineering superior school" engineers have wider competences. The [[Bologna process]] changes this structure. The degree will require four courses and the superior engineering school engineers will equal the ones that hold a master's in engineering.
* ''Eng.'' ({{Lang|pt|Engenheiro}}) in Portugal, used as a pre-nominal. An {{Lang|put|engenheiro}} is a full chartered professional in engineering who was awarded a master's degree (second study cycle according to the [[Bologna process]] system) by an accredited engineering school. In Portugal there is also the {{Lang|pt|engenheiro técnico}} who is a professional with a bachelor's degree (first study cycle) in engineering or engineering sciences. Accredited master's degrees in engineering are regulated and certified by the {{Lang|pt|[[Ordem dos Engenheiros]]}} (Order of Engineers) and every professional full chartered engineer is registered at the {{lang|pt|Ordem}}.
* In Finland, regulation affects only academic degrees. In academic education, the degree of {{Lang|fi|[[diplomi-insinööri]]}} (''dipl. ins.'' or ''DI''), officially translated "Master of Science (Technology)", is awarded by universities and universities of technology and is preceded by an intermediate bachelor's degree ({{Lang|fi|tekniikan kandidaatti}}) or equivalent studies. In vocational education, the degrees {{Lang|fi|[[insinööri (amk)|insinööri]]}} and {{Lang|fi|ylempi insinööri (amk)}} are awarded by [[Ammattikorkeakoulu|polytechnics]].
* In Germany the ''Dipl.-Ing.'' pre-nominal (from {{Lang|de|Diplom-Ingenieur}}, engineer diploma) is awarded by the educational ministries of the federal states after completing an academic engineering education according to the German engineer's law. The pre-nominals ''Ing. grad.'' ({{Lang|de|graduierter Ingenieur}}, graduate engineer) and ''Obering.'' ({{Lang|de|Oberingenieur}}, supervisor engineer) are no longer awarded.
* ''State-certified Engineer BVT'' is the authorized translation (by the German Federal Government) of {{Lang|de|staatlich geprüfter Techniker}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bvt-online.de/ |title=Bundesverband höherer Berufe der Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung e.V. |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2017-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809025240/http://www.bvt-online.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Ir.'' is used as a pre-nominal in the Netherlands (for engineers holding a master's degree from a university) or ''Ing.'' (for engineers holding a bachelor's degree from a professional school).
* ''Ir.'' is used as a pre-nominal in Belgium (for civil engineers holding a master's degree in engineering/bio-engineering sciences from a university) or ''Ing.'' (for industrial engineers holding a master's degree in applied engineering, formerly from university colleges; from 2013 these formations are integrated in the universities).
* ''Ing.'' in Italy used as a pre-nominal (for engineers holding a master's degree ) or ''Ing.jr.'' (for engineers holding a bachelor's degree). A state exam is required. Registration is with the {{Lang|it|Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri}}.
* ''Siv. Ing.'' ({{Lang|no|sivilingeniør}}, Master of Science) and ''ing.'' ({{Lang|no|høyskoleingeniør}}, Bachelor of Science) in Norway. The title is used by persons holding degrees from accredited engineering colleges and universities.
* ''CEng'' (chartered engineer) and ''[[Incorporated Engineer|IEng]]'' (incorporated engineer) post-nominals are used in the UK and Ireland. UK and Irish engineers may also carry [[post-nominal letters]] specific to their specialist engineering institute, such as MIET (Member of the [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]]). In the UK these are recognized as regulated qualifications and titles.<ref>[http://www.dfes.gov.uk/europeopen/eutouk/authorities_list.shtml Regulated Professions in the UK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327084031/http://www.dfes.gov.uk/europeopen/eutouk/authorities_list.shtml |date=2008-03-27 }}. (UK) Department for children, schools and families. Retrieved 2 November 2007.</ref>
* ''Civ. Ing.'' in Sweden (for engineers holding a master's degree in engineering, Master of Engineering, Master of Science in Engineering) and {{Lang|sv|högskoleingenjör}} in Sweden (for engineers holding a Bachelor of Science degree).
* ''Cand.polyt.'' in Denmark (for engineers holding a master's degree in engineering, Master of Engineering, Master of Science in engineering).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ida.dk/content/titler-i-udlandet|title=Titler i udlandet - IDA.dk|website=ida.dk|access-date=2018-01-16|archive-date=2018-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011823/https://ida.dk/content/titler-i-udlandet|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Ing.'' in Romania, used as a pre-nominal (similar to Dr. or Prof.).
* ''Ing.'' for engineers holding a master's degree in Czech Republic and [[Slovak republic]], used as a pre-nominal.
* ''inż.'' and ''mgr. inż.'' in Poland for engineers with a bachelor's degree ({{Lang|pl|inżynier}}, engineer) and a master's degree ({{Lang|pl|magister inżynier}}, master engineer) respectively. The master's degree can be obtained in two years post-graduate education or formerly (until full adaptation of the [[Bologna process]] by universities) or through an integrated five-year Bachelor of Science/Master of Science program. Some (particularly in the US) mistakenly believe that ''mgr. inż.'' is some kind of separate degree, while in fact these are two degrees, regardless of how they were obtained. The degree in general includes license to practice, although some regulation may require additional registration to perform specific tasks.
* ''маг. инж.'' (master engineer) is as a pre-nominal in Bulgaria for engineers holding a master's degree) or ''инж.'' for engineers holding a bachelor's degree.
* ''Inġ.'' in Malta for engineers holding a university degree and at least three years of experience.
* ''BVT'' in Germany (for engineers holding three-and-a-half years of certified apprenticeship, followed by a minimum of a 2,400-hour degree and a minimum of two years of approved relevant experience, members of the federal Association of Higher Professionals for Technology, Economy and Design).
* ''Müh.'' or '''Mühendis'' is the title used in [[Turkey]] by someone holding a four-year degree from an accredited engineering university.
* {{Lang|el|Διπλωματούχος Μηχανικός}} (diploma owner in engineering) or ''Διπλ. Μηχ.'' is used in [[Greece]] as the title of someone holding a five-year degree from a public engineering university. This distinguished them from engineers having four years of studies in a Greek Technical Educational Institute.

===Latin America===
* ''Ing.'' is used as a pre-nominal in most Spanish speaking countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.
* In Chile, customary practice consists in placing the post-nominal term {{Lang|es|ingeniero civil}} plus the specialty area, such as {{Lang|es|ingeniero civil eléctrico}}.
* ''Eng.'' ({{Lang|pt|engenheiro}}) is used in Brazil, or post-nominal terms specifying a specialty such as: {{Lang|pt|engenheiro civil}}.
* ''R.Eng'' registered engineer in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], as accredited by the Board of Engineering of Trinidad and Tobago.

===North America===
* ''PE'' or ''P.E.'' is used in the United States. Individual states grant PE registration, which can sometimes be endorsed by other states.
* ''SE'' or ''S.E.'' is used by some U.S. jurisdictions that license engineers in specific disciplines to designate individuals as professional structural engineers.
* ''P.Eng.'' is used in Canada, including the province of [[Quebec]]. This is a regulated title, and requires licensing.
* ''Eng.'' ({{langx|fr|link=no|ing.}}) is used in [[Quebec]] (professional engineers in Quebec may use either Eng., P.Eng. or ing., which are all equivalent).

==Title usage==
In many countries, laws exist that limit the use of job titles containing the word "engineer".

===Canada===
In Canada it is illegal to practice engineering or use the title "professional engineer" or "engineer", without a license. There are two exceptions—[[stationary engineer]] and power engineer. Engineering in Canada is regulated in the public interest by self-governing professional licensing bodies. These bodies were established by Canada's 13 provincial and territorial governments through legislation. The provincial and territorial governments have delegated their constitutional authority to regulate engineers and engineering in Canada to professional licensing bodies that are maintained and governed by the profession, creating a system of self-regulation.

The first law related to professional engineering in Ontario was created in 1922 and allowed for the creation of a voluntary association to oversee registration of engineers. The Act of 1922 was "open", meaning that membership in the association was not mandatory for practising engineers. In Ontario, regulation of engineering practice dates to 1937, when the Professional Engineers Act was amended and the engineering profession was "closed" to non-qualified individuals; that is, licensure was made mandatory for anyone practising professional engineering. The provincial government determined that it would be in the public interest to restrict the practice of engineering to those who were qualified and the right to practice was "closed" to non-engineers as a result of the failures of bridges and buildings, which had been designed by unskilled individuals.

Canadian provinces legally allow engineers to self-regulate their profession. The licensing bodies fulfil this mandate by ensuring standards of engineering practice and education in Canada, by setting standards for admission into the profession, by disciplining engineers who fail to uphold the profession's practice and ethical standards and by preventing the misuse of the title professional engineer by individuals who are not licensed members of the profession. They also take appropriate action to prevent the illegal practice of engineering by unlicensed individuals. Each licensing body's mandate and obligation to undertake this role is laid out in the act that created it. Although each act is slightly different, most also define a scope of practice for engineers and specifically restrict the use of the title professional engineer to individuals who have been licensed by the engineering licensing body in the province or territory where the act applies.

The use of the term engineer was an issue between professional bodies, the IT industry and the security industry, where companies or associations may issue certifications or titles with the word engineer as part of that title (such as [[security engineer]] or [[Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer]]). Microsoft has since changed the title to "Microsoft Certified IT Professional". Several licensing bodies for professional engineering contend that only licensed professional engineers are legally allowed to use the title engineer. The IT industry, on the other hand, counters that:

# These title holders never presented themselves as professional engineers
# Provincial laws, other than in Quebec and Ontario, regulate only the use of term professional engineer and not any title with the word engineer; in Quebec and Ontario, the term engineer is protected by both the Engineers Act<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ontario.ca/laws/view|title=Law Document English View|date=24 July 2014|website=Ontario.ca|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114010813/https://www.ontario.ca/laws/|url-status=live}}</ref> and by Section 32 of the Professional Code<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=3&file=%2FI_9%2FI9R6_A.HTM |title=Code of ethics of engineers |access-date=2013-08-21 |archive-date=2013-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182541/http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=3&file=%2FI_9%2FI9R6_A.HTM |url-status=live }}</ref>
# The IT industry has used the term engineer since the dawn of the computing industry in the 60s.<ref>Andronache, Tatiana, [http://www.galtglobalreview.com/infotech/being_engineer.html The Importance of "Being Engineer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918004227/http://www.galtglobalreview.com/infotech/being_engineer.html |date=2004-09-18 }}.</ref>

Court rulings regarding the usage of the term engineer have been mixed. For example, after complaints were lodged by the [[Canadian Council of Professional Engineers]], a court in [[Quebec]] fined Microsoft Canada $1,000 for misusing the "engineer" title by referring to MCSE graduates as engineers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccpe.ca/e/files/microsoftmay04.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024000824/http://www.ccpe.ca/e/files/microsoftmay04.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-10-24 |title=Engineers Canada }}</ref> Conversely an Alberta court dismissed the lawsuit filed by The Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGGA) against Raymond Merhej for using the title "system engineer," claiming that, 'The respondent's situation is such that it cannot be contended that the public is likely to be deceived, confused or jeopardized by his use of the term...'"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apegga.org/Members/Publications/peggs/Web05-02/titles.htm |title=APEGGA website |access-date=2011-04-10 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719184746/http://www.apegga.org/Members/Publications/peggs/Web05-02/titles.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> APEGGA also lost the appeal to this decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aset.ab.ca/Content_Files/Files/TAB/TAB_v21n01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163716/http://www.aset.ab.ca/Content_Files/Files/TAB/TAB_v21n01.pdf|url-status=dead|title=ASET Technology Alberta, p. 2|archivedate=July 6, 2011}}</ref>

The Canadian Information Processing Society,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cips.ca/ |title=CIPS National – Canada's Association of Information Technology Professionals |access-date=2011-04-10 |archive-date=2011-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410190723/http://www.cips.ca/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and in particular CIPS Ontario,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cipsontario.ca/ |title=CIPS Ontario – Home |access-date=2011-04-10 |archive-date=2011-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906091336/http://cipsontario.ca/ |url-status=live }}</ref> have attempted to strike a balance between the professional engineering licensing bodies and the IT industry over the use of the term engineer in the software industry, but so far no major agreements or decisions have been announced.

Additional confusion has taken place over similarly-named occupations. One such example is power engineers or stationary engineers. Graduates of a two-year college level power engineering technology program in Nova Scotia may use the title power engineer or stationary engineer. This conflicts with the title often used in the electrical industry for professional engineers who design related equipment and can cause confusion.

===Europe and Latin America===
* Regulation and titling of engineers in Europe are handled differently by various countries.
* In Germany and some other European and Latin American countries, the term diploma engineer implies that the person has completed typically one year of academic work beyond the basic Bachelor of Engineering degree and completed a major academic project, similar to a master's thesis. Therefore, a diploma engineer is a university degree and not a professional registration or license. However, in Germany and most other countries where the diploma engineer degree exist, there is no professional registration or license in engineering (with a very limited number of exceptions, such as civil engineering in Germany). For this reason, graduates holding these degrees are generally allowed to use the legally protected title of "engineer" within these countries. In Germany the usage of the term engineer (''Ingenieur'') as such, not just the ''Diplom-Ingenieur'', is protected by various ''Länder'' ([[states of Germany]]) laws—because education matters are governed by the legislation of the ''Länder'', not the federal government. Although the details of the laws vary, they all properly restrict the usage of the term. Examples of such laws are listed in the endnotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schure.de/|title=Schule und Recht in Niedersachsen (Schulrecht)|website=schure.de|access-date=2019-01-02|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101065501/http://www.schure.de/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://by.juris.de/by/gesamt/IngG_BY.htm Gesetz zum Schutze der Berufsbezeichnung "Ingenieur" und "Ingenieurin" – Ingenieurgesetz – IngG – (BayRS 702-2-W), zuletzt geändert durch § 1 des Gesetzes vom 24. März 2010 (GVBl S. 138)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121051632/http://by.juris.de/by/gesamt/IngG_BY.htm |date=2010-11-21 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bravors.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=land_bb_bravors_01.c.47028.de Brandenburg.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429092333/http://www.bravors.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=land_bb_bravors_01.c.47028.de |date=2010-04-29 }}, Brandenburgisches Ingenieurgesetz (BbgIngG) Vom 29. Juni 2004 (GVBl.I/04, [Nr. 15], S.326), zuletzt geändert durch Artikel 2 des Gesetzes vom 11. März 2010 (GVBl.I/10, [Nr. 15])</ref>
* In France, the title engineer is used liberally and is often attributed based on professional position rather than initial qualification. However, the title ingénieur diplomé (diploma engineer) is reserved for people having followed one of the trainings listed by the [[Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur]] ([[Commission des titres d'ingénieur|Commission for Engineer Titles]]). It corresponds to a highly selective master's degree level.
* In [[Turkey]] use of the title is limited by several laws to people with an engineering degree from an accredited higher education institution or university. Engineering and architecture professions and related titles are governed by Law No. 3458, which came into effect in 1938. There are also several laws for each of the engineering branches. Usage of the "mühendis" (engineer in Turkish) title by others (even those with much more work experience) is illegal and punishable by law.
* In [[Chile]], the ingeniero (engineer) title is regulated by law, which distinguishes at least three different kinds of professional engineering titles. First, the igeniería de ejecución, which only requires a degree in applied science and a technical degree from a university or a technical institute (usually four years total). Second, ingeniería, which requires a major degree in basic sciences plus a technical degree, both from a university (usually five years total). Third, ingeniería civil, which requires an academic major degree in basic sciences, a minor degree in applied sciences and a technical degree, all from a university (usually six or six and a half years total). In all cases, the term refers to a professional degree conceded by an educational institution, yet it can only be given by certain institutions when all legal requirements are met.
* In [[Brazil]], the title of engenheiro (engineer)—and in [[Argentina]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cai.org.ar/ |title=Centro Argentino de Ingenieros |access-date=2011-04-10 |archive-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084342/http://www.cai.org.ar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the title of ingeniero—can only be legally used by someone with a five- or six-year engineering degree. In Argentina most universities have a five- or six-year engineering degree (Around 3,500–4,000 hours of classes or approx. 240–250 credits, where one credit equals 16 contact hours). Both countries concede the degree most commonly through universities and sometimes through certain institutions.
* In [[Puerto Rico]], use of the title ingeniero (engineer) is restricted to those holding an engineer's license registered by the [[Puerto Rico Professional College of Engineers and Land Surveyors]]. These people have the right to add the prefix Ing. before their names on resumes, business cards and other communication.

===United Kingdom===
There is no restriction on anyone describing themselves as an engineer or working as an engineer in the UK. The word ''engineer'' has a broad sense and can refer to multiple different jobs associated with engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engc.org.uk/glossary-faqs/frequently-asked-questions/status-of-engineers/|title=Status of Engineers|publisher=Engineering Council|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417035820/https://www.engc.org.uk/glossary-faqs/frequently-asked-questions/status-of-engineers/|url-status=live}}</ref> Specific titles, however, are protected. In addition to professional engineering titles, these include ''Registered Gas Engineer''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&id_regprof=3589|title=Registered Had Engineer (United Kingdom)|publisher=European Council|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913165429/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&id_regprof=3589|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Chief Engineer Class 1 [or 2] Fishing Vessel''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&id_regprof=1057|title=Chief engineer class 1 fishing vessel (United Kingdom)|publisher=European Council|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=12 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912195833/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&id_regprof=1057|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&id_regprof=7689|title=Chief Engineer Class 2 - Fishing Vessels (United Kingdom)|publisher=European Council|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=12 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912195259/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&id_regprof=7689|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Engineering Council]] grants the titles ''[[Chartered Engineer]]'', ''[[Incorporated Engineer]]'', ''Engineering Technician'' and ''Information and Communications Technology Technician'' under its royal charter. These titles are protected under civil law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engc.org.uk/professional-registration/the-professional-titles/|title=The professional titles|publisher=Engineering Council|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417035827/https://www.engc.org.uk/professional-registration/the-professional-titles/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Engineering Council is also the UK member of the International Professional Engineers Agreement and awards the title of ''International Professional Engineer (UK)''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engc.org.uk/international-activity/international-recognition-outside-europe/international-register-of-professional-engineers/|title=International Register of Professional Engineers|publisher=Engineering Council|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417035820/https://www.engc.org.uk/international-activity/international-recognition-outside-europe/international-register-of-professional-engineers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Various engineering institutions grant their own professional titles in addition to those granted by the Engineering Council. These include ''Chartered Chemical Engineer'' ([[Institution of Chemical Engineers]]), ''Chartered Mechanical Engineer'' ([[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]), ''Chartered Civil Engineer'' ([[Institution of Civil Engineers]]), ''Chartered Energy Engineer'' and ''Chartered Petroleum Engineer'' ([[Energy Institute]]), ''Chartered Gas Engineer'' (Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers), ''Chartered Marine Engineer'' ([[Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology]]), ''Chartered Structural Engineer'' ([[Institution of Structural Engineers]]), and ''Member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology'' ([[Institution of Engineering and Technology]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpq.ecctis.com/Individuals/Inbound/Protected%20Titles|title=Protected Titles|website=UK Centre for Professional Qualifications|access-date=14 March 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314171628/https://cpq.ecctis.com/Individuals/Inbound/Protected%20Titles |archive-date= 14 March 2023 }}</ref>

===United States===
In the United States, the practice of professional engineering is highly regulated and the title "professional engineer" is legally protected, meaning that it is unlawful to use it to offer engineering services to the public unless permission, certification or other official endorsement is specifically granted by that state through a professional engineering license. Also, many states prohibit unlicensed persons from calling themselves an "engineer" or indicating branches or specialties not covered by the licensing acts.<ref name="tex eng pdf1">{{Cite web |title=Texas Engineering Practice Act and Rules Concerning the Practice of Engineering and Professional Engineering Licensure |url=https://engineers.texas.gov/downloads/lawrules.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613235036/https://engineers.texas.gov/downloads/lawrules.pdf |publisher=The State of Texas |archive-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 471: Engineering |url=https://fbpe.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Chapter-471-04.13.15.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012101229/https://fbpe.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Chapter-471-04.13.15.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2017 |date=12 July 2015 |department=Title XXXII: Regulation of Professions and Occupations |work=The 2015 Florida Statutes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 15. Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors |url=http://sos.ga.gov/plb/acrobat/Laws/09_Professional_Engineers_and_Land_Surveyors.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223001350/http://sos.ga.gov/plb/acrobat/Laws/09_Professional_Engineers_and_Land_Surveyors.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-23 |url-status=dead |department=Title 43. Professions and Businesses |publisher=State of Georgia |access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> Employees of state or federal agencies may also call themselves engineers if that term appears in their official job title. The [[IEEE]]'s formal position on this is as follows: "The title, engineer and its derivatives should be reserved for those individuals whose education and experience qualify them to practice in a manner that protects public safety. Strict use of the title serves the interest of both the IEEE-USA and the public by providing a recognized designation by which those qualified to practice engineering may be identified."

Every state regulates the practice of engineering to ensure public safety by granting only Professional Engineers (PEs) the authority to sign and seal engineering plans and offer their services to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nspe.org/resources/licensure/what-pe|title=What is a PE?|website=nspe.org|access-date=2018-05-17|archive-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125743/https://www.nspe.org/resources/licensure/what-pe|url-status=live}}</ref> There are additional requirements to include at least one professional engineer within the firm for these types of companies to include the word engineering in the title of the business, although these requirements are not universal.

In the United States an "industrial exemption" allows businesses to employ employees and call them an "engineer", as long as such individuals are under the direct supervision and control of the business entity and function internally related to manufacturing (manufactured parts) related to the business entity or work internally within an exempt organization. Such person does not have the final authority to approve or the ultimate responsibility for, engineering designs, plans or specifications that are to be: (A) incorporated into fixed works, systems or facilities on the property of others; or (B) made available to the public. These individuals are prohibited from representing an ability or willingness to perform engineering services or make an engineering judgment requiring a licensed professional engineer, engage in practice of engineering, offer engineering services directly to the public and/or other businesses; unless the business entity is registered with the state's board of engineering and the practice is carried on/supervised directly only by engineers licensed to engage in the practice of engineering.<ref name="tex eng pdf1"/> Examples are [[sanitation engineer]], [[production engineer]], [[test engineer]], [[network engineer]], [[project engineer]], [[systems engineer]] and [[sales engineer]]. These are often seen in engineering job advertisements online and in news papers. Most of the advertisements and employers do not require licensing because these positions do not pose a direct threat to public health or pose a liability danger.

The US model has generally been only to require the practicing engineers offering engineering services that impact the public welfare, safety or safeguarding of life, health or property to be licensed, while engineers working in private industry without a direct offering of engineering services to the public or other businesses, education and government need not be licensed.

In the United States, use of the title professional engineer is restricted to those holding a professional engineer's license. These people have the right to add the letters PE after their names on resumes, business cards and other communication. However, each state has its own licensing procedure and the license is valid only in the state that granted it. Therefore, many professional engineers maintain licenses in more than one state. Comity, also known as reciprocity, between states allows engineers who are licensed or registered in one state to obtain a license in another state without meeting the ordinary rigorous proof of qualification by testing. This is accomplished by the second state recognizing the validity of the first state's licensing or registration process.

Other uses of the term engineer are legally controlled and protected to varying degrees, dependent on the state and the enforcement of its engineering certification board. The term is frequently applied to fields where practitioners may have no engineering background or the work has no basis in the physical engineering disciplines; for example [[sanitation engineer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sce.uhcl.edu/helm/SWEBOK_IEEE/papers/10%20reprint%205.pdf |title=What Do You Mean I Can't Call Myself a Software Engineer? |access-date=2011-04-10 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084356/http://sce.uhcl.edu/helm/SWEBOK_IEEE/papers/10%20reprint%205.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

With regard to the term "software engineer", many states, such as Texas and Florida, have introduced license requirements for such a title that are in line with the requirements for more traditional engineering fields.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==Complaints process==
Generally engineering regulatory bodies will not launch an investigation without a complaint form being filled out by an individual.<ref>Complaint Form, Professional Engineers Act RSO 1990, Chapter 28, Professional Engineers Ontario</ref> The complaint will be the basis of an investigation into professional misconduct, breach of contract or negligence.

== Disciplinary committees ==
California law dictates disciplinary proceedings by the Board for Professional Engineers, Land Surveyors, and Geologists against a licensed engineer who has committed deceit, misrepresentation, negligence, or a contract violation.<ref>California Professional Engineers Act, Article 5</ref> The Professional Engineers of Ontario have a disciplinary committee that hears complaints of professional misconduct and incompetence.<ref>Ontario Professional Engineers Act, Section 28</ref>
A discipline committee may suspend a certificate of authorization (firm license) for an engineering corporation or an engineering license or issue a fine for violations of local engineering legislation, such as professional misconduct, deceit, misrepresentation, negligence, or violation of a contract.

==Cost engineering==
The [[AACE International|AACE]], a professional body for cost engineers, explains why a technical engineering background is not required for their profession with the following statement:<ref>{{cite web|title=what is cost engineering? |url=http://www.aacei.org/membership/about/whatIsCE.shtml |access-date=2007-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119144246/http://www.aacei.org/membership/about/whatIsCE.shtml |archive-date=2007-11-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{cquote|The skills and knowledge required to deal with costs (e.g., cost estimating, planning and scheduling, etc.) are quite different from those required to deal with the physical design dimension. From that difference, the field of cost engineering was born. Cost engineering practitioners work alongside of and are peers with engineers, software analysts, play producers, architects and other creative career fields to handle the cost dimension, but they do not necessarily have the same background. Whether they have technical, operations, finance and accounting or other backgrounds, cost engineering practitioners need to share a common understanding, based on "scientific principles and techniques," with the engineering or other creative career functions.}}

==See also==
* [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]
* [[Chartered Physicist]]
* [[Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge]]
* [[Engineering New Zealand]]
* [[Engineers Australia]]
* [[FIDIC]]
* [[Hong Kong Institution of Engineers]]
* [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]]
* [[Institution of Engineers (disambiguation)]]
* [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]
* [[Society of Operations Engineers]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121026001321/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/qualifications/regprof/index.cfm?fuseaction=profession.regProfs&profId=6000 Professional Engineers in Europe]
* [http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010–11 Edition – Engineers, Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219092732/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm |date=2006-02-19 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928095121/http://servicesaustralia.co/file_download/61/going-global-institute-of-engineers.pdf ''Going Global: The case for enhancing global trade in professional services'' – Institution of Engineers, Australia 2003]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Occupational licensing]]
[[Category:Professional certification in engineering]]

Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve

2026-04-23T21:07:15Z

EzraDrago8750:

{{Short description|Nature reserve}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve
| alt_name =
| iucn_category =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map = India West Bengal
| relief = 1
| location = [[Ganges Delta|Gangentic Delta]] (West Bengal, India)
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.9052|N|88.6191|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area_km2 = 9630
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|1989|March|29}}
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = West Bengal forest department, Project Tiger
| url =https://sundarbanaffairswb.in/home/page/sundarban_biosphere
}}
'''The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve''' is a [[biosphere reserve]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]], based on the UNESCO [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme]] list.<ref name="MOEF 2011">{{cite web |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |title=Biosphere Reserves in India |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |date=2019 |access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref> It is one of the [[Biosphere reserves of India|18 biosphere reserves in India]] and the third largest in terms of area. The Biosphere Reserve is constituted of the Sundarbans area spread across [[South 24 Parganas]] and [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] districts of West Bengal. The Indian Sundarbans as a Biosphere Reserve is bounded by the [[Muri Ganga River]] in the west and the [[Hariabhanga River|Hariabhanga]] and [[Raimangal River|Raimangal]] rivers in the east. Sundarbans has a very rich diversity of aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. In fact, the highly productive ecosystems of the Sundarbans act as natural fish nurseries. It provides habitat for the [[Bengal tiger|Royal Bengal Tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris'').<ref name="Sunderban">{{cite web |title=Sunderban |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/sunderban |website=unesco |access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>

The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve or Indian Sundarbans covers an area of 9,630 square kilometers (3,720 sq mi) and is divided into core, buffer, and transi-tion zones.{{sfn|Ghosh|2015|p=430}} The area of reserved forest under the Biosphere Reserve is about 4263 km2,{{sfn|Ghosh|2015|p=430}} of which 55% land is under vegetation cover and the remaining 45 per cent under wetland/intertidal zone. About 40% of the reserved forest area is covered under the protected area. The protected areas under the Biosphere Reserve are [[Sundarbans National Park]], [[Sajnekhali Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Haliday Island Wildlife Sanctuary]]. The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve area includes the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve, which comprises a total of 2558 km2 of protected forest area.

== Geography ==
The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 9,630 square kilometers (3,720 sq mi) in the [[South 24 Parganas]] and [[North 24 Parganas district]] districts of south-eastern [[West Bengal]], as well as over 100 small and large islands. It extends from [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]] and [[Hasnabad (community development block)|Hasnabad]] blocks of North 24 Parganas district in the north to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south. There are numerous wide rivers running through the biosphere reserve, which flow mainly from north to south; Seawater flows into the biosphere reserve through river channels. The eastern boundary of the biosphere reserve is [[Hariabhanga River|Haribhanga]] and [[Raimangal River|Raimangal]] rivers. Wetlands are observed in the northern part of the [[biosphere reserve]], which are mainly fresh water. The western boundary is determined by the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly river]] basin.

=== Geology ===
=== Hydrology ===

== History ==
=== Geologic history ===

=== Human history ===
==== Early inhabitants populations ====

==== Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve established ====
As part of the [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|Man and the Biosphere Program]] (MAB) adopted by the [[UNESCO]] General Conference in 1970, the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]] has adopted the National MAB Program and declared the entire 9630 km2 area of the Indian Sundarbans as a biosphere. The Indian part of the Sundarbans was established as a Biosphere Reserve by a notification in 1989, with the objective of coordinating and integrating conservation, research and training activities to create conditions for better harmony between man and the environment. In 1989, [[Sundarbans National Park]], the core part of the biosphere reserve, was recognized as a [[World Heritage Site]] due to its unique ecosystem. The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve was included in the global network of [[Biosphere Reserves]] in November 2001 as the second Biosphere Reserve from India after the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]].

== Natural resources ==
=== Flora ===
The 4,263 square kilometer area of the biosphere reserve consists by dense forest and watersheds, known as reserved forest, and the forest contains [[mangrove]] trees. Other than reserved forest areas, other parts of the biosphere reserve contain mangroves as well as other plants, while reserved forest areas contain a variety of mangrove species. The main trees in the forest area are ''sundari'' and ''garan'', but an abundance of ''garan'' trees is observed. Forms almost monotonous forest with ''hoglar'' bushes along the banks of rivers and watersheds.

=== Fauna ===
The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve has 58 species of mammals, 55 species of reptiles and around 248 birds species. [[Bengal tiger]] are the largest apex predators that live in forests and have no predators of their own except humans and [[Crocodile|crocodiles]]. River beds and wetlands are home to [[Gavialidae|gharials]] and [[Crocodile|crocodiles]], but these species are listed as endangered species in the IUCN Red List. Most of the native mammal species of the area are in the forest, except for the locally extinct [[Indian rhinoceros|rhinoceros]] and [[True buffalo|wild buffalo]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Priyanka |title=Conservation and conflicts in the Sundarban Biospher Reserve, India |journal=Geographical Review |date=October 2015 |volume=105 |issue=4 |page=429 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281576871 |publisher=American Geographical Society of New York |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12101.x |bibcode=2015GeoRv.105..429G |issn=1931-0846}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nath |first1=Anirban |last2=Samanta |first2=Sourav |first3=Saon |last3=Banerjee |first4=Anamitra Anurag |last4=Danda |first5=Sugata |last5=Hazra |date=15 April 2021 |title= Threat of arsenic contamination, salinity and water pollution in agricultural practices of Sundarban Delta, India, and mitigation strategies |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-021-04544-1 |journal=SN Applied Sciences |volume= 3 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/s42452-021-04544-1 |access-date=9 May 2024|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sahana |first1=Mehebub |last2=Areendran |first2=Gopala |last3=Sajjad |first3=Haroon |date=2022 |title=Assessment of suitable habitat of mangrove species for prioritizing restoration in coastal ecosystem of Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-24953-5 |journal=Springer Nature |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=20997 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-24953-5 |pmid=36470951 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1220997S |access-date=9 May 2024|pmc=9723184 }}
* {{cite tech report |last=Mondal |first=Pinki |author2=Trishna Dutta |author3=Abdul Qadir |author4=Sandeep Sharma |date=February 2022 |title=Radar and optical remote sensing for near real-timeassessments of cyclone impacts on coastal ecosystems |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rse2.257 |publisher=Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation |pp=506–520}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Samanta |first1=Sourav |last2=Hazra |first2=Sugata |last3= Mondal |first3=Partho P. |last4=Chanda |first4=Abhra |last5=Sandip |first5=Giri |last6=French |first6=Jon R. |last7= Nicholls |first7=Robert J. |date=2021 |title= Assessment and Attribution of Mangrove Forest Changes in theIndian Sundarbans from 2000 to 2020 |journal=Remote Sens |volume=13 |issue=24 |page=4957 |doi= 10.3390/rs13244957 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021RemS...13.4957S }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mitra & |first1=Sangita |last2=Roy Chowdhury |first2=Mahua |date=26 November 2018 |title=Possible range decline of Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Platanistidae) in Indian Sundarban |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/3746/6034 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=10 |issue=13 |pages=12738–12748 |doi=10.11609/jott.3746.10.13.12738-12748 |issn= 0974-7907 |access-date=9 May 2024|doi-access=free }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20040509084830/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/biosphere.htm |title=Wildlife Institute of India webpage on India's Biosphere Reserves |date=9 May 2004}}

[[Category:Biosphere reserves of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of West Bengal]]

Ekka (film)

2026-04-20T15:00:16Z

EzraDrago8750: Starting entry

{{short description|2025 film by Rohit Padaki}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ekka
| image = Ekka poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rohit Padaki]]
| producer = [[Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar]] Jayanna- Bhogendra Karthik Gowda [[Yogi G Raj]]
| writer = Rohit Padaki Vikram Hathvar
| story = Rohit Padaki Vikram Hathvar
| screenplay = Rohit Padaki
| starring = [[Yuva Rajkumar]] [[Sanjana Anand]] Sampada Hulivana [[Atul Kulkarni]]
| studio = [[PRK Productions]] [[Jayanna Films]] [[KRG Studios]]
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cinematography = [[Satya Hegde]]
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| released = {{Film date|2025|7|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =₹12 crore <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/sandalwood/kannada-cinema-ekka-movie-to-cross-10-crore-at-the-box-office-this-year-mrq-ym2pzq8|title=Ekka Box Office Collection: ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕರ ಜೇಬು ತುಂಬಿಸ್ತಿದೆ ಬ್ಯಾಂಗಲ್ ಬಂಗಾರಿ; ಈವರೆಗಿನ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು?|first1=Mahmad Rafik Published|last1=23 Jul 2025|first2=09:37 Pm|last2=Ist|website=Asianet Suvarna News|accessdate=15 Aug 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/ekka-becomes-first-kannada-movie-which-crossed-10-crore-in-box-office-this-year-articleshow-6fqktxf|title=ബോക്സ് ഓഫീസില്‍ ഈ വര്‍ഷത്തെ ആദ്യ 10 കോടി; കന്നഡ സിനിമയ്ക്ക് ആശ്വാസമായി ആ ചിത്രം | Ekka Becomes First Kannada Movie Which Crossed 10 Crore In Box Office This Year | Asianet News Malayalam|website=www.asianetnews.com|accessdate=15 Aug 2025|archive-date=23 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723150713/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/ekka-becomes-first-kannada-movie-which-crossed-10-crore-in-box-office-this-year-articleshow-6fqktxf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ekka''''' ({{translation|Ace}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Rohit Padaki]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Oct/14/rohit-padaki-to-helm-yuva-rajkumars-second-film|title=Rohit Padaki to helm Yuva Rajkumar's second film|date=14 October 2024|work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and produced jointly by [[PRK Productions]] in association with [[Jayanna Films]] and [[KRG Studios]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/yuva-rajkumar-s-second-film-titled-ekka-unveiled-on-kannada-rajyotsava-article-114860383|title=Yuva Rajkumar's Second Film Titled 'Ekka' Unveiled On Kannada Rajyotsava|work=TimesnowNews.com|date=2 Nov 2024}}</ref> The film stars [[Yuva Rajkumar]], [[Sanjana Anand]] and Sampada Hulivana, while [[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Aditya]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/14/sanjana-anand-joins-yuva-rajkumar-in-ekka|title=Sanjana Anand joins Yuva rajkumar in Ekka|work=The New Indian Express|date=14 January 2025|access-date=21 July 2025|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220082028/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/14/sanjana-anand-joins-yuva-rajkumar-in-ekka|url-status=live}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Satya Hegde]] and Deepu S. Kumar respectively.

''Ekka'' was released on 18 July 2025 and registered the biggest opening among Kannada films of the year at that time with around 1-1.5cr opening.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/ekka-box-office-collection-day-1-registers-biggest-kannada-opening-of-2025-earning-159-more-than-vaamana/ |title=Ekka Box Office Collection Day 1: Registers Biggest Kannada Opening Of 2025, Earning 159% More Than Vaamana!|date=19 July 2025|work=Koimoi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ekka-box-office-collection-day-1-yuva-rajkumar-collects-rs-1_60-crore-on-opening-day-read-here/articleshow/122777499.cms|title='Ekka' Box Office Collection Day 1: Yuva Rajkumar collects Rs 1.60 crore on opening day - read here|work=Times of India|date=19 July 2025|access-date=21 July 2025|archive-date=21 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721184208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ekka-box-office-collection-day-1-yuva-rajkumar-collects-rs-1_60-crore-on-opening-day-read-here/articleshow/122777499.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/kantara-chapter-1-rishab-shetty-starrer-becomes-2025s-highest-grossing-kannada-movie-crosses-rs-100-crore-mark-in-india/articleshow/124301232.cms |title=Kantara Chapter 1: Rishab Shetty starrer becomes 2025's highest-grossing Kannada movie, crosses Rs 100 crore mark in India |work=The Economic Times |date=2025-10-04 |access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref>

==Premise==
A rural thug from Parvathipura, Mutthu, gets entangled in a whirlwind of unanticipated challenges in the [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru underworld]] when he sets out to seek vengeance on his friend, Ramesh, after he betrayed him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Yuva Rajkumar]] as Mutthu
* [[Sanjana Anand]] as Nandini
* Sampada Hulivana as Mallika, a dancer
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Mastan Bhai
* [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Durga Prasad
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Ratna, Mutthu's mother
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Pinto, a cab business owner
* Rahul Dev Shetty
* [[Poornachandra Mysore]] as Daddy
* [[Arun Sagar]] as Garbage Ganga
* Puneeth Rudranag as Honte Seena, Nandini's brother
* Dr. Suri as Kaveri's husband
* Harini Shreekanth as Kaveri
* Archana Kottige
* Jali Jack
* Baby Arya Sriram
}}

== Production ==

=== Pre-production===
The production team [[PRK Productions]], [[KRG Studios]] and [[Jayanna Films]] announced the title of Yuva Rajkumar's second film as ''Ekka'' on 1 November 2024 which also marked the [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2024 |title=Yuva Rajkumar's second film titled "EKKA" |url=https://cinimirror.com/yuva-rajkumars-second-film-titled-ekka/ |website=Cini Mirror |language=en |access-date=24 July 2025 |archive-date=26 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326183806/https://cinimirror.com/yuva-rajkumars-second-film-titled-ekka/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was revealed that it would be directed by [[Rohit Padaki]] of ''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]'' and ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'' fame and music will be composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]. Bollywood actor [[Atul Kulkarni]] was confirmed to be a part of the cast during November end, marking his return to Kannada cinema after three years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atul Kulkarni on board for Yuva Rajkumar-starrer 'Ekka' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/26/atul-kulkarni-on-board-for-yuva-rajkumar-starrer-ekka |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=The New Indian Express.com |date=26 November 2024 |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126185424/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/26/atul-kulkarni-on-board-for-yuva-rajkumar-starrer-ekka |url-status=live }}</ref> Actor [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] was also reported to be part of the cast and he would play the role of a cop. A teaser of was released in April 2025, where the official cast and crew of the film was revealed. Yuva Rajkumar expressed that the looks in the teaser is inspired by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]'s look in ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'', however there will be no other similarities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yuva-rajkumar-on-ekka-the-look-in-the-teaser-is-inspired-by-jackie-but-theres-no-other-connection/92237ea536411|title=Yuva Rajkumar on Ekka: The look in the teaser is inspired by Jackie but there's no other connection|date=15 July 2025|work=OTTPlay.com}}</ref> Sampada and [[Sanjana Anand]] were reported to be part of the female lead cast, which was later confirmed by the team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjana Anand joins Yuva rajkumar in Ekka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/14/sanjana-anand-joins-yuva-rajkumar-in-ekka |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=The New Indian Express.com |date=14 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115204639/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/14/sanjana-anand-joins-yuva-rajkumar-in-ekka |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film went on floors on 28 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekka shoot begins |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ekka-shoot-begins/articleshow/115779196.cms |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203055317/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ekka-shoot-begins/articleshow/115779196.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Sudeep starts shooting for his next multilingual film, Kichcha 46 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/Jul/31/sudeep-starts-shooting-for-his-next-multilingual-film-kichcha-46-46113.html |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515123401/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/Jul/31/sudeep-starts-shooting-for-his-next-multilingual-film-kichcha-46-46113.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/30/yuva-rajkumars-ekka-begins-locks-release-date|title=Yuva Rajkumar's 'Ekka' begins, locks release date|website=The New Indian Express.com|date=1 December 2024|access-date=24 July 2025|archive-date=8 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708100004/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/30/yuva-rajkumars-ekka-begins-locks-release-date|url-status=live}}</ref> Majority of the film was shot in and around [[Bengaluru]] with other places being [[Kashmir]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], and at a village near [[Mysore]]. The total shooting took about 85 days to complete.

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack, composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]], teaming up for the first time with director Rohit Padaki. The second single "Bangle Bangari" released in June 2025 crossed 10 Million views in 22 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jul/01/yuva-rajkumar-and-sanjana-anands-ekka-song-bangle-bangari-crosses-10-million-views-in-just-22-days|title=Yuva Rajkumar and Sanjana Anand's Ekka song 'Bangle Bangari' crosses 10 million views in just 22 days|access-date=1 Jul 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=1 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701144839/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jul/01/yuva-rajkumar-and-sanjana-anands-ekka-song-bangle-bangari-crosses-10-million-views-in-just-22-days|url-status=live}}</ref> Another single "Rowdy Rhymes" was released on 8 July 2025 which had lyrics emphasizing different shades and traits of a rowdy life in A to Z alphabetical order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jul/08/rowdy-rhymes-from-ekka-puts-a-playful-spin-on-rowdy-life-2|title=Rowdy Rhymes from Ekka puts a playful spin on rowdy life|work=The New Indian Express|date=8 July 2025}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Anand Audio]].{{fact|date=March 2026}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:36
| title1 = Ekka Maar
| lyrics1 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra1 = Rohit Padaki, Charan Raj, Mahalingam V. M.
| length1 = 5:03
| title2 = Bangle Bangari
| lyrics2 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra2 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Rowdy Rhymes
| lyrics3 = [[Rohit Padaki]], Nagarjun Sharma
| extra3 = [[Rohit Padaki]], [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| length3 = 5:01
| title4 = Mouna
| lyrics4 = Rohit Padaki
| extra4 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length4 = 3:12
| title5 = Bidu Gaadi Yene Barali
| lyrics5 = Vikram Hatwar
| extra5 = Madhuri Seshadri
| length5 = 3:22
| title6 = Dooradalli Yaaro Ninthu
| lyrics6 = Rohit Padaki
| extra6 = Satish Ragunathan
| length6 = 3:23
}}

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "Director Rohit Padaki presents a story that doesn’t shout but simmers, drawing you into a transformation that feels as painful as it is inevitable. [...] ''Ekka'' may not rewrite gangster cinema, but it reshuffles the deck with meaning."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Ekka Movie Review: A gritty gamble where the cards are stained with dreams, dust, and destiny |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Jul/19/ekka-movie-review-a-gritty-gamble-where-the-cards-are-stained-with-dreams-dust-and-destiny |work=Cinema Express |date=19 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "''Ekka'''s first half is emotionally gripping and well-built further praising Director [[Rohit Padaki]] displays strong storytelling potential and actor Yuva Rajkumar shows marked improvement and leads strongly."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekka review: Yuva Rajkumar's film is an almost perfect Kannada actioner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ekka-review-yuva-rajkumar-film-kannada-action-entertainer-2757845-2025-07-18 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |date=18 July 2025 |archive-date=2025-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720022436/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ekka-review-yuva-rajkumar-film-kannada-action-entertainer-2757845-2025-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Susmita Sameera of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Despite a strong ensemble, the film’s writing doesn’t always do justice to its characters or storyline. While each twist and character shows potential, the narrative often leans on familiar patterns, offering little that feels fresh or new."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ekka Movie Review: a familiar ride through the underworld |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ekka-a-familiar-ride-through-the-underworld/movie-review/122777556.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "Despite its strong intent to tell an epic tale, the film leaves behind a murky picture that’s barely noticeable, and not enough to be remembered."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kodur |first1=Swaroop |title=Ekka review: Yuva Rajkumar's lamb-to-lion journey falters in places |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ekka-review-yuva-rajkumars-lamb-to-lion-journey-falters-in-places |work=The News Minute |date=18 July 2025 |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725103028/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ekka-review-yuva-rajkumars-lamb-to-lion-journey-falters-in-places |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The screenplay keeps going around in circles, promising a surprise at every turn but settling for low-hanging fruit. Themes of betrayal, vengeance, and transformation are dealt with superficially, with the antagonists nowhere close to being convincing."<ref>{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Ekka' movie review: Yuva Rajkumar gives his all to a script that doesn't reward his effort |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ekka-movie-review-yuva-rajkumar-rohit-padaki-charan-raj-kannada-movie/article69827563.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "Yuva Rajkumar’s film is a coming-of-age story of a gangster, which works when it's treated with emotion and not convention."<ref>{{cite news |title='Ekka' Movie Review: Yuva Rajkumar's Action-Drama Is Sustained by Some Fleeting Moments Of Freshness |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ekka-movie-review-yuva-rajkumars-action-drama-is-sustained-by-some-fleeting-moments-of-freshness |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=4 August 2025 |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2025 |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726132431/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ekka-movie-review-yuva-rajkumars-action-drama-is-sustained-by-some-fleeting-moments-of-freshness |url-status=live }}</ref> Pranati A. S. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "Many elements can make one feel disconnected from the occurrences in the film. [...] By the end of the film, you’re no longer curious to know what happens to the hero. Just like him, you want to go back home, and get some sleep."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ekka Movie Review: Yuva Rajkumar Shines in Action, But Film Falls Flat |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ekka-movie-review-not-much-to-celebrate-in-yuva-rajkumars-second-film-3637645 |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 July 2025 |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2025 |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726142934/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ekka-movie-review-not-much-to-celebrate-in-yuva-rajkumars-second-film-3637645 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33995884}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2025 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Charan Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Baran-Atru Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:54Z

EzraDrago8750: Put Up A Entry - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baran-Atru
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-195-Baran-Atru.svg
| mla = [[Radheyshayam Bairwa]]
| incumbent_image=
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Baran district|Baran]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar–Baran]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:240979}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 195
}}
'''Baran-Atru Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006 |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Baran district|Baran]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Raghuveer Singh Kaushal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Shiv Narayan Nagar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Raghuveer Singh Kaushal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Raghuveer Singh Kaushal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Shiv Narayan Nagar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Pramod Jain Bhaya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Pana Chand Meghwal]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Rampal<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Pana Chand Meghwal]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Radheyshayam Bairwa]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Baran-Atru<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Radheyshyam Bairwa]]
|votes = {{formatnum:101538}}
|percentage = 53.84
|change = +10.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pana Chand Meghwal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:81784}}
|percentage = 43.36
|change = -7.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2091}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change = -0.67
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19754}}
|percentage = 10.48
|change = +3.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188597}}
|percentage = 78.26
|change = +1.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Baran-Atru<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Pana Chand Meghwal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:86986}}
|percentage = 50.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Baboo Lal Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:74738}}
|percentage = 43.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dharmraj Mehra
|votes = {{formatnum:3778}}
|percentage = 2.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3063}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12248}}
|percentage = 7.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172214}}
|percentage = 76.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Baran district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.88|76.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Baran district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ashok Kumar (Rosera politician)

2026-04-18T22:39:02Z

EzraDrago8750: Put Up New Bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Ashok Kushwaha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Kumar
| image = Ashok Kumar ex mla.jpg
| caption = Ashok Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]]
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rosera Assembly constituency|Rosera]]
| predecessor = Manju Hajari
| term_start = 2015
| successor = [[Birendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Birendra Kumar]]
| term_end = 2020
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 4 March
| year = 2018
| source =
}}

'''Ashok Kumar''' ({{langx|hi|अशोक कुमार}}, born 27 October 1954) is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher = Hindustan Times|title = Short by eleven seats, UPA confident to form new Govt |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/election09/storypage.aspx?id=a03bcb6f-dd4c-4b17-8797-a8a8bd70f182&category=Chunk-HT-UI-Elections-SectionPage-TopStories|date = 17 May 2009|accessdate = 2009-05-29| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090520125013/http://www.hindustantimes.com/election09/storypage.aspx?id=a03bcb6f-dd4c-4b17-8797-a8a8bd70f182&category=Chunk-HT-UI-Elections-SectionPage-TopStories| archivedate= 20 May 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref> He is the current Working President of the [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He is a [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] where he represents [[Rosera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]], he has represented the constituency for six terms.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|title = Samastipur constituency: Candidates locked in fierce battle |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Samastipur-constituency-Candidates-locked-in-fierce-battle/articleshow/4427172.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024005715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-21/patna/28038219_1_rosera-samastipur-union-minister|url-status = live|archive-date = 24 October 2012|date = 21 April 2009|work = [[The Times of India]] |access-date = 2009-05-29}}</ref> Dr. Kumar has an [[MBBS#India|MBBS]] from [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]].<ref name="Times of India" />

==Political career==
Kumar entered politics in 1985, when he contested and won from Singhia constituency as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. In the year 1989, he was appointed Minister of Coal in the [[Jagannath Mishra]] led Bihar cabinet, since then he has held several key portfolios including Minister of Institutional Finance, Programme Implementation and Housing. He has also held the post of Congress [[Party whip#India|party whip]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He was the Leader of the Congress Legislative Party<ref>{{cite news|publisher = The Telegraph|title = Opp readies for fight |url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090626/jsp/nation/story_11158040.jsp|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090701002735/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090626/jsp/nation/story_11158040.jsp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 1 July 2009|date = 26 June 2009|accessdate = 2009-06-26}}</ref> in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.org.in/congress-in-states.php |title=Congress in States |publisher=Indian National Congress |accessdate=2009-05-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417061604/http://www.congress.org.in/congress-in-states.php |archivedate=17 April 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> He was a member of the [[All India Congress Committee|Central Election Committee]] of the [[All India Congress Committee]]<ref name="Times of India" /> and a special invitee to the [[Congress Working Committee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.org.in/cwc.php |title=Congress Working Committee, The Highest Decision-Making Body of the Congress Party |publisher=Indian National Congress |accessdate=2009-05-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417061859/http://www.congress.org.in/cwc.php |archivedate=17 April 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of politicians from Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

Bahadurgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:43Z

EzraDrago8750: Put Up Pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bahadurgarh
|type= SLA
| map_image = Bahadurgarh Assembly constituency map.svg
|region =
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district = [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
|constituency_no = 64
|established = 
|abolished = 
|reservation = None
| mla = [[Rajesh Joon (politician)|Rajesh Joon]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|alliance =
|latest_election_year = 
| electors = 2,43,180
}}
'''Bahadurgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]] district. Rajesh Joon is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Bahadurgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bahadurgarh, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: Independent candidate Rajesh Joon wins Bahadurgarh with 24501 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bahadurgarh-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612840-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[Hardwari Lal|Hardwari Lal Dalal]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Partap Singh Chhikara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Hardwari Lal|Hardwari Lal Dalal]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Mehar Singh Rathee || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=2|Mange Ram Rathee|| {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Suraj Mal Joon || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=2|[[Nafe Singh Rathee]] || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || rowspan=2|[[Rajinder Singh Joon]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Naresh Kaushik]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Rajinder Singh Joon]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Rajesh Joon (politician)|Rajesh Joon]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Joon (politician)|Rajesh Joon]] |party=Independent politician |votes=73,191 |percentage=46.00 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kaushik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,192 |percentage=19.61 |change={{decrease}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh Joon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,955 |percentage=18.20 |change={{decrease}}22.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheela Nafe Singh Rathee |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=17,511 |percentage=11.01 |change={{decrease}}7.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Dalal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,745 |percentage=2.98 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Singh Chhikara |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=966 |percentage=0.61 |change={{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=564 |percentage=0.35 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,999 |percentage=26.40 |change= {{increase}}15.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,59,100 |percentage=64.68 |change= {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,43,180 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Singh Joon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,825 |percentage=40.77 |change={{increase}}15.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Naresh Kaushik]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=40,334|percentage=29.45|change={{increase}}0.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nafe Singh Rathee|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=24,799|percentage=18.11|change={{increase}}12.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Dalal|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=5,495|percentage=4.01|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kishan Lal Panchal|party=Loktanter Suraksha Party|votes=3,545|percentage=2.59|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashish|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,540|percentage=1.85|change={{increase}}0.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anita|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,280|percentage=1.66|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,491 |percentage=11.31 |change= {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,36,939|percentage=62.80|change={{decrease}}8.31}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,18,065 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Kaushik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,341 |percentage=28.96 |change={{increase}}21.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajinder Singh Joon]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=33,459|percentage=25.27|change={{decrease}}18.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajesh Joon|party=Independent politician|votes=28,242|percentage=21.33|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nafe Singh Rathee|party=Independent politician|votes=20,105|percentage=15.18|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Teja Pehlawan|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=7,627|percentage=5.76|change={{decrease}}15.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gajanand Sharma|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,381|percentage=1.04|change={{decrease}}1.50}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,882 |percentage=3.69 |change= {{decrease}}17.99 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,32,404|percentage=71.11|change={{increase}}4.59}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,86,207 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Singh Joon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,641 |percentage=43.28 |change={{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nafe Singh Rathee]]|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=19,289|percentage=21.60|change={{decrease}}13.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Dalal
|party=Haryana Swantra Party|votes=15,848|percentage=17.75|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naresh Malik|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=6,735|percentage=7.54|change={{increase}}5.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raj Singh|party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|votes=4,178|percentage=4.68|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anil Kumar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,270|percentage=2.54|change={{increase}}1.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ajit Jangra|party=Independent politician|votes=832|percentage=0.93|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahesh Arya|party=Rashtriya Arya Raj Sabha|votes=613|percentage=0.69|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,352 |percentage=21.68 |change= {{increase}}16.70 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=89,281|percentage=66.51|change={{increase}}2.55}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,227 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}16.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Singh Joon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,313 |percentage=40.31 |change={{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nafe Singh Rathee|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=36,217|percentage=35.34|change={{decrease}}13.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashok Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=12,890|percentage=12.58|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jitender Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=5,759|percentage=5.62|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajender Kumar Dalal S/O Tek Ram|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,259|percentage=2.20|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahender Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,299|percentage=1.27|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raj Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=991|percentage=0.97|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Daljeet Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=820|percentage=0.80|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,096 |percentage=4.97 |change= {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,02,486|percentage=63.96|change={{increase}}3.50}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh Rathee |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,582 |percentage=49.11 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Dalal|party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,915 |percentage=46.99 |change={{increase}}30.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Phal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,233 |percentage=1.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,667 |percentage=2.12 |change= {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,555 |percentage=61.31 |change= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,919 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nafe Singh Rathee]]S/O Umrao Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=27,555 |percentage=33.78 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Pal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=26,657 |percentage=32.68 |change={{increase}}19.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Mal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,700 |percentage=16.79 |change={{decrease}}14.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikanu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,301 |percentage=5.27 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,053 |percentage=3.74 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahinder S/O Sis Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=3,012 |percentage=3.69 |change={{decrease}}22.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dass |party=Janhit Morcha |votes=1,305 |percentage=1.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kaushik|party=Independent politician |votes=447 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=898 |percentage=1.10 |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,572 |percentage=63.58 |change= {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,002 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Mal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,956 |percentage=30.90 |change={{increase}}10.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaptan Chait Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=17,583 |percentage=25.93 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Singh Rathi |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=8,877 |percentage=13.09 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harkishan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,841 |percentage=13.04 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harkishan S/O Jagat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,999 |percentage=8.85 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Prakash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,743 |percentage=4.04 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=949 |percentage=1.40 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=758 |percentage=1.12 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,373 |percentage=4.97 |change= {{decrease}}30.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,819 |percentage=58.91 |change= {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,18,691 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}25.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mange Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=40,113 |percentage=56.25 |change={{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meher Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,793 |percentage=20.74 |change={{decrease}}12.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harkishan |party=Independent politician |votes=14,080 |percentage=19.74 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijender |party=Independent politician |votes=768 |percentage=1.08 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=765 |percentage=1.07 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,320 |percentage=35.51 |change= {{increase}}18.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,312 |percentage=67.28 |change= {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,389 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mange Ram S/O Daryao Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=29,668 |percentage=50.65 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Priya Vart |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,477 |percentage=33.25 |change={{increase}}9.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mange Ram S/O Hazari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,630 |percentage=7.90 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,898 |percentage=4.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Dalal |party=Independent politician |votes=331 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=311 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,191 |percentage=17.40 |change= {{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,571 |percentage=66.24 |change= {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,633 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=21,732 |percentage=48.59 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mange Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=11,878 |percentage=26.56 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Mal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,584 |percentage=23.66 |change={{decrease}}23.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhe Sham |party=Independent politician |votes=401 |percentage=0.90 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,854 |percentage=22.03 |change= {{increase}}21.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,729 |percentage=60.52 |change= {{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,518 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardwari Lal |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=23,495 |percentage=47.72 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,100 |percentage=46.92 |change={{decrease}}6.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Karan |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=2,640 |percentage=5.36 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=395 |percentage=0.80 |change= {{decrease}}9.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,235 |percentage=67.42 |change= {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,540 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,714 |percentage=53.82 |change={{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardwari Lal |party=Swatantra Party |votes=19,279 |percentage=43.76 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Narain |party=Independent politician |votes=1,066 |percentage=2.42 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,435 |percentage=10.07 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,059 |percentage=68.50 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,380 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Bahadurgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardwari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=29,172 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardwari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,737 |percentage=56.88 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,401 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,726 |percentage=26.96 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Narain |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=4,810 |percentage=11.06 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=1,179 |percentage=2.71 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=724 |percentage=1.66 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pirthi |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=0.72 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,435 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jhajjar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.69|76.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Brass broidered coconut shell craft of Kerala

2026-04-15T16:28:30Z

EzraDrago8750: Starting new pg

{{Short description|Craft of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Brass_broidered_coconut_shell_craft_of_Kerala_India_logo.png|thumb|right|Logo of "Brass broidered coconut shell craft of Kerala" as in Geographical Indications Registry]]

'''Brass broidered coconut shell craft of Kerala''' is the [[craft]] of making beautifully carved and brass broidered products like [[cup]]s, [[flower vase]]s, [[snuff box]]es, nut bowls, powder boxes and spoons using [[coconut]] [[Nutshell|shell]]s as practiced by the [[artisan]]s of [[Kerala]] in [[India]]. This art requires great skill on the part of the artisan as the shell is extremely hard. The main centres of production in Kerala are located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kozhikode]] Districts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala|date=2008|publisher=D C Books|location=Kottayam, Kerala|isbn=9788126419036|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC&q=Brass+broidered+coconut+shell+craft+of+Kerala&pg=PA164|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Though the coconut shell craft is also prevalent in [[Goa]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[West Bengal]], the brass broidered variety is practiced only in Kerala.<ref name=InCH>{{cite web|last1=Debanjali Banerjee|title=Coconut Shell Craft|url=http://www.craftrevival.org/voiceDetails.asp?Code=302|website=Asia InCH Encyclopedia|publisher=Craft Revival Trust a not-for-profit NGO|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205204123/http://www.craftrevival.org/voiceDetails.asp?Code=302|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Coconut shell craft is also practiced in many countries around the world such as [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]], [[Philippines]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=InCH/>

As per an application filed by Development Commissioner (Handicrafts), [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]], "Brass broidered coconut shell craft of Kerala" has been granted Registration in Part A in respect of Articles made of coconut shell falling in Class – 20 under Sub-section (1) of Section 13 of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 with effect from 30 November 2015.<ref name=GIJ>{{cite journal|last1=Government of India|title=Brass broidered coconut shell craft of Kerala - GI Application No. 517|journal=Geographical Indications Journal|date=30 November 2015|volume=77|page=89|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_77.pdf|access-date=28 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203215443/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_77.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Decorative arts]]
[[Category:Brass]]
[[Category:Indian metalwork]]
[[Category:Coconuts in culture]]

Borbora ministry

2026-04-15T00:28:42Z

EzraDrago8750: Starting new data

{{Short description|Council of Ministers of Assam (1978–1979)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=July 2024}}}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 9th
| image = File:Golap Borbora (denoised).jpg
| image_size = 150
| caption = Portrait of Chief Minister Borbora
| date_formed = 12 March 1978
| date_dissolved = 4 September 1979
| government_head = [[Golap Borbora]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = [[Lallan Prasad Singh]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition_leader =
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Janata Party]]
| election = [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| previous = [[Sarat Chandra Sinha ministry|Sinha ministry]]
| successor = [[Hazarika ministry]]
}}
The '''Borbora ministry''' was the state ministry of Assam headed by Chief Minister [[Golap Borbora]] of the [[Janata Party]] from 12 March 1978 until its resignation on 4 September 1979. The ministry was formed in the aftermath of the post-[[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] election in the state held in [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]] resulting in the victory of the [[Janata Party]] in the state. Borbora became the first non-Congress chief minister of the state and ousted the government of [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]] who had been in power since January 1972. The ministry remained in office until Borbora's resignation on 4 September 1979 and his subsequent replacement by Speaker of the Assembly [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]].

