https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=EziosolutionBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-27T12:43:46ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karuppu_Subbiah&diff=508748Karuppu Subbiah2026-05-08T14:01:07Z<p>Eziosolution: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Karuppu Subbiah<br />
| caption = <br />
| other_names = Subbiah, Mottai Subbiah<br />
| birth_name = M. Subbiah<br />
| birth_place = [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]]<br/>[[Madurai]]<br/>[[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| death_date = 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/karuppu-subbiah-current-status-now/|title= Karuppu Subbiah Interview|work=behindtalkies|language=Tamil|accessdate=9 July 2019}}</ref><br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 1961–1997<br />
}}<br />
'''Karuppu Subbiah''' was an Indian actor who had acted over 300 [[Tamil language]] films in comedy roles and minor roles. He also has another name 'Mottai' Subbiah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2014/09/19/cochin-haneefa/|title=Black Subbiah [M.Subbiah]|last=Rajendran|first=Venkatesh|date=2014-09-19|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref> He is notable for his comedian roles along with actor [[Goundamani]]. And also he acted along with most of [[Sivaji Ganesan]]'s films during the 1960s and 1970s in cameo and minor roles. And, He has acted in several films in comedy roles in the 1980s and 1990s. His debut film was [[Indira En Selvam]] in 1962. He is well known for his character Jambalakidi Pamba in ''[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/karuppu-subbiah-current-status-now/|title=கருப்பு சுப்பையா என்ன ஆனார் தெரியுமா ? விவரம் உள்ளே|last=Ajju|date=2019-07-29|website=Tamil Behind Talkies|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-actor-director-manobala-shares-sad-story-of-comedy-actor-karuppu-subbaiah-went-viral-932741.html | title=பெயிண்ட் அடித்து உயிரை விட்ட கருப்பு சுப்பையா? – மனோ பாலா தகவல் | date=8 April 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''<br />
<br />
===1960s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1961<br />
|''[[Kumudham]]''<br />
|Periyasamy<br />
|Debut Movie / Credited as Subbiah<br />
|-<br />
|1962<br />
|[[Indira En Selvam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1964<br />
|[[Pachai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachai Vilakku]]<br />
|Karim<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1965<br />
|[[Pazhani (1965 film)|Pazhani]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1965<br />
|[[Anbu Karangal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1966<br />
|[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]<br />
|Poet<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1969<br />
|[[Anbalippu]]<br />
| Thangam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===1970s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
|[[Vietnam Veedu]]<br />
|Housekeeper<br />
|Credited as Subbiah<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
|[[Anadhai Anandhan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
|[[Raman Ethanai Ramanadi]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
|[[Sorgam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1970<br />
|[[Engal Thangam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1971<br />
|[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)|Mohammed Bin Tughlaq]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|Itho Enthan Deivam<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|[[Jakkamma (film)|Jakkamma]]<br />
|Nattamai<br />
|Credited as 'Mottai' Subbiah<br />
|-<br />
|1973<br />
|Sontham<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1974<br />
|Avaḷukku Nikar Avaḷe<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1974<br />
|[[Dheerga Sumangali]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1974<br />
|Thaai<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1976<br />
|[[Satyam (1976 film)|Satyam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1976<br />
|Etharkum Thuninthavan<br />
|<br />
|Credited as 'Mottai' Subbiah<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|[[Rosappu Ravikkaikari]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|[[Chakkalathi]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===1980s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|[[Vandichakkaram]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|1980<br />
|[[Ilamai Kolam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|[[Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Ayiram Muthangal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1983<br />
|[[Imaigal]]<br />
|<br />
|Credited as 'Mottai' Subbiah<br />
|-<br />
|1983<br />
|[[Saranalayam (1983 film)|Saranalayam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|[[Aagaya Thamaraigal]]<br />
|<br />
|Credited as 'Karuppu' Subbiah<br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|''[[Geethanjali (1985 film)|Geethanjali]]''<br />
|Horse Owner<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|[[Kanna Thorakkanum Saami]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|Karimedu Karuvayan<br />
|Constable<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|[[Oru Iniya Udhayam|Oru Iniya Udayam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|[[Rasigan Oru Rasigai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|[[Maragatha Veenai (film)|Maragatha Veenai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|[[Anbulla Appa]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|[[Kudumbam Oru Koyil]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|[[Uzhavan Magan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|[[Mannukkul Vairam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
|[[Senthoora Poove]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
|[[Nethiyadi]]<br />
|Karuppu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|[[Enne Petha Raasa]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|[[Ponmana Selvan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|[[Poruthathu Pothum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|[[Thangamana Raasa]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===1990s===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|[[Puthu Paatu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|''[[Namma Ooru Poovatha]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|[[Salem Vishnu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
|[[Naadu Adhai Naadu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
|Oorellam Un Paattu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
|[[Marikozhundhu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Pattathu Raani]]<br />
|Rickshaw Driver<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Abhirami (1992 film)|Abhirami]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Solaiyamma]]<br />
|Marimuthu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Periya Gounder Ponnu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Magudam]]<br />
|Alagumani's Uncle<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Natchathira Nayagan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|[[Villu Pattukaran]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[Moondravadhu Kann]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|''[[Rakkayi Koyil]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[Rajadurai (film)|Rajadurai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[Maravan]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[Ulle Veliye]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|[[Kattabomman (film)|Kattabomman]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|[[Pudhiya Mannargal]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|[[Vaanga Partner Vaanga]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|[[Mani Rathnam (film)|Mani Rathnam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]<br />
|Jambalakidi Pamba<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|''[[Periya Marudhu (film)|Periya Marudhu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|[[Neela Kuyil]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|[[En Pondatti Nallava]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|[[Raja Enga Raja]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|[[Thamizhachi]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|[[Varraar Sandiyar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|[[Murai Mappillai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Aruva Velu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Ullathai Allitha]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Katta Panchayathu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Vishwanath (1996 film)|Vishwanath]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Pudhu Nilavu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|''[[Avathara Purushan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Thirumbi Paar (1996 film)|Thirumbi Paar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|[[Thaali Pudhusu]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|[[Samrat (1997 film)|Samrat]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|[[Themmangu Paattukaaran]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0836908|Karuppu Subbiah}}<br />
{{Subject bar<br />
|commons = yes<br />
|commons-search = <br />
|d = yes<br />
|d-search = <br />
|portal1 = Biography<br />
|portal2 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:1997 deaths]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Urja_Suraksha&diff=523069Operation Urja Suraksha2026-05-08T13:20:45Z<p>Eziosolution: put up basic page and citations!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 Indian Maritime security operation}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox military operation<br />
| name = Operation Urja Suraksha<br />
| partof = [[2026 Iran war]], [[2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis]]<br />
| subtitle = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| outcome = Ongoing<br />
| scope = <br />
| type = Naval operation<br />
| location = [[Arabian Sea]]<br> [[Strait of Hormuz]]<br> [[Indian Ocean]]<br />
| planned_by = {{flagu|India}}<br />
| objective = * Uninterrupted flow of energy supplies to the country<br />
* Protection of national [[Sea lines of communication]]<br />
| target = <br />
| date = 23 March 2026 – present <br /> ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=3|day1=23|year1=2026}})<br />
| place = <br />
| executed_by = {{Navy|India}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Campaignbox 2026 Iran war}}<br />
'''Operation Urja Suraksha ''' ({{Literal translation|lk=yes|Energy protection}}) is a maritime security operation conducted by [[India]] to protect the nation's energy supplies by escorting Indian-flagged ships and ships destined to reach Indian Ports in the aftermath of the [[2026 Iran War]].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{See also|Prelude to the 2026 Iran war}}<br />
Under [[Operation Sankalp]], the Indian Navy had embarked on a policy of constant maritime patrol within the Indian Ocean region as a means to safeguard the nation's shipping interests and trade routes. The [[Persian Gulf]] plays a significant role in India's maritime trade with [[West Asia]], from where India imports much of its oil supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-08 |title=Indian Navy's Operation Sankalp; safeguarding India's Maritime Trade routes |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/indian-navys-operation-sankalp-safeguarding-indias-maritime-trade-routes-1502966669.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> In recent years, India has been reported to import over 80% of its petroleum and 90% of its Natural Gas via this stategic waterway.<ref name=":16" /> With tensions arising in the middle east following a [[2026 United States military buildup in the Middle East|United States buildup of ships]] between December 2025 and March 2026, multiple Indian naval assets were deployed across the [[Persian Gulf]], the [[Red Sea]] , [[Strait of Malacca|Southeast Asia]] and the central Indian Ocean, aimed at boosting naval diplomacy efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-05 |title='Presence across critical...': Defence analyst hails Indian Navy as it shields energy tankers - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/presence-across-critical-defence-analyst-hails-indian-navy-as-it-shields-energy-tankers-524093-2026-04-05 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
India had reduced purchases of Iranian oil amid sanctions pressure and enforcement actions targeting Tehran's "shadow fleet" from 2019, with Indian authorities in February 2026 seizing multiple vessels linked to illicit Iranian oil shipments as part of broader efforts to curb sanctioned energy trade and align with international sanctions enforcement initiatives. Many of these vessels have been sanctioned by the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2026 |title=تغییر رویکرد نفتی هند |trans-title=India's Oil Approach Change |url=https://www.baharnews.ir/news/569844/تغییر-رویکرد-نفتی-هند |publisher=Bahar News News Agency}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Meizlish |first=Max |date=11 February 2026 |title=Indian Seizure of Iranian "Shadow Fleet" Creates Opening for U.S.-Led Sanctions Enforcement Coalition |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2026/02/11/indian-seizure-of-iranian-shadow-fleet-creates-opening-for-u-s-led-sanctions-enforcement-coalition/ |publisher=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Three US-sanctioned ships linked to Iran seized by India: Report |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/three-us-sanctioned-ships-linked-to-iran-seized-by-india-report/ar-AA1WtVly?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69946a5ffd0e47779ae50ecc6bdde9be&ei=39 |access-date=17 February 2026 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> India also remained alert on the potential for a week-long conflict, should such a situation arise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2026 |title=US preparing for weeks-long military operations against Iran: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/us-iran-tensions-us-military-preparing-for-military-operations-against-iran-says-report-2868441-2026-02-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215025337/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/us-iran-tensions-us-military-preparing-for-military-operations-against-iran-says-report-2868441-2026-02-15 |archive-date=15 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2026 |title=U.S. Military preparing for potentially weeks-long Iran operations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-military-preparing-for-potentially-weeks-long-iran-operations/article70634459.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215040543/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-military-preparing-for-potentially-weeks-long-iran-operations/article70634459.ece |archive-date=15 February 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
When the [[2026 Iran war]] began, an Indian Navy destroyer and a frigate had been deployed in the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Gulf of Aden]] under Operation Sankalp. The destroyer, {{INS|Surat|D69}}, had visited [[Bahrain]] to conduct joint training with elements from the [[Royal Bahraini Naval Force|Bahraini Navy]] and the [[United States Central Command|US-CENTCOM]] under Combined Task Force-154 (CTF-154).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Indian Navy-led CTF 154 conducts staff training aboard INS Surat |url=https://combinedmaritimeforces.com/2026/02/22/indian-navy-led-ctf-154-conducts-staff-training-aboard-ins-surat/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Combined Maritime Forces |language=en}}</ref> On 1 March, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]-chaired [[Cabinet Committee on Security]], the country's highest decision-making body on security and strategic affairs, had convened a meeting to review the West Asia conflict and its implications for India. As on 2 March, India was reported to be "closely monitoring" the situation while the warships could be immediately diverted for HADR operations, as per a senior defence official.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2 March 2026 |title=Indian warships in the Gulf on standby for humanitarian operations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-warships-in-the-gulf-on-standby-for-humanitarian-operations/article70696250.ece |access-date=3 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 10 March, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the Indian government was evaluating options to escort the Indian-[[Flagging (shipping)|flagged]] vessels that were stuck near the crisis-hit [[Strait of Hormuz]]. As of then, there were 36–38 such vessels with 1,100 sailors, all of which were safe with the crew members reported to be having sufficient provisions. The ships are complying to "enhanced safety protocols" including reporting to authorities at a higher frequency. Indian ship owners had requested the government for naval escorts. The NYT quoted [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] P.C. Meena, a senior member of India's apex maritime authority.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-11 |title=India considering naval escort for ships in Strait of Hormuz amid Iran war: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-considering-naval-escort-for-ships-in-strait-of-hormuz-amid-iran-war-report/articleshow/129405940.cms |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haq |first=Zia |date=2026-03-10 |title=India weighs options to escort stuck ships out of choked Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-weighs-options-to-escort-stuck-ships-out-of-choked-strait-of-hormuz-us-iran-war-oil-middle-east-101773106433525.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy warships deployed near Persian Gulf, on standby to assist merchant vessels: Report |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/indian-navy-warships-deployed-near-persian-gulf-on-standby-to-assist-merchant-vessels-report-1773521887461 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike the passive monitoring protocols seen in previous years, the Navy implemented close-protection escorts for India-flagged liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and crude oil tankers. Through [[Track II diplomacy|back-channel negotiations]] led by the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]], [[Ajit Doval]], India may have secured an informal guarantee from [[Tehran]] for the safe passage of Indian vessels, provided they are escorted by Indian naval assets and do not carry coalition materiel.<ref name=":9" />{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
On 25 March, '''Operation ''Urja Suraksha''''' was reported to have been initiated to secure oil supplies from the [[Middle East]] to India.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=MI News |date=2026-03-25 |title=Indian Navy Launches 'Operation Urja Suraksha' To Secure India-Bound Ships Passing Through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/indian-navy-launches-operation-urja-suraksha-to-secure-india-bound-ships-passing-through-strait-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Marine Insight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-26 |title=Op Urja Suraksha: Navy deploys 5 warships to guide cargo vessels exiting troubled Strait of Hormuz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/op-urja-suraksha-navy-deploys-5-warships-to-guide-cargo-vessels-exiting-troubled-strait-of-hormuz/articleshow/129813914.cms |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Urja Suraksha: How India is securing oil flows through Strait of Hormuz {{!}} Mathrubhumi English |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/india/operation-urja-suraksha-indian-navy-strait-of-hormuz-jlttryiw |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> The Navy provides critical precise instructions to each ship through the Iran-controlled route, closer to the Iran coast than the official shipping lanes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy is Quietly Guiding the Country's Ships Through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/indian-navy-is-quietly-guiding-the-country-s-ships-through-strait-of-hormuz |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en |date=26 March 2026}}</ref> Indian-headed tankers have taken routes that hug the Iranian coast before either dashing into international waters in [[Chabahar]] or sailing near Pakistani waters to avoid blockade from US Navy ships in the area.The Indian Navy vessels meet commercial shipping at a pre-arranged rendezvous point in the [[Gulf of Oman]], safely away from both US and Iranian operational zones before escorting the ships to Indian ports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anand |date=2026-04-28 |title=Oil, LPG tankers reaching Mumbai despite US blockade of Hormuz. Here's how |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/strait-of-hormuz-blockade-how-indian-vessels-can-reach-mumbai-from-kharg-island-global-energy-crisis-iran-war-2902357-2026-04-28 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baranwal |first=Rishika |date=2026-04-28 |title=LPG, oil tankers still reaching Mumbai despite Hormuz blockade by US; Here's what helping them get through |url=https://news24online.com/india/lpg-oil-tankers-still-reaching-mumbai-despite-hormuz-blockade-by-us-heres-what-helping-them-get-through/819575/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
India was also among the five nations, including [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]], whose ships were allowed to transit the Strait of Hormuz. This was announced by the [[Foreign Minister of Iran]], [[Abbas Araghchi]] on 26 March.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-03-26 |title=India among five nations granted passage through Strait of Hormuz by Iran |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-among-five-nations-granted-passage-through-strait-of-hormuz-by-tehran/article70786984.ece |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Indian ship transits ==<br />
<br />
=== 12–18 March ===<br />
On 12 March, 28 Indian vessels were struck near the Strait of Hormuz including 24 on the west of the [[choke point]] carrying 668 sailors and three more vessels to the east of the strait with 76 sailors on board.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Majid |date=2026-03-14 |title=Indian-flagged vessel Jag Prakash stranded in Strait of Hormuz sails away safely |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indianflagged-vessel-jag-prakash-stranded-in-strait-of-hormuz-sails-away-safely-101773442210948.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Before the Indian Navy started the evacuation, the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy]] guided most of the Indian vessels that were allowed to cross the region.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-23 |title=Two Indian LPG carriers transit Strait of Hormuz amid LPG crisis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/two-indian-lpg-carriers-transit-strait-of-hormuz-amid-lpg-crisis/articleshow/129745243.cms |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Three warships were deployed in the [[Gulf of Oman]] during 14–15 March. One warship provided escort to each commercial vessel crossing the strait while two more remained on standby. Two task forces were reportedly deployed under [[Operation Sankalp]].<ref name=":28">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2026-03-17 |title=India's oil supply gets naval shield near Hormuz amid Gulf conflict |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iran-israel-war-india-oil-supply-gets-naval-shield-near-hormuz-amid-gulf-conflict/articleshow/129617191.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2026-03-14 |title=Indian Navy escorts India-bound LPG tanker near Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Mar/14/indian-navy-escorts-india-bound-lpg-tanker-near-strait-of-hormuz |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2032779538992664983 |user=detresfa_ |title=Three Indian Navy warships appear to have arrived in the Gulf of Oman likely to escort merchant vessels amid the tense security situation in the region - Indian flagged LPG Tanker SHIVALIK, IMO 9356892 is currently being escorted as per tracking data |date=2026-03-14 |access-date=2026-03-15}}</ref> Indian Navy [[MH-60R]] helicopters were also seen engaged for [[maritime patrol]].<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2026-03-15 |title=Indian Warships Escort Indian LPG Tankers in Gulf of Oman |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/03/indian-warships-escort-indian-lpg-tankers-in-gulf-of-oman/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
INS ''Surat'' also rescued eight Pakistani fishermen on 15 March who were stranded {{Convert|170|nmi|km|abbr=on}} east of Oman's [[Duqm Port|Port of Duqm]] after their fishing vessel ''Islami'' had a fire accident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Nivriti |date=2026-03-17 |title=Indian Navy rescues 8 Pakistani fishermen in Arabian Sea {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/indian-navy-rescues-8-pakistani-fishermen-in-arabian-sea-exclusive-2944157 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Ship(s) transitting<br />
!Ownership<br />
!Port of departure<br />
!Port of arrival<br />
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
!Payload<br />
!Date of crossing the strait<br />
!Date of arrival<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
! colspan="5" |Details<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Jag Prakash'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
|[[Great Eastern Shipping]]<br />
|{{Flag icon|Oman}} [[SOHAR Port and Freezone|Sohar Port]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|Tanzania}} [[Port of Tanga]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JAG PRAKASH Tanker Ship - IMO 9315721 / MMSI 419667000 |url=https://magicport.ai/vessels/tanker/jag-prakash-mmsi-419667000 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=MagicPort |language=en}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| [[Crude oil]]<br />
| 13 March<br />
| 22 March<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
| colspan="5" |The ship was on the east of the strait sailed away safely, carrying oil from the Sohar Port to the Port of Tanga.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |MT ''Shivalik'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
----MT ''Nanda Devi'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
|[[Shipping Corporation of India]]<br />
(chartered by the [[Indian Oil Corporation]])<br />
|{{Flag icon|Qatar}} [[Ras Laffan Industrial City]] <br />
|''{{Flag icon|India}}'' [[Mundra Port]] <br />
----{{Flag icon|India}} [[Kandla Port]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nikita |date=2026-03-14 |title=2 Indian LPG carriers, Shivalik and Nanda Devi, cross Strait of Hormuz amid West Asia war |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2-indian-lpg-carriers-shivalik-and-nanda-devi-cross-strait-of-hormuz-amid-us-iran-war-101773489250585.html |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Navy warships keep watch on India-bound vessels in Hormuz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/navy-warships-keep-watch-on-india-bound-vessels-in-hormuz/articleshow/129583293.cms |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-18 |title=3 lakh tonnes of LPG in 6 Indian ships stranded in Strait of Hormuz |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/3-lakh-tonnes-of-lpg-in-6-indian-ships-stranded-in-strait-of-hormuz/articleshow/129650539.cms |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
|[[Liquified Petroleum Gas]] (46,200 tonnes)<br />
----Liquified Petroleum Gas (46,500 tonnes)<ref name=":7" /><br />
|14 March<br />
|16 March<br />
----17 March<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
| colspan="5" |MT ''Shivalik'' had loaded LPG from Qatar on 26 February and was scheduled to depart on 28 February, when the war begun. The ship was asked to move to Ras Laffan port and then to Mina Saqr, [[Ras Al Khaimah]], [[UAE]]. Yet, safety was uncertain as [[Dubai]] was one of the targets from Iranian drones and missiles. The orders to exit the Strait, a 10-hour passage, was received on 13 March.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title='We could see the missiles coming': A captain's call that ended 2 weeks of fear |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/we-could-see-the-missiles-coming-a-captains-call-that-ended-2-weeks-of-fear-10589604/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260320071042/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/we-could-see-the-missiles-coming-a-captains-call-that-ended-2-weeks-of-fear-10589604/ |archive-date=2026-03-20 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Indian Navy [[MH-60R]] helicopters were also seen engaged for [[maritime patrol]] during the escort.<ref name=":27" /> Each of the vessel carried approximately 32.4&nbsp;lakh standard 14.2&nbsp;kg domestic cylinders, meeting one day of India's LPG net import needs. Around 24,000 tonnes of LPG is expected to be dispatched to [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-16 |title=LPG tanker Shivalik reaches Gujarat port after crossing war-hit Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lpg-tanker-shivalik-reaches-gujarats-mundra-port-after-crossing-war-hit-strait-of-hormuz-2882782-2026-03-16 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":30">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-17 |title=After Shivalik, LPG tanker Nanda Devi arrives at Gujarat port from Hormuz strait |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lpg-cylinder-shortage-shivalik-nanda-devi-middle-east-war-strait-of-hormuz-2883001-2026-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
Unloading from ''Shivalik'' and ''Nanda Devi'' was underway by 18 March.<ref name=":7" /> LPG carrier ''Apollo Ocean'' undertook [[Ship-to-ship cargo transfer|ship-ship loading]] of LPG from Shivalik to [[New Mangalore Port]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-23 |title=Two more Indian vessels carrying LPG cross the Strait of Hormuz to ease the cooking gas crisis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/two-more-indian-flagged-lpg-tankers-set-to-cross-strait-of-hormuz/article70775288.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> BW ''Birch'' undertook ship-ship loading of LPG From Nanda Devi at its second scheduled stop at [[Vadinar Refinery|Vadinar]] and delivered it to [[Haldia Dock Complex|Haldia port]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''Jag Laadki'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
|Great Eastern Shipping<br />
|{{Flag icon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Port of Fujairah]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|India}} Kandla Port <br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":172">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15|title=Close call for Indian vessel: 'Jag Laadki' loading crude as UAE port attacked, sails out safely next day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/close-call-for-indian-vessel-jag-laadki-loading-crude-as-uae-port-attacked-sails-out-safely-next-day/articleshow/129590273.cms|access-date=2026-03-15|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":182">{{Cite news |last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2026-03-17|title=India's oil supply gets naval shield near Hormuz amid Gulf conflict|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iran-israel-war-india-oil-supply-gets-naval-shield-near-hormuz-amid-gulf-conflict/articleshow/129617191.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2026-03-26|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| Crude oil ([[Murban Bab oil field|Murban]]) (80,800 tonnes)<br />
| 16 March<br />
|18 March<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
| colspan="5" |The Indian [[crude tanker]] experienced a "close call" while loading itself with Murban crude oil at Fujairah Single Point Mooring while the [[Port of Fujairah#Port facilities|Fujairah oil terminal]] was attacked. The ship later departed the port at 10:30&nbsp;am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 15 March. This was reported by the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]].<ref name=":172" /> On 16 March, an Indian warship escorted the ship out of Hormuz.<ref name=":28" /><br />
|}<br />
Following the escort of the ''Shivalik'' and the ''Nanda Devi'', there were 22 additional Indian ships with 611 seafarers in the west of Hormuz. All Indian seafarers are safe without any "untoward incident" in the last 24 hours, according to the Special Secretary at the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Indian Shipping Ministry]], Rajesh Kumar Sinha.<ref name=":2" /> Further, there are six more LPG tankers with a combined 3 [[lakh]] tonnes of LPG in the region.<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
=== 19–25 March ===<br />
By 21 March, India was drawing up broader plans to evacuate Indian-flagged vessels from the region. If executed successfully, the operation would salvage 3 days of India's requirement of crude oil, natural gas and cooking gas. Two of the 22 ships are container ships. The remainder are energy carriers, including three LNG carriers, 10 LPG carriers and seven crude tankers. This assessment was compiled by the [[Directorate General of Shipping]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Twesh |date=2026-03-21 |title=Indian Navy backed evacuation planned for stranded ships in Gulf |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/indian-navy-backed-evacuation-planned-for-stranded-ships-in-gulf/articleshow/129702269.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 25 March, a report indicated that three crude tankers owned by the Shipping Corporation of India, including a [[VLCC]] and a [[Aframax]], are heading towards India from the west of Hormuz. One of the vessels include ''Desh Vaibhav'' with a [[deadweight tonnage]] of 316,200 tonnes. Transponder signals identify the ships as "GOVT. OF INDIA SHIP".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coyne |first=Matt |date=2026-03-25 |title=Three oil tankers owned by India's state shipping company to transit Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.tradewindsnews.com/tankers/three-oil-tankers-owned-by-india-s-state-shipping-company-to-transit-strait-of-hormuz/2-1-1965300 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=tradewindsnews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
A report by ''[[The Times of India]]'' on 26 March, citing "sources in the defence establishments", indicated that the Indian Navy deployed over five frontline warships in the region under Operation Urja Suraksha. There were 20 more Indian ships to the west of the Strait of Hormuz. The Indian Navy keeps in contact with the India-bound vessels that are preparing to leave the Persian Gulf. Officials in DG Shipping also said that the Indian [[List of destroyer classes of the Indian Navy|destroyers]] and [[List of frigates of India|frigates]] would escort and guide an India-bound vessel out of the troubled waters from the Gulf of Oman with a layered security arrangement, after it clears the Strait with Iranian consent. An independent analyst assessed that Iran allows a vessel to leave the region following a "verification" which is conducted during "the ships’ transit inside Iranian waters". Reports also indicate the deployment of large numbers of [[sea mines]] in the region and that the warships are also guiding the cargo vessels to navigate through the designated safe routes.<ref name=":112"/><ref name=":102"/><br />
<br />
LPG carriers ''Jag Vasant'' and ''Pine Gas'' were the first to escape the conflict zone with escorts under the operation. Reports also indicate the deployment of large numbers of [[sea mines]] in the region and that the warships are also guiding the cargo vessels to navigate through the designated safe routes.<ref name=":112"/><ref name=":102"/> The Iranian Navy had guided the earlier Indian vessels that were allowed to cross the region.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=MarineTraffic: Global Ship Tracking Intelligence {{!}} AIS Marine Traffic |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:753747/mmsi:419001795/imo:9326598/vessel:GREEN_ASHA |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.marinetraffic.com |language=en|url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Ship(s) transitting<br />
! rowspan="2" |Crew<br />
!Ownership<br />
!Port of departure<br />
!Port of arrival<br />
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
!Payload<br />
!Date of crossing the strait<br />
!Date of arrival<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
! colspan="6" |Details<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''Jag Vasant'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
----''Pine Gas'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br><br />
| rowspan="2" |33 sailors<br />
----27 sailors<br />
| Great Eastern Shipping<br />
|{{Flag icon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait City]] <br />
----{{Flag icon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Ruwais refinery]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Kandla Port]] <br />
----{{Flag icon|India}} [[Dhamra Port]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=2026-03-24 |title=Indian LPG carriers Jag Vasant, Pine Gas cross Strait of Hormuz amid US-Israel war against Iran |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-lpg-carriers-jag-vasant-pine-gas-crosses-strait-of-hormuz-amid-us-israel-war-against-iran-watch-11774345772482.html |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":31">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-24 |title=Pine Gas & Jag Vasant: Two Indian LPG carriers scheduled to arrive this week after transiting Hormuz |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/pine-gas-jag-vasant-two-indian-lpg-carriers-scheduled-to-arrive-this-week-after-transiting-strait-of-hormuz/articleshow/129774300.cms |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
| Liquified Petroleum Gas <br />
(47,600 tonnes)<br />
----Liquified Petroleum Gas <br />
(47,000 tonnes)<br />
| 23 March<br />
|26 March<br />
----2 April<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
| colspan="6" |On 23 March, LPG carriers ''Jag Vasant'' and ''Pine Gas'' started sailing northwards from the [[UAE]] coast towards Iran's [[Qeshm]] and [[Larak Island]]s according to [[LSEG]]<ref name=":12" /> ship-tracking data. They travelled through the coastal waters of Iran, a route followed by other ships which were allowed to sail through the Strait. Their Indian ownership was conveyed by their transponders which, however, did not transmit their destination. While the transit takes around 14 hours without hindrance, the ships were expected to cross the strait by evening. Both the vessels entered the Persian Gulf on 26 February and filled LPG from [[Kuwait]] and [[Ruwais refinery|Ruwais]], UAE, respectively.<ref name=":19" /><br />