==Composition==
The ministry was formed on 12 March 1978 and sworn in into office by Governor [[Lallan Prasad Singh]]. It consisted of Chief Minister [[Golap Borbora]], nine ministers of cabinet rank and two ministers of state. The cabinet ministers included [[Dulal Baruah]], [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]], [[Lakshyadhar Choudhury]], Soneswar Bora, Samar Brahma Choudhury, [[A. F. Golam Osmani]], Jagannath Singh, Lakheshwar Gohain, and [[Zahirul Islam (politician)|Zahirul Islam]]. The ministers of state included Kosheswar Bora and Lilamoy Das. The ministry was expanded on 21 March 1978 and four ministers were included, two of cabinet rank and two of minister of state rank. Ramesh Mohan Kouli and Sona Ram Thaosen were appointed as cabinet ministers, while Gandhi Ram Timung and Ramani Barman were appointed as ministers of state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764093/1/jpi_April-June_1978.pdf|title=Journal of Parliamentary Information: Vol. XXIV, No. 2|date=April 1978|language=en|page=262|author=[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Secretariat]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Borbora ministry|page=15|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref> All the ministers except for Samar Brahma Choudhury belonged to the [[Janata Party]], while Brahma belonged to the [[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]].

==Ministers==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
! Constituency
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Assam|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of Home Department of Information and Public Relations Department of General Administration Department of Political Department of Planning and Development Department of Election Department of Civil Defence Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department of Secretariat Administration Department of Minority Affairs Department of Freedom Fighters Department of Social Welfare And all other departments and subjects not allocated to any other minister.
| minister1 = [[Golap Borbora]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Department (Roads and Buildings) Minister of Supply Minister of Trade and Commerce Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Minister of Jails
| minister1 = [[Dulal Baruah]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Finance Minister of Judicial and Legislative (Law) Minister of Students and Youth Welfare Minister of Sports Minister of Tourism
| minister1 = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education Minister of Cultural Affairs
| minister1 = [[Lakshyadhar Choudhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)#Ministers|Minister of Agriculture]] Minister of Co-operation
| minister1 = Soneswar Bora
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Forests Minister of Livestock, Minister of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry
| minister1 = Samar Brahma Choudhury
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Plain Tribals Council of Assam
| minister1_ref = [[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar East]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation Minister of Power Minister of Mines and Minerals Minister of Wakf Property
| minister1 = [[A. F. Golam Osmani]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour Minister of Industries Minister of Public Enterprises
| minister1 = [[Jagannath Singh (Assam politician)|Jagannath Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue Minister of Land Reforms Minister of Soil Conservation
| minister1 = Lakheshwar Gohain
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport Minister of Panchayats and Community Development Minister of Municipal Administration Minister of Town and Country Planning
| minister1 = [[Zahirul Islam (politician)|Zahirul Islam]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Flood Control
| minister1 = Ramesh Mohan Kouli
| minister1_termstart = 21 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Jonai Assembly constituency|Jonai]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Hill Areas Development Minister of Printing and Stationery Minister of Registration and Stamps
| minister1 = [[Golap Borbora]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 21 March 1978
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
| minister2 = Sona Ram Thaosen
| minister2_termstart = 21 March 1978
| minister2_termend = 4 September 1978
| minister2_party = Janata Party
| minister2_ref = [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sericulture and Weaving Minister of Khadi and Village Industries
| minister1 = [[Golap Borbora]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 21 March 1978
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
| minister2 = Gandhi Ram Timung
| minister2_termstart = 21 March 1978
| minister2_termend = 4 September 1978
| minister2_party = Janata Party
| minister2_ref = [[Diphu Assembly constituency|Diphu]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State of the Department of Health and Family Welfare Minister of State of the Department of Excise
| minister1 = Kosheswar Bora
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State of the Department of Fisheries Minister of State of the Department of Relief and Rehabilitation
| minister1 = Lilamoy Das
| minister1_termstart = 12 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State in the Department of Education Minister of State in the Department of Youth Welfare
| minister1 = Ramani Barman
| minister1_termstart = 21 March 1978
| minister1_termend = 4 September 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Dharmapur Assembly constituency|Dharmapur]]
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries|Borbora]]
[[Category:Janata Party state ministries]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1978]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1979]]
[[Category:1978 in Indian politics]]

Ripunath Seth

2026-04-11T22:07:09Z

EzraDrago8750: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1958–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ripunath Seth
| image =
| alt = 
| caption = Seth in 2021
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 27 October 1958
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2022|03|27|1958|10|27}}
| death_place = [[Barapali]], India
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| education =
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 15 March 1995
| term_end = 29 February 2000
| predecessor = Kishorimani Singh
| successor = Ashok Kumar Panigrahy
| constituency = [[Bijepur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijepur]]
}}
'''Ripunath Seth''' ({{langx|or|ରିପୁନାଥ ସେଠ}}; 27 October 1958 – 27 March 2022) was an Indian politician. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he served in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 1995 to 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=406|title=Shri Ripunath Seth|work=Odisha Legislative Assembly}}</ref> He died in [[Barapali]] on 27 March 2022 at the age of 63.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parimita|first=Prangyan|date=27 March 2022|title=୬୭ବର୍ଷ ବୟସରେ ପୂର୍ବତନ ମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ରିପୁନାଥ ସେଠଙ୍କ ପରଲୋକ|trans-title= |url=https://otvkhabar.in/news/miscellaneous/former-odisha-minister-ripunath-seth-passes-away-at-67/86798|language=Odia|work=[[Odisha TV]]|location=Odisha|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Ripunath}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:People from Bargarh district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Rajiv Gauba

2026-04-11T20:37:57Z

EzraDrago8750: Stub.

{{short description|32nd Cabinet Secretary of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name =
| image = Rajiv Gauba 2024.jpg
| image_size = 185
| caption =
| office1 = 32nd [[Cabinet Secretary of India]]
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start1 = 30 August 2019
| term_end1 = 30 August 2024
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Pradeep Kumar Sinha]]
| successor1 = [[T. V. Somanathan]]
| office2 = [[Home Secretary of India]]
| minister2 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]
| successor2 = [[Ajay Kumar Bhalla]]
| term_start2 = 31 August 2017
| term_end2 = 22 August 2019<ref>{{cite tweet|user=PIBHomeAffairs|number=1164788421421756416|title=Shri Ajay Kumar Bhalla I.A.S. (AM:1984) taking charge as Union Home Secretary, from Shri Rajiv Gauba I.A.S. (JH:1982).|date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
| appointer3 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office3 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Urban Development Secretary of India]]
| predecessor3 = Madhusudan Prasad
| successor3 = [[Durga Shanker Mishra]]
| minister3 = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| term_end3 = 22 June 2017
| term_start3 = 31 January 2016
| office4 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary of]] [[Jharkhand]]
| appointer4 = [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]
| predecessor4 = Sajal Chakraborty
| term_end4 = 30 January 2016
| term_start4 = 27 January 2015
| successor4 = Raj Bala Verma
| 3blankname4 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]
| 3namedata4 = [[Raghubar Das]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Patna Science College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[Patna University]]
| occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd.)
| spouse = Dr. Pammi Gauba ([[Academician]])
}}
'''Rajiv Gauba''' (born 15 August 1959; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Rājīva Gaubā}}) is a retired [[India]]n [[bureaucrat]] and [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who served as the [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] from 30 August 2019 to 30 August 2024.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=TV Somanathan to replace Rajiv Gauba as cabinet secretary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tv-somanathan-to-replace-rajiv-gauba-as-cabinet-secretary/articleshow/112433401.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As of March 2025, he serves as a full time member of [[NITI Aayog]], the Indian Government's apex public policy think tank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Former Cabinet Secretary Rajiv Gauba appointed full-time Member of Niti Aayog |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajiv-gauba-former-cabinet-secretary-appointed-full-time-member-of-niti-aayog-2699125-2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He served for five years as [[Cabinet Secretary]] making him longest serving cabinet secretary in history his tenure as the Cabinet Secretary of India has been extended 4 times by 1 year durations by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet|Appointment Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) which is chaired by the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name="pib.gov.in">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192894|title=Shri Rajiv Gauba Takes Over as the New Cabinet Secretary|date=2019-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajiv-gauba-appointed-cabinet-secretary/article29213469.ece/|title=Rajiv Gauba Appointed New Cabinet Secretary of India|access-date= 21 August 2019|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="cab-sec-appointment-pib">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192758|title=ACC appointments|date=2019-08-21|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

== Education ==
Gauba has a [[Undergraduate education|graduate degree]] and is a [[gold medal|gold meda]]list in [[physics]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) from [[Patna Science College]], [[Patna University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14314&PageId=|title=Rajiv Gauba - Executive Record Sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/HSRajivGauba_31082017.pdf|title=Brief Profile - Rajiv Gauba|website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162556/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/HSRajivGauba_31082017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138472|title=Shri Rajiv Gauba takes over as Secretary (Urban Development)|date=1 April 2016|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
In a career spanning over four decades, Rajiv Gauba has worked in several important positions in the [[Government of India]], the [[Government of Bihar]] and the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. Prior to his appointment as [[Cabinet Secretary]], i.e., the head of civil services in India, he served with distinction as the [[Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]], [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Urban Development Secretary]], and the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]].

Gauba, as a young officer and a loyal civil servant handled the Anti-Sikh riots in October/November 1984. He worked as Deputy Development Commissioner in the predominantly tribal Dumka district. Gauba had a tenure of nearly six years as [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] first in [[Nalanda]], then [[Muzaffarpur]] and in [[Gaya district|Gaya]]. His handling of elections won him notable praise in the difficult elections held in [[Muzaffarpur]] in 1994 & 1995 and [[Gaya district|Gaya]] in 1996.

In 1996, Gauba moved on deputation to the Government of India, first being posted as Director in [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]. Gauba was later appointed the Private Secretary (Chief of Staff) to the then Raksha Mantri (Union Defense Minister) Mr. George Fernandes. In this role he helped run the very strategic office at a time when India acquired nuclear capability and won the Kargil war.

For his keen grasp of international economics & policy issues, Gauba was selected for the prestigious post of Sr. Adviser to ED, India, [[IMF]] based in Washington. The period 2002-03 was a crucial one for relations between India and the IMF. India agreed to participate in the Financial Transaction Plan of the IMF in late 2002 i.e., it became a creditor to the IMF and has continued to remain a creditor since then. Selection of India by IMF as member of the FTP, for the first time in 2002, sent strong signals regarding the country’s strength and resilience of its external sector to the international community. Gauba returned to the Union Government in 2009 as Joint Secretary in the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] where he set up the National Mission on Clean Ganga.

As Additional Secretary in [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], Gauba oversaw the implementation of the National E-Governance Plan. Later as Additional Secretary in [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)]], Gauba was the architect of National Action Plan to combat Left Wing Extremism which has helped to significantly contain this major internal security challenge.

=== Chief Secretary of Jharkhand ===
Gauba was appointed the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the [[Government of Jharkhand]] by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister of Jharkhand]] on 20 January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajiv-gauba-new-chief-secretary-of-jharkhand/articleshow/45958320.cms|title=Rajiv Gauba new chief secretary of Jharkhand|date=20 January 2015|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tkbsen.in/2015/01/rajiv-gauba-appointed-new-chief-secretary-of-jharkhand/|title=Rajiv Gauba Appointed New Chief Secretary Of Jharkhand|date=20 January 2015|website=The Sen Times|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530064914/http://www.tkbsen.in/2015/01/rajiv-gauba-appointed-new-chief-secretary-of-jharkhand/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As one of the youngest Chief Secretaries, Gauba set about on an ambitious agenda which involved changing the way the governance system worked. The [[Government of Jharkhand]] saw a major downsizing, bringing down the number of departments. [[Jharkhand]] was a state of immense potential but had belied hopes. Gauba spearheaded a number of initiatives, the most notable among them being tackling this problem through a combination of proactive policing, and developmental outreach. Young officers were posted as DMs and SPs and improve the reach of police & Government administration. CAPF and State Police camps were established in remote areas and Roads & Bridges were built to promote development. These culminated in significant shrinking of the area under LWE influence.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

As an industrial state [[Jharkhand]] offered immense potential. To realize this, Ease of Doing Business reforms were carried out in true earnest and in World Bank’s Ease of Bizassessment, [[Jharkhand]] leapfrogged to the third position from almost the bottom of the list in 2016. This was done by removing archaic legislations like Agricultural Market Cess and Boiler Room Inspections among others, and by introducing positive changes by way of Labor Reforms. Initial reforms in [[Jharkhand]] were viewed with skepticism yet the ethos of governance changed from a negative obstructionist approach and to a positive enabling environment.

Gauba left the state when he was appointed as a [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] in the [[Government of India]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Urban Development Secretary ===
[[File:Rajiv Gauba, IAS with Venkaiah Naidu and Alain Vidalies.jpg|left|thumb|Gauba (centre-right), as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Urban Development Secretary]], with the [[Minister of Urban Development (India)|Minister of Urban Development]], [[Venkaiah Naidu]] (centre-left) and the French [[Minister of Transport (France)|Minister of Transport]], Fisheries and Maritime Affairs ([[Minister of State (France)|minister of state]]-rank), [[Alain Vidalies]] (left)|alt=]]

Gauba was appointed as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Urban Development Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) on 1 April 2016.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rajiv-gauba-is-new-secretary-ministry-of-urban-development/article8422204.ece|title=Rajiv Gauba is new Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development|date=1 April 2016|website=Business Line|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rajiv-gauba-is-new-secretary-ministry-of-urban-development/article8422204.ece|title=Rajiv Gauba is new Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development|date=1 April 2016|website=Business Line|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>

Gauba drove interventions aimed at addressing the huge infrastructure deficit in Indian cities/urban areas with focus on water supply, sewerage network and green spaces. As Urban Development Secretary, he helped conceptualize and implement a series of major initiatives for urban transformation such as the Smart Cities Mission, Swachh Bharat Mission and AMRUT Mission.

Gauba also led key initiatives of the Ministry, such as the preparation of the report of The High-Powered Committee On Decongesting Traffic In Delhi – which studied New Delhi’s traffic scenario in-depth and provided a four-pronged strategy for resolution – and it was under his tenure that the Ministry prepared the critical National Policy on Fecal Sludge and Septage Management.

One of the major projects under Gauba was the massive redevelopment project of seven general pool residential accommodations in India’s capital city New Delhi which sought to renew then 12,970 existing homes with 25,667 dwelling units, at an estimated project cost of INR 32,835 crores (operation costs for 30 years).

=== Home Secretary of India ===
[[File:The Union Home Secretary, Shri Rajiv Gauba and the Deputy Minister of Home Affairs of Republic of Myanmar.JPG|thumb|Gauba with the Deputy Minister of Home Affairs of Myanmar, [[Aung Thu (military officer)|Aung Thu]] in October 2018]]
Gauba was appointed as the [[Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]] by the ACC on 22 June 2017,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/urban-development-secretary-rajiv-gauba-to-be-next-home-secretary/story-oQPEME7fTx0PfQ0dtbG0ZM.html|title=Urban development secretary Rajiv Gauba to be next home secretary|last=Ahuja|first=Rajesh|date=21 June 2017|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajiv-gauba-replaces-rajiv-mehrishi-as-home-secretary/articleshow/59257494.cms|title=Rajiv Gauba replaces Rajiv Mehrishi as home secretary|date=21 June 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/150075/rajiv-gauba-replace-rajiv-mehrishi-home-secretary/|title=Rajiv Gauba to Replace Rajiv Mehrishi as Home Secretary|date=21 June 2017|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/major-bureaucratic-reshuffle-rajiv-gauba-to-become-next-home-secretary-4715698/|title=Secretary-level bureaucratic reshuffle: Rajiv Gauba to replace Rajiv Mehrishi as Union Home Secretary|date=21 June 2017|website=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> succeeding [[Rajiv Mehrishi]]. He served as an officer on special duty in the rank of [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretary]], till [[Rajiv Mehrishi|Mehrishi's]] retirement,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> he formally took charge on 31 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=170383|title=Shri Rajiv Gauba takes over as Union Home Secretary|date=31 August 2017|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajiv-gauba-takes-charge-as-union-home-secretary/article19593327.ece|title=Rajiv Gauba takes charge as Union Home Secretary|date=31 August 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/shri-rajiv-gauba-takes-over-as-union-home-secretary-117083100359_1.html|title=Shri Rajiv Gauba takes over as Union Home Secretary|date=31 August 2017|website=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajiv-gauba-takes-charge-as-union-home-secretary/articleshow/60307052.cms|title=Rajiv Gauba takes charge as Union home secretary|date=31 August 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajiv-gauba-takes-charge-as-union-home-secretary-rajiv-mehrishi-retires-1744275|title=Rajiv Gauba Takes Charge As Union Home Secretary, Rajiv Mehrishi Retires|date=31 August 2017|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>

During Gauba’s tenure, the [[Government of India]] undertook historic step of abrogation of the Article 370 and reorganization of J&K State. Gauba closely monitored and managed the on-ground situation. One of the major actions to ensure these changes were implemented was the banning of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, which has been at the forefront of separatist activities and violence since 1988. Gauba’s greatest success was the peaceful abolition of Art 370 and his management of the on-ground situation in Kashmir.

Gauba as Union Home Secretary ensured effective implementation of the LWE strategy that he had conceptualized earlier. The renewed focus on mitigating and then combating the LWE menace across the country. Gauba is credited for significantly rationalizing the weapons and equipment procurement process for Central Armed Police Forces (CPRF, BSF), removing bulging procedural layers and empowering Commandant level officers with financial powers.

Gauba was appointed as [[Cabinet Secretary of India|Cabinet Secretary]] in August 2019.<ref name="cab-sec-appointment-pib"/> He handed over charge of [[Home Secretary of India|Home Secretary]] to [[Ajay Kumar Bhalla]] (IAS) on 22 August 2019.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=PIBHomeAffairs|number=1164788421421756416|title=Shri Ajay Kumar Bhalla I.A.S. (AM:1984) taking charge as Union Home Secretary, from Shri Rajiv Gauba I.A.S. (JH:1982).|date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Cabinet Secretary of India ===
Rajiv Gauba took over as Cabinet Secretary from [[Pradeep Kumar Sinha]] on 30 August 2019 and served there till 30 August 2024.<ref name="pib.gov.in"/><ref name="The Times of India"/> His tenure of five years as [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] is the longest in history.

=== Member, NITI Aayog ===
In March 2025, Rajiv Gauba was appointed as a full-time member of [[NITI Aayog]], India's premier think tank. He became the fifth full-time member of NITI Aayog alongside Vijay Kumar Saraswat, Ramesh Chand, Vinod Kumar Paul and Arvind Virmani.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajiv Guaba appointed 5th full-time member of Niti Aayog |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rajiv-guaba-appointed-5th-full-time-member-of-niti-aayog/article69377779.ece}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
His wife Pammi Gauba<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Noida Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. |url=https://www.nmrcnoida.com/Media/PressRelease08032020 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.nmrcnoida.com}}</ref> is Director R&D Dean (PG)& Head of the Department, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Pammi Gauba - HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY in JIIT |url=https://www.jiit.ac.in/prof-pammi-gauba |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.jiit.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> Gauba has a son and a daughter.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Rajiv Gauba|Rajiv Gauba}}
* [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14314&PageId= Executive record sheet as maintained by Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pradeep Kumar Sinha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]|years=2019-present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rajiv Mehrishi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]]|years=2017-2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ajay Kumar Bhalla]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Indian Civil Servants}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gauba, Rajiv}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Home secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Cabinet secretaries of India]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]

Anand Kumar Gond

2026-04-04T03:10:19Z

EzraDrago8750: Put Up New Bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anand Kumar Gond
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Akshaibar Lal]]
| birth_date =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father = [[Akshaibar Lal]]
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]] [[Businessperson|Businessman]]
}}

'''Anand Kumar''' is an Indian [[politician]] and currently serving as the member of the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bahraich2">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bahraich |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2456.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613173257/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2456.htm |archivedate=13 June 2025 |accessdate=13 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas2">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2456.htm |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=results.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/candidateshow/anand-kumar-726 |title=Anand Kumar, Bharatiya Janata Party Representative for Bahraich |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/anand-kumar-lok-sabha-candidate-s24led2008p056e2024c001/|title=Anand Kumar, BJP Candidate from Baharaich Lok Sabha Election 2024.|publisher=News 18 India}}</ref><ref name="बहराइच लोकसभा सीट से जीतने वाले BJP के आनंद कुमार गोंड कौन हैं, जानिए अपने सांसद को">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=6 June 2024 |title=बहराइच लोकसभा सीट से जीतने वाले BJP के आनंद कुमार गोंड कौन हैं, जानिए अपने सांसद को |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/uttar-pradesh-chunav/anand-kumar-gond-bjp-won-bahraich-lok-sabha-uttar-pradesh-over-samajwadi-party-ramesh-chandra-gautam-stwas-2656543.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613172942/https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/uttar-pradesh-chunav/anand-kumar-gond-bjp-won-bahraich-lok-sabha-uttar-pradesh-over-samajwadi-party-ramesh-chandra-gautam-stwas-2656543.html |archivedate=13 June 2025 |accessdate=13 June 2025 |publisher=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/bahraich-lok-sabha-election-2024-results-bjp-candidate-dr-anand-kumar-gond-vs-sp-candidate-ramesh-gautam-2024-06-04|title=बहराइच लोकसभा सीट: भाजपा प्रत्याशी आनंद गोंड ने सपा प्रत्याशी रमेश गौतम को 64121 मतों से हराया|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-result-2024-bahraich-constituency-bjp-anand-gond-samajwadi-party-ramesh-gautam/3326877/|title=Bahraich Lok Sabha Chunav Result 2024: बहराइच सीट से डॉ. आनंद गोंड जीते, सपा के रमेश चंद्र को दी भारी शिकस्त|date=June 4, 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the following [[2024 Indian general election]]; Anand Kumar Gond of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] defeated [[Samajwadi Party]]'s candidate Ramesh Chandra Gautam by margin of 64227 Votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/bahraich-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548034-2024-06-04|title=Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Anand Kumar Emerges Victorious|date=June 4, 2024|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bahraich-lok-sabha-election-results/|title=Bahraich Lok Sabha Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of Bahraich Lok Sabha Constituency for General Election 2024|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Bahraich Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Bahraich Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/bahraich |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613173253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/bahraich |archivedate=13 June 2025 |accessdate=13 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gond, Anand Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

2009 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-28T15:48:54Z

EzraDrago8750:

{{short description|Assembly elections in Odisha, India}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|2009 Indian general election in Odisha}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2009 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 2004 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2004
| next_election = 2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2014
| election_date = 16 & 23 April 2009
| seats_for_election = [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|All 147 Assembly Constituencies]]
| turnout = 65.35%<ref name="ECI-analysis">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_OR_April2009.pdf|title=ECI Analysis - Assembly Election|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref>
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| leader_since1 = 1996
| party1 = Biju Janata Dal
| alliance1 = Third Front (India)
| leaders_seat1 = [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| running_mate1 =
| last_election1 = 2004
| seats_before1 = 61
| seats_needed1 = 74
| seats1 = 103
| seat_change1 = {{gain}} 42
| popular_vote1 = 6,903,641
| percentage1 = 38.86%
| swing1 = {{gain}} 11.50%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bhupinder_Singh.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=10}}
| leader2 = [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]
| leader_since2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = United Progressive Alliance
| leaders_seat2 = [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]] (won)
| last_election2 = 2004
| seats_before2 = 38
| seats_needed2 = 74
| seats2 = 27
| seat_change2 = {{loss}} 11
| popular_vote2 = 5,169,559
| percentage2 = 29.10%
| swing2 = {{loss}} 5.72%
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Governor of Andhra Pradesh, Shri Biswabhusan Harichandan.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=07}}
| leader3 = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| leader_since3 =
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance3 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat3 = [[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar Central]] (lost)
| last_election3 = 2004
| seats_before3 = 32
| seats_needed3 = 74
| seats3 = 6
| seat_change3 = {{loss}} 26
| popular_vote3 = 2,674,067
| percentage3 = 15.05%
| swing3 = {{loss}} 1.61%
| map_image = 2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election results map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the election
| map2_image = India Odisha Legislative Assembly 2009.svg
| map2_size = 300px
| map2_caption = Structure of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] after the election
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| before_party = Biju Janata Dal
| after_election = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| after_party = Biju Janata Dal
| majority_seats = 74
| elected_members = 14th Odisha Legislative Assembly
| outgoing_members = 13th Orissa Legislative Assembly
}}

The '''2009 Orissa Legislative Assembly election''' took place in April 2009, concurrently with the [[2009 Indian general election|general election]]. The elections were held in the state in two phases. The results were declared on 16 May. Despite having recently separated from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] after an eleven-year partnership, the [[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD) retained power in the Orissa State Assembly with a more convincing majority. Party chief [[Naveen Patnaik]] was formally re-elected as the BJD Legislature party leader on 19 May,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/20/stories/2009052051870300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606201025/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/20/stories/2009052051870300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-06-06|title=Naveen named Legislature Party Leader |date=2009-05-20|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref> thus paving the way for his third consecutive term as the [[Chief Minister of Orissa]].

==Previous Assembly==
In the [[2004 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2004 Orissa Assembly election]], the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance (NDA)]] had swept the state with the BJD winning 61 seats and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) winning 32 seats, giving the alliance comfortable majority in the 147-member house. This was the second consecutive term for the BJD-BJP combine after they first formed the government in 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000306/ina06029.html|title=25-member Naveen ministry takes office|date=2000-03-06|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref> The Naveen Patnaik government had been sworn in at the [[Bhubaneswar]] Raj Bhavan by Orissa Governor [[M. M. Rajendran]] in May 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/naveen-ministry-sworn-in/article27613405.ece|title= Naveen Ministry sworn in |date=2004-05-17|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref>

==Background==
With the tenure of the Orissa Assembly scheduled to expire on 29 June 2009, the [[Election Commission of India]] announced<ref name="ECI-2009">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/press/current/pn020309.pdf |title=General Elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Sikkim |date=2 March 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2009-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619061120/http://eci.nic.in/press/current/pn020309.pdf |archive-date=June 19, 2009 }}</ref> on 2 March that year that the elections to the Assembly would be held alongside the [[2009 Indian general election|general election]]. The election in each Assembly constituency (AC) was held in the same phase as the election to the corresponding Parliamentary constituency that the AC fell under.

Seat-sharing discussions got underway between allies, after eleven years of partnership and nearly two full terms as the Orissa state government, the BJD snapped ties with the BJP in March 2009, blaming the latter for the [[Religious violence in Orissa#August 2008 violence|2008 violence against Christians]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kandhamal-riots-forced-bjd-to-snap-ties-with-bjp/88069-37.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322075703/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kandhamal-riots-forced-bjd-to-snap-ties-with-bjp/88069-37.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-22|title=Kandhamal riots forced BJD to snap ties with BJP|last=Karan|first=Jajati|date=2009-03-19|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref> Thereafter, the BJP withdrew support to Government and Governor [[Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare]] asked Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik to prove his majority in the Orissa Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/09/stories/2009030957180100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310121021/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/09/stories/2009030957180100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-10|title=Naveen Patnaik asked to seek confidence vote on March 11 |last=Das|first=Prafulla|date=2009-03-09|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref> Naveen Patnaik then won a controversial trust vote on 11 March 2009, after the opposition Congress and BJP legislators walked out of the Assembly in protest in the manner the vote was being conducted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/12/stories/2009031258220100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316194602/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/12/stories/2009031258220100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-16|title=Naveen wins trust vote |last=Das|first=Prafulla|date=2009-03-12|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref>

The BJD then declared that they support neither [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] nor BJP.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/000200903140954.htm|title=BJD not to support Cong-led or BJP-led govt at Centre: Naveen|date=2009-03-14|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref> Though they decided to contest the 2009 elections in partnership with the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]], the BJD did not officially join the Third Front.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2009/apr/03loksabhapoll-pawar-to-skip-third-front-rally.htm|title=BJD, Left and NCP join hands in Orissa|date=2009-04-03|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref>

==Schedule of election==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Phase 1
! Phase 2
|-
| Announcement & Issue of Press Note
| colspan=2 align="center" | Monday, 02 Mar 2009
|-
| Issue of Notification
| align="center" | Monday, 23 Mar 2009
| align="center" | Saturday, 28 Mar 2009
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations
| align="center" | Monday, 30 Mar 2009
| align="center" | Saturday, 04 Apr 2009
|-
| Scrutiny of Nominations
| align="center" | Tuesday, 31 Mar 2009
| align="center" | Monday, 06 Apr 2009
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of Candidature
| align="center" | Thursday, 02 Apr 2009
| align="center" | Wednesday, 08 Apr 2009
|-
| Date of Poll
| align="center" | Thursday, 16 Apr 2009
| align="center" | Thursday, 23 Apr 2009
|-
| Counting of Votes on
| colspan=2 align="center" | Saturday, 16 May 2009
|-
| Date of election being completed
| colspan=2 align="center" | Thursday, 28 May 2009
|-
! Constituencies Polling on this day
! 70
! 77
|-
! colspan=3 align="center" | Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref name="ECI-2009" />
|}

[[File:Odisha in India.png|thumb|right|Location of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] in [[India]]]]

==Parties and alliances==
==={{legend2|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|[[Third Front (India) |Third Front]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[File: Biju Janata Dal Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Conch.svg|50px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
| 129
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Clock symbol of NCP.png|50px]]
|[[P. A. Sangma]]
|8
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|
| 5
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|[[Prakash Karat]]
| 4
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]
|147
|-
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| 145
|-
|}

==Number of candidates==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Party Type
! Code
! Party name
! Number of candidates
! Total
|-
! rowspan=6 | National Parties
| BJP
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 145
| rowspan=6 align="center" | '''423'''
|-
| BSP
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 114
|-
| CPI
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 5
|-
| CPM
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4
|-
| INC
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 147
|-
| NCP
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 8
|-
! rowspan=2 | State Parties
| BJD
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 129
| rowspan=2 align="center" | '''161'''
|-
| JMM
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 32
|-
! rowspan=5 | State Parties - Other States
| AITC
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5
| rowspan=5 align="center" | '''86'''
|-
| JD(U)
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 10
|-
| LJP
| [[Lok Jan Shakti Party]]
| 8
|-
| RSP
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 18
|-
| SP
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 45
|-
! rowspan=19 | Unrecognised or Unregistered Parties
| AJSU
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| 4
| rowspan=19 align="center" | '''247'''
|-
| BJSH
| Bharatiya Jan Shakti
| 3
|-
| BOP
| Bira Oriya Party
| 1
|-
| CPI(ML)(L)
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| 17
|-
| IJP
| [[Indian Justice Party]]
| 5
|-
| JDP
| [[Jharkhand Disom Party]]
| 6
|-
| JHKP
| Jana Hitkari Party
| 7
|-
| JKP
| [[Jharkhand Party]]
| 1
|-
| KOKD
| Kosal Kranti Dal
| 18
|-
| KS
| Kalinga Sena
| 36
|-
| LSP
| [[Lok Satta Party]]
| 1
|-
| OCP
| [[Orissa Communist Party]]
| 2
|-
| OMM
| Orissa Mukti Morcha
| 8
|-
| RPD
| [[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]]
| 16
|-
| RPI
| [[Republican Party of India]]
| 5
|-
| RPI(A)
| [[Republican Party of India (Athavale)]]
| 13
|-
| RWS
| Rashtrawadi Sena
| 4
|-
| SAMO
| [[Samurdha Odisha]]
| 99
|-
| SWJP
| [[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]
| 1
|-
! Independents
| ''n/a''
| Independents
| 371
| align="center" | '''371'''
|-
! colspan=4 | Total:
! 1288
|-
! colspan=5 | Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref name="ECI-analysis" />
|}

==List of Candidates from Major Parties==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Satya Bhusan Sahu
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Pradip Purohit
|-

! 2
| [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prabhat Aditya Mishra
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Subal Sahu
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mohammad Rafique
|-

! 3
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Ananda Acharya
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sadhu Nepak
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sureswar Satpathy
|-

! 4
| [[Attabira Assembly constituency|Attabira]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Snehangini Chhuria
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Nihar Ranjan Mahananda
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bipin Bhusagar
|-

! 5
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Susanta Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bimbadhar Kuanr
|-
! 6
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Ramasahaya Panda
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Anup Kumar Sai
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Suresh Pujari
|-

! 7
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Kishore Kumar Mohanty
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Naba Kishore Das
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dinesh Kumar Jain
|-

! 8
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Purna Chandra Minj
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dr. Prafulla Majhi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sahadev Xaxa
|-

! 9
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sunil Kumar Singh Deo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jogesh Kumar Singh
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Premsagar Oram
|-

! 10
| [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sanjeeb Pratap Singhdeo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Serophina Toppo
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Raisan Tirkey
|-

! 11
| [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Subrat Tarai
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Prafulla Kumar Sunyani
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Santosh Kumar Behera
|-

! 12
| [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sarada Prasad Nayak
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Prasanta Kumar Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ramesh Kumar Agrawal
|-

! 13
| [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangapur]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Benedict Tirkey
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Gregory Minz
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mahendra Kumar Majhi
|-

! 14
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Laxman Munda
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ranajit Kishan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bhimsen Choudhury
|-

! 15
| [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Brundaban Majhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rajendra Kumar Chhatria
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Rabinarayan Naik
|-

! 16
| [[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sanatan Bisi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Duryodhan Gardia
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Debananda Bhusagar
|-

! 17
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Siddharth Das
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sureswar Mishra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jayanarayan Mishra
|-

! 18
| [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prasanna Acharya
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Assaf Ali Khan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sarat Chandra Sahu
|-

! 19
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sanjeeb Kumar Pradhan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Nitesh Ganga Deb
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Subash Chandra Panigrahi
|-

! 20
| [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Premananda Nayak
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Brundaban Naik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manas Kumar Naik
|-

! 21
| [[Ghasipura Assembly constituency|Ghasipura]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Badrinarayan Patra
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Niranjan Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Santosh Kumar Rout
|-

! 22
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bhagirathi Sethy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jayadev Jena
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Arati Singh
|-

! 23
| [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Hrusikesh Naik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sanatan Naik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Goura Hari Naik
|-

! 24
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Subarna Naik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Bidyadhara Dehury
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mohan Charan Majhi
|-

! 25
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Bidyadhar Mahanta
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sanatan Mahakud
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Murali Manohar Sharma
|-

! 26
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Kamala Kanta Nayak
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mahendra Nath Nayak
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sudhir Naik
|-

! 27
| [[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Rama Chandra Hansdah
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sanatan Munda
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Majhiaram Tudu
|-

! 28
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Kashinath Hembram
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Shyam Charan Hansdah
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jaduram Murmu
|-

! 29
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sarojini Hembram
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Gouri Naik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Setanath Kisku
|-

! 30
| [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bijay Kumar Naik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jabamani Tudu
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sumantra Naik
|-

! 31
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Shrinath Soren
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ananga Charan Senapati
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bijay Kumar Senapati
|-

! 32
| [[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Manoranjan Sethi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ganeswar Patra
|colspan="3"|''Did not field''
|-

! 33
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sananda Marandi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kanhu Soren
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Golak Bihari Naik
|-

! 34
| [[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Praveen Chandra Bhanjdeo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jnanendra Nath Das
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Rajkisore Das
|-

! 35
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Sisir Kumar Hui
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Debi Prasanna Chand
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Aswini Kumar Patra
|-

! 36
| [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Ananta Das
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kartikeswar Patra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ramakanta Behera
|-

! 37
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Raghunath Mohanty
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jaynarayan Mohanty
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Arabinda Behera
|-

! 38
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jiban Pradip Dash
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Subhankar Mohapatra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sanjay Kumar Patra
|-

! 39
| [[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sudarshan Jena
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Tarun Kumar Das
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Giridhari Das
|-

! 40
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Pradipta Panda
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Diptikanta Mahapatra
|colspan="3"|''Did not field''
|-

! 41
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Jayakrushna Mallik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Surendra Prasad Pramanik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Parshuram Dhada
|-

! 42
| [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Parsuram Panigrahi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Padmalochan Panda
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Tanuja Panda
|-

! 43
| [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prafulla Samal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Badri Narayan Dhal
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manmohan Samal
|-

! 44
| [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jugal Kishore Pattnaik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Naren Pallai
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Tusar Kanti Jena
|-

! 45
| [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bijayshree Routray
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Madhabananda Mallick
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ashok Kumar Sahu
|-

! 46
| [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Rajendra Kumar Das
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Netrananda Mallick
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bishnu Charan Sethi
|-

! 47
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bijaya Nayak
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Amiya Kumar Mahapatra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Purna Chandra Pani
|-

! 48
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pramila Mallik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Babita Mallick
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manas Ranjan Mallick
|-

! 49
| [[Bari, Odisha Assembly constituency|Bari]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Debasis Nayak
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Naba Kishore Samal
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jagannath Prasad Samal
|-

! 50
| [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Amar Prasad Satpathy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sitakanta Mohapatra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Pabitra Mohan Samantaray
|-

! 51
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Kalpataru Das
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kangali Charan Panda
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ramesh Chandra Parida
|-

! 52
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pranab Prakash Das
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Debabrata Kantha
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Goutam Ray
|-

! 53
| [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korei]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pritiranjan Gharai
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Hemalata Khuntia
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sanchita Mohanty
|-

! 54
| [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prafulla Chandra Ghadai
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sarat Raut
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dola Gobinda Mohanta
|-

! 55
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Nabin Nanda
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sudhir Kumar Samal
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Krushna Chandra Patra
|-

! 56
| [[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Anjali Behera
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rebati Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Laxmidhar Behera
|-

! 57
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prafulla Kumar Mallik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Satrughan Jena
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Premananda Jena
|-

! 58
| [[Parjanga Assembly constituency|Parjanga]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Dr. Nrusingha Sahu
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Laxmidhar Sahoo
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bibuti Bhusan Pradhan
|-

! 59
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Rabi Narayan Pani
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Bibhudhendra Pratap Das
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dharmendra Pradhan
|-

! 60
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Mahesh Sahoo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Khirod Sahu
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kalandi Samal
|-

! 61
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Rajani Kant Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sangram Keshari Mishra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Minaketan Amanta
|-

! 62
| [[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Khageswar Behera
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Agasti Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sanjaya Kumar Naik
|-

! 63
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athamallik]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mousumi Pradhan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bhagirathi Pradhan
|-

! 64
| [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Padmanabh Behera
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Binod Patra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Damayanti Barik
|-

! 65
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Niranjan Pujari
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jitendra Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Naba Krushna Danta
|-

! 66
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Ramakanta Seth
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pandava Chandra Kumbhar
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Magha Kumbhar
|-

! 67
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prakriti Devi Singh Deo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Bibeka Nanda Meher
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo
|-

! 68
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Anang Uday Singh Deo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Laxman Kumar Meher
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dr. Basudev Pati
|-

! 69
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titlagarh]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jogendra Behera
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Surendra Singh Bhoi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Santanu Kumar Naik
|-

! 70
| [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Haji Mahammad Ayub Khan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Santosh Singh Saluja
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ajay Kumar Das
|-

! 71
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Rajendra Dholakia
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Saroj Kumar Sahu
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Basanta Kumar Panda
|-

! 72
| [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Duryodhan Majhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Baishampayan Meher
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Hitesh Kumar Bagartti
|-

! 73
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jagabandhu Majhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Parama Pujari
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dharmu Gond
|-

! 74
| [[Jharigam Assembly constituency|Jharigam]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Ramesh Chandra Majhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jalandhar Majhi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sona Majhi
|-

! 75
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nabarangpur]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Manohar Randhari
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sadan Nayak
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manjula Majhi
|-

! 76
| [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Motiram Nayak
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Bhujabal Majhi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mohan Majhi
|-

! 77
| [[Lanjigarh Assembly constituency|Lanjigarh]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Balabhadra Majhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Shibaji Majhi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bijaya Dishari
|-

! 78
| [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bira Sipka
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Gobardhan Dash
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Himansu Sekher Meher
|-

! 79
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharmgarh]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Puspendra Singh Deo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rahasbihari Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Janardan Panda
|-

! 80
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jayanta Kumar Naik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dusmanta Naik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Pradipta Kumar Naik
|-

! 81
| [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Zakir Hussain
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Bhupinder Singh
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Srikant Hota
|-

! 82
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Baliguda]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Dinesh Singh Pradhan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sadananda Mallick
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Karendra Majhi
|-

! 83
| [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Luko Sunamajhi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ajayanti Pradhan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manoj Kumar Pradhan
|-

! 84
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Debendra Kanhar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Jalandhar Kanhar
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Debanarayan Pradhan
|-

! 85
| [[Kantamal Assembly constituency|Kantamal]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bhagban Kanhor
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kanhai Charan Danga
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Hari Narayan Pradhan
|-

! 86
| [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pradip Kumar Amat
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Narendra Kumar Panigrahi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Santanu Kumar Pradhan
|-

! 87
| [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Debiprasad Mishra
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Surendra Kumar Nanda
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Saroj Kumar Rana
|-

! 88
| [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pravata Kumar Tripathy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Debasis Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Subhransu Mohan Padhi
|-

! 89
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]
| colspan="3"|''Did not field''
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Subas Mohanty
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Rama Narayan Mohanty
|-

! 90
| [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Debashish Samantaray
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Suresh Mohapatra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Samir Dey
|-

! 91
| [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar-Cuttack]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pravat Ranjan Biswal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sabitri Chowdhury
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Nayan Kishore Mohanty
|-

! 92
| [[Niali Assembly constituency|Niali]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pramod Kumar Mallick
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Artatrana Malik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sushanta Kumar Mallick
|-

! 93
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Kalindi Behera
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ashima Mahananda
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dilip Kumar Mallick
|-

! 94
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Chandra Sarathi Behera
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Prakash Chandra Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Om Prakash Ray
|-

! 95
| [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pratap Jena
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sk. Matlub Ali
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Choudhury Pravatkeshari Mishra
|-

! 96
| [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bed Prakash Agrawalla
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Narayan Prasad Swain
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bijoy Mohapatra
|-

! 97
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sipra Mallick
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ganeswar Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bijay Kumar Mallick
|-

! 98
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pratap Keshari Deb
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Devendra Sharma
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Braja Sundar Bhuyan
|-

! 99
| [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Alekh Kumar Jena
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Nalini Kanta Mohanty
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bijaya Ketan Swain
|-

! 100
| [[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Balaram Parida
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Gandharb Chandra Nayak
|-

! 101
| [[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Damodara Rout
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pramod Kishore Jena
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sankhanada Behera
|-

! 102
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Rabindra Nath Bhoi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rajkishore Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Latamani Das
|-

! 103
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda-Ersama]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prasanta Kumar Muduli
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Umesh Chandra Swain
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Priya Ranjan Das
|-

! 104
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bishnu Charan Das
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Chiranjib Biswal
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Upendra Nath Biswal
|-

! 105
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Rabi Mallick
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Biswa Bhusan Das
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Iswar Chandra Behera
|-

! 106
| [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Samir Ranjan Dash
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Satyabrata Patra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sankarsan Parida
|-

! 107
| [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Maheswar Mohanty
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Uttam Kumar Acharya
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Uma Ballav Rath
|-

! 108
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Bramhagiri]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Sanjay Kumar Das Burma
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Amrut Kumar Jena
|-

! 109
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Umakanta Samantaray
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Prasad Kumar Harichandan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Krushna Chandra Jagadev
|-

! 110
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Pradeep Maharathy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Judhistir Samantaray
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ajit Mangaraj
|-

! 111
| [[Jayadev Assembly constituency|Jayadev]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Arabinda Dhali
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Nalini Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Hrusi Kesha Nayak
|-

! 112
| [[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar Central]] (Madhya)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bijaya Kumar Mohanty
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Alok Jena
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Biswabhusan Harichandan
|-

! 113
| [[Bhubaneswar North Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar North]] (Uttar)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bhagirathi Badajena
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kishore Kumar Jena
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Golak Prasad Mahapatra
|-

! 114
| [[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Ekamra-Bhubaneswar]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Ashok Chandra Panda
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pratap Kumar Jena
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Samir Mohanty
|-

! 115
| [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatani]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Suresh Kumar Routaray
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sudipta Ray
|-

! 116
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Prashanta Nanda
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pradip Kumar Sahoo
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Surendranath Mishra
|-

! 117
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Sivaji Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sk. Abdul Bari
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dr. Dillip Srichandan
|-

! 118
| [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Raghunath Sahu
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Manas Ranjan Mangaraj
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan
|-

! 119
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Satyanarayan Pradhan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ramakanta Mishra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Surama Padhy
|-

! 120
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapada]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Siddharth Sekhar Singh
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Soumya Ranjan Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bijayalaxmi Pattnaik
|-

! 121
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Kashinath Mallik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Lecturer Bullion
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manoj Kumar Behera
|-

! 122
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Arun Kumar Sahu
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sandhya Mohapatra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jugansu Sekhar Panda
|-

! 123
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bikram Keshari Arukha
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Debi Prasad Bishoyi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sivanand Tripathy
|-

! 124
| [[Polasara Assembly constituency|Polasara]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Niranjan Pradhan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ram Krushna Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jayanti Padhiary
|-

! 125
| [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryangar]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| V. Sugnana Kumari Deo
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kishor Pallei
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Prabodha Chand Panda
|-

! 126
| [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khalikote]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Purna Chandra Sethy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kasinath Behara
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mina Kumari Tahal
|-

! 127
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Adikanda Sethi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Somanath Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bhagaban Behera
|-

! 128
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Debaraj Mohanty
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Alekha Choudhury
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Surya Narayan Das
|-

! 129
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Surada]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Purna Chandra Swain
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Syed Mubarak
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Barat Dandpani Patro
|-

! 130
| [[Sanakhemundi Assembly constituency|Sanakhemundi]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| N. Narayan Reddy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ramesh Chandra Jena
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kishore Chandra Singh Deo
|-

! 131
| [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Naveen Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Raghabo Parida
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Debananda Mahapatra
|-

! 132
| [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Dr. Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dr. Trinath Behera
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bibhuti Bhusan Jena
|-

! 133
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Dr. Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Bikram Kumar Panda
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Rama Chandra Panda
|-

! 134
| [[Digapahandi Assembly constituency|Digapahandi]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Surya Narayana Patro
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. Rabi Narayan Raju
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shreedhar Dev
|-

! 135
| [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Usha Devi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Chintamani Dyan Samantara
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kanhu Charan Pati
|-

! 136
| [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Johan Dalabehera
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Chakradhara Paik
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Antarjami Gamanga
|-

! 137
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| K. Narayana Rao
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Trinath Sahu
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| T. Kuranna
|-

! 138
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Ramamurty Mutika
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sisir Kumar Gamang
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Aswini Gomango
|-

! 139
| [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam Cuttack]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jagannath Saraka
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Damburudhara Ulaka
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bidulata Huika
|-

! 140
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Lal Bihari Himirika
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ulaka Rama Chandra
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kaliram Majhi
|-