They were carrying 92,612.59 tonnes of LPG combined and will reach the Indian ports between 26 and 28 March, respectively.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/lpg-carrier-green-asha-makes-safe-passage-through-strait-of-hormuz-only-one-vessel-awaits-transit-now/ar-AA20etTw |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> While ''Jag Vasant'' carrying 47,600 tonnes of LPG will reach the Kandla Port on 26 March, ''Pine Gas'' is carrying 45,000 tonnes of LPG to the [[New Mangalore Port]] and is scheduled to reach the port on 27 March.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":20" /> However, by 2 April, ''Pine Gas'' was reloaded up to 47,000 tonnes of LPG mid-sea and had been rerouted to the [[Visakhapatnam Port]] and was expected to dock in the port by early morning of 2 April. The original destination of the ship was New Mangalore Port but was rescheduled to reach [[Dhamra Port]], [[Odisha]] on 1 April, followed by Visakapatnam the next day.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=LPG tanker Pine Gas routed to Vizag now, changed route for quicker cargo delivery |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lpg-tanker-pine-gas-routed-to-vizag-now-for-quicker-delivery-101775070519324.html |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
There were five more LPG carriers to the west of Hormuz according to ''[[Reuters]]''. Further 11 sailors onboard Indian vessels to the west of Hormuz have returned home which further brings down the number of Indian sailors to 540.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":31" /> India also started loading LPG into empty vessels that were stranded in the Persian Gulf,indicating possible sailing back to Indian shores.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/india-loads-lpg-onto-stranded-empty-ships-amid-gas-crisis-2026-03-24/ India loads LPG onto stranded empty ships amid gas crisis | Reuters]</ref><br />
<br />
=== 26 March–1 April ===<br />
On 28 March, two additional LPG carriers, BW ''Elm'' and BW ''Tyr'', reached the eastern part of the Strait according to shipping data from LSEG and Kpler.<ref name=":132">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-28 |title=Middle East crisis: Two India-bound LPG tankers crossing Strait of Hormuz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/middle-east-crisis-two-india-bound-lpg-tankers-crossing-strait-of-hormuz/articleshow/129865382.cms |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The destinations of the ships were [[Mumbai Port]] and [[New Mangalore Port]].<ref name=":14" /> This kept three more LPG tankers — ''Jag Vikram'', ''Green Asha'' and ''Green Sanvi'' — among the 18 Indian ships in the western part of the Strait.<ref name=":132"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Ship(s) transitting <br />
! rowspan="2" |Crew<br />
!Ownership<br />
!Port of departure<br />
!Port of arrival<br />
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
!Payload<br />
!Date of crossing the strait<br />
!Date of arrival<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
! colspan="6" |Details<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | BW ''Elm'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
----BW ''Tyr'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |28 sailors<br />
----27 sailors<br />
| [[BW Group|BW Global]]<br />
| {{Flag icon|UAE}} [[Ras Al Khaimah Economic Zone|Ras Al Khaima]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Mumbai Port]] <br />
----{{Flag icon|India}} [[New Mangalore Port]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":132"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Propane]], [[Butane]]<br />
| 28 March<br />
| 1 April<br />
----31 March<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
| colspan="6" |On 28 March, two additional LPG carriers, BW ''Elm'' and BW ''Tyr'', reached the eastern part of the Strait according to shipping data from LSEG and Kpler.<ref name=":132"/> The destinations of the ships were [[Mumbai Port]] and [[New Mangalore Port]].<ref name=":14" /> This kept three more LPG tankers — ''Jag Vikram'', ''Green Asha'' and ''Green Sanvi'' — among the 18 Indian ships in the western part of the Strait.<ref name=":132"/> BW Elm's cargo of 23,860 tonnes of propane and 23,139 tonnes of butane is meant for [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]]. BW Elm is to reach Mumbai on 1 April. Meanwhile, BW Tyr's cargo 23,653 tonnes of propane and 22,926 tonnes of butane for [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-29 |title=2 Indian LPG tankers reach ports, 2 more en route from Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2-indian-lpg-tankers-reach-ports-two-more-en-route-from-strait-of-hormuz-101774745320246.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> BW Tyr reached Mumbai prior to Mangalore on 31 March.<ref name=":17">[https://www.newsonair.gov.in/two-more-indian-tankers-carrying-94000-tonnes-of-lpg-cross-strait-of-hormuz/ Two more Indian tankers carrying 94,000 tonnes of LPG cross Strait of Hormuz | DD News On Air]</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Sneha |date=2026-03-31 |title=BW TYR vessel carrying LPG cargo arrives at Mumbai port |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/bw-tyr-vessel-carrying-lpg-cargo-arrives-at-mumbai-port/article70807907.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''Green Sanvi'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |25 sailors<br />
|[[Mitsui O.S.K. Lines#Subsidiaries|MOL India]]<br />
| [[File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg|link=United Arab Emirates|alt=United Arab Emirates|class=mw-file-element|23x23px]] [[Rams (Ras Al Khaimah)|Al Rams]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Vadinar Refinery]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Rakesh |date=2026-04-03 |title=LPG carrier heads to India after crossing Strait of Hormuz; two more vessels likely to follow |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2026/Apr/03/lpg-carrier-green-sanvi-heads-to-india-after-crossing-strait-of-hormuz-two-more-vessels-likely-to-follow |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite tweet |number=2040330105327690009 |user=detresfa_ |title=Off the coast of Oman, Indian Flagged LPG tanker, GREEN SANVI, enroute from the Persian Gulf, is the latest tanker part of the Indian energy corridor being escorted by Indian Naval Warships |first=Damien |last=Symon |date=2026-04-04 |access-date=2026-04-06}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Saptaparno |date=2026-04-06 |title=16 India-flagged vessels operating in the Persian Gulf with 433 seafarers onboard: Govt |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/16-india-flagged-vessels-operating-in-the-persian-gulf-with-433-seafarers-onboard-govt/article70831181.ece |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=MarineTraffic: Global Ship Tracking Intelligence {{!}} AIS Marine Traffic |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:688424/mmsi:419001979/imo:9415686/vessel:GREEN%20SANVI |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.marinetraffic.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Liquified Petroleum Gas <br />
(46,650 tonnes)<br />
| 3 April<br />
| 7 April<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
| colspan="6" |On 3 April, ship tracking data from Kpler and reports indicated that [[Gas carrier|Very Large Gas Carrier (VLGC)]] ''Green Sanvi'' with 46,650 MT tonnes of LPG is heading towards India after crossing the strait.<br />
|}On 30 March, the Indian government noted that in addition to 18 Indian-flagged vessels to the west of the strait, there were ten foreign-flagged energy carriying vessels in the region with their destinations in India. Among the ten foreign-flagged vessels, three were carrying LPG and LNG each while four are loaded with crude oil.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-31 |title=10 foreign ships with energy cargo for India stranded in Persian Gulf |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/10-foreign-ships-with-energy-cargo-for-india-stranded-in-persian-gulf/articleshow/129922346.cms |access-date=2026-04-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 1–7 April ===<br />
As per Mukesh Mangal, Additional Secretary at the shipping ministry on 6 April, the 16 Indian vessels in the Persian Gulf included two LPG tankers (''Jag Vikram'' and ''Green Asha'';<ref name=":132"/> one empty), six crude oil tankers (one empty), one LNG tanker, one chemical products tanker, three container ships, two bulk carriers, one [[dredger]]. Further, Green Sanvi and Green Asha have 25 and 26 sailors, and 46,650 tonnes and 15,405 tonnes of LPG on board, respectively. They will reach Indian ports on 7 and 9 April, respectively.<ref name=":26" /> The Indian Directorate General of Shipping issued a new advisory for Indian seafarers near Iran urging them stay onboard their ships and limit unnecessary shore travel while staying in continuous contact with their company representatives and both Indian and Iranian authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09 |title=Stay indoors, avoid sensitive areas; Urgent advisory for Indian seafarers near Iran - Full details |url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/stay-indoors-avoid-sensitive-areas-urgent-advisory-for-indian-seafarers-near-iran-full-details-article-154034165 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-09 |title=Remain indoors, avoid sensitive locations: India steps up safety measures for seafarers amid ongoing Iran war |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/remain-indoors-avoid-sensitive-locations-india-steps-up-safety-measures-for-seafarers-amid-ongoing-iran-war/articleshow/130133590.cms |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Ship(s) transitting<br />
! rowspan="2" |Crew<br />
!Ownership<br />
!Port of departure<br />
!Port of arrival<br />
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
!Payload<br />
!Date of crossing the strait<br />
!Date of arrival<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
! colspan="6" |Details<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''Green Asha'' {{Flag icon|India}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |26 sailors<br />
|[[Mitsui O.S.K. Lines|MOL India]]<br />
| {{Flag icon|UAE}} [[Rams (Ras Al Khaimah)|Al Rams]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sukalp |date=2026-04-05 |title=Indian LPG tanker Green Asha crosses Strait of Hormuz; 8th India-flagged vessel to transit the Strait since early March |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/indian-lpg-tanker-green-asha-crossing-strait-of-hormuz-8th-india-flagged-vessel-10619922/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406133611/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/indian-lpg-tanker-green-asha-crossing-strait-of-hormuz-8th-india-flagged-vessel-10619922/ |archive-date=2026-04-06 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Nidhi |date=2026-04-06 |title=Two more Indian-flagged LPG ships exit the Gulf, tracking data shows |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/two-more-indian-flagged-lpg-ships-exit-gulf-tracking-data-shows-2026-04-06/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=":26" /><ref name=":19" /><br />
|-<br />
|Liquified Petroleum Gas<br />
(15,405 tonnes)<br />
| 6 April (1530 hours [[Indian Standard Time|IST]])<br />
| 9 April<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
| colspan="6" |''Green Asha'' is a Mid-sized gas carrier that became the eighth Indian ship to exit the Persian Gulf since 28 February. The vessel was likely to head towards Dahej port in [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":20" /> However the ship would later dock at Jawaharlal Nehru port in [[Navi Mumbai]] on 9 April with a cargo of LPG for [[Bharat Petroleum|BPCL]] and [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/india-flagged-lpg-vessel-arrives-at-jawaharlal-nehru-port-authority-in-navi-mumbai/ar-AA20t0wY |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Jag Vikram''{{Flag icon|India}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |24 sailors<br />
|Great Eastern Shipping<br />
|{{Flag icon|UAE}} [[Rams (Ras Al Khaimah)|Al Rams]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Kandla Port]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-11 |title=LPG tanker Jag Vikram crosses Strait of Hormuz; first Indian vessel to transit since US-Iran ceasefire announcement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/lpg-tanker-jag-vikram-strait-of-hormuz-first-india-vesselus-iran-10630950/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2026-04-11 |title=India-flagged LPG vessel Jag Vikram safely crosses Strait of Hormuz: Govt |url=https://ianslive.in/india-flagged-lpg-vessel-jag-vikram-safely-crosses-strait-of-hormuz-govt--20260411173229 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Liquified Petroleum Gas <br />
(20,400 tonnes)<br />
|10-11 April<br />
|14 April<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |Jag Vikram, a mid-sized gas carrier, became the First ship to cross the strait following the [[2026 Iran war ceasefire]]. This leaves 15 other India flagged ships still located within the region. The Ship had been awaiting permission to cross the strait since April 3.<ref name=":34">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-04-11 |title=LPG tanker Jag Vikram crosses Strait of Hormuz; first India-flagged vessel to transit after Iran-U.S. ceasefire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/lpg-tanker-jag-vikram-crosses-strait-of-hormuz-first-india-flagged-vessel-to-transit-after-iran-us-ceasefire/article70850741.ece |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2026-04-11 |title=India-flagged LPG vessel Jag Vikram safely crosses Strait of Hormuz |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/energy/india-flagged-lpg-vessel-jag-vikram-safely-crosses-strait-of-hormuz-1.500503602 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Sanjeev |date=2026-04-11 |title=LPG carrier Jag Vikram first India-flagged vessel to cross Hormuz after US–Iran ceasefire |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/lpg-carrier-jag-vikram-first-india-flagged-vessel-to-cross-hormuz-after-usiran-ceasefire/articleshow/130191838.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":37">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-11 |title=First Indian LPG Tanker Jag Vikram Crosses Hormuz After US-Iran Ceasefire |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/first-indian-lpg-tanker-jag-vikram-crosses-hormuz-after-us-iran-ceasefire-article-154053442 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The Ship was initially heading to Mumbai, but later arrived at Kandla port in Gujarat.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/jag-vikram-indian-lpg-vessel-to-reach-kandla-after-hormuz-transit/ar-AA20LmUx?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69de471cd3be41b3af6b35914c7b7ccf&ei=24 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
Additionally, India was to receive its first cargo of oil from Iran, from where purchases of crude oil had stopped in 2019 due to US sanctions and a deteriorating relationship. [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil]] purchased the cargo currently aboard the [[Curaçao]]-flagged [[VLCC]] ''Jaya'' and ''Jordan'', have signalled India as their discharge location.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/india-to-receive-first-iranian-crude-oil-cargo-in-7-years-carrier-expected-to-arrive-this-week/ar-AA20psm2?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69d73b0a8a6648998f1dffade8ceefaa&ei=69 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> India also started granting cargo waivers to older tankers such as the Iranian-flagged Aurora that were bringing in fuel supplies from Iran and docked to Mangalore Port on 9 April 2026. These tankers are currently under sanctions from the United States government.<ref name="reuters.com">[https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/india-buys-first-iran-lpg-cargo-years-after-us-eases-sanctions-sources-say-2026-03-25/ India buys first Iran LPG cargo in years after US eases sanctions, sources say | Reuters]</ref> India also categorically rejected paying tolls for its vessels to cross the strait.<ref name=":16" /><br />
<br />
=== 8–15 April ===<br />
As reported on 11 April the Indian Navy and the multi-ministry task force is preparing to rescue 18 India-bound ships in the region. These include four LPG carriers, three LNG carriers and 11 crude oil tankers. Further, 5 of these are Indian-flagged vessels while the others are leased by Indian companies. There are 15 Indian-linked vessels in the Persian Gulf, three each in the Gulf of Oman and the Gulf of Aden and two in the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=MI News |date=2026-04-11 |title=Indian Navy Launches Emergency Mission To Rescue 18 Stranded Ships In Persian Gulf |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/indian-navy-launches-emergency-mission-to-rescue-18-stranded-ships-in-persian-gulf/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Marine Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> In a media query the Representative of Iran's Supreme Leader in India, Dr Abdul Majid Hakeem Ilah replied that the situation was not improving and that fewer ships would be allowed to pass through the strait.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/situation-is-not-good-iran-representative-says-some-ships-allowed-to-pass-hormuz/ar-AA20KYsQ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The Iranian ambassador to India, Mohammad Fathali confirmed that Iran would not be imposing any tariffs on oil being exported to India, citing good ties with the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/iran-offers-navigation-support-to-india-in-hormuz-amid-us-blockade-rejects-charging-toll/ar-AA20MbnF?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69dd1a68f56d4eda97d2f7541ffde4e3&ei=50 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/indian-ships-didn-t-pay-hormuz-toll-iran-envoy-cites-good-ties-with-new-delhi/ar-AA20MFhD |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> [[Shell plc|Shell]] also increased supplies to India, following a fall in ships arriving from [[QatarEnergy LNG|QatarEnergy.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-12 |title=Energy shift: Shell emerges top LNG supplier to India after Qatar supply shock - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/energy-shift-shell-emerges-top-lng-supplier-to-india-after-qatar-supply-shock-525269-2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-12 |title=Shell steps up LNG supplies to India, wins major fertiliser tenders after Gulf disruptions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/shell-steps-up-lng-supplies-to-india-wins-major-fertiliser-tenders-after-gulf-disruptions/articleshow/130204142.cms |access-date=2026-04-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Ship(s) transitting<br />
! rowspan="2" |Crew<br />
!Ownership<br />
!Port of departure<br />
!Port of arrival<br />
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
!Payload<br />
!Date of crossing the strait<br />
!Date of arrival<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
! colspan="6" |Details<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Jag Vikram''{{Flag icon|India}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |24 sailors<br />
|Great Eastern Shipping<br />
|{{Flag icon|UAE}} [[Rams (Ras Al Khaimah)|Al Rams]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Kandla Port]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":33" /><br />
|-<br />
|Liquified Petroleum Gas <br />
(20,400 tonnes)<br />
|10-11 April<br />
|14 April<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |Jag Vikram, a mid-sized gas carrier, became the First ship to cross the strait following the [[2026 Iran war ceasefire]]. This leaves 15 other India flagged ships still located within the region. The Ship had been awaiting permission to cross the strait since April 3.<ref name=":34" /><ref name=":35" /><ref name=":36" /><ref name=":37" /> The ship was initially heading to Mumbai, but later arrived at Kandla port in Gujarat.<ref name=":38" /> The arrival of the ship preceded the US Navy's maritime blockade of Iran and prior to the expiration of a crucial 1-month waiver for Indian Importers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/jag-vikram-first-indian-lpg-vessel-crosses-hormuz-post-ceasefire-docks-in-kandla/ar-AA20V6Hp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69df2042354f42369dd54fb20cd55490&ei=26 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
|}In addition to Indian ships, the Iranian flagged tanker ''Felicity'' anchored off the coast of Sikka in Gujarat on April 12. The tanker is operated by the [[National Iranian Tanker Company]] and is laden with 2 million barrels of Iranian oil for [[Reliance Industries]] and was estimated to have lifted oil from [[Kharg Island]] sometime in the middle of March. India was also allotted a one-month waiver by the USA on sale of Iranian oil already in tankers on the water in a bid to ease the supply disruption within the nation until April 19. The VLCC tankers Jaya and Jordan also reached Paradip on India's east coast,carring fuel for IOC.The ships are estimated to have been loaded late February, just prior to the US-Israeli strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-13 |title=Two tankers with Iranian oil anchor off Indian ports; Iran-flagged Felicity off Sikka, Curacao-flagged Jaya near Paradip |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/two-tankers-iranian-oil-indian-ports-iran-sikka-curacao-flagged-jaya-paradip-10633614/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soon |first=Weilun |date=13 April 2026 |title=Ships With Iran Oil Anchor Off India as Trump Announces Blockade |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-04-13/ships-with-iran-oil-anchor-off-india-as-trump-announces-blockade |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India receives first Iranian oil shipments since 2019 as Hormuz blockade looms- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/maritime/2026/04/13/india-receives-first-iranian-oil-shipments-since-2019-as-hormuz-blockade-looms.amp.html |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref> Reliance was also reported to have bought oil using the [[Comoros]]-flagged aframax ship ''Kaviz'' and Curaçao-flagged VLCC ''Lenore'', and a rare government permission has been granted to Iran-flagged VLCCs ''Felicity'' and ''Hedy'' to sail towards India. The ''Hedy'' has been positioned near [[Chabahar Port|Chabahar port]] since April 1.The ''Kaviz'' had exited the Gulf on 9 April, while the ''Lenore'' loaded crude from Iran's Kharg Island on March 20.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/india-permits-iranian-oil-tankers-berth-reliance-sources-say-2026-04-10/ India permits Iranian oil tankers to berth for Reliance, sources say | Reuters]</ref> India was reported to have purchased Iranian oil using [[Renminbi|Chinese Yuan]] and these transactions were facilitated by the [[ICICI Bank]]. India considers these purchases as a one-time only transaction to meet the energy demands of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-17 |title=Indian refiners pay for Iran oil in yuan via ICICI Bank, sources say |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/indian-refiners-pay-for-iran-oil-in-yuan-via-icici-bank-sources-say/article70873053.ece |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 16- 30th April ===<br />
The Union Cabinet, Chaired by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the launch of a new insurance scheme for stranded Indian commercial shipping in West Asia. Dubbed the ‘''Bharat Maritime Insurance Pool''' with a national guarantee up to {{INRConvert|12980|c|lk=c|year=2026}}, It aims to facilitate continuous maritime insurance coverages related to a ship's hull and machinery, cargo, P&I as well as War risk, with underwriting charges of up to {{INRConvert|950|c|lk=c|year=2026}} for a period of ten years, extendable up to fifteen. The programme covers both vessels carrying cargo from any international port to an Indian ports and vice-versa. The Indian government also sanctioned a committee to oversee the formation and functioning of the BMI pool. The initiative was announced by [[Ashwini Vaishnaw|Ashwini Vaisnav]] during a media briefing of the situation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2026 |title=Cabinet approves proposal for creation of 'Bharat Maritime Insurance Pool' (BMI pool) with a sovereign guarantee of Rs 12,980 crore to facilitate continuous maritime insurance coverages |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-proposal-for-creation-of-bharat-maritime-insurance-pool-bmi-pool-with-a-sovereign-guarantee-of-rs-12980-crore-to-facilitate-continuous-maritime-insurance-coverage/ |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=[[Prime Minister of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vikas |date=2026-04-18 |title=Rs 12,980 Crore Saviour: Cabinet Approves War-Risk Insurance Cover for Ships |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/rs-12980-crore-saviour-cabinet-approves-war-risk-insurance-cover-for-ships-article-154108118 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jordar |first=Ranu |date=18 April 2026 |title=Bharat Maritime Insurance Pool: How Will This Help India's Ships Or Those Entering Country's Ports? |url=https://www.news18.com/india/bharat-maritime-insurance-pool-how-will-this-help-indias-ships-or-those-entering-countrys-ports-ws-l-10042907.html |access-date=18 April 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Ship(s) transitting<br />
!Ownership<br />
!Port of departure<br />
!Port of arrival<br />
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
!Payload<br />
!Date of crossing the strait<br />
!Date of arrival<br />
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"<br />
! colspan="5" |Details<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Desh Garima''{{Flag icon|India}}<br />
|Shipping Corporation of India<br />
|{{Flag icon|Qatar}} [[Ras Laffan Industrial City|Ras Laffan]] <br />
|{{Flag icon|India}} Mumbai Port <br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-18 |title=Another Indian oil tanker crosses Hormuz as Iran shuts Strait for US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/another-indian-oil-tanker-crosses-hormuz-as-iran-shuts-strait-for-us-desh-garima/articleshow/130351117.cms |access-date=2026-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Crude oil<br />
(96,400 tonnes)<br />
|17 April <br />
|22 April <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |Following a temporary lifting of Iranian barriers on the strait of Hormouz on April 18, the crude oil tanker Desh Garima was one among the eight tankers to depart from Qatar and the 10th ship overall to be evacuated towards India. The ship took an irregular route, taking it near Omani waters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewari |first=Debayan |date=2026-04-18 |title=India-flagged vessels start sailing out of Hormuz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-flagged-vessels-start-sailing-out-of-hormuz/article70875374.ece |access-date=2026-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Crude Tanker Desh Garima Crosses Hormuz As Renewed US-Iran Tensions Leave Strait Closed Again |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/world/indian-crude-tanker-desh-garima-crosses-hormuz-as-renewed-usiran-tensions-leave-strait-closed-again-10308497 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=The Daily Jagran |language=en}}</ref> The ship arrived in Mumbai 5 days later. 13 Indian flaggd and an Indian destined vessel remain in the strait.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/news/desh-garima-reaches-india-india-rejects-irgc-payment-claims-amid-west-asia-tensions/ar-AA21tuAI |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
An Iranian-flagged VLCC ship named ''Dorena'' was also spotted near the southern India's coastline and it is also expcted to discharge its cargo of crude oil to the country. The ship constitutes the third batch of Iranian oil received by India in the past three months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirani |first=Garvit |date=2026-04-18 |title=India receives oil shipment as supertanker amid blockade, says Iran as Tehran reimposes restrictions on Strait of Hormuz {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/india-receives-new-oil-shipment-dorena-amid-blockade-says-iran-as-tehran-reimposes-restrictions-on-strait-of-hormuz-11776510037776.html |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Iran however had reimposed the blockades soon after lifting them, resulting in four Indian tankers and two Greek-flagged vessels turning back after attempting to cross the strait on 18 April. The tankers have been identified as the private Sanmar Herald as well as the SCI-owned Desh Vaibhav and Desh Vibhor as well as the Greek Nissos Keros and Minerva Evrop that were heading towards Indian ports, cumulatively carrying close to 8.3 million barrels of Oil. The ships were warned by the Iranian navy not to cross the strait the day before.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-04-18 |title=Open or not? Hormuz confusion deepens as Indian oil tankers make U-turn |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iran-war-indian-oil-tankers-turn-back-hormuz-strait-trump-blockade-2898096-2026-04-18 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> India also supplied Bangladesh with about 35,000 tonnes of refined diesel fuel via the [[India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline]] from India's [[Parbatipur, Bishnupur|Parbatipur Padma]] Oil depot and [[Numaligarh Refinery|Numaligarh Refinery Limited]] during the period between early-March and mid-April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-11 |title=Bangladesh receives diesel from India via pipeline |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/bangladesh-receives-diesel-from-india-via-pipeline/articleshow/129403823.cms |access-date=2026-04-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maniar |first=Pranay |date=18 April 2026 |title=Bangladesh Receives 5000 Tonnes Of Diesel Supply From India Via Cross-Border Pipeline |url=https://www.news18.com/world/bangladesh-receives-5000-tonnes-of-diesel-supply-from-india-via-cross-border-pipeline-ws-l-10042139.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== May ===<br />
Following the US imposed blockade of Iraninan ports, The first Indian ship to approach the Strait from the east side, the ''Umm Al Astan'' departed from [[Dahej Port|Dahej]] to cross the strait on 1 May.The ship will make its way to [[Das Island]] in the UAE to take up a supply of LNG.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalyanaraman |first=M. |date=2026-04-30 |title=West Asia crisis: Empty LNG ship from India heads into Strait of Hormuz for loading in UAE's Das Island |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/empty-lng-ship-from-india-heads-into-strait-of-hormuz-for-loading-in-uaes-das-island/article70925877.ece |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ship was reached [[Khor Fakkan|Kor Fakkan]] a day later.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalyanaraman |first=M. |date=2026-05-01 |title=LNG ship from India heading towards Hormuz drops anchor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/lng-ship-from-india-heading-towards-hormuz-drops-anchor/article70928906.ece |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Marshall Islands-flagged and Indian crewed ''Sarv Shakti'' , under charter for [[Indian Oil Corporation]] began transit to cross the Strait on 2 March 2026. The ship sailed past the [[Larak Island|Larak]] and [[Qeshm Island|Queshm islands]] and was heading into the Gulf of Oman.<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/india-linked-tanker-laden-with-45-000-tonnes-cooking-fuel-attempts-hormuz-exit-article-13906017.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukalp |first=Sharma |date=2026-05-02 |title=India-bound LPG tanker on the move across Strait of Hormuz. Why it matters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/strait-hormuz-india-lpg-tanker-sarv-shakti-10667444/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-05-02/india-linked-tanker-laden-with-cooking-fuel-attempts-hormuz-exit India-Linked LPG Tanker Attempts Rare Hormuz Transit to Ease Fuel Shortage - Bloomberg]</ref> The ship successfully crossed, loaded with 46,313 of LPG with a crew of 20 on board, including 18 Indians. The ship is expected to reach [[Visakhapatnam]] on May 13, 2026.<ref>https://www.ndtvprofit.com/world/india-bound-lpg-tanker-sarv-shakti-crosses-strait-of-hormuz-amid-us-naval-blockade-11440204</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=45,000-tonne LPG tanker crosses Hormuz amid Iran–US tensions: Will it affect LPG prices in India? |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-linked-lpg-tanker-crosses-strait-of-hormuz-amid-middle-east-tensions-qa5chvhg |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>Forty-one India-bound vessels containing LPG,LNG, Fertilisers and other cargo remain in the Persian Gulf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/autos/news/over-40-india-bound-vessels-stuck-amid-hormuz-deadlock/ar-AA22D6Ec |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Incidents ==<br />
On 18 April 2026, report indicated that several merchant vessels had to turn back before crossing the Strait of Hormuz due to incidents of gunfire from [[gunboat]]s of the [[IRGC Navy]]. ''Jag Arnav'' of the [[Great Eastern Shipping]], carrying 2 million barrels of Iraqi crude oil and a bulk carrier heading to Al Jubail in Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/did-crypto-scam-by-fake-irgc-trigger-real-irgc-firing-on-indian-ship-in-hormuz/ar-AA21sai8 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> was also fired upon while another Indian tanker, ''Sanmar Herald'', was in the vicinity which was not targeted. Both the ships return to the Persian Gulf with both the crew and veles reportedly safe.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Amidst the firing incident, the crew from ''Sanmar Herald'' reported that they had also encountered the firing incident and were turning back.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Chandrajit |date=19 April 2026 |title='Can't rule out possibility': Rajnath Singh says India may 'play its role' in Hormuz diplomacy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-war-latest-news-distress-audio-indian-flagged-tanker-sanmar-herald-strait-of-hormuz-firing-11378169 |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref> India also summoned the Iranian envoy after the Incident. Meanwhile, the Indian Navy has two destroyers, a frigate and a tanker deployed to the east of the choke point and the force is trying to ascertain details of the incident. ''Reuters'' reported at least two tankers being targeted including the that of the Indian tanker and a report by the [[UK Maritime Trade Operations]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-18 |title=Indian tanker, carrying 2 million barrels of oil, shot at by Iran Navy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-tanker-carrying-2-million-barrels-of-oil-shot-at-by-iran-navy-101776515341891.html |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=2026-04-18 |title=Gunfire in Hormuz: Indian-flagged tanker among ships targeted as Iran closes strait again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-tankers-turn-back-amid-irans-mixed-hormuz-signals-gunfire-hits-other-ships/articleshow/130352896.cms |access-date=2026-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Indian Navy issued an advisory urging seafarers to avoid escalation and steer clear of Iran's [[Larak Island]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hormuz flashpoint: Indian Navy steps up vigil after ships targeted, issues advisory |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/hormuz-flashpoint-indian-navy-steps-up-vigil-after-ships-targeted-issues-advisory/ar-AA21k0nG |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 22 April, the IRGC had seized two vessels and directed them to Iranian ports. One of the ships, the Liberian-flagged ''Epaminondas'' was fired upon and interned by Iran. The ship was heading with cargo to Gujarat's [[Mundra Port]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Susannah |date=2026-04-22 |title=Iran says it seized 2 ships in Strait of Hormuz, hours after Trump's ceasefire extension |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/04/22/hormuz-strait-us-iran-talks-war/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-22 |title=Iran says it has seized two ships in Strait of Hormuz after vessels attacked |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdxd074kr8go |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-22 |title=India-bound ship among two vessels 'seized' by Iran Guards in Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/india-bound-ship-among-two-vessels-seized-by-iran-in-strait-of-hormuz-mundra-port/article70892792.ece |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ankit |date=2026-04-22 |title=India-bound ship among two vessels attacked, seized by Iran in Hormuz |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/gujarat-bound-cargo-ship-among-two-vessels-seized-by-iran-in-hormuz-2899956-2026-04-22 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Iran also fired warning shots at the Togo-flagged chemical tanker ''MT Chiron 7'', and its crew of 17 Indian sailors off the coast of Shina, Oman on 27 April.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/warning-shots-fired-at-tanker-with-17-indians/ar-AA21SKTo?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69f0b365c5cd4ea7a3e08398f89b3777&ei=12 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Analysis ==<br />