! 141
| [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Laxmipur]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jhina Hikaka
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Hema Gamang
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Gopinath Kadatasia
|-

! 142
| [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Gopi Nath Nayak
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Basudev Majhi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Padmanav Majhi
|-

! 143
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Rabi Narayan Nanda
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Nagraj Dora
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Tara Prasad Bahinipati
|-

! 144
| [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]] (SC)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Raghuram Padal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Krishna Chandra Sagaria
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jayaram Garada
|-

! 145
| [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prafulla Kumar Pangi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rama Chandra Kadam
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dhanpati Eading
|-

! 146
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Mukunda Sodi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Nabin Chandra Madkami
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Aditya Madhi
|-

! 147
| [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda]] (ST)
| {{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Dambaru Sisa
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Mamta Madhi
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sukra Muduli
|-

|}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_OR_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
! colspan="10" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 2009.svg]]
|- valign="top"
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[File:Biju_Janata_Dal_Flag.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Conch.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|6,903,641
|38.86
|{{Increase}}11.5
|129
|103
|{{Increase}}42
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|5,169,559
|29.10
|{{Decrease}}5.72
|147
|27
|{{Decrease}}11
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotos_flower_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|2,674,067
|15.05
|{{Decrease}}2.06
| 145
|6
|{{Decrease}}26
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[File:Flag_of_Nationalist_Congress_Party.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Clock.png|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|237,528
|1,34
|(new)
| 8
|4
|(new)
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|89,852
|0.51
|{{decrease}}0.14
| 5
|1
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| -
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
|style="text-align:right;"|1,537,859
|8.66
|{{decrease}}3.54
| 372
|6
|{{Decrease}}2
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" |Total
!-
!100
!-
!-
!147
!-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Valid Votes'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''17,765,071'''
| 65.33
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid Votes
|style="text-align:right;"|8,118
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''17,773,189'''
| '''65.35'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentation
|style="text-align:right;"|9,421,675
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Electors'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''27,194,864'''
!
|}

== Elected members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!District
!AC. No.
!Constituency
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Role(s)
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|1
|[[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
|[[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}

|-
|2
|[[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
|Subal Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|3
|[[Bargarh]]
|Sadhu Nepak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|4
|[[Attabira Assembly constituency|Attabira (SC)]]
|[[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5
|[[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]
|[[Susanta Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|6
|[[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
|Anup Kumar Sai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|7
|[[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
|[[Naba Das|Naba Kishore Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|8
|[[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
|Prafulla Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|9
|[[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh (ST)]]
|[[Jogesh Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|10
|[[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
|George Tirkey
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|11
|[[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (SC)]]
|[[Subrat Tarai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|12
|[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
|[[Sarada Prasad Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|13
|Rajgangapur (ST)
|Gregory Minz
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|14
|[[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
|Bhimsen Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|15
|[[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
|Rajendra Kumar Chhatria
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|16
|[[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali (SC)]]
|Duryodhan Gardia
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17
|[[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
|[[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|18
|Rairakhol
|[[Prasanna Acharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|19
|[[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
|Sanjeeb Kumar Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|20
|[[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
|[[Premananda Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|21
|[[Ghasipura Assembly constituency|Ghasipura]]
|[[Badri Narayan Patra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|22
|[[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
|[[Bhagirathi Sethy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|23
|[[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna (ST)]]
|[[Hrushikesh Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|24
|[[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
|[[Subarna Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|25
|[[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua]]
|[[Jitu Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|26
|[[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
|Kamala Kanta Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|27
|[[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana]] [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|(ST)]]
|[[Rama Chandra Hansdah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|28
|[[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
|Shyam Charan Hansdah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|29
|[[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
|[[Sarojini Hembram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|30
|[[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
|Bijay Kumar Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|31
|[[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
|Shrinath Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|32
|[[Badasahi Assembly constituency|Badasahi (SC)]]
|Manoranjan Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|33
|[[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada (ST)]]
|[[Sananda Marndi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|style="font-size:90%"|
* Deputy Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly (2011-14)
|-
|34
|[[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]]
|Praveen Chandra Bhanjdeo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|35
|[[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
|Debi Prasanna Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|36
|[[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
|Ananta Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|37
|[[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
|Raghunath Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|38
|[[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
|Jiban Pradip Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|39
|[[Remuna Assembly constituency|Remuna (SC)]]
|Sudarshan Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|40
|[[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
|[[Pratap Sarangi|Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|41
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro (SC)]]
|Surendra Prasad Pramanik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|42
|[[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
|Parsuram Panigrahi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|43
|[[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]]
|[[Prafulla Samal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|44
|[[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
|Jugal Kishore Pattnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|45
|[[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
|[[Bijayshree Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|46
|[[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar (SC)]]
|Rajendra Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|47
|[[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]
|Bijaya Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|48
|[[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
|[[Pramila Mallik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|49
|[[Bari, Odisha Assembly constituency|Bari]]
|Debasis Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|50
|[[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
|Amar Prasad Satpathy
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|51
|[[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
|[[Kalpataru Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|52
|[[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]
|[[Pranab Prakash Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|53
|[[Korei Assembly constituency|Korei]]
|[[Pritiranjan Gharai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|54
|[[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
|Prafulla Chandra Ghadai
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|style="font-size:90%"|
* Cabinet Minister, Finance (2009-12)
* Cabinet Minister, Excise (2009-11)
* Cabinet Minister, Public Enterprises (2011-12)
* Cabinet Minister, Excise (2012-12)
* Cabinet Minister, Public Grievances & Pension Administration (2009-12)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|55
|[[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|[[Nabin Nanda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|56
|[[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
|[[Anjali Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|57
|[[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mallik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|58
|[[Parjanga Assembly constituency|Parjanga]]
|[[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|59
|[[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
|[[Ravi Narayan Pani|Rabi Narayan Pani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|60
|[[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher]]
|[[Braja Kishore Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|61
|[[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
|[[Rajanikant Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|62
|[[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada (SC)]]
|Khageswar Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|63
|[[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
|Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|64
|[[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
|[[Padmanabha Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|65
|[[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
|[[Niranjan Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|66
|[[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha (SC)]]
|Ramakanta Seth
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|67
|[[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|68
|[[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
|[[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|69
|[[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titlagarh]]
|Surendra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|70
|[[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
|Santosh Singh Saluja
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|71
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]]
|[[Rajendra Dholakia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|72
|[[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
|[[Hitesh Kumar Bagartti]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
|73
|[[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umerkote (ST)]]
|Jagabandhu Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|74
|[[Jharigam Assembly constituency|Jharigam (ST)]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|75
|[[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nabarangpur (ST)]]
|[[Manohar Randhari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|76
|[[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
|[[Bhujabal Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|77
|[[Lanjigarh Assembly constituency|Lanjigarh (ST)]]
|Shibaji Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|78
|[[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
|Gobardhan Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|79
|[[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharmagarh]]
|Puspendra Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|80
|[[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
|Dusmanta Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|81
|[[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|style="font-size:90%"|
* Leader of the Opposition of the Odisha Legislative Assembly
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|82
|[[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Baliguda (ST)]]
|Karendra Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|83
|[[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri (ST)]]
|Manoj Kumar Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|84
|[[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (ST)]]
|Debendra Kanhar
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|85
|[[Kantamal Assembly constituency|Kantamal]]
|Bhagban Kanhor
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|86
|[[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
|[[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|style="font-size:90%"|
* Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|87
|[[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
|[[Debi Prasad Mishra|Debiprasad Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|88
|[[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
|[[Pravat Tripathy|Pravata Kumar Tripathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|89
|[[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]
|Ramesh Rout
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|90
|[[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]
|[[Debashish Samantaray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|91
|[[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar-Cuttack]]
|Pravat Ranjan Biswal
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|92
|[[Niali Assembly constituency|Niali (SC)]]
|[[Pramod Kumar Mallick]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|93
|[[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar (SC)]]
|Kalindi Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|94
|[[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]]
|[[Chandra Sarathi Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|95
|[[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
|[[Pratap Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|96
|[[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
|[[Bed Prakash Agarwal|Bed Prakash Agrawal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|97
|[[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara (SC)]]
|Sipra Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|98
|[[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
|[[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|99
|[[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]
|Alekh Kumar Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|100
|[[Mahakalapada Assembly constituency|Mahakalapada]]
|[[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|101
|[[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]]
|[[Damodar Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|102
|[[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol (SC)]]
|Rabindra Nath Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|103
|[[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda-ersama]]
|[[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|104
|[[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
|[[Bishnu Charan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|105
|[[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur (SC)]]
|Rabi Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|106
|[[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
|[[Samir Ranjan Dash]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|107
|[[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
|[[Maheswar Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|108
|[[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Bramhagiri]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Das Burma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|109
|[[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
|[[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|110
|[[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]
|[[Pradeep Maharathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|111
|[[Jayadev Assembly constituency|Jayadev (SC)]]
|[[Arabinda Dhali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|112
|[[Bhubaneswar Central Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar Central]]
|Bijaya Kumar Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|113
|[[Bhubaneswar North Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar North]]
|Bhagirathi Badajena
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|114
|[[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Ekamra-bhubaneswar]]
|[[Ashok Chandra Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|115
|[[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatani]]
|[[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|116
|[[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
|[[Prashanta Nanda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|117
|[[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|118
|[[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]]
|Raghunath Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|119
|[[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
|[[Satyanarayan Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|120
|[[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapada]]
|Siddharth Sekhar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|121
|[[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla (SC)]]
|Kashinath Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|122
|[[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
|[[Arun Kumar Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|123
|[[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
|[[Bikram Keshari Arukha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|124
|[[Polasara Assembly constituency|Polasara]]
|Niranjan Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|125
|[[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryangar]]
|[[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|126
|[[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khalikote (SC)]]
|[[Purna Chandra Sethy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|127
|[[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur (SC)]]
|Adikanda Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|128
|[[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
|Debaraj Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|129
|[[Surada Assembly constituency|Surada]]
|[[Purna Chandra Swain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|130
|[[Sanakhemundi Assembly constituency|Sanakhemundi]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|131
|[[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|style="font-size:90%"|
* [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] (2009-14)
|-
|132
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|133
|[[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
|Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|134
|[[Digapahandi Assembly constituency|Digapahandi]]
|[[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|style="font-size:90%"|
* Cabinet Minister, Revenue & Disaster Management (21 May 2009 – 20 May 2014)
* Cabinet Minister, Information & Public Relations (10 May 2011 – 2 August 2012)
|-
|135
|[[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
|[[Usha Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|136
|[[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana (ST)]]
|Chakradhara Paik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|137
|[[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Paralakhemundi]]
|K. Narayana Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|138
|[[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
|Ramamurty Mutika
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|139
|[[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam Cuttack (ST)]]
|Damburudhara Ulaka
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|140
|[[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
|[[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|style="font-size:90%"|
* Deputy Speaker of the Odisha Legislative Assembly (2009-11)
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|141
|[[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Laxmipur (ST)]]
|[[Jhina Hikaka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|142
|[[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
|Basudev Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|143
|[[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
|Rabi Narayan Nanda
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|144
|[[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput (SC)]]
|[[Raghu Ram Padal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|145
|[[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]
|[[Rama Chandra Kadam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|146
|[[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (ST)]]
|Mukunda Sodi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|147
|[[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
|[[Mamta Madhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Government formation ==
Despite fighting against both BJP & [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], the BJD emerged victorious with more than two-thirds majority in the 147 member Legislative Assembly. Naveen Patnaik was sworn in for his third consecutive term by [[Governor of Orissa|Governor]] [[Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare|M.C. Bhandare]] on 2009-05-21 at the Bhubaneswar Raj Bhavan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naveen Patnaik begins third term as Orissa CM |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/naveen-patnaik-begins-third-term-as-orissa-cm-394608 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709015702/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/naveen-patnaik-begins-third-term-as-orissa-cm-394608 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[State Assembly elections in India, 2009]]
* [[Indian general election in Orissa, 2009]]
* [[Legislative Assembly election results of Orissa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:2009 State Assembly elections in India|o]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]
[[Category:April 2009 in India]]

Indian Institute of Management Calcutta

2026-03-24T18:37:34Z

EzraDrago8750:

{{Short description|Public Business School located in Kolkata, West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management Calcutta
| image_name = IIM Calcutta Logo.svg
| image_upright = .8
| caption =
| motto = {{lang|sa|Jñānam Sarvahitāya}}
| mottoeng = Knowledge for the benefit of all
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|1961|11|28}}
| accreditation = {{hlist | [[Triple accreditation]] |[[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]] | [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]] | [[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]] | [[Global Alliance in Management Education|CEMS]]}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist| [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]| [[Institute of National Importance]]}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[business school]]
| chairperson = [[M. Jagadesh Kumar]]
| director = [[Alok Kumar Rai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/about/board-of-governors |title=Board of Governors }}</ref>
| budget = {{INRConvert|226.97|c|1|lk=on}} (2023{{ndash}}24)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| academic_staff = 105 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/sites/default/files/2025-02/Indian-Institute-of-Management-Calcutta20250114.pdf|publisher=IIM Calcutta}}</ref>
| students = 1,154 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 1,058 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 96 (2025)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|22|26|44.20|N|88|18|11.79|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| language = English
| campus = [[Metropolis]] {{convert|140|acre|ha}}
| free_label = Newspaper
| free = ''Joka Times''
| colours =
| logo = IIM Calcutta wordmark logo.svg
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
[[File:Indian Institute of Management Kolkata, Auditorium.jpg|thumb|Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]

'''Indian Institute of Management Calcutta''' ('''IIM Calcutta''' or '''IIM-C''') is a [[Public school (government funded)|public]] [[business school]] located in [[Joka, Kolkata]], West Bengal, India. It was the first [[Indian Institutes of Management|Indian Institute of Management]] to be established, and has been recognized as an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2017.<ref name="Director">{{cite news|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/about|title=Institute Website|author=Swati Garg|date=12 May 2011|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> Programmes offered by IIM Calcutta include a two-year full-time [[MBA]], a one-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma (PGPEX-VLM), a one-year full-time MBA for experienced executives (MBAEx), [[Doctor of Business Administration]] programme, a two-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma in Business Analytics,<ref name=":Pgdba">{{cite web|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/programs/PGDBA|title= Post Graduate Diploma in Business Analytics (PGDBA) – jointly offered by IIM Calcutta, IIT Kharagpur, and ISI |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> and a one-year full-time programme in Healthcare Management. IIM Calcutta is one of only four [[triple accreditation|triple accredited]] business schools in India, and the first to get the recognition.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.mba.today/guide/triple-accreditation-business-schools|title=The Triple Accredited Business Schools (AACSB, AMBA, EQUIS)|work=MBA Today|access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref> It is also the only business school in India which is a part of the [[Global Alliance in Management Education|CEMS Global Alliance in Management Education]].

==History==
After India became [[History of the Republic of India|independent]] in 1947, the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] was entrusted to oversee and direct the development of the nation. India proliferated in the 1950s, and in the late 1950s, the Commission started facing difficulties in finding suitable managers for the large number of [[Public-sector undertaking|public sector enterprises]] that were being established in India as a part of its industrial policy. To solve this problem, the Planning Commission in 1959 invited Professor George Robbins of the [[University of California, Los Angeles|University of California]] to help in setting up an all India level institute of management studies. Based on his recommendations, the Indian government decided to set up two elite management institutes, named ''Indian Institutes of Management''.<ref name="IIMReviewCommitteeReport">{{Cite web|url=http://www.education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |title=Report of IIM Review Committee |author1=RC Bhargava |author2=Ajit Balakrishnan |author3=Anusua Basu |author4=Ram S Tarneja |author5=Ashok Thakur |access-date=19 March 2010 |publisher=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA: MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT |date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173642/http://education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010 }}</ref>

Indian Institute of Management Calcutta was the first of these IIMs, and was established in November 1961<ref name = Director/> in collaboration with the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], the government of [[West Bengal]], the [[Ford Foundation]] and the Indian industry. Its first director was [[K. T. Chandy]], the former chairman of [[Hindustan Unilever|Hindustan Unilever Limited]]. During the initial years of IIM Calcutta, its core team included [[Paul Samuelson]], [[Jagdish Sheth]], J K Sengupta, Peter S King, and Thomas Hill.<ref name="IIMC_about">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimcal.ac.in/campus/default.asp |title=About IIM Calcutta |access-date=16 March 2010 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219215536/http://www.iimcal.ac.in/campus/default.asp |archive-date=19 February 2010 }}</ref>

In its initial years, IIM Calcutta operated from Emerald Bower, Barrackpur Trunk Road, Kolkata. The foundation stone of the current IIM-C campus in Joka, Kolkata, was laid by [[Morarji Desai]], who was then the Deputy Prime Minister of India on 15 December 1968. The institute moved to the new campus in 1975.<ref name="IIMC_campus-infra">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimcal.ac.in/campus/infra.asp |title=IIM Calcutta: Campus – Infrastructure |access-date=18 March 2010 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306234803/http://www.iimcal.ac.in/campus/infra.asp |archive-date=6 March 2010 }}</ref>

The institute played a pivotal role in the tutelage of two fledgling IIMs, fostering their growth and academic integrity throughout their developmental infancy -[[IIM Ranchi]] in 2009,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Kavita |date=28 Aug 2009 |title=New IIMs not good for the brand |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/new-iims-not-good-for-the-brand-55373-2009-08-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227171147/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/new-iims-not-good-for-the-brand-55373-2009-08-28 |archive-date=27 Feb 2026 |access-date=29 Aug 2009 |work=[[India Today]] Aug 29, 2009 10:08 IST |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> and [[IIM Bodh Gaya]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laha |first=Rozelle |date=18 Sep 2015 |title=Distance separates mentors, new IIMs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/distance-separates-mentors-new-iims/story-9CHQPMN6oByxI8qpysJeEP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121175042/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/distance-separates-mentors-new-iims/story-9CHQPMN6oByxI8qpysJeEP.html |archive-date=21 Nov 2015 |access-date=18 Sep 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Sep 18, 2015 6:29 PM IST |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

==Campus==
The main campus of IIM Calcutta, covering {{convert|135|acre|km2|1}} of area, is located in Joka, on the outskirts of [[Kolkata]], India. The institute moved to its present campus in 1975.<ref name="IIMC_campus-infra"/>

In a strategic move to redefine its academic footprint, the Institute formalised a request to the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] in December 2019 for a satellite campus in [[New Town, Kolkata]]. By securing a five-acre plot in this burgeoning tech hub, the institute aims to transcend the geographical limitations of its historic Joka residence. This expansion is designed to facilitate high-impact executive programs and foster deeper industry-academia synergy. Proximity to the international airport and corporate headquarters positions this new wing as a gateway for global collaboration, ensuring the "Jeevan Mukti" legacy thrives within a modern urban ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-allots-new-town-plot-to-iim-calcutta-for-second-campus/articleshow/74472863.cms|title=West Bengal allots New Town plot to IIM Calcutta for second|work=[[The Times of India]] Mar 4, 2020, 13:23 IST|location=[[Kolkata]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Corporate placement and campus drive ==
IIM Calcutta provides wide network of corporate placement opportunities for its students and recently collaborated internationally for exploring students dynamics for international experience. The collaboration happened in December 2021 includes with TreeAndHumanKnot RisingIndia ThinkTank.

===Teaching Blocks===
IIM Calcutta's main ''Academic Block'' is situated next to the main administrative building and has four large lecture halls and several additional classrooms.<ref name="IIMC_campus-infra" /> Another academic building named ''New Teaching Block'' was opened in 2000 to supplement the main block. A new Academic Block has also been constructed and was declared open by the then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]] in August 2011.

[[File:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Auditorium.jpg|thumb|right|200px|alt=IIM Calcutta's Auditorium|The Auditorium at IIM Calcutta]]

===Auditorium===
The Auditorium at IIM Calcutta, popularly called the ''Audi'', hosts most of the important functions in the campus like the convocation, conferences, student events and talks.<ref name="TEDxCalcutta">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tedxcalcutta.com/venue |title=TEDxCalcutta: Venue – Indian Institute Of Management (IIM) Calcutta |access-date=21 March 2010 |work=www.TEDxCalcutta.com }}</ref> The facility seats 750 people and was built at a cost of over {{INRConvert|90|m}}.<ref name="IIMC_campus-infra" /> It is fully air-conditioned and is equipped with ultra-modern equipment including professional audio and visual systems.<ref name="TEDxCalcutta" />

===Library===
The IIM-C library is named Bidhan Chandra Roy Library or BC Roy Memorial Library, after [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], the second [[Chief Minister]] of the state of [[West Bengal]] and the first chairman of the institute. The library is primarily envisioned to meet the requirements of the IIM-C's academic programmes. It was started with a grant from the [[Ford Foundation]].<ref name="IIMC_campus-infra" /> It houses over 160,000 volumes and also subscribes to hundreds of management journals and provides access to a large collection of electronic databases. The library processes and functions are fully computerized and in addition to print material, it provides access to more than 40,000 online full-text journals.<ref name="IIMC_Library_About">{{Cite web |url=http://library.iimcal.ac.in/html/abtkib.php |title=About the Library |access-date=9 April 2010 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta |archive-date=22 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522021409/http://library.iimcal.ac.in/html/abtkib.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:IIM Calcutta MCHV 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|alt=IIM Calcutta's MCHV|The MCHV building at IIM Calcutta]]

===Management Center for Human Values===
The ''Management Center for Human Values (MCHV)'' is located in separate buildings in a part of the campus.

===Hostels & Accommodation===
IIM-C has 4 main hostels for students pursuing its PGDM, PGDCM and Fellow programmes – Ramanujan Hostel (colloquially called '''Old Hostel'''), Tagore Hostel & Annexe (collectively called the '''White Hostel'''), '''New Hostel''' and '''Lake View Hostel'''. Students with families are provided with separate family accommodation. However, PGP students are provided single boarding accommodation only. Preference is given to FPM & MBAEx (formerly PGPEX) students for hostel allotment. There are separate hostels for MBAEx (formerly PGPEX) and PGPEX-VLM programmes. Single accommodation for MBAEx (formerly PGPEX) students is arranged in Management Development Center (MDC). Students pursuing other courses are usually provided accommodation in the Tata Hall, the guest house in the campus.<ref name="IIMC_campus-infra" />

===Financial Research and Trading Lab===
Established in November 2008, the Financial Research and Trading Lab at IIM Calcutta gives an opportunity to students and faculty members to test financial models with "live" information from the major markets of the world like India's [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]], [[Multi Commodity Exchange]], [[National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange]], [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]].<ref name="Indian Express Fin Lab">{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iimc-finance-lab-to-study-major-markets-of/387659/ |title=IIM-C finance lab to study major markets of the world |access-date=17 April 2010 |work=www.IndianExpress.com |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=19 November 2008}}</ref> The lab is the only one of its kind in India, and has advanced industry-standard equipment and facilities including 51 trading terminals, trading simulators and [[Bloomberg Terminal]]s.<ref name="Businessworld Fin Lab">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/B-School/Finance-Lab-At-IIM.html |title=Finance Lab At IIM For Meltdown Lessons |access-date=17 April 2010 |work=www.BusinessWorld.in |publisher=Businessworld |date=19 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207122357/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/B-School/Finance-Lab-At-IIM.html |archive-date=7 December 2010 }}</ref> The lab is aimed to help in academic programmes, research on financial markets, product design and testing, executive education and in organising international and national conferences on finance.<ref name="JT Fin Lab">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jokatimes.com/2009/04/04/financial-trading-and-research-lab/ |title=Financial Trading and Research Lab |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=www.JokaTimes.com }}</ref> The laboratory gives students hands-on experience in financial market data analysis and modelling and also helps in advanced applied research in financial markets.

===Interdisciplinary education===
From 2025 the institute started multiple courses for convergence of various disciplines in inclusivity, sustainability, challenges firms face, and regional transformation in the MBA programme.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Urvashi |date=Nov 2024 |title=Reinvention Key To IIM-C |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/reinvention-key-to-iim-c/119038 |work=Fortune India}}</ref>

===New Campus===
{{multiple image|align=right
|direction=vertical
|image1=IIM Calcutta Lakes 1 - Night Scene.jpg|width1=200|caption1=One of the 7 Lakes
|image2=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Auditorium - Across the lake at night.jpg|width2=200|caption2=Auditorium from across the Lake
}}
The New Campus is composed of two large "houses" each accommodating 175 students in private rooms with attached balconies. An Executive Centre with 200 suites and rooms, having training and syndicate rooms and well fitted executive dining and recreation areas is well under construction.

This new residential campus is connected to the existing campus via a steel bridge.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Calcutta Infrastructure
| url = https://www.mbauniverse.com/college/kolkatamba/indian-institute-of-management-iim-calcutta/infrastructure
| website = MBAUniverse.com
| access-date = 16 December 2024
}}</ref>

The new campus plan and the new buildings are designed by the architect [[Christopher Charles Benninger]] of [[Pune]], India.

==Academics==
===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = Institute

| FT_MBA_2022 = 68
| FT_MBA_2024 = 67
| FT_MiM_2023 = 60
| QS_B_2023 = 68
| QS_B_2024 = 59
| QS_B_A_2023 = 13
| QS_B_A_2024 = 10

| OUTLOOK_B_G_2022 = 3
| OUTLOOK_B_G_2024 = 3
| BT_2022 = 1
| BT_2023 = 1
| NIRF_B_2022 = 3
| NIRF_B_2023 = 4
| NIRF_B_2024 = 5
}}
Worldwide, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' has ranked IIM Calcutta 21 in its Masters in Management Ranking 2020<ref name="Rankings_FT_MiM_2020" /> and 42 in its Global MBA Ranking 2020.<ref name="Rankings_FT_MBA_2020" /> ''[[Quacquarelli Symonds]]'' ranked the IIM Calcutta 65th in the world and 11th in Asia in the [[QS World University Rankings]] Global MBA Rankings 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Full Time MBA Rankings by QS-Global 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/mba-rankings/global?countries=96 |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=QS Global MBA Rankings 2025: Asia |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/mba-rankings/asia |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

In India, IIM Calcutta was ranked seventh among management schools by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2025, a notable drop in its third position back in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904093239/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>

=== Accreditation ===
IIM Calcutta was the first management school in India to complete [[triple accreditation]] by being recognized by three globally reputed b-school accreditation organizations: [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB)]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/indian-institute-of-management-calcutta-wins-accreditation-from-aacsb/articleshow/40384335.cms|title=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta wins accreditation from AACSB|last=Basu|first=Sreeradha|date=19 Aug 2014|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=9 Feb 2019|location=Mumbai|language=en}}</ref> [[European Quality Improvement System|European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS)]] and [[Association of MBAs|Association of MBAs (AMBA)]]. It is also the only Indian business school that is a member of the [[Global Alliance in Management Education]] (CEMS).<ref name="CEMS 1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cems.org/news-media/news/school/iim-calcutta-become-28th-member-school|title=IIM Calcutta to become 28th member school|date=2 October 2012|publisher=[[Global Alliance in Management Education]]|access-date=11 October 2012}}</ref>

==Student life==

===Student Exchange Programmes===

IIM Calcutta has an extensive network of partner B-schools worldwide through which it conducts student exchange programmes. For the Post Graduate Programme, the student exchange programme (''STEP'') is usually held in the fifth term, between August–September and December. Every year during this period, more than a hundred students from IIM Calcutta leave for foreign institutes, and an equivalent number from various B-schools arrive in IIM Calcutta to spend the term there. Other academic programmes of IIM-C also offer exchange programmes.<ref name="IIM Calcutta - Partner Institutes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimcal.ac.in/current-partner-institutes |title=Current Partner Institutes |access-date=10 August 2013 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125024354/http://www.iimcal.ac.in/current-partner-institutes |archive-date=25 January 2014 }}</ref>

===Joka Times===

''Joka Times'' is the student-run online campus magazine-journal of IIM Calcutta.<ref name="JokaTimes About">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jokatimes.com/about/ |title=JokaTimes.com: About |access-date=21 March 2010 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta }}</ref> It serves as a one-stop site for the latest events, news and updates on IIM Calcutta, and showcases the student-life at IIM-C. Joka Times also hosts a forum, through which students applying for courses at IIM Calcutta are guided by existing students at the institute.<ref name="Yahoo - JT Mentorship Story">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/iimc-students-get-busy-guiding-aspirants/ |title=IIM-C students get busy guiding aspirants |date=17 March 2010 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta }}</ref>

===Events===

====Intaglio====
{{Main|Intaglio (Business School Summit)}}

''Intaglio'' is the annual international Business school summit hosted by Indian Institute of Management Calcutta. The flagship event of IIM-C, it was started in 1992 as the ''National Business School Meet (NBSM)'',<ref name="FinExp Intag2002 1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/iimc-annual-business-festival-from-today/34379/ |title=IIM-C annual business festival from today |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=10 January 2002}}</ref><ref name="HinduBusLine Intag2002 1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/01/12/stories/2002011200640500.htm |title=Intaglio gets under way |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=The Hindu Business Line |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=11 January 2002}}</ref> and is widely acknowledged to be the biggest B-school meet in India.<ref name="HinduBusLine Intag2008 1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2007/11/08/stories/2007110851872300.htm |title=IIM Calcutta biz meet in Jan |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=The Hindu Business Line |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=7 November 2007}}</ref> Intaglio, usually held over a 3-day weekend in January, serves as a platform facilitating the interaction of eminent personalities from the industry, academia, media and government, holding conferences, workshops and seminars by experts in different fields on a wide range of topics.<ref name="Telegraph Intag2002 1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021105/asp/calcutta/story_1354134.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021122025656/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021105/asp/calcutta/story_1354134.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2002 |title=Out of the box, leaders-to-be – B-schools in 3-day jamboree |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=The Telegraph |date=5 November 2002 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref name="FinExp Intag2008 1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/258006/ |title=Singapore offers openings in banking, IT, electronics |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=5 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="FinExp Intag2008 2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/237046/ |title=IIM-C's Intaglio gets bigger |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=7 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="FinExp Intag2007 1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/iimc-invites-buddha-to-check-out-best-routes-to-sezs./188324/ |title=IIM-C invites Buddha to check out best routes to SEZs. |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express Group |date=31 December 2006}}</ref> Intaglio also includes a large number of competitive and non-competitive events for B-school students, which attract participation from institutions from around the world, like [[Asian Institute of Technology]], [[Australian Graduate School of Management]], [[China Europe International Business School|CEIBS]], [[ESCP Europe]], [[Harvard Business School]], other [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIMs]], [[London Business School]], [[MIT Sloan School of Management|MIT Sloan]], [[National University of Singapore]], [[University of Toronto]] and the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]].<ref name="FinExp Intag2007 1" /><ref name="CoolAvenues 2008 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.coolavenues.com/bschools/080103/iimc-intaglio-4.php |title=Intaglio 2007–08 at IIM Calcutta Witnesses International Participation at its Highest |author=Deepak H |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=www.coolavenues.com }}</ref> As a mark of its superior quality of events and processes, Intaglio in 2007 became the first event of its kind in India to achieve the [[ISO 9000#2000 version|ISO 9001:2000 certification]] from the [[International Organization for Standardization]].<ref name="PRUrgent 2008 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prurgent.com/2007-12-30/pressrelease6057.htm |title=Intaglio 2007–08, IIM Calcutta – International participation at its highest |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=www.prurgent.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225212333/http://www.prurgent.com/2007-12-30/pressrelease6057.htm |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IIMCal Intag 2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimcal.ac.in/admissions/aditlo/Intaglio.htm |title=A Day in the Life of an IIMCian: Intaglio |author=Bhargav Srikanthan |access-date=26 February 2010 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510131124/http://www.iimcal.ac.in/admissions/aditlo/Intaglio.htm |archive-date=10 May 2009 }}</ref> In 2010, Intaglio got the distinction of being the first carbon-neutral B-school event in India.<ref name="EcoTimes Intag2010 1">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/education/IIM-C-walks-the-extra-green-mile/articleshow/5414503.cms |title=IIM-C walks the extra green mile |author=Mahima Puri |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=The Economic Times |publisher=The Times Group |date=6 January 2010}}</ref>

The major regular events at Intaglio include:<ref name="Intag Site - Showcase Events">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimc-intaglio.com/showcase-events |title=Showcase events |access-date=26 February 2010 |work=www.iimc-intaglio.com |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130084853/http://www.iimc-intaglio.com/showcase-events |archive-date=30 November 2009 }}</ref>
* ''Olympus – the greatest leadership hunt'': The flagship event of Intaglio in its recent editions, Olympus is a business leadership competition in which a single representative each from a few top B-schools compete against one another.
* ''Wizards Of Biz – the boardroom battle'': A business simulation game.
* ''The Great Innovation Challenge'': A competition that tests the business innovation and creative skills of participants.
* ''Consulting Knights'': Co-sponsored by a [[Management consulting]] firm, this event exposes participants to real-life business situations, testing their consulting skills.

====Carpe Diem====

''Carpe Diem'' is the annual cultural fest organised by the students of IIM Calcutta. It is usually held over a 3-day weekend in February and attracts participation from colleges and schools across India. It is the largest B-School Cultural Fest in Eastern India. In 2013, it had over 12,000 participants from 100+ colleges.<ref name="Carpe Diem About">{{Cite web |url=http://iimc-carpediem.com/ |title=Welcome to Carpe Diem |access-date=17 April 2010 |work=www.IIMC-CarpeDiem.com |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta |archive-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606015629/http://iimc-carpediem.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The major regular events at Carpe Diem are:<ref name="Carpe Diem Mega Events">{{Cite web|url=http://iimc-carpediem.com/2010/index.php/mega-events |title=Carpe Diem: Mega Events |access-date=17 April 2010 |work=www.IIMC-CarpeDiem.com |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303044057/http://iimc-carpediem.com/2010/index.php/mega-events |archive-date=3 March 2010 }}</ref>
* ''Armageddon'': Amateur [[Rock music]] competition.
* ''Symphony'': Musical concert.
* ''Razzmatazz'': Fashion show.
* ''Euphoria'': Dance competition.

====Lattice====

''Lattice'' is the annual business symposium organized by the MBAEx (formerly PGPEX) students of IIM Calcutta. It is a platform that facilitates interaction of students of IIM Calcutta with leaders of Indian society and industry. ''Lattice'' is usually held in October. It attracts guests from different spheres of Indian industry, society, IIM Calcutta alumnus, and students from different business schools. The event was started in year 2010.

====7 Lakes Fest====

''7 Lakes Fest'' is the inaugural college fest to be held in December 2020 combining the legacy of 28 years of Intaglio (Business Summit), Carpe Diem (Cultural Fest), and 7 Lakes Run (Sports). Spread over three days, 7 Lakes Fest is the most prominent college fest of the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta. It provides a platform for participants from Indian institutes to come together and showcase their talent in business skills, music, dance, quizzing, sports, creativity, theatre, and literary events.<ref name="7 Lakes Fest About">{{Cite web |url=http://iimc-7lakesfest.com/ |title=IIM Calcutta - 7 Lakes Fest |access-date=3 December 2020 |work=www.iimc-7lakesfest.com |publisher=Indian Institute of Management Calcutta }}</ref>

==Notable people==

=== Alumni ===
IIM Calcutta has a 15,000+ strong alumni network who have taken up careers in [[Management]], [[Academy]], [[Public service]], [[Social work|Social Service]] around the world and made significant impact in the chosen areas. Every year the institute hosts Golden and Silver jubilee reunion.<ref name="IIMC Reunion">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/iim-reunion-kicks-off-195884 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427184103/https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/iim-reunion-kicks-off-195884 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2018 |title= Reminiscence - IIM Calcutta Reunion }}</ref> Since 2011 the institute has been awarding a Distinguished Alumni Award to alumni who have made immense contributions in the fields of [[Management]], [[Academy]], [[Public service]], [[Social work|Social Service]].<ref name="Distinguished Alumni Award - IIM Calcutta">{{Cite news |url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/alumni/distinguished-alumnus-award/2011 |title= Distinguished Alumni Award - IIM Calcutta}}</ref> Notable alumni include [[Krishnamurthy Subramanian]], [[Ajit Balakrishnan]], [[Sunil Duggal]], [[Ramachandra Guha]], [[Indra Nooyi]], [[Shyam Srinivasan]], [[Amish Tripathi]], [[Gopal Vittal]] and [[Swami Mukundananda]].

===Faculty and staff===
:''See also [[:Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]''
{{alumni|people|date=October 2017}}
Past and present faculty at IIM Calcutta include many prominent scholars such as management educationist [[Ravi J. Matthai]], economists [[Paul Samuelson]], [[Ashok Mitra]], [[Yoginder K Alagh]] and [[Deepak Nayyar]], statisticians [[Warren Bennis]], [[Jagdish Sheth]] and [[Rahul Mukerjee]], anthropologist [[Surajit Chandra Sinha]], and historians [[Barun De]] and [[Rajat Kanta Ray]].

==See also==
* [[Indian Institutes of Management]]
* [[Institutes of National Importance]]
* [[Education in India]] and [[Higher education in India]]
* [[Common Admission Test|Common Admission Test (CAT)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Cems School}}
{{Triple accreditation}}
{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute Of Management Calcutta}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta| ]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management|Calcutta]]
[[Category:Business schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in South 24 Parganas district]]

RK Hemabati

2026-03-20T22:50:32Z

EzraDrago8750: New.

{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

'''RK Hemabati''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯖꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯍꯦꯃꯥꯕꯇꯤ}}, born 23 December 1954) is an Indian [[veteran]] actress from [[Manipur]], known for her roles in [[Meitei language]] [[Meitei cinema|films]] and [[Modern Meitei theatre|theatre]]. She gained early recognition for her performances as a [[lead actress]] in [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri cinema]] during the 1970s and later transitioned to character roles, particularly portraying [[maternal]] figures. Hemabati is also a writer and radio drama scriptwriter, with decades of contribution to the [[Art of Manipur|arts in Manipur]].<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati">{{Cite web|last=Ngangbam|first=Amukhomba|date=2016-10-07|title=Rendezvous with Manipuri Film Actress R.K. Hemabati {{!}} Manipur Times|url=https://manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati/|access-date=2025-07-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102">{{Cite web|title=Interview with RK Hemabati 201102 - E-rang :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Interview/Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102.php|access-date=2025-07-13|website=e-pao.org}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

RK Hemabati was born in Nongmeibung Wangkheirakpam Leikai, [[Imphal]], Manipur to R.K. Sanatomba and Ngangbisija Devi. She is the fourth of eight siblings. She completed her early education at Mutum Leikai LP School and passed her matriculation from Ananda Singh Higher Secondary School in 1970–71. She graduated from GP Women's College in 1975.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

From a young age, Hemabati showed interest in the performing arts, including singing, dancing, and acting. Although she had a passion for singing, she did not pursue formal training due to the absence of a mentor.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

== Career beginnings and social challenges ==

In traditional Manipuri society, women faced social stigma for pursuing careers in the performing arts. Despite the discouragement, Hemabati began performing in plays during her spare time. She faced criticism from society but remained dedicated to her passion for acting.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

=== Film career ===

==== Debut and early roles ====

Hemabati made her film debut in 1976 with the lead role in [[Yairipok Thambalnu]], which brought her widespread recognition in Manipuri cinema. Although her parents were initially hesitant about her acting career, they encouraged her to pursue it with determination.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

She went on to appear in several Manipuri celluloid films, including Khonjel, [[Khamba Thoibi]], Meichak, Thamoinadi Kouhouri, Amambasu Anganbani, and Aroiba Natte. Due to the high cost of producing films at the time, only a limited number were made, and Hemabati acted in nine such films.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

==== Transition to digital films ====

Her first digital film was Thajabagi Wangmada. Initially hesitant to accept digital film roles, she eventually embraced them, believing that "art is art" regardless of format.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

One of her most notable performances was in Thamoinadi Kouhouri, where she played a poor woman who suffers deep personal losses. The film, produced by Bright Films, remains one of her masterpieces. She has acted in approximately nine films under the Bright Films banner.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

=== Character roles and "mother" figure ===

As she aged, Hemabati began accepting roles as a mother, though she initially found it emotionally difficult after playing heroine roles for many years. Before accepting such roles, she consulted with her family and peers.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

== Theatre work ==

Although Hemabati began her career in films, she later joined the Manipur Dramatic Union (MDU) to improve her acting skills. She received training from various theatre instructors and performed in notable plays such as [[Khamba Thoibi]], Sana Yathang, Samajgi Langlen, [[Tikendrajit Singh|Bir Tikendrajit]], and [[Puya Mei Thaba]]. She continues to act in selected theatrical productions.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

== Television and radio ==

Hemabati has acted in over seven television plays, including Shambaldi Leihouri, Ipam Lamdam Lamnungshi, and Changyengduda. She has also performed in more than 100 radio plays. One of her most acclaimed roles is that of Poda, a widow, in the teleplay Changyengduda. She continues to play lead roles in radio dramas, where her voice acting remains highly appreciated.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

== Writing career ==

Apart from acting, Hemabati is also a writer. She has written poetry, short stories, and scripts for radio dramas. Her radio play Angouba Leichil was broadcast by [[All India Radio]] (AIR) Imphal. In 2005, she published a collection of 21 short stories titled Chekla amadi Khonglembi.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

== Recognition and awards ==

In recognition of her contributions to Manipuri cinema and theatre, RK Hemabati received the Best Supporting Actress Award at the 5th RJ Film Vision Special Awards in 2011, organized by the Film Academy Manipur (FAM).<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

== Personal life and career in government ==

Hemabati is married to Haobam Priyokumar, and they have two children—a daughter and a son. The family resides in Kangabam Leikai, Imphal. Outside her artistic career, she worked as an [[Inspector]] in the Economics and Statistics Department of the [[Government of Manipur]]. She joined the department in 1979 and retired in 2017.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

== Later life and continued artistic pursuits ==

After her retirement, Hemabati began formal training in singing under noted artist Asem Boimola. She plans to continue engaging in artistic activities, especially singing and writing. Her favorite songs include Chita Thakki Kundo Pareng and Lairabibi Hainei Ima Nangbu.<ref name=":manipurtimes.com/rendezvous-with-manipuri-film-actress-r-k-hemabati" /><ref name=":Interview_with_RK_Hemabati_201102" />

== Selected filmography ==
* Yairipok Thambalnu (1984) - as [[Thambalnu]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-08|title=Manipur: 38-year-old “Yairipok Thambalnu” celluloid film digital version enthralls film lovers|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-38-year-old-yairipok-thambalnu-celluloid-film-digital-version-enthralls-film-lovers-494738-2023-01-08|access-date=2025-12-13|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Yairipok Thambalnu (1984) - KLMDb|url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000046|language=en|access-date=2025-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=38th Years of Yairipok Thambalnu On 8th January 2023 at Palace Auditorium, MSFDS|url=https://www.kumhei.com/kumhei/movies/889-yairipok-thambalnu|access-date=2025-12-13|website=Kumhei|language=en}}</ref>
* Khamba Thoibi (1997) - as [[Khamnu]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=R. K. Hemabati as Khamnu in Khamba Thoibi (1997) - Cast|url=https://klmdb.com/cast/0000128|access-date=2025-12-15|website=KLMDb|language=en}}</ref>
* Thamoinadi Kouhouri (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thamoinadi Kouhouri - E-rang :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Thamoinadi_Kouhouri.php|access-date=2025-12-15|website=e-pao.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=thamoinadi kouhouri|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.thamoinadi_kouhouri|access-date=2025-12-15|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Kaboklei (2009)<ref>{{Cite web|last=PHANJOUBAM|first=PRADIP|date=2021-07-03|title=“Kaboklei” Will Remain as One of the Rare 'Round Characters' in Manipuri Film's Exploration of Cinematic Styles » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|url=https://imphalreviews.in/kaboklei-will-remain-as-one-of-the-rare-rounded-characters-in-manipuri-films-exploration-of-cinematic-styles/|access-date=2025-12-15|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Nungshit Mapi (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|title=R. K. Hemabati as MLA's wife in Nungshit Mapi (2015) - Cast|url=https://klmdb.com/cast/0000494|access-date=2025-12-15|website=KLMDb|language=en}}</ref>
* TORO (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|title=announcements channel >>Ann 2015 ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur|url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2015.Toro_Film_Release_at_BOAT_20150311|access-date=2025-12-13|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Toro Film Release at BOAT 20150311|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2015.Toro_Film_Release_at_BOAT_20150311|access-date=2025-12-15|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Mandalay Mathel (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|title=R. K. Hemabati as Ibemhal in Mandalay Mathel (2017) - Cast|url=https://klmdb.com/cast/0001727|access-date=2025-12-15|website=KLMDb|language=en}}</ref>
* Wakching Thagi Sanarei (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Wakching Thagi Sanarei - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2020/Gallery_WakchingThagiSanarei_2020_2.html|access-date=2025-12-15|website=e-pao.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scenes from Wakching Thagi Sanarei - a manipuri digital film :: E-pao Movie Channel|url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Behind/2020/Gallery_WakchingThagiSanarei_2020_1.html|access-date=2025-12-15|website=e-pao.org}}</ref>
* Ngamnaba Lanphamse (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naocha|first=Guru Aribam|date=2024-07-20|title=Yaipha Thouni of film “Ngamnaba Lanphamse” held|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/yaipha-thouni-of-film-ngamnaba-lanphamse-held/|access-date=2025-12-13|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Lonthoktaba Thamoi (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yaipha Thouni Thouram held : 07th oct25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp5..071025.oct25|access-date=2025-12-15|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mangka Mayanglambam]]
* [[OC Meira]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Meitei cinema]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]

Bijapur

2026-03-13T22:53:42Z

EzraDrago8750: Article updated with improved flow

{{about|the city known officially as "Vijayapura"|the town|Vijayapura, town|other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijapur
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| official_name = Vijayapura
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Bijapur Montage.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Gol Gumbaz]], [[Shivagiri|Shivagiri Monument]], [[Bara Kaman]], [[Jama Mosque, Bijapur|Jama Mosque]].
| nickname = City of victory
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Vijayapura in Karnataka
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.83|N|75.71|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 10th-11th centuries
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = City Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = Vijayapura Mahanagara Palike (VMP)
| leader_title1 = Commissioner
| leader_name1 = Badruddin Saudagar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 102.38
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 592.23
| population_total = 326,360
| population_metro =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 9th (Karnataka)
| population_demonym = Vijayapurian, Bijapuri
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 586101-xxx109
| area_code = 08352
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-28
| website = {{URL|http://www.vijayapuracity.mrc.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bijapur''' (officially '''Vijayapura'''<ref name="official_name">{{cite news |title=Bangalore becomes 'Bengaluru'; 11 other cities renamed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bangalore-becomes-bengaluru-11-other-cities-renamed/articleshow/45002333.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=1 November 2014 |location=Bangalore |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113433 |title=Renaming of cities |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=5 August 2017 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806061139/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113433 |archive-date=6 August 2017}}</ref>) is the district headquarters of the [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] of the [[Karnataka]] state of [[India]]. It is also the headquarters for [[Bijapur Taluk]]. Bijapur city is well known for its historical monuments of architectural importance built during the rule of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]. It is also well known for the popular Karnataka premier league team, the [[Bijapur Bulls]]. Bijapur is located {{cvt|519|km}} northwest of the state capital [[Bengaluru]] and about {{cvt|550|km}} from [[Mumbai]] and {{cvt|210|km}} north east of the city of [[Belgaum]].

The city was established in the 10th–11th centuries during the time of [[Kalyani Chalukyas]] and was known as ''Vijayapura'' (city of victory). The city was passed to [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]]s after Chalukya's demise. In 1347, the area was conquered by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. After the split of the Bahmani Sultanate, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]] ruled from the city. Relics of the Sultanates' rule can be found in the city, including the [[Bijapur Fort]], [[Bara Kaman]], [[Jama Mosque, Bijapur|Jama Masjid]], and [[Gol Gumbaz]].

Bijapur, one of the popular heritage cities in Karnataka, is also one of the top ten populated cities in Karnataka. Bijapur city was declared as one of the corporations in the state of Karnataka in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tumkur, Shimoga and Bijapur cities to be upgraded as Municipal Corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tumkur-shimoga-and-bijapur-cities-to-be-upgraded-as-municipal-corporations/article5085415.ece |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=2 September 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Bijapur urban population as per [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] was 326,000, perhaps the 9th biggest city in Karnataka. Vijayapura Mahanagara Palike (VMP) is the newest Municipal Corporation formed under the KMC act, along with [[Shimoga]] and [[Tumkur]] Municipal Corporations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Karnataka-could-see-more-city-corporations-based-on-2011-census-says-minister/articleshow/23217671.cms | title=Karnataka could see more city corporations based on 2011 census, says minister | first=Jaideep | last=Shenoy | date=28 September 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=21 October 2018 }}</ref> Administratively, Bijapur district comes under [[Belgaum]] division, along with [[Bagalkote]], [[Belgaum]], [[Dharwad]], [[Gadag]], [[Haveri]] and [[Uttara Kannada]] (Karwar) districts.

Civic administration of the city is managed by the Bijapur City Corporation and office of Deputy Commissioner in Bijapur. The office of Deputy Commissioner has the responsibility for rural areas in Bijapur, while the corporation administers the city of Bijapur. Effective administration of the heritage city of Bijapur is the main purpose of the [[Vijayapura City Corporation]].

== History ==
[[File:Visapoer int ryck vanden Grooten Mogol en Indien - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg|thumb|"Visapoer", 1690<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1500_1599/bijapur/viewsearly/viewsearly.html|title=viewsearly|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref>|left]]
[[File:Plan of Bijapur India 1911.jpg|thumb|300px|Plan of Bijapur, 1911|left]]

=== Early history ===
The Bijapur district is historically, traditionally and legendarily, one of the richest districts in the state. Evidence found here reveals that it was an inhabited place since the Stone Age. The history of this district is divided into four periods, from the Chalukya acquisition of Badami till the Muslim invasion.

The early [[Western Chalukya]] period lasted from about 535 to about 757; the Rastrakuta period from 757 to 973; the Kalachuri and Hoysala period from 973 to about 1200; the Devagiri Yadava period from 1185 to the Muslim conquest of Devagiri in 1312.

=== Bahmani and Bijapur Sultanates ===
{{main|Sultanate of Bijapur|Bahmani Sultanate}}
[[File:Ibrahim Rauza, Bijapur, Karnataka.jpg|thumb|[[Ibrahim Rauza]], completed in 1626 is the burial place of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] and his family]]
Bijapur first came under the influence of [[Alauddin Khalji]], the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]], towards the end of the 13th century, and then under the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in 1347. In 1347, when the Bahamani Sultanate was established, it included the southern and eastern parts of Bijapur district. The Sultanate was divided into several provinces, ([[Bahmani taraf|tarafs]]) including Bijapur. The capital of the province was Bijapur, with boundaries extending to present parts of [[North Karnataka]] south and west of [[Maharashtra]] including the [[Konkan]], and was a centre for trading overseas. The supremacy of the Bahmanis and authority over its provinces ceased by 1490. At that time five dynasties were born, and one of them was the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]]. In 1518, the Bahmani Sultanate formally split into five splinter states known as the [[Deccan sultanates]], ruled by the aforementioned five dynasties. The sultans of the Bijapur Sultanate ruled from 1490 to 1686. The city of Bijapur owes much of its greatness to [[Yusuf Adil Shah]], the founder of the independent state of Bijapur,{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} sultan [[Ali Adil Shah I]], who fortified the city and grew its working class population,{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=86}} and [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of Bijapur.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=89}} At its peak under the Bijapur Sultanate in the early 17th century, half a million to a million people were estimated to have inhabited the city.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=90}}

The Mughal emperor [[Aurangazeb]] conquered Bijapur from the Adil Shahis in 1686{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=270}} and had two years prior turned Bijapur into a [[subah]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Disease and other natural events resulting in large-scale death following the Mughal conquest significantly reduced the city's population.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=270}} Bijapur was under Mughal rule up to 1723. In 1724 the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State]] established his independence in the Deccan and included Bijapur within his dominion. However, his acquisition on this portion was of brief duration, and in 1760 it went into the hands of the [[Maratha Confederacy]].
[[File:Overland trade routes through the Deccan.jpg|thumb|Trade routes through [[the Deccan]], connecting Bijapur to [[Goa]] and [[Dabhol]] (1666 French map)]]

=== British Colonial period ===
After the 1818 defeat of the Peshwa by the British in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], Bijapur passed into the hands of the [[British East India Company]], and was assigned to the Maratha [[princely state]] [[Satara State|Satara]].

In 1817, war broke out between the British and the Marathas. By 1818, the whole of Bijapur was occupied by the British and was included in the territory assigned to the Raja of Satara. In 1848 the territory of Satara was obtained through the failure of heir and the British rule started. Till 1884, the Bijapur district had headquarters at Kaladagi. Bijapur was made headquarters in 1885.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

=== Post-Independence ===
After Independence, the movement for re-organisation of States gained further momentum and on 1 November 1956 a separate "Mysore State" was formed. By the wish of the people it was renamed as "Karnataka". Thus, the district Bijapur along with other Kannada speaking areas became a part of "Karnataka State" on 1 November 1956.

Central government had approved the request to rename the city in October 2014 from Bijapur to "Vijayapura" on 1 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prabhu |first1=Nagesh |title=Good morning, Bengaluru |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from-bangalore-to-bengaluru/article6553314.ece|access-date=1 November 2014|work=The Hindu |date=1 November 2014 }}</ref>

== Geography ==
Bijapur is located 519 km from the state capital [[Bengaluru]], 163 km from [[Kalaburagi]], 196 km from [[Hubli]], 212 km from [[Belagavi]]. Bijapur has a semi-arid climate. It is located at {{coord|16.83|N|75.7|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bijapur, India|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Bijapur.html|website=Falling Rain }}</ref> It has an average elevation of 606 metres (1988 ft). The district has two types of soil. The first is "deep black soil" (or yeari bhoomi), which is good for the crops like jawar, wheat, pulses, sunflower, etc. The major portion of the district consists of this kind of soil which has a great moisture-holding capacity. The second type is "red soil‟ (or masari /maddi bhoomi), which is generally poor, good for irrigation and horticulture.

Krishna river is the most important river of the district. It flows about 125 miles in the district. A dam is built across the river at Almatti. Bhima river flows in northern part of district for about 20 miles. It overflows in the rainy season and spreads over a wider area, which is thereby rendered extremely fertile land. In central part of district Doni river flows.

===Climate and temperature===
The climate of Bijapur district is generally dry and healthy. In summer, especially in April and May, it is very hot; at that time the temperature lays between 40-degrees Celsius to 42-degrees Celsius. In the winter season, from November to January, the temperature is between 15-degrees Celsius to 20-degrees Celsius. Usually the district has dry weather, so the humidity varies from 10% to 30%. The district has 34 rain gauge stations. The average annual rainfall for the whole district is 552.8 mm, with 37.2 rainy days. The monsoon generally reaches the district by June and lasts till October. Though the total rainfall is not high, the district benefits both from the south-west and the north-east monsoons. The annual rainfall varies from place to place within the district.{{Weather box
| location = Bijapur (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 39.4
| Feb record high C = 41.1
| Mar record high C = 41.9
| Apr record high C = 43.3
| May record high C = 44.9
| Jun record high C = 43.0
| Jul record high C = 36.9
| Aug record high C = 36.5
| Sep record high C = 37.4
| Oct record high C = 37.3
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 34.6
| year record high C = 44.9
| Jan high C = 30.7
| Feb high C = 33.5
| Mar high C = 36.8
| Apr high C = 38.8
| May high C = 39.1
| Jun high C = 33.6
| Jul high C = 30.9
| Aug high C = 30.6
| Sep high C = 31.2
| Oct high C = 31.4
| Nov high C = 30.5
| Dec high C = 29.8
| year high C = 33.1
| Jan low C = 15.3
| Feb low C = 17.4
| Mar low C = 21.2
| Apr low C = 23.8
| May low C = 23.9
| Jun low C = 22.6
| Jul low C = 22.0
| Aug low C = 21.5
| Sep low C = 21.4
| Oct low C = 20.6
| Nov low C = 17.7
| Dec low C = 14.6
| year low C = 20.3
| Jan record low C = 6.4
| Feb record low C = 8.9
| Mar record low C = 11.2
| Apr record low C = 15.8
| May record low C = 17.8
| Jun record low C = 17.2
| Jul record low C = 16.1
| Aug record low C = 16.7
| Sep record low C = 16.1
| Oct record low C = 11.8
| Nov record low C = 5.6
| Dec record low C = 6.0
| year record low C = 5.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 2.0
| Feb rain mm = 1.0
| Mar rain mm = 7.3
| Apr rain mm = 27.2
| May rain mm = 46.7
| Jun rain mm = 100.8
| Jul rain mm = 78.6
| Aug rain mm = 92.9
| Sep rain mm = 134.7
| Oct rain mm = 132.0
| Nov rain mm = 19.5
| Dec rain mm = 4.7
| year rain mm = 647.4
| Jan rain days = 0.1
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.9
| Apr rain days = 1.7
| May rain days = 3.5
| Jun rain days = 5.6
| Jul rain days = 5.6
| Aug rain days = 6.1
| Sep rain days = 7.8
| Oct rain days = 6.0
| Nov rain days = 1.5
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 39.1
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 35
| Feb humidity = 29
| Mar humidity = 26
| Apr humidity = 28
| May humidity = 33
| Jun humidity = 57
| Jul humidity = 66
| Aug humidity = 65
| Sep humidity = 63
| Oct humidity = 56
| Nov humidity = 49
| Dec humidity = 41
| year humidity = 46
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Bijapur Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 149–150
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M91
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>
| source =
}}

==Description==
The city consists of three distinct portions: the citadel, [[Bijapur Fort|the fort]] and the remains of the city. The citadel, built by the Adilshahi Sultans, a mile in circuit, is of great strength, well built of the most massive materials, and encompassed by a ditch {{convert|100|yd|m}} wide, formerly supplied with water. The fort, which was completed by the Adilshahi Sultans in 1566, is surrounded by a wall 6 m. in circumference. This wall is from 30 to {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} high, and is strengthened with ninety-six massive bastions of various designs. In addition there are ten others at the various gateways. The width is about {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}}; from bastion to bastion runs a battlement curtained wall about {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} high. The whole is surrounded by a deep moat 30 to {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}} broad. Inside these walls the Bijapur kings bade defiance to all comers. Outside the walls are the remains of a vast city, now for the most part in ruins, but the innumerable tombs, mosques, which have resisted the havoc of time, afford abundant evidence of the ancient splendor of the place.
[[Badami]], [[Aihole]], and [[Pattadakal]], near Bijapur, are noted for their historical temples in the [[Chalukya]] architectural style.

Bijapur is nearly {{cvt|530|km}} from the state capital Bengaluru. It lies between latitude 15.20 and 17.28 north and longitude 74.59 and 76.28 east. It is situated well in the interior of the Deccan Peninsula and is about 130 miles away from the west coast.

The district is bounded by [[Solapur district]] to the north and [[Sangli district]] to the north-west, [[Belgaum district]] on the west, [[Bagalkot district]] to the south, [[Gulbarga district]], [[Yadgir District]] to the east and [[Raichur District]] to the south-east.

== Sufis of Bijapur ==
[[File:Dargah Murtuza Bijapur.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tomb or Dargah of Sufi Saint Hazrat Murtuza Quadri located at western side Bijapur]]
Arrival of [[Sufis]] in the Bijapur region was started during the reign of [[Qutbuddin Aibak]]. During this period [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] was under the control of native [[Hindu]] rulers and Palegars. Shaikh Haji Roomi was the first to arrive in Bijapur with his companions. Although his other comrades like Shaikh Salahuddin, Shaikh Saiful Mulk and Syed Haji Makki were settled in [[Pune]], Haidra and Tikota respectively.

According to Tazkiraye Auliyae Dakkan i.e., Biographies of the saints of the Deccan, compiled by Abdul Jabbar Mulkapuri in 1912–1913,
{{cquote|Sufi Sarmast was one of the earliest sufi of this region. He came to the Deccan from [[Arab]]ia in the 13th Century at a time when the Deccan was a land of unbelievers with no sign of Islam or correct faith anywhere. His companions, pupils (fakir), disciples (murid), and soldiers (ghazi), numbered over seven hundred. He settled in Sagar in Solapur district. There, a zealous and anti-Muslim raja named Kumaram (Kumara Rama) wished to expel Sufi Sarmast, and his companions having also prepared to a struggle, a bitter fight ensued. Heroes on both sides were slain. Finally the raja was killed by the hand of his daughter. Countless Hindus were killed, and at this time Lakhi Khan Afghan and Nimat Khan came from [[Delhi]] to assist him. Hindus were defeated and the Muslims were victorious. The rest of the Hindus, having accepted tributary status, made peace. Since by nature he was fundamentally not combative, Sufi Sarmast spread the religion of [[Muhammad|Mohammed]] and befriended the hearts of Hindus. Having seen his fine virtue s and uncommon justice, many Hindus of that time accepted Islam, finally he died in the year A.H.680 i.e., 1281 A.D.{{sfn|Eaton|1978|p=22}}}}

After this period arrival of Sufis in Bijapur and suburbs was started. Ainuddin Gahjul Ilm Dehelvi narrates that Ibrahim Sangane was one of the early Sufis of Bijapur parish. Sufis of Bijapur can be divided into three categories according to period of their arrival viz., Sufis before [[Bahmani]] and / or Adil Shahi Dynasty, Sufis during Adil Shahi Dynasty and Sufis after the fall of Adil Shahi Dynasty. And further it can be classified as Sufis as warriors, Sufis as social reformers, Sufis as scholars, poets and writers.

Ibrahim Zubairi writes in his book Rouzatul Auliyae Beejapore (compiled during 1895) which describes that more than 30 tombs or Dargahs are there in Bijapur with more than 300 ''Khankahs'' i.e., Islamic Missionary Schools with notable number of disciples of different lineage like ''Hasani Sadat, Husaini Sadat, Razavi Sadat, Kazmi Sadat, Shaikh Siddiquis, Farooquis, Usmanis, Alvis, Abbasees'' and other and spiritual chains like ''Quadari, Chishti, Suharwardi, Naqshbandi, Shuttari, Haidari ''etc.

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|source = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|1931|39747
|1941 |48968
|1951|65734
|1961|78854
|1971|103931
|1981 |147313
|1991|193131
|2001|253891
|2011|326360
}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bijapur City (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|62.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|35.56}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Karnataka|Jainism]]|brown|1.14}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.18}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

Bijapur City had a population of 326,360 population as per census 2011. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bijapur has an effective literacy rate of 83.43%, higher than the national average of 74%; with male literacy of 88.92% and female literacy of 77.86%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Kannada]] is the major language spoken here.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=census.gov.in |access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bijapur city (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 51.43 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 34.35 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 5.38 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 3.85 |color4 = darkgoldenrod
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 2.01 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value6 = 1.17 |color6 = aqua
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.81 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 51.43% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 34.35% [[Urdu]], 5.38% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 3.85% [[Lambadi]], 2.01% [[Hindi]] and 1.17% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Town): Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Transport ==
===Road===
Bijapur is geographically and strategically well connected through major cities by four lane NH-13 (Solapur–Mangalore) (now [[National Highway 50 (India)|NH50]]), [[National Highway 218 (India)|NH-218]] (Hubli–Humnabad) and other state highways. The main stand in Bijapur is near the southwestern side of the citadel, near the city center. Bus services to Badami, Belgaum, Almatti, Gulbarga, Bidar, Hubli, Solapur and Sangli, Miraj are frequent.
Bijapur is geographically & strategically well connected through major cities by four lane NH 13(Solapur–Mangalore) (now NH50), NH-218 (Hubli–Humnabad) and other state highways.
Bijapur is a big road transport hub and its state run bus transport division has 6 depots/units and comes under [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (KKRTC) headquartered at [[Gulbarga]].
The division plys many premium multi-axle coaches, sleeper coach, sitting push back coach with AC and Non AC with makers like [[Volvo]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Isuzu]] [[Tata Motors]], [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Mitsubishi]] etc. services to [[Bengaluru]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Mangalore]], [[Mysore]], [[Hubli]], [[Belgaum]] and other major cities.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Railways===
Bijapur is well connected by rail with Bengaluru and other major cities of India (Mumbai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Hubli and Solapur). It has its own railhead that is located just {{cvt|2|km}} from the main town.

[[Bijapur railway station]] is connected by a [[broad-gauge railway]] ([[Gadag–Hotgi railway line]]) to Hotgi Junction near [[Solapur railway station]] and [[Kurduvadi railway station]] on [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] towards the north and to [[Bagalkot]]e and [[Gadag]] junction on [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]] towards the south. Bijapur is connected with direct trains to [[Solapur]], [[Bagalkot]]e, [[Gadag]], [[Dharwad]], [[Bellary|Ballari]], [[Yeswanthpur]] ([[Bengaluru]]), [[Hubli]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. Bijapur comes under [[Hubli]] division of South Western Railway (SWR)

''Direct railway line to [[Gulbarga]] and [[Belgaum]]''

Bijapur–[[Shahabad, Gulbarga|Shahabad]] is a proposed new railway line (via Devar Hippargi, Sindgi, Jewargi) and was sanctioned in the state budget of 2010–11.{{Citation needed|reason=No Crystal Ball|date=April 2013}}

Bijapur–[[Athani, Belgaum|Shedbal]] is a proposed new railway line (via [[Tikota]], [[Athani (Karnataka)|Athani]], [[Shedbal]]) survey has been completed and submitted to South Western Railway [[Hubli]].

GoK's intention is to develop Bijapur - [[Gulbarga]] belt as a cement & steel hub, which has created a need for a direct railway line between Bijapur and Shahabad. This would also be able to carry coal from the Jharkhand and Singareni collieries for NTPC's 4000 MW Power Project in [[Kudagi]] (Basavana Bagewadi Taluk). The Bijapur–Shahabad line would run {{cvt|156.60|km}} and be under the South Western Railway. Partial private sector financing is required; however, state government will contribute two-thirds of the project cost of the railway line, which is estimated at Rs. 12 billion over the first five years, in a role as an investor in return for a share in the profits.

A similar proposal has been made for sugar belt on the Bijapur Athani [[Belgaum]] new line, which will also provide shorter connectivity from [[Goa]] to [[Solapur]], [[Gulbarga]], [[Bidar]], [[Nagpur]], [[Kolkata]]. The line would run {{cvt|112.3|km}} and be under South Western Railway, if project is taken into consideration it will be on 50:50 cost sharing basis on both state and railways.

===Air transport===
The nearest airport is at [[Kalaburagi Airport|Gulbarga]] (152 km). Many airlines connect Bijapur to the rest of India via this airport. A [[greenfield airport]] which can accommodate [[ATR 72]] & Airbus 320 (expansion afterwards) is currently being built by the Karnataka government. The land has already been acquired. [[Bijapur Airport]] will be built by the Karnataka State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (KSIIDC) at a cost of Rs 220 crore. The project site is located 15 km from the city on {{convert|727|acre|km2|adj=on}} of land in Madhubavi villages. The construction has started and airport is expected to be ready by February 2024<ref name="TNIE1">{{cite news |title=Bijapur airport gets Karnataka cabinet nod, 18-month deadline to start operations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/jul/10/vijayapura-airport-gets-karnataka-cabinet-nod-18-month-deadline-to-start-operations-2167937.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=10 July 2020 |access-date= 28 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Education==
Bijapur is emerging as a hub for professional education. Before the 1980s, there were very few professional educational institutions. Along with the professional colleges there are many colleges which provide under-graduate and post-graduate degrees in the faculty of applied science, pure science, social-sciences and humanities.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Engineering colleges are affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] viz, [[B.L.D.E.A's V.P. Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology]] and SECAB College of Engineering and Technology.

Al Ameen Medical college is affiliated to [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rguhs.ac.in/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229231043/http://www.rguhs.ac.in/|url-status=dead|title=Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Karnataka|archivedate=29 December 2010|website=www.rguhs.ac.in}}</ref>

The first women's university in the state of Karnataka is located at Bijapur. Various post-graduate courses like MBA, MCA are conducted here. Bijapur also has BLDE ([[Deemed university|deemed to be university]], a deemed university of health sciences recognised by the UGC.<ref>{{cite web |title=BLDE University |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/deemed_uniinfo.aspx?id=75 |website=Deemed Universities |publisher=University grants commission |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref>

===Karnataka State Women's University===
[[Karnataka State Women's University]], established in 2003 in Bijapur, is the only university in Karnataka dedicated exclusively for women's education. It is recognised under 2(f) and 12(B) of the UGC Act. Seventy women's colleges spread in twelve districts of North-Karnataka are affiliated to this university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kswu.ac.in/error/not-found|title=AWUV – ದೋಷ|website=www.kswu.ac.in}}</ref>

=== IGNOU Bijapur Regional Center ===
Bijapur has IGNOU regional center, There are 7 districts under its jurisdiction (districts Bagalkote, Bijapur, Bidar, Gulbarga, Koppal, Raichur and Yadagiri). The newly created Bijapur Regional Centre would cater to seven northern districts.

==Sports==
===Cricket===
At the inaugural auction of Karnataka Premier League (KPL), [[Bijapur Bulls]] was one of the eight teams that were formed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bijapur Bulls Squad - Bulls Squad - Karnataka Premier League, 2019 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/karnataka-premier-league-2019-1196253/bijapur-bulls-squad-1197503/series-squads |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Bijapur Bulls represent the Gulbarga zone of Karnataka State.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bijapur Bulls Team, News, Squad & Results |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/team/bijapur-bulls |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=Sportskeeda |language=en-us}}</ref>

Women's international cricket player [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] is from Bijapur.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Rajeshwari Gayakwad: Uncrowned 'princess' of Bijapur |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/rajeshwari-gayakwad-uncrowned-princess-of-bijapur/articleshow/59833770.cms |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=30 July 2017}}</ref>

===Cycling===
Bijapur is well known for its cycling culture. Cyclists from the city have won numerous accolades including medals in the State Mini Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Hita |title=The North Karnataka cyclists pedalling their way to glory |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/the-north-karnataka-cyclists-pedalling-their-way-to-glory-1110720.html |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 May 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of films shot in Bijapur]]
* [[Adil Shahi|List of rulers of Bijapur]]
* [[Bhāskara II]]
* [[Lakkundi]]
* [[Arakeri, Bijapur]]
* [[Sabala Organization]]
* [[List of people from Bijapur, Karnataka|List of people from Bijapur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|date=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ}}
* '''"Samanya Mahiti"'''a periodical released by the Bijapur Zilla Parishad.
*Karnataka State Gazetteer 1983.
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244235/unsung-kings-bijapur.html Unsung kings Bijapur ]

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Bijapur}}
* Paintings of the Bijapur as illustrations to {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834/The Zenana|The Zenana]]}}, a poem by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]:
*:''Bejapore'', by [[Samuel Prout]], engraved by J Teavons. Page 6
*:''Taj Bowlee, Bejapore'', by [[Samuel Prout]], engraved by J Redaway. Page 6
*:''Mosque of Mustapha Khan, Beejapore'', by William Purser, engraved by [[Edward Francis Finden]]. Page 7
*:''Tomb of Ibrahim Padshah, Bejapore'', by [[Thomas Allom]], engraved by [[Thomas Higham (artist)|Thomas Higham]]. Page 7
* Painting of {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/Tomb of Mahomed Shah|Tomb of Mahomed Shah]]}} in Bijapur by [[Samuel Prout]] with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]], from Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833.

{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
{{Historical Places in North Karnataka}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]

Vineet Nayyar

2026-03-12T02:03:57Z

EzraDrago8750: new a entry

{{Short description|Indian businessperson (1938–2024)}}
{{distinguish|Vineet Nayar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Vineet Nayyar
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date text|1938}}
|birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=y|2024|05|16|85}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|citizenship = India
|other_names =
|known_for = Vice-Chairman and Managing Director of [[Tech Mahindra]], Chairman of [[Mahindra Satyam]], Executive Vice-Chairman of [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS]]
|alma_mater = [[Williams College]]
|employer =
|occupation = Vice-Chairman of [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS]]
|years_active =
|title =
|height =
|term =
|successor =
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|spouse = Reva Nayyar
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|relations =
|callsign =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Vineet Nayyar''' (1938 – 16 May 2024) was an Indian businessman and [[Information technology consulting|IT executive]] who was Vice-Chairman, Managing Director and CEO of [[Tech Mahindra]], and chairman of [[Mahindra Satyam]]. He was also the Vice-Chairman of [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/cs-rajan-appointed-md-of-ilfs-vineet-nayyar-named-executive-vice-chairman-3756901.html/amp|title=CS Rajan appointed MD of IL&FS, Vineet Nayyar named Executive Vice-Chairman|work=moneycontrol|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nayyar was born in 1938 in [[Lahore]], [[British India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-22 |title=Dealmaker Vineet Nayyar's M&A strategy transformed Tech Mahindra |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/indias-best-ceos-2015-vineet-nayyar-bolstered-tech-mahindra-through-acquisitions-54951-2015-12-22 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref> His family relocated to India at the time of independence.<ref name=":0" /> He had a master's degree in development economics from [[Williams College]], Massachusetts.<ref name=A/>

==Career==
=== Government and Worldbank ===
Nayyar was an IAS officer in Haryana cadre<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vineet Nayyar, a true renaissance man |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/vineet-nayyar-a-true-renaissance-man/article68182153.ece |website=BusinessLine |date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2024-05-20 |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> servicing as a district magistrate, Haryana's rural development secretary and director at the department of economic affairs.

[[File:Vineet Nayyar Appointed.png|thumb|World bank article with a short bio about Vineer Nayyar from 1985]]
In 1977, he was deputed to the World Bank where he worked for over 10 years in its energy and infrastructure divisions.<ref name=A>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/newsmaker-vineet-nayyar-109041700059_1.html | title= Newsmaker: Vineet Nayyar | first=Shyamal | last=Majumdar | newspaper=Business Standard | date=20 January 2013 | access-date=5 August 2019 }}</ref>

Nayyar was involved in the establishment of [[GAIL]] and served as its Chairman and Managing Director from April 13, 1987, to November 2, 1991.<ref name=":2"/>

=== Private Sector ===
He moved back to India to be founding chairman and managing director of the state-owned [[GAIL|Gas Authority of India]] from 1987 to 1991.<ref name=":2" />

;HCL Group
Nayyar joined HCL as Managing Director of [[HCL Corporation]] and later as Vice Chairman of [[HCL Technologies]]. In 1996, he founded HCL Perot Systems, a JV between HCL Technologies and [[Perot Systems]]. He led the company through its public listing in 1999. He remained with the company until 200<ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayyar, former vice chairman of Tech Mahindra, passes away at 85 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/vineet-nayyar-former-vice-chairman-of-tech-mahindra-passes-away-at-85-11715845520008.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=16 May 2024}}</ref> 5, two years after HCL sold its stake to Perot Systems.

;Mahindra Group
Nayyar joined [[Mahindra British Telecom]] (MBT) in January 2005 as Vice Chair, CEO, and Managing Director. In 2009, he was appointed Chairman of [[Mahindra Satyam]].<ref>{{cite web |author=TNN |date=10 December 2009 |title=Vineet Nayyar is Mahindra Satyam's chief |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-10/india-business/28081308_1_statutory-auditor-mahindra-satyam-tech-mahindra |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616074852/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-10/india-business/28081308_1_statutory-auditor-mahindra-satyam-tech-mahindra |archive-date=16 June 2012 |access-date=2012-08-05 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Tech Mahindra's acquisition of [[Satyam Computer]] in 2009 took place under his leadership. In 2015, he became the Vice Chairman of Tech Mahindra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayyar to become Tech Mahindra Vice Chairman |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/vineet-nayyar-to-become-tech-mahindra-vice-chairman/articleshow/48364380.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>

;Others
In October 2018, the Indian government appointed Nayyar as the Vice Chairman and Managing Director of [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services]] (IL&FS) amid the company's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=IL&FS new board appoints Vineet Nayyar as vice-chairman and MD in its first meeting |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/ilfs-new-board-appoints-vineet-nayyar-as-vice-chairman-and-md-in-its-first-meeting/articleshow/66074215.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> He resigned from the board in 2020 for health reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=IL&FS Group executive vice-chairman Vineet Nayyar resigns |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ilfs-group-executive-vice-chairman-vineet-nayyar-resigns/78760319 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Vineet Nayyar was married to Reva, a retired [[IAS officer]] from the 1968 Haryana cadre. She was appointed as a part-time non-official director on the Board of [[BHEL]] on 22 June 2009 and runs the Essel Social Welfare Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venugopal|first=Veena|date=2009-08-27|title=Vineet Nayyar {{!}} A veteran on the treadmill|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZncjBNvCXGSfvRfym3WJxJ/Vineet-Nayyar--A-veteran-on-the-treadmill.html|access-date=2021-06-16|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mrs. Reva Nayyar - Bal Sahyog Chairperson Profile|url=http://balsahyog.org.in/mrs-reva-nayyar.htm|access-date=2021-06-16|website=balsahyog.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=His mantra is education for the underprivileged|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/His-mantra-is-education-for-the-underprivileged/article20045552.ece|access-date=2021-06-16|website=@businessline|date=10 March 2010 |language=en}}</ref> Vineet Nayyar died in [[New Delhi]] on 16 May 2024, at the age of 85.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=IAS officer-turned-IT industry leader Vineet Nayyar dies at 85|url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ias-officer-turned-it-industry-leader-vineet-nayyar-dies-at-85/110191982 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.livemint.com/news/india/vineet-nayyar-former-vice-chairman-of-tech-mahindra-passes-away-at-85-11715845520008.html Vineet Nayyar, former Vice Chairman of Tech Mahindra passes away at 85]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120503104012/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-04/news/28450253_1_lakh-shares-bureaucrat-tech-mahindra TechM boss Vineet Nayyar donates Rs 30 cr to charity] {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503104012/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-04/news/28450253_1_lakh-shares-bureaucrat-tech-mahindra|date=2012-05-03}}
*[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/newsmaker-vineet-nayyar/355363/ Newsmaker: Vineet Nayyar] {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418214341/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/newsmaker-vineet-nayyar/355363/|date=2009-04-18}}
*[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/vineet-nayyar-a.../447787 Vineet Nayyar: A man for all seasons] {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213165902/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/vineet-nayyar-a.../447787|date=2013-12-13}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayyar, Vineet}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Williams College alumni]]
[[Category:World Bank people]]
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Transport in Delhi

2026-03-06T16:42:17Z

EzraDrago8750: expand lead for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

[[File:DTC AC Bus.jpg|thumb|DTC AC Buses]]

[[Delhi]] has significant reliance on its transport infrastructure. The city has developed a highly efficient public transport system with the introduction of the [[Delhi Metro]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/delhi-metro-among-worlds-top-five-claim-dmrc-officials/534246/ |title=Delhi Metro among world's top mass transit systems |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002034207/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/delhi-metro-among-worlds-top-five-claim-dmrc-officials/534246/ |archive-date=2012-10-02 }}</ref> which is undergoing a rapid modernization and expansion since 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_2_46/ai_n16071120/| title=Expansion to Gurgaon, Noida & Faridabad planned | work=International Railway Journal | date=2006-02-01}}</ref> There are 16.6 million registered vehicles in the city as of 30 June 2014, which is the highest in the world among all cities, most of which do not follow any pollution emission norm (within municipal limits), while the Delhi metropolitan region ([[NCR Delhi]]) has 11.2 million vehicles. Delhi and NCR lose nearly 42 crore (420 million) man-hours every month while commuting between home and office through public transport, due to the traffic congestion.<ref name="delhi traffic">{{cite web |url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/traffic-snarl-snaps-42-cr-man-hour-from-delhi-ncr-workers/ |title=Traffic snarl snaps 42 Cr man-hour from Delhi, NCR workers |author=Prithwi |date=9 January 2008 |website=iGovernment |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110092330/http://www.igovernment.in/site/traffic-snarl-snaps-42-cr-man-hour-from-delhi-ncr-workers/ |archive-date=10 January 2008 }}</ref> Therefore, serious efforts, including a number of transport infrastructure projects, are under way to encourage usage of public transport in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-roads-Indias-most-dangerous/articleshow/37107932.cms|title = Delhi roads India's most dangerous | Delhi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=24 June 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
Prior to independence in the 1940s, public transport in the city was in private hands, with people relying mainly on tongas {{citation needed|date=January 2021}} and the bus service of the 'Gwalior Transport Company' and 'Northern India Transport Company'.<ref name=hto>{{cite news|title=Capital story: Managing a New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208125953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2012 }}</ref> But with the growing city, it soon proved inadequate, thus [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) bus system was established in May 1948. The next big leap in city transport was the opening of [[Delhi Metro]], a rapid transit system in 2002.

==Overview==
Public transport in the metropolis includes the [[Delhi Metro]], the [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] ('''DTC''') and '''DIMTS''' (Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System) bus system, [[auto-rickshaw]]s, [[Cycle rickshaw|cycle-rickshaw]]s, e-rickshaws, Grameen Seva and taxis. With the introduction of Delhi Metro, a rail-based mass rapid transit system, rail-based transit systems have gained ground. Other means of transit include suburban railways, inter-state bus services and private taxis which can be rented for various purposes. However, buses continue to be the most popular means of transportation for intra-city travel, catering to about 60% of the total commuting requirements.<ref name=Transport>{{cite web | publisher=Delhi Govt.| url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/Ecosur2001-02/PDF/chapter12.pdf| title=Delhi Transport | access-date=2006-05-14}}</ref>

Private vehicles account for 30%{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} of the total demand for transport, while the rest of the demand is met largely by auto-rickshaws, taxis, rapid transit system and railways.

[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] (IGI) serves Delhi for both domestic and international air connections, and is situated in the south-western corner of the city. In 2024–2025, IGI recorded a traffic of 77,820,834 passengers, making it the ninth busiest airport worldwide.<ref name=essentialtravel>{{cite web|publisher=Essential Travel Ltd., UK. |url=http://parking.essentialtravel.co.uk/worldairport/india/delhi.htm |title=Delhi – Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI Airport) information |access-date=2006-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719165130/https://parking.essentialtravel.co.uk/worldairport/india/delhi.htm |archive-date=2006-07-19 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Top 10 busiest airports by passenger traffic in 2024-25: Guess which Indian airport ranks 9th globally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/world-top-10-busiest-airports-2025-delhi-igi-featured-10017001/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Hindon Airport]] is a domestic airport operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] at [[Hindan Air Force Station]] of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-30 |title=Hindon airport in Ghaziabad to be operational for UDAN flights by March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hindon-airport-in-ghaziabad-likely-be-operational-for-udan-flights-by-march/articleshow/67760287.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A new airport, the [[Noida International Airport]] is being built near [[Greater Noida]] alongside the Delhi-[[Agra]] highway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Noida International Airport Latest Updates, Progress, Cost, Location and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/noida-international-airport-latest-updates-progress-cost-location-and-more/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The only international rail service in [[Delhi]] was the [[Samjhauta Express]] to [[Lahore]],which was stopped in 2019 following a standoff. It is possible to change trains to board rail services to [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]] which commence in other cities of India. For the future, a high-speed rail link is being considered that would link [[New Delhi]] with [[Kunming]], [[PRC|China]] via [[Myanmar]]<ref name="Railway eyes rail link to China">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railway-eyes-rail-link-to-China/articleshow/7675243.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121154226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/patna/28676685_1_rail-link-trans-asian-china-and-india | url-status=live | archive-date=2011-11-21 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Railway eyes rail link to China | date=2011-03-10}}</ref>

==Intra-city Transport==

===Road transport===


Roads in Delhi are maintained by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]], [[New Delhi Municipal Council]], [[Delhi Cantonment Board]], [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] and [[Delhi Development Authority]]. At 1749 km of road length per 100 km2, Delhi has one of the highest road densities in India. Major roadways include the Ring Road and the Outer Ring Road, which had a traffic density of 110,000 vehicles per day in 2001. Total road length of Delhi was 28,508 km including 388 km of National Highways. Major road-based public transport facilities in Delhi are provided by DTC buses, [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaw]]s, [[Taxicab|taxi]]s and cycle-rickshaws.

====Buses====

[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) operates the world's largest fleet of CNG-powered buses. After [[Pune]], Delhi was the second city in India to have an operational [[Bus rapid transit|Bus rapid transit (BRT)]] system. However the BRT was dismantled in 2016 due to accidents and congestion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?gid=48&id=103516 |title=Delhi's CNG success inspiring many countries : Naik |work=Outlook |access-date=2011-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201164114/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?gid=48&id=103516 |archive-date=2009-02-01 }}</ref>

[[File:Gand.jpg|thumb|Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transits System [http://www.dimts.in]]]
Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are the most popular means of transport catering to about 60% of Delhi's total demand.<ref name=ecosurv12>{{cite web| url = http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/12.pdf| title = Chapter 12: Transport| access-date = 2006-12-21| work = Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006| publisher = Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi| pages = 130–146| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070116044119/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/12.pdf| archive-date = 2007-01-16}}</ref> Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns largest fleet of [[Compressed Natural Gas]] (CNG)-fueled buses in the world, private bus operators and several chartered bus operators. It is mandatory for all private bus operators to acquire a permit from the State Transport Authority. The buses traverse various well-defined intra-city routes. Other than regular routes, buses also travel on Railway Special routes; Metro Feeder routes. Mudrika (Ring) and Bahri Mudrika (Outer Ring) routes along Ring and Outer-Ring road respectively are amongst the longest intra-city bus routes in the world. The DTC has started introducing air-conditioned buses and brand new low-floor buses (with floor height of 400 mm and even higher on one third area as against 230 mm available internationally.) on city streets to replace the conventional buses. A revamp plan is underway to improve bus-shelters in the city and to integrate [[GPS]] systems in DTC buses and bus stops so as to provide reliable information about bus arrivals.
In 2007, after public uproar concerning the large number of accidents caused by privately owned Blueline buses, the Delhi government, under pressure from the [[Delhi High Court]] decided that all Blueline Buses would be phased out and replaced by low floor buses of the state-owned DTC.<ref name=blo>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14541909 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101032536/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14541909 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-11-01 |title=Delhi to phase out Blueline buses |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The Delhi Government has decided to expedite this process and will procure 6,600 low floor buses for the DTC by commonwealth games next year in mid 2010.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Blueline-buses-to-fade-out-soon-Lovely/articleshow/5323921.cms| title=Blueline buses to fade out soon | work=The Times Of India | date=2009-12-10}}</ref>

The fleet size of buses in Delhi is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
!Ownership
!Fleet Strength
!Notes
|-
|[[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]]
|4359<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-19 |title=900 New E-Buses To Be Rolled Out Soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/900-new-e-buses-to-be-rolled-out-soon/articleshow/119174215.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|including 1,250 e-buses<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System|DIMTS]]
|3126<ref name=":1" />
|also known as Cluster Buses
|-
|[[Delhi Metro#Feeder buses|Delhi Metro Feeder]]
|742<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://online.dda.org.in/mpd2041dda/_layouts/MPD2041FINALSUGGESTION/Baseline_Transport_%20160721.pdf|title=BASELINE REPORT - Enabling Strategic Plan: Master Plan for Delhi 2041}}</ref>
|including 100 e-buses and additional 380 buses operated by [[Government of Delhi|GNCTD]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=DMRC to handover feeder e-buses to Delhi govt from April onwards: Official |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dmrc-to-handover-feeder-e-buses-to-delhi-govt-from-april-onwards-official-123022100388_1.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=2,000 e-feeder buses to connect interior areas of Delhi to Metro stations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/2000-e-feeder-buses-to-connect-interior-areas-of-delhi-to-metro-stations/articleshow/96774153.cms |access-date=2023-05-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!Total
|8227
|
|}

====Auto-rickshaws====
The auto-rickshaws (popularly known as ''Auto'') are an important and popular means of public transportation in Delhi, as they are cheaper than taxis. Hiring an ''Auto'' in Delhi is very tricky, as very few auto-drivers agree to standard meter charges. The typical method is to [[haggling|haggle]] for an agreeable rate.

====Taxis====
[[File:CNG propelled radio taxi.jpg|thumb|Radio taxi powered by [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] ]]
[[File:Airport1.png|thumb|Radio Taxi near airport]]
Taxis can be easily hailed in Delhi. As of December 2017, there are over 148,434 registered taxis in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-30 |title=Number of taxis rises 86% in 2 years, buses reduce in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/number-of-taxis-rises-86-in-2-years-buses-reduce-in-delhi/story-Fclx1TRJ4NMw60TXitB88I.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203090557/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/number-of-taxis-rises-86-in-2-years-buses-reduce-in-delhi/story-Fclx1TRJ4NMw60TXitB88I.html |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian Tourism Ministry and various private owners operate most taxis. The Tourism Ministry grants private companies permits to operate taxis. In recent years, online cab services like [[Uber]] and [[Ola Consumer|Ola]] have become popular in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-09 |title=Uber Data Report 2024: How Indians Ubered in 2024; Delhi-NCR booked the most rides, while Mumbai booked most night-trips |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/how-indians-used-uber-in-2024/article69079950.ece |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

====Cycle-rickshaws====
Cycle-rickshaws are a popular mode of travel for short distance transits in the city. The pedal-powered rickshaws are easily available throughout the city and reckoned for being cheap and environment friendly. Often, tourists and citizens use them for joyrides, too. Of late, they have been phased out from the congested areas of [[Chandni Chowk]] because of their slow pace, which often leads to traffic snarls on the streets of [[Old Delhi]].

====Major Arteries====
{{Main|Highways passing from Delhi}}
[[File:File-Gurgaon Expressway.jpg|thumb|Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway connects both cities with the airport.]]

=====Inner Ring Road=====
[[Ring Road, Delhi|Inner Ring Road]] is one of the most important "state highways" in Delhi. It is a 51 km long circular road, which connects northern, eastern, western and southern areas in Delhi. Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/flyovers, the road is almost signal-free. The road is generally 8-laned with a few bottlenecks at certain stretches, which are being removed. The road has already achieved its carrying capacity of 110000 vehicles per day and would require an addition of more lanes to fulfill needs of increasing traffic by 2011.

=====Outer Ring Road=====
[[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Outer Ring Road]] is another major artery in Delhi. The road which was almost neglected till the early 2000s is now an important highway that links far-flung areas of Delhi. The road is 6-8 lane and has grade-separators and a large number are under construction as a part of project to make the artery signal free. The road along with the ring road forms a ring which intersects all the National Highways passing through Delhi.

=====Expressways and National Highways=====
[[File:Delhi Gurgaon Toll Gate.jpg|thumb|left|The 32-lane toll gate at [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] was the largest in Asia and third largest in the world until it was dismantled in June 2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Gone-Toll-plaza-fully-dismantled/articleshow/47728021.cms|title=Gone! Toll plaza fully dismantled {{!}} Gurgaon News|last1=Chander Joshi|first1=Vimal|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-27|date=19 June 2015 }}</ref>]]
Delhi is connected by NH 1, NH 2, NH 8, NH 10 and NH 24. It also has three expressways (six- and eight-lane) that connect it with its suburbs. [[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway]] connects Delhi with one of its financial hubs, [[Gurgaon]], [[DND Flyway]] connects Delhi with its other financial hub, [[Noida]] and [[Delhi–Faridabad Skyway]] which connects [[Faridabad]], major suburb to Delhi. Four more expressways are also planned.

[[File:DND Flyway.jpg|thumb|The DND Flyway]]
[[Noida–Greater Noida Expressway]] connects Noida with Greater Noida, which is an upcoming financial and commercial hub and is also to have a new Jewar International Airport. A 135.6-km long Western Peripheral Expressway, also known as the [[Kundli–Manesar–Palwal Expressway]], which became operational on 19 November 2018, will relieve Delhi of the congestion of heavy night traffic and will act as a bypass for the night vehicles.

The [[DND–KMP Expressway|DND–Faridabad–KMP Expressway]] connects the junction of [[DND Flyway]] and [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Ring Road]] at [[Maharani Bagh]] in [[Delhi]] with [[Western Peripheral Expressway|KMP Expressway]] at Khalilpur, [[Nuh district]] (near [[Sohna]]) in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway link road opened for traffic; Check distance, total length, top speed to be.... |url=https://www.india.com/business/delhi-mumbai-expressway-link-road-dnd-kmp-expressway-opened-for-traffic-check-distance-total-length-top-speed-to-be-100-kmph-dnd-kmp-entry-exit-points-7383350/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

NH 24 or Ghaziabad Road is a four-lane national highway which connects Delhi to Lucknow via [[Ghaziabad]]. As the Commonwealth Village is located close by Yamuna bridge on this highway, underpasses and flyover being built will help facilitate traffic between the eastern areas of Delhi/ Western UP and the rest of the city.

===Rail transport===
Rail based transport in the city has started to gain popularity with the introduction of Delhi Metro. Ring-Railway, which runs parallel to the Ring-Road system is another rail-based intra-city transport facility in Delhi.

====Metro Railway====
{{Main|Delhi Metro|List of Delhi Metro stations}}
[[File:DMRC Bombardier.jpg|thumb|left|Delhi Metro – Phase 2 [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/photo_gallery1.html Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Picture Gallery]]]

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Rapid increase of population coupled with large-scale immigration due to high economic growth has resulted in ever increasing demand for better transport, putting excessive pressure on the city's existent transport infrastructure. Like many other cities in the developing world, the city faces acute transport management problems leading to air pollution, congestion and resultant loss of productivity. In order to meet the transportation demand in Delhi, the State and Union government started the construction of a Mass Rapid Transit system, known as Delhi Metro in 1998. The project started commercial operations on 25 December 2002 between [[Shahdara metro station|Shahdara]] and [[Tis Hazari metro station|Tis Hazari]]) on the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]. It has set performance and efficiency standards and is continuously expanding. As of June 2025, the network consists of nine colour-coded regular lines along with the faster [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express]] line, with a total length of {{convert|353.23|km|mi}}<ref name="Delhi Metro Introduction">{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/about_us.aspx#Introduction |title=Delhi Metro About Us Introduction |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] |access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> serving [[List of Delhi Metro stations|257 stations]].<ref name="Delhi Metro Introduction"/> The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sadana |first=Rashmi |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/30/metrocity-journal-delhis-changing-landscape// |title=Metrocity Journal: Delhi's Changing Landscape |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref> Phase IV (108.5 km) will be completed by 2026,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Delhi Metro Phase 4: National Capital To Get 44 New Stations By 2026 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-metro-phase-4-national-capital-to-get-44-new-stations-by-2026-7595179 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> with the network totaling 413.8 km, making it longer than the [[London Underground]].

Phase I consisted of 58 stations and {{convert|65.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} of route length,<ref name="delhimetro-updates">{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/project_updates.aspx|title=PROJECT UPDATE|website=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223072208/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/project_updates.aspx|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> of which {{convert|13.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} is underground and {{convert|52.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} surface or elevated. The inauguration of the [[Dwarka (Delhi Metro)|Dwarka]]–[[Barakhamba Road (Delhi Metro)|Barakhamba Road]] corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I in October 2006.<ref name="End1">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/?newsid=206789|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231230947/https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/?newsid=206789|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2020|title=Phase 1 complete, Pragati Maidan now on Metro map|date=27 October 2006|newspaper=Express India|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref>

Phase II of the network consists of {{convert|124.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of route length and 85 stations,<ref name="delhimetro-updates"/> and is fully completed, with the first section opened in June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.<ref name="Deadline">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-confident-of-meeting-deadline/article14836060.ece|title=Delhi Metro confident of meeting deadline|last=Ramachandran|first=Smriti Kak|date=17 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303140135/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-confident-of-meeting-deadline/article14836060.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Phase-III has 28 underground stations, 2 new lines and 11 route extensions, totaling {{convert|167.27|km|abbr=on}}, with a cost of {{INRConvert|350|b}} and having an expected completion date of mid 2019. Phase IV ({{convert|113.2|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}) is planned to be completed by 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date= 20 June 2021 |title=Completion targets of Metro Phase-4 will depend on Covid-19 scenario: DMRC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/completion-targets-of-metro-phase-4-will-depend-on-covid-19-scenario-dmrc-101624192413235.html |work= Hindustan Times |access-date= 11 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Delhi Metro lines that operate as of January 2022:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="10" |Delhi Metro: present network
|-
!Line No.
!Line Name
!First operational<ref name="chronology">{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/projectpresent.aspx |title=Present Network |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref>
!Last extension<ref name="chronology" />
!Stations<ref name="stats"/>
!Length (km)<ref name="stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Zoom_Map.aspx |title=Route Map |publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. |access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>

!colspan="2"| Terminals
!Rolling stock
!Track gauge (mm)
|-
!1
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Red}}; text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]]
|2002-12-24
|2019-03-08
| style="text-align:center;"|29|| style="text-align:right;" |34.55||[[Shaheed Sthal metro station|'''Shaheed Sthal''']]||[[Rithala (Delhi Metro)|'''Rithala''']]||''39 trains''
| rowspan="4" |[[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|1676]]

|-
!2
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|yellow}}; text-align: center;" |[[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]]
|2004-12-20
|2015-11-10
| style="text-align:center;"|37||style="text-align:right;"|49.02||[[Samaypur Badli (Delhi Metro)|'''Samaypur Badli''']]||[[HUDA City Centre (Delhi Metro)|'''HUDA City Centre''']]
|''64 trains''

|-
!3
! rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|blue}}; text-align: center;" |[[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]
|2005-12-31
|2019-03-09
| style="text-align:center;"|50|| style="text-align:right;" |56.11||[[Noida Electronic City metro station|'''Noida Electronic City''']]||[[Dwarka Sector 21 (Delhi Metro)|'''Dwarka Sector 21''']]||rowspan="2"|''74 trains''

|-
!4
|2010-01-07
|2011-07-14
| style="text-align:center;"|8||style="text-align:right;"|8.51||[[Yamuna Bank (Delhi Metro)|'''Yamuna Bank''']]||[[Vaishali (Delhi Metro)|'''Vaishali''']]

|-
! rowspan="2" |5
! rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|green}}; text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]]
|2010-04-03
| style="text-align:left;"|2018-06-24|| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |23
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:right;"|28.79||[[Inderlok (Delhi Metro)|'''Inderlok''']]||[[Bahadurgarh City Park metro station|'''Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh''']]|| rowspan="2" |''20 trains''
| rowspan="7" |[[Standard gauge|1435]]

|-
|2011-08-27
| style="text-align:left;"|–||[[Ashok Park Main (Delhi Metro)|'''Ashok Park Main''']]||[[Kirti Nagar (Delhi Metro)|'''Kirti Nagar''']]

|-
!6
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|violet}};text-align:center;" |[[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]]
|2010-10-03
|2018-11-19
| style="text-align:center;"|34|| style="text-align:right;" |46.34||[[Kashmere Gate (Delhi Metro)|'''Kashmere Gate''']]||[[Ballabhgarh metro station|'''Raja Nahar Singh''']]||''44 trains''

|-
!Airport Express
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|orange}};text-align:center;" |[[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Orange Line]]
|2011-02-23
| style="text-align:left;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |6|| style="text-align:right;" |22.91||[[New Delhi (Delhi Metro)|'''New Delhi''']]||[[Dwarka Sector 21 (Delhi Metro)|'''Dwarka Sector 21''']]||''10 trains''

|-

!7
!style="text-align:center; background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|pink}};" |[[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]
|2018-03-14
| style="text-align:left;" |2021-08-06
| style="text-align:center;" |38|| style="text-align:right;" |59.24||[[Majlis Park metro station|'''Majlis Park''']]||[[Shiv Vihar metro station|'''Shiv Vihar''']]||''42 trains''

|-
!8
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|magenta}}; text-align: center;" |[[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]
|2017-12-24
|2018-05-29
| style="text-align:center;"|25||style="text-align:right;"|37.46||[[Botanical Garden (Delhi Metro)|'''Botanical Garden''']]||[[Janakpuri West (Delhi Metro)|'''Janakpuri West''']]||''26 trains''

|-
!9
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|grey}} ; text-align: center;" |[[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|Grey Line]]
|2019-10-04
|2021-09-18
|style="text-align:center;" |4
|style="text-align:right;" |5.19
|[[Dwarka (Delhi Metro)|'''Dwarka''']]
|'''[[Dhansa Bus Stand metro station|Dhansa Bus Stand]]'''
|3 trains

|-
! !! !!2002-12-24!! style="text-align:center;" |2021-09-18!! !style="text-align:right;" | 254!!348.12
! !! !!310 trains
!
|}

[[File:Delhi_metro_rail_network.svg|thumb|Map of the Delhi Metro network]]

====Ring & Suburban Railway====
{{Main|Delhi Ring Railway}}
{{See also|Delhi Suburban Railway}}
{{Delhi Ring Railway}}
[[File:Delhi emu and memu.JPG|thumb|left|Delhi Suburban Railway trains]]

Ring railway is a 35-kilometre circular railway network in Delhi that runs parallel to the [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Ring Road]]. It was laid back in 1975 primarily to service freight trains that could bypass the crowded and passenger-heavy [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi]] and [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] railway stations. The network was upgraded for the [[1982 Asian Games]] with the introduction of 24 additional services. Its circular route is 35 km (22 mi) long, which the trains takes 90–120 minutes to complete, both clockwise and anti-clockwise, via the [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station]]. The ring railway service was quite popular through the 80s and 90s when Delhi's transport infrastructure was just gathering pace, but since then, with the rapid expansion of the [[Delhi Metro]] coupled with an [[Delhi Transport Corporation|extensive bus network]], the ring railway has remained neglected by the city as well as the [[Indian Railways|Railways]]. On average, only 3700 passengers take the trains every day. The biggest reason for the failure of the railway is a lack of a feeder network, such as approach roads and feeder buses to the stations. The stations are situated at remote locations and are difficult to access by passengers. There is also a problem of security as many stations have been encroached. The trains on this network also run behind schedule most of the time. The network is now utilized as a freight corridor and limited passenger train services are available during peak hours.<ref>{{cite news| last= Varma| first= Vishnu| date= 11 March 2016| title=Ring Railway left behind as Delhi swells beyond boundaries | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ring-railway-in-an-ever-expanding-delhi-a-ghost-railway-service-lingers/| work= The Indian Express| location= New Delhi |access-date= 11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/changing-delhi-map-makes-ring-railway-redundant/752994/0 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=22 Feb 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 February 2012|title=Ring Rail service chugs into oblivion|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/224687/ring-rail-service-chugs-oblivion.html}}</ref>

==Inter-state transport==

===Railway connectivity===

Delhi is connected to whole of the nation through [[Indian Railways]] vast network. [[New Delhi Railway Station]] which is one of the most busiest stations in Indian Railway system serves as headquarters of [[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railways]]. A large load of inter-state transport is borne by railways. A large number of local passenger trains connect Delhi to its sub-urban areas and thus provide convenient travel for daily commuters. Railways also share a large amount of [[freight]] traffic in Delhi.

====Train Services====
Regular train services available from railway stations in the city. The services are extended to all the states in the country. Services are provided by the national railway operator [[Indian Railways]]. The 5 railway stations in the city are:
* [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Railway Station, Paharganj & Ajmeri Gate, Central Delhi district]]
* [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction, Mori Gate, Central Delhi district]]
* [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station, Nizamuddin East, South East Delhi district]]
* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla Railway Station, Sarai Rohilla, Central Delhi district]]
* [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal Railway Station, Anand Vihar, Shahdara district]]

==== Regional Rapid Transport System (RRTS/RapidX)====
{{Main|RapidX}}
* Sarai kale khan-Meerut RRTS (partially operational)
* Sarai kale khan-Panipat RRTS (under construction)
* Sarai kale khan-Gurugram-Alwar RRTS (under construction)

===Delhi Metro===

===Road===

====Highways====
{{Main|Highways passing from Delhi}}
The city is believed to have the highest road density in the country and is well connected to the rest of the nation through five major national highways, namely NH 1, NH 2, NH 8, NH 10 and NH 24. The highways around city are being upgraded into expressways with ultra-modern facilities.

====Bus services====
{{anchor | Intbus}}

Regular bus services are available from [[Inter State Bus Terminals|interstate bus terminals]] in the city. The services are extended to all the northern states and the neighbouring areas of Delhi. Services are provided by state transport corporations and several private operators.

[[Delhi Transport Corporation|Delhi Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (DTIDC) operates 4 major [[Inter-State Bus Terminals#Delhi|Inter-State Bus Terminals]] (ISBT):<ref name=dtctr1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/eye-on-igi-work-to-start-soon-at-dwarka-for-delhis-fourth-isbt/articleshow/90340984.cms Eye on IGI: Work to start soon at Dwarka], timesofindia, 22 march 2022.</ref>

* Existing
** [[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus]] at [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmere Gate]] in central Delhi.
** [[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus]] at [[Anand Vihar]] east of [[Yamuna]] river in East Delhi.
** [[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus]] at [[Sarai Kale Khan]] in [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]].
* Proposed and approved by Delhi Govt and Delhi Leutinant General (listed north to south)
** [[Narela Inter State Bus Terminus]], planned in North Delhi in 100,000 sqm area at [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]] GT Road to Sonepat-Ambala. As of October 2024, DDC is identifying suitable land to handover to DTIDC.<ref name=dtctr1/><ref name=tikri/> Buses from Punjab and Haryana along the GT Road will terminate here instead of the Kashmiri Gate ISBT.
** [[Tikri Inter State Bus Terminus]], planned in West Delhi adjacent to the [[Tikri Border metro station]] on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH9]] Delhi-Hisar Highway, it is nearly 4 km east of Bahadurgarh Bypass ISBT of [[Haryana Roadways]]. The PWD department has agreed to handover the required 29,500 sqm land to the DTIC in October 2024, and buses from Haryana from Tikri Border and Singhu Border will terminate here instead of Kashmiri Gate ISBT.<ref name=tikri>[https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-delhi-government-will-build-three-isbt-at-tikri-border-narela-and-dwarka-sector-21-outer-state-will-stop-border-to-enter-national-capital-23811795.html दिल्ली की सीमा पर लगेंगे बाहरी राज्यों की 2000 बसों के ब्रेक, बनेंगे तीन नए ISBT], Jagran, 8 Oct 2024.</ref>
** [[Dwarka Inter State Bus Terminus]] (under-construction in 2022 on 27 acres) at [[Urban Extension Road-II]] opposite [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]] in [[South Delhi]]. DTIDC already owns the required 27 acre land around which a new boundary wall already exists and [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] has been appointed consultant in October 2024, construction which was expected to commence in 2022 is being expedited in late 2024.<ref name=tikri/>
* Proposed, pending various approvals
** [[Aerocity Inter State Bus Terminus]] (Aerocity ISBT), adjacent to the [[Aerocity metro station]] near Terminal-1 of IGI in South Delhi, proposed in 2023.<ref name=isbti1>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/other-news/new-isbt-will-be-built-near-igi-airport-up-punjab-and-many-state-passengers-use-it/articleshow/106011473.cms IGI एयरपोर्ट के पास बनेगा नया बस अड्डा, यूपी-पंजाब के यात्रियों को होगा सीधा फायदा], navbharattimes, 16 dec 2023.</ref>

===Airports===
[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] (IGI) serves Delhi for both domestic and international connections, and is situated in the southwestern corner of the city, alongside Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway. In the year 2024–25, IGI recorded a traffic of 77,280,234 passengers.<ref name=":0" /> Being the busiest airport in the South Asian region, IGI airport has three terminals - Terminal 1 & Terminal 2 for domestic operations only and Terminal 3 - with mixed use i.e. primarily International and the rest of the domestic operations([[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], and select flights of [[SpiceJet]] and [[IndiGo]]) - in addition to T1 & T2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Delhi-s-airport-busier-than-Mumbai-s-by-40-flights-a-day/502562 |title=Delhi – Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2009-08-16 |access-date=2011-02-17}}</ref>

The airport is witnessing massive expansion and modernisation by a consortium led by GMR Infra. The new Terminal T3 was inaugurated in 2010 in line with the historic Commonwealth Games being held in the city and today, IGI is India's busiest airport and the ninth busiest airport in the world.<ref name=":0" /> Terminals 4, 5 and 6 will be built in a phased manner.<ref>{{cite web|author=Thursday, 10 Jan 2008 at 0000 hrs IST |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/2nd-airport-wont-hit-IGI-says-govt/259794/ |title=2nd airport won't hit IGI, says govt |publisher=Financialexpress.com |date=2008-01-10 |access-date=2011-02-17}}</ref>

[[Hindon Airport|Hindon Domestic Airport]] in Ghaziabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the second airport for the Delhi-NCR Region on the 8 March 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates civil enclave at Hindon airport |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-civil-enclave-at-hindon-airport/articleshow/68322539.cms |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 March 2019|author1-link=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

Apart from the expanded IGI airport, Delhi will also receive a second international airport by 2025. The airport, being named as [[Noida International Airport]], is being built in [[Jewar]] in Greater Noida. It will be around 75 km from IGI airport.