An Informal group of government ministers who coordinated the operation led by [[Minister of Defence (India)|Indian Defence Minister]], [[Rajnath Singh]], informed media sources that India had evacuated the highest number of vessels than any other country from the Strait of Hormuz during the course of ''Operation Urja Suraksha.'' The vessels had collectively managed to bring close to 340 tonnes of fuel, sustaining 11 days of India's import requirements of petrol, diesel and fertilizers. Domestic production was also ramped up by forty-percent to meet the shortfall, enabling continuous food and energy security for India. A large majority of the imports had been prioritised for the pharma, agricultural, polymers, paints, metallurgical, and food processing sectors to prevent supply chain disruptions, though some private sector companies have been reported to have faced challenges for procurement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09 |title=India Rescues 8 LPG Vessels from Hormuz, Tops Global Evacuations, Supply Safe for 11 Days |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/india-rescues-8-lpg-vessels-from-hormuz-tops-global-evacuations-supply-safe-for-11-days-article-154034089 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2026-04-09 |title=IGoM reviews preparedness amid West Asia developments, ensures energy, food security |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/igom-reviews-preparedness-amid-west-asia-developments-ensures-energy-food-security/article70839614.ece |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2026 |title=Ministerial group takes stock of India's readiness for west asia situation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/ministerial-group-takes-stock-of-india-s-readiness-for-west-asia-situation-126040900058_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Indian [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry for External Affairs]] welcomed the [[2026 Iran war ceasefire|initial U.S.-Iran ceasefire agreement]] and called for an early end to the conflict for “unimpeded” trade flow through the Strait of Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=2026-04-08 |title=India welcomes Iran-US ceasefire, stresses dialogue and diplomacy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-welcomes-ceasefire-stresses-dialogue-and-diplomacy/article70837837.ece |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-09 |title=India welcomes Pakistan brokered ceasefire, hopes it can lead to peace in Ukraine too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-welcomes-pakistan-brokered-ceasefire-hopes-it-can-lead-to-peace-in-ukraine-too/articleshow/130123831.cms |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Foreign Ministry Spokesperson [[Randhir Jaiswal]] maintained that no discussions had taken place on the issue or Iran imposing tolls at the [[Strait of Hormuz]] and called for free and safe navigation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amid speculation on Iran's toll for Strait of Hormuz, India sticks to its stance of free, safe navigation through the waterway |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/amid-speculation-on-iran-s-toll-for-strait-of-hormuz-india-sticks-to-its-stance-of-free-safe-navigation-through-the-waterway/ar-AA20w1PN?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69d7e90d55424d0ba28180106314aae1&ei=126 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.msn.com|last=Sharma|first=Sukalp}}</ref> The Indian [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas]] [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] visited [[Qatar]] and [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|India's External Affairs Minister]] [[S. Jaishankar|Dr S Jaishankar]] visited the [[United Arab Emirates]] to negotiate on the future security of oil supplies to India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09 |title=Hardeep Singh Puri To Visit Qatar Today - LNG In Focus? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/hardeep-singh-puri-to-visit-qatar-today-article-154033709 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2026-04-09 |title=Petroleum Minister Hardeep Puri to visit Qatar to discuss LNG supply amid US-Iran ceasefire |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/minister-hardeep-singh-puri-qatar-visit-1503579575.html |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> India has also reacted negatively to Iranian demands to collect tolls after the cease in hostilities in early April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Ashutosh |last2=Mishra |first2=Himanshu Shankar |date=8 April 2026 |title=India Not In Favour Of Tolls For Passage Through Hormuz: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-not-in-favour-of-tolls-for-passage-through-strait-of-hormuz-sources-11328967 |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=NDTV.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-08 |title=India opposes any toll on ships passing through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/india/india-opposes-any-toll-on-ships-passing-through-strait-of-hormuz-1509674 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=madhyamamonline.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition, Indian sailors who were imprisoned in Iran prior to the conflict on allegations of Fuel smuggling by the IRGC were released to Armenia on 27 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-01 |title=India seafarers detained in Iran return amid Middle East war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgkn9379pqo |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Indian sailors in Basra also evacuated themselves from the coflict zone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-11 |title=Was stuck on vessel for over one month as bombs fell nearby: Sailor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/was-stuck-on-vessel-for-over-one-month-as-bombs-fell-nearby-sailor/articleshow/130188383.cms |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Representatives from the Indian Government attended a UK-hosted meeting on International trade and protection in the strait of Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=India joins UK-led talks on Strait of Hormuz, stresses unimpeded transit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-joins-uk-led-talks-on-strait-of-hormuz-stresses-unimpeded-transit-101775144707188.html |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>[[Randhir Jaiswal]], representative of the Indian Ministry for external affairs confirmed that India was also invited to join a Franco-British Initiative to conduct peaceful escort of ships in the Arabian sea and Persian Gulf by the two countries of 17 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-17 |title=India gets invite to join UK-France initiative to secure Strait of Hormuz transit |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-gets-invite-to-join-uk-france-initiative-to-secure-strait-of-hormuz-transit/article70873710.ece |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/india-invited-by-uk-france-to-join-hormuz-transit-plan-says-mea-amid-lebanon-israel-ceasefire-announcement-article-13892063.html India invited by UK, France to join Hormuz transit plan, says MEA amid Lebanon-Israel ceasefire announcement]</ref> Indian defence minister Rajnath Singh also refused to rule out any possibility that India would not participate in the diplomatic efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Can't rule out possibility': Rajnath Singh says India may 'play its role' in Hormuz diplomacy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/can-t-rule-out-possibility-rajnath-singh-says-india-may-play-its-role-in-hormuz-diplomacy/ar-AA21spDu |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The Indian Navy also designated Hormuz as a primary area of concern after renewed blockade in the area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-24 |title=Indian Navy lists Hormuz as 'primary area' of interest, one of the key 'choke points' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-lists-hormuz-as-primary-area-of-interest-one-of-the-key-choke-points/articleshow/130478481.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[India in the 2026 Iran war]]<br />
*[[2026 Iran war regional mobilizations]]<br />
*[[Operation Sankalp]]<br />
*[[Operation Muhafiz-ul-Bahr]]<br />
*[[1979 oil crisis]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Navy}}<br />
{{2026 Iran war}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Naval history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Reactions to the 2026 Iran war]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 2026]]<br />
[[Category:International water transport]]<br />
[[Category:March 2026 in India]]<br />
[[Category:April 2026 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)]]<br />
[[Category:Energy security]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Bhubaneswar&diff=512342List of Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar2026-05-05T00:40:53Z<p>Eziosolution: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
[[Bhubaneswar]] is the capital city of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It was the ancient capital of the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Empire]] and the architectural legacy of the period is its greatest attraction. There are many sites in the city that testify the importance of the region during the 7th to 11th century A.D when the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] kings ruled Odisha and the regions beyond it. The [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]] and Vindusagar tank in the only temple of [[Vishnu]] in the city of [[Shiva]]. The temples in Bhubaneswar are thus regarded as having been built from the 8th to 12th century of ''[[saivite]]'' influence.<ref>''Bengal District Gazetteer:Puri''.P.242.L.S.S. O'malley</ref><br />
<br />
{{GeoGroup}}<br />
The [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] shrines give a clear picture about the settlements around [[Bhubaneswar]] in the first two centuries B.C, and one of the most complete edicts of the [[Mauryan]] emperor, [[Ashoka]], dating between 272 and 236 B.C, remains carved in rock just 5 miles to the southwest of the modern city.<ref>''History, Religion and Culture of India''.P.180. S. Gajrani</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background:#FFC569"<br />
| width="180pt" | '''Name of the temple'''<br />
| width="100pt" | '''Deity'''<br />
| width="100pt" | '''Picture'''<br />
| width="140pt" | '''Architecture/Timeline'''<br />
| width="400pt" | '''Notes/Beliefs'''<br />
|- align ="center"<br />
|- style="background:#ffe;"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aisanyesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| [[Shiva]]<br />
|<br />
| [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], 13th Century<br />
| It is a 13th-century [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Lord Shiva.<ref>''The forgotten monuments of Orissa. Volume 2''. Kamalā Ratnam, India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division, Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Akhadachandi Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Akhadachandi.JPG|150x100px]]<br />
| [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], 10th Century<br />
| The temple is surrounded by Bindusagar tank in the east at a distance of 6.40 metres, Markandeya temple in the west and private residential buildings in the southern side. The temple faces south and the presiding deity faces east.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]]<br /><br /><small>{{coord|20|14|26.18|N|85|50|8.81|E|name=Ananta Vasudeva Temple}}</small><br />
| [[Krishna]]<br />
| [[File:Bhuvanesvar032.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 13th Century<br />
| The temple was constructed in the thirteenth century, and the complete ''murties'' of [[Krishna]], [[Balarama]], and [[Subhadra]] are worshipped there.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajput Architecture |first=G.S. |last=Ghurye |publisher=Popular Prakashan|year= 2005 |ISBN =81-7154-446-0 |pages=91}}</ref> [[Shesha|Balarama]] stands under a seven hooded serpent, while Krishna holds a [[Kaumodaki|mace]], ''[[chakra]]'' and a [[conch]]. The temple dates back to the period of Chandrika Devi, the daughter of [[Anangabhima III]], during the reign of the king Bhanudeva.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Astasambhu Temples]]<br /><br /><small>{{coord|20|15|2|N|85|51|18|E|name=Astasambhu Temples}}</small><br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Astasambhu Siva Temple-I.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 10th Century<br />
| In the [[Uttaresvara Siva Temple]] precinct there are eight temples of identical size and dimension locally known as Astasambhu. ''Ashta'' means eight and Sambhu refers to another name of Lord Shiva. Five of them are arranged in one alignment are also known as Panchu Pandava.<ref>''Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text ''.P.42. Thomas E. Donaldson</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Arjunesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
|[[Vishnu]]<br />
|<br />
|Kalinga, 12th century<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bata Mahadeva]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Bata Mahadev Temple.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 15th-16th Century<br />
| A small temple built in the middle of a road<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bharateswar Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Bharateswara Temple, Bhubaneswar 07.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 6th Century<br />
| Built during [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]] rule<ref>{{Cite web | title=Bharatesvara Siva Temple, Old Town, Bhubaneswar, Dist.-Khurda - Documentation format for Archaeological / Heritage Sites / Monuments | url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda018.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226014318/http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda018.pdf | archive-date=26 December 2010 | access-date=5 November 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Bharati Matha]]<br />
| Vishnu<br />
|<br />
| 11th Century<br />
|It is a temple of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu God]] [[Shiva|Siva]]. This is one of the oldest temples in Bhubaneswar. The temple is a [[Hindu]] [[monastery]] with three stories which was built in the 11th century It is currently used for living [[Matha]] purposes and earlier it was used as a Hindu pilgrimage centre.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhringesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 8th Century<br />
|The main temple is of late Kalingan style dating back to 15th century. The present temple was built during the Gajapati Rulers. A four-handed black [[Chlorite group|chlorite]] image of [[Brahma]] holding [[Veda]] and water vessel in upper two hands and rosary, abhaya mudra in lower two hand. The temple is situated on the foothills of Dhauli and the left bank of the river Daya, in the south-eastern outskirts of Bhubaneswar in the village Khatuapada.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhrukutesvar Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 13th Century<br />
|It is a single structure pidha deul without any frontal porch. According to the local people, this temple was built by the Kesaris (Somavamsis).<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brahma Temple, Bindusagar]]<br />
| Brahma<br />
|[[File:View of Ananta Vasudeva Temple from Bindusagar - July 2007.jpg|100px]]<br />
<br />
| 15th Century<br />
|The main temple is of late Kalingan style dating back to 15th century. The present temple was built during the Gajapati Rulers. A four handed black chlorite image of [[Brahma]] holding [[Veda]] and water vessel in upper two hands and rosary, abhaya mudra in lower two hand.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brahmeswara Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|[[File:Brahmeswara Temple, Bhubaneswar.JPG|100px]]<br />
| 11th Century<br />
| The temple was erected at the end of the 9th century, is richly carved inside and out. This [[Hindu temple]] can be dated with fair accuracy by the use of inscriptions that were originally on the temple. They are now lost, but records of them preserve the information of around 1058. The temple is built in the 18th regnal year of the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavansi]] king Udyotakesari by his mother Kolavati Devi. This corresponds to 1058.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Byamokesvara Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 11th Century<br />
|It is located in front of the [[Lingaraj Temple]] across the road in the left side of the eastern gateway at a distance of 10.00 m. The temple faces towards the west. It is a living temple and the enshrined deity is a [[Siva lingam]] with a circular ''yonipitha'' at the centre of the sanctum. At present the sanctum is 1.50 m below the present road level. It is a recently recovered temple that had been buried. It was built in 10th century.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chakreshvari Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 10-11th Century<br />
|The temple stands on a low platform. On plan, the temple has a ''[[vimana]]'' and a renovated frontal porch. The ''[[vimana]](shrine)'' is ''pancharatha'' and the frontal porch. On elevation, the ''[[vimana]]'' is of ''rekha'' order extends from ''pabhaga'' to ''kalasa''. From bottom to the top, the temple has a ''bada'', ''gandi'' and ''mastaka''.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Champakesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Champakesvara Siva Temple.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 13th Century<br />
|It is 157 metres west of Parasuramesvara on the right side of the Kotitirthesvara lane leading to Bindu sagara. It is a [[laterite]] temple. Local people believe that the enshrined [[Siva lingam]] is ''patalaphuta'' and the precinct is the abode of ''nagas'' (champa naga) after whom the deity is named as Champakesvara.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chandrasekhara Mahadeva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 19th Century<br />
| It is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Lord Siva located in the village Patia, Bhubaneswar. The enshrined deity is a Siva lingam within a circular yoni pitha. The temple has a private ownership but is held by many people at the same time.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chintamanisvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Chintamanisvara Siva Temple.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 14th Century<br />
| The temple dates back to 14th century According to local legend the temple was built by the Kesharis (Somavamsis). Various religious sacraments like Sivaratri, Siva vivaha, jalasaya, rudrabhisekha are performed here.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Devasabha Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 18th Century<br />
| It is located in the Kharakhia Vaidyanath temple precinct; it is an abandoned temple that faces east. There is no deity inside the cella. As per the locals, the temple is the assembly of all gods and goddess for which it is known as Devasabha.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dishisvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 15th Century<br />
| The presiding deity is a Siva-lingam within a circular yonipitha installed inside the sanctum. This 15th-century, privately owned temple is situated within a private compound surrounded by private residential buildings on three sides of east, west, south and the road on the north.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Duladevi Temple]]<br />
| [[Mahishamardini]]<br />
| <br />
| 18th Century<br />
| It is located on the right side of Duladevi Chowk in the village Kapilesvara in [[Bhubaneswar]]. It is 100 metres south east of Kapilesvara Siva temple. The presiding deity is a four armed [[Mahishamardini]] killing the buffalo demon.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gandhi Garabadu Precinct Vishnu Temple]]<br />
| Vishnu<br />
| <br />
| 12-13th Century<br />
| It is situated on the right side of the temple road branching from Garej Chowk to [[Lingaraj temple]]. The temple faces west. The ''garbhagriha'' of the temple is empty. The cult icons on the outer walls and the ''dvarapalas'' in the doorjamb, suggest that the temple was originally dedicated to Lord Vishnu.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gangesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| <br />
| 13-14th Century<br />
| The presiding deity is a Siva [[lingam]] within a circular ''yonipitha''. It is a living temple and maintained by the ''Ganga Yamuna'' ''Sangathana''.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gokarnesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 1st Century BC<br />
| It is in close proximity to the ancient fort of Sisupalgarh, which is identified as the Kalinganagari of king Kharavela of the 1st century BC, the local legend assign the temple to 1st century BC and king Kharavela as the builder of the original temple. The temple fragments, however, do not agree to such an early date.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gopal Tirtha Matha]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 16th Century<br />
| The Matha is located in front of the Chitrakarini temple is a branch of the Gopala Tirtha Matha of Puri. Gopala Tirtha was one of the prominent disciples of Sankaracharya, who commissioned monastic establishments in Puri and Bhuabaneswar.<br />
|-<br />
| Gosagaresvar Precinct Siva Temple<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 14-15th century<br />
| The enshrining deity is a Siva lingam at the center of a circular yonipitha inside the sanctum measures 1.10 square metres as it faces towards west. According to the local legend once Lord Siva killed a calf inadvertently. In order to cleanse the sin of killing the calf he had to take a bath in the Gosagaresvara pond and worship the lord Gosagaresvara. In keeping with the tradition even today people suffering from the sin of killing cows, take ritual bath in the tank and worship Gosagaresvara to cleanse the sin.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gourisankara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 9th century<br />
| The enshrined deity is a Siva lingam with a circular yonipitha in the sanctum which is 1.50 metres below the present road level. It is a living temple. The temple is buried from three sides up to the baranda portion and a narrow stepped passage from the west leads into the sanctum right from the road.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jaleswar Siva Temple Precinct]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 12th century<br />
| The presiding deity is a ''Siva-lingam'' within a circular ''yonipitha'' inside the sanctum, which is 1.15 meters below the ''chandrasila''. The Sanctum measures 2.00 square meters. It is a living temple. According to the prevalent legend the king of Chudangagada was a devout worshipper of lord Lingaraja.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kapilesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 14th century<br />
| The presiding deity is a Siva-lingam at the center of a circular ''yonipitha'' inside the sanctum. It is a living temple, facing towards east and maintained by Kapilesvara Temple Trust Board. The temple is situated within the precinct along with 33 other monuments.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kartikesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
|Shiva<br />
|<br />
|13th century<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kharakhia Vaidyanatha Precinct]]<br />
|Shiva<br />
|[[File:Kharakhia Vaidyanatha Precinct.png|100px]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Kusesvara (Kushakeswara) Siva Temple<br />
|Shiva<br />
|<br />
|15th century<br />
|The twin temples of Kushesvara and Labesvara are situated on both the sides of the road, almost opposite to each other in close proximity to the Ramesvara temple on the right and Satrughnesvara group of temples on the left side of the road leading from Kalpana square to Bindhu Sagar. Labesvara Siva temple is situated on the right side of the Ramesvara or Mausima road leading from Kalpana square. It is a living temple and facing towards west. The enshrined deity is a Siva lingam within a circular yonipitha inside the sanctum.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Labesvara Siva Temple|Labesvara (Labakeswara) Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 15th century<br />
| The twin temples of Kushesvara and Labesvara are situated on both the sides of the road, almost opposite to each other in close proximity to the Ramesvara temple on the right and Satrughnesvara group of temples on the left side of the road leading from Kalpana square to Bindhu Sagar. Labesvara Siva temple is situated on the right side of the Ramesvara or Mausima road leading from Kalpana square. It is a living temple and facing towards west. The enshrined deity is a Siva lingam within a circular yonipitha inside the sanctum.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ladu Baba Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 15th century<br />
| According to the local tradition, the deity was rescued and shifted from Ravana's Lanka to Ekamra Kshetra during the conflagration of Svarna Lanka on the eve of Rama-Ravana war.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lakhesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 13th century<br />
|Lakhesvara Siva temple is located in the right side of the Ganges–Yamuna road, behind the Lingaraja market complex, Old town, Bhubaneswar. It is situated at a distance of 70 metres north east of Lingaraj temple and at a distance of 10 metres south of Gangesvara and Yamunesvara Siva temple across the road.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lakhmaneswara temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 6th century<br />
| Built during Shailodbhava rule.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda110.pdf | title=Laksmanesvara Siva Temple, Bhubaneswar, Dist.-Khurda - Documentation format for Archaeological / Heritage Sites / Monuments | access-date=5 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050738/http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda110.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Lingaraj Temple]]<br /><br /><small>{{coord|20|14|18|N|85|50|01|E|name=Lingaraj Temple}}</small><br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Lingaraj temple Bhubaneswar 11004.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 11th century<br />
| It is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Harihara]], another name for Lord Siva is the biggest of all at Bhubaneswar is located within a spacious compound wall of laterite measuring 520 feet by 465 feet. The wall is 7 feet 6&nbsp;inches thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping. Alongside the inner face of the boundary wall there runs a terrace probably meant to protect the compound wall against outside aggression.<ref name="Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra 1986 Page 69">[[Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra]] (1986) Page 69. ''Archaeology in Orissa Vol I''. B. R. Publishers, Delhi {{ISBN|81-7018-346-4}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Lingaraj Rest House]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|14th century<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lokanath Siva Temple]]<br /><br /><small>{{coord|20|15|22|N|85|50|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}</small><br />
| Shiva<br />
| <br />
| 15th century<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Madneswar Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Madanesvara Siva Temple.png|100px]]<br />
| 12th century<br />
| It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Siva built around 12th century. It is situated on the left side of the Mahavir Lane branching from Garage Chowk in Santarapur to Sisupalgarh. The enshrined deity is a [[Siva lingam]] within a circular ''yonipitha'' (basement). It is a broken shrine, and at present, only the ''Pabhaga'' portion is available.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mangalesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Mangalesvara Siva Temple..png|100px]]<br />
| 14th century<br />
| The Mangalesvara Siva Temple is located in the precinct of Papanasini tank and on the southern embankment of the tank. The temple faces east and the enshrined deity is a circular yonipitha. The [[Lingam]] is absent. The temple is 1.60 metres below the present road level.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteswar Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 970<br />
| It is a 10th-century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Siva. The temple dates back to 970, is a monument of singular importance in the study of the development of [[Hindu temples]] in [[Odisha]]. In this stylistic development the Mukteswara plays a pivotal role; it marks the culmination of all earlier developments, and initiates a period of experiment which continues for an entire century, as seen in such temples as the [[Rajarani Temple]] and [[Lingaraj temple]], both located in Bhubaneswar.<ref>''The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar'', P.xix. Walter Smith</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Nagesvara Temple, Bhubaneswar]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 10th Century<br />
|It is a disused Hindu temple. It is situated on the western right bank of the Lingaraja West Canal at a distance of {{convert|10.35|m|ft}} west of [[Subarnesvara Siva Temple]], located across the canal.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pabaneswara Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Pabaneswara 3.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 10th Century<br />
| The presiding deity is a Sivalingam within a circular yonipitha inside the sanctum. It is a living temple. The temple is surrounded by private residential buildings and market complex on three sides and the road on the south. The temple was rebuilt or renovated sometimes back as it appears from the second phase of building from above the pabhaga.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Parsurameswar Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Parasuramesvara Temple.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 650<br />
| It is the best preserved specimen of an early Hindu temple datable to the Sailodbhava period of the seventh and eighth centuries.<ref>[[Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra]] (1992). ''Decorative Art of Parasuramesvar Temple'', [[Odisha State Museum]], [[Bhubaneswar]]</ref> Parsurameswar is dedicated to Shiva and is one of the oldest temples in Odisha. This temple, built about 650, has all the main features of the pre-10th century Odishan style of architecture. Such elements such as the pine [[spire]] that curves up to a point over the sanctum housing the presiding deity, and the pyramid-covered hall where people sit and pray. Though small in size, with its ''deul'' rising abruptly to a height of 12.80m, it is one of the most sumptuously decorated temples of the early period. It is the only temple of the early period with a surviving ''Jagamohana''.<ref>[[Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra]] (1992). ''Decorative Art of Parasuramesvar Temple'', Odisha State Museum, Bhubaneswar</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Purvesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Purvesvara Siva Temple.png|100px]]<br />
| 13th-14th century<br />
| The enshrining deity is a broken Lingam within a circular Yonipitha at the centre of the sanctum, which is 1.07 metres below the present ground level. It is a living temple and now under the care and maintenance of Purvesvara Temple Development Association of that locality. The caretaker of the temple is Dipu Panigrahi. According to local tradition, the presiding deity is known as Purvesvara as it is situated towards the east of [[Lingaraj]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajarani Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Rajarani Temple 01.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 11th century<br />
| It is an 11th-century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Siva. Originally it was known as Indreswara, and serves as a shrine to Shiva. It is known as 'love temple',<ref>''Land and people of Indian states and union territories:in 36 volumes. Orissa ''.P.356.S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava</ref> covered with coyly erotic carvings of women and couples. The temple is aesthetically endearing with its graceful sculptures.<ref>''History, Religion and Culture of India''.P.181. Gajarani</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Ram Mandir, Janpath]]<br />
| [[Lord Ram]]<br />
| [[File:Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 20th century<br />
| It is a temple housing beautiful images of Lord [[Rama]], Lord [[Lakshman]], and Goddess [[Sita]]. The high rising spire of the main temple visible from many parts of the capital city, is its main attraction. Built and managed by a private trust, the temple complex also comprises shrines devoted to ochre-painted marble idols of Lord Hanuman, Lord [[Shiva]] and other gods.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rameshwar Deula]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Rama eshwar.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 9th century<br />
| Legend goes as when [[Rama]] was returning from Lanka after victory over [[Ravana]], Goddess [[Sita]] asked to worship [[Shiva]] here. So Ramachandra built a Linga for that purpose. Traditionally during Ashokashtami, which falls one day before to [[Rama Navami]] in [[Chaitra]] Lord Lingaraja comes to this temple by a large chariot called ''Rukuna Rath'' and stays for four days. Historically the temple dates back to 9th century.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sarvatresvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| <br />
| 10th century A.D.<br />
| It enshrines a Siva-[[lingam]] within a circular yonipitha inside the sanctum. It is a living temple and Bibhuti Bhusan Das is the chief priest of the temple. As per the chief priest it is a Patalaphuta linga. The temple precinct is located on the right bank of the stream Gangua.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Satrughaneswara temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Satrughneswara Temple, Bhubaneswar 04.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 6th century A.D.<br />
| Built during Sailodbhava Rule in later half of 6th century, it is one of the oldest temples of Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda157.pdf | title=Satrughnesvara Siva Temple, Bhubaneswar, Dist.- Khurda - Documentation format for Archaeological / Heritage Sites / Monuments | access-date=5 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114854/http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda157.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Sivatirtha Matha]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| It is a [[Hindu]] [[Matha]](monastery) in the outskirts of old town of [[Bhubaneswar]] and is known for ''Chandan Yatra'' and ''Dola purnima''. ''Dola Purnima'' is celebrated in the belief that [[Lingaraj temple|Lord Lingaraja]] arrives to this ''[[Matha]]'' to take ''pankti bhogo''(community lunch)on ''Dola Purnima''.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Subarnesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 10th century A.D.<br />
| It is situated on the left bank of Lingaraja west canal, which can be approached through Kotitirthesvara lane leading from Parasuramesvar temple to Bindu sagar. It stands opposite to Nagesvara across the Lingaraja west canal at a distance of 10.35 metres. The temple faces east. The enshrined deity is a Siva lingam within a circular yoni pitha in the sanctum measuring 2.35 square metres, which is 1.20 metres below the chandrasila of the door.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Suka Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 13th century A.D.<br />
| It is abandoned and not in use. The temple is devoted to saptaratha and the presence of female counterparts of the dikpalas in the upara jangha. This was built in the matured phase of temple building tradition of [[Odisha]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sukutesvara Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 16th Century A.D.<br />
| It is serves as purpose for community gathering. The preceding deity in this temple is a Siva- lingam (Lord Shiva) situated at the centre. The temple observes various religious sacraments like Mahasivaratri, Chandipatha, and Rudrabhisekha.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Svapnesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
| 13th-14th century<br />
| It is close to the Purvesvara Siva temple. The temple faces east. The Sanctum of the temple is empty that measures 2.00 square m.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Talesvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Talesvara Siva temple - I.png|100px]]<br />
|<br />
| The Talesvara Siva temple is a Hindu temple. It is a living temple that means people use it in worshiping purpose.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Uttaresvara Siva Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Uttaresvara Siva Temple..png|100px]]<br />
| 7th century A.D.<br />
|Uttaresvara Siva temple is located within a precinct in the northern embankment of Bindusagar tank in the Nalamuhana Sahi, Kedara-Gouri Chowk, Old Town, Bhubaneswar. The enshrining deity in this temple is a Siva lingam within a circular yoni pitha at the centre of sanctum. The original temple has collapsed, as evident from the renovation work above the pabhaga and presence of cult images of earlier phase in different parts of the temple walls without conforming to the canonical prescriptions.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vaital Deula]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
| [[File:Vaitala Mandira.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 9th Century A.D.<br />
|Vaital Deul Temple's striking feature is the shape of its sanctuary tower. The semi-cylindrical shape of its roof a leading example of khakhara order of temples—bears an affinity to the Dravidian [[Gopuram]] of the South India temples. Its gabbled towers with a row of shikaras reveals unmistakable signs of southern intrusion.<ref>''Designs from Orissan Temples''. P.24. D.P. Ghosh, Nirmal Kumar Bose and Y.D. Sharma</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Vishnu Temple, Bhubaneswar]]<br />
| Vishnu<br />
|<br />
| 12th Century A.D.<br />
|It is situated on the eastern embankment of Bindu Sagar at Talabazar, on the right side of the Talabazar road leading from [[Lingaraj temple]] to Kedara-Gouri lane. The temple faces west and the Sanctum is presently used for storage purposes. The sculptural embellishment on the outer wall and the ''parsavadevatas'' in ''raha'' niche suggests that the temple was originally dedicated to [[Vishnu]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yameshwar Temple]]<br /><small>{{coord|20|14|25|N|85|49|53|E|name=Yameshwar Temple}}</small><br />
| [[Yama]]<br />
| [[File:Jameswar Temple.jpg|300x100px]]<br />
| 12th Century<br />