==East-west connectivity bridges==


===Yamuna bridges in Delhi===
[[File:Signaturebridgenedelhi.png|thumb|right|[[Signature Bridge]] on Yamuna river is the tallest structure in Delhi]]

The total length of the [[Yamuna]] inside Delhi is 22 km from the [[Wazirabad barrage]] to the [[Okhla barrage]]. This stretch of the river has 14 bridges (nine of them for road traffic), including those built by [[Delhi Metro]] (4) and [[Indian Railways]] (1). 4 bridges are under construction — 1 for road traffic and 3 for rail traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=
https://www.urbanprecis.com/bridges-over-yamuna-in-delhi/ |title=Bridges Over Yamuna in Delhi |last= Doomra |first=Manik |date=28 June 2019 |website=urbanprecis.com |publisher=Urban Précis |access-date= 16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh| first=Paras| date= 6 November 2018| title= Delhi needs 20 more bridges just to meet current road traffic load|
url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-needs-20-more-bridges-just-to-meet-current-road-traffic-load/articleshow/66517200.cms|work=Times of India| access-date= 16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Roy |first= Sidharatha |date= 23 February 2021 |title=Work kicks off on 17th bridge across Yamuna| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/work-kicks-off-on-17th-bridge-across-yamuna/articleshow/81160755.cms |work= Times of India |access-date= 16 December 2021}}</ref>

* '''Road Bridges'''
** Old Wazirabad bridge (barrage-cum-bridge)
** [[Signature Bridge]]
** Yudhishthir Setu
** [[Geeta Colony bridge|Rajghat/Geeta Colony bridge]]
** [[ITO barrage|Old ITO bridge, Vikas Marg]] (barrage-cum-bridge)
** [[New Nizamuddin Bridge]]
** [[DND Flyway]]
** Okhla barrage bridge
** Barapullah Phase-III extension (under construction)
* '''Road-Rail Bridges'''
** [[Old Yamuna Bridge]] (Lohe-ka-Pul)
* '''Rail bridges'''
** [[Delhi Metro]]
*** Kashmere Gate to Shastri Park [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|(Red Line)]]
*** Indraprastha to Yamuna Bank [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|(Blue Line)]]
*** Nizamuddin to Mayur Vihar [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|(Pink Line)]]
*** Kalindi Kunj to Okhla Bird Sanctuary [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|(Magenta Line)]]
*** Jagatpur to Sonia Vihar (Pink Line) (under construction)
** [[Indian Railways]]
*** New Yamuna Bridge (under construction)<ref>{{cite news|date= 18 November 2021|title=Construction ban extended till Nov 21, Metro projects among those exempted |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/construction-ban-extended-till-nov-21-metro-projects-among-those-exempted-101637177276998.html |work= Hindustan Times |access-date= 16 December 2021|quote= Among important railway projects in the city where work will continue is construction of the New Yamuna bridge – being built parallel to the Old Yamuna bridge (Loha Pul). The new structure was set to be completed by December 2020, but COVID-19 delayed work.}}</ref>
** [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS]]
*** Under construction<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2021 |title=NCRTC starts work on bridge over Yamuna for Delhi-Meerut RRTS link |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/ncrtc-starts-work-on-bridge-over-yamuna-for-delhi-meerut-rrtslink-101614017548017.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date= 16 December 2021}}</ref>

===Other bridges in NCR===
* [[IIT Flyover]]

==Future projects==
There are many transport infrastructure projects underway in Delhi. They are listed below -

===Rail===
* Upgrading of New Delhi and Old Delhi railway stations of Northern Railways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Delhi Railway Station Redevelopment: Old Design Scrapped, New Design Showcases Dual Building, Airport Like Features |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/mobility/new-delhi-railway-station-redevelopment-old-design-scrapped-new-design-features-dual-building-airport-like-features-2860103 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Delhi Railway Station: Facilities, Redevelopment & Fares - Times Property |url=https://timesproperty.com/article/post/guide-to-new-delhi-railway-station-blid9299 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=timesproperty}}</ref>
* Phase 4 expansion of [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Metro Phase 4 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-metro-phase-4-information-map/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Introduction of [[Delhi Metroneo]], a [[metrolite]] system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Metrolite - Info, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-metrolite-information-route-map-fares-timing-tenders-status-updates/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
* A proposal to re-introduce [[Tram]]s in the Chandni Chowk and Red Fort areas of the city.<ref name="Trams to ply on streets of Delhi again">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-03-04/news/47894964_1_trams-delhi-government-proposal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306151343/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-03-04/news/47894964_1_trams-delhi-government-proposal|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|work=The Economic Times|title=Trams to ply on streets of Delhi again|date= 4 Mar 2014}}</ref><ref name="Delhi to bring back a slice of history — trams">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-to-bring-back-a-slice-of-history-trams/|work=The Indian Express|title=Delhi to bring back a slice of history — trams|date=5 March 2014}}</ref>
* A proposed high-speed rail link that would link [[New Delhi]] with [[Kunming]], [[PRC|China]] via [[Myanmar]]<ref name="Railway eyes rail link to China" />

===Road===
* Two upcoming bridges over [[Yamuna]] will connect [[Faridabad]] to [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]]. One of the bridges would connect Faridabad-Noida-Ghaziabad (FNG) expressway from Noida's Sector 150 to [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 1]] in Faridabad. The other bridge is proposed to link Noida's Sector 168 with Faridabad's Badoli village (Near Bypass Road)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Two-bridges-across-Yamuna-to-link-Noida-and-Haryana/articleshow/23362941.cms| title=Two bridges across Yamuna to link Noida and Haryana| website=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref> Government has already approved construction of the road connecting Faridabad and [[Greater Noida]] that will improve the connectivity with clearances received from both [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] Governments<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nod-for-road-joining-Greater-Noida-Faridabad/articleshow/40205603.cms| title=Nod for road joining Greater Noida, Faridabad| website=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=2014-08-13}}</ref> The much-awaited FNG (Faridabad-Noida-Ghaziabad Expressway) is finally coming on track and will provide fast connectivity to daily commuters of the area once complete; apart from this, it is also emerging as an excellent stretch for real estate development. FNG Expressway is around 56 km long with 19.9 km in [[Noida]]–[[Greater Noida]] region, 8 km in [[Ghaziabad]], while the rest 28.1 km is in the Faridabad region, especially the developing sectors of [[Neharpar]] Faridabad or Greater Faridabad. According to the plan, FNG from Noida side will become operational in the next 14 months while it would take three years for the whole stretch to become fully operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-24 |title=Squatters in way of FNG e-way removed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Squatters-in-way-of-FNG-e-way-removed/articleshow/38946157.cms |access-date=2023-10-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The completed expressway designed by IIT-Roorkee will offer commuters direct connectivity between Noida and Greater Faridabad<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gurgaonscoop.com/new-e-way-to-link-noida-with-f-613156441.html |title=This page is closed for public access |access-date=2016-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127093646/http://www.gurgaonscoop.com/new-e-way-to-link-noida-with-f-613156441.html |archive-date=2016-01-27 }}</ref>

===Air===
* Revamp of IGI Airport is underway to improve its infrastructure, passenger capacity and efficiency.
* [[Noida International Airport]] in Gautam Budhh Nagar district will start operations in 2025.

==Delhi Traffic Police transport helpline==
Owing to a large number of complaints from consumers, the Delhi Government in association with Delhi Traffic Police runs a staffed transport helpline which can be reached at 011-23010101 while dialing from within the city. Citizens can make traffic related complaints and suggestions. One can also report traffic violations observed and misbehavior/refusal/overcharging by autorickshaws, buses and taxis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhitrafficpolice.nic.in/dial-our-helpline-number.htm |title=Delhi Traffic Police transport helpline number |publisher=Delhitrafficpolice.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223155534/http://delhitrafficpolice.nic.in/dial-our-helpline-number.htm |archive-date=2011-02-23}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Transport in India]]
*[https://parivahansewagovin.com Parivahan Sewa]
*[[Bus rapid transit]] (BRT)
*[[Clean development mechanism]]
*[[Delhi Metro]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[Highways passing from Delhi]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport|Engineering}}

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://transport.delhi.gov.in/ Department of Transport, Government of Delhi (Official Website)]
* [http://www.dimts.in/ Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System Ltd. (DIMTS)]

{{Delhi}}
{{Greater Delhi transit}}
{{Transport in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Delhi}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi| ]]

Premlata Agrawal

2026-03-06T16:16:16Z

EzraDrago8750: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Premlata Agrawal
| image = The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award, 2017 to Smt. Premlata Agrawal for Land Adventure, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2017.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]], 2017 to Smt. Premlata Agrawal
| birth_name = Premlata Garg
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place = [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Summiting [[Mount Everest]] (2011)The first Indian woman - mountaineer to complete the seven summits and the oldest Indian women mountaineer to summit Mount Everest at an age of 48 years
| occupation = [[Mountain climber]]
| spouse = Vimal Agarwal
}}

'''Premlata Agrawal''' (born 1963) is the first [[India]]n woman to scale the [[Seven Summits]], the seven highest continental peaks of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mountaineer-Premlata-scales-seven-summits/articleshow/20374196.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121227/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/india/39674155_1_woman-mountaineer-premlata-agrawal-mountaineer-premlata|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=Mountaineer Premlata scales seven summits|access-date=2016-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/premlata-the-first-indian-woman-to-conquer-seven-summits-of-the-world/article4769137.ece|title=Premlata, the first Indian woman to conquer seven Summits of the world|date=2013-05-31|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-06-25}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2013 and [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] in 2017 for her achievements in the field of [[mountaineering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|title=Padma Awards|date=27 January 2013|publisher=pib|access-date=27 January 2013}}</ref> On 17 May 2011, she became the oldest Indian woman to have scaled the world's tallest peak, [[Mount Everest]] (29,032 ft.); at the age of 48 years at that time while [[Sangeeta Sindhi Bahl]] hailing from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] broke Premlata's record on 19 May 2018 and became the oldest Indian woman to climb Mount Everest at the age of 53.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/53-year-old-from-jammu-becomes-oldest-indian-woman-to-scale-mt-everest-5187517/|title=Gurgaon mountaineer Sangeeta becomes oldest Indian woman to climb Mt Everest|date=2018-05-23|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref><ref name=tele>{{cite news |title=On the top of the world - Steel city mom oldest Indian woman to scale Everest |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/jsp/frontpage/story_14009988.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203115613/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/jsp/frontpage/story_14009988.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]|date=21 May 2011 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Jayesh |last=Thaker}}</ref><ref name=dna/>

Prior to this, she took part in an [[Island Peak]] Expedition in Nepal (20,600 ft) in 2004; the [[Karakoram Pass]] (18,300 ft) and Mt. [[Saltoro Kangri]] (20,150 ft) in 2006. She participated in the First Indian Women's Thar Desert Expedition in 2007 and again in 2015; a 40 day camel safari from [[Bhuj]] in Gujarat to the [[Wagah Border]] (Indo-Pak border) in Punjab. Her feats have earned her a listing in the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref name="tele" /><ref>{{cite news |title=45-year-old housewife to climb Mount Everest |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/45yearold-housewife-to-climb-mount-everest/758981/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=7 Mar 2011 }}</ref><ref name="ndtv">{{cite news |title=Mother of two becomes oldest Indian woman to climb Mount Everest|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mother-of-two-becomes-oldest-indian-woman-to-climb-mount-everest-107224 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=20 May 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
She started mountaineering at the age of 36, after taking part in a hill climbing competition in [[Jamshedpur]]. Soon she discovered her passion for climbing. Subsequently she was trained and mentored by [[Bachendri Pal]], the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |title='Sherpas were sending me back' |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110603/jsp/frontpage/story_14065257.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203174715/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110603/jsp/frontpage/story_14065257.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=3 June 2011 |location=Calcutta, India |first1=Shashank |last1=Shekhar |first2=Jayesh |last2=Thaker}}</ref><ref name=ibn/>

==Mount Everest climb 2011==
She was part of a 22-member eco-Everest expedition team, the Indian contingent also included Sunita Singh, Narendar Singh, Pawan Grewal, Sushma and Vikas Kaushik, besides climbers [[Rodrigo Raineri]] of Brazil and [[David Liaño Gonzalez|David Liano]] of Mexico. She spent over a month climbing around [[Everest Base Camp]]s to acclimatise, and also did a climbing exercise at 20,300-feet-high [[Island Peak]] in the Himalayas.<ref name=ndtv/>
She started the main climb on 6 May when climbed from the Everest base camp at 18,000 feet to Camp 2 at 22,000 feet. However, then on she used supplemental oxygen, and reached Camp 3 at 23,000 feet and Camp 4 at 26,000 feet. The multinational trekking team led by Dawa Steven Sherpa took an overnight trek to climb the summit. They started at 11pm from the South Col (Camp 4 at 26,000 ft) route from the Nepal side and touched the summit at 9.35am on 20 May 2011, which is a height of 29,032 ft.<ref name=tele/> An hour before reaching the summit she lost one of her gloves, and decided to turn back as it was not possible to climb such height without a glove, just then she saw a pair of gloves lying on the snow, left by someone.<ref name=ibn>{{cite news |title=Premlata oldest Indian woman to scale Everest |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/45-yearold-indian-woman-scales-mt-everest/155804-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154624/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/45-yearold-indian-woman-scales-mt-everest/155804-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2011 |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=1 Jun 2011 }}</ref>

==Seven Summits climbing details ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/mountaineer-premlata-agarwal-becomes-first-indian-woman-to-scale-seven-summits-165169-2013-06-01|title= Premlata Agarwal- seven-summits climbing details -|website= www.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
!Image
!peak
!Elevation
!Continent
!Date of Summit
|-
|1
| [[File:Everest kalapatthar crop.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mount Everest]]
| {{Convert|8848|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| [[Asia]]
|20 May 2011
|-
|2
| [[File:Aconcagua 13.JPG|100px]]
|[[Aconcagua]]
| {{Convert|6961|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|[[South America]]
|10 February 2012
|-
|3
| [[File:Mount McKinley.jpg|100px]]
|[[Denali]]
| {{Convert|6194|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|[[North America]]
|23 May 2013
|-
|4
| [[File:Mt. Kilimanjaro 12.2006.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kilimanjaro]]
| {{Convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|[[Africa]]
|6 June 2008
|-
|5
| [[File:Эльбрус с перевала Гумбаши.JPG|100px]]
|[[Mount Elbrus]]
| {{Convert|5642|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|[[Europe]]
|12 August 2012
|-
|6
| [[File:Mount Vinson from NW at Vinson Plateau by Christian Stangl (flickr).jpg|100px]]
|[[Vinson Massif|Mount Vinson]]
| {{Convert|4892|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|[[Antarctica]]
|5 January 2013
|-
|7
| [[File:Puncakjaya.jpg|100px]]
|[[Puncak Jaya]]
| {{Convert|4884|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|[[Australia (continent)|Australia]]
|22 October 2013
|}

==Personal life==
She is married and has two daughters.<ref name=dna>{{cite news |title=Premlata Agarwal becomes oldest Indian woman to scale Mt Everest |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_premlata-agarwal-becomes-oldest-indian-woman-to-scale-mt-everest_1545687 |publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=20 May 2011 }}</ref>

== Press coverage ==
Premlata Agarwal was named top Indian women achievers in 2012 by indiatimes.com.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/more-from-india/iday-special-indias-top-10-women-achievers-36143.html|title=I-Day Special: India's Top 10 Women Achievers|date=15 August 2012 |access-date=2016-06-25}}</ref>

In 2016, she was featured in a video saluting iron strong women of India by Tata Salt.<ref>{{Citation|last=Tata Salt|title=Iron Strong Women of India - Scaling New Heights|date=2016-06-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfZRC4W-HAk|access-date=2016-06-25}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bY4ywy4tPE Premlata Agarwal climbs Everest] at [[YouTube]]

{{Indian mountaineers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Premlata}}
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Summiteers of the Seven Summits]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]
[[Category:Indian female climbers]]

Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal

2026-03-06T15:56:42Z

EzraDrago8750: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian police officer and mountaineer (born 1949)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{notability|Biography|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 10 January 1949
| birth_place = Sachkhil, [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Police official Mountaineer
| yearsactive =
| known for = Everest and Kanchen Junga summiting
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal''' (born 10 January 1949) is an Indian police official and mountaineer,<ref name="Everest: Summit of Achievement">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ph67BBsPkwC&q=Kanhaya+Lal+Pokhriyal&pg=PA249 | title=Everest: Summit of Achievement | publisher=Simon and Schuster | author=Royal Geographical Society | year=2003 | pages=252 | isbn=9780743243865}}</ref> known for climbing the highest peak in the world, [[Mount Everest]] in 1992.<ref name="MT. EVEREST EXPEDITION CONDUCTED BY ITBP">{{cite web | url=http://itbpolice.nic.in/eKiosk/writeReadData/sports/mountaineering.pdf | title=MT. EVEREST EXPEDITION CONDUCTED BY ITBP | publisher=Indo-Tibet Border Police | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015408/http://itbpolice.nic.in/eKiosk/writeReadData/sports/mountaineering.pdf | archive-date=17 November 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was born on 10 January 1949 in the small village of Sachkhil in the [[Pauri Garhwal district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] and has served the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]].<ref name="Mountaineers of Mount Everest of India">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-208195.html | title=Mountaineers of Mount Everest of India | publisher=Indian Autographs | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> He is the only [[India]]n mountaineer to have climbed [[Kanchenjunga]] through two routes, from Sikkim and Nepal.<ref name="Core Team">{{cite web | url=http://api.ning.com/files/XXkEApvzFlJEoBb-ez4pEFxbz8C2YbRbn*LJIBhOJn6pZLBjodsWuBRbCJyDVbXNuJT8I1LM0P74kvqM-8TlX1rXpsDmmMME/CampUtopiaFamilyProgramsRaniChauri.pdf | title=Core Team | publisher=Utopia | date=2015 | access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Received [[Padma Shri]] award by The [[Government of India]] in 2003.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kalam presents Padma awards |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/03padma.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of 20th century summiters of Mount Everest]]
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
{{portal|India|Sports}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokhriyal, Kanhaya Lal}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]

{{climbing-bio-stub}}
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}

Iblis (film)

2026-03-03T20:31:56Z

EzraDrago8750: reworked references further and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Iblis
|image = Iblis film poster.jpg
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = Rohith V. S.
|producer = Sreelekshmi R Bhupen Tacho Jeetu Gogoi
|screenplay = Sameer Abdul
|story = Rohith V. S.
|starring = {{ubl|[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]|[[Madonna Sebastian]]|[[Adish Praveen|Master Adish]]|Konapri|[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]|[[Sreenath Bhasi]]|[[Saiju Kurup]]|[[Aju Varghese]]}}
|music = [[Dawn Vincent]]
|cinematography = [[Akhil George]]
|editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
|studio = Ichais Productions
|distributor = [[Adam's World of Imagination]]
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|8|3|ref1=}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = [[Malayalam]]
|budget = 
|gross = 

}}
'''''Iblis''''' ({{lit|[[Iblis]]}}; {{translation|Devil}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film directed by Rohith V. S. with [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] and [[Madonna Sebastian]] starring.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://teammediaproductions.com/adventures-of-omanakuttan-fame-rohith-vs-is-coming-with-his-second-movie/|title=Adventures of Omanakuttan fame Rohith VS is coming with his second movie|date=6 March 2018|work=Team Media|access-date=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622114302/http://teammediaproductions.com/adventures-of-omanakuttan-fame-rohith-vs-is-coming-with-his-second-movie/|archivedate=22 June 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://topmovierankings.com/news/madonna-sebastian-to-team-up-with-asif-ali-for-iblis|title=Madonna Sebastian to team up with Asif Ali for Iblis|work=www.topmovierankings.com|date=20 October 2017|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123024900/https://topmovierankings.com/news/madonna-sebastian-to-team-up-with-asif-ali-for-iblis|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was produced by Ichais Productions. The film was released on 3 August 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/asif-ali-and-rohit-vs-reunite-in-new-film-iblis-premam-fame-madonna-sebastian-coming-back-to-mollywood/articleshow/64668568.cms|title=ആസിഫും മഡോണയും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന 'ഇബ്‍‍ലീസ്'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക്|date=20 June 2018|work=[[Samayam Malayalam]]|access-date=23 November 2022|lang=ml}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vaisakhan lives in an unknown land, playing music at the homes where someone has died. He is a carefree youth, who is madly in love with Fida. His concepts of death and afterlife have heavily been influenced by his "muthassan" or grandpa, Sreedharan.

This muthassan is a weird character who enjoys his life, travelling like a nomad. He is a funny character who even plans to make Vaisakhan and Fida fall in love.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Vaishakan<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/30/the-asif-ali-interview-i-want-to-do-less-but-quality-films-1821619.html|title=The Asif Ali interview: 'I want to do less but quality films'|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 May 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
**Sreepath Yan as young Vaishakan
*[[Madonna Sebastian]] as Fida, love interest of Vaishakan<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/madonna-asif-starrer-iblis-will-release-in-october/articleshow/64623096.cms|title=Madonna-Asif starrer Iblis will release in October|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 June 2017|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Shreedharan
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Jabbar
*Rugmini Amma as Beevi
*[[Saiju Kurup]] as Sukumaran
*[[Sreenath Bhasi]] as [[Attar]] merchant/Subair
*[[Adish Praveen|Master Adish]] as Musthafa
*Shivakumar Nair as Josettan
*Nazeer as Kelu
*[[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Vareed
*[[Babu Annur]] as Sulaiman, Fida's father
*[[Surjith Gopinath]] as Puppetry artist
*[[Aju Varghese]] as King (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==
''Iblis'' is the second directorial of Rohith V. S. with Asif Ali after his debut film ''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]'' (2017). The film is set in the 1980s, Rohith describes the film a "musical adventure-comedy", planned on the lines of ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-madonna-to-unite-for-an-80s-musical-comedy/articleshow/61171895.cms|title=Asif Ali, Madonna to unite for an 80s musical comedy|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 October 2017|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> Rohith discussed the project with Asif during the filming of ''Adventures of Omanakuttan'' and also retained its co-writer Sameer Abdul and cinematographer Akhil George for ''Iblis''. Asif too contributed to the script.<ref name=interview>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/jun/18/asif-ali-and-rohit-vs-reunite-in-fantasy-film-iblis-1830018.html|title=Asif Ali and Rohit VS reunite in fantasy film Iblis|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 June 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> It was produced by the company Ichais Productions, in their debut. ''Iblis'' has music composed by [[Dawn Vincent]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/030318/asif-ali-starts-his-next-adventure.html|title=Asif Ali starts his next adventure|date=3 March 2018|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> A [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] function for the film was held in early March 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/iblis-beckons-asif-and-madonna/articleshow/63247361.cms|title=Iblis beckons Asif and Madonna!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 March 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was released on 3 August 2018.<ref name=interview/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pune/movies/iblis/ET00078352|title=Iblis (2018) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in pune - BookMyShow|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> The film is available for home video through [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[YouTube]], which is upload by Goodwill Entertainments.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7601594}}

[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 comedy films]]

Maasilamani

2026-03-03T04:22:48Z

EzraDrago8750: quick fix

{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maasilamani poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[R. N. R. Manohar]]
| writer = R. N. R. Manohar
| producer = Kalpathi S. Aghoram Kalpathi S. Ganesh Kalpathi S. Suresh
| starring = [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] [[Sunaina]] [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]]
| cinematography = [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]]
| editing = Manoj
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Sun Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2009|6|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maasilamani''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]] directed by debutant [[R. N. R. Manohar]] and produced by [[AGS Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Director-actor RNR Manohar passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-actor-rnr-manohar-passes-away/articleshow/87755293.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117092321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-actor-rnr-manohar-passes-away/articleshow/87755293.cms |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] and [[Sunaina]], in their second collaboration after ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2021 |title=Happy Birthday Nakkhul Jaidev: 5 best performances of the Tamil star |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/happy-birthday-nakkhul-jaidev-5-best-performances-of-the-tamil-star/770841 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726210851/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/happy-birthday-nakkhul-jaidev-5-best-performances-of-the-tamil-star/770841 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> while [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Karunas]], [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] and [[M. S. Bhaskar]] appear in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[D. Imman]] with cinematography and editing by [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]] and Manoj. ''Maasilamani'' was released on 12 June 2009 and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2009 |title=The young and dynamic Nakul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-young-and-dynamic-nakul/articleshow/4807462.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821193649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/The-young-and-dynamic-Nakul/articleshow/4807462.cms |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2009 |title=Sunaina's quite a hit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/sunainas-quite-a-hit/articleshow/4762693.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216135710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/sunainas-quite-a-hit/articleshow/4762693.cms |archive-date=16 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Maasilamani, also known as Maasi, is an orphan living in a lower-middle-class colony. With a heart of gold, he is a popular figure who takes up local issues, fights for justice, and is considered a rowdy by those who do not know him well. Divya, a wealthy upper-middle-class girl, is a dance instructor with whom Maasi falls in love at first sight. However, Divya is put off by his rowdy behavior—especially after he ruins her dance competition—and is offended by his proposal.

Urged by his friends, Maasi attempts to win over her family by pretending to be a well-mannered person under the alias "Mani." Everyone except Divya is aware that Mani and Maasi are the same person. When Divya discovers the truth—while witnessing him beating someone—she finds herself torn about whom to choose.

Bhoopathy, the new local inspector who is also interested in Divya, is determined to expose Maasi. He tries to prove that Mani is actually Maasi and begins troubling Maasi’s relatives. Selvi, Maasi's cousin (his aunt’s daughter), is injured in an accident caused by Bhoopathy. She reveals the truth to Maasi and her mother. Meanwhile, Divya rejects Bhoopathy’s marriage proposal and chooses Mani to be her husband. Maasi confronts Bhoopathy for harassing his family.

Later, Maasi stages a fake death to make Divya realize her true feelings. She recognizes her mistake, and the two embrace, reuniting in love.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] as Maasilamani
* [[Sunaina]] as Divya Ramanathan, Maasilamani's love-interest
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Sub Inspector Bhoopathy Perumalsamy
* [[Sangeetha]] as Tinku, Divya's sister
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Retired Tahsildar Ramanathan, Divya and Tinku's father
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Divya and Tinku's mother
* [[Tatineni Rajeshwari]] as Divya's grandmother
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Pazhani, Maasilamani's friend
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Kathir, Maasilamani's friend
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as 'Coma' Ramaswamy
* [[Karunas]] as the unknown man who betrays 'Coma' Ramaswamy by stealing his money
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Councillor
* [[Manobala]] as Advocate
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Kanthuvatti
* [[T. K. Kala]] as the woman who was assaulted by Bhoopathy
* Rajendranath as Police Inspector
* KVM Kannan as Judge
* Tharini as Karpagam
* Harini as Priya, Divya's student
* Azhagu as Police Officer
* Krishna
* Mahima
* V. Mahadevan
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=17 May 2009 |title=Music review: Masilamani (Tamil – D Imman) |url=https://milliblog.com/2009/05/17/music-review-masilamani-tamil-d-imman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027085305/http://milliblog.com/2009/05/17/music-review-masilamani-tamil-d-imman/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Lyrics
|-
| "Chikku Chikku Boom Boom"
| [[Keerthi Sagathia]], Feji, Baby Harini
| [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
|-
| "Dora Dora"
| Balram, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Kalyani nair
| [[P. Vijay]]
|-
| "Nacka Romba Nacka"
| [[Benny Dayal]], Rita
| [[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| "O Divya O Divya"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| P. Vijay
|-
| "Odi Odi Vilayada"
| [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[SuVi]], Emcee Jesz
| Na. Muthukumar, Emcee Jesz
|}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "''Maasilamani'' is an unpretentious attempt at a masala film sans logic or finesse. Nevertheless, it works as an entertainer with comic elements, helped by the chemistry between lead pair Nakulan and Sunaina and twists in the tale".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2009 |title=Impressive in Parts: Maasilamani |url=https://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2009/july-2009/jul09-tamil-review-maasilamani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810153618/https://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2009/july-2009/jul09-tamil-review-maasilamani.html |archive-date=10 August 2024 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Chennai Online |via=Siliconeer}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "It might be run-of-the-mill, but ''Maasilamani'' does have its enjoyable moments. If you want to kill a couple of hours, here's the flick for you".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=12 June 2009 |title=Maasilamani has its moments |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/jun/12/maasilamani-has-its-moments.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126080040/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/jun/12/maasilamani-has-its-moments.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Finding his way into a rather arresting romantic arena, writer-director R.N.R. Manohar holds the viewer’s attention for quite a while. Sad that the interesting ascent climaxes in a run-of-the-mill finale".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 June 2009 |title=Yarn, not entirely new -- Maasilamani |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061950570200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622053920/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/06/19/stories/2009061950570200.htm |archive-date=22 June 2009 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

==Box office==
The film opened at number 1 at the Chennai box office. The trade attributed this "decent opening" to aggressive campaigning of the film on television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2009 |title=Chennai Box Office: (June 12 - 14) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14894261&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211093833/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14894261&cid=13525926 |archive-date=2011-02-11 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Sify}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{AGS Entertainment}}

[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:AGS Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Suvadugal

2026-03-03T03:29:00Z

EzraDrago8750: new a stub

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Jayabala}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suvadugal
| image =
| caption =
| director = Jayabala
| producer = Jayabala
| writer = Jayabala
| starring = {{ubl|Jayabala|[[Monica (actress)|Monica]]}}
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = Jayabala
| editing = Jayabala
| studio = Paana Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|08|30|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Suvadugal''''' ({{Translation|Clues}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by Jayabala. The film also features him in the lead role, alongside [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]. After beginning production in 2003, the film was released on 30 August 2013.<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2004 |title=Jayabala enters the film world |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/10-jayabala.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102225656/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/10-jayabala.asp |archive-date=2 November 2004}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Jayabala as Kannan
* [[Monica (actress)|Monica]]
* [[K. R. Vijaya]]
* [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as the rival landlord
* [[Mohan Sharma]]
* Shanthi Ganesh
* [[K. R. Vatsala]]
* [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]]

== Production ==
New York-based aeronautical engineer, Jayabala — a native of [[Sri Lanka]] — announced plans to direct, produce and act in ''Suvadugal'' during 2003. He undertook courses in film direction and cinematography at [[New York University]], and wanted to make a film along the lines of ''[[Edhir Neechal (1968 film)|Edhir Neechal]]'' (1968). [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] was cast in the lead female role, while actors such as [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Mohan Sharma]], Shanthi Ganesh and [[K. R. Vatsala]] also joined the cast. Jaibala's wife, a doctor, handled the production, while [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] technicians were signed to help work on live sound.<ref name="archive" />

Actresses K. R. Vijaya and [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] had a narrow escape from an injury when shooting for the film in [[Courtallam]]. The crane used to mount a camera suddenly titled and was about to fall on the actresses. However, about 200 people who had come to see the shooting of the film helped stop the crane and saved the crew and cast from an accident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2013 |title=KR Vijaya and Monika escape unhurt |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/kr-vijaya-and-monika-escape-unhurt/76621/story.htm |website=NOWRUNNING}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=Vikatan |date=14 August 2013 |title=படப்பிடிப்பில் உயிர் தப்பிய நடிகை மோனிகா! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/accident/18277- |website=www.vikatan.com/}}</ref>

Ten years after production was complete, Jaibala prepared the film for a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Monika's narrow escape |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/monikas-narrow-escape/articleshow/21859832.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The delayed release of the film meant that the film was [[M. S. Viswanathan]]'s final release as a music composer.<ref name="review">{{Cite web |title=Creative Blogs | Creative Writing | Creative Thoughts |url=http://movies.sulekha.com/tamil-movie-suvadugal-review-91145}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film had a delayed theatrical release on 30 August 2013 alongside ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'', ''[[Ponmaalai Pozhudhu]]'' and ''[[Summa Nachunu Irukku]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury - Aug 30 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-aug-30-news-tamil-ni4j0Rbeccf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209212959/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-aug-30-news-tamil-ni4j0Rbeccf.html |archive-date=9 December 2013 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A reviewer of the film from entertainment portal ''[[Sulekha]]'' wrote "at a time when mindless masalas rule the roost, films like ''Suvadugal'' comes a whiff of fresh air".<ref name="review" /> The reviewer added "combining three hats together of action, direction and production is no easy task. Jaibala has managed to combine the three tasks well indeed in ''Suvadugal'' which has everything including action, romance and a powerful message".<ref name="review" /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "there is literally no story to speak of in the first half, the second half is only marginally better". The critic added "It is so ineptly directed, shoddily shot and badly acted that it sets a new pinnacle for truly dreadful filmmaking."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Suvadugal Movie Review {0.5/5}: Critic Review of Suvadugal by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/suvadugal/movie-review/22179329.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The following year, Jaibala announced a different project, which eventually did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2014 |title='சுவடுகள்' இயக்குனரின் அடுத்த படம்! |url=https://top10cinema.com//article/tl/28072/suvadirector-next |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828022015/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/tl/28072/suvadirector-next |archive-date=28 August 2014 |website=Top 10 Cinema}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nawab ud din Ramdasi

2026-02-23T08:07:09Z

EzraDrago8750: put up some entry first draft...

{{Issues|
{{Notability|Bio|date=January 2025}}
{{Unreferenced|date= March 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nawab ud Din Ramdasi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year | 1870}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1946|1870}}
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Sufi]] scholar, preacher of [[Islam]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Nawab ud Din Ramdasi''' (1870–1946) was an Indian [[Sufi]] scholar and preacher of [[Islam]].

Nawab ud Din Randasi's parents were Muhammad Musa and Bakhtawar Begum.

There are still living descendants of '''Nawab ud Din Ramdasi''' alive today.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External sources==
* ''Zikr e Paka'' by Tufail Nasri
* ''Tazkara Sufi Nawab ud Din''
* ''Aftab e Shawalak I'', published by Kutab Khana Maqbool e Aam Attock
* ''Aftab e Shawalak II'', published by Kutab Khana Maqbool e Aam Attock
* ''Aftab e Shawalak III'', published by Kutab Khana Maqbool e Aam Attock

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramdasi, Nawab ud din}}{{India-reli-bio-stub}}{{Islam-bio-stub}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Scholars of Sufism]]

Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T21:14:17Z

EzraDrago8750: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary
| image = Giant-squirrel.jpg
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| iucn_category = IV
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]], [[Madurai]] and [[Theni district]]s
| nearest_city = [[Madurai]]
| coordinates = {{coords|9|34|30|N|77|33|30|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|480|km2|sqmi}}
| established = December 1989
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]
| url = http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_sgsws.html
}}
The '''Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary''' ('''GSWS'''), also known as '''Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary''', was established in 1988 to protect the [[Near-threatened species|Near threatened]] [[grizzled giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa macroura''). Occupying an area of 485.2 km2, it is bordered on the southwest by the [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]] and is one of the best preserved forests south of the [[Palghat Gap]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Srivilliputhur Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://www.ecoinfoindia.org/lldb_sggs_ws.php|publisher=Eco-Informatics Centre|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref>

The sanctuary covers {{cvt|485|km2}} in western [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]] in the eastern water-shed of the [[Western Ghats]] and consists of high hills and valleys, with a number of peaks reaching up to {{cvt|2019|m}}.<ref name="SRIVILLIPUTHUR">{{cite web|url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_sgsws.html|title=Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary|year=2007|work=Wild Biodiversity|publisher=TamilNadu Forest Department|access-date=2009-03-23 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409230945/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_sgsws.html|archive-date=2009-04-09}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary is located from 9° 21' to 9° 48' N and 77°21' to 77°46' E. The sanctuary lies mostly in [[Virudhunagar district]] especially in Srivilliputtur and partly in [[Madurai district]]. The sanctuary is bounded to the north by the [[Andipatti]] hills, south by [[Tirunelveli District]], east by [[Srivilliputhur]] and [[Rajapalayam]] towns and west by [[Theni]] town and [[Theni District]]. It is the eastern boundary of the [[Periyar river]] watershed. This sanctuary is contiguous to [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]] on the south western side and the [[Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary#Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary|Megamalai Reserve Forest]] on the north western side and Its southern limit is contiguous with the [[Sivagiri, Tirunelveli|Sivagiri]] Reserved Forest of Tirunelveli Forest Division.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
The elevation ranges from {{cvt|100|m}} in the plains and rises to the highest peak, [[Kottamala]], at {{cvt|2019|m}}. Average annual rainfall is {{cvt|849.1|mm}} and varies between {{cvt|800|and|2300|mm}} in different areas of the sanctuary. Water sources for the sanctuary are the Kallar and [[Mullaperiyar Dam]]s and the [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]], Naragaiar, Pachaiar, Mangar, Kovilar and Pairakudraiar rivers.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
The underlying rock throughout the area is [[granitoid]] [[gneiss]] formation. The lowest altitudes have a mixture of [[quartz]] and [[quartzite]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Fauna==
In addition to grizzled giant squirrels, other animals seen here are [[Bengal tiger]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[common langur]], [[Indian elephant|elephants]], [[flying squirrel]]s, [[gaur]], [[Indian giant squirrel]], [[leopard]], [[lion-tailed macaque]]s, [[mouse deer]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[Nilgiri Tahr]]s, [[Jerdon's palm civet|palm civet]]s, [[porcupine]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[Gray slender loris|slender loris]], [[sloth bear]], [[spotted deer]], [[tree shrews]], [[wild boar]] and [[wild cat]]s.

Resident and migrating elephants are common. The wildlife census in 2002 counted 156 elephants. There were more grizzled giant squirrels sighted in 2009 than in 2008. In 2008, a group of 30 [[lion-tailed macaques]] were sighted during the annual census, but in the 2009 census more than 45 lion-tailed macaques, including a sizeable number of young macaques, were sighted in a single group between Nagariyar and Periyakavu patch. [[Nilgiri Tahr]] have been sighted in the entire division starting from [[Kottamala]] in [[Rajapalayam]] to Perumal Malai in [[Sathuragiri Hills]] near [[Watrap|Sundara Mahalingam temple]] in Saptoor. A [[Bengal tiger|tiger]] was also seen in Sathuragiri during the 2009 census.<ref name="Oppili">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/23/stories/2009032358970500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327025116/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/23/stories/2009032358970500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2009|title=Wildlife numbers up in Srivilliputhur sanctuary|last=Oppili|first=P. |date= 23 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-03-23}}</ref> In recent years there has been a significant increase in the population of the tahrs with the census in 2011 putting their numbers at 220 individuals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nilgiri Tahr population goes up in Srivilliputhur sanctuary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/nilgiri-tahr-population-goes-up-in-srivilliputhur-sanctuary/article2132523.ece|access-date=8 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Recognised as an [[Important Bird Area]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Joshua|first=J.|title=Indian Bird Conservation Network|year=2004|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society and Birdlife International, UK|pages=964–983}}</ref> over 275 species of birds are seen in this sanctuary including 14 species of birds endemic to the [[Western Ghats]], such as the [[critically endangered]] [[Indian white-rumped vulture|Oriental white-backed vulture]] and the [[long-billed vulture]], [[vulnerable species]] [[Nilgiri wood-pigeon]], [[Broad-tailed grassbird|broad-tailed grass warbler]], [[red-faced malkoha]] and the [[white-bellied shortwing]] (''Brachypteryx major'') and [[near threatened]] species like the [[great pied hornbill]], [[Nilgiri pipit]], [[black-and-orange flycatcher]] and the [[Nilgiri flycatcher]]. The [[Malayan night heron]] is of lesser concern. The primary raptors here are the [[South Nicobar serpent-eagle|serpent eagle]], [[hawk]]s and [[black eagle]]. A bird survey in 2013 observed in the sanctuary rare endemic species including [[Sri Lankan frogmouth]], mountain and [[rufous-bellied hawk-eagle]]s, [[Great Indian hornbill|great Indian]] and [[Malabar pied hornbill]]s, [[Mountain pigeon|mountain]] and [[green imperial pigeon]]s which are all species found only in the higher altitudes of Western Ghats. Some of the rare migratory birds spotted included the [[steppe eagle]], [[Eurasian sparrowhawk]] and [[Blue-capped rock thrush|bluecapped rockthrush]].<ref>{{cite news|title=20 species of rare birds spotted in squirrel sanctuary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/20-species-of-rare-birds-spotted-in-squirrel-sanctuary/article4416062.ece|access-date=8 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 February 2013}}</ref>

The sanctuary has numerous [[reptile]]s including [[king cobra]]s, [[Python molurus|Indian rock python]] and many endemic species namely [[Trimeresurus|pit vipers]], [[Chrysopelea ornata|ornate flying snake]], ''[[Draco (genus)|Draco]]'' or gliding lizard, [[Calotes grandisquamis|large-scaled calotes]] and ''[[Monilesaurus ellioti]]'' and [[amphibian]]s including endemic ones like ''[[Micrixalus]]'', ''[[Indirana]]'', ''[[Nyctibatrachus]]'', ''[[Ramanella]]'', ''[[Rhacophorus malabaricus]]'', ''[[Raorchestes]]'' and ''[[Pseudophilautus]]''.

There are over 220 species of [[butterflies]] documented in the sanctuary including many rare and endemic species. Some of the rare butterflies spotted here include [[Evershed's ace]], [[silver royal]], [[orange awlet]], and [[Hampson's hedge blue]].<ref name="SRIVILLIPUTHUR"/><ref name="ATREE">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoinfoindia.org/lldb_sggs_ws.php|title=Srivilliputhur Grizzled Giant Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary|work=Eco-Informatic Database|publisher=ATREE|access-date=2009-03-23}}</ref>

==Flora==
The sanctuary is a mix of [[tropical evergreen forest]]s and [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests]]s of {{cvt|69.32|km2}}, [[dry deciduous forest]]s and [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] of {{cvt|51.66|km2}}), [[grassland]] of {{cvt|152.18|km2}} and cultivated land of {{cvt|121.07|km2}}. The sanctuary includes a Medicinal Plant Conservation Area at Thaniparai.<ref name=SRIVILLIPUTHUR/> 69 plant species belonging to 58 taxa and 42 families are used by the [[Paliyan]] tribal people, living in the sanctuary, to treat 15 ailments.<ref name=Muthukumarasamy>{{cite journal |last= Muthukumarasamy |first=S.|author2=Mohan, V. R. |author3=Kumaresan, S. |title=Medico-ethnobotany of Palliyar tribe in grizzled giant squirrel wildlife sanctuary, Srivilliputhur, Western Ghats, India |journal=Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences |pages= |issue=}}</ref>

==Conservation==
The conservation problems affecting the sanctuary are human-elephant conflict, human encroachment, cattle grazing and forest fire. Within the sanctuary, there are 7 to 10 temples which attract thousands of pilgrims every year. [[Water scarcity]] is a major problem during dry season due to lack of perennial water source.

Measures have been taken to conserve the wildlife in the sanctuary. The entry of cattle into the sanctuary is prevented, particularly in Kottamalai and Watrap. Leases for collection of fruits and minor forest produce have been stopped to increase the food sources. Tree planting, [[soil conservation]] and water harvesting have been undertaken to improve the habitat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shenbagathopu Grizelled Squirrel Sanctuary|url=http://virudhunagar.nic.in/forest.htm|work=Viruthunagar district Administration|publisher=virudhunagar.nic.in|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref> The possibility of an elephant [[Wildlife corridor|corridor]] could be studied by tracking elephants using [[Tracking collar|radio collars]].<ref>[http://www.asiannature.org/srivilliputhur.html Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190331/http://www.asiannature.org/srivilliputhur.html |date=2007-09-27 }} Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Retrieved 5/12/2007</ref>

==Accessibility==
The sanctuary is 45 km away from [[Virudhunagar]] town and about 75–80 km away from [[Madurai]] city. [[Srivilliputtur railway station]] is situated 5 km way from the sanctuary. Forest rest houses are available at [[Mudungiar]], [[Pudupatti, Virudhunagar|Pudupatti]] and [[Mudaliaroothu]]. There are many private lodges near the sanctuary.<ref>[http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/wildlife/SanctuariesParks/SGSVirudhunagar.aspx?catid=C5&subcat1id=C5S1&subcat2id=C5S1S6&sm=C5S1S6 Srivilliputhur Sanctuaries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105130042/http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/wildlife/SanctuariesParks/SGSVirudhunagar.aspx?catid=C5&subcat1id=C5S1&subcat2id=C5S1S6&sm=C5S1S6 |date=2007-01-05 }} Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation and Department of Tourism, Retrieved 5/12/2007</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/30/stories/2006103000180300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023154255/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/30/stories/2006103000180300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|access-date=7 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 October 2006}}</ref>

There are no roads inside the sanctuary and hence visitors must cover it on foot. Guides are available on request from the sanctuary office to accompany tourists on treks.

==See also==
*[[Srivilliputhur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Western Ghats}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1988]]

Feldspar

2026-02-22T06:39:37Z

EzraDrago8750: page updated

{{Short description|Group of rock-forming minerals}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

{{Stack|
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Feldspar
| category = [[Tectosilicate]] minerals
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor = #eae6de
| image = Feldspar diversity.png
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = Feldspar minerals. Clockwise from top left: [[orthoclase]], [[albite]], [[microcline]], and an indeterminate [[plagioclase]]
| formula = {{chem|[[Potassium|K]][[Aluminium|Al]][[silicon|Si]]|3|[[Oxygen|O]]|8| – [[Sodium|Na]]AlSi|3|O|8| – [[Calcium|Ca]]Al|2|Si|2|O|8|}}
|IMAsymbol=Fsp<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| IMAstatus = [[Mineral group]]
| molweight =
| color = pink, white, gray, brown, blue
| habit =
| system = [[Triclinic]] or [[monoclinic]]
| twinning =
| cleavage = two or three
| fracture = along cleavage planes
| mohs = 6.0–6.5
| luster = vitreous
| tenacity =
| polish =
| refractive = 1.518–1.526
| opticalprop =
| birefringence = first order
| dispersion =
| pleochroism = none
| fluorescence=
| absorption =
| streak = white
| gravity = 2.55–2.76
| density = 2.56
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity = opaque
| other = exsolution lamellae common
| references = <ref>{{cite web|title=Feldspar|url=https://www.gemologyonline.com/feldspar.html|work=Gemology Online|access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Feldspar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛ|l|(|d|)|.|ˌ|s|p|ɑːr}} {{respell|FEL(D)|spar}}; sometimes spelled '''felspar''') is a group of rock-forming [[Aluminosilicate|aluminium tectosilicate minerals]], also containing other [[cation]]s such as sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium.<ref name="Glossary2005">{{cite book | title=Glossary of Geology | publisher=American Geological Institute | editor-last1=Neuendorf | editor-first1=K.K.E. | editor-last2=Mehl | editor-first2=J.P. Jr. | editor-last3=Jackson | editor-first3=J.A. | year=2005 | location=Alexandria, Virginia | page=232 | isbn=978-0922152896| edition=5th }}</ref> The most common members of the feldspar group are the ''[[plagioclase]]'' (sodium-calcium) feldspars and the ''alkali'' (potassium-sodium) feldspars.<ref name="DeerHowieZussman2001">{{cite book | title=Rock-forming Minerals (2nd edition) Volume 4A | publisher=Geological Society of London | last1=Deer | first1=W.A | last2=Howie | first2=R.A. | last3=Zussman | first3=J. | year=2001 | location=London | pages=2 | isbn=1-86239-081-9}}</ref> Feldspars make up about 60% of the [[Earth's crust]]<ref name="Glossary2005"/> and 41% of the Earth's [[continental crust]] by weight.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Robert S. |last1=Anderson |first2=Suzanne P. |last2=Anderson |title=Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDt5A2-km_wC&q=Geomorphology%3A+The+Mechanics+and+Chemistry+of+Landscapes|isbn=9781139788700 }}</ref><ref name="Rudnick2003">{{cite book |chapter=Composition of the Continental Crust |publisher=Elsevier Science |location=New York |first1=R. L. |last1=Rudnick |first2=S. |last2=Gao |title=Treatise on Geochemistry |editor1-first=H. D. |editor1-last=Holland |editor2-first=K. K. |editor2-last=Turekian |volume=3 |pages=1–64 |year=2003 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/03016-4 |isbn=978-0-08-043751-4|bibcode=2003TrGeo...3....1R }}</ref>

Feldspars [[crystal]]lize from [[magma]] as both [[Intrusive rock|intrusive]] and [[extrusive]] [[igneous]] rocks<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Troll|first=V. R.|date=2002-02-01|title=Magma Mixing and Crustal Recycling Recorded in Ternary Feldspar from Compositionally Zoned Peralkaline Ignimbrite A', Gran Canaria, Canary Islands|journal=Journal of Petrology|volume=43|issue=2|pages=243–270|doi=10.1093/petrology/43.2.243|bibcode=2002JPet...43..243T|issn=1460-2415|doi-access=free}}</ref> and are also present in many types of [[metamorphic rock]].<ref>"Metamorphic Rocks." [http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/bperry/ROCKS.htm Metamorphic Rocks Information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701111134/http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/bperry/ROCKS.htm |date=2007-07-01 }}. Retrieved on July 18, 2007</ref> Rock formed almost entirely of calcic [[plagioclase]] feldspar is known as [[anorthosite]].<ref>Blatt, Harvey and Tracy, Robert J. (1996) ''Petrology,'' Freeman, 2nd ed., pp. 206–210 {{ISBN|0-7167-2438-3}}</ref> Feldspars are also found in many types of [[sedimentary rock]]s.<ref>"Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks." [http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html Geology.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703170212/http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html |date=2007-07-03 }} Retrieved on July 18, 2007.</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''feldspar'' derives from the [[German language|German]] {{Lang|de|Feldspat}}, a compound of the words ''{{Lang|de|Feld}}'' ("field") and {{Lang|de|Spat}} ("flake"). {{Lang|de|Spat}} had long been used as the word for "a [[Rock (geology)|rock]] easily cleaved into flakes"; {{Lang|de|Feldspat}} was introduced in the 18th century as a more specific term, referring perhaps to its common occurrence in rocks found in fields (Urban Brückmann, 1783) or to its occurrence as "fields" within granite and other minerals (René-Just Haüy, 1804).<ref name="Lüschen">{{citation| author= Hans Lüschen | title= Die Namen der Steine. Das Mineralreich im Spiegel der Sprache | edition= 2nd| publisher= Ott Verlag | place= Thun | year= 1979 | page=215 | isbn= 3-7225-6265-1}}</ref>
The change from {{Lang|de|Spat}} to ''-spar'' was influenced by the English word [[Spar (mineralogy)|''spar'']],<ref>{{OEtymD|feldspar|accessdate=2008-02-08}}</ref> meaning a non-opaque mineral with good cleavage.<ref name="OED1">{{cite web | url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/spar#spar_Noun_300 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926020824/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/spar#spar_Noun_300 | url-status=dead | archive-date=September 26, 2016 | title=spar | publisher=Oxford Dictionaries | work=Oxford English Dictionary | access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> ''Feldspathic'' refers to materials that contain feldspar. The alternative spelling, ''felspar'', has fallen out of use. The term "felsic", meaning light coloured minerals such as quartz and feldspars, is an acronymic word derived from ''fel''dspar and ''si''lica, unrelated to the obsolete spelling "felspar".

==Compositions==
[[File:Feldspar group.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Compositional phase diagram of the different minerals that constitute the feldspar solid solution]]
The feldspar group of minerals consists of [[Silicate minerals|tectosilicate]]s, silicate minerals in which silicon ions are linked by shared oxygen ions to form a three-dimensional network. Compositions of major elements in common feldspars can be expressed in terms of three [[Endmember (mineralogy)|endmembers]]:
* [[orthoclase]] endmember [[Potassium|K]][[Aluminium|Al]][[silicon|Si]]{{sub|3}}[[Oxygen|O]]{{sub|8}}<ref name="feldspar">Feldspar. [http://www.ima-na.org/?page=what_is_feldspar What is Feldspar?] Industrial Minerals Association. Retrieved on July 18, 2007.</ref>
* [[albite]] endmember [[Sodium|Na]]AlSi{{sub|3}}O{{sub|8}}<ref name = "feldspar"/>
* [[anorthite]] endmember [[Calcium|Ca]]Al{{sub|2}}Si{{sub|2}}O{{sub|8}}<ref name = "feldspar"/>

[[Solid solution]]s between orthoclase and albite are called alkali feldspar.<ref name = "feldspar"/> Solid solutions between albite and anorthite are called [[plagioclase]],<ref name="feldspar" /> or, more properly, plagioclase feldspar. Only limited solid solution occurs between K-feldspar and anorthite, and in the two other solid solutions, [[immiscibility]] occurs at temperatures common in the crust of the Earth. Albite is considered both a plagioclase and an alkali feldspar.


The ratio of alkali feldspar to plagioclase feldspar, together with the proportion of [[quartz]], is the basis for the [[QAPF classification]] of igneous rock.<ref name="iugs-1991">{{Cite journal|last1=Le Bas|first1=M. J.|last2=Streckeisen|first2=A. L.|title=The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|volume=148|issue=5|pages=825–833|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825|bibcode=1991JGSoc.148..825L|year=1991|citeseerx=10.1.1.692.4446|s2cid=28548230}}</ref><ref name="BGS-1999">{{Cite journal|date=1999|title=Rock Classification Scheme – Vol 1 – Igneous|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3223/1/RR99006.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3223/1/RR99006.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|journal=British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme|volume=1|pages=1–52}}</ref><ref name="philpotts-ague-2009-139-143">{{cite book |last1=Philpotts |first1=Anthony R. |last2=Ague |first2=Jay J. |title=Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9780521880060 |edition=2nd |pages=139–143}}</ref> Calcium-rich plagioclase is the first feldspar to crystallize from cooling magma, then the plagioclase becomes increasingly sodium-rich as crystallization continues. This defines the continuous [[Bowen's reaction series]]. K-feldspar is the final feldspar to crystallize from the [[magma]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks|last=Bowen|first=N.L.|publisher=Dover|year=1956|location=Canada|pages=60–62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornelis |last2=Hurlbut |first2=Cornelius S. Jr. |title=Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) |date=1993 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=047157452X |page=559 |edition=21st}}</ref>

===Alkali feldspars===
Alkali feldspars are grouped into two types: those containing potassium in combination with sodium, aluminium, or silicon; and those where potassium is replaced by barium. The first of these includes:
* [[orthoclase]] ([[monoclinic]])<ref name="orthoclase">[https://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/orthocla/orthocla.htm "The Mineral Orthoclase"]. Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.</ref> {{chem2|KAlSi3O8}}
* [[sanidine]] ([[Monoclinic crystal system|monoclinic]])<ref name="sanidine">[https://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/sanidine/sanidine.htm "Sanidine Feldspar"]. Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.</ref> {{chem2|(K,Na)AlSi3O8}}
* [[microcline]] ([[triclinic]])<ref name="microcline">[https://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/microcli/microcli.htm "Microcline Feldspar"]. Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.</ref> {{chem2|KAlSi3O8}}
* [[anorthoclase]] ([[Triclinic crystal system|triclinic]]) {{chem2|(Na,K)AlSi3O8}}

Potassium and sodium feldspars are not perfectly [[Miscibility|miscible]] in the melt at low temperatures, therefore intermediate compositions of the alkali feldspars occur only in higher temperature environments.{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993||pages=532-536}} Sanidine is stable at the highest temperatures, and microcline at the lowest.<ref name="orthoclase" /><ref name="sanidine" /> [[Perthite]] is a typical texture in alkali feldspar, due to [[exsolution]] of contrasting alkali feldspar compositions during cooling of an intermediate composition. The perthitic textures in the alkali feldspars of many [[granite]]s can be seen with the naked eye.<ref>Ralph, Jolyon and Chou, Ida. "Perthite". [http://www.mindat.org/min-6683.html Perthite Profile on mindat.org]. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.</ref> Microperthitic textures in crystals are visible using a light microscope, whereas cryptoperthitic textures can be seen only with an electron microscope.

===Ammonium feldspar===
[[Buddingtonite]] is an ammonium feldspar with the chemical formula: NH4AlSi3O8.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mindat.org/min-796.html | title=Buddingtonite }}</ref> It is a mineral associated with hydrothermal alteration of the primary feldspar minerals.

===Barium feldspars===
Barium feldspars form as the result of the substitution of barium for potassium in the mineral structure. Barium feldspars are sometimes classified as a separate group of feldspars,<ref name="DeerHowieZussman2001"/> and sometimes they are classified as a sub-group of alkali feldspars.<ref name="MindatGroup">{{cite web | url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1624.html | title=Feldspar Group | publisher=mindat.org | accessdate=4 July 2021}}</ref>

The barium feldspars are monoclinic and include the following:
* [[celsian]] {{chem2|BaAl2Si2O8}}<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-32214.html Celsian–orthoclase series on Mindat.org].</ref>
* [[hyalophane]] {{chem2|(K,Ba)(Al,Si)4O8}}<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-8731.html Celsian–hyalophane series on Mindat.org].</ref>

===Plagioclase feldspars===
The plagioclase feldspars are [[triclinic]]. The plagioclase series follows (with percent [[anorthite]] in parentheses):
* [[albite]] (0 to 10) {{chem2|NaAlSi3O8}}
* [[oligoclase]] (10 to 30) {{chem2|(Na,Ca)(Al,Si)AlSi2O8}}
* [[andesine]] (30 to 50) {{chem|NaAlSi|3|O|8| – CaAl|2|Si|2|O|8|}}
* [[labradorite]] (50 to 70) {{chem2|(Ca,Na)Al(Al,Si)Si2O8}}
* [[bytownite]] (70 to 90) {{chem2|(NaSi,CaAl)AlSi2O8}}
* [[anorthite]] (90 to 100) {{chem2|CaAl2Si2O8}}

Intermediate compositions of exsolve to two feldspars of contrasting composition during cooling, but diffusion is much slower than in alkali feldspar, and the resulting two-feldspar intergrowths typically are too fine-grained to be visible with optical microscopes. The immiscibility gaps in plagioclase solid solutions are more complex than those in alkali feldspars. The play of colours visible in some feldspar of [[labradorite]] composition is due to very fine-grained exsolution [[Lamellar structure|lamellae]] known as Bøggild intergrowth. The [[specific gravity]] in the plagioclase series increases from [[albite]] (2.62) to anorthite (2.72–2.75).

==Structure==
The structure of a feldspar crystal is based on aluminosilicate tetrahedra. Each tetrahedron consists of an aluminium or silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions. Each oxygen ion, in turn, is shared by a neighbouring tetrahedron to form a three-dimensional network. The structure can be visualized as long chains of aluminosilicate tetrahedra, sometimes described as [[crankshaft]] chains because their shape is kinked. Each crankshaft chain links to neighbouring crankshaft chains to form a three-dimensional network of fused four-member rings. The structure is open enough for cations, typically sodium, potassium, or calcium, to fit into it and provide charge balance.{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|pp=533-534}}
<gallery>
File:Anorthite crankshaft.png|Diagram showing part of a crankshaft chain of feldspar
File:Anorthite c.png|Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the c axis
File:Anorthite a.png|Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the a axis
File:Anorthite b.png|Feldspar crystal structure viewed along the b axis
</gallery>

==Weathering==
[[Weathering|Chemical weathering]] of feldspars happens by [[hydrolysis]] and produces [[clay mineral]]s, including [[illite]], [[smectite]], and [[kaolinite]]. Hydrolysis of feldspars begins with the feldspar dissolving in water, which happens best in acidic or basic solutions and less well in neutral ones.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Blum|first=Alex E.|title=Feldspars in Weathering|date=1994|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1106-5_15|work=Feldspars and their Reactions|pages=595–630|editor-last=Parsons|editor-first=Ian|series=NATO ASI Series|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-1106-5_15|isbn=978-94-011-1106-5|access-date=2020-11-18|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The speed at which feldspars are weathered is controlled by how quickly they are dissolved.<ref name=":0" /> Dissolved feldspar reacts with H+ or OH− ions and precipitates clays. The reaction also produces new [[ion]]s in solution, with the variety of ions controlled by the type of feldspar reacting.

The abundance of feldspars in the Earth's [[Crust (geology)|crust]] means that clays are very abundant weathering products.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hefferan|first1=Kevin|title=Earth Materials|last2=O'Brien|first2=John|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4443-3460-9|pages=336–337}}</ref> About 40% of [[mineral]]s in [[sedimentary rock]]s are clays and clays are the dominant minerals in the most common sedimentary rocks, [[mudrock]]s.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Nelson|first=Stephen A.|date=Fall 2008|title=Weathering & Clay Minerals|url=http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens211/weathering%26clayminerals.htm|access-date=2008-11-13|work=Professor's lecture notes (EENS 211, Mineralogy)|publisher=Tulane University|archive-date=2017-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801162126/http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens211/weathering%26clayminerals.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are also an important component of [[soil]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Feldspar that has been replaced by clay looks chalky compared to more crystalline and glassy unweathered feldspar grains.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Earle|first=Steven|url=https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/5-2-chemical-weathering/|title=Physical Geology|chapter=5.2 Chemical Weathering|date=September 2015|publisher=BCcampus}}</ref>

Feldspars, especially plagioclase feldspars, are not very stable at the Earth's surface due to their high formation temperature.<ref name=":1" /> This lack of stability is why feldspars are easily weathered to clays. Because of this tendency to weather easily, feldspars are usually not prevalent in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks that contain large amounts of feldspar indicate that the sediment did not undergo much chemical weathering before being buried. This means it was probably [[Sediment transport|transported]] a short distance in cold and/or dry conditions that did not promote weathering, and that it was quickly buried by other sediment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Arkose|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-49127.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> Sandstones with large amounts of feldspar are called [[arkose]]s.<ref name=":2" />

==Applications==
Feldspar is a common raw material used in glassmaking, ceramics, and to some extent as a filler and extender in paints, plastics, and rubber. In the US, about 66% of feldspar is consumed in glassmaking, including glass containers and glass fibre. Ceramics (including electrical insulators, sanitaryware, tableware and tile) and other uses, such as fillers, accounted for the remainder.<ref name=usgs>Apodaca, Lori E. (2008). [https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/feldspar/myb1-2008-felds.pdf Feldspar and nepheline syenite], USGS 2008 Minerals Yearbook</ref>

'''[[Glass]]''': Feldspar provides both K2O and Na2O for fluxing, and Al2O3 and CaO as stabilizers. As an important source of Al2O3 for glassmaking, feldspar is valued for its low iron and
refractory mineral content, a low cost per unit of Al2O3, no volatiles and no waste.<ref name="auto">'Industrial Minerals & Rocks – Commodities, Markets and Uses' J. E. Kogel. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, 2006. p. 458</ref>

'''[[Ceramic]]s''': Feldspars are used in the ceramic industry as a [[ceramic flux|flux]] to form a glassy phase in bodies during firing, and thus promote vitrification. They are also used as a source of alkalies and alumina in glazes.<ref name="auto"/> The composition of feldspar used in different ceramic formulations varies depending on various factors, including the properties of the individual grade, the other raw materials and the requirements of the finished products. However, typical additions include: tableware, 15% to 30% feldspar; high-tension electrical porcelains, 25% to 35%; sanitaryware, 25%; wall tile, 0% to 10%; and dental porcelain up to 80% feldspar.<ref>Singer, F. and Singer, S.S. (1971). 'Industrial Ceramics'. Chapman & Hall.</ref>

'''[[Earth science]]s''': In earth sciences and archaeology, feldspars are used for [[K–Ar dating|potassium–argon dating]], [[argon–argon dating]] and [[luminescence dating]].

'''Minor use''': Some household cleaners (such as [[Bar Keepers Friend]] and [[Bon Ami]]) use feldspar to give a mild abrasive action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/2019/08/04/visiting-our-past-feldspar-mining-and-racial-tensions/1876796001/|title=Visiting our Past: Feldspar mining and racial tensions|last=Neufeld|first=Rob|work=[[Asheville Citizen-Times]]|date=4 August 2019|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>

==Production==
The [[USGS]] estimated global production of feldspar in 2020 to be 26 million tonnes, with the top four producing countries being: China 2 million tonnes; India 5 million tonnes; Italy 4 million; Turkey 7.6 million tonnes.<ref>Feldspar and Nepheline Syenite. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2020</ref>

===Commercial grades===
Typical mineralogical and chemical analyses of three commercial grades used in ceramics are:<ref>Sugden, A. (2004). 'Feldspar Facts'. Ceramic Review, issue 207, May/June 2004.</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
!width="80"|Product name !! Norfloat K !! Forshammar !! FFF K6
|-
!width="80"|Country
| Norway || Sweden || Finland
|-
!width="80"|Producing company
| North Cape || {{Ill|Sibelco|nl}} || Sibelco
|-
!
| || ||
|-
! Albite, %
| 23 || 40 || 41
|-
! Microcline, %
| 71 || 23 || 37
|-
! Anorthite, %
| 3 || — || 4
|-
! Quartz, %
| 3 || 33 || 8
|-
!
| || ||
|-
! SiO2, %
| 65.9 || 75.7 || 67.9
|-
! Al2O3, %
| 18.6 || 14.1 || 18.3
|-
! Fe2O3, %
| 0.07 || 0.15 || 0.11
|-
! TiO2, %
| — || 0.02 || 0.01
|-
! CaO, %
| 0.40 || 0.30 || 0.70
|-
! MgO, %
| — || 0.10 || 0.01
|-
! K2O, %
| 11.8 || 3.8 || 6.4
|-
! Na2O, %
| 2.9 || 5.0 || 5.5
|-
! LOI, %
| 0.2 || 0.5 || 0.2
|}

==Extraterrestrial==
In October 2012, the [[Curiosity rover|''Curiosity'' rover]] found high feldspar content in a Mars rock.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19923118 Nasa's Curiosity rover finds 'unusual rock']. (12 October 2012) [[BBC News]].</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="130" heights="130">
File:Feldspar-Group-170604.jpg|Specimen of rare plumbian ([[lead]]-rich) feldspar
File:Beryl-Schorl-Feldspar-Group-288077.jpg|Crystallized white feldspar, with an upright 4 cm [[Aquamarine (gemstone)|aquamarine]] crystal perched on it
File:Feldspar-Group-Moonstone-36971.jpg|Feldspar and moonstone, from Sonora, Mexico
File:Schorl-Feldspar-Group-49985.jpg|A cluster of [[euhedral]] feldspar crystals with a schorl crystal
File:PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg|First [[X-ray crystallography#Mineralogy and metallurgy|X-ray view]] of [[Martian soil]]—feldspar, [[pyroxenes]], [[olivine]] revealed ([[Curiosity rover]] at "[[Rocknest (Mars)|Rocknest]]", October 17, 2012)<ref name="NASA-20121030">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Dwayne |title=NASA Rover's First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/oct/HQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html |date=October 30, 2012 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=October 31, 2012 |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603091908/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/oct/HQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
File:Lunar Ferroan Anorthosite (60025).jpg|[[Moon|Lunar]] ferrous [[anorthosite]] #60025 ([[plagioclase]] feldspar). Collected by [[Apollo 16]] from the [[Geology of the Moon#Highlands|Lunar Highlands]] near [[Descartes (crater)|Descartes Crater]]. This sample is currently on display at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|List of minerals}}
* {{annotated link|List of countries by feldspar production}}
* [[Rainbow lattice sunstone]]

==References==
* {{USGS|title=Feldspar and nepheline syenite|url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/feldspar/myb1-2008-felds.pdf}}

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bonewitz, Ronald Louis (2005). ''Rock and Gem''. New York, DK Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7566-3342-4}}.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Feldspar}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Felspar|volume=10|page=245}}
* [[usgs.gov]] (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025): [https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025.pdf#page=70 Feldspar] and [[Nepheline Syenite]]

{{Gemstones}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Feldspar group| ]]
[[Category:Triclinic minerals]]
[[Category:Monoclinic minerals]]
[[Category:Industrial minerals]]
[[Category:Aluminosilicates]]

Sathish Karunakaran

2026-02-21T15:49:52Z

EzraDrago8750:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Sathish Karunakaran
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| full_name = Sathish Kumar Karunakaran
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|05|20}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| residence =
| height =
| weight =
| years_active =
| handedness = Right
| event = Men's singles & mixed doubles
| highest_ranking = 42 (MS, 10 December 2024) 30 (XD with [[Aadya Variyath]], 1 April 2025)
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking = 127 (MS) 57 (XD with Aadya Variyath)
| date_of_current_ranking = 17 February 2026
| bwfbadminton_id = 79164
|medals={{MedalSport | Women's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the FISU World University Games|World University Games]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[Badminton at the 2025 Summer World University Games|2025 Rhine-Ruhr]] | [[Badminton at the 2025 Summer World University Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]] }}}}

'''Sathish Kumar Karunakaran''' (born 20 May 2001)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sathish Karunakaran|url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/karunakaran-sathish/hp0IDde8/|publisher=flashscore.com }}</ref> is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players: Sathish Kumar Karunakaran|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/79164/sathish-kumar-karunakaran|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] }}</ref>

== Achievements ==

===BWF World Tour (2 titles) ===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Odisha Masters#Finals|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Shetty]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 19–21, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Guwahati Masters#Finals|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhu Xuanchen]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

=== BWF International Challenge / Series (8 titles, 7 runners–up) ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Ukraine International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Hungarian International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Daniel Nikolov]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | [[Cameroon International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chua Kim Sheng]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Maldives International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Krishna Adi Nugraha]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023 (I)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi (badminton)|Ravi]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ravi
| align="left" | 24–22, 21–7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Nguyễn Hải Đăng]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | [[Cameroon International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aadya Variyath]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Alvin Morada]] {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Alyssa Leonardo]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 21–18, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Maldives International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aadya Variyath
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Loo Bing Kun]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheng Su Yin]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 16–21, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Malaysia International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aadya Variyath
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} Loo Bing Kun {{flagicon|MAS}} Cheng Su Yin
| align="left" | 18–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023 (I)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aadya Variyath
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Phatharathorn Nipornram]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Nattamon Laisuan]]
| align="left" | 23–21, 17–21, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aadya Variyath
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Konjengbam]]
| align="left" | 21–10, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aadya Variyath
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. Sumeeth Reddy]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Azerbaijan International (badminton)|Azerbaijan International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aadya Variyath
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} B. Sumeeth Reddy {{flagicon|IND}} N. Sikki Reddy
| align="left" | 13–21, 22–20, 21–10
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Uganda International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aadya Variyath
| align="left" | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kenneth Choo]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gronya Somerville]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 18–21, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |
{{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karunakaran, Sathish Kumar}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:Summer World University Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2025 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Ramgarh, Jalandhar

2026-02-19T05:06:28Z

EzraDrago8750: fixed issues

{{Other uses|Ramgarh (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramgarh
| native_name = ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹ
| native_name_lang = pan
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0181191|N|75.7748242|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Phillaur]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 246
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2909<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=32211 |title=Ramgarh Population per Census India|work=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 1510/1399 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144410
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 01826
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 37
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 = Post Office
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Phillaur]]
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ramgarh''' ({{langx|pa|ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹ}}) is a medium size village in [[Phillaur]] tehsil of [[Jalandhar]] [[List of districts of India|District]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located 1 km (walking distance) away from postal head office Phillaur, 16 km from [[Ludhiana]], 45 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 118 km from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/PincodeSearch.aspx | title=Village postal index number | work=indiapost.gov.in | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820061234/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/pincodesearch.aspx | archive-date=20 August 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demography ==
{{As of|2011}}, Ramgarh has a total number of 567 houses and population of 2909 of which 1510 include are males while 1399 are females according to the report [[published]] by [[Census India]] in 2011. The literacy rate of Ramgarh is 83.20%, higher than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 319 which is 10.97% of total population of Ramgarh, and child sex ratio is approximately 734 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.

Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 63.97% of total population in Ramgarh. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

905 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Ramgarh which includes 798 males and 107 females. According to census survey report 2011, 84.75% of workers describe their work as main work and 15.25% workers are involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of the 905 in the working population, 83.48% workers are occupied in main work, 12.9% are cultivators while 4.1% are Agricultural labourer.

== Transport ==

=== Rail ===
Phillaur Junction is the nearest [[train station]]; however, [[Bhattian]] Railway Station is 8.7 km away from the village.

=== Air ===
The nearest [[domestic airport]] is located 31.7 km away in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is 140 km away in [[Amritsar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Phillaur tehsil]]

Tamil bell

2026-02-13T00:11:59Z

EzraDrago8750: corrected citations

{{Short description|Indian bronze bell found in 19th century New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}}
The '''Tamil Bell''' is part of a [[bronze]] [[Bell (instrument)|bell]] inscribed with [[Tamil script]], acquired in approximately 1836 by [[missionary]] [[William Colenso]]. It was reportedly being used as a pot to boil potatoes by [[Māori people|Māori]] women near [[Whangārei]] in the [[Northland Region]] of [[New Zealand]]. Its presence in New Zealand, at a time when there was no trade between Māori and any part of [[Asia]], means it can be considered an [[out-of-place artifact]]. There is no definitive explanation for how it reached New Zealand.

==History==
[[File:Tamilbell1.JPG|thumbnail|Bell with its inscription and translation]]

The date that Colenso encountered the bell differs between sources, with "the 1830s",<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Darrah|first=Petrina|date=2023-02-08|title=The Mystery of New Zealand's Tamil Bell, an Archaeological 'UFO'|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/tamil-bell-mystery-new-zealand|access-date=2024-02-15|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en}}</ref> 1836,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Swarbrick|first=Nancy|date=1 August 2023|title=Sri Lankans - Immigration|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/1135/the-tamil-bell|website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> and 1841<ref name=":2">{{cite web|last=Rykers|first=Ellen|title=For whom the bell tolls|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/for-whom-the-bell-tolls/|access-date=2024-02-15|website=New Zealand Geographic|language=en-NZ}}</ref> all stated across articles on the bell.

According to William Colenso, he noticed the object when visiting a Māori village in the [[North Island]] in the 1830s, being the first European to visit the village. He noticed it being used as a cooking pot for "potatoes", though these may have been [[kūmara]]. Cooking with bronze pots would have been unusual for Māori at the time, as bronze was not produced on the island and Māori had no trade routes that would have provided it. Māori at the time cooked by placing heated stones in a wooden vessel. According to Colenso, the women of the village said it had been with them for many years, and that it had been found in tree roots after a storm toppled the tree. He recognized the object as part of a ship's bell, and traded a cast iron pot for it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Some details of this story have been challenged. In particular, the small size of the bell has raised questions as to if it would have been big enough to cook with.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

When Colenso died in 1899, it was bequeathed to the Colonial Museum – now the [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]]. It remains today in Te Papa's collection, though it has been loaned out for research and was displayed in the [[Indian Heritage Centre]] in [[Singapore]].<ref name=":0" />

==Description==
The object is the crown of a ship's bell, made of bronze. It is 13 cm long and 9 cm deep. It has an inscription in [[Tamil script]], reading {{Transliteration|ta|Mukaiyyatīṉ vakkucu uṭaiya kappal uṭaiya maṇi}} (which has been translated as "Mohoyiden Buks ship's bell").<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Polynesian">{{cite web|last=Hilder|first=Brett|date=2008|title=THE STORY OF THE TAMIL BELL|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_84_1975/Volume_84%2C_No._4/The_story_of_the_Tamil_bell%2C_by_Brett_Hilder%2C_p_476-484/p1|access-date=22 May 2022|website=Journal of Polynesian Society|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006051154/https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_84_1975/Volume_84,_No._4/The_story_of_the_Tamil_bell,_by_Brett_Hilder,_p_476-484/p1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Research and theories==
[[File:Tamilbell2.JPG|thumbnail|Bell from a different source]]

The bell was the subject of study as early as the 1860s.<ref name=":2" /> Colenso wrote of the bell in 1865, "It is believed that this ancient relic may yet prove to be an important witness... Its tale has yet to be told."<ref name=":2" /> The most recent significant research on the bell was by Nalina Gopal, a museum curator from Singapore's [[Indian Heritage Centre]].<ref name=":1" />

Researchers, such as some examining the bell in the 1970s, concluded that the script was an archaic form of Tamil, suggesting the bell might date from 1400–1540, possibly from the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Later Pandya]] period.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Polynesian" /><ref name="sridharanp45">{{cite book|title=A maritime history of India|first=K.|last=Sridharan|year=1982|publisher=Government of India|page=45}}</ref> In 2019, Gopal worked with other experts to date the script instead to the 17th or 18th century.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The phrase "Mohideen Bux" (which might also be written in English as "Mohideen Baksh" or "Mohaideen Bakhsh") was a common name for ships sailing from [[Tamil Nadu]]. Many Muslim merchant communities in Southeast Asia revered a saint of that name, and named ships after the saint to afford the ship protection.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Gopal speculated that the inscription meant that the ship was under the care of the saint.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> There is no definitive explanation of how the bell came to be in New Zealand.<ref name=":1" /> It is known that Tamil traders sailed as far as the southern tip of Madagascar and to what is today Indonesia, but there is no record of them reaching New Zealand.<ref name=":2" /> Gopal's research could not identify any lost trade networks that could explain its passage, or identify a particular ship it could have come from.<ref name=":0" />

Explanations presented for the bell include:

* [[Indology|Indologist]] [[V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar]] stated in his 1947 work ''The Origin and Spread of the Tamils'' that ancient Tamil sea-farers might have had a knowledge of [[Australia]] and [[Polynesia]].<ref name="tamils_spread">{{cite book|title=Origin and Spread of the Tamils|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34321|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|authorlink=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|publisher=Adyar Library|year=1947|pages= 30}}</ref> Seafarers from [[Trincomalee]] may have reached New Zealand during the period of increased trade between the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] country and Southeast Asia.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHEVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58|title=New Zealand Journal of Science|publisher=Wise, Caffin & Company|year=1883|pages=58|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref>
* Pacific historian Robert Langdon suggested that Spanish sailors were marooned in [[French Polynesia]] in the 1500s, and their descendants brought the bell to New Zealand.<ref name=":2" />
* The bell might have been dropped off the shore by a Portuguese ship, whose sailors had been in touch with the Indians.<ref name=":3" />
* An abandoned ghost ship could have floated from the Indian Ocean and wrecked on the west coast of New Zealand, particularly if it was an Indian vessel captured by Europeans and then wrecked.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="NZI1872">{{cite book|author=New Zealand Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po42AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA43|title=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute|publisher=New Zealand Institute|year=1872|pages=43–|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref>

The bell in itself is not considered proof of early Tamil contact with New Zealand.<ref>Kerry R. Howe (2003). ''The Quest for Origins: Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands?'' pp 144–5 Auckland:Penguin.</ref>

==Cultural significance==
The Tamil Bell is one of the most popular objects in Te Papa's collection. Te Papa has produced a 3D scan of the bell to assist researchers.<ref name=":2" />

The Tamil Bell has become an object of significance to some present-day Tamil people living in New Zealand. Raveen Annamalai, who founded the Aotearoa New Zealand Federation of Tamil Sangam, said in 2023: "The Tamil bell is really significant to me and my fellow Tamilians... We feel very proud that there is some connection between the Tamil community and [[tangata whenua]]."<ref>{{cite web|last=Tom|first=Blessen|date=2023-07-27|title=Mysterious artefact helps forge stronger Tamil-Māori community connections|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/494441/mysterious-artefact-helps-forge-stronger-tamil-maori-community-connections|access-date=2024-02-15|website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
* [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]]
* [[Pallava script]]
* [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions]]
* [[Tamil inscriptions]]
* [[Tamil script]]
* [[Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Ship's Bell|publisher=Museum of New Zealand|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/213397}}
* {{cite book|title=The lost caravel|author=Robert Langdon|publisher=Pacific Publications|pages=243–244|isbn=978-0-85807-021-9|year=1975}}
* {{cite book|title=The journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 84|pages=477–483|publisher=Polynesian Society (N. Z.)|year=1975}}
* {{cite book|title=Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, Volume 4|pages=40–41|year=1872|publisher=Royal Society of New Zealand}} http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_04/rsnz_04_00_000580.html#n43
* {{cite book|title=Digging up the past: New Zealand's archaeological history|pages=99|author=Michael Malthus Trotter|author2=Beverley McCulloch|author3=John Wilson|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1997|isbn=978-0-670-87440-8}}
* {{cite book|title=The New Zealand journal of history, Volumes 4–5|pages=10|publisher=History Department, University of Auckland|year=1970}}
* {{cite journal|title=Ethnographical Considerations on the Whence of the Maori|url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_04/rsnz_04_00_000600.pdf|work=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Volume 4|year=1871|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|pages=22–23}}

==External links==
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/SriLankans/1/ENZ-Resources/Standard/3/en Picture of the bell] at [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]
* [https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/213397 The Tamil Bell] from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

[[Category:Cultural history of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Tamil history]]
[[Category:Individual bells]]
[[Category:Tamil inscriptions]]

Puratawn

2026-02-05T18:13:19Z

EzraDrago8750: New

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puratawn
| image = Puratawn_theatrical_poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suman Ghosh]]
| writer = Suman Ghosh
| producer = [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
| studio = Bhavna Aaj O Kal
| starring = [[Sharmila Tagor]]e Rituparna Sengupta [[Indraneil Sengupta]] Brishti Ray
| cinematography = Ravi Kiran Ayyagari
| editing = [[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]]
| music = [[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|04|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 98 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=''Puratawn'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/puratawn-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmynzyx |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|1.52 crore}}<ref>{{cite web | last=Kanji | first=Subhasmita | title=বক্স অফিসে ঝোড়ো ব্যাটিং, ২ কোটির গণ্ডি পার কিলবিল সোসাইটির! কী হাল পুরাতনের? | website=Hindustantimes Bangla | date=2025-04-25 | url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/killbill-society-box-office-collection-day-13-srijit-mukherji-film-crossed-2-crore-31745545724672.html | language=bn | access-date=2025-04-29 | archive-date=2025-04-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425065154/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/killbill-society-box-office-collection-day-13-srijit-mukherji-film-crossed-2-crore-31745545724672.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
'''''Puratawn''''' ({{Translation|'''''The Ancient'''''}}), also marketed as '''''Puratawn: The Ancient''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]‐language [[Psychological drama|psychological drama film]] written and directed by [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]. Produced by [[Rituparna Sengupta]] under her banner of Bhavna Aaj O Kal,<ref>{{cite web |title=Puratawn - Movie Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/puratawn/movieshow/103581606.cms |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Times of India |archive-date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416025458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Bengali/movie-details/Puratawn/movieshow/103581606.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the film stars [[Sharmila Tagore]] as a matriarch experiencing memory decline, alongside Rituparna as her daughter, [[Indraneil Sengupta]], and Brishti Ray in supporting roles.

The film was announced in February 2023, marking Tagore's comeback in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] after 14 years, in Ghosh's second collaboration with Sengupta. [[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2023 and wrapped by in January 2024, with filming taking places in [[Kolkata]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Konnagar]]. Music of the film is composed by Alokananda Dasgupta. Ravi Kiran Ayyagari handled its cinematography, while [[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]] edited the film.

''Puratawn'' was theatrically released on 11 April 2025, coinciding with [[Pohela Boishakh]]. It opened highly to positive reviews and critics were appraisal of Tagore and Sengupta's performance, cinematography and direction. It grossed {{INR|1.52}} crore at the box office, emerging to be the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2025|fifth highest grossing Bengali film of 2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title=বক্স অফিসে ঝোড়ো ব্যাটিং, ২ কোটির গণ্ডি পার কিলবিল সোসাইটির! কী হাল পুরাতনের? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/killbill-society-box-office-collection-day-13-srijit-mukherji-film-crossed-2-crore-31745545724672.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425065154/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/killbill-society-box-office-collection-day-13-srijit-mukherji-film-crossed-2-crore-31745545724672.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ritika, a busy professional, returns to her ancestral home for her mother’s 80th birthday only to discover Mrs. Sen suffering from memory lapses and confusion. As Ritika navigates past grievances and unspoken regrets, the narrative interweaves present‐day moments with Mrs. Sen’s fragmented recollections of youth, exploring themes of memory, loss, and familial bonds.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=2024-11-08 |title=Puratawn: Magnificent Sharmila Tagore Anchors This Delicate Tale Of Memory And Regret |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/puratawn-magnificent-sharmila-tagore-anchors-this-delicate-tale-of-memory-and-regret-article-115092899 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Mrs. Sen<ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Paramita | title=Old Gold: The aura of Sharmila Tagore's Mrs Sen in Puratawn | website=The New Indian Express | date=2025-04-29 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Apr/29/old-gold-the-aura-of-sharmila-tagores-mrs-sen-in-puratawn | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref>
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Ritika
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Rajib
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Dr. Gaurika Kapoor, the family physician
* Brishti Ray as Heera, the family’s house help
* Subhrajit Dutta as Mr. Sen, the family patriarch

==Production==
''Puratwan'' marks Sharmila Tagore’s return to Bengali cinema after a 14-year hiatus, her last Bengali film being ''[[Antaheen]]'' in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sharmila-tagore-returns-to-bengali-cinema-after-14-years-in-suman-ghoshs-puratawn/articleshow/103302645.cms |title=Sharmila Tagore returns to Bengali cinema after 14 years in Suman Ghosh's Puratwan |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2025-05-01 |archive-date=2023-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909002507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sharmila-tagore-returns-to-bengali-cinema-after-14-years-in-suman-ghoshs-puratawn/articleshow/103302645.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The project originated from Tagore’s desire to perform in her mother tongue, Bengali, prompting Sengupta to collaborate with Ghosh to develop a script centered on a mother-daughter relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/i-wanted-to-perform-in-my-mother-tongue-sharmila-tagore-on-saying-yes-to-suman-ghoshs-puratawn/cid/2058026 |title=I wanted to perform in my mother tongue: Sharmila Tagore on saying yes to Suman Ghosh's Puratawn |website=[[The Telegraph India]] |date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> Filming took place in 2023, with a significant portion shot over 14-15 days at a resort on the banks of the river Ganga in West Bengal’s Hooghly district, including locations like Konnagar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/feature/sharmila-tagore-rituparna-sengupta-to-star-in-suman-ghoshs-bengali-film-puratawn/1757480/ |title=Sharmila Tagore, Rituparna Sengupta to star in Suman Ghosh's Bengali film Puratawn |website=[[The Print]] |date=2023-09-04 |access-date=2025-05-01 |archive-date=2025-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222065742/https://theprint.in/feature/sharmila-tagore-rituparna-sengupta-to-star-in-suman-ghoshs-bengali-film-puratawn/1757480/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The production faced challenges, such as shooting in a building without lifts, requiring the cast, including the 80-year-old Tagore, to climb three storeys, which she found physically taxing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sharmila-tagore-says-puratwan-will-be-her-final-bengali-film-heres-why-101744531816052.html |title=Sharmila Tagore says Puratwan will be her final Bengali film, here's why |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2024-11-25 |access-date=2025-05-01 |archive-date=2025-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413124120/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sharmila-tagore-says-puratwan-will-be-her-final-bengali-film-heres-why-101744531816052.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite these difficulties, Tagore described the experience as comfortable due to the ease of improvising dialogues in Bengali and the supportive environment provided by Ghosh and Sengupta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/marquee/puratawn-is-a-tribute-to-ma-rituparna-sengupta-1503422253.html |title=Puratawn is a tribute to Ma: Rituparna Sengupta |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> The film, exploring themes of memory loss and familial bonds, was crafted with a focus on thoughtful and realistic storytelling, as per Tagore’s preference for meaningful roles.

== Music ==
The original score was composed by Alokananda Dasgupta.

==Release==
The official trailer was released on YouTube on 14 March 2025. Puratawn premiered theatrically across West Bengal on 11 April 2025 and expanded nationwide on 18 April 2025.

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Zinia Bandyopadhyay, writing for ''[[India Today]]'', praised Puratawn’s comeback, particularly calling Sharmila Tagore’s performance “powerful and emotional.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zinia |title=Puratawn The Ancient Review: Sharmila Tagore, Rituparna Sengupta, Suman Ghosh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/puratawn-the-ancient-review-sharmila-tagore-rituparna-sengupta-suman-ghosh-2707696-2025-04-11 |website=[[India Today]] |date=11 April 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415145432/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/puratawn-the-ancient-review-sharmila-tagore-rituparna-sengupta-suman-ghosh-2707696-2025-04-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Poorna Banerjee, in ''[[Times of India]]'', described the film as a “sensitive portrayal of memory and relationships,” though noting the narrative felt slow at times.<ref>{{cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Poorna |title=Puratawn Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/puratawn/movie-review/120209169.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |date=2025 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> Devesh Sharma, in ''[[Filmfare]]'', termed Tagore’s acting a “masterclass,” with Rituparna Sengupta’s role as a “strong complement.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |title=Puratawn The Ancient Review: Sharmila Tagore's acting masterclass |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/puratawn-the-ancient-review-sharmila-tagores-acting-masterclass-72983.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |date=2025 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> Sanatnu Das, in ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', lauded Tagore’s portrayal of a woman losing her memory as “a performance of a lifetime,” calling the film “profound and touching.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Das |first=Sanatnu |title=Puratawn movie review: Sharmila Tagore delivers the performance of a lifetime as woman losing her grip on memory |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/puratawn-movie-review-sharmila-tagore-delivers-the-performance-of-a-lifetime-as-woman-losing-her-grip-on-memory-101744863241182.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2025 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> Agnivo Niyogi, in ''[[The Telegraph India]]'', presented Puratawn as “an ode to memories,” praising Suman Ghosh’s direction as “subtle and impactful.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |title=Sharmila Tagore's Bengali cinema comeback Puratawn is an ode to memories |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sharmila-tagores-bengali-cinema-comeback-puratawn-is-an-ode-to-memories/cid/2093745 |website=[[The Telegraph India]] |date=2025 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> Saptarshi Roy, in ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', appreciated the chemistry between Tagore and Sengupta as “delicately portrayed,” though found the story slightly overlong.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Saptarshi |title=Review of Sharmila Tagore and Rituparna Sengupta starrer new Bengali film Puratawn |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-sharmila-tagore-and-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-new-bengali-film-puratawn-dgtl/cid/1594751 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=2025 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> The review in ''[[Aaj Tak|Aaj Tak Bangla]]'' called the film “emotionally rich,” hailing Tagore’s comeback as “historic for Bengali cinema.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali Movie Puratawn The Ancient Review: Sharmila Tagore, Rituparna Sengupta, Suman Ghosh |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/bengali-movie-puratawn-the-ancient-review-sharmila-tagore-rituparna-sengupta-suman-ghosh-sharmila-tagore-comeback-in-puratawn-movie-puratawn-movie-review-sum-1197951-2025-04-12 |website=[[Aaj Tak|Aaj Tak Bangla]] |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=12 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412074128/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/bengali-movie-puratawn-the-ancient-review-sharmila-tagore-rituparna-sengupta-suman-ghosh-sharmila-tagore-comeback-in-puratawn-movie-puratawn-movie-review-sum-1197951-2025-04-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sandipta Bhanja, in ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'', described the film as “a beautiful depiction of human emotions,” with Tagore and Sengupta’s performances “outstanding in every scene.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |title=Sharmila Tagore, Rituparna Sengupta starrer Puratawn film review |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/sharmila-tagore-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-puratawn-film-review/ |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=12 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412043619/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/sharmila-tagore-rituparna-sengupta-starrer-puratawn-film-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=36557508|title=Puratawn}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suman Ghosh]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada

2026-01-31T19:31:53Z

EzraDrago8750: Starting bio...

{{Short description|2024 non-fiction book}}
{{Infobox book
| name = ''Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada''
| image = File:Dalit_Kitchens_of_Marathwada.jpg
| alt =
| author = Shahu Patole
| translator = Bhushan Korgaonkar
| title_orig = ''Anna He Apoorna Brahma''
| country = India
| language = English (translation); originally [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| subject = Dalit foodways, caste and cuisine, regional culinary history
| genre = Cookbook/memoir/food writing/ethnography
| publisher = HarperCollins India
| pub_date = 2024
| pages = 386
| isbn = 
}}

'''''Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada''''' is a 2024 book by Shahu Patole, translated into English by Bhushan Korgaonkar and published by HarperCollins India. The book documents the food practices, recipes, and culinary histories of [[Dalit]] communities (notably the [[Mahar]] and [[Mang (caste)|Mang]] communities) in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, and interweaves recipes with memoir, ethnographic detail and critique of caste-based exclusion in Indian culinary history.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |last=Yengde |first=Suraj |title=Review: Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada by Shahu Patole |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 January 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-dalit-kitchens-of-marathwada-by-shahu-patole-101737132186203.html}}</ref><ref name="IndiaForum">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vinay |title=Food and Identity |work=The India Forum |date=8 April 2025 |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/book-reviews/food-and-identity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Review: Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada by Shahu Patole |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-dalit-kitchens-of-marathwada-by-shahu-patole-101737132186203.html |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
The book was first published in Marathi under the title ''Anna He Apoorna Brahma'' and later translated into English by Bhushan Korgaonkar. Patole — a Marathi-language writer — compiled recipes, oral histories and reflections to record culinary practices that have historically been marginalized in mainstream representations of Indian food.<ref name="HT"/><ref name="Harper">{{cite web |title=Read an excerpt from 'Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada' |work=HarperCollins India |date=16 July 2024 |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/book-excerpts/read-an-excerpt-from-dalit-kitchens-of-marathwada-by-shahu-patole/}}</ref>

==Contents==
The book combines recipes with personal recollections and social analysis. Chapters cover regional breads (jowar/bajra rotis), vegetable preparations, meats (including [[offal]] and sacrificial meat practices), kitchen tools, rituals, and the ways caste shapes access to ingredients and notions of purity. Patole frames these [[foodways]] as acts of resilience and community memory rather than culinary curiosities.<ref name="IndiaForum"/><ref name="Gastro">{{cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Kashyapi |title=Review: Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada, by Shahu Patole |journal=Gastronomica |date=1 November 2024 |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article/24/4/68/204712/Review-Dalit-Kitchens-of-Marathwada-by-Shahu}}</ref>

==Reception==
The book received attention from mainstream Indian press and specialist reviewers. [[Suraj Yengde]] (Hindustan Times) praised its combination of dietary history, recipes and social record, calling it "excellent and very engaging" and noting the importance of documenting Dalit culinary traditions.<ref name="HT"/>

The India Forum reviewer described the book as an ethnographic account that uses the cookbook form to archive Dalit life, food rituals and the social structures that shape them.<ref name="IndiaForum"/>

[[Business Standard]] published a feature/review highlighting the book's interrogation of how caste shapes the culinary canon and observed the work's significance in broadening public understanding of neglected food traditions.<ref name="BS">{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Amritesh |title=Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada: Shahu Patole's book on the taste of casteism |work=Business Standard |date=1 August 2025 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/book/dalit-kitchens-of-marathwada-shahu-patole-s-book-on-the-taste-of-casteism-125080101976_1.html}}</ref>

Academic and specialist reviews also discussed the book's importance; for example, a review in ''Gastronomica'' positioned it as notable for its contribution to food studies and the documentation of marginalized culinary practices.<ref name="Gastro"/>

==Significance==
Commentators have noted that ''Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada'' fills a gap in the published record by centering Dalit food histories and challenging Brahminical and mainstream exclusions in the culinary imagination. Reviewers have emphasized the book’s role as both cultural archive and political commentary on food and caste.<ref name="HT"/><ref name="IndiaForum"/>

==See also==
* [[Maharashtrian cuisine|Cuisine of Maharashtra]]
* [[Dalit literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Excerpt from the book (publisher).<ref>{{cite web |title=Read an excerpt from 'Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada' |work=HarperCollins India |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/book-excerpts/read-an-excerpt-from-dalit-kitchens-of-marathwada-by-shahu-patole/}}</ref>

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about food and drink]]
[[Category:Dalit literature]]

Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording

2026-01-26T12:09:41Z

EzraDrago8750:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = State award for contributions to [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]
| awarded_for = Award for adding & mixing sounds to Movie
| sponsor = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| firstawarded = 1968–69
| lastawarded = [[2010–11 Karnataka State Film Awards|2010–11]]
| reward = {{ubl|Silver Medal|[[Indian Rupee|₹]]20,000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = Palani D. Senapathi
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 45
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = P. J. Lakshman
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording''' is a discontinued award among the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] for [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada films]]. It was first awarded for films of 1968-69 and discontinued after the [[2010–11 Karnataka State Film Awards|2010–11 Awards]].

==Superlative winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
||{{*}}A. Govindaswamy {{*}}N. Pandurangan|| 3 awards
|-
|{{*}}K. S. Krishnamurthy|| 4 awards
|-
|{{*}}S. P. Ramanathan {{•}}S. Mahendran|| 5 awards
|}

==Award winners==
The following is a complete list of award winners and the name of the films for which they won.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Recipient(s)
! Film
|-
| 1968–69
| P. J. Lakshman
| ''[[Margadarshi]]''
|-
| 1969–70
| P. J. Lakshman
| ''[[Karulina Kare]]''
|-
| 1970–71
| Srinivas
| ''[[Kula Gourava]]''
|-
| 1971–72
| A. Govindaswamy
| ''Subhadra Kalyana''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972–73
| Seetharam
| rowspan="2" |''Sankalpa''
|-
| D. Mohan Sundaram
|-
| 1973–74
| A. Govindaswamy
| ''[[Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)|Kaadu]]''
|-
| 1974–75
| S. P. Ramanathan
| ''[[Upasane]]''
|-
| 1975–76
| K. S. Krishnamurthy
| ''[[Chomana Dudi]]''
|-
| 1976–77
| S. P. Ramanathan
| ''[[Babruvahana (film)|Babruvahana]]''
|-
| 1977–78
| Koteshwara Rao
| ''Spandana''
|-
| 1978–79
| S. P. Ramanathan
| ''[[Ondanondu Kaladalli]]''
|-
| 1979–80
| S. P. Ramanathan
| ''[[Minchina Ota (1980 film)|Minchina Ota]]''
|-
| 1980–81
| A. Govindaswamy
| ''[[Hanthakana Sanchu]]''
|-
| 1981–82
| Seetharam
| ''[[Keralida Simha]]''
|-
| 1982–83
| N. Pandurangan
| ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]''
|-
| 1983–84
| N. Pandurangan
| ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''
|-
| 1984–85
| N. Pandurangan
| ''[[Accident (1985 film)|Accident]]''
|-
| 1985–86
| C. D. Vishwanath
| ''[[Masanada Hoovu]]''
|-
| 1986–87
| C. D. Vishwanath
| ''[[Malaya Marutha]]''
|-
| 1987–88
| M. K. Srinivasan
| ''[[Elu Suttina Kote]]''
|-
| 1988–89
| K. S. Krishnamurthy
| ''[[Tarka (film)|Tarka]]''
|-
| 1989–90
| S. P. Ramanathan
| ''[[Mane (film)|Mane]]''
|-
| 1990-91
| K. S. Krishnamurthy
| ''Maheshwara''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991–92
| Aravinda Kiggal
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]''
|-
| K. S. Krishnamurthy
|-
| 1992–93
| R. Kannan
| ''Angaiyalli Apsare''
|-
| 1993–94
| R. Kannan
| ''[[Nishkarsha]]''
|-
| 1994–95
| V. Balachandra Menon
| ''[[Aragini]]''
|-
| 1995–96
| S. Mahendran
| ''[[Sipayi (film)|Sipayi]]''
|-
| 1996–97
| S. Mahendran
| ''[[Amrutha Varshini]]''
|-
| 1997–98
| Murali Raysam
| ''[[A (Kannada film)|A]]''
|-
| 1998–99
| S. Mahendran
| ''[[Swasthik]]''
|-
| 1999–2000
| Kodandapani
| ''[[A.K.47 (film)|A.K.47]]''
|-
| 2000–01
| S. Mahendran
| ''[[Munnudi]]''
|-
| 2001–02
| L. Sathish Kumar
| ''[[Ekangi]]''
|-
| 2002–03
| S. Mahendran
| ''[[Marma (film)|Marma]]''
|-
| [[2003–04 Karnataka State Film Awards|2003–04]]
| A. R. Aravamudan
| ''[[Nanjundi]]''
|-
| [[2004–05 Karnataka State Film Awards|2004–05]]
| Murali Rayson
| ''[[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]]''
|-
| 2005–06
| Johnson
| ''[[Amrithadhare]]''
|-
| 2006–07
| A. L. Thukaram
| ''[[Mungaru Male]]''
|-
| 2007–08
| N. Kumar
| ''[[Accident (2008 film)|Accident]]''
|-
| 2008–09
|
| ''Psycho''
|-
| 2009–10
| N. Kumar
| ''[[Just Maath Maathalli]]''
|-
| 2010–11
| Palani D. Senapathi
| ''[[Kalgejje]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/365344/puneet-retains-actor-award.html | title=Puneet retains Best Actor award | date=26 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of Karnataka]]
* [[List of Kannada-language films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Karnataka State Film Awards]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Mysore State]]

Wolves of Ashta

2026-01-22T22:37:36Z

EzraDrago8750: new a entry

{{Short description|1985/86 man-eating wolves in India}}

The '''Wolves of Ashta'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linnell |display-authors=etal |first=John |date= |year=2021 |title=Wolf attacks on humans: an update for 2002–2020 |url=https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Deutschland/Report-Wolf-attacks-2002-2020.pdf}}</ref> were a pack of 6 [[Man-eating animal|man-eating]] [[Indian Wolf|Indian wolves]] which between the last quarter of 1985 to January 1986, killed 17 children in [[Ashta, Madhya Pradesh]], a town in the [[Sehore district]]. The pack consisted of two adult males, one adult female, one subadult female and two pups. Initially thought to be a lone animal, the fear caused by the wolves had serious repercussions on the life of the villagers within their hunting range. Farmers became too frightened to leave their huts, leaving crops out of cultivation, and several parents prohibited their children from attending school, for fear that the man-eaters would catch them on the way. So great was their fear, that some village elders doubted the man-eaters were truly wolves at all, but ''[[Shaitan]]s''. With the exception of the pups, which were adopted by [[Phase Pardhi|Pardhi]] tribesmen, all wolves were killed by hunters and forest officials.

==First victims==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Ajay Singh |title=The Man-Eating Wolves of Astha By Ajay Singh Yadav |url=https://www.ajaysinghyadav.com/the-man-eating-wolves-of-astha&page=3}}</ref>

The first officially recognised victim was a boy of eight, killed in the village of Foodra near Dodi Ghati, on the third week of November. The boy was playing near his family's [[jowar]] field, when one of the wolves grabbed him and carried him into the forest. The boy's parents, brandishing a [[Fighting stick|lathi]], pursued the wolf, which upon seeing them, left the child, who was by then dead, with his abdominal cavity torn open.

The second victim was a baby boy taken from the village of Amala Majju. The child had been left in a [[sari]] hammock whilst his mother worked in the nearby fields. Upon returning to feed her son, she found the hammock empty. A search party was organised, and after a few hours of fruitless searching, a splash of blood was found on a leaf. A little further, the child's bloodied clothing was found caught on a [[Lantana]] bush. The villagers brought the matter to the attention of the Dodi Forest Officials, who passed the information onto the Ashta Range Officer, who in turn informed the District Forest Officer at Sehore. The Officer sent officials to the village, who upon inspecting the site of the killing, found the tracks of a large male wolf.

==First hunting strategy==
A group of hunters and government men, intent on formulating a strategy to tackle the wolf, congregated at a house in the village of Dodi, situated on the banks of the [[Dudhi River|Dudhi river]] which was at the heart of the wolf's killing range. Among them were [[Ajay Singh Yadav]] the Collector of the Sehore District,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhaskaran|first1=Theodore|title=Wolf as man-eater|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/08/stories/1308017f.htm|accessdate=25 July 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=May 8, 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Bruno D’cruz the district superintendent of police, Chaudhry the Divisional Forest Officer and his two assistants Shrivastava and Naqvi, and Kaurav the Sub Divisional Officer of Ashta. It was decided that baits in the form of [[goat]]s and [[sheep]] would be tied up at waterholes or game trails frequented by the man-eater in Rupahera, Amla Mazzu, Gwala, Arnia Gazi and the Dodi Plateau. [[Hunter#Shikar (India)|Shikaris]] with 12 gauge shotguns would sit over these baits. Police pickets would be posted at all affected villages to boost morale, and mobile patrolling parties would move through the area at all times. These strategies had no effect on the killings, which continued regardless.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Ajay Singh |title=The Man-Eating Wolves of Astha By Ajay Singh Yadav |url=https://www.ajaysinghyadav.com/the-man-eating-wolves-of-astha&page=5}}</ref>

==Death of the first wolf==
A fortnight after the unsuccessful strategy had been mobilised, a farmer named “Dr. Haidar”, who was a friend of Yadav the Collector, went alone to the hills near the village of Amla Mazzu, where he knew the man-eater sometimes frequented. After finding a cavern containing two wolf pups, Haidar left for the village of Pardhikhera, where he asked assistance from the local Pardhi chieftain Rajaram. The Pardhis were skilled trappers, and gladly assisted in the hunt by digging a small pit about {{convert|1.2|to|1.8|m|ft}} wide outside the den. The pit was covered in vegetation, with the two pups tied to a pole near it. When the sun reached its western horizon, the she-wolf returned, and upon seeing its pups, rushed into the trap, where it was immediately killed by the Pardhis. The she-wolf's pups were later adopted by the Pardhis. Although upon examination, the she-wolf's stomach contents were shown to contain strands of human hair and fragments of human bone, the animal was smaller than what had been described by witnesses and estimations on the previous attacker's tracks. It was concluded from that point on that a whole pack rather than a solitary animal was involved in the killings. This was confirmed when a month after the first child killings were reported, a [[sadhu]] in the Dodi Plateau was attacked while sleeping outside his temple of [[Shiva]]. He managed to fight off the wolf by placing a burning ember from a nearby fire onto its face, causing the animal to retreat. The sadhu survived, though with a large laceration on his left shoulder.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Ajay Singh |title=The Man-Eating Wolves of Astha By Ajay Singh Yadav |url=https://www.ajaysinghyadav.com/the-man-eating-wolves-of-astha&page=7}}</ref>

==Death of the second wolf==
A hunter of Bhopal by the name of '''Hafiz-ur-Rahman (Shahzade)''', a rifle and jeep owner who had killed tigers and a leopard, was drafted to help kill the wolves when a farmer stated that one of the wolves had just killed one of his lambs, and that they could still catch it if they made haste. After a five-minute car journey following the farmer's directions, the wolf was seen standing over the lamb's body. Taking aim with his rifle, Shahzade killed the wolf with one shot.
After this, Shahzade was rewarded 2,000 Rs and offered a job as a police [[sub-inspector]], but he rejected the job offer.

==Encounter with the last two wolves==
During a ceremonial visit of the minister of Bhopal and his bodyguard, Yadav spotted fresh wolf tracks on a road heading in the direction of the village of Pardhikera. Yadav, along with Ram Singh the home guard jawan, and the minister's bodyguard. Upon arriving at Pardhikera, the young Pardhis pointed to the direction the wolf went. The tracks were headed to outcrops of black basaltic rock situated on a stony lava plane. Two wolves were sighted in the distance, and after positioning themselves on the wolves route, the trio waited. When the wolves came, the bodyguard fired prematurely at them with his [[Sten gun]], causing the wolves to retreat.

==Death of the third wolf==
Yadav was contacted by a [[mango]] cultivator named Achan Mian who lived outside the village of Khadi. Yadav was told that two wolves had been repeatedly seen in the orchard, possibly attracted by the grazing goats. Yadav planned to stay at the orchard at nightfall with the goats in order to catch the man-eaters. Dressed as a shepherd and armed with a shotgun, Yadav stayed awake all night in the goat pen until a wolf was seen trying to enter the pen. Yadav killed the young female wolf.