| The main Vimana is of Rekha Deula, Jagamohana is of Pidha Deula. Many portions of the temple are destroyed by natural calamities as the temple is built by sandstone. The outer Prakara is built of laterite. The icons around the temple include many motifs like serpents, amorous images, animals, Dikpalas etc. The inner [[Garbhagriha]] houses [[Shivalinga]]. The building time of the temple is late 12th century during the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Laxminrusingha Temple]]<br />
| [[Narasimha]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tribeniswar Temple]]<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Hindu temples in Odisha|bhubaneswar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bhubaneswar-related lists|Temples]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India|Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Odisha|Temples in Bhubaneswar]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures by populated place|Bhubaneswar]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shatru_(1986_film)&diff=534740Shatru (1986 film)2026-05-02T11:20:21Z<p>Eziosolution: Created some pg v1...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the Indian actor|Shatru (actor)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Shatru / Birodh<br />
| image = Shatru poster.jpg<br />
<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| director = [[Pramod Chakravorty]]<br />
| producer = Pramod Chakravorty, Habibur Rahman Khan <br />
| story =<br />
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]]<br />[[Shabana (Bangladeshi actress)|Shabana Sadique]]<br />[[Prem Chopra]]<br />[[Ashok Kumar]]<br />[[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]]<br />[[Arun Govil]]<br />[[Om Shivpuri]]<br />[[Sudhir (Indian Actor)|Sudhir]]<br />[[Mac Mohan]]<br />
| music = [[R.D.Burman]]<br />
| cinematography = V. K. Murthy<br />
| distributor =<br />
| released = {{Film date|1986|08|15|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/Movie.aspx?mid=6018 |title=Shatru (1986) - Movie Review, Story, Trailers, Videos, Photos, Wallpapers, Songs, Trivia, Movie Tickets |accessdate=2010-08-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120907000652/http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/Movie.aspx?mid=6018 |archivedate=7 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>|df=y}}<br />
| runtime =<br />
| country = {{ubl|Bangladesh|India}}<br />
| language = {{ubl|Bengali|Hindi}}<br />
| budget =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Shatru''''' ({{translation|Enemy}}) is a 1986 [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Indo-Bangladesh joint venture]] action drama film. The original language was [[Hindi]] and released in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language as '''''Birodh''''' in [[Bangladesh]]. It is starring [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the lead where he plays an inspector in a remote village. The film was an Indo-Bangladeshi venture and the music was written by [[R.D. Burman]]. It was a remake of the 1984 west [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film [[Shatru (1984 film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Anjan Choudhury]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Shatru |title=Shatru |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=30 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730212844/http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Shatru |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Shatru'' in Hindi was an average success as it was released without any publicity.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Haridaspur is a village where Ashok Sharma was assigned as an Inspector. When he arrived at the remote village, he rescued a blind man and a widow. Ashok then got into a fist fight with Nishikant Shah and his men. The next day, Shah finds out the person with whom his men fought was Ashok himself. In order to make amends with Ashok, he decides to pay him a visit of reconciliation. Ashok refuses. After a series of events transpired, Ashok learns of the misdeeds carried out by Nishikant Shah and MLA Gopal Choudhary. Ashok then realized he had to help the people of the village from being exploited by rich men. Meanwhile, he started living in the village as a paying guest at the house of a girl named Asha. Ashok grew fond of an orphan child from the village named Chotu while in the village. Ashok then learned that Chotu's father had been a loyal farmer who was taken advantage of and killed by Nishikant's associates. Chotu promised he would avenge the evils he heard about while in the village. Shah and his friend Choudhry devised a plot against Ashok, which ultimately resulted in him being perceived as a bad person. Shah and Choudhry manipulated the situation to make it seem as though Ashok was responsible for the death of a man in his custody. This led to Ashok losing his job and his good reputation.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] as Inspector Ashok Sharma<br />
*[[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]] as Raj Choudhry<br />
*[[Arun Govil]] as Sub-Inspector Salim<br />
*[[Shabana (actress)|Shabana Sidique]] as Asha<br />
*[[Komal Mahuvakar]] as the professor's granddaughter<br />
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Nishikant Shah<br />
*Subhodip Roy Chowdhury as Chotu<br />
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Superintendent of Police<br />
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Gopal Choudhry, MLA<br />
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Kanu<br />
*[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] as Anup Chatterjee<br />
*[[Hasan Imam]] as Professor<br />
*[[Golam Mustafa]] as a corrupted police officer<br />
*[[Nuton]] as Dancer<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
*"Iski Topi Uske Sar" - [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
*"Tere Aanchal Mein" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
*"Babuji Dil Loge" - [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
*"Main Teraa Bismil Hoon" - [[Andrew Kishore]]<br />
*"Sooraj Chandaa Saagar Parbat" - Andrew Kishore & Chorus<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0158212|Shatru}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1986 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi multilingual films]] <br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Pramod Chakravorty]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]] <br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kis_Kisko_Pyaar_Karoon_2&diff=510066Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 22026-05-02T03:47:30Z<p>Eziosolution: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Anukalp Goswami}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Anukalp Goswami<br />
| writer = Anukalp Goswami<br />
| producer = [[Abbas–Mustan]]<br />[[Ganesh Jain]]<br />Ratan Jain<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Kapil Sharma]]<br />
* [[Manjot Singh]]<br />
* Hira Warina<br />
* [[Tridha Choudhury]]<br />
* [[Parul Gulati]]<br />
* [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]] <br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Ravi Yadav]]<br />
| editing = Hussain Burmawalla<br />
| music = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br/>digV<br/>Yug Bhusal<br/>Parikshit Sharma<br/>Nishad Chandra<br />
| studio = Abbas–Mustan Films Production<br />[[Venus Records & Tapes]]<br />
| distributor = [[Star Studio18]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|12|12|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 |url=https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-0 |website=[[Australian Classification Board]] |date=10 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdm0mzc3 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=8 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTEwMTEyMDI1MDAxMjE= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |date=25 November 2025}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = ₹35 crore<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=किस किसको प्यार करूं 2 बॉक्स ऑफिस कलेक्शन डे 1: धुरंधर ने कपिल शर्मा का गेम किया स्पॉइल, किस किसको प्यार करूं 2 ने कमाए इतने करोड़ |website=NDTV |date= |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-box-office-collection-day-1-kapil-sharma-game-is-spoiled-by-dhurandhar-kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-earned-rs-1-crore-9800266 |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹14.87 crore<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 Box Office Collection |website=Bollywood Hungama |date= |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2/box-office/ |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''''Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2''''' ({{Translation|Who-whom should I love 2}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Anukalp Goswami. Produced under Abbas–Mustan Films Production Pvt. Ltd., [[Venus Records & Tapes]] and [[Star Studio18]], the film stars [[Kapil Sharma]], [[Manjot Singh]], Hira Warina, [[Tridha Choudhury]], [[Parul Gulati]] and [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]]. It is a [[spiritual sequel]] to ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]'' (2015). This is also the first of several posthumous releases of [[Asrani]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Mohan, a Hindu, and Saniya, a Muslim, want to marry each other, but their parents have arranged their marriages within their religions. On Saniya's [[Nikah]] day, Mohan disguises himself as a Muslim and as her groom, Mehmood, but is surprised to know Saniya has also staged her cousin, Roohi, as a bride because she has run away. The same night, Mohan is abducted and wakes up in his bed with Meera, surprised to know that his parents have arranged [[Saptapadi]] while he was unconscious. He has to accept both wives individually because otherwise, both had threatened to commit suicide.<br />
<br />
One day, Saniya calls Mohan to marry in a [[collective wedding]] at a church in [[Goa]], disguised as Christians. His both wives also wanted a honeymoon. To his surprise, both appear together at the church, and he hides with a third girl – Jenny, a Christian, whom he gives a [[mouth-to-mouth resuscitation]] as she had fainted after getting rejected by her groom-to-be. Though, Jenny revives and [[marriage vows|exhanges vows]] with Mohan where his name is called Michael. Mohan shares his confusions to a priest, who instead starts doubting his intentions.<br />
<br />
Now back in [[Bhopal]] where Mohan runs a restaurant, Roohi is living with Saniya's parents and Meera with Mohan's parents, while Jenny is kept at a new household where her brother, Inspector David, also appears. David is on a mission to search for a man with four planned weddings in different religions, following a complaint filed by the priest – not knowing it was Mohan. It is up to Mohan's friend, Hubby, to keep all the families away and unaware of each other, during which Hubby himself becomes the target of Santosh, an NGO worker having a vision to save girls from the deceiving men. David gets another complaint by Santosh, doubting Hubby's intentions.<br />
<br />
One day, Mohan barely manages to attend all; [[Durga Puja]] with Meera without eating a [[Prasada]] and Jenny's birthday party by delaying the cake-cutting, only because he has kept a [[Sawm|Roza]] with Roohi. On [[India's Republic Day]], Roohi attends a function of her younger cousin in a school where Meera is a teacher, while Jenny comes to organize a medical camp. They meet each other, not knowing their husband is the same, thus Mohan has to donate blood thrice, where the receptionist notes his identity and tries exposing Mohan on stage. Instead, Mohan delivers a religious and patriotic speech to cover himself against the humiliation. There, Mohan rediscovers Saniya but in a Sikh outfit.<br />
<br />
Upon investigating, it is revealed that Saniya was kidnapped from Goa's church by her arranged fiancé, the real Mehmood, and has lost her memory. She was saved by a Sikh landlord. To marry Saniya, Mohan disguises himself as Manjeet, a Sikh, and runs away from his three wives. Meanwhile, the receptionist files a final complaint with David, who has just arrested Mehmood. David gathers the three girls and parents to reveal Mohan's true identity. They break into [[Anand Karaj|the wedding at a Gurdwara]] by obtaining a forced [[tipline|tip]] from Hubby, and beat up Mohan before he could have a fourth marriage with Saniya.<br />
<br />
Hubby comes in Mohan's defense, and shares that he was unwillingly staged into the previous three marriages or else the girls would have died in pain – Roohi is a two-time divorcee, Meera is his father's arranged bride, and Jenny is a stress patient. Mohan accepts that he has always tried to balance his role among all while trying to find his true love, Saniya, and that he prefers love over any religion. During the chaos, Saniya's memories revive. All four girls confess for Mohan and accept each other before he fades away while marrying Saniya.<br />
<br />
In the hospital, Mohan's mother arranges and introduces his fifth wife, Ginni, but this time, he attempts an escape from her [[Varmala]].<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Kapil Sharma]] as Mohan Sharma/Mehmood/Michael/Manjit <br />
* [[Manjot Singh]] as Harbir "Hubby" Singh<br />
* Hira Warina as Saniya Hussain<br />
* [[Tridha Choudhury]] as Meera<br />
* [[Parul Gulati]] as Jenny<br />
* [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]] as Roohi <br />
* [[Sushant Singh]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] David D'costa, Jenny's Brother<br />
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as Mirza, Saniya's Father<br />
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]] as BK, Mohan's Father<br />
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Zeenat, Saniya's Mother<br />
* [[Supriya Shukla]] as Mamta, Mohan's Mother<br />
* [[Jamie Lever]] as Santosh<br />
* [[Jimmy Moses]] as Eunuch Head<br />
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Engineer Baba<br />
* [[Asrani]] as [[Church Father|Father]] Anthony<br />
* [[Anil Charanjeett]] as Mahmood<br />
* Shrikant Verma as PT teacher<br />
* Aarav Jain as Rizwan<br />
* Trupti Khamkar as Pushpa<br />
* Sumit Arora as Taxi Driver<br />
* Ginni Kapil Sharma as Ginni<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Kashvi Raj |date=17 December 2025 |title=Kapil Sharma’s Wife Ginni Chatrath’s Surprise Cameo In Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 Leaked |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/kapil-sharmas-wife-ginni-chatraths-surprise-cameo-in-kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-leaked-aa-ws-l-9775447.html |work=[[News18]] |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref> (cameo appearance)<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
In August 2024, the film was announced with [[Kapil Sharma]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kapil Sharma set for his big screen comeback with Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2; Reports : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kapil-sharma-set-big-screen-comeback-kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-reports/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Principal photography]] began in January 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Kapil Sharma returns with his comedy film Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2, shoot begins in Mumbai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kapil-sharma-returns-with-his-comedy-film-kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-shoot-begins-in-mumbai-101737790273213.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=25 January 2025}}</ref> and was completed in March 2025.{{cn|date=February 2025}} The film was shot in [[Mumbai]] and [[Bhopal]] for 45 days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kapil Sharma to juggle between Netflix show and Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/nimrit-kaur-ahluwalia-hindi-film-debut-kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-kapil-sharma-23472042 |website=Mid-day |date=25 January 2025}}</ref> In July 2025, the track ''Phurr'' was shot in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kapil Sharma and Yo Yo Honey Singh to collaborate for 'Bollywood Anthem'; the rapper reveals they shot the song in Dubai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kapil-sharma-and-yo-yo-honey-singh-to-collaborate-for-bollywood-anthem-the-rapper-reveals-they-shot-the-song-in-dubai/articleshow/122796563.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], digV, Yug Bhusal, Parikshit Sharma and Nishad Chandra<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|12|14}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1861413914 |website=Apple Music – Web Player |date=14 December 2025}}</ref><br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=14|s=27}}<br />
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| label = [[Ishtar Music]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
The soundtrack for ''Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2'' was composed by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], digV, Yug Bhusal, Parikshit Sharma and Nishad Chandra.<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing <br />
| all_writing = <br />
| extra_column= Singer(s)<br />
| title1= Phurr<br />
| lyrics1= [[Raj Brar]]<br />
| music1= [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| extra1= Yo Yo Honey Singh, Josh Brar<br />
| length1= 03:15 <br />
| title2= Ranjhe Nu Heer<br />
| lyrics2= Lavraj<br />
| music2= DigV<br />
| extra2= [[Jubin Nautiyal]]<br />
| length2= 03:47<br />
| title3= Aaja Hulchal Karenge<br />
| lyrics3= Ajay Kumar<br />
| music3= Yug Bhusal<br />
| extra3= [[Afsana Khan]]<br />
| length3= 04:08<br />
| title4= Har Safar Mein<br />
| lyrics4= Vimal Kashyap<br />
| music4= Parikshit Sharma, Nishad Chandra<br />
| extra4= [[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
| length4= 03:17<br />
| total_length= {{Duration|m=14|s=27}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2'' was released theatrically on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kapil Sharma's 'Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kapil-sharmas-kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-gets-a-release-date/article70193230.ece |website=The Hindu |date=23 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The film's digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 OTT partner revealed! Here's when and where you can stream Kapil Sharma's comedy sequel after its theatrical run |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-ott-partner-revealed-when-where-stream-kapil-sharma-comedy-sequel-after-theatrical-run/86d1e22ae5762 |website=OTTPlay |date=6 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Rishabh Suri from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and said "Overall, Kis Kis Ko Pyaar Karoon 2 is content to play within its comfort zone. It offers a handful of entertaining moments and a game cast, yet the stretched runtime keeps it from landing as confidently as it should".<ref>{{cite web |first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Kis Kis Ko Pyaar Karoon 2 review: This Kapil Sharma film is funny, breezy in parts, stretched in others |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kis-kis-ko-pyaar-karoon-2-review-this-kapil-sharma-film-is-funny-breezy-in-parts-stretched-in-others-101765519839448.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=12 December 2025}}</ref> Syed Firdaus Ashraf of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and observed that "Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 may be a comedy filled with chaos, but in its indirect way, it speaks about a time when the Constitution mattered more than one's religion and when the idea of India was larger than personal hate."<ref>{{cite web |first=Syed|last=Firdaus Ashraf|title=Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2: Delightful Comedy! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-review/20251212.htm |website=Rediff |date=12 December 2025}}</ref> Shreyas Pande from ''[[The Hindu]]'' and wrote that "the film is a surprising blend of over-the-top gags, which quietly accentuate its progressive themes".<ref>{{cite web |first=Shreyas|last=Pande|title='Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2' movie review: Kapil Sharma's silly-comedy rewires with love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-kapil-sharma-anukalp-goswami/article70387267.ece |website=The Hindu |date=12 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Deepa Gahlot]] writing for the ''[[Scroll.in]]'' commented that "Unfortunately, the film is dated and ludicrous. There is a modicum of satire, like a spark in the gloom.<ref>{{cite web |first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|title='Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2' film review: In a ludicrous comedy, a man juggles multiple wives|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1089200/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-film-review-in-a-ludicrous-comedy-a-man-juggles-multiple-wives|website=Scroll.in |date=12 December 2025}}</ref><br />
Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' observed that "Kapil Sharma is once again a man with many wives in this belated sequel; it's satire meets fantasy meets low comedy." <ref>{{cite web |first=Shilajit|last=Mitra|title='Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2' Movie Review: Kapil Sharma Versus The World|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-movie-review-kapil-sharma-versus-the-world|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|date=12 December 2025}}</ref><br />
''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and said that "On the whole, KIS KISKO PYAAR KAROON 2 is a light-hearted, massy laugh-riot that fondly evokes the madcap comedies of the 90s. It’s neither groundbreaking nor flawless, but the gags land more often than not, Kapil Sharma is in top form, and the clean, family-friendly humour gives it a clear identity."<ref>{{cite web |title=Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2 Movie Review: KIS KISKO PYAAR KAROON 2 is a light hearted, massy laugh riot.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2/critic-review/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-movie-review/kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-is-a-light-hearted-massy-laugh-riot/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=11 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|33307516}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Star Studio18 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films about marriage]]<br />
[[Category:Films about polygamy]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Shyamlal_Gupta&diff=538592Suresh Shyamlal Gupta2026-05-01T18:15:04Z<p>Eziosolution: Created the entry more to come...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English |date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Suresh Gupta<br />
| birth_name = Suresh Shyamlal Gupta<br />
| image = Suresh-shyamlal-gupta.jpg<br />
| caption = Suresh Shyamlal Gupta<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|03|26|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan's College of Engineering]]<br />
| occupation = Politician, social activist<br />
| years_active = 2006 - present<br />
| known_for = [[All Indian Cine Workers Association]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| movement = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Suresh Shyamlal Gupta''' (born 26 March 1988)<ref name=":2" /> is an Indian politician, trade union leader, and social activist. He is the founder and president of the [[All Indian Cine Workers Association]] (AICWA) and holds the position of Mumbai President for the youth wing of the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC). He also serves as a committee member of the [[Government of Maharashtra]] focusing on industries, labor, and energy.<br />
<br />
As president of the INTUC body, he busted an illegal kidney racket at [[Hiranandani Hospital]], Mumbai in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kidney for a price |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/organ-trade-mumbai.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=theweek.in}}</ref><ref name="transplant"/> As president of AICWA, he objected to the [[Netflix]] web series [[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games'']] for insulting former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name="Sacred Games">{{Cite web|date=2018-07-12|title=Another Congress activist lodges complaint against 'Sacred Games'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/another-congress-activist-lodges-complaint-against-sacred-games/story-svg8grRmHwIXfokdjrlrWL.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2018-07-12 |title=Second police complaint filed against Netflix series 'Sacred Games' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/886270/second-police-complaint-filed-against-netflix-series-sacred-games |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the [[2019 Pulwama attack|2019 Pulwama terror attack]], he announced a ban on Pakistani artists and singers in India<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bollywood ban may hurt Pakistan more than India|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47479747/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 21, 2019 |title=AICWA to PM Modi, Sushma Swaraj: Cancel work visas of Pakistani artists, requests strict action |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-aicwa-to-pm-modi-sushma-swaraj-cancel-work-visas-of-pakistani-artists-requests-strict-action-505481 |work=[[India TV]]}}</ref> and an industry boycott of singer [[Mika Singh]] for performing at a wedding event in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-14|title=Singer Mika Singh banned from Indian film industry after his performance at a high profile event in Karachi|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/singer-mika-singh-banned-from-indian-film-industry-after-his-performance-at-a-high-profile-event-in-karachi-1460185/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2024 |title=Press release |url=https://lawstreet.co/secure/uploads/pdfs/lj_2351_Following_performance_in_Karachi,_Mika_Singh_banned_by_All_India_Cine_Workers_Association.pdf |website=Law Street Journal}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
<br />
Suresh Gupta was born in Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]]. His ancestral village is Borra, [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He attended Sandesh Vidyalaya School and Uttar Bhartiya Sabha School in Mumbai for his early education. He attended S.K. Somaiya College and earned a degree in [[Electronic engineering|Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering]] from [[Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan's College of Engineering]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
<br />
In 2013, he was appointed as the [[Mumbai]] President of the Youth Wing of the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]]. In 2014 he became the National Secretary of Youth Wing of the Indian National Trade Union Congress.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=मुंबई की सड़कों से ऑल इंडियन सिने वर्कर्स एसोसिएशन तक, जानें कौन हैं सुरेश श्यामलाल गुप्ता |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/from-the-streets-of-mumbai-to-all-indian-cine-workers-association-know-who-is-aicwa-founder-suresh-shyamlal-gupta-5044239 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><br />
<br />
== All Indian Cine Workers Association ==<br />
[[File:Suresh-shyamlal-gupta-4.jpg|thumb|left|Meeting regarding film industry at Sahyadri House, Chief Minister's Office, Mumbai]]<br />
In 2016, he founded [[All Indian Cine Workers Association]] (AlCWA), a non-profit organisation aimed at addressing the concerns and issues faced by artists, workers, and labourers within the [[Indian Film Industry]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
In a meeting with the government authorities, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] agreed to establish a committee dedicated to the welfare and rights of individuals in the film industry. Gupta was appointed as the employee representative on this committee.<ref name=":2" /> Under his presidency, the organization has raised issues and made demands related to the Indian film and television industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Functions of AICWA – AICWA |url=https://aicwa.in/functions-of-aicwa/ |access-date=2024-02-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== The ''‘Sacred Games’'' controversy ===<br />
After a complaint was filed in [[Kolkata]] in July 2018 against the Netflix web series [[Sacred Games (web series)|''Sacred Games'']], its showrunners and lead actor [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], for allegedly insulting former Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in one scene,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nawazuddin-abused-rajiv-gandhi-on-netflix-s-sacred-games-says-bengal-congress-leader/story-whCZs39ZI6aGJUwpub1y4N.html|title=Nawazuddin abused Rajiv Gandhi on Netflix's Sacred Games: Bengal Congress leader|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 July 2018|access-date=8 January 2021|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124624/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nawazuddin-abused-rajiv-gandhi-on-netflix-s-sacred-games-says-bengal-congress-leader/story-whCZs39ZI6aGJUwpub1y4N.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
Gupta, as President of AICWA, filed a complaint at the [[Chembur]] police station,<ref>{{Cite news|title='सॅक्रेड गेम्स'मध्ये राहुल गांधींनी असा मिळवला राजकीय पॉइंट|language=mr|work=BBC News मराठी|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-44836571|access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=July 12, 2018 |title=Sacred Games: Another Congress activist lodges complaint against the show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/sacred-games-another-congress-activist-lodges-complaint-against-the-show-1283413-2018-07-12|access-date=2022-01-09|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] on the matter was later filed in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/netflix-will-not-change-objectionable-word-in-sacred-games-rajiv-gandhi-line-to-remain/story-3BmN4xq80L1BdAKm6wk8zN.html| title=Netflix will not change objectionable word in Sacred Games, Rajiv Gandhi line to remain| author=((HT Correspondent))| date=8 August 2018| access-date=15 May 2023| website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ban on Pakistani artists ===<br />
Following the [[2019 Pulwama attack]] by the Pakistan-based terrorist organization [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], AICWA announced a complete ban on Pakistani actors and artists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pulwama attack after-effects on Bollywood: Complete ban announced on Pakistani artistes, Shabana Azmi declines invite|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-pulwama-attack-after-effects-on-bollywood-complete-ban-announced-on-pakistani-artistes-shabana-azmi-declines-invite-2721505|access-date=2022-01-12|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-18|title=All Indian Cine Workers Association announces ban on Pakistani artists, actors after Pulwama attack|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/all-indian-cine-workers-association-announces-ban-on-pakistani-artists-actors-after-pulwama-attack/story-4hlne3uPFRavZnxiG54FdN.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Gupta said the attack was "cowardly" and the most shameful act Pakistan has ever done, it will take strict action against anyone working with Pakistani artists.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ANI|date=2019-02-18|title=Pulwama attack: All Indian Cine Workers Association announces ban on Pakistani artists, actors|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/pulwama-attack-all-indian-cine-workers-associationaicwa-announces-ban-on-pakistani-artists-actors-922092|access-date=2022-01-12|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-18|title=All Indian Cine Workers Association bans Pakistani actors and artistes following Pulwama terror attacks|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/all-indian-cine-workers-association-bans-pakistani-actors-and-artistes-following-pulwama-terror-attacks-1366855/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref><br />
In reciprocation of the ban, a petition was filed in the [[Lahore High Court]] seeking a ban on the trade of [[Indian films]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=2019-02-22|title=LHC moved for ban on Indian films|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1465276|access-date=2022-01-09|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Petition in Lahore HC seeks ban on exhibiting Indian films in Pakistan|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/02/22/petition-lahore-hc-seeks-ban-exhibiting-indian-films-pakistan.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Mika Singh's Pakistan performance controversy ===<br />
[[File:Suresh-shyamlal-gupta-3.jpg|thumb|left|Protested against singer [[Mika Singh]]'s]]<br />
AICWA protested against singer [[Mika Singh]]'s performance at an event in Pakistan in August 2019, and boycotted him from any association with film production houses, music companies and online music content providers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ians|date=2019-08-14|title=Mika Singh banned by All Indian Cine Workers Association after Karachi concert|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mika-singh-banned-from-the-indian-film-industry/article29091020.ece|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Film body bans Mika Singh after performance in Karachi|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/08/14/film-body-bans-mika-singh-after-performance-in-karachi.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><br />
The Federation of [[Western India]] Cine Employees (FWICE) also issued the ban against him and his crew who performed at the event, but revoked the ban after he apologized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सिंगर मीका सिंह के खिलाफ एआईसीडब्लूए ने किया विरोध प्रदर्शन|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/maharashtra/story/mumbai-singer-mika-singh-all-indian-cine-workers-association-protest-955473-2019-08-19|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Aaj Tak|date=19 August 2019 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mika-singh-apologises-for-his-performance-in-pakistan-fwice-withdraws-ban-1590163-2019-08-22| title=Mika Singh apologises for his performance in Pakistan, FWICE withdraws ban| author=IANS| date=22 August 2019| access-date=11 May 2023| website=indiatoday.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Director Raju Sapte's suicide ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Suresh-shyamlal-gupta-5.jpg|thumb|right|Meeting at Mantralaya under the leadership of the Home Minister regarding the Raju Sapte case, August 2021]]<br />
Art director Raju Sapte’s suicide was raised in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] on AICWA's demand,<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजू सपते सुसाइड केस: फेडरेशन ऑफ वेस्टर्न इंडिया सिने एम्प्लॉईज के नेता नामजद, मकोका लगाने की मांग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/raju-sapte-suicide-case-fwice-leader-accused-mcoca |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-06 |title=Maharashtra home minister Dilip Walse Patil to hold meeting of top officials over art director Raju Sapte's suicide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-home-minister-dilip-walse-patil-to-hold-meeting-of-top-officials-over-art-director-raju-saptes-suicide/articleshow/84168530.cms |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=Mumbai: Sapte suicide accused arrested for extortion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-sapte-suicide-accused-arrested-for-extortion-7457031/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> following which a meeting was held under the leadership of Home Minister [[Dilip Walse-Patil]] and State Home Minister [[Satej Patil]], and orders were issued for strict action against the culprits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=राजू सपते आत्महत्या मामला: अब उठेगा पूरी साजिश से परदा, गृहमंत्री पाटिल तक पहुंचा 'दबंगों' का मामला|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/raju-sapte-suicide-case-reaches-to-state-home-minister-dilip-walse-patil|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> In August 2021, the accused were arrested by the [[Mumbai Police]] for alleged extortion.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Arrested In Maharashtra Film Director's Suicide Case: Police |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1-arrested-in-maharashtra-film-director-raju-saptes-suicide-case-police-2511602 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Raju Sapte suicide case: Mumbai police arrests man for alleged extortion |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/raju-sapte-suicide-case-mumbai-094355113.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-SG}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Poonam Pandey death stunt ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Suresh-shyamlal-gupta-2.jpg|thumb|right|During a press interaction regarding the [[Poonam Pandey]] death incident]]<br />
In February 2024, model-actor [[Poonam Pandey]] and her agency, Schbang, executed a fake death stunt to raise awareness about [[cervical cancer]], leading to public outrage and calls for legal action. Gupta, as President of AICWA, demanded that the [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Mumbai Police Commissioner]] register an FIR against Pandey and her manager, arguing that their actions could damage the credibility of death announcements within the Indian film industry and potentially exploit serious health issues for personal gain. Following the public backlash, Pandey and her agency apologized, explaining that their intention was to highlight the seriousness of cervical cancer and to emphasize the importance of its prevention and awareness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=Poonam Pandey's death stunt backfires as AICWA calls for FIR to be lodged against her |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/fir-should-be-filed-against-poonam-pandey-no-one-in-film-industry-stoops-to-such-level-for-pr-cine-workers-association-101706953892317.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-05 |title=Poonam Pandey's agency issues an apology statement over the fake death stunt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/poonam-pandeys-agency-issues-an-apology-statement-over-the-fake-death-stunt/articleshow/107414523.cms |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal trouble looms for Poonam Pandey for faking her death |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/legal-trouble-looms-for-poonam-pandey-for-faking-her-death-686788 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=WION |date=4 February 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Cine Workers Association demands FIR against Poonam Pandey for fake death stint: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cine-workers-association-demands-fir-against-poonam-pandey-for-fake-death-stint-report/articleshow/107396016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bust of illegal kidney trade ==<br />
Suresh Gupta busted a kidney [[Rackets (crime)|racket]] at [[Hiranandani Hospital]], [[Mumbai]] in 2016. His efforts led to a change in the law on organ transplantation in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mumbai |first=ZTCC |date=11 February 2024 |title=Maharashtra State Appropriate Authority Guidelines For Cadaver Transplant Program |url=https://www.ztccmumbai.org/MaharashtraStateGuidelines.pdf |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-19 |title=Hiranandani Hospital kidney racket: Govt wants stronger penal laws for illegal transplants |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/hiranandani-hospital-kidney-racket-govt-wants-stronger-penal-laws-for-illegal-transplants-2983944/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Police To Keep An Eye On Future Transplants at Mumbai's Hiranandani Hospital |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/police-to-keep-an-eye-on-future-transplants-at-hiranandani-hospital-1442772 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Changes in organ transplant rules: A new lease of life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/changes-in-organ-transplant-rules-a-new-lease-of-life-8455137/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
This incident resulted in the arrest of more than 20 people, including Hiranandani Hospital CEO Sujit Chatterjee, several doctors and agents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kidney racket: 3 more TOHA sections slapped on 5 docs held|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kidney-racket-3-more-toha-sections-slapped-on-5-docs-held-2243593|access-date=2022-01-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kidney Racket: Hiranandani CEO, 4 Others Sent To 14-Day Judicial Custody|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/kidney-racket-hiranandani-ceo-4-others-sent-to-14-day-judicial-custody-1443944|access-date=2022-01-09|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=V. Narayan|date=Oct 11, 2016|title=Hiranandani Hospital: Kidney racket: Five Hiranandani doctors chargesheeted for criminal conspiracy {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/kidney-racket-five-hiranandani-doctors-chargesheeted-for-criminal-conspiracy/articleshow/54789249.cms|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="kidney price">{{Cite web|title=Kidney for a price|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/organ-trade-mumbai.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=theweek.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
Certain types of keywords were being used for illegal kidneys in Hiranandani Hospital,<ref name="transplant">{{Cite web|date=2016-08-15|title=Illegal organ racket: Rajma for kidney, sauce for blood; code words agents used while discussing transplants|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kidney-racket-rajma-for-kidney-sauce-for-blood-code-words-agents-used-while-discussing-transplants-2975867/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815012023/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kidney-racket-rajma-for-kidney-sauce-for-blood-code-words-agents-used-while-discussing-transplants-2975867/| archive-date=15 August 2016| website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> after which many illegal kidney rackets were busted in Maharashtra and many places in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-17 |title=The fall, rise and fall of kidney racket kingpin Dr Amit Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-fall-rise-and-fall-of-kidney-racket-kingpin-dr-amit-kumar/story-hgMheixL8H9l6k1KTNeNCN.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-16 |title=Kingpin was held in 2007, sourced 100 kidneys illegally from Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/kingpin-was-held-in-2007-sourced-100-kidneys-illegally-from-mumbai/articleshow/53245038.cms |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the run for 23 years, kidney racketeer held in Mumbai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kidney-racketeer-arrested-mumbai-police-azad-maidan-336262-2016-08-20 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How A 22-Year-Old Student Allegedly Became A Kidney Racket Agent |url=https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/how-a-donor-turned-alleged-agent-for-international-kidney-racket-in-telangana-1262956 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-11 |title=Doctors to donor: 10 things to know about Mumbai's kidney racket |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/doctors-to-donor-10-things-to-know-about-mumbai-s-kidney-racket/story-i60Sdmfakif7oTOddAiuyL.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
Fraudulent documents prepared for donors and recipients for an illegal kidney transplant that showed fraudulent family ties between them. High-profile people were involved in this case.Key witness and victim Sundar Singh Jatav, through a friend, approached Suresh Gupta for help uncovering this complex kidney trafficking network. Soon after the FIR was registered, Sundar started receiving death threats.<ref>{{Cite news|title=He sold his kidney to settle a family debt. His fight for payment uncovered another organ racket in India.|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/16/he-sold-his-kidney-to-settle-a-family-debt-his-fight-for-payment-uncovered-another-organ-racket-in-india/|access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-15|title=Duped into selling his kidney, this 23-year-old exposed an illegal organ racket in India|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-india-kidney-snap-story.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
After Jatav was found hanging at his home in 2016, Gupta demanded a CBI inquiry as he claimed it was not a case of suicide. Gupta alleged that bloodstains were found on the floor of Singh's residence.<ref name="kidney racket">{{Cite web|title=Activist demands CBI probe into 'suicide' of kidney racket witness|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-activist-demands-cbi-probe-into-suicide-of-kidney-racket-witness-2706173|access-date=2022-01-10|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-09|title=Key witness in kidney racket case commits suicide near Mumbai|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/key-witness-in-kidney-racket-case-commits-suicide-near-mumbai/story-5NdHxkeAmdNUwnvFAt6igP.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nishikant Karlikar|date=Jan 9, 2019|title=Man who helped expose kidney racket found dead {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/man-who-helped-expose-kidney-racket-found-dead/articleshow/67444880.cms|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://aicwa.in/team/ AICWA National Committee]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Suresh Shyamlal}}<br />
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian whistleblowers]]<br />
[[Category:Film people from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century trade unionists]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attia_Hosain&diff=488277Attia Hosain2026-04-29T04:42:08Z<p>Eziosolution: put up!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British-Indian writer, broadcaster and actor (1913–1998)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Attia Hosain<br />
| image = Attia Hosain in the 1930s.jpg<br />
| caption = Hosain in the 1930s<br />
| birth_date = 20 October 1913<br />
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|01|25|1913|10|20|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]<br />
| occupation = Writer<br />
| nationality = Indian, British<br />
| genre = Novels<br />
| children = [[Waris Hussein]], Shama Habibullah<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Ali Bahadur Habibullah|1909|1982|reason=d.}}<br />
| relatives = [[FS Hussain]] (brother)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Attia Hosain''' (20 October 1913 &ndash; 25 January 1998)<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Frauendatenbank fembio.org |url=https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/frauendatenbank?fem_id=13918 |website=fembio.org |publisher= |access-date=25 April 2022 |language=German |date=}}</ref> was a British-Indian novelist, author, writer, broadcaster, journalist and actor.<ref name=":0">''Distant Traveller'', new and selected fiction: edited by [[Aamer Hussein|Aamer Hossein]] with Shama Habibullah, with foreword and afterword by them, and introduction by [[Ritu Menon]] (Women Unlimited, India 2013). This contains the first publication of a section of Attia Hosain's unfinished novel, ''No New Lands, No New Seas''.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/14/india-at-70-a-muslim-womans-story-of-nationalism-partition-an_a_23076448/|title=India at 70: A Muslim Woman's Story of Nationalism, Partition and her awakening into Feminism|last=Ghoshal|first=Somak|date=15 August 2017|website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref> She was a woman of letters and a diasporic writer. She wrote in English although her mother tongue was Urdu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Attia Hosain|last=Hussein|first=Aamer|date=31 January 1998|work=The Guardian}}</ref> She wrote the semi-autobiographical novel ''[[Sunlight on a Broken Column]]'' (1961) and a collection of short stories titled ''Phoenix Fled''.<br />
Her career began in England in semi-exile making a contribution to post-colonial literature. [[Anita Desai]], [[Vikram Seth]], [[Aamer Hussein]] and [[Kamila Shamsie]] have acknowledged her influence.<br />
{{TOC limit|2}}<br />
<br />
==Background and education==<br />
[[File:Shaikh Shahid Hussain Qidwai.png|thumb|right|150px|Portrait of Shaikh Shahid Hussain Qidwai {{small|(1878-1924)}}, taken in 1914.]]<br />
Born in [[Lucknow]] to a [[Muslim]] family of the [[Qidwai]] clan, Attia had five siblings, two sisters and three brothers. Their father, Shaikh Shahid Hussain Qidwai {{small|(1878-1924)}} was a [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]-educated [[barrister-at-law]] and [[Taluqdar]] of the Ghadia district in the [[United Province]] and died shortly before her youngest sibling [[FS Hussain]] was born.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sentinels in the Sky: A Saga of PAF's Gallant Air Warriors|author=Azam Qadri|year=2014|publisher=PAF Book Club|pages=12–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOa1AAAAIAAJ&q=shaikh%20shahid%20qidwai|title=Second Supplement to Who's who in India|year=1914|pages=63–64}}</ref> Her mother, Begum Nisar Fatima, came from the Alvi family of Kakori. From her father, Attia inherited a keen interest in politics and nationalism. From her mother's family of poets and scholars she drew a knowledge of Urdu, Persian and Arabic. She was the first woman from her background to graduate from [[Lucknow University]], after having attended [[La Martiniere College|La Martiniere School for Girls]] and [[Isabella Thoburn College]], Lucknow.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-attia-hosain-1142971.html|title=Obituary: Attia Hosain|last=Khan|first=Naseem|date=5 Feb 1998|work=[[The Independent]], UK}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hosain grew up in two cultures, reading the canon of English and European literature as well as the Quran.<ref name=":1" /><br />
[[File:Attia Hosein aged 15 in 1928.jpg|thumb|Attia Hosain aged 15]]<br />
Attia came of age as the struggle for independence was gaining strength.<ref name=":3" /> Attia's father was a friend of [[Motilal Nehru]] at the Inns of Court. In 1933, Attia was encouraged by [[Sarojini Naidu]], "my own ideal of womanhood from childhood", and attended the [[All India Women's Conference]] in Calcutta.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In her own words, Attia said, "I had been very influenced by the political thoughts of the Left in the [[Progressive Writers' Movement]], through my friends Mulk Raj Anand, [[Sajjad Zaheer]] and Sahibzada Mahmuduzaffar and was asked by Desmond Young to write for ''The Pioneer''."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Voices of the Crossing|last=Hosain|first=Attia|publisher=Serpents Tail|others=The impact of Britain on writers from Asia, the Caribbean and Africa|year=1998|editor-last=Davis|editor-first=Ferdinand|pages=19|chapter=Deep Roots|editor-last2=Khan|editor-first2=Naseem}}</ref> She also wrote for ''The Statesman'', Calcutta.<br />
<br />
She married her cousin, Ali Bahadur Habibullah, her mother's sister's son, against the wishes of their families. They had two children, Shama Habibullah and [[Waris Hussein]]. In the early 1940s the couple moved to Bombay, where Ali Bahadur was in government service, first in the Textile Commission and later as Supply Commissioner for South East Asia after the outbreak of [[World War II]].<br />
<br />
She turned her home into an extension of her childhood open house, a Lakhnavi "adda", a gathering that attracted an eclectic crowd of people, writers, filmmakers, members of social and business world of the city, which expanded to include her husband's more western world. A young Raj Thapar was brought in by her future husband Romesh Thapar to meet Attia, whom he called 'the only woman with a man's mind."<ref>{{Cite book|title=All These Years: A Memoir|last=Thapar|first=Raj|publisher=Seminar Publications|year=1991}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ali Bahadur Habibullah moved to England with his family in 1947, before India became independent, posted to the Indian High Commission, in the newly created Trade Commission. When India was partitioned into India and Pakistan, the division of the country and the separation of two religious communities caused Attia great pain. "We belong to a generation that has lived with our hearts in pieces," she said.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br />
<br />
Later in life she wrote: "Here I am, I have chosen to live in this country which has given me so much; but I cannot get out of my blood the fact that I had the blood of my ancestors for 800 years in another country."<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
==Writing==<br />
In London, where a diaspora of displaced people had gathered in a post-war world, Attia Hosain became a ''Qissa-go'', the storyteller of her own roots. Her stories appeared in the English magazine ''Lilliput'' and the American Journal, the ''Atlantic Monthly''.<br />
<br />
Despite her cosmopolitanism, her creative directions as writer, broadcaster with the BBC and actress were enriched by her own identity and diverse cultural strands.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
In 1953, ''Phoenix Fled'', her first collection of short stories, which are set just before the partition, was published.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hosain|first=Attia|url=https://archive.org/details/phoenixfledother00hosa|url-access=registration|title=Phoenix Fled: And Other Stories|date=1989|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-016192-2|language=en}}</ref> In 1961, Chatto and Windus published ''Sunlight on a broken Column''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hosain|first=Attia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1OaAAAAIAAJ&q=Sunlight%20on%20a%20broken%20Column%201961|title=Sunlight on a Broken Column|date=1961|publisher=Chatto & Windus|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
For a long time this was thought to be her only published written work, until ''Distant Traveller, a collection, new & selected fiction'' was published in 2012, to honour her coming centenary year, which included excerpts of her unfinished novel, ''No New Lands, No New Seas'', set in England. Many of her stories have now been included in other anthologies.<br />
<br />
In 1998 ''Sunlight on a broken Column'' and ''Phoenix Fled'' were re-launched as Virago Modern Classics. Attia Hosian was reborn as a writer enjoying a considerable reputation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wasafiri.org/article/celebrating-attia-hosain-1913-1998/|title=Celebrating Attia Hosain|last1=Hussein|first1=Aamer|last2=Menon|first2=Rita|date=2013|website=[[Wasafiri]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
To the young writers, she wrote: "You must keep trying because it is as essential as drawing breath – like exhaling! All the thoughts breathed out and shaping themselves visibly after being inside the cells of the brain, and then released. If you hold your breath and do not breathe out, you will suffocate."<br />
<br />
Attia did not apologize for English as her chosen language of expression. "In the struggle for freedom, English was both a weapon, as well as the key to what I might call the ideological arsenal. The result of this clashing and merging of different cultures was that I, like many others, lived in many worlds of thoughts and many centuries at the same time, shifting from one to the other with bewildering rapidity in a matter of moments", ''Writing in a foreign tongue'' by Attia Hosain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/am24149|title=Writing in A Foreign Tongue|last=Hosain|first=Attia|website=SALIDAA|type=South Asian Diaspora Literature & Arts Archive - broadcasting, scripts and correspondence|access-date=7 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065928/https://www.culture24.org.uk/am24149|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
To the end of her life, she retained a fierce, iconoclastic political consciousness and was scornful of hypocrisy, extremism and sectarianism. She struggled for harmony between the languages, cultures and beliefs that surrounded her and drew strength from socialism, humanism and enlightened Islam, although she accepted no philosophy without rigorous analysis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Hussein|first=Aamer|date=31 January 1998|title=Passages from India|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/19/books.guardianreview11}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Fiction==<br />
* ''Phoenix Fled'', London: Chatto & Windus, 1953. A collection of short stories. Reissued by Virago UK, 1988. Indian edition, Rupa & Co, 1993 - Foreword by Anita Desai.<br />
* ''[[Sunlight on a Broken Column]]'' - London: Chatto & Windus, UK, 1961, A novel; Reissued by Virago, UK, 1988; Reissued by Virago, UK, 2021, with introduction by [[Kamila Shamsie]]<br />
Indian Editions: (1) Arnold Heinemann, India, 1979 - Foreword by [[Mulk Raj Anand]]; (2) Penguin India, 1992 - Foreword by [[Anita Desai]]<br />
* ''Distant Traveller,'' new and selected fiction: edited by Aamer Hussein with Shama Habibullah, with foreword and afterword by them, and introduction by Ritu Menon (Women Unlimited, India 2013). This contains the first publication of a section of Hosain's unfinished novel, ''No New Lands, No New Seas''.<br />
<br />
==Excerpts etc==<br />
* ''Indian short stories.'' Edited by Iqbal Masud & [[Mulk Raj Anand]]. The New India Publishing Company, 1946. Attia Hosain: "The Parrot in the Cage".<br />
* ''Cooking the Indian Way.'' Ed. Attia Hosain, Sita Pasricha, London: Paul Hamlyn, 1962.<br />
* "Light on Divided Worlds", ''The Independent'', 18 August 1988. By Attia Hosain celebrating the Virago edition of her books ''Sunlight on a Broken Column'' and ''Phoenix Fled'', 1981.<br />
* ''Loaves and Wishes'' – writers writing on Food. Edited by Antonia Hill. London: Virago Press, 1992.<br />
* ''The Inner Courtyard.'' Edited by Lakshmi Holmstrom. Attia Hosain: "The First Party" (1), London: Virago Press, 1990 (2) India version – Rupa & Co., 1993<br />
* ''Infinite Riches - short stories''. Edited by Lynn Knight. London: Virago Modern Classics, London: Virago Press, 1993. Attia Hosain: P. 176, "Time is Unredeemable".<br />
* ''Voices of the Crossing -'' The impact of Britain on writers from Asia, the Caribbean and Africa. [[Ferdinand Dennis]], [[Naseem Khan (activist)|Naseem Khan]] (eds), London: Serpent's Tail, 1998. Attia Hosain: p.&nbsp;19 "Deep Roots".<br />
* ''Shaam-e-Awadh -'' Writings on Lucknow. Edited by VeenaTalwar. Oldenburg, 2007. Attia Hosain: Excerpt from ''Sunlight on a Broken Column'' (ref. pp.&nbsp;165–178).<br />
* ''Unbound'' – 2000 years of Indian Women's writing. Edited by Annie Zaidi. Aleph Book Co., 2015. Attia Hosain: Excerpt from ''Sunlight on a Broken Column'' (ref. p.&nbsp;52 on marriage).<br />
<br />
==Recordings and broadcasts==<br />
===BBC Eastern Services (Urdu)===<br />
Shakespeare plays – translations. Played various parts, including Lady Macbeth, Desdemona, alongside Zia Moinuddin, Ijaz Hussain Batalvi, Amira Ahuja.<br />
<br />
Also in Urdu – translations of plays by [[Jean Cocteau]] and [[Harold Pinter]], among others, as lead actor.<br />
<br />
===In English===<br />
BBC Third Programme ''Writing in a Foreign Tongue'', 7 May 1956.<br />
<br />
''Woman's Hour'', "Passport to Friendship", 1965<br />
<br />
Audio conversations (public and private) with Literary Estate of Attia Hosain.<br />
<br />
==Theatre and film==<br />
* Film treatment for proposed film ''Mourning Raga'' by Ellis Peters ([[Edith Pargeter]])<br />
* ''The Bird of Time'' by [[Peter Mayne]] at the Savoy Theatre, London, 1961<br />
<br />
==As journalist==<br />
* ''The Pioneer'' (Lucknow). Ed. Desmond Young<br />
* ''The Statesman'' (Calcutta). Ed. Evan Charlton<br />
<br />
== Organizations ==<br />
* Attended foundation of Progressive Writer's Association [through Mahmudu Zaffar and Ali (Bunnay) Zaheer]<br />
* Attended All-India Women's Conference Calcutta, 1933 [through Sarojini Naidu]<br />
<br />
== Research ==<br />
Hosain's Partition novel Sunlight on a Broken Column has been widely studied for its representation of gender, displacement, and social change. Ruvani Ranasinha's South Asian Writers in Twentieth-Century Britain: Culture in Translation (2007) examines Hosain's negotiation of cultural identity in postcolonial Britain.<ref>Ruvani Ranasinha, ''South Asian Writers in Twentieth-Century Britain: Culture in Translation'' (Oxford University Press, 2007).</ref> Fawzia Afzal-Khan has analyzed the novel's treatment of women, tradition, and modernity in South Asian Muslim contexts.<ref>Fawzia Afzal-Khan, "Sunlight on a Broken Column: Attia Hosain's Feminist Politics," in ''Cultural Imperialism and the Indo-English Novel'' (Penn State Press, 1993).</ref> Priyamvada Gopal has also discussed Hosain's work in relation to feminist and postcolonial literary traditions.<ref>Priyamvada Gopal, ''Literary Radicalism in India: Gender, Nation and the Transition to Independence'' (Routledge, 2005).</ref><br />
<br />
More recent doctoral research has examined Hosain's Partition fiction through the frameworks of feminist geography and memory studies, situating it alongside other Muslim women's Partition narratives that reconfigure spaces of home, city, and nation in times of trauma and transition.<ref>Sana Asif, ''Gender and Spaces in Partition Fiction: A Study of Select Novels by Muslim Women'' (PhD thesis, National Institute of Technology Patna, 2022). Available at: [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/591661]</ref><br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* The Literary Estate of Attia Hosain, 1928–1998. Diaries, letters, images, notes.<br />
* [http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/a-part-of-the-whole/article4468920.ece ''A part of the whole''], Rakshandha Jalil, The Hindu, 2 Mar 2013.<br />
* ''I am a Universalist-Humanist,'' Nilufer E. Bharucha. Biblio 3.7-8 (July–August 1998).<br />
* ''Unsettling Partition: Literature, Gender, Memory.'' Jill Didur, 2007.<br />
* ''An image of India by an Indian Woman: Attia Hosain's Life and Fiction'' -'Unpublished MA thesis. Laura Bondi. For University Degli Studio Venezia, 1993.<br />
* ''Dwelling in the Archive'': ''Women Writing House, Home, and History in Late Colonial India.'' [[Antoinette Burton]]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. <br />
* [http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/69/101069617 "Hosain, Attia Shahid"]. [[Anita Desai]]. ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''<br />
* ''Attia Hosain, Her Life and Work.'' Lakshmi Holmstrom. ''Indian Review of Books'' 8–9, 1991. <br />
* Mushirul Hasan. "The Heart in Pieces Generation", ''The Indian Express'', 21 February 1998.<br />
* ''The Silent Gap''. [[Shashi Deshpande]]. Biblio May–June 2013.<br />
* ''[https://batulm.wordpress.com/2017/05/01/attia-hosain-1913-1998-the-sunlight-on-a-broken-column/ "Attia Hosain (1913-1998) - The Sunlight on a Broken Column"]'', ''Batul Mukhtiar'', Blog, 1 May 2017.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* ''[http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/attia-hosain Making Britain: Attia Hosain page].'' The Open University.<br />
* ''[https://www.brunel.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/377809/AH-finding-aid.pdf Attia Hosain Collection: finding aid]''. The Brunel University, London<br />
* ''[https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=2216 Attia Hosain]''. [[Muneeza Shamsie]]. The Literary Encyclopedia.<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180504073948/http://hindustaniawaaz-rakhshanda.blogspot.in/2011/12/ Attia Hosain, A Liberal Voice]''. Rakshanda Jalil. Blog - Hindustani Awaaz: Literature, Culture and Society. December 2012.<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGsFRbncfpk Literature Help: Novels: Plot Overview 514: Sunlight on a Broken Column.]<br />
*[http://old.harappa.com/attia/attiahosain.html Interview with Attia Hosain.] Harappa, Glimpses of South Asia before 1947. 19 May 1991.<br />
<br />
== Video references ==<br />
* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMm4CZAJRto Attia Hosain - A life.]'' Urdu & English interview and comments by [[Mulk Raj Anand]] and [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]. Nehru Centre, London. 1998.<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGsFRbncfpk Literature Help: Novels: Plot Overview 514: Sunlight on a Broken Column.]<br />
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=Lih-2ALTePO Lecture on Attia Hosain] by Dr. Anand Prakash, Professor (Retd) of English, University of Delhi.<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hosain, Attia}}<br />
[[Category:1913 births]]<br />
[[Category:1998 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:La Martinière College, Lucknow alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Isabella Thoburn College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Hundred_and_Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&diff=522977One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India2026-04-25T14:29:41Z<p>Eziosolution: put up initial data more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2023 constitutional amendment of India}}<br />
{{distinguish|Women's Reservation Bill, 2010}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
| short_title = The Constitution (Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/249053.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |access-date=10 October 2023 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref><br />
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]<br />
| imagesize = 150<br />
| long_title = An Act further to amend the Constitution of India.<br />
| territorial_extent = India<br />
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| date_enacted = 20 September 2023<br />
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| date_enacted2 = 21 September 2023<br />
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
| date_assented = 28 September 2023<br />
| date_of_expiry = Ceases 15 years from commencement of reservation (per Article 334A)<br />
| bill_history_url = https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/124_2023_ls_Eng9212023103148AM.pdf?source=legislation<br />
| bill = The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023<ref name="bill pdf">{{cite web|title=Constitution (128th Amendment) Bill 2023|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Constitution_(128th_Amendment)_Bill_2023.pdf}}</ref><br />
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]], [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]<br />
| date_introduced = 19 September 2023<br />
| passed = 20 September 2023<br />
| passed_for = 454<br />
| passed_against = 2<br />
| passed_abstention = 0<br />
| bill2 = The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023<ref name ="bill pdf" /><br />
| introduced_on2 = 20 September 2023<br />
| passed2 = 21 September 2023<br />
| passed2_for = 214<br />
| passed2_against = 0<br />
| passed2_abstention = 0<br />
| summary = To reserve, as nearly as maybe, 33 percent of seats for women in Lok Sabha and state assemblies.<br />
| keywords = Women reservation, 33 percent reservation<br />
| status = Notified 16 April 2026; reservation contingent on post-commencement census and delimitation<br />
}}<br />
{{Constitution of India}}<br />
<br />
The '''Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act''', popularly known as the '''Women's Reservation Bill, 2023''' ([[ISO 15919]]: ''Nārī Śakti Vandan Adhiniyam''), was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] on 19 September 2023 during the [[Special session of the Parliament of India|special session of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/womens-reservation-bill-imperfect-but-important-8949050/|title=Women's reservation Bill – imperfect but important|date=21 September 2023 }}</ref> This legislation seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the directly elected [[Lok Sabha]], [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislative assemblies]] and [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] {{Efn|A specific provision of the bill includes women reservation in Delhi, despite it not being an Indian State as per the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |title=Parliament passes bills to extend women's reservation to Puducherry, J&K assemblies |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/parliament-passes-bills-to-extend-womens-reservation-to-puducherry-jk-assemblies-2815662 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>}} for women.<ref>{{cite news |title='God has given me the opportunity', says PM Modi as women quota bill tabled in LS |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/womens-reservation-bill-to-be-tabled-in-lok-sabha-at-3-pm-today-101695109480855.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The bill is the possible culmination of a legislative debate that had been ongoing for 27 years, including the lapsed [[Women's Reservation Bill (2010)]], due to the lack of consensus among political parties. The bill was the first that was considered in the new parliament building.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament special session: Govt introduces women's reservation bill in LS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/govt-lists-women-s-reservation-bill-for-introduction-in-lok-sabha-123091900443_1.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> On 20 September 2023, Lok Sabha passed the bill with 454 votes in favour and two against.<ref name="IN_votes_third_seats_for_women">{{cite Q|Q122735230|url-status=live}}</ref> The Rajya Sabha passed the bill unanimously with 214 votes in favour and none against, on 21 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/women-reservation-bill-in-20-states-uts-less-than-10-mlas-are-female-data/article67338512.ece|title=Women Reservation Bill: In 20 States & UTs less than 10% MLAs are female|newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 September 2023 |last1=Nihalani |first1=Jasmin }}</ref> President Droupadi Murmu signed the bill on 28 September 2023, and the gazette notification was also published the same day, which made it clear that the reservation will come into force soon after the first delimitation (frozen until 2026).<br />
<br />
On 16 April 2026, the Union Ministry of Law and Justice issued a gazette notification bringing the Act into force.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam notified |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam-notified |website=Deccan Herald |date=16 April 2026}}</ref> However, the 33% reservation itself remains inoperative pending the first census taken after that date and a subsequent delimitation exercise (see [[#Implementation|Implementation]]).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The demand for legislative gender quotas in India emerged during the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] debates in 1946, but was not adopted at the time. The first formal bill was introduced in 1996 as the 81st Constitutional Amendment Bill during the [[United Front (India)|United Front]] government of [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]. Subsequent versions were introduced in 1998, 1999, and 2008. The 2008 version, designated the 108th Amendment Bill, passed the Rajya Sabha in 2010 but lapsed in 2014 without Lok Sabha approval. The 2023 iteration succeeded due to a shifted political consensus and the ruling coalition's parliamentary majority.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Kalpana |title=Women-led development and the Women's Reservation Bill |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-insight/governance/womenled-development-and-the-women-s-reservation-bill-101695272982499.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
The 2023 composition of the Lok Sabha revealed underrepresentation of women Members of Parliament (MPs), constituting less than 15 percent of its members. Similarly, this gender disparity was stronger in state assemblies including [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]], [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]], [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]], [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]], [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]], [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]], [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]], [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]], [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]], [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] and [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]], where the representation of women fell below 10 percent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women's Reservation Bill: Pending for almost three decades for want of unanimity |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/womens-reservation-bill-pending-for-almost-three-decades-for-want-of-unanimity-2690179 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]] (18th Lok Sabha), 74 women MPs were initially elected out of 543 seats (~13.6%), a slight decline from the 17th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of the newly elected 18th Lok Sabha |url=https://prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/vital-stats/profile-of-the-newly-elected-18th-lok-sabha |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
The bill aims to increase the number of Women Parliamentarians to 181. The 17th Lok Sabha (2019–2024) comprised 78 female members, the highest until then.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women in Parliament - Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs |url=https://www.mpa.gov.in/sites/default/files/Women%20in%20Parliament_0.pdf |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 September 2023, [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Amit Shah]] informed during the discussion on the Women's Reservation Bill that census and the delimitation exercise will take place after the Lok Sabha elections in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-census-delimitation-exercise-women-reservation-bill-lok-sabha-parliament-2438277-2023-09-20|title=Census, delimitation exercise after election: Amit Shah on women's quota bill}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-a-must-for-womens-reservation-bill-to-become-reality/article67322993.ece|title=Census a must for women's reservation Bill to become reality|newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/womens-reservation-bill-will-be-implemented-only-after-2029-amit-shah/article67327038.ece|title=Women's reservation Bill will be implemented only after 2029: Amit Shah|newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 September 2023 |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Provisions==<br />
The Act inserts three new articles into the Constitution of India:<ref name="wion5TA">{{cite news |title=India: 5 key takeaways from Women's Reservation Bill aka 'Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam' |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-5-key-takeaways-from-womens-reservation-bill-aka-nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam-637652 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Article 330A''' reserves seats for women in the Lok Sabha. As nearly as may be, one-third of the total number of seats filled by direct election shall be reserved for women. Within the seats reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]], one-third are reserved for women of those categories.<br />
* '''Article 332A''' applies the same framework to State Legislative Assemblies and the Legislative Assembly of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]].<br />
* '''Article 334A''' stipulates that the reservation will come into effect after a delimitation exercise undertaken using the first census published after the Act's commencement. The reservation ceases 15 years from commencement. Reserved seats rotate after each subsequent delimitation as determined by Parliament.<br />
<br />
The amendment does not apply to the [[Rajya Sabha]] or State Legislative Councils.<br />
<br />
==Implementation==<br />
The Act was brought into force via a gazette notification on 16 April 2026. However, the reservation itself is defined to be implemented once a new census is published and the delimitation exercise is completed. The process of delimitation entails the revision of constituency boundaries pertaining to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, with the aim of accurately reflecting increase in population distribution. <br />
<br />
===2026 Legislative attempt to expedite===<br />
In April 2026, the government introduced three bills to enable implementation before the 2029 general elections:<br />
* '''Constitution (One Hundred and Thirty-First Amendment) Bill, 2026''' — proposed amending Article 82 to allow Parliament to determine by law which census to use for delimitation, enabling use of 2011 Census data rather than waiting for a post-2026 census. It also proposed increasing Lok Sabha seats from 550 to 850.<br />