==Death of the last wolf==
On January 2, 1986, Yaddav, Ram Singh, Naqvi and a judge named Siddique went to a hill frequently patrolled by the wolf in the vicinity of the road between Amla Mazzu and the Dodi Plateau. There, the team produced a lifelike dummy of a human child dressed in well worn clothes in order to better imitate a human scent. The group hid in nearby bushes, with Ram Singh imitating the cries of a human child to attract the wolf. By nightfall, the wolf was heard howling several times, and after a few minutes, it arrived, heading for the dummy. The group flashed a torch at the wolf and fired at it twice with two 12-gauge shotguns. The wolf fell gasping and was finished with a shot from Naqvi. The animal was a large, dark furred male in prime condition with no infirmities or anything to indicate why it had resorted to man-eating. The animal's death coincided with an end to the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Ajay Singh |title=The Man-Eating Wolves of Astha By Ajay Singh Yadav |url=https://www.ajaysinghyadav.com/the-man-eating-wolves-of-astha?page=21}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of wolves]]
* [[List of wolf attacks]]
* [[Wolf attacks on humans]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Literature===
* ''The Man-Eating Wolves of Ashta'', Ajay Singh Yadav, Srishti Publishers & Distributors, 2000, {{ISBN|81-87075-49-X}}
* ''The Mammoth Book of Man-Eaters'', Max MacCormick, Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2003, {{ISBN|1-84119-603-7}}

[[Category:Deaths due to wolf attacks]]
[[Category:Sehore district]]
[[Category:Man-eating animals in India]]
[[Category:Individual wolves]]
[[Category:Individual wild animals]]

Zoroastrian population decline

2026-01-22T02:38:27Z

EzraDrago8750: new a entry

{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}

The phenomenon of the '''Zoroastrian population decline''' has garnered considerable attention and discussion within academia, literature, and journalism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-20 |title=Parsi-Zoroastrians in Mumbai struggle to manage religious properties |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/as-their-population-declines-parsi-zoroastrians-struggle-to-manage-religious-properties/story-9ldRw9KNefTO5c7CSn65OL.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Hari |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Loke |first3=Atul |date=2021-10-03 |title=They Helped Build Modern India but Are Shrinking as a People |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/03/world/asia/india-parsi.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Shubhangi |date=2023-08-14 |title=Parsis are choosing between extinction and purity. It's not always a pretty choice |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/parsis-are-choosing-between-extinction-and-purity-its-not-always-a-pretty-choice/1713346/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dharwadker |first1=Vinay |url= |title=The Oxford Anthology of Modern Indian Poetry |last2=Ramanujan |first2=A. K. |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562865-4 |pages=197}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Dinyar |title=Understanding Parsi Population Decline in India: A Historical Perspective |url=https://zoroastrians.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/2011-05-understanding-parsi-population-decline-in-india-nehru-centre.pdf |journal=Jawaharlal Nehru Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=A. M. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003194323 |title=An Ethnography of the Parsees of India |last2=Lobo |first2=Lancy |date=2021-06-02 |isbn=978-1-003-19432-3 |doi=10.4324/9781003194323}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=July 2025}}

A number of studies{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}, conducted by both Indian and Western academics, have offered comprehensive insights into the complex dynamics underlying this demographic shift. Despite some segments of the community hesitating to acknowledge this decline, rigorous examination of census data and demographic studies spanning several decades sheds light on various factors contributing to this trend.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palsetia |first=Jesse S. |url= |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |date=2001-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-12114-0}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Shroff |first1=Zubin |last2=Castro |first2=Marcia C |date=2011-08-26 |title=The potential impact of intermarriage on the population decline of the Parsis of Mumbai, India |journal=Demographic Research |volume=25 |pages=545–564 |article-number=17 |doi=10.4054/demres.2011.25.17 |issn=1435-9871|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":02" />

== History ==
The [[Sasanian Empire]], which was the last Zoroastrian state in Iran, finally succumbed to [[Arab conquest of Iran|Arab conquest]] by 642 CE. Subsequently, a significant migration of Zoroastrians to India occurred, likely in the 8th or 9th century, leading to the establishment of the Parsi community.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bajan |first=Parvez M. |title=Zoroastrian Migration and Settlement in India |date=2018 |work=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |pages=767–773 |editor-last=Kassam |editor-first=Zayn R. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_567 |access-date=2024-04-28 |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_567 |isbn=978-94-024-1267-3 |editor2-last=Greenberg |editor2-first=Yudit Kornberg |editor3-last=Bagli |editor3-first=Jehan|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Scholars, including [[Jamsheed Choksy]], have hypothesized that the transition from Zoroastrianism to Islam among Iranians following the Arab invasion was a gradual process spanning several centuries, as evidenced by Islamic biographical dictionaries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choksy |first=Jamsheed Kairshasp |title=Conflict and cooperation: Zoroastrian subalterns and Muslim elites in medieval Iranian society |date=1997 |publisher=Columbia university press |isbn=978-0-231-10684-9 |location=New York (N.Y.)}}</ref>

Furthermore, [[Richard Bulliet|Bulliet's]] statistical analysis indicates that a mere 8% of urban Iranians were Muslim a century after the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]’ rise to power in 750 CE, with this figure increasing to approximately 80% by the 10th century, although rural areas retained stronger Zoroastrian adherence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Javid |url=http://www.zoroastrian.org.uk/vohuman/Article/The%20Story%20of%20Javid.htm |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.zoroastrian.org.uk}}</ref>

===Iran===

The Zoroastrian population continued to decline due to conversions, persecution, and massacres, dwindling to a few thousand by the 19th century. [[Maneckji Limji Hataria|Maneckji Limji Hataria's]] survey in the 1850s found fewer than 7,000 Zoroastrians in Iran.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringer |first=Monica M. |url= |title=Pious Citizens: Reforming Zoroastrianism in India and Iran |date=2011-12-13 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-5060-7}}</ref> However, the efforts of Hataria and the '''Society for the Amelioration of the Conditions of the Zoroastrians in Persia''<nowiki/>' led to improved conditions in the 20th century. This resulted in a population rebound, with the 1966 census reporting around 20,000 Zoroastrians, over 9,000 of whom resided in Tehran.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boyce |first=Mary |title=Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices |date=1987 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-7100-0121-4 |edition=repr. (with corrections) |series=Library of religious beliefs and practices |location=London}}</ref>

Estimates prior to the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution in 1979]], ranged between 20,000 and 30,000 Zoroastrians. Post-revolution, the 1981 census reported over 92,000 Zoroastrians, likely inflated due to Baha’is registering as Zoroastrians amidst the Islamic Republic's non-recognition of [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha’ism]].<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=Parsiana |date=1993 |publisher=P. Warden |location=Mumbai |pages=14}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Subsequent censuses have not recorded religious affiliation, necessitating reliance on estimates for current figures. Mobed Firouzgary's 2004 demographic report for the [[FEZANA]] Journal estimated the Zoroastrian population at 24,000, aligning with electoral data.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Foltz |first=Richard |date=2011 |title=Zoroastrians in Iran: What Future in the Homeland? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23012094 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=73–84 |doi=10.3751/65.1.14 |issn=0026-3141 |jstor=23012094}}</ref> However, migration, particularly of younger individuals, to Western countries due to economic challenges has led to a significant decrease in the Zoroastrian population, leaving an aging community behind. Current estimates suggest no more than 12,000 to 15,000 Zoroastrians remain in Iran, reflecting a serious demographic situation for the religion historically intertwined with the nation.<ref name=":22" />

===India===

The majority of Zoroastrians in the world are [[Parsis]], the descendants of refugees who migrated to the Indian subcontinent, fleeing religious persecution after the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Islamic invasion]] and destruction of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marashi |first=Afshin |url= |title=Exile and the Nation: The Parsi Community of India and the Making of Modern Iran |date=2020 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-2080-8}}</ref> It is thought, they were economically prosperous in the centuries subsequent to their migration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodivala |first=Shapurji Kavasji |url= |title=Parsis of Ancient India: With References from Sanskrit Books, Inscription, &c |publisher=Kalpaz |isbn=978-93-5128-472-7}}</ref> However, this period was marred by the [[Alauddin Khalji|invasion of Gujarat by Alauddin Khilji]], leading to various conflicts, riots, and massacres endured by both Parsis and [[Hindus]] against the invaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Institute |first=K. R. Cama Oriental |url= |title=Journal of the K.R. Cama Oriental Institute |date=2002 |publisher=B. T. Anklesaria for the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute}}</ref> Parsis were a predominantly agricultural community by 1650.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |date=1984 |title=More about the Parsi Seths: Their Roots, Entrepreneurship and Comprador Role, 1650-1918 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4372863 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=117–132 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4372863}}</ref>

Under British rule, Parsis, along with Bhatias, Hindu Banias, Jains, Baghdadi Jews, Bohra, and Khoja Muslims, actively participated in mercantile endeavors, especially in the city of Bombay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Bishnupriya |last2=Mookherjee |first2=Dilip |last3=Munshi |first3=Kaivan |last4=Sanclemente |first4=Mario |date=November 2022 |title=Community origins of industrial entrepreneurship in colonial India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102973 |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=159 |article-number=102973 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102973 |issn=0304-3878|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Notably, Parsis provided significant support and financial backing to the nascent Indian Independence movement, with leaders such as [[Dadabhai Naoroji|Dadabhai Naroji]], [[Bhikaiji Cama|Bhikaji Cama]], [[Pherozeshah Mehta|Phereozeshah Mehta]], [[Khurshed Nariman|Khurshed F. Nariman]], [[Ardeshir Godrej]] and [[Mithuben Petit]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Naseem |first1=Mohammad |url= |title=Religion and Law in India |last2=Naseem |first2=Saman |date=2020-12-20 |publisher=Kluwer Law International B.V. |isbn=978-94-035-2971-4}}</ref> Post-independence, Parsis are known for their patriotism and they have played a leading role in the development of India as a republic, this includes India's first field marshall [[Sam Manekshaw]] and architect of India's nuclear program [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]]. Parsis have been described by various Indian politicians, including [[Narendra Modi]] as ''<nowiki/>'The World's Best Minority'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buck |first=Jesse |date=2017-12-08 |title="The world's best minority": Parsis and Hindutva's ethnic nationalism in India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2016.1259492 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=40 |issue=15 |pages=2806–2822 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2016.1259492 |issn=0141-9870 |hdl=1885/112458|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Key studies addressing Parsi population decline include [[Paul Axelrod|Paul Axelrod's]] seminal works, such as "''Cultural and Historical Factors in the Population Decline of the Parsis of India"'' (1990) and "''Natality and Family Planning in Three Bombay Communities''" (1988), along with other significant contributions like [[Jayant Kumar Banthia|Jayant Kumar Banthia's]] "''Parsi Demography: Past, Recent, and Future''" (2003) and [[Chidambara Chandrasekaran]]'s pioneering research on Parsi demography dating back to 1948. These studies collectively underscore a unanimous observation: the precipitous drop in Parsi fertility rates stands as a central driver of the population decline. Every demographic study conducted on the Indian Parsis, who constitute the largest component of the worldwide Zoroastrian community, indicates a steep and steady decline in population due to low fertility rates.<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last=Axelrod |first=Paul |date=November 1990 |title=Cultural and Historical Factors in the Population Decline of the Parsis of India |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0032472031000144826 |journal=Population Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=401–419 |doi=10.1080/0032472031000144826 |issn=0032-4728 |pmid=11612528|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Axelrod |first=Paul |date=1988 |title=Natality and Family Planning in Three Bombay Communities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44125978 |journal=Human Organization |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=36–47 |doi=10.17730/humo.47.1.dq08h4m45t302756 |issn=0018-7259 |jstor=44125978}}</ref><ref name=":42"/>

Contrary to biological conjectures, scholarly consensus suggests that low Parsi fertility primarily stems from socio-cultural factors rather than genetic predispositions. Early demographic investigations, such as Chandrasekaran's study, discredited biological explanations, emphasizing instead the influence of social norms and cultural attitudes on fertility rates.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Sekar |first=C. Chandra |date=1948 |title=Some Aspects of Parsi Demography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447932 |journal=Human Biology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=47–89 |issn=0018-7143 |jstor=41447932 |pmid=18880687}}</ref> Axelrod's subsequent research further corroborated this assertion, in his 1990 publication in the scholarly journal Population Studies, he analyzed statistical findings and determined that ''“It would appear that Parsi women are not sub-fecund [i.e., more biologically infertile] and, once married, are able to bear children quickly and without difficulty.”<ref name=":112"/>'' When fertility becomes a biological concern within the Parsi community, it often arises from the practice of marrying and attempting to conceive children at an advanced age.<ref name=":112"/>

The decline in fertility rates among the Parsis is considered one of the most dramatic outside of Europe, leading to an unprecedented fall in population numbers.<ref name=":112"/> The impact of late marriage and non-marriage on the Parsi population is evident in the fertility rates, which are well below the replacement level necessary to sustain the population. In 1881, the birthrate for Parsis in Bombay was 34 per 1000 population, which dropped to 25 per 1000 population by 1926 and further slid to 12 per 1000 population by the 1960s.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Visaria |first=Leela |date=1974 |title=Demographic Transition among Parsis: 1881-1971: III: Fertility Trends |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4364115 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=9 |issue=43 |pages=1828–1832 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4364115}}</ref> By 1961, due to late marriage or non-marriage, the births to Parsi women in Greater Bombay were only 50 percent of the number that would have occurred if every woman were married throughout her reproductive period.<ref name=":72" />

The situation worsened in the following decades. By 1980–82, the [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) for Parsis was already 1.12, about half of the replacement level, and it further declined to 0.94 in 2000. Recent data from 2001 to 2006 observed a TFR of 0.88, a figure that is significantly lower than the TFRs of total populations in countries like [[South Korea]] and [[Japan]], which are known to have serious demographic decline.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last1=Shroff |first1=Zubin |last2=Castro |first2=Marcia C |date=2011-08-26 |title=The potential impact of intermarriage on the population decline of the Parsis of Mumbai, India |url=http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol25/17/ |journal=Demographic Research |volume=25 |pages=545–564 |article-number=17 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.17 |issn=1435-9871|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The low fertility rate has resulted in an aging Parsi population and a dramatic shift in the age distribution. Despite the decline in fertility rates since the 1880s, the Parsi population in India continued to grow until the 1950s due to lower mortality rates and longer life expectancy. However, as the number of elderly Parsis increased, new generations of Parsi children became smaller. By 2001, one in every eight Parsis was a child under the age of 15, whereas one in every four Parsis was aged 65 and above.<ref name=":02" />

As these trends continue, the Parsi community in India will see a significant decline in population numbers in the coming decades. Projections suggest that by 2051, only 32,000 Parsis will remain in India, less than half of the current population.<ref name=":02" /> Similarly another prediction is that, the Parsi population of Bombay, which was 46,557 in 2001, is projected to decline to 20,122. Dinshaw Tamboly, the Chairman of The WZO Trust Funds has reckoned by the end of the 21st century there will only be 9,995 Parsis left in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parsiana {{!}} International Zoroastrian Community Magazine |url=https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/current-issue.aspx?issue=900 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.parsiana.com}}</ref>

== Contributing factors ==
=== Late Marriage ===
Late marriage emerges as a salient feature within the Parsi community, with historical records tracing its evolution. While the Parsis, such as [[Behramji Malabari|Behramji Malbari]] were pioneers in abandoning the practice of child marriage in the late 19th century, subsequent decades witnessed a progressive delay in the age of marriage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malabari |first=Behramji Merwanji |url= |title=Infant Marriage and Enforced Widowhood in India: Being a Collection of Opinions, for and Against |date=1887 |publisher="Voice of India" Printing Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sturman |first=Rachel |url= |title=The Government of Social Life in Colonial India: Liberalism, Religious Law, and Women's Rights |date=2012-06-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01037-6 |pages=184}}</ref> By 1930, the median age of marriage for Parsi women surpassed 24 years, significantly higher than national averages. Current data indicates even higher marriage ages, with the median age standing at 27 for women and 31 for men among Indian Parsis, substantially exceeding the thresholds conducive to population replacement.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=ipc2009 |url=https://ipc2009.popconf.org/abstracts/91429 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=ipc2009.popconf.org}}</ref>

The trend of late marriages among Parsis has led to a significant increase in the number of individuals who have never married. This phenomenon, as stated by Axelrod, is often a direct result of late marriages, particularly in the case of the Parsis.<ref name=":112"/>

=== Non-marriage ===
It has been noted that delaying marriage often increases the likelihood of remaining unmarried.<ref name=":72" /> The rates of non-marriage within the Parsi population are striking, attracting the attention of numerous demographers.<ref name=":72" /> In 1948, Sapur Faredun Desai, author of “A Community at the Cross-Road”, expressed concern over the increasing rates of unmarried Parsis, which had risen by 40 percent between 1881 and 1931.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Sapur Faredun |url= |title=A Community at the Cross-road |date=1948 |publisher=New Book Company |location=Bombay}}</ref> Chandrasekaran's research shows that by 1931, 16 percent of Parsi women remained unmarried at the end of their reproductive cycle, a significant increase from 6 percent in 1901.<ref name=":42" /> This trend was not confined to urban areas like Bombay. Studies conducted in rural Gujarat found that between 13 percent and 55 percent of surveyed women remained unmarried well into middle age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Ketayun H. |date=1982 |title=The Never-Married Parsis: A Demographic Dilemma |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4371071 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=17 |issue=26 |pages=1063–1068 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4371071}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Buddhishchandra V. |url= |title=The Godavara Parsis: A Socio-economic Study of a Rural Community in South Gujarat, 1954 |date=1955 |publisher=Godavara Parsi Anjuman Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mistry |first=Maneck Pheroze |date=1967 |title=Report of the Survey of Gujarat Parsis. (Rural)". |journal=Bombay: Trustees of the Parsi Panchayat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Ketayun H. |date=1972 |title=Parsis and Urban Demography: Some Research Possibilities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/350806 |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=345–352 |doi=10.2307/350806 |issn=0022-2445 |jstor=350806|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the 1960s, it was found that the percentage of married Parsis in Karachi was “unusually low” compared to Muslim women of the same age group.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last=Gustafson |first=Elizabeth B. |date=June 1969 |title=A demographic dilemma: The Parsis of Karachi |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19485565.1969.9987808 |journal=Social Biology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=115–127 |doi=10.1080/19485565.1969.9987808 |issn=0037-766X |pmid=5810362|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Non-marriage of Zoroastrians is prevalent across all educational levels, indicating that it was not linked to any particular socioeconomic class.<ref name=":112" /> Current figures suggest that the proportion of single people in the Parsi community might be one of the highest in the world.<ref name=":02" /> In 1982, a study commissioned by the Bombay Parsi Punchayet (BPP), found that 45 percent of all adult males and 38 percent of all adult females surveyed were never married.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karkal |first=Malini |title=Survey of the Parsi Population of Greater Bombay |journal=International Institute for Population Sciences |publisher=Bombay Parsi Punchayet |publication-place=Bombay |publication-date=1982}}</ref>

A similar study conducted by the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences|Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)]] in 1999 found that 40 percent of men and 30 percent of Parsis in Greater Mumbai remained unmarried throughout their lives.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hinnells |first=John R. |title=The Global Zoroastrian Diaspora |date=2005-04-28 |work=The Zoroastrian Diaspora |pages=138–144 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267591.003.0003 |access-date=2024-04-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267591.003.0003 |isbn=978-0-19-826759-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to a paper presented by Sayeed Unisa and others in 2009, one out of every five Parsi Indian males, and one out of every ten females, is still unmarried by the age of 50.<ref name=":62" />

=== Out-migration ===
Due to the sheer magnitude of the departure, out-migration now seems to be significantly contributing to Iran's Zoroastrian population decline.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foltz |first=Richard |date=2009 |title=Iranian Zoroastrians in Canada: Balancing Religious and Cultural Identities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597582 |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=561–577 |doi=10.1080/00210860903106295 |issn=0021-0862 |jstor=25597582}}</ref> This is the same for Pakistan and since the 1960s, out-migration has been observed as a significant cause in the decline of the relatively tiny community, centered in [[Karachi]] which was in the erstwhile [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay presidency]].<ref name=":82" /> As of 2009 it has been documented 95% of Pakistani Zoroastrian youth are making the decision to leave their homeland.<ref name=":82" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Exodus |url=https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/the-exodus/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Newsline}}</ref> Zoroastrians who stay in Karachi are noted to face economic discrimination based on their religious identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: What happened to Zoroastrians in Karachi? – DW – 09/22/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-what-happened-to-zoroastrians-in-karachi/a-66897036 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=dw.com}}</ref>

While some academics, acknowledge that migration may have a role in India, they also point out that it is very challenging to quantify and evaluate and it doesn't seem to be all that relevant.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":72" /> Undoubtedly, at least 95% of young people in India are choosing to remain on the country's soil. Unisa, et al. made the decision to search statistics on Parsi age distribution for telltale indicators of significant out-migration in light of the tone of the discussion in India. Between 1961 and 2001, they discovered "no significant distortions in the age pattern"—that is, there were no anomalous declines in the population of young adult age cohorts.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":72" /><ref name=":62" />

Consequently, they came to the conclusion that, while an accurate evaluation is impossible, "migration does not appear to be a reason for the decline in Parsi population in the recent past." Based on the data previously provided in this research, it is also highly probable that out-migration is not enough to explain the demographic reduction in India, given the sharp decline in Zoroastrian populations globally. Thus, out-migration contributes to the fall in the Indian Parsi population, but not significantly.<ref name=":62" />

=== Intermarriage ===
In recent decades, few many neighbourhood concerns have generated as much debate as this one. India has undoubtedly seen a rise in the number of interfaith marriages. When Sapur Faredun Desai wrote his book in 1948, intermarriage was hardly recorded. However, by 1991, it accounted for 19% of all Parsi weddings in Bombay, and by 2005, 31%.<ref name=":13" /> The numbers seem to be greater for other parts of India. Our demographers acknowledge once more how difficult it is to pinpoint the exact effects of intermarriage. However, academics like Axelrod are certain that although statistics on out-migration and intermarriage might be "substantial" on their own, they "are not sufficient to account entirely for the population decline."<ref name=":112"/>

Dr. Zubin Shroff attempted to quantify the proportionate influence of intermarriage on the future population of the Bombay community in his 2010 paper.<ref name=":13" /> He found that, regardless of whether offspring from any mixed marriages are accepted, "the Parsi population will decline sharply over the next few decades, given current fertility trends." The birth rate within the community is so low that the inclusion of children from intermarried couples scarcely impacts the situation.<ref name=":13" />

Given current fertility and intermarriage rates, Bombay's population in 2051 will be 19,136 if no children of any intermarried pair are accepted, 20,122 if only children of intermarried women are disqualified, and 20,535 if all intermarriage children are accepted.<ref name=":13" />

Shroff concludes that both liberals and conservatives have overstated the role of intermarriage in the community's population decline, while the community's "abysmally low fertility" has actually "brought the community to the so-called demographic brink."<ref name=":13" /> If rates of intermarriage keep rising and the long-term offspring of these marriages—children and grandkids, for instance—are not brought up as Zoroastrians, intermarriage may very well be a reason for worry to the community, including the population in diaspora within North America.<ref name=":13" />

=== Childless couples ===
A significant proportion of Parsi couples have no children, with a 1999 study by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) revealing that 12 percent of married Parsi women are childless. This high rate of childlessness is attributed to both biological fertility issues and deliberate avoidance of pregnancies.<ref name=":02" />

The Parsi community, considering itself enlightened, has shown less prejudice and more acceptance towards openly gay members compared to other Indian communities. This acceptance may contribute to a higher visibility of gay Parsis compared to other Indian communities where discrimination and social stigma persist. There is no scientific evidence to support a claim of a high rate of [[homosexuality]] within the Parsi community, particularly among men.<ref name=":32" />

The issue of religious conversion also plays a role in the Parsi community's demographic trends. Contrary to the myth of widespread conversion to Zoroastrianism in regions such as Central Asia and Russia, the reality is that conversion remains a rare occurrence. In Iran, conversion is punishable under the Islamic Republic, and there is no significant evidence of Muslim Iranians in the diaspora converting to Zoroastrianism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ridout |first=LucyAhmad |date=2023-12-12 |title=Criminalizing Blasphemy: Implications for Iran's Religious Minorities |url=https://minorityrights.org/criminalizing-blasphemy-implications-for-irans-religious-minorities/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNHCR Web Archive |url=https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20240427194202/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab1018.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=webarchive.archive.unhcr.org}}</ref>

=== Conversion ===
Throughout history, there have been notable instances of individuals from the Zoroastrian faith adopting other larger religions. A significant number of Zoroastrians in Iran, for example, embraced Baha’ism in the late 19th century. The initial documented instance of conversion occurred during the 1880s and involved a Yazd merchant by the name of KayKhosro Khodadad.<ref name=":102">{{Cite book |last=Amighi |first=Janet Kestenberg |url= |title=The Zoroastrians of Iran: Conversion, Assimilation, Or Persistence |date=1990 |publisher=AMS Press |isbn=978-0-404-62603-7}}</ref> Amighi points out the absence of precise statistics regarding Zoroastrian conversions but suggests that the figure was likely substantial. According to Amighi's findings, in Yazd, about 30 percent of the Zoroastrian families had a minimum of one Baha’i member within their broader family network.<ref name=":102" />

Additionally, Zoroastrians in Iran have been persistently coerced to convert to Islam. In Iran, there have been reports of government-sponsored or sanctioned efforts to convert religious minorities, including Zoroastrians, to Islam. These initiatives may involve financial incentives or other forms of persuasion aimed at encouraging conversion. The Iranian educational system predominantly follows Islamic teachings and practices, which can create an environment where non-Muslim students, including Zoroastrians, feel pressure to conform to Islamic norms. Consequently, Zoroastrians may face employment or advancement barriers in certain fields if they openly practice their faith. Employers may prefer candidates who align more closely with the dominant Islamic culture, leading Zoroastrians to downplay or conceal their religious identity to avoid discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jamsheed K. Choksy,Special to |date=2011-11-14 |title=How Iran persecutes its oldest religion |url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/11/14/opinion/choksy-iran-zoroastrian/index.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iranian Regime Inciting Hatred, Persecuting Zoroastrian Minority |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iranian-regime-inciting-hatred-persecuting-zoroastrian-minority |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Middle East Institute}}</ref>

The Parsis faced significant pressure to convert from colonial powers in India. Following the Portuguese consolidation of their occupation of [[Thane district|Thana]] around 1560, they implemented violently intolerant practices towards other religions, similar to those of the preceding Muslim conquerors. The Portuguese authorities issued an ultimatum to the Zoroastrians of Thana: convert to Christianity or face execution. According to tradition, the Zoroastrians requested a delay and deceived the Portuguese by claiming they would convert as a group on the following Sunday. The Portuguese agreed, allowing the Zoroastrians to use the respite to abandon Thana and resettle in [[Kalyan]]. Subsequently, the Portuguese destroyed all Zoroastrian places of worship, repurposing their stones to construct churches and other colonial buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parsi-Zoroastrian Settlement of the Konkan & Thana |url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/parsi/konkan_thana.htm |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.heritageinstitute.com}}</ref>

In the 1830s, the Parsi community experienced a notable increase in conversions to Christianity, initiated by the orientalist and missionary [[John Wilson (Scottish missionary)|John Wilson]]. This trend persisted well into the 20th century. Prominent individuals who converted during this period included Sir Ness Wadia (father of [[Neville Wadia]]) and [[Nadir Dinshaw]]. Another significant conversion was that of [[Rattanbai Jinnah]] to Islam. These interactions with colonial powers, marked by forced conversions and religious persecution, significantly influenced the Zoroastrian community, shaping its demographic and cultural landscape over the centuries.

While there are no accurate statistics on the number of individuals formally leaving the religion, [[anecdotal evidence]] suggests that the number is extremely limited. However, a more significant concern may be the number of individuals who, due to apathy or irreligiosity, do not pass on Zoroastrianism to their children.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dodiya |first=Jaydipsinh |url= |title=Parsi English Novel |date=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-715-2}}</ref> This trend could have long-term implications for the community's religious continuity.

== Potential solutions ==
The decline in Parsi fertility rates has been a known issue among scholars for over six decades, with numerous studies confirming a drastic population slide.<ref name=":02" />

Many potential solutions have been documented and proposed by Zoroastrian organizations, which can be broadly categorized into organizational actions and individual initiatives.

===Organizational actions===
Community resources and organizations must be harnessed to arrest the population decline. This primarily involves adults in the community, particularly those in positions of leadership. Some community leaders have already undertaken commendable work to encourage marriage and childbirth and to make housing more accessible to young couples in Bombay. However, more needs to be done, and the rest of the community needs to participate. Community organizations play a crucial role in prioritizing youth issues and promoting marriage and childbearing. In India, the [[Bombay Parsi Punchayet|Bombay Parsi Panchayat (BPP)]] has initiated successful programs such as the Zoroastrian Youth for the Next Generation (ZYNG).<ref>{{Cite web |last=arZan |date=2010-03-20 |title=ZYNG Creates Platform for Youth Interaction |url=https://parsikhabar.net/news/zyng-creates-platform-for-youth-interaction/2181/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Parsi Khabar}}</ref> Similarly, the [[FEZANA|Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America (FEZANA)]] has supported youth efforts through organizations like the Zoroastrian Youth of North America (ZYNA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZYNA's zest {{!}} Zoroastrians Abroad {{!}} by Parinaz Gandhi |url=https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/articles.aspx?id=GtQg6/cE9BY= |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.parsiana.com}}</ref>

The [[Jiyo Parsi Scheme]] is a unique initiative launched by the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] in 2013 to address the declining population of the Parsi community in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declining Parsi Population in the Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1807702 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The scheme aims to reverse this trend by adopting a scientific protocol and structured interventions. It comprises three components: an Advocacy Component that includes workshops and advertisement campaigns to create awareness, a Health of the Community Component which covers childcare, creche support, and assistance to the elderly, and a Medical Component that provides financial assistance for the detection and treatment of infertility, fertility treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=P. T. |date=2024-03-02 |title=Jiyo Parsi Scheme To Adopt Improved Guidelines 'Centre For Avesta-Pahlavi Studies' At Mumbai University |url=https://parsi-times.com/2024/03/jiyo-parsi-scheme-to-adopt-improved-guidelines-centre-for-avesta-pahlavi-studies-at-mumbai-university/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Parsi Times}}</ref> The scheme offers cash assistance to encourage Parsi couples to have children, regardless of their financial status.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Govt takes direct approach for Jiyo Parsi as Parzor Foundation withdraws from scheme |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/govt-implements-direct-approach-for-jiyo-parsi-scheme-as-parzor-foundation-is-dissolved-101709491203762.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Promoting youth interaction===
Promoting interaction among the youth of the community is a key strategy. Unlike in India, Iran, or Pakistan, Zoroastrians in the diaspora are not concentrated in specific cities or neighborhoods, making regular interaction a challenge. Local Zoroastrian associations can support and fund activities for youth and young adults, organize regional youth meetings, and facilitate participation in congresses and events.

=== Creating Infrastructure to Promote Marriage ===
Addressing the issue of finding suitable matches within the community is another important aspect. The creation of a comprehensive, user-friendly, and regularly updated Zoroastrian matrimonial website could be a potential solution. Such a portal could promote cooperation among different Zoroastrian associations worldwide.

===Individual responsibility===
The youth of the community have a significant role to play. The drastic decline in Parsi fertility is not due to biological reasons but cultural and attitudinal ones. If falling numbers are due to cultural norms and attitudes toward marriage and family, then attitudes can change. The process of decline can be stopped and eventually reversed if fertility rates increase. This is achievable, as shown in studies by Zubin Shroff and Sayeeda Unisa, et al., though it will require a substantial increase in current fertility rates.

Here are some steps individuals can take, which have been suggested by Dr. Dinyar Patel:<ref name=":02" />

# Get married: Marriage is an important institution in any community. A significant proportion of potential fertility is lost if a substantial percentage of women never marry.
# Do not delay marriage until a late age: It becomes increasingly difficult and risky to have children the longer one waits. If one wants to have a family, it is best to start looking for a potential partner at a relatively earlier age.
# Try to find a Zoroastrian spouse: A union between two Zoroastrians is most likely to result in offspring who are raised as Zoroastrian and in the community's culture and traditions.
# Have children: A total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1 is necessary for the replacement of a population. The current TFR for Parsis is below 1.0, so the Parsis are well below the replacement level. Couples should be encouraged to have at least two children
# Raise children as Zoroastrians: Individuals should strive to pass on their religion, tradition, and culture to a new generation.<ref name=":02" />

== Defining Zoroastrian Identity ==
The definition of who is considered a Parsi or a Zoroastrian has been a subject of debate. In 1908, Justice Dinshaw Davar made a significant decision in what is known as the Parsi Punchayet Case (Petit v Jijibhai). This judicial case indirectly dealt with the admission of non-Zoroastrian spouses, including the French wife of R.D. Tata, into the Parsi community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinnells |first=John |url= |title=Zoroastrian and Parsi Studies: Selected Works of John R.Hinnells |date=2017-11-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-73175-1}}</ref> Rather than relying on religious texts or precedent, Justice Davar defined Parsis as a patriarchal community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandrachud |first=Abhinav |url= |title=An Independent, Colonial Judiciary: A History of the Bombay High Court during the British Raj, 1862–1947 |date=2015-05-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908948-2}}</ref> The question of defining who was a Zoroastrian and a Parsi arose again in the 1915-18 Rangoon Navjote case, which involved Bella, a child of a Parsi mother and a Goan Christian father. Initially, the Burma court sided with Bella's supporters, affirming her status as a Zoroastrian.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last=Sharafi |first=Mitra |url= |title=Law and Identity in Colonial South Asia: Parsi Legal Culture, 1772–1947 |date=2014-04-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04797-6}}</ref> However, after a series of appeals, the Privy Court ultimately accepted Justice Davar's definition.<ref name=":122" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Palsetia |first=Jesse |url= |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |date=2021-11-22 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49127-4}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Persecution of Zoroastrians]]
* [[Parsis]]
* [[Iranis (India)]]

==References==
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:Demography]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]
[[Category:Zoroastrianism]]
[[Category:Population decline]]

Madai Vadukunda Shiva Temple

2026-01-19T16:04:33Z

EzraDrago8750: minor update structure to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kannur Taluk district, Kerala, India}}
[[File:Madai_Sree_Vadukunda_Siva_Temple.jpg|thumb|300px|right]]
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Madai Vadukunda Shiva temple''' is a Hindu temple located in Madai ([[Kannur taluk|Kannur Taluk]] district of [[Kerala]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Eripuram |url=http://eripuram.com/vadukunna.php |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=eripuram.com}}</ref>It is believed to have been constructed by "[[Kolathiri]]" Kings during [[Middle Ages]] on a plateau land generally known now as "Madai Para".<ref name=":0" /> This is located {{cvt|22|km}} north of Kannur, the Headquarters Town.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Poojn Editorial |date=2025-06-03 |title=Madai Vadukunda Shiva Temple: A 2025 Exploration Guide |url=https://www.poojn.in/post/36263/madai-vadukunda-shiva-temple-a-2025-exploration-guide |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=India's Biggest Dashakarma Bhandar {{!}} Poojn.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The "[[Kolathiri]]" Kingdom is an inherent branch of the erstwhile "Mooshaka" Dynasty, which ruled the "[[Ezhimala]]" empire during the 5th to 8th Century. About 1,200 years back a branch of their dynasty had migrated and settled down at Madai, which was then an important port and trading center, {{cvt|4|km}} south of Ezhimala. They constructed castles and temples and established their headquarters on "Madai Para", a significant plateau land lying at about {{cvt|150|ft}} height from the sea level having sight to an extent of {{cvt|20|km}} from all sides. Sree Vadukunda Siva Temple was thus constructed on "Madai Para" in the southwest corner of it at a holy spot due to the presence of the divine power of "Swayambhoo" of lord [[Shiva|Siva]], according to the local legend.<ref>https://www.oocities.org/vadukundasivan/legend.htm</ref>

==See also==
* [[Temples of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091220194034/http://www.vengara.com/vadukunda/index.html Vadukandasivan]

{{coord|12.0303|75.2529|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

Shringara-manjari-katha

2026-01-18T19:51:43Z

EzraDrago8750: new a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Shringara-manjari-katha
| author = [[Bhoja]] or another author under his patronage
| title_orig = शृंगार मंजरी कथा / शृङ्गार मञ्जरी कथा
| orig_lang_code = sa
| translator = Kalpalata Munshi
| country = [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom, India
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| subject =
| genre =
| pub_date = 11th century
| english_pub_date = 1959
}}

'''''Shringara-manjari-katha''''' ([[IAST]]: '''''Śṛṅgāra-mañjarī-kathā''''', "Stories for Shringara-manjari") is an 11th-century [[Sanskrit]]-language storybook from India. Attributed to king [[Bhoja]], it has been partially recovered from a fragmentary manuscript. It contains a [[frame story]], in which a [[courtesan]]'s mother instructs her daughter on how to deal with men of various characters, through 13 sub-stories.

== Manuscript ==

''Shringara-manjari-katha'' is known from a fragmentary [[palm-leaf manuscript]] found at the [[Jaisalmer]] Jnana Bhandara (or Brihad-Jnana-Kosha), a [[Jain literature|Jain]] repository.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=1}} The manuscript is written in [[Devanagari]] script in [[black ink]], and the characters indicate use of a [[reed pen]]. Based on the page numbers, it appears that the complete text was written on 158 leaves, each measuring 11.7 x 2 inches. Out of these, 16 leaves are missing and 26 leaves are fragmented. The leaves are divided into two pages, with string holes in the centre. Generally, there are six lines on a page, but some narrow leaves have only five lines. The lines are written on both sides of the leaves, and each line contains 52-55 letters.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=3}}

The scribe appears to have been well-versed with the writing technique, but not with the language. He made several grammatical and other textual mistakes, which may have resulted from carelessness or a defective source manuscript. The scribe has corrected a small number of errors by altering, canceling, or inserting letters. For example, an altered letter is indicated by two minor strokes.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=4}}

The manuscript has a sentence mentioning the date of composition in the [[Shaka era]], but the portion that mentions the date is lost.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=91|loc=translation}} Other manuscripts with same handwriting were discovered in the same collection, but they are also undated. The style of writing matches with the style used in other manuscripts dated to 11th and 12th centuries. Based on this, and the condition of the leaves, the manuscript can be dated to 12th century or earlier.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|pp=2-3}}

== Critical edition ==

In 1874, Indologist [[Georg Bühler]] noticed the manuscript, and described it in a short paragraph. In 1916, C. D. Dalal listed it in his ''Catalogue Of Manuscripts in the Jesalmere Bhandaras''.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=1}} In 1941, M. Krishnamachariar attempted to obtain the manuscript, but the Dewan of the [[Jaisalmer State]] replied that the manuscript had several missing and unnumbered pages, and some of its pages were mixed with another manuscript.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=2}}

In 1942, Jain scholar ''[[Jain monasticism|Muni]]'' [[Jinvijay]] spent five months in Jaisalmer to examine various manuscripts. He found 15-20 palm leaves in the ''Shringara-manjari-katha'' manuscript, and had them copied. Later, he found several palm leaves in same handwriting while checking other manuscripts. He consolidated all the surviving palm leaves belonging to the ''Shringara-manjari-katha'' manuscript.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=2}}

In 1945, Jinvijay asked his [[Ph.D.]] student Kalpalata Munshi to work on a [[critical edition]] of the text.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=2}} Munshi's edition and translation was published in 1959, by the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]].{{sfn|Daud Ali|2016|p=2}} She corrected several scribal mistakes, and added punctuation and paragraphs for easier reading.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=6}} She did not translate the small fragments, and the twelfth story, which is lost.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|loc=preface}}

== Authorship ==

The text names the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]] (r.c. 1010–1055 CE) as its author. The first four stanzas of the work pay homage to [[Sarasvati]], and the fifth stanza mentions Bhoja-raja as the author. The concluding verse again names ''Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara Shri'' (royal title) Bhoja-deva as the author. The [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of each story in the book also names Bhoja as its author. The story is set in Bhoja's capital, [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]], and greatly praises the city.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=8}}

Bhoja was known as a patron of scholars and poets, and according to some scholars, several works attributed to him were actually written by his courtiers.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|pp=9-10}} Kalpalata Munshi asserts that ''Shringara-manjari-katha'' was authored by Bhoja himself.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=7}} According to her, the text aims to illustrate the various types of ''rāga'' (attachment) presented in the ''[[Shringara-Prakasha]]'', another work attributed to Bhoja.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=73}} The title of the text (and the name of its heroine) appears to have some connection with Bhoja's theory of [[Shringara]] [[rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]], which is also presented in the ''Shringara-Prakasha''.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=7}} Historian [[Daud Ali]] (2016) believes that the text was most likely composed by a courtier of Bhoja.{{sfn|Daud Ali|2016|p=2}}

== Contents ==
{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=Who are the persons who love her not? What are they? Who are not deceived? Who are not cheated? Who have not given their all to her? Where are all the [[brahmin|brahmanas]], kings, princes, merchants, [[kayastha]]s, and familymen who have not become her slaves?
|source = Description of Shringara-manjari, the king's favourite courtesan{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=18|loc=translation}}
}}
{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=She is proficient in arts, quick in reading the minds of others, conversant in the profession of courtesans, smart in cheating others, an expert in subduing the arrogant paramours, clever in deception, conversant in talks practised by harlots, bold in speaking purposeful words....
|source = Description of Vishama-shila, a [[procuring (prostitution)|procurer]] and the mother of Shringara-manjari{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=20|loc=translation}}
}}

King Bhoja and his companions are sitting in his palace garden, in his capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]]. At the request of his courtiers, Bhoja starts telling a [[frame story]] set in Dhara.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=12}} He first glorifies Dhara as a great city, and then turns to a mechanical doll (''yantra-putraka''), commanding it to speak. The doll begins to speak, and glorifies Bhoja.{{sfn|Daud Ali|2016|pp=2-3}}

Bhoja then resumes his story, describing his favourite courtesan (''ganika'') Shringara-manjari as a beautiful, educated, and talented woman.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|pp=13-18|loc=translation}}{{sfn|Daud Ali|2016|p=2}} The king describes her mother Vishama-shila as an old, unattractive, and deceptive woman having the skills required to manage courtesans.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|pp=18-23|loc=translation}}

Then, the actual frame story begins: Vishama-shila is concerned that one day her daughter Shringara-manjari may be cheated by rogue men, and therefore, educates her about the character of different types of men, by telling her thirteen short stories.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=12}}

=== The tale of Ravi-datta ===

Ravi-datta was born in a [[Brahmin]] family of [[Kaundinyapur|Kundinapura]], and mastered all the [[Vedas]] and the [[shastra]]s by the age of 16 years. His father Soma-datta instructed him on several topics, including that of prostitutes. After the death of his parents, his friends convinced him to attend the festive procession of the god of love ([[Madana]]). Although this was against what his parents had taught him, Ravi-datta attended the event, and became infatuated with a courtesan named Vinaya-vati.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=12}}

Vinaya-vati recognized him as an easy prey, and invited him home through her friend Sangamika. Ravi-datta was initially apprehensive, but ultimately agreed. He started visiting her everyday, and gradually, lost all his wealth to her. When Ravi-datta had no more money left, she sent a message to him through Sangamika, asking him to not visit her for a few days, as she would be with a wealthy merchant named Vasu-datta.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=13}}

After some days, Ravi-datta visited Vinaya-vati's house, but her servants refused to let him in. He met Sangamika, but she refused to recognize him. He made repeated attempts to meet Vinaya-vati, but each time, her servants ridiculed him, and turned him away. Despite this, Ravi-datta's attachment for Vinaya-vati did not decrease. He kept thinking about her for the rest of his life, and considered himself lucky whenever he had an opportunity to look at her.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=13}}

Vishama-shila explains that Ravi-datta's attachment like was like [[indigo dye|indigo]]. Just like a cloth dyed in indigo does not lose its colour even after being washed several times, a man with this character does not give up his attachment even after being ruined. She declares that the secret teachings of prostitution yielded good results once the nature of such men was known.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=13}}

=== The tale of Vikrama-simha ===

One day, Prince Vikrama-simha of [[Tamralipta|Tamalipti]], was roaming around in the locality of courtesans. There, he saw Malatika, the daughter of the [[procuring (prostitution)|procurer]] Ekadamshtra.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=13}} He was attracted to Malatika, and asked his servant Priyamvadaka to arrange a meeting with her. Malatika said that her livelihood depended on a merchant named Vasu-datta because of a contract, and Vikrama-simha will have to wait until she could find an excuse to meet him.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=14}}

Vikrama-simha waited patiently for the entire rainy season. One day, Malatika sent her messenger Madhukarika to invite him to her place. He visited her, and once gratified, gave her much wealth before leaving. The next portion is lost, but the subsequent text suggests that Vikrama-simha felt offended for some reason. He stopped visiting Malatika, stopped sending her gifts, and his attachment for her gradually decreased.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=14}}

Vishama-simha explains that Vikrama-simha's attachment was like ''[[rubia cordifolia]]'' root (''mañjiṣṭhā''). Just like a cloth dyed in it gradually fades in colour when washed, such a man gradually loses his attachment when offended. Therefore, a courtesan should not offend such men.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=14}}

=== The tale of Madhava ===

A [[procuring (prostitution)|procurer]] named Bhujanga-vagura lived in the city of [[Vidisha]]. Her daughter Kuvalayavali was a beautiful young woman. One day, Madhava - a wealthy man and a student of the [[Vedas]] - returned to Vidisha from [[Sri Lanka|Simhala-dvipa]]. He learned of Kuvalayavali's beauty, and paid much money to spend a night with her. Kuvalayavali was pleased with him and started inviting him often. Gradually, she deprived him of all his wealth.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=14}}

To avoid being seen as a ruined man, Madhava decided to leave Vidisha and go to [[Malabar Coast|Malaya]] country to earn wealth. Kuvalayavali cried and tried to stop him. Madhava refused to stay, but before leaving, gifted her his expensive upper garment. Kuvalayavali and her mother Bhujanga-vagura followed him for some distance, and then the mother asked him to give Kuvalayavali a token of remembrance. When Madhava said that he did not have anything left, she suggested that he give her the clothes remaining on his body.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=14}} Madhava agreed, but said that he was feeling shy because there were many travelers on the road. He asked the women to follow him to a lonely spot where he could remove his clothes and give them to Kuvalayavali. When they reached a lonely spot, Madhava attacked Bhujanga-vagura: he threw her on the ground, and cut her nose and ears. He declared that this was a token of remembrance that she would never forget, and then left.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=15}}

Vishama-shila explains that Madhava's attachment was like [[safflower]] (''kusumbha''). Just like a cloth dyed in safflower is not suitable for washing or exposing to heat, a man with this character becomes estranged and evil when offended. Therefore, a courtesan should take the wealth of such a man without offending him.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=15}}

=== The tale of Sura-dharman ===

A poor man named Sura-dharman lived in the Hastigrama village of [[Brahmin]]s, located on the banks of the [[Ganges river]]. He obtained a precious jewel by worshipping the deity of the sea. He was concerned about losing the jewel, so he cut open his thigh, and hid it there. To avoid being seen as the owner of a precious jewel, he started feigning madness, and wandered around, saying only the words "Mother knows".{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=15}}

After several days, Sura-dharman came to [[Ujjayini]], the capital of king [[Vikramaditya]]. The king's courtesan Deva-datta was always looking for rich men to fleece. One day, she came across Sura-dharman and realized that he must be feigning madness to hide something precious. She brought him home, and made several attempts to find his secret, at the cost of neglecting the king. However, even after six months, Sura-dharman did not say anything except "Mother knows".{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=15}}

One day, Sura-dharman decided to leave, concerned that Deva-datta will be able to find his secret if he stayed any longer.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|pp=15-16}} Deva-datta threatened to immolate herself, but still failed to stop him from leaving. Deva-datta took this as a personal defeat, and decided to make a final attempt to stop him by faking her death.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=16}}

Following Deva-datta's plan, two girls met on the road where Sura-dharman was walking. One girl informed the other that Deva-datta had fallen in love with a madman, and died after he left her. When Sura-dharman heard this, he told the girls that he was the person responsible for her death, and ran back to her house. At the house, Deva-datta played dead, surrounded by other people. The procurer cried and rebuked Sura-dharman for destroying their happiness. Feeling sorry, Sura-dharman gave the jewel to the procurer, and decided to commit suicide to be with Deva-datta. Just then, Deva-datta opened her eyes, and a rumour spread that she had miraculously risen from dead when her lover came to her. Sura-dharman lived happily with Deva-datta for some days, but then, she kicked him out.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=16}}

Vishama-shila explains that Sura-dharman's attachment was like [[turmeric]] powder (''haridrā''). Just like a cloth dyed in turmeric fades in the heat of the sun, a man with this character becomes averse by threats. Therefore, a courtesan should resort to other, extraordinary means to take his wealth.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=16}}

=== The tale of Deva-datta ===

One day, king Vikramaditya of [[Ujjayini]] asked his courtesan Deva-datta how courtesans acquire a man's wealth and how should a man deal with them. Deva-datta did not want to answer the question, and changed the topic of conversation by narrating a strange incident.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=17}}

Deva-datta said that on the previous day, she saw a handsome man riding a wonderful horse on the palace grounds. The man invited her to mount the horse, and took her to a distant mansion on the flying horse. At the mansion, she saw a man with a whip and a beautiful, crying woman. Deva-datta was asked to act as a messenger of love between the two. When she declined, the man with the whip started beating her. Deva-datta started chanting that she served king Vikramaditya, the conqueror of the [[Trailokya|three worlds]]. The others felt the presence of the king, and fled in fear. Sometime later, Deva-datta found herself on the palace grounds.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=17}}

The king repeatedly asked Deva-datta if this incident really happened, and she swore that it was true. Pleased with her, the king gifted her his second best elephant, 40 million pieces of gold, precious ornaments, and expensive clothes. Deva-datta smiled and said that she had just demonstrated how courtesans acquire a man's wealth. A pleased Vikramaditya doubled the gifts.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=17}}

Vishama-shila told her daughter that one can acquire wealth by acting according to the others' desires, and that anything can be attained with flattery.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=17}}

=== The tale of Lavanya-sundari ===

Vishama-shila remarks that for those who are willing to sacrifice themselves, it is not difficult to obtain a desire from great and valorous persons. She then narrates the following story.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=18}}

A rich [[teli|oilman]] named Ghuda and his beautiful wife Lavanya-sundari lived happily in the town of [[Ahichchhatra]]. One day, the local king Vajra-mukta saw Lavanya-sundari, and became infatuated with her. His spies told him that she was already married to Ghuda. So, he had Ghuda wrongfully arrested for adulteration of oil. Ghuda tried to secure his release by offering a large amount of money, but the king declared that he will be freed only if he is able to get a hundred elephants within six months.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=18}}

Lavanya-sundari considered her husband's freedom more important than her own reputation, and decided to become a courtesan to secure the elephants from king [[Vikramaditya|Sahasanka]] of [[Ujjayini]]. She reached Ujjayini with a large retinue, took up a residence on the banks of the [[Shipra River]], and spread the word that she was a rich and noble courtesan. When the king heard about her, he passed by her residence on the pretext of hunting. He was mesmerized by her beauty, and sent a man named Mukharaka to invite her to his palace.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=18}}

Lavanya-sundari accepted the invitation, and started staying at the king's palace. The king's advisor Bhatta-matrgupta warned him not to trust a prostitute. However, Vikramaditya tested her many times, and she always proved loyal to him. Lavanya-sundari was afraid of Bhatta-matrgupta, but as the six-month deadline approached closer, she decided to take a step towards securing the elephants. She stormed into a room where the king and his advisor were sitting, and angrily rebuked the king for regarding her true love as prostitution. She then went to the bedroom, and beheaded herself using a dagger.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=18}} The king was stunned, and angrily asked Bhatta-matrgupta if he considered this an act of a prostitute. Bhatta-matrgupta replied in affirmative, but the king disregarded him, and took the dead body to the temple of the goddess [[Ashapura Mata|Ashapura]]. There, he announced that he would behead himself before the goddess. Pleased with his love and courage, the goddess revived Lavanya-sundari.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=19}}

The king now fully trusted Lavanya-sundari. Some days later, he promised to fulfill any wish of hers. Initially, she declined to make a wish, but the king insisted. She then said that she had been fascinated with elephants since childhood, and wanted a hundred elephants. The king fulfilled her wish. After 2–3 days, she asked the king to free her, and narrated her story. The king allowed her to go back, and she spent the rest of her life happily with her husband Ghuda.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=19}}

=== The tale of the cheating procurer ===

A Brahmin had two sons, named Vishnu-gupta and Soma-datta. When they grew up, they decided to visit another country. During the journey, they spent 7 days passing through the [[Vindhya]] forests, and ran out of food and water. They decided to rest and pass the night under a [[Ficus benghalensis|banyan]] tree beside a lake. They agreed to take turns to guard against wild animals at night.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=19}}

During his turn, Soma-datta heard a pair of pigeons talking. The female pigeon suggested that they throw themselves in fire to provide food for the starving Brahmins. The male pigeon agreed, and spoke of a sage's prophecy: the person who ate the male pigeon would become a king, and the person who ate the female pigeon would get 500 pieces of gold every day. After the birds threw themselves into the fire, Soma-datta took them out, and woke up his brother.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=19}} He told his brother about the prophecy: he ate the female pigeon, and gave the male pigeon to his brother.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=20}}

In the morning, Soma-datta found 500 gold pieces by his side. Convinced that the prophecy was true, the brothers happily resumed their journey, and separated after some time. Vishnu-gupta, the elder brother, became the king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. Soma-datta came to the city of [[Kanchi]], where a [[procuring (prostitution)|procurer]] named Makara-damshtra lived with her daughter Karpurika. Soma-datta spent time with Karpurika, and gave her large amounts of gold. Intrigued by his seemingly unlimited wealth, Makara-damshtra had her daughter find out his secret. She then fed Soma-datta an [[emetic]] to induce vomiting. When the female pigeon came out of his mouth, she ate it, and started getting 500 pieces of gold everyday. A regretful Soma-datta decided to leave.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=20}}

While traveling, Soma-datta heard about the new king of Magadha, and deduced that the king must be his brother. He visited Magadha, obtained great wealth from his brother, and returned to Kanchi after a few days. When Karpurika asked him about his wealth, he replied that he had practiced [[tapas (Indian religions)|penance]] at [[Srisailam|Shri-parvata]] to obtain a yogic power (''[[siddhi]]'') that allowed him to generate great wealth. A greedy Karpurika offered to exchange the pigeon for this power. Soma-datta agreed, and re-acquired his ability to get 500 pieces of gold. He returned to Magadha, while Karpurika was left disappointed.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=20}}

Vishama-shila advises her daughter to never trouble rogue men, as they may take even previously earned wealth when irritated.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=20}}

=== The tale of a woman's love ===

Vishama-shila says that the next story will demonstrate why a courtesan should never fall in love.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=20}}

A rich man named Vasu-datta lived in the [[Pundravardhana|Pundra-vardhana]] town, with his only son Ratna-datta. Guided by his teacher Vasu-bhuti, Ratna-datta grew up to be a very knowledgeable man.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=20}} He decided to work in the service of a powerful king instead of continuing his father's business. He declared that courtesans would invite him and not abandon him; if this did not happen, he would commit suicide. Accordingly, he set out to meet king Pratapa-mukuta of [[Manyakheta]], accompanied by his servant Subandhu. He decided to earn his living on the way, but kept 1,000 pieces of gold in case of an emergency.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=21}}

On their way to Manyakheta, Ratna-datta and Subandhu came to [[Vidisha]], and attended a dance performance by the courtesan Lavanya-sundari at the temple of Bhailla-svami-deva-pura. The courtesan fell in love with Ratna-datta at first sight, and after the performance, sent her friend Bakulika to invite him home. Ratna-datta and Lavanya-sundari spent a night together, and she became so attached to him that she stopped thinking about all other men. However, he left in the morning and went to a gaming house. She sent Bakulika to invite him again, and that night, asked him about his future plans. When Ratna-datta said that he was going to Manyakheta, Lavanya-sundari decided to go with him, accompanied by a [[procuring (prostitution)|procurer]].{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=21}}