* '''Delimitation Bill, 2026'''<br />
* '''Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026'''<br />
<br />
The 131st Amendment Bill was defeated in Lok Sabha on 17 April 2026, receiving 298 votes in favour and 230 against (the required two-thirds majority of 528 voting was 352). Following the defeat, the government withdrew the associated bills.<ref>{{cite news |title=131st Amendment Bill defeated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/131st-amendment-bill-defeated-in-lok-sabha/article67327038.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 April 2026}}</ref> Critics from southern states argued the seat expansion combined with delimitation based on updated population data would disproportionately benefit northern states.<br />
<br />
===Delimitation Context===<br />
The linkage to census and delimitation stems from the 84th Constitutional Amendment (2001), which froze the allocation of parliamentary and assembly seats (based on the 1971 Census) until the first census after 2026. The 2021 Census was postponed indefinitely. Rotation of reserved seats shall occur after each subsequent delimitation exercise under Article 334A(3).<br />
<br />
==Parliamentary debates==<br />
<br />
===Lok Sabha===<br />
On 19 September 2023, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] introduced the Bill in the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]], describing it as the "Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam." He highlighted the historical context, noting previous unsuccessful attempts in 1996 and during the tenure of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. The debate saw broad support across parties, though with significant discussion on timing and sub-quotas. [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Sonia Gandhi]] demanded immediate implementation, calling it [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s "dream." [[Rahul Gandhi]] and leaders from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[Trinamool Congress]] raised concerns about the linkage to delimitation and the absence of an OBC quota. The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 20 September 2023 with 454 votes in favour and 2 against.<br />
<br />
===Rajya Sabha===<br />
The Rajya Sabha took up the Bill on 21 September 2023. [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] explained that the reservation would follow a delimitation exercise conducted after the census. Opposition members, including [[Kapil Sibal]], [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], and [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]], expressed concerns over delayed implementation and the lack of women chief ministers in NDA-ruled states. [[J. P. Nadda]] defended the timing and addressed the OBC quota demands. The Rajya Sabha passed the Bill unanimously with 214 votes in favour.<br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
The bill received broad cross-party welcome, though with significant disagreements on implementation timing and scope. The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] proposed an unsuccessful amendment to implement the reservation by 2024.<ref name="n18">{{cite news |last1=Live |first1=Updates |title=Special Parliament Session: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha Adjourned Sine Die - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/parliament-live-updates-special-session-womens-reservation-bill-quota-rajya-sabha-pm-modi-lok-sabha-livenews-8585596.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=news18.com |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Swami Prasad Maurya]] of [[Samajwadi Party]] termed the bill "flawed" for lacking OBC reservation. [[Nitish Kumar]], Chief Minister of [[Bihar]], questioned the delayed implementation timeline. [[Yogendra Yadav]] argued implementation would not occur until 2039, calling the legislation "trickery."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Yogendra |title=Why India won't see women's reservation in effect until 2039—it's about trickery |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-india-wont-see-womens-reservation-in-effect-until-2039-its-about-trickery/1771836/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=ThePrint}}</ref> Both the ruling party and opposition claimed credit for advancing the legislation.<ref name="aj23">{{cite news |title=Indian gov't presents bill to reserve a third of parliament seats for women |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/19/indian-govt-presents-bill-to-reserve-a-third-of-parliament-seats-for-women |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Criticism===<br />
The legislation has faced structured criticism on several grounds:<br />
<br />
;Implementation Delay:Critics argue that linking the reservation to a post-2026 delimitation effectively postpones its effect by several electoral cycles. Opposition parties and analysts, such as [[Yogendra Yadav]], have termed this linkage a "delay tactic." Projections suggest that the quota may not be implemented until the 2029 or 2034 elections.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Yogendra |title=Why India won't see women's reservation in effect until 2039—it's about trickery |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-india-wont-see-womens-reservation-in-effect-until-2039-its-about-trickery/1771836/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=ThePrint}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Exclusion of OBC and Minority Quotas:Political parties including the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Samajwadi Party]], and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] have criticised the absence of sub-reservation for women from [[Other Backward Classes]] (OBC) and religious minorities. They argue that without such sub-quotas, the legislation will disproportionately benefit urban and upper-caste women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why OBC quota in women's bill is a problem |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/why-obc-quota-in-womens-bill-is-a-problem-546212 |website=The Tribune |date=21 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No quota for OBC, minorities: Will Women Reservation Bill let the subaltern speak? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-quota-for-obc-minorities-will-women-reservation-bill-let-the-subaltern-speak--news-319355 |website=Outlook India |date=21 September 2023}}</ref> The only two votes against the Bill in the Lok Sabha came from [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] MPs who demanded these inclusions.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Only these two MPs voted against women's reservation bill in Lok Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/only-these-two-mps-voted-against-the-womens-reservation-bill-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/103816053.cms |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Omission of Upper Houses:The reservation applies only to the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. Critics note that the omission of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and State Legislative Councils creates a representation gap in the upper chambers of Indian legislatures.<br />
<br />
;Rotation Mechanism:The mandatory rotation of reserved seats after each delimitation has raised concerns about the continuity of representation and the potential for "proxy" candidatures, where male relatives of women candidates wield actual power. Opponents of this view argue that rotation prevents the permanent exclusion of male candidates from specific constituencies.<br />
<br />
==Following legislations==<br />
The amendment will only apply to State assemblies, excluding union territory assemblies except for [[Delhi]], which was included in the amendment with a specific provision. However, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] union territory assemblies were not included in the amendment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Rajesh B. |date=2023-09-22 |title=Centre needs to bring in amendments to give reservation for women in U.T. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/womens-quota-may-not-be-applicable-in-puducherry-assembly-in-its-present-form/article67333898.ece |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In December 2023, both houses passed the Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill and the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Second Amendment) Bill which would extend women reservation in the union territories of Puducherry and Jammu & Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |title=Parliament passes bills to extend women's reservation to Puducherry, J&K assemblies |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/parliament-passes-bills-to-extend-womens-reservation-to-puducherry-jk-assemblies-2815662 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Women's political participation in India]]<br />
* [[Women's Reservation Bill (2010)]]<br />
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]<br />
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]<br />
* [[Parliament of India]]<br />
* [[Lawmaking procedure in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Parliament of India}}<br />
{{Law}}<br />
{{India topics}}<br />
<br />
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India|106]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of India]]<br />
[[Category:2023 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheela_(1935_film)&diff=534764Sheela (1935 film)2026-04-21T22:18:44Z<p>Eziosolution: Created a entry first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1935 film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
|name = Sheela aka Pind Di Kurhi<br />
|image = <br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = <br />
|director = K. D. Mehra<br />
|producer = Indira Movie Tone<br />
|writer = <br />
|screenplay =<br />
|story = <br />
|based_on =<!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --><br />
|narrator = <br />
|starring = [[Noor Jehan]]<br>Mubarak<br>Pushpa Rani<br>Haidar Bandi<br>Eidan Bai<br />
|music = Mubarak Ali Khan<br>K. D. Mehra<br />
|cinematography = <br />
|editing =<br />
|studio = <br />
|distributor =<br />
|released = {{Film date|1935|||British India}}<br />
|runtime = <br />
|country = India<br />
|language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sheela''''' ({{langx|pa|ਸ਼ੀਲਾ}}), also known as '''''Pind Di Kurhi''''' ({{langx|pa|ਪਿੰਡ ਦੀ ਕੁੜੀ}}), sometimes spelled as '''''Pind Di Kurri''''' or Sheila, is a 1935 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film directed by K.D. Mehra.<ref name=bfi/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=sheila+first+sound&pg=PA20|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema via Google Books website|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943189|pages=20}}</ref><ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=https://www.citwf.com/person61787.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2021|access-date=3 February 2025|title=Noor Jehan or Nurjehan filmography|website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|author=Alan Goble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072817/https://www.citwf.com/person61787.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is the first [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language film with sound<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&q=sheela+first+punjabi+sound+film&pg=PA164|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas via Google Books website|last1=Gokulsing|first1=K. Moti|last2=Dissanayake|first2=Wimal|date=2013-04-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136772849|pages=164}}</ref> and was made in Calcutta and released in Lahore, [[British India]].<ref name=bfi/><br />
<br />
According to [[British Film Institute]] website, "In 1935, Noor Jehan traveled to Calcutta with her sister Eidan, cousin Haider Bandi and brother Shafi. Calcutta was an important centre for films...." back in 1935.<ref name=bfi/><br />
<br />
Mubarak Ali Khan and K.D. Mehra composed the music. Baby [[Noor Jehan]] (1926–2000), at age 8 or 9, was for the first time introduced as an actress and singer.<ref name=bfi>{{cite web|url= http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/noorjehan/melody.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061217120110/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/noorjehan/melody.html|url-status=dead|date=2002|archive-date=17 December 2006|title=The Melody Queen (Noor Jehan profile)|publisher=British Film Institute (bfi.org.uk) website|access-date=3 February 2025|author=Nasreen Rehman}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* Nawab Begum as Sheila/Pind Di Kurri<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/sheila---pind-di-kuri|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2021|access-date=3 February 2025|title=Sheila/ Pind Di Kuri (1935 film)|website=India Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022091931/https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/sheila---pind-di-kuri}}</ref><br />
* Baby [[Noor Jehan]] as Paro<ref name=bfi/><ref name=citwf/><br />
* Mubarak<br />
* Pushpa Rani<br />
* Haider Bandi<ref name=bfi/><ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
* Eidan Bai<ref name=bfi/><br />
* K. L. Rajpal as Kidar<ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
* Nawazish Ali as Kidar's father<ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
* A. R. Kashmiri as Dollah<ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
* Bawa Rahim Bux as Taya<ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
<br />
==Popular film songs==<br />
{| class = "wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Song title || Sung by || Lyrics by || Music by || Film notes<br />
|-<br />
| ''Lang Aaja Pattan Chena Daa, O' Yaar''<ref name=bfi/> ||Noor Jehan<ref name=bfi/> ||Traditional Punjabi folk song ||Mubarak Ali Khan|| Noor Jehan's (1926–2000) first recorded film song as a child actress and singer in Calcutta in 1935. This film was made in Calcutta and then released in Lahore, [[British India]].<ref name=bfi/><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Heer Ranjha (1932 film)|Heer Ranjha]] first Punjabi feature film in 1932 directed by [[Abdur Rashid Kardar]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0239975}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1935 films]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1930s Punjabi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Punjabi-film-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushpa_Rana&diff=527457Pushpa Rana2026-04-20T16:17:05Z<p>Eziosolution: put up initial entry w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Pushpa Rana<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|1|11|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| height = 1.68 m<br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[kabaddi]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{Medal|Competition|[[Kabaddi at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{Medal|Gold|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pushpa Rana''' (ᱯᱩᱥᱯᱟ ᱨᱟᱱᱟ, born 11 January 1998), also known as '''Pushpa''', is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player from Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pushpa - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010558-pushpa.htm |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=info.hangzhou2022.cn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009203150/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010558-pushpa.htm |archive-date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Games 2023: Pawan Sehrawat, Naveen Kumar headline Indian men's kabaddi team - full squad |website=Olympics.com |date=25 August 2023 |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-national-kabaddi-team-asian-games-2023-squad-list |access-date=7 October 2023 |quote=Indian women’s kabaddi team for Asian Games: [[Akshima Singh|Akshima]], [[Jyoti Thakur|Jyoti]], [[Pooja Hathwala|Pooja]], [[Pooja Narwal|Pooja]], [[Priyanka Pilaniya|Priyanka]], [[Pushpa Rana|Pushpa]], [[Sakshi Kumari]], [[Ritu Negi]], [[Nidhi Sharma]], [[Sushma Sharma (kabaddi)|Sushma Sharma]], [[Snehal Shinde|Snehal Pradeep Shinde]], ''[[Sonali Shingate|Sonali Vishnu Shingat]]''}}</ref> She was part of the Indian team that won the gold medal in the [[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|2022 Asian Games]] defeated Chinese Taipei in the final.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/KAB/AG2022-_KAB_C73_KABWTEAM7-------------FNL-000100--.pdf |title=Kabaddi - Women's Team - Gold Medal Match - Result |publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022 |date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007034405/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/KAB/AG2022-_KAB_C73_KABWTEAM7-------------FNL-000100--.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2023 |quote=IND - India: 02 [[Sakshi Kumari|KUMARI Sakshi]], 03 [[Pushpa Rana|Pushpa]], 04 [[Nidhi Sharma|SHARMA Nidhi]], 06 [[Priyanka Pilaniya|Priyanka]], 07 [[Ritu Negi|NEGI Ritu]] (C), 09 [[Pooja Hathwala|Pooja]], 12 [[Jyoti Thakur|Jyoti]], 01 [[Sushma Sharma (kabaddi)|SHARMA Sushma]], 05 ''[[Muskan Malik (kabaddi)|MALIK Muskan]]'', 10 [[Pooja Narwal|Pooja]], 15 [[Akshima Singh|Akshima]], 19 [[Snehal Shinde|SHINDE Snehal Pradeep]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India vs Chinese Taipei, Kabaddi Highlights, Asian Games 2023: IND Women beat TPE to win gold; 100th medal secured |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-chinese-taipei-live-score-kabaddi-final-asian-games-2023-ind-vs-tpe-match-updates-highlights-hangzhou-2022/article67391669.ece |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Pushpa is from Millah village in the Shillai area of Himachal Pradesh's Giri Par region in Sirmaur district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tonite |first=Himachal |date=26 August 2023 |title=Three Girls from Shillai Secure Spot in Indian Team Women's Kabaddi |url=https://himachaltonite.com/himachal/three-girls-from-shillai-secure-spot-in-indian-team-womens-kabaddi/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Himachal Tonite}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{InterSportStats|3000577674|Pushpa Rana}}<br />
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|kabaddi/athlete-profile-n2010558-pushpa|Pushpa}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Pushpa}}<br />
[[Category:1998 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]<br />
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]<br />
<br />
{{India-kabaddi-bio-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Bengaluru&diff=529543Ranganathaswamy Temple, Bengaluru2026-04-19T10:27:10Z<p>Eziosolution: put up a location first draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Ranganathaswamy Temple<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Ranganathaswamy Temple, Chickpete<br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_caption =<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Bangalore]]<br />
| location = [[Bangalore]]<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = Lord [[Ranganathaswamy]]<br />
| year_completed = 16th century{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} <br />
| architecture = [[Vijayanagara architecture]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Sri Ranganatha Swamy Utsava Murthy Panchaloha Idols ,Bangalore.jpg|thumb|The Utsava Murthy of God Ranganathaswamy]]<br />
<br />
'''Ranganathaswamy Temple''', in Chikkapete, is an ancient and famous Hindu [[Vaikhanasa]] temple in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], dating back to the 16th century C.E dedicated to Lord [[Ranganathaswamy]]. The temple is built in the [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara style of architecture]] and has beautifully carved granite pillars reminiscent of [[Hoysala]] influence.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last= Priya|first= Srivastava|date=16 September 2015|title=Ranganathaswamy Temple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Bangalore/Ranganathaswamy-Temple/ps48956393.cms|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Deities==<br />
The sanctum sanctorum which houses idols of Sri Ranganatha Swamy, and his consorts Sri [[Bhudevi]] and Neela Devi.<br />
The temple is located in the Chikkapete (Chickpet) area of central Bangalore on Rangaswamy Temple Street. The road is named after the Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple.<br />
<br />
==Festivals==<br />
<br />
'''Rathotsavam:''' The temple's Chariot Festival(Rathotsavam) takes place on Chaitra Shuddha Pournami every year and thousands of people come to see the Chariot Festival. The famous Bangalore Karaga Festival also happens to be on the same day.<br />
<br />
'''[[Vaikuntha Ekadasi]]''' Uttara dwaara DarSanam also attracts thousands of people to this temple every year. Only On this auspicious day, people are allowed to perform a PradakshiNaa within the inner Praakaara surrounding the main temple.<br />
Numerous volunteers throng to this temple on this day to manage the crowd and help the temple management in maintaining the crowds and facilitating darshan of [[Moolavar]] and Utsavar murthis of Sri Ranganatha Swamy.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Ranganathaswamy Temple, Bengaluru}}<br />
{{coord|12|58|12.94|N|77|34|45.57|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:40|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranganathaswamy Temple, Bangalore}}<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avan_Ivan&diff=488410Avan Ivan2026-04-16T13:53:41Z<p>Eziosolution: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Avana Ivan}}<br />
{{For|the soundtrack|Avan Ivan (soundtrack)}}<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = AvanIvanPoster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Bala (director)|Bala]]<br />
| writer = [[S. Ramakrishnan]] (dialogue)<br />
| screenplay = Bala<br />
| story = Bala<br />
| producer = {{ubl|Kalpathi S. Aghoram|Kalpathi S. Ganesh | Kalpathi S. Suresh}}<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]||[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]|[[G. M. Kumar]]|[[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]]|[[Madhu Shalini]]|[[Janani Iyer]]|[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Arthur A. Wilson]]<br />
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br />
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]<br />
| distributor = {{ubl|AGS Entertainment|GK Media |(United States)|FiveStar|(Malaysia)<ref name="boxofficemojo1">{{cite web |title=Malaysia Box Office, June 16–19, 2011 |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2011&wk=24&p=new |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324101359/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2011&wk=24&p=new |archive-date=24 March 2016 |access-date=2011-08-27 |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com}}</ref>|[[Ayngaran International]]|(worldwide)<ref name="boxofficemojo2">{{cite web |title=United Kingdom Box Office, June 17–19, 2011 |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/?yr=2011&wk=24&p=new |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015900/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/?yr=2011&wk=24&p=new |archive-date=9 March 2016 |access-date=2011-08-27 |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com}}</ref>}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|06|17}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| runtime = 131 minutes<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Avan Ivan''''' ({{translation|That man, this man}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Bala (director)|Bala]]. The film stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]],<ref name="sify1">{{cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=Bala launches Avan Ivan! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14928885 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113054257/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-launches-avan-ivan-news-tamil-kkfqX0igdac.html |archive-date=13 November 2011 |access-date=2010-06-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while [[G. M. Kumar]], [[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]], [[Madhu Shalini]], [[Janani Iyer]], and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] play supporting roles. The film, produced by Kalpathi S. Agoram's [[AGS Entertainment]], features music by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography by [[Arthur A. Wilson]], and editing by Suresh Urs. Set against the backdrops of [[Theni]], ''Avan Ivan'' illustrates the relationship between two boisterously playful half-brothers. It was successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2011 |title=Avan Ivan success boosts Eros International's quarterly revenues |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/eros-international-ra-one/1/18027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925060928/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/eros-international-ra-one/1/18027.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 |access-date=26 October 2013 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Walter Vanangamudi and Kumbudren Saamy are half-brothers who constantly fight and try to outdo each other. Both brothers are petty thieves and get encouragement from their respective mothers. Walter's mother Maryamma encourages her son to steal and continue their "family tradition". However, Walter, an effeminate aspiring actor, is rather interested in arts than committing crimes.<br />
<br />
The [[Zamindar]], Thirthapathi, referred to as "Highness" by the community, takes an affinity towards Saamy and Walter and treats them as his own family. He constantly encourages Walter to take up acting seriously and be friendly towards his brother. Walter is smitten by [[Police Constable]] Baby, from whom he attempts to steal after being dared by his brother to prove himself. She finds him completely amusing and eventually falls for him. He returns several stolen goods from his home and from Saamy to rescue her from being dismissed and goes to great lengths to impress her. Saamy falls for a college student named Thenmozhi, who is initially intimidated by his rough ways but eventually reciprocates his love.<br />
<br />
One day, a [[police inspector]] who had insulted Thirthapathi is tracked down and punished by Saamy and Walter. While Walter takes the police truck and dumps it in the forest, Saamy is caught by the police inspector. He acts like he swallowed a blade so that he can see Thenmozhi once before going to jail. He is rushed to the hospital; on the way, he does see her and fools the entire police force, although Baby is quite suspicious. Saamy tries to bribe the doctor to lie, but she tells the police constable, who only pleads with him but later gives up and releases him. Actor [[Suriya]] attends a school function in the town to promote educational awareness through his [[Agaram Foundation]]. Just as he is about to leave, Thirthapathi requests him to stay and witness Walter's acting skills, who shows off his depictions of the nine emotions ([[Navarasa]]s) and impresses everyone, especially Saamy, who is moved to tears by his performance. During drunken revelries later, Saamy reveals to Thirthapathi that he actually does love his brother, and that all the anger and hate is just an act.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Thirthapathi exposes the illegal activities of a cattle smuggler. The smuggler loses his animal farm and is taken into custody by the police. Saamy brings Thenmozhi to Thirthapathi's house to introduce them to each other. Unfortunately, Walter recognizes Thenmozhi as Thirthapathi's enemy's daughter, although Saamy was unaware of this. When Thirthapathi tells him to break up with her, Saamy refuses and attacks him verbally. He tells him that he would not understand, having no family of his own, and that no one loves him. An angered Thirthapathi throws out Saamy. Walter defends his brother and is also thrown out. Thirthapathi gets extremely drunk.<br />
<br />
Later that evening, both brothers make up with Thirthapathi and invite him to their home. Thirthapathi even willingly signs over his land to Thenmozhi's father, who has been trying to get a hold of it. He also organizes their marriage. A few days later, the smuggler returns, kidnaps Thirthapathi, strips him naked in the rain and flogs him into unconsciousness before hanging him to death from a tree. Walter and Saamy are devastated. While Saamy fails in his attempt to take revenge, getting flogged and injured severely, Walter manages to bash up the smuggler and his men. During Thirthapathi's cremation, we see that the smuggler has been tied down under the platform carrying Thirthapathi's body. He is burnt alive along with Thirthapathi's body, while both brothers dance unite together again.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Walter Vanangamudi<br />
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Kumbudren Saamy<br />
* [[G. M. Kumar]] as "Highness" Zamindar Thirthapathi<br />
* [[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]] as a cattle smuggler<br />
* [[Janani Iyer]] as Police Constable Baby, Walter's love interest<br />
* [[Madhu Shalini]] as Thenmozhi, a college student and Saamy's love interest<br />
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Maryamma, Walter's mother<br />
* S. S. Raman<br />
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha Ramesh]] as Saamy's mother<br />
* [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] as Srikanth<br />
* K. Ramaraj as a police inspector<br />
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as a professor<br />
* Chevvalai Rasu as a police inspector<br />
* [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] as himself (guest appearance)<br />
;Uncredited<br />
* Vimalraj Ganesan as Kannan<br />
* [[Bala (director)|Bala]] as auto driver (cameo)<br />
* Kanakarajsamy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=1 June 2019 |title=Say hello to Mr. Double-decker Narayanan! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/say-hello-to-mr-double-decker-narayanan/article27399458.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225190932/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/say-hello-to-mr-double-decker-narayanan/article27399458.ece |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
After finishing and releasing his magnum opus ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' in February 2009, [[Bala (director)|Bala]], whose previous feature films had all been tragedy drama films dealing with serious and dark subjects, announced that for his next directorial, he would be moving away from such films and make a full-length light-hearted comedy.<ref name="sify1" /> He was working on its script in the following months, whilst declaring that it will be a double hero subject. Allegedly Bala had come to this decision, since his earlier films, despite receiving critical acclaim, garnered poor or only average box office returns.<ref name="thaindian1">{{cite web |date=25 January 2010 |title=Bala's Avan Ivan starts rolling |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/balas-avan-ivan-starts-rolling_100309671.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128112423/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/balas-avan-ivan-starts-rolling_100309671.html |archive-date=28 January 2010 |access-date=2010-06-22 |website=Thaindian.com}}</ref> During the post-production phase, Bala disclosed that the film was "fun till the last 15 minutes, after which it turns serious", adding that he decided to "change tracks", after several people including his mentor [[Balu Mahendra]] advised him to do so.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 May 2011 |title=Seriously FUNNY! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2056973.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602061513/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2056973.ece |archive-date=2 June 2011 |access-date=2011-08-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kalpathi S. Agoram took up the project and decided to produce it under the banner of [[AGS Entertainment]]. On 25 January 2010, an official press meet was held, where the film's official title was finally revealed and the film's lead female actress as well as the technicians were announced, with which the project official commenced. During the launch, Bala disclosed that, unlike his earlier films, he will complete ''Avan Ivan'' within eight months of time and be ready for a release in late 2010.<ref name="sify1" /> According to sources, Bala intended to name the film as ''Avana Ivan'' first, but as it was already registered by director Bharath, who was not willing to give away the title, he changed the title to ''Avan Ivan''.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2010 |title=Titles for Tamil films: A tough proposition |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article295989.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130082137/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article295989.ece |archive-date=30 January 2016 |access-date=2013-06-24 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
For the two lead male characters, who play [[stepbrother]]s in the film, several actors from the Tamil film industry were considered. Real-life siblings [[Suriya]] and [[Karthi]], as well as [[Jiiva]] and [[Jithan Ramesh]] were considered for the roles,<ref name=":0" /><ref name="sify1" /> which were at last won by [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], renewing his association with Bala after ''Naan Kadavul'', and [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]].<ref name="sify1" /> Both actors had to change their looks; they tonsured their heads for their roles and kept their looks secretive, avoiding public appearances.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=23 January 2011 |title=Avan's bonding with Ivan! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Avans-bonding-with-Ivan-/articleshow/7341453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121104192433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-23/news-interviews/28363797_1_avan-ivan-arya-vishal |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vishal stated that he sports a [[Strabismus|squint]] and wore [[Dental braces|braces]] throughout the film.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2011 |title=Vishal: A squint to success! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vishal-A-squint-to-success/articleshow/7333815.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419043449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-22/news-interviews/28377119_1_vishal-bala-sir-reliable-source |archive-date=19 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He reportedly became the first ever actor to attempt a squint look in a feature film,<ref name="indiaglitz2">{{cite web |date=15 April 2011 |title=Vishal gets candid with IndiaGlitz |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/65803.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415000852/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/65803.html |archive-date=15 April 2011 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> which was considered for an entry in [[Guinness World Records|the Guinness Book of World Records]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2010 |title=Vishal going in for a Guinness record? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vishal-going-in-for-a-Guinness-record/articleshow/6970300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120509205450/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-23/news-interviews/28227080_1_bala-sir-actor-vishal-film |archive-date=9 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Regarding the lead female roles, Bala and his close associates had travelled across entire [[Tamil Nadu]], searching for the right person, who should be preferably a new face and fluent in Tamil. In late November 2009 in association with ''IndiaGlitz.com'', a "heroine hunting" program was conducted through the internet, where women, who were 18 years old and could understand Tamil, could apply for the role.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2009 |title=Be the next heroine of director Bala |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52153.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906121253/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52153.html |archive-date=6 Sep 2012 |access-date=2010-06-22 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> At the official press meet in late January 2009, it was revealed that [[Janani Iyer]], a [[Chennai]]-based model, who had appeared in several television advertisements, was chosen for the role of Police Constable and Vishal character's love interest. For another lead female character, [[Nivedhitha]], who had starred in small-budget films ''[[Kathai (film)|Kathai]]'' and ''[[Porkkalam]]'' were initially considered.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |date=11 May 2010 |title=Bala in full steam with Avan Ivan |url=http://sify.com/movies/bala-in-full-steam-with-avan-ivan-news-tamil-kkfq8Ecjbdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001072831/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-in-full-steam-with-avan-ivan-news-tamil-kkfq8Ecjbdf.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Eventually, former Telugu [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]], model and actress [[Madhu Shalini]] was finalised,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web |title=Madhu Shalini in Avan Ivan |url=http://sify.com/movies/madhu-shalini-in-avan-ivan-news-tamil-kk4mytciaeh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101213726/http://sify.com/movies/madhu-shalini-in-avan-ivan-news-tamil-kk4mytciaeh.html |archive-date=2010-11-01 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> to portray the role of a college student and the love interest of Arya's character.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 2011 |title=Madhushalini plays Arya's love interest |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-20/news-interviews/29447665_1_avan-ivan-arya-bala-sir |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523184240/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-20/news-interviews/29447665_1_avan-ivan-arya-bala-sir |archive-date=23 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In May 2010, Suriya was signed to appear in a guest role as himself.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2010 |title=Suriya to do a cameo for Bala! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14941993 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520000529/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14941993 |archive-date=20 May 2010 |access-date=2010-06-22 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Furthermore, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was announced as the music director of the film, joining Bala again after the successful ''[[Nandhaa]]'' in 2001. About replacing his usual music director [[Ilaiyaraaja]] by his son, Bala said that since it was a youth-centric film, Yuvan Shankar Raja can "bring the right feel".<ref name="thaindian1" /> Suresh Urs, who had worked on all Bala films since ''Nandhaa'', was roped in as the film's editor, while [[Arthur A. Wilson]] remained the cinematographer. [[S. Ramakrishnan]] was assigned to write the dialogues, after J. S. Ragavan and professor Gnanasambanthan were approached.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
Bala, whose films usually take several years to get completed and released, disclosed that this film, however, would be finished in eight months time. The film's shooting, which was supposed to commence on 10 February 2010 in [[Tenkasi]] and [[Shenkottah]] and to be completed in two schedules,<ref name="sify1" /> started with a slight delay nine days later in [[Courtallam]],<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2010 |title=Bala starts shooting with Vishal! |url=http://sify.com/movies/bala-starts-shooting-with-vishal-news-tamil-kkfqQ3jbhfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001074510/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-starts-shooting-with-vishal-news-tamil-kkfqQ3jbhfi.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> where a major portion was shot.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Almost the entire film was shot in and across [[Theni]].<ref name="ReferenceC" /> The climax part was the last to be filmed, which was completed by late January 2011 and with which Vishal had finished his portion.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 January 2011 |title=Bala is impressed with Vishal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Bala-is-impressed-with-Vishal/articleshow/7378858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104192446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/news-interviews/28356934_1_film-unit-prabhu-deva-bala-sir |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The entire shooting was completed in early February.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2011 |title=Arya confirms cameo in Urumi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Arya-confirms-cameo-in-Urumi/articleshow/7436921.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104192455/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-07/news-interviews/28379455_1_bala-s-avan-ivan-arya-urumi |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film took almost 200 days to complete but became Bala's fastest shoot nonetheless.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=Bala's Avan Ivan shoot over |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-avan-ivan-shoot-over-news-tamil-lcmkxvcehch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215055659/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-s-avan-ivan-shoot-over-news-tamil-lcmkxvcehch.html |archive-date=15 February 2011 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> From 10 February 2011, the [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] and [[post-production]] works commenced.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 February 2011 |title=Avan Ivan to release in April |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Avan-Ivan-to-release-in-April/articleshow/7476071.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104192501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-12/news-interviews/28547553_1_release-film-bala-s-avan-ivan |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Main|Avan Ivan (soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
''Avan Ivan''{{'}}s soundtrack is composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and marks his second collaboration with Bala, following a highly critically acclaimed work in ''[[Nandhaa]]''. Deviating from his usual style of composing, the music consisted of only "pure ethnic (Indian) sounds" that were [[Live instrumentation|recorded live]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=Avan Ivan audio launched in style |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/avan-ivan-audio-launched-in-style-news-tamil-letkjaicidh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420123721/http://www.sify.com/movies/avan-ivan-audio-launched-in-style-news-tamil-letkjaicidh.html |archive-date=2011-04-20 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 18 April 2011.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The album consists of 5 tracks, four songs and an instrumental, with lyrics penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]].<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
AGS Entertainment decided to release ''Avan Ivan'' directly.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-05-23 |title=AGS to release Avan Ivan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ags-to-release-avan-ivan-news-tamil-lfxmkaichid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524145309/http://www.sify.com/movies/ags-to-release-avan-ivan-news-tamil-lfxmkaichid.html |archive-date=2011-05-24 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Initially planned to release in January 2011, the release was pushed to April, before eventually releasing on 17 June 2011. The film was released by GK Media in 20 screens in the United States and reportedly became the biggest overseas release for Bala as well as Arya and Vishal. The film released worldwide on 17 June 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury- June 17 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-17-news-news-lgrlwUgcdha.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021042404/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-17-news-news-lgrlwUgcdha.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=2012-10-21 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Owing to Vishal's popularity in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Vishal's brother, [[Vikram Krishna]], decided to dub the film into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Vaadu Veedu'' and release it under his GK Films Corporation banner.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<!-- https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/arrest-warrants-issued-against-actor-arya-and-director-bala-1274539-2018-07-01 --><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
===Critical response===<br />
<!-- http://web.archive.org/web/20110824054950/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-needs-to-get-his-mojo-back-news-tamil-lgxqwldijad.html --><br />
A reviewer from ''in.com'' gave three and half out of five and said that the movie is a "definite watch for Bala's followers and to watch the new Vishal emerge as a performer". Further praising Vishal, the critic stats, "there is no doubt that from the beginning of the making of the film, there has been so much riding on Vishal's character as he has been playing the role of a squint and has done a fab job."<ref>{{cite web |title=Avan Ivan Review &#124; Avan Ivan Movie Review |url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-reviews/10564-avan-ivan-review-avan-ivan-movie-review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620095332/http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-reviews/10564-avan-ivan-review-avan-ivan-movie-review |archive-date=20 June 2011 |access-date=2011-08-27 |publisher=Reviews.in.88db.com}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' gave two and a half out of five and wrote that "''Avan Ivan'' does have, at its heart, a nice storyline with plenty of comic elements. But director Bala doesn't really capitalize on its strengths, and never pulls you into the story except in parts which is disappointing, as he is among today's trend-setters in Tamil cinema."<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2011 |title=Review: Avan Ivan fails in execution |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-avan-ivan/20110617.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116101221/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-avan-ivan/20110617.htm |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2011-08-27 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' claimed that "the intermission leaves you wondering at the frivolousness and facileness of the story that's very much unlike Bala. Nothing much happens in the first hour or so. Thankfully, he makes amends with a riveting climax."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 June 2011 |title=Avan Ivan: Brothers, bravado and a little bit of Bala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2115518.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823042828/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2115518.ece |archive-date=23 August 2011 |access-date=2011-07-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> ''Chennai Online''{{'}}s reviewer stated that Bala had "attempted to provide us with a film that has comical elements as its major strength. He has gone overboard and failed to present it with coherent script. As a result the movie turns out to be a disappointing experience despite having stunning performances",<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2011 |title=Movie Review : Bala's 'Avan Ivan' |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20115318035301/Movie-Review--Balas-Avan-Ivan.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628000746/http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20115318035301/Movie-Review--Balas-Avan-Ivan.col |archive-date=28 June 2011 |access-date=2011-07-03|website=Chennai Online}}</ref> while [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] wrote: "Overall ''Avan Ivan'' suffers from a sloppy script despite having some fine performances. The lack of balance between Bala's emphatic portrayal of different kind of life and his effort to provide fun is the major problem of the movie. The fun becomes farce and the seriousness turns out to be ineffective."<ref>{{cite web |title='Avan Ivan'-interesting but fails |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-avan-ivaninteresting-but-fails/161135-8-68.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110623042335/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-avan-ivaninteresting-but-fails/161135-8-68.html |archive-date=2011-06-23 |website=[[IBNLive]]|date=Jun 20, 2011|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box-office===<br />
''Avan Ivan'' had a solo release on 17 June 2011 in almost 700 screens worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-12 |title=Avan Ivan releasing huge on June 17 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/avan-ivan-releasing-huge-on-june-17-news-tamil-lgmlHAihgdi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615110442/http://www.sify.com/movies/avan-ivan-releasing-huge-on-june-17-news-tamil-lgmlHAihgdi.html |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=26 October 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2011 |title=Avan Ivan will have no competitors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Avan-Ivan-will-have-no-competitors/articleshow/8873690.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829175048/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-16/news-interviews/29664925_1_avan-ivan-vishal-big-opening |archive-date=29 August 2012 |access-date=2011-08-27 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film opened across 350 screens in Tamil Nadu and collected {{INR}} 8.9&nbsp;million in the opening weekend at the [[Chennai]] box office. According to [[Sify]], the film had earned a distributor share of {{INR}} 8.3&nbsp;million from 18 Chennai screens.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2011 |title=Chennai Box Office&nbsp;— June 17-19, 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14972834&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626034050/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14972834&cid=13525926 |archive-date=26 June 2011 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The dubbed Telugu version, ''Vaadu Veedu'' had reportedly earned {{INR}} 40&nbsp;million in Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2011 |title=Tollywood threatened? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Tollywood-threatened/articleshow/9661863.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106121638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-20/news-interviews/29905678_1_film-industry-suresh-babu-tollywood |archive-date=6 November 2012 |access-date=2011-08-27 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> outclassing original Telugu ventures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil films dominate Andhra market |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-films-dominate-andhra-market-news-tamil-lhnlKUabgib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065723/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-films-dominate-andhra-market-news-tamil-lhnlKUabgib.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2011-08-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2011 |title=Dubbed movies get more screens |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/dubbed-movies-get-more-screens-242 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011205745/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/dubbed-movies-get-more-screens-242 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=2011-08-27 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], the film was released by [[Ayngaran International]] across 14 screens and collected $49,921 in the first three days, opening at 15th place.<ref name="boxofficemojo2" /> At the end of the second weekend, the film had earned $80,933 overall in UK. FiveStar distributed the film in [[Malaysia]] in 32 theatres, where it grossed $232,781 in the first weekend, opening at fourth.<ref name="boxofficemojo1" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Bala (director)}}<br />
{{AGS Entertainment}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2011 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:AGS Entertainment films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Bala (director)]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashutosh_Tewari&diff=487980Ashutosh Tewari2026-04-14T21:17:28Z<p>Eziosolution: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American urologist, oncologist}}<br />
{{resume-like|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| honorific prefix = [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]<br />
| name = Ashutosh Tewari (Ash Tewari)<br />
| image = Tewari.png<br />
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Florida]]<br />[[University of California, San Francisco]]<br />[[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences|Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]]<br />[[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College|GSVM Medical College]]<br />
| field = Robotic prostatectomy and urologic-oncology outcomes<br />
| work_institution = [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai]]<br />[[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York]]<br />
| known_for = Pioneering [[oncological]] research in the field of [[genitourinary]] [[robotic surgery]] and development of revolutionary techniques to maximize cancer control and recovery of [[urinary]] and [[sexual function]]<br />
| website = {{URL|www.prostatecancercenternyc.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ashutosh K. Tewari''' is an Indian-American urologist and scientist specializing in [[prostate cancer]]. He is the surgeon-in-chief at the Tisch Cancer Hospital and chairman of [[urology]] at the [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|Icahn School of Medicine]] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/leading-robotic-prostate-cancer-surgeon-and-researcher-to-head-mount-sinais-urology-department |title=Leading Robotic Prostate Cancer Surgeon and Researcher to Head Mount Sinai's Urology Department |publisher=mountsinai.org |date= |access-date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001527/http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/leading-robotic-prostate-cancer-surgeon-and-researcher-to-head-mount-sinais-urology-department |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Renowned Cancer Experts to Head New Tisch Cancer Hospital at The Mount Sinai Hospital {{!}} Mount Sinai - New York |url=https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2023/two-renowned-cancer-experts-to-head-new-tisch-cancer-hospital-at-the-mount-sinai-hospital |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Mount Sinai Health System |language=en-US}}</ref> Tewari is a world-leading urological [[surgeon]], and has performed over 10,000 robotically assisted procedures using the [[da Vinci Surgical System]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12385908 |year=2002 |last1=Tewari |first1=A |last2=Peabody |last3=Sarle |last4=Balakrishnan |last5=Hemal |last6=Shrivastava |last7=Menon |title=Technique of da Vinci robot-assisted anatomic radical prostatectomy |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=569–72 |journal=Urology |doi=10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01852-6 |first2=J |first3=R |first4=G |first5=A |first6=A |first7=M}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prostate-cancer.org/education/localdis/Tewari_NerveSparingRP_Trizonal.html |title=Nerve Sparing Robotic Technique |publisher=Prostate-cancer.org |date=2007-01-19 |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131053209/http://www.prostate-cancer.org/education/localdis/Tewari_NerveSparingRP_Trizonal.html |archive-date=2010-01-31 }}</ref> Academically, he is recognized as a world-renowned expert on urologic oncology with over 250 peer reviewed published papers to his credit; he is on such lists as America's Top Doctors, [[New York Magazine]]'s Best Doctors, and Who's Who in the World.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashutosh Tewari |url=https://scholars.mssm.edu/en/persons/ashutosh-tewari/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyp.org/FPHTML/1168360377376.html |title=Physician Details |publisher=Nyp.org |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124184435/http://www.nyp.org/FPHTML/1168360377376.html |archive-date=2016-01-24 }}</ref> In 2012, he was given the [[American Urological Association]] [[Gold Cystoscope Award]] for "outstanding contributions to the field of urologic oncology, most notably the treatment of prostate cancer and the development of novel techniques to improve the outcomes of robotic prostatectomy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weill.cornell.edu/news/releases/wcmc/wcmc_2012/05_23_12.shtml |title=Dr. Ashutosh K. Tewari Receives Prestigious Gold Cystoscope Award for Contributions to Field of Urologic Oncology |publisher=med.cornell.edu |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115034631/http://weill.cornell.edu/news/releases/wcmc/wcmc_2012/05_23_12.shtml |archive-date=2012-11-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auanet.org/content/press/press_releases/article.cfm?articleNo=264 |title=AUA ANNOUNCES 2012 ANNUAL AWARD WINNERS |publisher=American Urological Association |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010932/http://www.auanet.org/content/press/press_releases/article.cfm?articleNo=264 |archive-date=2013-10-05 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Robotic prostatectomy ==<br />
With the introduction of the [[da Vinci Surgical System]], the advent of [[robotic surgery]] using a [[laparoscopic]] approach has significantly changed the way [[prostate cancer]] [[surgery]] and [[prostatectomy]] procedures in general are performed as compared to the traditional 'open' methodology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leechvideo.com/video/view1515613.html |title=Robotic Prostatectomy: Cornell Athermal Robotic Technique |publisher=Leechvideo.com |date= |access-date=2010-05-12}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.usti.net/home/news/cn/?/tw.misc/2/wed/by/Uus-prostatesurgery-briefing.RUwJ_HyE.html |title=Procedure Minimizes Prostate Incontinence |publisher=News.usti.net |date=2007-05-14 |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724120405/http://news.usti.net/home/news/cn/?%2Ftw.misc%2F2%2Fwed%2Fby%2FUus-prostatesurgery-briefing.RUwJ_HyE.html |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> Much of Tewari's research projects serve to promote robotic surgery as opposed to open procedures. For example, Tewari has shown that the operating field has become more visible to the surgeon, unobscured by the copious amounts of blood encountered in traditional surgery and is thus able to view the urological structures under [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]], enlarged magnification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489212 |title=Robotic Prostatectomy – A Review |publisher=Medscape.com |date=2004-10-25 |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205050120/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/489212 |url-status=live }}</ref> Patients reap even greater benefits.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16280816 |year=2005 |last1=Menon |first1=M |last2=Kaul |last3=Bhandari |last4=Shrivastava |last5=Tewari |last6=Hemal |title=Potency following robotic radical prostatectomy: a questionnaire based analysis of outcomes after conventional nerve sparing and prostatic fascia sparing techniques |volume=174 |issue=6 |pages=2291–6, discussion 2296 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000181825.54480.eb |journal=The Journal of Urology |first2=S |first3=A |first4=A |first5=A |first6=A}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12187196 |year=2002 |last1=Menon |first1=M |last2=Shrivastava |last3=Tewari |last4=Sarle |last5=Hemal |last6=Peabody |last7=Vallancien |title=Laparoscopic and robot assisted radical prostatectomy: establishment of a structured program and preliminary analysis of outcomes |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64548-X|volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=945–9 |journal=The Journal of Urology |first2=A |first3=A |first4=R |first5=A |first6=JO |first7=G}}</ref> Due to the [[minimally invasive]] nature of the procedure, they experience minimized pain, minimized blood loss, less [[scarring]] and fewer complications. Post-surgery recovery is accelerated and patients experience quicker return to [[urinary continence]] and [[sexual function]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyp.org/news/hospital/tewari-prostate-procedure.html |title=Innovative Procedure Minimizes Incontinence |publisher=Nyp.org |date= |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-date=21 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821142703/http://nyp.org/news/hospital/tewari-prostate-procedure.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Smith |first=Aaron |date=2007-03-23 |title=Intuitive Surgical Aided by Advancements in Robotic Techniques |url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/03/23/news/companies/intuitive_surgical/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619105252/https://money.cnn.com/2007/03/23/news/companies/intuitive_surgical/index.htm |archive-date=19 June 2010 |access-date=2010-05-12 |publisher=Money.cnn.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
On 15 October 2013, Tewari was named the [[chairman]] of [[urology]] at the [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|Icahn School of Medicine]] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/leading-robotic-prostate-cancer-surgeon-and-researcher-to-head-mount-sinais-urology-department |title=Leading Robotic Prostate Cancer Surgeon and Researcher to Head Mount Sinai's Urology Department |publisher=mountsinai.org |date= |access-date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001527/http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/leading-robotic-prostate-cancer-surgeon-and-researcher-to-head-mount-sinais-urology-department |url-status=live }}</ref> Previously he served as director of the Lefrak Institute of Robotic Surgery, director of prostate cancer, as well as the director of robotic prostatectomy and prostate cancer-urologic oncology outcomes at the Brady Urology Foundation of [[Weill Medical College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycrobotics.com/about.asp |title=NYCROBOTICS.COM about Dr. Tewari |publisher=Dr. Ash Tewari |access-date=2010-09-17| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100905160108/http://www.nycrobotics.com/about.asp| archive-date= 5 September 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> He is a tenured professor of urology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hantman |first=Melissa |url=https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July05/WCMC_prostectomy.mh.html |title=Tewari Directs Robotic Prostate Procedures at Weill Cornell |publisher=News.cornell.edu |date=2005-07-28 |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-date=21 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821133823/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July05/WCMC_prostectomy.mh.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyp.org/news/hospital/414.html |title=State-of-the-Art Institute of Robotic Urologic Surgery Established at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell |publisher=Nyp.org |date= |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-date=15 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515223304/http://www.nyp.org/news/hospital/414.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Tewari directs a [[Fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]] program in Robotic Prostatectomy and Prostate Cancer Outcomes that has conducted research comparing robotic surgery outcomes versus those of [[laparoscopic]] and open surgeries.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/112972.php |title=Review of Outcomes Compared with Laparoscopic and Open Approaches |journal=Urology |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2007.12.038 |pmid=18436288 |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |access-date=2010-05-12 |year=2008 |last1=Berryhill Jr |first1=R. |last2=Jhaveri |first2=J. |last3=Yadav |first3=R. |last4=Leung |first4=R. |last5=Rao |first5=S. |last6=El-Hakim |first6=A. |last7=Tewari |first7=A. |archive-date=23 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123033437/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/112972.php |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tewari is an Attending [[physician]] at the [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/leading-robotic-prostate-cancer-surgeon-and-researcher-to-head-mount-sinais-urology-department |title=Leading Robotic Prostate Cancer Surgeon and Researcher to Head Mount Sinai's Urology Department |publisher=mountsinai.org |date= |access-date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001527/http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/leading-robotic-prostate-cancer-surgeon-and-researcher-to-head-mount-sinais-urology-department |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Medical degree ===<br />
Receiving his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|medical degree]] from [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College]] (GSVM) in [[Kanpur]] city of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, Tewari graduated with honors in 1984 with 17 gold academic medals to credit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vivo.library.cornell.edu/entity?id=11808&portal=1#vitroPropertyGroupbackground_tab |title=Cornell University Library Profile |publisher=Vivo.library.cornell.edu |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180152/http://vivo.library.cornell.edu/entity?id=11808&portal=1 |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> He received his training in [[urology]] from [[Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SGPGIMS) in India under the mentorship of Professor [[Mahendra Bhandari]] and completed the [[Master of Surgery|McH]] and [[Diplomate of National Board|DNB]] program in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cornellurology.com/faculty/tewari.html |title=Cornell Urology Physician Profile |publisher=Cornellurology.com |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222134347/http://www.cornellurology.com/faculty/tewari.html |archive-date=2010-12-22 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Training ===<br />
Tewari has [[Residency (medicine)|trained]] in the U.S. at UCSF, University of Florida and at HFHS under [[Dr. Mani Menon]], where was part of the surgical team that performed the first robotic procedure at VUI. Tewari completed his urology residency at the [[Vattikuti Urology Institute]] (VUI) of the [[Henry Ford Hospital]] in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], in 2004.<br />
<br />
=== Research ===<br />
Tewari's research interests revolve around the [[diagnosis]] and treatment of patients with urological cancers, with a focus on [[prostate cancer]]. His research ranges from the study of patient outcomes, robotic techniques, molecular markers for cancer aggressiveness, racial disparity in cancer biology, quality of life studies, strategies to improve nerve sparing and sexual function recovery, and anatomic studies to facilitate continence preservation to the development of next generation robotic techniques.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12705985 |year=2003 |last1=Tewari |first1=A |last2=Peabody |last3=Fischer |last4=Sarle |last5=Vallancien |last6=Delmas |last7=Hassan |last8=Bansal |last9=Hemal| display-authors = 8 |title=An operative and anatomic study to help in nerve sparing during laparoscopic and robotic radical prostatectomy |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=444–54 |journal=European Urology |first2=JO |first3=M |first4=R |first5=G |first6=V |first7=M |first8=A |first9=AK |doi=10.1016/S0302-2838(03)00093-9}}</ref> He has received several federal and non-federal [[research funding]] grants for his research on prostate cancer, totaling several million dollars in grant capital. He is one of the few urologists in the world to receive an [[NIH]] R01 Grant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prostatecancerfoundation.org/site/c.itIWK2OSG/b.2557455/k.EE2B/Prostate_Cancer_Foundation_Awards_61_Million_to_Record_Number_of_Competitive_Award_Recipients.htm |title=Prostate Cancer Foundation 2006 Award Recipients |publisher=Prostatecancerfoundation.org |date=2007-03-02 |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912140237/http://www.prostatecancerfoundation.org/site/c.itIWK2OSG/b.2557455/k.EE2B/Prostate_Cancer_Foundation_Awards_61_Million_to_Record_Number_of_Competitive_Award_Recipients.htm |archive-date=2007-09-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prostatecancerfoundation.org/site/c.itIWK2OSG/b.2556227/k.101B/2006_Competitive_Awards.htm |title=Prostate Cancer Foundation 2006 Award Recipient Synopses |publisher=Prostatecancerfoundation.org |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729010710/http://www.prostatecancerfoundation.org/site/c.itIWK2OSG/b.2556227/k.101B/2006_Competitive_Awards.htm |archive-date=2010-07-29 }}</ref> Additionally, he is among the first surgeons to use real time tissue imaging during surgery to minimize nerve damage in the patient and was the first surgeon in the world to use the catheter-less Prostate Surgery. The catheter-less surgery minimizes postoperative pain after prostatectomy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.med.cornell.edu/wcmc/wcmc_2008/10_02_08.shtml |title=New Catheter-less Technique May Ease the Pain and Discomfort of Prostate Cancer Recovery |website=news.med.cornell.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121214515/http://news.med.cornell.edu/wcmc/wcmc_2008/10_02_08.shtml |archive-date=2008-11-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Professional activities ==<br />
Tewari serves as a reviewer for a number of prestigious professional journals, including the ''Journal of Urology'', ''[[British Journal of Urology]]'', ''Contemporary Urology'', ''[[Medscape]]'', ''Post Graduate Medicine'', and ''Oncology Operational''. He is the associate editor for BJU International. Tewari has served as a visiting professor and lecturer at dozens of venues both in the United States and abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjui.org/GeneralPage.aspx?id=31 |title=British Journal of Urology International Visiting Professorships Programme |publisher=Bjui.org |access-date=2010-05-12| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100425160938/http://www.bjui.org/GeneralPage.aspx?id=31| archive-date= 25 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39285 |title=International Robotic Urology Symposium 2009 Speakers |publisher=Henryford.com |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085517/http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39285 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Recently, Tewari spoke at the Annual International Prostate & Robotics Symposium in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the Ohio State World Symposium of Robotic Surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/149102.html |title=CME Symposium on New Techniques in Prostate Health and Robotics Coming to the UAE |publisher=Ameinfo.com |access-date=2010-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006175734/http://www.ameinfo.com/149102.html |archive-date=2012-10-06 }}</ref> He is also previously been on faculty of the International Robotic Urology Symposium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=http://www.roboticsymposium.com:80/Site/Welcome.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080822214138/http://www.roboticsymposium.com:80/Site/Welcome.html |archive-date=2008-08-22 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=www.roboticsymposium.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Philanthropy ==<br />
=== Covid-19 Relief in India ===<br />
Tewari responded to the COVID-19 crisis in India by rallying together with his team at the Department of Urology, his charitable organization Global Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, and the Mount Sinai Health System leadership, to donate over 450 pallets with over $4 million worth of oxygen concentrators, ventilators, BiPap machines and PPE equipment. The life-supporting devices were shipped to Mumbai and distributed to hospitals across India.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Dr. Ash Tewari Spearheads Mount Sinai's Effort To Send Supplies To India As Country Sees Surge In COVID Cases|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/04/30/mount-sinai-india-covid-relief-efforts/|website=CBS New York|date=30 April 2021 |access-date= 4 October 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501032318/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/04/30/mount-sinai-india-covid-relief-efforts/ |archive-date=1 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=For New York Doctor, Helping India Fight COVID-19 Is Personal|url=https://health.usnews.com/hospital-heroes/articles/for-new-york-doctor-helping-india-fight-covid-19-is-personal|website=U.S. News & World Report|access-date= 4 October 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508061324/https://health.usnews.com/hospital-heroes/articles/for-new-york-doctor-helping-india-fight-covid-19-is-personal |archive-date=8 May 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The initiative, called Project Heal India, was supported by actor [[Anupam Kher]] along with [[Baba Kalyani]], the chairman and managing director of [[Bharat Forge]], who assisted in coordinating the distribution of the essential supplies in India.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Anupam Kher's 'Project Heal India' to conduct relief activities for COVID-19 crisis in India|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/anupam-khers-project-heal-india-to-conduct-relief-activities-for-covid-19-crisis-in-india20210510230140/|website=ANI News|access-date= 4 October 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510183915/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/anupam-khers-project-heal-india-to-conduct-relief-activities-for-covid-19-crisis-in-india20210510230140/ |archive-date=10 May 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Mount Sinai Robert F. Smith Mobile Prostate Cancer Screening Unit Program ===<br />
The Mount Sinai Robert F. Smith Mobile Prostate Cancer Screening Unit Program was launched to support prostate health in Black communities through mobile screening appointments and follow-up visits with urologists at Mount Sinai Hospital. The project, funded through a grant by philanthropist Robert F. Smith, is in response to the higher incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Black men. Expected to launch in 2021, the program, headed by Tewari, will partner with local communities and raise prostate cancer awareness.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Mount Sinai launches mobile MRI unit with $3.8M gift, bringing prostate cancer care to Black communities|url=https://www.healthimaging.com/topics/diagnostic-screening/mount-sinai-mobile-mri-prostate-cancer-black|website=HealthImaging|date=12 February 2021 |access-date= 18 October 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212214733/https://www.healthimaging.com/topics/diagnostic-screening/mount-sinai-mobile-mri-prostate-cancer-black |archive-date=12 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|title=Mount Sinai to Launch New Mobile MRI Unit to Support Prostate Health in the Black Community|url=https://appliedradiology.com/articles/mount-sinai-to-launch-new-mobile-mri-unit-to-support-prostate-health-in-the-black-community|website=AppliedRadiology|access-date= 18 October 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218181541/https://appliedradiology.com/articles/mount-sinai-to-launch-new-mobile-mri-unit-to-support-prostate-health-in-the-black-community |archive-date=18 February 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and honors ==<br />
In May 2023, Tewari was named to [[Crain's]] New York Business Journal's 2023 Notable Health Care Leaders list. This recognition honors individuals in health care who are deemed to be influencing change through their executive responsibility, leadership abilities, medical expertise, achievements, philanthropic endeavors, and innovation.<br />
<br />