Some days later, the travelers reached the town of [[Purna|Punyapathaka]]. The procurere wanted Lavanya-sundari to return to Vidisha, so she conspired to have Ratna-datta killed by portraying him as a kidnapper. The conspiracy proved to be unsuccessful, when the local king Sura-dharman realized that Lavanya-sundari was accompanying Ratna-datta willingly. The travelers continued their journey, and reached Manyakheta. Ratna-datta left their residence in search for a job, saying that he would return after four days. Meanwhile, the local king saw Lavanya-sundari, became enamoured by her, and invited her to his palace. Lavanya-sundari agreed on the condition that she would be allowed to leave whenever she wanted.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=21}}

On the fourth day, Lavanya-sundari left the palace to welcome Ratna-datta back. The king was curious to see her lover, so, he came to their residence, and hid behind a latticed window.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=22}} When Ratna-datta came, Lavanya-sundari prepared to wash his feet. Looking at her dress, Ratna-datta realized she had become the royal courtesan. He stopped her from washing his feet, and declared that she was like his mother now that she had become the king's partner. Pleased by Ratna-datta, the king invited him to the royal palace. Ratna-datta entered the royal service, started enjoying the king's favours, and forgot all about Lavanya-sundari.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=22}}

Vishama-shila tells her daughter that women who become deeply attached to men destroy themselves and their wealth.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=22}}

=== The tale of mutual love ===

King Samara-simha of [[Uraiyur|Ugrapura]] had a courtesan named Ashoka-vati, who was an expert at sword-dancing. She was in love with the king's feudatory ([[samanta]]) Chaddalaka. On a winter day, the king asked her to perform a sword-dance in an assembly of his feudatories. Hoping that Chaddalaka would be present there, the courtesan put on her best dress, and promised to make an offering to the god if she saw Chaddalaka that day. On her way to the court, she saw the wish-fulfilling god Ganapati, and became very happy.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=22}}

At the assembly, Ashoka-vati started her performance with great rhythm and grace. However, when she did not see Chaddalaka, her enthusiasm diminished, and she lost her grace. Worried that she would lose her balance and fall on the sword, her teacher requested the king to stop the performance. The king agreed, and rebuked Ashoka-vati.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=22}} Ashoka-vati told the king the reason for her poor performance, and boldly declared her love for Chaddalaka, stating that she was ready to accept any punishment. The king did not punish her, but asked her not to be so bold again.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=23}}

To the king's surprise, as soon as she left the court, she went straight to Chaddalaka's residence. He decided to cause a rift between the two lovers. On the king's instructions, a handsome young man named Sundaraka seduced her, and recorded evidence of their one-night stand using a ''pattanika''.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=23}} (The exact meaning of ''pattanika'' is not known: according to [[A.K. Warder]], it was "probably a fine cloth on which a print could be taken from a woman's body, reproducing her characteristic make up and even blood from love scratches".){{sfn|A.K. Warder|1992|pp=169-170}}

Next day, Ashoka-vati regretted being unfaithful to Chaddalaka. Sundaraka felt dejected seeing that she was no longer interested in him, and gave the ''pattanika'' to the king.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=23}} The king presented the evidence before Chaddalaka, but Chaddalaka dismissed it as a ploy to cause a rift between him and Ashoka-vati. Nevertheless, he decided to test Ashoka-vati's love for him. He asked his minister Tikkapaika to see her reaction on being informed that he had died in battle against the king of [[Cutch State|Kachchha]]. When Ashoka-vati heard the fake news, she died of shock. Sundaraka blamed himself for her death, and committed suicide by immolation. Chaddalaka also threw himself on a funeral pyre on the cremation ground.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=23}}

The king felt sorry for having caused the deaths of three innocent people, and decided to behead himself before the goddess [[Ashapura Mata|Ashapura]]. The goddess prevented him from doing so, and at his request, revived the three dead people. The king brought Ashoka-vati and Chaddalaka together, and made Sundaraka the lord of 4,000 villages.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=23}}

Vishama-shila tells her daughter that many courtesans lose their wealth and their lives when they fall in love with men. Therefore, a courtesan should stay away from love like she stays away from a tiger.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=23}}

=== The tale of the snake ===

A Brahmin named Shruta-dhara lived in the city of [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]], and had a son named Vinaya-dhara. At the age of sixteen, the son completed his education, and attended a spring festival at the Kala-priya-deva temple. There, he saw a courtesan named Ananga-vati, started visiting her, and gradually lost all his wealth. Ananga-vati liked him, but the [[procuring (prostitution)|procurer]] did not approve of her fondness for a poor man. The procurer kicked Vinaya-dhara out of their place several times, but Vinaya-dhara and Ananga-vati continued to meet under various pretexts.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=24}}

One day, Vinaya-dhara spotted a dead snake, and picked it up. He borrowed money from a friend, and gained admittance to Ananga-vati's place. At midnight, when everyone else was sleeping, he came to the room where the procurer's room. He threw the snake on the procurer's body, pinched her nose and lips to mimic a [[snakebite]], and left quickly. The procurer woke up screaming, and her servants rushed to help her. Vinaya-dhara also came back with a stick, pretended to kill the snake, and said that something needed to be done about the stings on the procurer's body. The procurer asked her servants to cut off her nose and her lips to prevent the venom from spreading. In the morning, everyone congratulated Vinaya-dhara for saving the procurer's life, while she continued to squirm in pain.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=24}}

Vishama-shila cautions her daughter that rogue men can do unpredictable things when harassed.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=24}}

=== The tale of Malaya-sundari ===

Vishama-shila tells her daughter that no one should be insulted, because there is nothing that an insulted man would refrain from doing. She then narrates the following story.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=24}}

Pratapa-simha, an ugly and passionate man, was a feudatory to the king Mahendra-pala of [[Kanyakubja]]. A [[procuring (prostitution)|procurer]] named Dhonda lived with her daughter Malaya-sundari in the same town. One day, Pratapa-sundara visited Malaya-sundari and spent the night with her. When he woke up next morning, he saw that a child was sleeping beside Malaya-sundari. The child was that of her sister, but when Pratapa-simha enquired, she teased him by saying that it was her own child.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=24}}

Pratapa-simha lost his temper, and assaulted Malaya-sundari: he threw her on the ground, scratched her body like a tiger, and pulled her hair. Malaya-sundari was a favorite of king Mahendra-pala, and the procurer complained to the king. Pratapa-simha defended himself by saying that he had always tolerated her teasing, but became very angry when she said the child was hers. He said that the assault resulted from his extreme attachment to her. The king was pleased with explanation, and gave him presents, while Malaya-sundari became an object of ridicule.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=25}}

Vishama-shila concludes that an insulted man would do anything to ridicule a woman.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=25}}

=== The tale of Pamaraka ===

Vishama-shila says that one should not become the enemy of a crook (''dhūrta'') without a just cause. The actual story is lost, but at its end, Vishama-shila tells her daughter to never deceive a clever man, or be ready to bear the results.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=25}}

=== The tale of Mula-deva ===

Vishama-shila explains that the attachment (''rāga'') may be born on hearing, seeing, or being with a partner. In all three cases, it should be abandoned, or it makes a woman an object of ridicule, even if she is from a good family.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=25}}

A crook (''dhūrta'') named Mula-deva was very close to king [[Vikramaditya]] of [[Ujjayini]]. One day, the king asked him why he was still unmarried. Mula-deva replied that he did not marry because women are fickle in their love. The king said that women are the main source of happiness and the main support of a man's life, and convinced Mula-deva to get married.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=25}}

After some time, Mula-deva discovered that his wife was having an affair with another man. He also found that Vikramaditya's chief queen Chella-mahadevi was having an affair with the royal elephant-driver, and visited him every night.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|pp=25-26}} In fact, one night the elephant-driver lashed her with a rope because she was late, but she was so attached to him that she pacified him by spending the night with him. The next day, Mula-deva proved to the king that their wives were unfaithful to them. The king punished both women, and imprisoned the queen after cutting off her nose and ears.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=26}}

Vishama-shila tells her daughter that even courtesans of noble character and women from good families sometimes fall in love at first sight, without caring for their lives or wealth. Such attachment should be avoided.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=25}}

== Scholarly interest and analysis ==
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Kalpalata Munshi describes ''Shringara-manjari-katha'' as a product of a decadent phase in [[Sanskrit literature]], when the poets emphasized convention over creativity.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=35}} Nevertheless, she praises the work for its "rich contents, references, interests, and its uniqueness of form."{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=54}} The text is useful as a source of information about the contemporary social life, customers, traditions, administration, architecture and geography.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|pp=74-81}}

Scholars have compared ''Shringara-manjari-katha'' to Damodara-gupta's ''Kuttanimata'' and Kshemendra's ''[[Samaya Mātrikā|Samaya-matrika]]''. All three works feature a [[procuring (prostitution)|procurer]] educating a courtesan on how to deal with men. However, ''Shringara-manjari-katha'' is written in prose and is more focused on story-telling. The other two are poems, and give more attention to ''[[kamashastra]]'' (the art of love-making).{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|pp=31-32}}

Some of the [[motif (narrative)|motifs]] found in ''Shringara-manjari-katha'' also appear in other contemporary texts. For example, in the tale of Lavanya-sundari, the heroine gains the trust of king Vikramaditya, but the minister does not trust her. In the end, she asks the king for a favour to free her true lover, and the king obliges. A similar story appears in [[Somadeva]]'s ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (also from the 11th century): the courtesan Kumudika befriends king Vikramasimha, but the minister Ananga-tunga warns the king against her. When the king feigns his death to test her, she throws herself into his funeral pyre. Although the minister is still distrustful of her, the king now fully trusts her and asks her to make a wish. She then reveals that she is in love with someone else, and seeks the king's help in rescuing her imprisoned lover. Kshemendra's ''Kala-vilasa'' features the same story with minor changes.{{sfn|Kalpalata Munshi|1959|p=34}}

The text has attracted scholarly attention for its mention of a garden with several mechanical devices, including a mechanical doll (''yantra-putraka'') located near a mechanical "fountain house" (''yantra-dhārā-gṛha''). While the doll is used as a [[literary device]] to praise Bhoja, what is notable is that the text also describes several other mechanical objects in the scene, including artificial trees, lotuses, ducks, monkeys, fish, herons, crocodiles, turtles, bees, and female attendants. These objects are said to have been built of expensive metals and gems.{{sfn|Daud Ali|2016|p=3}} They are described as moving, making sounds, and spraying water. For example, the female attendants played lutes and drums, bathed, and sprayed water from their breasts and fingernails.{{sfn|Daud Ali|2016|pp=3-4}} [[Somadeva Suri|Somadeva]]'s ''[[Yashastilaka|Yashas-tilaka-champu]]'', written in the previous century (959 CE), also describes such a mechanical garden with several moving objects, but the ''Shringara-manjari-katha'' is more detailed in its description and also adds sounds to the mechanical objects.{{sfn|Daud Ali|2016|p=4}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A.K. Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=Indian Kāvya Literature: The Art of Storytelling |volume=6 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1992 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Daud Ali |author-link=Daud Ali |title=Bhoja's Mechanical Garden: Translating Wonder across the Indian Ocean, circa 800–1100 CE |journal=History of Religions |volume=55 |issue=4 |year=2016 |pages=460–493 |doi=10.1086/685573}}
* {{cite book |author=Kalpalata Munshi |title=Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva |series=Singhi Jain Series |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |location=Bombay |year=1959 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002914/8 }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Frame stories]]
[[Category:11th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Bhoja]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Erotic short story collections]]
[[Category:Erotic literature]]
[[Category:Sexuality in India]]
[[Category:Ganesha in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian books on courtesan]]
[[Category:Novels about Indian prostitution]]

Kalpa (Vedanga)

2026-01-15T13:05:14Z

EzraDrago8750: minor edit

{{Short description|Study of Vedic ritual practices}}
{{About|a discipline of Vedic literature|the reckoning of time|Kalpa (aeon)|other uses|Kalpa (disambiguation){{!}}Kalpa}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
'''Kalpa''' ({{langx|sa|कल्प}}) means "proper, fit" and is one of the six disciplines of the [[Vedanga|Vedānga]], or ancillary science connected with the [[Vedas]] – the scriptures of [[Hinduism]].<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca339/> This field of study is focused on the procedures and ceremonies associated with Vedic [[ritual]] practice.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=313}}<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca339>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Kalpa" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, p. 339.</ref>

The major texts of Kalpa Vedanga are called '''''Kalpa Sutras''''' in Hinduism.{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|1963|p=252}} The scope of these texts includes Vedic rituals, rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as personal conduct and proper duties in the life of an individual.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/629 629] }}</ref> Most Kalpasutras texts have experienced interpolation, changes and consequent corruption over their history, and Apasthamba Kalpasutra ancillary to the [[Yajurveda]] may be the best preserved text in this genre.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle |title=The Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0YTQ9Ty8r4C |year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-160604-5 |pages=xxv-xxviii with footnotes}}</ref>

Kalpa Sutras are also found in other Indian traditions, such as [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC|year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-0265-0|pages=412–413, 444–446}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Kalpa is a [[Sanskrit]] word that means "proper, fit, competent, sacred precept", and also refers to one of the six [[Vedanga]] fields of study.<ref name=monierwilliamskalpa>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA212|year=1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=212–213}}</ref> In Vedanga context, the German Indologist [[Max Muller]] translated it as "the Ceremonial".<ref name="Müller1860p169">{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller |title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle |year=1860|publisher=Williams and Norgate |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/169 169]–170 }}</ref>

The word is widely used in other contexts, such as "cosmic time" (one day for Brahma, 4.32 billion human years),<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Kalpa" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 338</ref> as well as "formal procedures" in medicine or other secular contexts.<ref name=monierwilliamskalpa/>

==History==
The Kalpa field of study traces its roots to the [[Brahmana]] layer of texts in the Vedas,<ref name="WinternitzSarma1996p252">{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C |year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3 |pages=252–262 }}</ref> however its texts are more focussed, clear, short and practical for ceremonies.<ref name="Müller1860p169"/><ref name="Smith1998p121"/> Kalpa Sutras are related to the ''Karma kanda,'' or ritual parts of the Veda, in contrast to the [[Upanishads]] which are the ''Jnana kanda,'' or the knowledge part.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kireet Joshi|title=The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CJlM2nhlt0C |year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0889-8 |pages=97–98 }}</ref><ref name="Holdrege2012p71">{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Holdrege|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4 |pages=71–72 }}</ref>

This field of study emerged to serve the needs of priests as they officiated over domestic ceremonies such as weddings and baby naming rites of passage, so that the rituals were efficient, standardized and appeared consistent across different events.<ref name="WinternitzSarma1996p252"/> They also helped the audience and the individuals integrate within customs and cultural practices, state Winternitz and Sarma, from "the moment when he is received in his mother's womb to the hour of his death", and beyond during his cremation.<ref name="WinternitzSarma1996p252"/>

==Texts==
{| class="wikitable floatright" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Kalpa sutras known<ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/198/mode/2up History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature], Oxford University Press, pages 198-199</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=80px style="background: #ffad66;" | Veda
| width= 300px | Sutras
|-style="text-align: left;"
| width=80px | [[Rigveda]]
| width= 300px | Asvalayana-sutra (§), Sankhayana-sutra (§), Saunaka-sutra (¶)
|-style="text-align: left;"
| width=80px | [[Samaveda]]
| width= 300px | Latyayana-sutra (§), Drahyayana-sutra (§), Nidana-sutra (§), Pushpa-sutra (§), Anustotra-sutra (§)<ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/210/mode/2up History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature], Oxford University Press, page 210</ref>
|-style="text-align: left;"
| width=80px | [[Yajurveda]]
| width= 320px | Manava-sutra (§), Bharadvaja-sutra (¶), Vadhuna-sutra (¶), Vaikhanasa-sutra (¶), Laugakshi-sutra (¶), Maitra-sutra (¶), Katha-sutra (¶), Varaha-sutra (¶), Apastamba-sutra (§), Baudhayana-sutra (§)
|-style="text-align: left;"
| width=80px | [[Atharvaveda]]
| width= 320px | Kusika-sutra (§)
|-style="text-align: center;"
|colspan="2" |¶: only quotes survive; §: text survives
|}
The rituals related to ancient texts are of two kinds: (1) the ''Śrautasūtras'', which are based on the ''[[śruti]]'', and (2) the ''Smārtasūtras'', or rules based on the ''[[smriti]]'' or tradition. The first versions of the Kalpa Sutras text were probably composed in the 6th century BCE, and they were attributed to famous Vedic sages out of respect for them in the Hindu traditions or to gain authority.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca339/> These texts are written aphoristic [[sutra]]s style, and therefore are taxonomies or terse guidebooks rather than detailed manuals or handbooks for any ceremony.<ref name="Smith1998p121">{{cite book|author=Brian K. Smith |title=Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual, and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkruE6UCz54C |year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1532-2 |pages=120–137 with footnotes}}</ref>

Scholars such as Monier-Williams classified only ''Shrautasutras'' as part of Kalpa Vedanga, stating that the ''Smartasutras'' did not relate to Srauta or Vedic ceremonies, but instead focused on domestic events such as rites of passage when a baby is born and to ''Samayachara'' or "conventional everyday practices" that are part of every human being's life.<ref name="Monier-Williams1876p195">{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=Indian Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomwith00moniuoft|year=1876|publisher=W. H. Allen & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomwith00moniuoft/page/195 195]–198}}</ref> However, other scholars include both.<ref name="WinternitzSarma1996p252"/><ref name="Holdrege2012p71"/>

===Srauta Sutras===
[[File:Pythagorean.svg|thumb|260px|The verses 1-2 of ''Baudhayana Shulba Sutra'' state that the squares of any rectangle's width and length add up to the square of its diagonal.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=18 with note 13}} This is one of the earliest descriptions of [[Pythagorean theorem]], appearing many centuries before [[Pythagoras]].]]
The ''Śrautasūtras'' (Shrauta-sutra) form a part of the corpus of [[Sanskrit]] [[sutra|sūtra]] literature. Their topics include instructions relating to the use of the śruti corpus in ritual ('kalpa') and the correct performance of these rituals. Some early Śrautasūtras were composed in the late Brahmana period (such as the Baudhyanana and Vadhula Sūtras), but the bulk of the Śrautasūtras are roughly contemporary to the Gṛhya corpus of domestic sūtras, their language being late [[Vedic Sanskrit]], dating to the middle of the first millennium BCE (generally predating [[Pāṇini]]).
Not verified though

===Shulba Sutras===
The [[Shulba Sutras|{{IAST | Śulbasûtra}}]] (or ''Shulva-sutras'') deal with the mathematical methodology to construct [[Vedi (altar)|altar]] geometries for the Vedic rituals.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pradip Kumar Sengupta|title=History of Science and Philosophy of Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwO-f53m5BQC|year=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-81-317-1930-5|pages=79–80}}</ref> The Sanskrit word "Shulba" means cord, and these texts are "rules of the cord".{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=17}} They provide, states [[Kim Plofker]], what in modern mathematical terminology would be called "area preserving transformations of plane figures", tersely describing geometric formulae and constants.{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|p=17}} Five ''Shulba Sutras'' texts have survived through history, of which the oldest surviving is likely the Baudhayana Shulba Sutra (800–500 BCE), while the one by Katyayana may be chronologically the youngest (~300 BCE).{{Sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=17-18}}

===Gṛhyasūtras===
The '''Gṛhyasūtras''' "domestic sūtras" are a category of [[Sanskrit]] texts prescribing Vedic rituals, mainly relating to [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|rites of passage]] such as [[Hindu wedding|rituals of wedding]], [[birth]] celebration, [[namegiving]] and coming of age (puberty).<ref>Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, ed. [[Sacred Books of the East]] Vol. XXIX, [https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul01oldeuoft "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"], part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886</ref><ref>Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, [https://archive.org/details/grihyastrasrul02oldeuoft "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies"], part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892</ref> Their language is late [[Vedic Sanskrit]], and they date to around roughly 500 BCE, contemporary with the Śrautasūtras. They are named after Vedic [[shakha]]s.

{{blockquote|'''Vedic sacrifice rituals at a wedding''' West of the (sacred) fire, a stone (for grinding corn and condiments) is placed and northeast a water jar. The bridegroom offers an oblation, standing, looking towards the west, and taking hold of the bride's hands while she sits and looks towards the east. If he wishes only for sons, he clasps her thumbs and says, "I clasp thy hands for the sake of good fortune"; the fingers alone, if he wishes only for daughters; the hairy side of the hand along with the thumbs if wishes for both (sons and daughters). Then, whilst he leads her towards the right three times around the fire, and round the water jar, he says in a low tone, "I am he, thou are she; thou art she, I am he, I am the heaven, thou art the earth; I am the [[Samaveda|Saman]], thou art the [[Rigveda|Rig]]. Come let us marry, let us possess offspring, united in affection, well disposed to each other, let us live for a hundred years". 
— Āśvalāyana Kalpa sutra, Book 1.7, Translated by Monier Monier-Williams<ref>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=Indian Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomwith00moniuoft|year=1876|publisher=W. H. Allen & Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomwith00moniuoft/page/199 199]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=Encyclopaedia of vedic philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJUlAQAAIAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-81-7755-290-4 |pages=2114–2115}}</ref>}}

===Dharmasūtras===
The '''Dharmasūtras''' are texts dealing with custom, rituals, duties and law. They include the four surviving written works of the ancient Indian tradition on the subject of dharma, or the rules of behavior recognized by a community. Unlike the later [[dharmaśāstra]]s, the dharmasūtras are composed in prose. The oldest dharmasūtra is generally believed to have been that of [[Apastamba Dharmasutra|Apastamba]], followed by the dharmasūtras of [[Gautama Dharmasutra|Gautama]], [[Baudhayana sutras|Baudhayana]], and an early version of [[Vashistha]]. It is difficult to determine exact dates for these texts, but the dates between 500 and 300 BCE have been suggested for the oldest dharmasūtras.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Veda!! Srautasutra<ref name="kochar">Kochar, Rajesh ''Vedic People:Their History and Geography'', Orient Longman, New Delhi, 2000, {{ISBN|81-250-1080-7}}, p.18</ref>!! Sulbasutra<ref name="kochar"/> !!Grihyasutra<ref name="kochar"/> !! Dharmasutra<ref name="kochar"/>
|-
| {{IAST |Ṛgveda}}||{{IAST | Āśvalāyana Śrautasūtra}}<ref name="Gargya">''Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit Books in the British Museum'' (1876) [https://archive.org/stream/cataloguesanskr03manugoog#page/n20/mode/2up p. 9]. Gargya's commentaries (''vrtti''s) are based on the longer ''bhashya''s by Devasvamin (11th century). B.K. Sastry, [http://yabaluri.org/TRIVENI/CDWEB/reviewsjul83.htm review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084413/http://yabaluri.org/triveni/cdweb/reviewsjul83.htm |date=2016-03-14 }} of K. P. Aithal (ed.), ''Asvalayana Grihya Sutra Bhashyam of Devasvamin'', 1983.</ref> {{IAST|Sāṅkhāyana Śrautasūtra}} || ||{{IAST|Âśvalāyana-Gṛhyasūtra}} <ref name="Gargya"/> Kausîtaki-Gṛhyasūtra (Bāṣkala śakha) {{IAST|Śāṅkhāyana-Gr̥hyasūtra}} [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/rv/gs/sankhgs/sankh001.htm]||{{IAST | Vasishtha Dharmasūtra}}
|-
|{{IAST|Sāmaveda}}||{{IAST |Lātyāyana Śrautasūtra Drāhyāyana Śrautasūtra Jaiminiya Śrautasūtra}} || ||Gobhila-Gṛhyasūtra Khādira-Gṛhyasūtra (Drāhyāyana-Gṛhyasūtra) Jaiminiya-Gṛhyasūtra Kauthuma-Gṛhyasūtra ||{{IAST |Gautama Dharmasūtra}}
|-
|{{IAST|Kṛsna Yajurveda}}|| {{IAST|Baudhāyana Śrautasūtra}} {{IAST|Vādhūla Śrautasūtra}} {{IAST |Mānava Śrautasūtra}} {{IAST |Bharadvāja Śrautasūtra}} {{IAST |Āpastamba Śrautasūtra}} {{IAST |Hiraṅyakeśi Śrautasūtra}} {{IAST |Vārāha Śrautasūtra}} {{IAST|Vaikhānasa Śrautasūtra}} || {{IAST |Baudhāyana Śulbasûtra Mānava Śulbasûtra Āpastamba Śulbasûtra}} ||Baudhāyana-Gṛhyasūtra {{IAST|Hiraṇyakeśi-Gṛhyasūtra}} (Satyāsādha-Gṛhyasūtra) [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/hirgs/hirgs.htm] Mānava-Gṛhyasūtra Bhāradvāja-Gṛhyasūtra Āpastamba-Gṛhyasūtra {{IAST|Āgniveśya-Gṛhyasūtra}} Vaikhānasa-Gṛhyasūtra Kāthaka-Gṛhyasūtra (Laugāksi-Gṛhyasūtra) Vārāha-Gṛhyasūtra Vādhûla-Gṛhyasūtra Kapisthala-Katha Gṛhyasūtra (unpublished) ||{{IAST |Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra}}

''Āpastamba Dharmasūtra''

''Hārīta Dharmasūtra''

''Hiraṇyakeśi Dharmasūtra''

''Vaikhānasa Dharmasūtra''

''Viṣṇu Dharmasūtra''
|-
|{{IAST |Śukla Yajurveda}} || {{IAST |Kātyāyana Śrautasūtra}}||{{IAST |Kātyāyana Śulbasūtra}}|| Pāraskara-Gṛhyasūtra Katyayana-Gṛhyasūtra|| ''Śaṅkha-Likhita Dharmasūtra''
|-
| Atharvaveda||{{IAST |Vaitāna Śrautasũtra}} || ||{{IAST|Kauśika Gṛhyasūtra}} ||''Auśanasa Dharmasūtra''
|}

==See also==
*[[Kalpa Sūtra]], scriptures of Jainism
*[[Mīmāṃsā]]
*[[Orthopraxy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|first=Kim|last=Plofker|author-link=Kim Plofker|title=Mathematics in India |title-link= Mathematics in India (book) |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12067-6 }}
*{{cite book| author=Maurice Winternitz| author-link=Moriz Winternitz| title=History of Indian Literature, Volume 1| year=1963| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0056-4}}

{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Vedangas]]
[[Category:Ritual]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]

A. S. Conception

2026-01-13T20:58:07Z

EzraDrago8750: Put Up A Pg

{{Short description|Indian singer and actor (1928–1986)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. S. Conception
| image = A. S. Conception (cropped).jpg
| caption = Conceição during his youth
| birth_name = Aniceto Salvador da Conceição
| birth_place = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|4|26|df=y}}
| death_place = Vasco da Gama, Goa, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|7|16|1928|4|26|df=y}}
| title = {{indented plainlist|
* Founder of All Goa Dramatic Stars
* Co-founder of Stars of the Goa Stage (later Young Stars of Goa)}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|theatre actor|playwright|director}}
| years_active = 1953–1980
| spouse = {{marriage|Maria Viegas|1958}}
}}

'''Aniceto Salvador da Conceição''' (26 April 1928 – 16 July 1986), known professionally as '''A. S. Conception''', was an Indian singer, theatre actor, playwright, and [[theatre director]] who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
Aniceto Salvador da Conceição was born on 26 April 1928 in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. The fourth of four children, he had two brothers, Gabriel (b. 1920) and Antonio (b. 1922), as well as a sister named Prudencia (b. 1926). Conceição was born to Gregorio Piedade da Conceição, an employee, and Maria Tereza Xavier, a [[homemaker]], into a [[Goan Catholic]] family. Both of his parents hailed from the village of [[Quelossim]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}</ref> Following his early education in Goa, he ventured to [[Bombay]], to commence his journey in the field of acting.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Conceição rose to prominence in [[Bombay]]. His journey began when he was afforded the opportunity to perform in one of Jackdom's ''[[tiatrs]]''. Jackdom, a playwright and director, frequently staged ''tiatrs'' in Bombay and played a pivotal role in Conceição's emergence as an actor, despite them not having a personal acquaintance at the time. Conceição was introduced to the commercial ''tiatr'' stage by Romaldo Fernandes, who brought him into Victor Mittmitto's ''tiatr'' in 1953.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=129–130 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mittmitto, a singer, facilitated Conceição's introduction to Jackdom. It was through Mittmitto's efforts that Conceição made his initial foray onto the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. He left an impression on the audience, propelling him to popularity and opening doors to numerous acting opportunities. Initially starting as a singer, Conceição showcased his skills by delivering comic [[solo (music)|solos]] and [[Cross-gender acting|portraying female characters]]. He also performed [[duet]]s alongside Romaldo Fernandes, earning praise from the audience. As a result of his growing popularity, other directors began casting him in small female roles and featuring his songs in their ''tiatrs''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=43–44}}</ref>

[[File:Konkani handbill of tiatr Birmôt by A. S. Conception.jpg|thumb|[[Handbill]] of the ''tiatr Birmôt'' (Mercy) by Conceição in the [[Konkani language]]]]
In 1953, Conceição began touring as a singer in [[Goa]] with [[C. Alvares]]' group during the performance of their ''tiatr Mauxi Vo Paichi Bail'' (Aunt or Father's Wife?). After returning to Bombay, he acted in ''Camil Bottler'', a ''tiatr'' directed by [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]] and written by [[John Claro]]. He also composed and performed the opening chorus for this ''tiatr''. On 11 June 1954, Conceição's final appearance was in Bombay at Princess Theatre, Bhangwadi, in C. Alvares' ''tiatr Jurament''. He then moved to Goa and worked as a foreman in M/s. Pandurang Timblo Industries in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]. During his stay in Goa, he remained active in dramatic pursuits, participating in the local tradition of ''tiatrs'', which were predominantly staged at night and occasionally extended into the early hours of the morning. Despite the demanding schedule of nighttime performances and daytime work, he continued to act in various ''tiatrs'' directed by both commercial and [[Tiatr #Khell tiatr|non-commercial]] ''[[tiatrist]]s''. Conceição also ventured into playwriting, debuting his ''tiatr'' script ''Birmôt'' (Mercy) in Bombay in 1954, which was well-received. In 1957, he staged ''Birmôt'' in Goa, forming his own [[theatrical troupe|troupe]] named the All Goa Dramatic Stars. Over time, the group evolved and was rechristened as the Stars of the Goa Stage.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Conception-Nelson-Anthony.jpg|thumb|The Conception-Nelson-Anthony trio]]
Conceição's troupe comprised an ensemble of artistes, including composers and vocalists. During their time in Goa, Conceição encountered [[Nelson Afonso]] and Anthony D'Souza. Initially, Conceição collaborated with Nelson, forming a [[duet]] where Nelson [[Cross-gender acting|assumed the female roles]]. Together, they established the Conception-Nelson-Anthony [[trio (music)|trio]], which quickly gained acclaim and became one of the most popular trios of recent years. Conceição assumed the leadership role within this trio, which served as a driving force for the entire group. They were also recognized as the audacious trio of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], receiving support from the public.<ref name=":0" /> Referred to as the "Political Blasters," their performances exposed and [[Political criticism|criticized corrupt practices within the government]], political circles, and [[self-proclaimed]] leaders. They brought attention to misguided policies implemented by both the [[Government of India|central]] and [[Government of Goa|state government]] during the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]] and after [[Liberation of Goa|Goa's liberation]]. No department, whether it be the [[Goa Police|police]], [[Public Works Department]] (PWD), [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipalities]], or any other, escaped their scrutiny. When the trio took the stage, Conceição would be the first to appear, receiving a reception marked by thunderous applause, enthusiastic cheers, and even the ignition of fireworks and locally-crafted explosives outside the performance venue. Following Nelson's demise, the trio underwent a name change to Conception-Souza Boy-Anthony, with the inclusion of Souza Boy in the lineup.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Scene from tiatr Birmôt.jpg|thumb|Two scenes from the ''tiatr Birmôt'', first staged in 1954 and later in 1957]]
Conception-Nelson-Anthony, with their musical companions, achieved fame for their [[Music and politics|politically-themed songs]] known as trios. These compositions captivated the public's attention as they addressed a range of [[political issue]]s, gaining favor among the populace due to their ability to articulate the sentiments of the common man and provide critical perspectives on the government and its various departments.<ref name=":0" /> At a certain point, the presence of the trio guaranteed a sold-out audience for any ''[[tiatr]]'' performance. Conceição's acting abilities further contributed to their success. Known for his talent, he consistently took on the leading roles in their theatrical productions, portraying characters with such nuance that finding a suitable replacement for him proved to be a daunting task. Conceição's performances had the capacity to elevate even the most lackluster [[Plot (narrative)|plotlines]] in their ''tiatrs'' ([[Goan]] [[musical theatre]]). Together with the trio Conception Nelson-Anthony, he co-directed the popular ''tiatr'' production titled ''Lokak Lagon'' (Due to People) on 15 April 1963, at the Municipal Garden in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]. In addition to his directorial work on his own ''tiatr'', ''Birmôt'', Conceição also lent his directorial expertise to other productions such as ''Piddeacho Khuris'' (Cross of Coconut frond) by Dr. V. Antão and ''Gottalo''. The playwrights within their group consistently crafted special roles tailored to Conceição's talents, highlighting his artistry. As a result, he rose to prominence as one of the most popular artists within the ''tiatr'' industry, with his performances and success in [[character role|character portrayals]] solidifying his reputation as a household name.<ref name=":1" />

Conceição became known through his performances in Aristides Dias' plays ''Divors'' (Divorce) and ''Doiea'' (Pity). Displaying a distinct inclination towards [[Tragedy|tragic role]]s, Conceição found his artistic prowess most effectively expressed in these emotionally charged portrayals. His devotion to the ''tiatr'' stage, a traditional Goan theater form, earned him the respect of veteran directors such as [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], [[J. P. Souzalin]], [[C. Alvares]], and [[M. Boyer]]. With his acting abilities, Conceição's contributions to various ''tiatrs'' resulted in success and acclaim. As his career progressed, Conceição faced increasing pressures within the industry, which may have impacted him over time. Despite experiencing health-related challenges and receiving advice to abstain from performing, his love for the ''tiatr'' compelled him to remain connected to the art form. His final memorable role materialized in John Claro's ''Purtugez Kolvont'' (Portuguese Artist), a portrayal characterized by such realism and naturalness that it left audiences astonished, blurring the boundaries between reality and the theatrical realm.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to his acting career, Conceição ventured into playwriting and directing, contributing approximately ten ''tiatrs'' to the theatrical repertoire. Popular works among his repertoire include ''Birmôt'', ''Piddeacho Khuris'', and ''Gottalo'', which enjoyed popularity and critical acclaim. Moreover, Conceição showcased his musical abilities by composing and performing around twenty songs, further diversifying his artistic contributions. Throughout his career, which spanned over three decades, Conceição participated in over a hundred ''tiatr'' performances, both in productions of his own and in collaboration with others.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
On 15 October 1958, Conceição married Maria Gracinda Viegas, a [[homemaker]] from the town of [[Curtorim]] at [[Mormugão]] Church.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=José Francisco |date=19 November 1958 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/VWXJW6vEpQrDFBaVNsjMUw66DfH3saxZpCV9zkkxHjVLHq7nDrwPSSJ8-QuYQ7smxUl4eZ99O31318c3K9SyrWi6_8JI_vRGPkXaBQWGxTlONcL9XQfgDy3I-jUDJnDTsywjfj4D-Rvt-jZC7KJAn0FlhCiJtECI3atfNdNWbu4/VWX96/vEp80ZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> On 16 July 1986, aged 58, Conceição died at his residence in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]].<ref name=":1" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="3"|1953
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|Actor/singer
|Professional debut
|rowspan="8"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Mauxi Vo Paichi Bail''
|Singer
|
|-
|''Camil Bottler''
|Actor/singer
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1954
|''Jurament''
|Unnamed role
|
|-
|''Birmôt''
|Writer/director
|Debut as writer; restaged in 1957 in Goa
|-
|1963
|''Lokak Lagon''
|Co-director
|
|-
|
|''Piddeacho Khuris''
|Director
|
|-
|
|''Gottalo''
|Director
|
|-
|1958
|''Doiea''
|Actor
|
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|1960s
|''Divors''
|Actor
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depiction of violence in tiatrs |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/depiction-of-violence-in-tiatrs/2437.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|1980
|''Purtugez Kolvont''
|Actor
|Final production
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Da Costa |first=Fausto V. |date=24 September 2023 |title=Has the Tiatr Fraternity disowned Mike Mehta? |url=https://fliphtml5.com/cmlao/yeqp/Mike_Mehta___Goan_Review___July_-_Dec_2023/ |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=The Goan Review |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501124550/https://fliphtml5.com/cmlao/yeqp/Mike_Mehta___Goan_Review___July_-_Dec_2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Conception, A. S.}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India

2026-01-10T01:43:10Z

EzraDrago8750: Done.

{{Short description|Constitutional amendment proposal in India in 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025
| legislature = Parliament of India
| long_title = An Act further to amend the Constitution of India.
| territorial_extent = India
| introduced_by = [[Amit Shah]]
| date_introduced = 20 August 2025
| status = pending
}}

The '''One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India''' (or 130th Constitutional Amendment) to the [[Constitution of India]]- officially known as '''Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025''', is a proposed amendment introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 20 August 2025.

The Bill seeks to provide for the removal of the Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, and other Ministers if they are arrested and detained for thirty consecutive days on charges punishable by imprisonment of five years or more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Conviction Needed, Amit Shah Bill to Let Governors Sack CM, Ministers After 30 Days in Jail |url=https://thewire.in/government/amit-shah-to-move-constitutional-amendment-in-parliament-concerning-union-territories-tomorrow |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

==Background and legislative history==

* 20 August 2025: The Bill was introduced by [[Amit Shah]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] in the Monsoon Session of Parliament. The bill was referred to a Joint Committee of both Houses for detailed scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=19 August 2025 |title=Amit Shah to move three bills for removal of PM, CMs, Ministers held on serious criminal charges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amit-shah-to-move-3-bills-for-removal-of-pm-cms-ministers-held-on-serious-criminal-charges/article69953333.ece |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Key provisions==
The proposed amendment aims to insert new clauses into the Constitution:

* '''Article 75''' – Requires the President to remove a Union Minister (including the Prime Minister) who has been arrested and detained for 30 consecutive days for offences punishable with at least five years' imprisonment. If the Prime Minister does not resign by the 31st day, they cease to hold office. Reappointment is possible post-release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2025 |title=Owaisi critiques Constitution's 130th Amendment Bill, says it will "violate principle of separation of powers" |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/owaisi-critiques-constitution-amd-bill-says-it-will-violate-principle-of-separation-of-powers/articleshow/123401112.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

* '''Article 164''' – Extends similar provisions to State Chief Ministers and Ministers. Detention for 30 days triggers removal by the Governor at the Chief Minister’s advice; failure to advise results in automatic cessation.

* '''Article 239AA''' – Applies the same rules to the National Capital Territory of Delhi’s ministers, with removal, resignation, or automatic cessation if detained for 30 consecutive days.

==Statement of Objects and Reasons==
According to the Bill’s Statement of Objects and Reasons, the measure is intended to uphold constitutional morality and governance by ensuring that individuals facing serious criminal allegations — and prolonged detention — do not retain ministerial power, which could undermine public trust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre to introduce bills that can sack the PM, CMs and top ministers held in custody for 30 days |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/centre-to-introduce-bills-that-can-sack-the-pm-cms-and-top-ministers-arrested-held-in-custody-for-30-days-for-criminal-offence-the-constitution-130th-amendment-bill-8021747/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amendments to the Constitution of India]]
* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Constitution of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India|113]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party controversies]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]

Rewa–Bhopal Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-23T08:04:52Z

EzraDrago8750: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Rani Kamalapati–Rewa Vande Bharat Express]]

Param Singh (actor)

2025-12-20T13:02:02Z

EzraDrago8750: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Param Singh
| image = Param Singh Bhatia.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|8 September 1988}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| alma_mater = Bcom from [[Smt. M.M.K College of Commerce & Economics]] MBA in Finance from [[Regent's University London]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present

| awards =

| signature =
| website =
| notable_works = {{Ubl|''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''|''[[Ghulaam]]''|''[[Haiwaan: The Monster]]''|''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''|[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]}}
}}
'''Param Singh''' is an Indian actor known for his role of Randhir Singh Shekhawat in the youth TV series ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]'' on [[Channel V India]], Rangeela ''in [[Ghulaam]]'' on [[Life OK]] and Ahaan Veer Malhotra in {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]}} on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].

==Career==
Singh started his career with many commercials and a short role in ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''. He rose to fame with his work in the youth-based TV series ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]'' in 2013 where he played the role of Randhir Singh Shekhawat, which aired on [[Channel V India]] produced by [[Inspire Films]].

In 2017 he did a show for [[Life OK]] named ''[[Ghulaam]]'' where he essayed the lead character Rangeela, opposite [[Niti Taylor]] and [[Vikas Manaktala]].

Later, Singh played Dhruv Narang for Beyond Originals' web series called "Black Coffee", created by [[Yash A Patnaik]] and Mamta Patnaik. He has done a lot of plays back in school and college like Helen of Troy. Ardhanareshwar is another play he has added as a feather to his hat.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150806/jsp/t2/story_35542.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808204135/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150806/jsp/t2/story_35542.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 August 2015 | title= Param is your pick | website= The Telegraph|location=India |date= 6 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/features/10-unknown-interesting-facts-about-param-singh-084 | title= 10 unknown interesting facts about Param Singh | website= tellychakkar.com |date= 27 April 2014 }}</ref>

In 2018 he played Fawad Ashraf in [[Star Plus]]'s show ''[[Mariam Khan – Reporting Live]]'' but the show ended in early 2019 due to low TRPs. In August 2019 he signed [[Balaji Telefilms]] show ''[[Haiwaan: The Monster]]'' which aired on [[Zee TV]] opposite [[Ridhima Pandit]]. He portrayed Randhir Agnihotri a young, fun loving but smart scientist. The show ended on 16 February 2020. He was last seen in one of the recent popular TV show, [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]}} as Ahaan Veer Malhotra opposite [[Akshita Mudgal]].

From January 2025 until the show ended in July 2025, he played the lead role of Dr. Neelkant "Neil" Pradhan in [[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]] opposite Vaibhavi Hankare and [[Bhavika Sharma]] after a three year television hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sampat|first=Shruti|date=28 January 2025|title=Param Singh on returning to TV after 3 and a half years with Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin: I have never been offered a character like Neel before|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-param-singh-on-returning-to-tv-after-3-and-a-half-years-with-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-i-have-never-been-offered-a-character-like-neel-before/articleshow/117640449.cms|access-date=23 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''
| Yudhishthir "Yudi" Sharma
| Supporting Role
|
|-
| 2013–2016
| ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
| Randhir Singh Shekhawat
| rowspan = "6" | Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities|work=india.com|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910025418/http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2016-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-1028570/ |title=200 Actors, 10 Teams, and 1 Winner... Let The Game Begin |work=India.com |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ghulaam]]''
| Rangeela Chaudhary
| <ref>{{cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/life-ok-is-all-set-to-unveil-its-next-big-show-ghulaam/articleshow/56383952.cms|title = Life OK is all set to unveil its next big show 'Ghulaam|work = The Times of India|date = 7 January 2017|access-date = 8 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Mariam Khan – Reporting Live]]''
| Fawad Ashraf
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Haiwaan: The Monster]]''
| Randhir Agnihotri
| <ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ekta-kapoors-upcoming-sci-fi-thriller-haivan-star-param-singh-and-ridhima-pandit-456764|title =Ekta Kapoor's upcoming sci fi thriller Haivan to star Param Singh and Ridhima Pandit?|access-date =26 June 2019|archive-date =19 September 2019|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190919015819/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ekta-kapoors-upcoming-sci-fi-thriller-haivan-star-param-singh-and-ridhima-pandit-456764|url-status =dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''
| Ahaan Malhotra
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/sadda-haq-actor-param-singh-back-with-new-tv-show-ishk-par-zor-nahi-1773965-2021-02-28|title=Sadda Haq actor Param Singh back with new TV show Ishk Par Zor Nahi|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|date=28 February 2021|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
| Dr. Neil Pradhan
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 February 2025|title=Returning to TV with Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin, Param Singh on what kept him busy|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/param-singh-makes-his-tv-comeback-after-4-yrs-with-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-23485434|access-date=23 June 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh}}
*{{IMDb name|nm7477061}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Param}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Regent's University London]]
[[Category:Actors from Uttar Pradesh]]

Nandrool Khas

2025-11-11T03:11:24Z

EzraDrago8750:

{{onesource|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandrool Khas
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.110169|N|76.27606|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nandrool Khas''' is a village in the [[Kangra District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nandrool Khas|url=http://village.org.in/Nandrool-Khas |website=village.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kangra district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kangra district]]

S. M. Laljan Basha

2025-09-27T11:42:42Z

EzraDrago8750: small add page additionally and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term = 10 April 2002 - 9 April 2008
| predecessor = [[Jaya Prada]]
| successor = [[T. Ratna Bai]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh| Andhra Pradesh]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term1 = 1991 - 1996
| predecessor1 = [[N. G. Ranga]]
| successor1 = [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| constituency1 = [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)| Guntur]]
}}
'''S. M. Laljan Basha''' (2 August 1956 – 15 August 2013), a politician, deputy chairman, and Vice President of the [[Telugu Desam Party]], was a Member of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (2002–2008), the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]]. He was also elected Member of Parliament of India representing [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]], an Andhra Pradesh constituency in Lok Sabha (1991–1996). He also acted as Chairman for Joint Parliament Committee for [[Waqf]]. His younger brother [[S. M. Ziauddin|S.M. Ziauddin]] contested four times for legislative elections and won two times. [[Jinnah Tower|Jinnar tower]] in Guntur was built by Lal jan saheb (grandfather of S.M. Lal jan basha and S.M.Ziauddin)

Basha died in a road accident on 15 August 2013, when his vehicle rammed into the divider at [[Narketpally]] near [[Nalgonda]] on the Vijayawada-Hyderabad national highway in the wee hours of 15 August 2013 on his way to Guntur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/telugu-desam-party-leader-lal-jan-basha-dies-in-accident-406068 |title=Telugu Desam Party leader Lal Jan Basha dies in accident |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2013-08-15 |accessdate=2013-09-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070810162214/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1876 Profile on Rajya Sabha website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basha, S. M. Laljan}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Deccani people]]

Zekhring people

2025-05-21T05:28:39Z

EzraDrago8750: new a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group =Zekhring people|
| image =
| image_caption =
| total =
| total_ref =
| total_year =
| popplace = {{flag|India}} ([[Arunachal Pradesh]])
| languages = [[Zakhring language|Zakhring]]
| religions = [[Donyi-Polo|Donyi-Polo (sun and moon)]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| related =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Zekhring'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chakravorty|first=Mridul Kumar|date=2015-11-08|title=The Zakhring Community of Arunachal Pradesh: Notes on a Lost Tribe|url=http://spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/152|journal=Space and Culture, India|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=94–102|doi=10.20896/saci.v3i2.152|issn=2052-8396|doi-access=free}}</ref> are from the [[Anjaw District]] (formerly part of [[Lohit district]]) of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. They live in the hilly terrain and banks of the Lohit River in the Walong and Kibithoo area.

They are [[Animist]]s, although they have recently co-adopted [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Paths of Peace: Studies on the Sino-Indian Border Dispute |author=T. S. Murty|publisher=ABC Pub. House|year=1983|isbn=0-86144-488-4|page=166}}</ref> The Zekhring sustain their livelihoods through agriculture. They are culturally more akin to the [[Miju Mishmi tribe|Miju Mishmi]] than to the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] in the north.<ref name="Dalvindar Singh Grewal 1997 197" /> Sungkhu, Tsotangpho Wangley, Tso Tangpo and [[Losar]] are their major festivals.<ref>[http://lohit.nic.in/anjaw.htm The Meyors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114233621/http://lohit.nic.in/anjaw.htm |date=2006-11-14 }}</ref>

==Population==
As of 2002, their tribal population stood at 300, and their population included members of an ethnically akin tribe, the Meyor.<ref name="Dalvindar Singh Grewal 1997 197">{{cite book|title=Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh: Identity, Culture, and Languages|author=Dalvindar Singh Grewal|publisher=South Asia Publications|year=1997|isbn=81-7433-019-4|page=197}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zkr Ethnologue profile]

{{Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Anjaw district]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]

South Malda College

2025-04-28T17:23:46Z

EzraDrago8750: minor edit

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = South Malda College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]
| established = {{start date and age|1995}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University of Gour Banga]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Prof. Md. Arshad Alam<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://southmaldacollege.com/Teacher_msg.aspx |title=South Malda College |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606074104/http://southmaldacollege.com/Teacher_msg.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Pubarun]], Kaliachak III CD block
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 732215
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8150702|N|87.9648202|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{url|https://www.southmaldacollege.ac.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''South Malda College''' is a college in [[Pubarun]] in the [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The college is affiliated to the [[University of Gour Banga]], offering undergraduate courses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Gour Banga |url=http://www.ugb.ac.in/colleges/malda/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316052856/http://www.ugb.ac.in/colleges/malda/ |archivedate=2012-03-16 }}</ref>

==Departments==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Arts and Commerce Faculty Departments'''
|-
! Departments
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| [[English literature|English]]
|-
| [[Arabic]]
|-
| [[History]]
|-
| [[Political Science]]
|-
| [[Sociology]]
|-
| [[Education]]
|-
| [[Economics]]
|-
| [[Commerce]]
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://southmaldacollege.com/college_portal/departments.php|publisher=South Malda College|title=Departments|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[Malda Women's College]]
*[[Malda College]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.southmaldacollege.ac.in/ South Malda College]
*[http://www.ugb.ac.in/ University of Gour Banga]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{University of Gour Banga}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Malda district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Gour Banga]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of North Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Charmanvati

2024-11-07T05:48:14Z

EzraDrago8750: Starting a pg...

{{Short description|River in Hindu mythology}}

'''Charmanvati''' ({{Langx|sa|चर्मण्वती|translit=Carmaṇvatī}}) is a river mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-01-29 |title=Carmanvati, Carmaṇvatī: 7 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/carmanvati |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> It is believed that the ancient name of [[Chambal river]] was ''Charmanvati'', meaning the river on whose banks leather is dried. In due course of time, this river became famous as the river of ‘charman’ (skin) and was named as ''Charmanvati''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hydrology and water resources of India- Volume 57 of Water science and technology library - Tributaries of Yamuna river|last=Jain |first=Sharad K.|author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal|author3=Vijay P. Singh |year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1|page=350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&dq=Yamuna+River&pg=RA1-PA345 }}</ref>

The [[Sanskrit]] epic [[Mahabharata]], refers to the Chambal river as the Charmanyavati: originating in the blood of thousands of animals and cows sacrificed by the Aryan King [[Rantideva]].<ref>
Mbh.3.207.10715 though, sanskrit scholars and Mahabharat researchers like [[Bhandarkar oriental research institute]] who have compiled over 250 sanskrit manuscripts of Mahabharat have rejected this story as an interpolation as it is not there in most of the ancient manuscripts.
"And in days of yore, O Brahmana, two thousand animals used to be killed every day in the kitchen of king Rantideva; and in the same manner two thousand cows were killed every day."</ref>
:"So large was the number of animals sacrificed in the [[Agnihotra]] of that king that the secretions flowing from his kitchen from the heaps of skins deposited there caused a veritable river which from this circumstance, came to be called the ''Charmanvati''.<ref name="AV">
{{cite web|url=http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/mbh:charmanwati|title=charmanwati, Mbh.7.65.2817|work=Ancient Voice|publisher= Jijith Nadumuri Ravi|access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref>"

==References in Mahabharata ==

Charmanvati was the southern boundary of [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala Kingdom]]:- King [[Drupada]] ruled the southern Panchalas up to the bank of the Charmanvati river (1:140). King [[Rantideva]] is mentioned as performing animal sacrifices on the banks of Charmanvati (7:65, 12:29, 13:66). [[Kunti]] left her new-born baby ([[Karna]]) in a basket and made it float in the river. The basket floated from the river Aswa to the river Charmanvati, and from the Charmanvati it passed to the [[Yamuna]], and so on to the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] (3:306) and reached the city called [[Champapuri]] the capital of [[Anga Kingdom]].

Marching to the banks of the Charmanvati, the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] warrior [[Sahadeva]] met the son of king Jamvaka, who had, on account of old hostilities, been defeated before by [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]]. The son of Jamvaka gave battle to Sahadeva. And Sahadeva defeating the prince marched towards the south (2:30).

==See also==
* [[Rigvedic rivers]]
* [[Sarasvati river]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian rivers]]
[[Category:Mythological rivers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Charmanvati}}

Anāl Naga

2024-08-13T06:34:37Z

EzraDrago8750: quick update

'''Anāl Naga''' may refer to:
* [[Anāl people]]
* [[Anāl language]]
{{Disambig}}

Talavali Tarf Dengachimet

2024-07-08T12:46:52Z

EzraDrago8750: new bio

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Talavali Tarf Dengachimet
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.9097016|N|73.1025036|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 113
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1793
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551760
| footnotes =
}}
'''Talavali Tarf Dengachimet''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Talavali Tarf Dengachimet has 321 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 56.88%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1793 || 876 || 917
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 332 || 172 || 160
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1697 || 825 || 872
|-
| Literates || 831 || 479 || 352
|-
| Workers (all) || 779 || 490 || 289
|-
| Main workers (total) || 576 || 400 || 176
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 148 || 123 || 25
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 351 || 206 || 145
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 76 || 70 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 203 || 90 || 113
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 199 || 88 || 111
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 1014 || 386 || 628
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Mangadpur

2024-02-25T16:18:24Z

EzraDrago8750:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangadpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sareni block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Mangadpur (#659) in Sareni CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.142709|N|80.77682|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.683
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 403
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mangadpur''' is a village in [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=262–87 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 25 km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 403 people, in 88 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school, no healthcare facilities, and hosts a weekly [[haat]] but not a regular market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Murarmau]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Mangadpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a population of 154 people (76 male and 78 female), in 31 households and 26 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=114–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 172 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> No residents were literate.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]] and the [[thana]] of Sareni.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mangadpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 178 people (87 male and 91 female), in 33 households and 32 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxx-lxxi of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 172 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Mangadpur (as "Mangatpur") as having a population of 275 people, in 46 households, and having an area of 69.60 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=138–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Mangadpur as having a total population of 321 people (144 male and 177 female), in 61 households and 61 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 162–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 70 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 56, or 17% of the total; this group was 45% male (25) and 55% female (31).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 82% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 20% (48 men and 16 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 145 people were classified as main workers (79 men and 66 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 176 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 47 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 92 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 1 worker in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 2 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 0 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 3 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]