Tewari was honored for his contributions during the pandemic in [[Crain Communications|Crain's]] Notable in Health Care 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/notables-health-care-2021-ashutosh-tewari-md | title=Crain's Notable in Health Care - Ashutosh Tewari | publisher=Crain's New York | date=2021 | access-date=7 December 2021 | archive-date=7 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207122159/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/notables-health-care-2021-ashutosh-tewari-md | url-status=live }}</ref> He also received the prestigious Gold Cystoscope Award in 2012 for his contributions to the field of urologic oncology.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2012/05/dr-ashutosh-k-tewari-receives-prestigious-gold-cystoscope-award-for-contributions-to-field-of-urolog | title=Dr. Ashutosh K. Tewari Receives Prestigious Gold Cystoscope Award for Contributions to Field of Urologic Oncology | publisher=Weill Cornell Medicine | date=2012 | access-date=7 December 2021 | archive-date=7 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207122201/https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2012/05/dr-ashutosh-k-tewari-receives-prestigious-gold-cystoscope-award-for-contributions-to-field-of-urolog | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Tewari is the recipient of the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award by Marquis Who's Who<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/458785/ashutosh-tewari-presented-with-the-albert-nelson-marquis-lifetime-achievement-award-by-marquis-whos-who | title=Ashutosh Tewari Presented with the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award by Marquis Who's Who | publisher=24x& Press Release | date=2018 | access-date=7 December 2021 | archive-date=7 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207122149/https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/458785/ashutosh-tewari-presented-with-the-albert-nelson-marquis-lifetime-achievement-award-by-marquis-whos-who | url-status=live }}</ref> and certified as Most Compassionate Doctor by Vitals.com.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Ashutosh_Tewari.html | title=Most Compassionate Doctor - Ashutosh Tewari | publisher=Vitals.com | date=2020 | access-date=7 December 2021 | archive-date=7 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207122153/https://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Ashutosh_Tewari.html | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Tewari's son-in-law is entrepreneur and 2026 Ohio gubernatorial candidate [[Vivek Ramaswamy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-14 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy, Father-In-Law, Drop By To Meet Modi At Blair House |url=https://indiawest.com/vivek-ramaswamy-father-in-law-drop-by-to-meet-modi-at-blair-house/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=IndiaWest News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/tech-vision-can-take-healthcare-to-new-heights-renowned-cancer-specialist-dr-ashutosh-tiwari-905953 |title=Video {{!}} 'Tech & Vision Can Take Healthcare To New Heights': Renowned Cancer specialist, Dr Ashutosh Tiwari |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2025-12-23 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250417193527/https://www.ndtv.com/video/tech-vision-can-take-healthcare-to-new-heights-renowned-cancer-specialist-dr-ashutosh-tiwari-905953 |archive-date=2025-04-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Ashutosh}}<br />
[[Category:American surgeons]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:University of California, San Francisco alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Florida alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Cornell University faculty]]<br />
[[Category:American roboticists]]<br />
[[Category:American urologists]]<br />
[[Category:American medical researchers]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:American businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:American health professionals of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhijit_Guha_(anthropologist)&diff=484315Abhijit Guha (anthropologist)2026-04-12T17:49:07Z<p>Eziosolution: done!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Short description|Indian anthropologist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
[[File:Vepo a.jpg|thumb|Abhijit Guha]]<br />
'''Abhijit Guha''' (born 1956 in [[Kolkata]]) is an Indian [[anthropologist]].<ref name="CV">{{cite web |last1=Guha |first1=Abhijit |title=CURRICULUM VITAE OF ABHIJIT GUHA |url=https://www.academia.edu/124232181 |website=academia.edu |access-date=13 February 2025 |date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205095138/https://www.academia.edu/124232181/CURRICULUM_VITAE_OF_ABHIJIT_GUHA |archive-date=5 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Abhijit Guha | url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&hl=en&user=GHm7l0sAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Guha studied [[anthropology]] at the [[University of Calcutta]] to [[Master's degree|Masters]] level and M.Phil. in Environmental Science and was an [[Indian Council of Social Science Research|ICSSR]] scholar at the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta|Centre for Studies in Social Sciences]], researching the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[kinship system]].<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/3828467 | title=Bengali Kinship : A Preliminary Enquiry into the Native Categories | work=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, 24: 232-243(1989) | date=January 1989 | last1=Guha | first1=Abhijit }}</ref><br />
<br />
Guha then taught and studied at [[Vidyasagar University]] in [[Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]] for some thirty years. He was first employed by the university in December 1985 as a Lecturer and then appointed [[reader (academic rank)|reader]] in 1998, took his [[Ph.D.]] in 2002 (his thesis was titled ''Land acquisition among the cultivators of rural Medinipur: an anthropological appraisal''),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/12015635 | title=Land Acquisition. Among the cultivators of Rural Medinipur: An Anthropological Appraisal | last1=Guha | first1=Abhijit | date=2002 | doi=10.13140/2.1.3184.0966 }}</ref> and retired as a [[full professor]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/12015678/Review_of_Phd_thesis_of_Abhijit_Guha_P_1_|title=Review of Phd thesis of Abhijit Guha(P.1)|publisher=Academia|access-date=12 April 2026}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205102002/https://www.academia.edu/12015678/Review_of_Phd_thesis_of_Abhijit_Guha_P_1_ |date=2025-02-05 }} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/12015683/Review_of_PhD_thesis_of_Abhijit_Guha_P_2_|title=Review of Phd thesis of Abhijit Guha(P.2)|publisher=Academia|access-date=12 April 2026}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205102003/https://www.academia.edu/12015683/Review_of_PhD_thesis_of_Abhijit_Guha_P_2_ |date=2025-02-05 }} </ref> He was a senior fellow of the Indian Council of Social Science Research at the [[Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata|Institute of Development Studies Kolkata]] from 2018 to 2020.<ref name="CV" /> His main area of research is development caused displacement and land acquisition on which Guha has published in peer-reviewed journals<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43899413 | jstor=43899413 | title=Acting Cleverly in the Comfort Zone of Power and Visceral Resistance: A Case of Land Acquisition in West Bengal, India | last1=Guha | first1=Abhijit | journal=Indian Anthropologist | date=2015 | volume=45 | issue=1 | pages=15–29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/ejdr.2012.37 | doi=10.1057/ejdr.2012.37 | title=The Macro-Costs of Forced Displacement of the Farmers in India: A Micro-Level Study | date=2013 | last1=Guha | first1=Abhijit | journal=The European Journal of Development Research | volume=25 | issue=5 | pages=797–814 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> including Economic and Political Weekly<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.epw.in/search?epw_input=Abhijit%20Guha | title=Search &#124; Economic and Political Weekly }}</ref> He was a senior fellow of the Indian Council of Social Science Research(ICSSR) at the Institute of Development Studies Kolkata from 2018 to 2020.[1] Guha's topic of research under the ICSSR Senior Fellowship was on the nationalist trends in Indian anthropology on which he has published an occasional paper and a number of articles in peer-reviewed journals and a book.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://idsk.edu.in/occasional-papers/ | title=Occasional Papers &#124; IDSK }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.routledge.com/Nation-Building-in-Indian-Anthropology-Beyond-the-Colonial-Encounter/Guha/p/book/9781032377254?srsltid=AfmBOooT5mrJ_rTTg-y-KdjQb2JtLvGwC4t3dnut-elE4y-FcDQu0DZA | title=Nation-Building in Indian Anthropology: Beyond the Colonial Encounter }}</ref> One of Guha's important contribution was on rediscovering Tarak Chandra Das who was a forgotten anthropologist in India. Guha has published a good number of articles and a book on Das's contributions to Indian anthropology, particularly his work on the Bengal Famine of 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web | title=(PDF) A Forgotten Book by a Marginalised Anthropologist | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336102265_A_Forgotten_Book_by_a_Marginalised_Anthropologist | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822234345/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336102265_A_Forgotten_Book_by_a_Marginalised_Anthropologist | access-date=2026-04-05 | archive-date=2025-08-22}}</ref> <br />
Guha has researched intensively on the founder of his own University Professor Anil Kumar Gayen and published articles on Gayen.<ref>{{cite web | title=Frontier articles on Society & Politics | url=https://www.frontierweekly.com/archive/vol-number/vol/vol-45-2012-13/45-9/45-9-A%20Forgotten%20Founder%20of%20a%20University.html }}</ref> One interesting research area of Guha was the study of University campuses, including his own University.<ref>{{Cite web | title=(PDF) Campus Anthropology: A Case Study from West Bengal, India | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256455058_Campus_Anthropology_A_Case_Study_from_West_Bengal_India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823061718/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256455058_Campus_Anthropology_A_Case_Study_from_West_Bengal_India | access-date=2026-04-05 | archive-date=2025-08-23}}</ref> Guha is fond of reviewing books, which ranges between hard core kinship studies to literary anthropology.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/128997448 | title=Selected Writings of Anil Gharai Dalit Literature from Bangla | work=Book review | date=January 2024 | last1=Guha | first1=Abhijit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/27137429 | title=Review of 'Kinship in Bali' by Clifford Geertz & Hildred Geertz 1985 in the Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society & a letter from one of the authors, Prof.Hildred Geertz | work=Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society. Vol.20, No. 1, March 1985, pp.93-95. | last1=Guha | first1=Abhijit | date=20 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/4340734 | title=The American Kin-Universe: A Genealogical Study by David M Schneider and C.B. Cottrell, Department of Anthropology.The University of Chicago.Illinois.1975. | work=Book review in the Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society.21:196-198(1986) | date=January 1986 | last1=Guha | first1=Abhijit }}</ref><br />
<br />
With his Phd student Dr.Santanu Panda Guha has explored the history of "Criminal Tribes" in India and published a book and a number of articles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/criminal-tribe-to-primitive-tribal-group-and-the-role-of-welfare-state-the-case-of-lodhas-in-west-bengal-india/ | title='Criminal Tribe' to 'Primitive Tribal Group' and the Role of Welfare State: The Case of Lodhas in West Bengal, India – Nova Science Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=How the lodhas became criminal or meeting of the past and the present | url=https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/71614_6-abhijit_guha.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825052848/https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/71614_6-abhijit_guha.pdf | archive-date=2020-08-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1994 Abhijit Guha debated with the Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen on the Darwinian view of progress in the journal ''Population and Development Review''<ref>{{Cite web | title=(PDF) Debate with Amartya Sen:ACompendium | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295363418_Debate_with_Amartya_SenACompendium | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827162407/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295363418_Debate_with_Amartya_SenACompendium | access-date=2026-04-05 | archive-date=2025-08-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
Guha was invited to the [[Lok Sabha]] as an expert participant during the drafting of land acquisition and resettlement amendment legislation in 2007-2008.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nath |first1=Suman |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Debraj |title=Theory, Policy, Practice: Development and Discontents in India |date=19 September 2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-43591-7 |page=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbk6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1998 |access-date=13 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=D'Costa |first1=Anthony P. |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Achin |title=The Land Question in India: State, Dispossession, and Capitalist Transition |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-879244-4 |page=xx |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjtdDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR20 |language=en}}</ref> Abhijit Guha acted as a reviewer for the WennerGrenn Foundation for Anthropological Research in 2022<ref>{{Cite web| title=Wenner-Gren Foundation Reviewers for 2022 | url=https://wennergren.org/app/uploads/2023/06/2022-Wenner-Gren-Foundation-Reviewers.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716022005/https://wennergren.org/app/uploads/2023/06/2022-Wenner-Gren-Foundation-Reviewers.pdf | archive-date=2023-07-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
Guha was engaged in a collaborative research project with CWDS<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cwds.ac.in/about-us/history-2/ | title=History – Centre for Women's Development Studies }}</ref> and Vidyasagar University during 1997-98 on women empowerment with the famous feminist Dr.Vina Majumdar<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stree-samyabooks.com/ItemDetails.aspx?id=107 | title=Stree - Samya Books &#124;&#124; Book Details }}</ref> and wrote a book chapter on this theme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/4111146 | title=Dui Pritibir Uttaran | work=Dui Pritibir Uttaran Edited by Vina Mazumdar | date=January 2002 | last1=Guha | first1=Abhijit }}</ref> He is engaged in the popularization of anthropology by writing books and articles in the vernacular.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vidyasagar.academia.edu/AbhijitGuha | title=Abhijit Guha - Vidyasagar University }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
Some of Guha's notable publications include:<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |title=Land, Law, and the Left: The Saga of Disempowerment of the Peasantry in the Era of Globalization |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-398-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7QNUqD7jMEC |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Maoism in India: Ideology and Ground Reality | publisher=Indian National Confederation and Academy of Anthropologists | publication-place=Jhargram | date=2012 | isbn=978-81-903866-6-1}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Tarak Chandra Das: The Unsung Hero of Indian Anthropology |date=2016 |publisher=Studera Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-93-85883-01-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvmdAQAACAAJ |language=en}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=V.K. |author1-link=|title=Review of Tarak Chandra Das: An Unsung Hero of Indian Anthropology. Studera Press: Delhi 2016, by Abhijit Guha |journal=The Eastern Anthropologist |date=2016 |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=246–249}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chatterji |first1=Roma |title=Tarak Chandra Das: An Unsung Hero of Indian Anthropology, by Abhijit Guha |journal=Anthropological Forum |date=3 July 2017 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=280–281 |doi=10.1080/00664677.2016.1265271 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00664677.2016.1265271 |access-date=13 February 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
*{{cite book |title=Nation-building in Indian Anthropology: Beyond the Colonial Encounter |date=2022 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-93-91928-73-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elmVzwEACAAJ |language=en}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dash Sharma |first1=P. |title=Book Review |journal=South Asian Anthropologist |date=2022 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=181–183 |url=https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/65325_article_12.book_review_for_saan_september_2022.pdf |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Ravinder |title=Reviews/Recensioni |journal=Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology |date=2023 |volume=19 |issue=2 |url=https://antrocom.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/singh-review-guha-nation-building-indian-anthropology.pdf |access-date=13 February 2025 |issn=1973-2880}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Sumahan |title=BOOK REVIEW |journal=Man in India |date=2022 |volume=102 |issue=3–4 |pages=459–461 |url=https://www.arfjournals.com/image/catalog/Journals%20Papers/MII/2022/No.%203-4/Book%20Review.pdf |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref><br />
* {{cite book |title=Encountering Land Grab: An Ethnographic Journey |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-58897-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiJfEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Krishna Kant |title=Review of Encountering Land Grab: An Ethnographic Journey |journal=Indian Anthropologist |date=2023 |volume=53 |issue=1/2 |pages=186–188 |jstor=27310901 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27310901 |access-date=13 February 2025 |issn=0970-0927}}</ref><br />
* {{cite book | url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003485704/knowledge-power-ignorance-bidhan-kanti-das-gorky-chakraborty-abhijit-guha | doi=10.4324/9781003485704 | title=Knowledge, Power and Ignorance | date=2024 | last1=Kanti Das | first1=Bidhan | last2=Chakraborty | first2=Gorky | last3=Guha | first3=Abhijit | isbn=978-1-003-48570-4 }}<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
(no reviews found)<br />
Criminal Tribe to‘Primitive Tribal Group and the Role of Welfare State:The Case of Lodhas in [[West Bengal]], India. 2015. (Second author with Santanu Panda). Foreword by Ajit Kumar Danda). Nova Science Publishers, New York, USA.<ref>{{Cite web | title=‘Criminal Tribe’ to ‘Primitive Tribal Group’ and the Role of Welfare State: The Case of Lodhas in West Bengal, India {{!}} Nova Science Publishers | url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/criminal-tribe-to-primitive-tribal-group-and-the-role-of-welfare-state-the-case-of-lodhas-in-west-bengal-india/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716191221/https://novapublishers.com/shop/criminal-tribe-to-primitive-tribal-group-and-the-role-of-welfare-state-the-case-of-lodhas-in-west-bengal-india/ | access-date=2026-04-05 | archive-date=2019-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=How the lodhas became criminal or meeting of the past and the present | url=https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/71614_6-abhijit_guha.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825052848/https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/71614_6-abhijit_guha.pdf | archive-date=2020-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=‘Criminal Tribe’ to ‘Primitive Tribal Group’ and the Role of Welfare State: The Case of Lodhas in West Bengal, India {{!}} Nova Science Publishers | url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/criminal-tribe-to-primitive-tribal-group-and-the-role-of-welfare-state-the-case-of-lodhas-in-west-bengal-india/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716191221/https://novapublishers.com/shop/criminal-tribe-to-primitive-tribal-group-and-the-role-of-welfare-state-the-case-of-lodhas-in-west-bengal-india/ | access-date=2026-04-05 | archive-date=2019-07-16}}</ref><br />
https://novapublishers.com/shop/criminal-tribe-to-primitive-tribal-group-and-the-role-of-welfare-state-the-case-of-lodhas-in-west-bengal-india/<br />
https://www.amazon.com/Criminal-Tribe-Primitive-Tribal-Welfare/dp/1634636856<br />
--><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GHm7l0sAAAAJ Profile] on [[Google Scholar]]<br />
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abhijit-Guha-5 Profile] on [[ResearchGate]]<br />
* [https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/209526 Profile on Vidwan]<br />
* {{YouTube|ji-0YdzGTks|Anthropology in India: a historical exploration {{!}} Guest lecture by Prof. Abhijit Guha}}, courtesy of the Anthropos India Foundation<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guha, Abhijit}}<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian anthropologists]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmal_Singh_(Haryana_politician)&diff=522178Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)2026-04-11T11:23:38Z<p>Eziosolution: put up first biography v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Nirmal Singh<br />
| image = Nirma Singh.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200<br />
| caption = Nirmal Singh in 2014.<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br/>{{small|(2024-present)<br/>(1974-1996)<br/>(1999-2019)}}<br />
| other_party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br/>{{small|(2022-2024)}}<br/> Haryana Democratic Front<br/>{{small|(2019-2022)}}<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|02|03}}<ref name="mla-details">{{Cite news|url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=21487 | title= Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA Details | date=9 April 2022}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Ambala]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]<br/>(now in [[Haryana]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| spouse = Naib Kaur<br />
| children = 4, including [[Chitra Sarwara]]<br />
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Ambala City Assembly constituency|Ambala City]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Aseem Goel]]<br />
| term_start = 8 October 2024 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nirmal Singh Mohra''' is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2020 |title=Former Haryana minister launches political front |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/former-haryana-minister-launches-political-front/story-KgcsES3cIPYSH8NqyENuGK.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He is a five time member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]].<br />
<br />
== Background and early life ==<br />
Singh was born in Mohra village. His father adopted [[Arya Samaj]] in [[Sonipat]] and worked as a teacher and was renowned as Master Hazara Singh. He married Naib Kaur and has two daughters and two sons.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Singh's political journey started with [[Sanjay Gandhi]] in [[Indian Youth Congress]]. In 1974, he joined Indian Youth Congress.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} In 1976, he became the block Youth Congress president and rose to General Secretary of Pradesh Youth Congress, Haryana in 1980.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} He served as President, State Youth Congress, Haryana for seven years from August 1982 to 1989 and also served as the vice-president of [[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
<br />
He was first elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] winning the [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] party. He won again in [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] and [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]], and regained it in [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] to become a four-time MLA from [[Naggal Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local issues predominant |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000214/haryana.htm#14 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naggal Assembly Constituency |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S07/partycomp10.htm |access-date=16 January 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2005 |title=Three-cornered contest for Naggal seat |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050129/haryana.htm#6 |access-date=16 January 2014 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
He organised two mega-rallies at [[Kurukshetra]] grounds, [[Haryana]]. The Hisaab Lagao Rally was taken on 25 June 2002. The second Hisaab Chukao Rally was held on 9 December 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmal invites Bhajan to rally |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031224/haryana.htm#13 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-minister to seek ticket from Kurukshetra |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040210/haryana.htm#9 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hooting at PM's rally during Bhajan Lal's speech |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050201/haryana.htm#5 |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
He re-joined Congress in 1999 and contested again from the same seat in 2000 and 2005 on Congress ticket. He lost to Jasbir Mallour of INLD in the 2000 Assembly election but regained the seat in 2005.<br />
<br />
His old constituency was dissolved under delimitation, and he contested from [[Ambala Cantt. (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambala Cantt.]] in the [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009 Haryana Election]] but lost.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2014 |title=Vij and Singh face off again in Ambala Cantt, rivalry intense |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/vij-and-singh-face-off-again-in-ambala-cantt-rivalry-intense/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana State Assembly Election Results 2014: Anil Vij wins and defeats Nirmal Singh {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/haryana-state-assembly-election-results-2014-anil-vij-wins-and-defeats-nirmal-singh-175743/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=www.india.com |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> He lost again in [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014 Haryana election]].<br />
<br />
In 2019, he contested from [[Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency]] as a Congress candidate but lost after polling 3.48 lakh votes. Later in [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019 Haryana Election]], he contested as an Independent from [[Ambala City Assembly constituency]] after his daughter was denied a party ticket from the adjoining [[Ambala Cantt. (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambala Cantt.]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=Ambala Cantt Election Result 2019: Ambala Cantt Assembly Election 2019 Results {{!}} Ambala Cantt Vidhan Sabha MLA Result |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/haryana-assembly-election-2019/ambala-cantt-election-results-22_2187.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambala City Assembly Election Results 2019 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/haryana/ambala-city-election-result-s07a005/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=News18}}</ref> He lost to the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] candidate Aasem Goel.<br />
<br />
In 2024 Haryana Assembly Election Nirmal Singh won the Ambala City seat from BJP candidate Aseem Goel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=Ambala City, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Nirmal Singh Mohra wins Ambala City with 62507 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/ambala-city-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612766-2024-10-08 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=Ambala City Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ambala-city-election-result-2024-live-update-9077291.html |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== New party ===<br />
In November 2019, Singh formed his own party Haryana Democratic Front.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cong rebels form new front, to focus on north Haryana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/cong-rebels-form-new-front-to-focus-on-north-haryana-20830}}</ref> Under his leadership, the party formed its state, district, ward and village units in various districts of North Haryana within two years.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2020 |title=Haryana Democratic Front's first foundation day a show of opposition strength in Ambala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/haryana-democratic-front-s-first-foundation-day-a-show-of-opposition-strength-in-ambala/story-Zg6Gyz72EPTkUIZNgbxn2N.html}}</ref> The new party contested the [[Municipal Corporation]] election 2020 in Ambala City and won two corporator seats while their Mayor candidate came third.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=MC polls: Haryana Democratic Front steps up campaigning in Ambala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mc-polls-haryana-democratic-front-steps-up-campaigning-in-ambala/story-xxxDMTBwYYS439HTVCC2qO.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2022, Singh along with his daughter [[Chitra Sarwara]], National General Secretary and Treasurer of the party, his Son Udayvir Singh Sonu (National General Secretary and Convenor Youth Front) and team members of the party joined [[Aam Aadmi Party]] under the leadership of [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Haryana Democratic Front leader to join AAP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/haryana-democratic-front-leader-to-join-aap-384231}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Haryana: Former Haryana minister Nirmal Singh joins AAP along with his daughter and son &#124; India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-haryana-minister-nirmal-singh-joins-aap-along-with-his-daughter-and-son/articleshow/90713587.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=Former Congress leaders Nirmal, daughter Chitra to join AAP on April 7 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/former-congress-leaders-nirmal-daughter-chitra-to-join-aap-on-april-7-101649297325401.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2023, he and his daughter Chitra resigned from AAP and are likely to join the Congress party again in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2023 |title=Jolt to AAP in Haryana, as Nirmal Singh leaves party with daughter Chitra before upcoming elections, to join Congress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/jolt-to-aap-in-haryana-as-nirmal-singh-leaves-party-with-daughter-chitra-before-upcoming-elections-to-join-congress/articleshow/106358588.cms |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Arrest ===<br />
In October 1994, he was implicated in a murder investigation and he voluntarily resigned as a Minister of State for Revenue. He was put behind bars for the next two and half years.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} He contested the next election in 1996 from behind the bars as an independent candidate and won. Later, he was acquitted of all charges in February 1997.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Tours ==<br />
<br />
* 1983: He was a member of India's first political youth delegation to China after the war.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
* 1985: He accompanied late prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] to the U.S.A.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Nirmal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1953 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1982–1987]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1996–2000]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2005–2009]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhuwan_Chandra_Kapri&diff=491407Bhuwan Chandra Kapri2026-04-07T02:08:28Z<p>Eziosolution: pg!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Bhuwan Kapri<br />
| image = Bhuwan_Chand_Kapri_MLA_Khatima.jpg<br />
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]]<br />
| term_start = 10 March 2022<br />
| predecessor = [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<br />
| party = {{flagicon image|Indian National Congress hand logo.svg}} [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| birth_place = [[Pithoragarh]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]])<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| caption = Kapri in 2022<br />
| alma_mater = [[Kumaun University]]<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]]<br />[[L.L.B.]]<br />
| parents = Liladhar Kapri (father)<br />Godawari Kapri (mother)<br />
| citizenship = [[India]]<br />
| office2 = Deputy Leader of Opposition <br> [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 10 April 2022<br />
| leader2 = [[Yashpal Arya]]<br />
| governor2 = [[Gurmit Singh (general)]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Karan Mahra]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhuwan Chandra Kapri''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Indian National Congress]], who represents [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Who is Bhuwan Chandra Kapri? Know the man who beats Pushkar Singh Dhami, HERE |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/who-is-bhuwan-chandra-kapri-know-the-man-who-beats-pushkar-singh-dhami-here-2444180.html |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> On 10 April 2022, Bhuwan Chandra Kapri was elected as the Deputy Leader of Congress Legislative Party (CLP) in the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karan Mahara appointed Uttarakhand Congress president |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/04/10/karan-mahara-appointed-uttarakhand-congress-president.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kapri won the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]] constituency, with a margin of 6579 votes<ref name=eci>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/statewiseS284.htm |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> against the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]].<ref name=eci/> He is also a former Working President of [[Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Congress Needs to Work Hard: Uttarakhand Giant Killer Kapri Who Defeated CM Dhami |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/uttarakhand-giant-killer-kapri-who-defeated-cm-dhami-feels-congress-needs-to-work-hard-4865921.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhuwan Kapri lost the [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly Election]] to [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] and finished as runner up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Bhuwan Chandra Kapri, Khatima Assembly Elections 2017 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttarakhand/2017/khatima/bhuwan-chandra-kapri/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kapri has been associated with the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[National Students' Union of India]] for a long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sunil |date=2022-03-11 |title=जानिए कौन हैं भुवन कापड़ी जिन्होंने चुनावी रण क्षेत्र में मुख्यमंत्री धामी को किया पराजित – |url=https://devbhoomidarshan17.com/uttarakhand-newsknow-who-is-bhuwan-chandra-kapri-who-defeated-cm-pushkar-dhami-in-khatima/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> He started his political career from Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Govt PG College, Khatima where he became President of the Students’ Union.<ref name=":0" /> Previously he also served as the Chairman of Khatima Mandi Council.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Kapri was born in a [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Uttarakhand: कांग्रेस ने खारिज किया पुराना फॉर्मूला, ठाकुर-ब्राह्मण और दलित कॉन्बिनेशन पर खेला दांव |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/dehradun-uttarakhand-congress-appointments-high-command-tries-to-maintain-region-experience-and-caste-balance-nodark-4185648.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> in Harari village of [[Pithoragarh district]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now [[Uttarakhand]]) on 11 November 1981 to Liladhar Kapri and Godawari Kapri.<br />
<br />
He studied there until 3rd standard after that they moved to Khatima. He received a [[Bachelor of Science]], [[Master of Arts]] and later [[Bachelor of Laws]] from [[Kumaun University]] in 2014, where he was also elected as President of the Student’s Union of HNBPG Khatima.<br />
<br />
== Positions held ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+'''Public''' '''Offices'''<br />
!Year<br />
!Description<br />
|-<br />
|2004 - 2005<br />
|President of the Student’s Union HNBPG Khatima<br />
|-<br />
|2013 - 2017<br />
|Chairman of Mandi Council Khatima<br />
|-<br />
|2022 - Till Date<br />
|Elected to [[5th Uttarakhand Assembly]]<br />
* Deputy Leader of Opposition [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+'''Within''' '''Party'''<br />
!Year<br />
!Description<br />
|-<br />
|2005 - 2008<br />
|State General Secretary [[National Students' Union of India]] Uttarakhand.<br />
|-<br />
|2009 - 2011<br />
|Lok Sabha ([[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–U.S.Nagar]]) President [[Indian Youth Congress]].<br />
|-<br />
|2013 - 2018<br />
|State President [[Indian Youth Congress]] Uttarakhand.<br />
|-<br />
|2018 - 2021<br />
|General Secretary [[Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee]].<br />
|-<br />
|2021 - 2022<br />
|Working President [[Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Electoral performances ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Election<br />
!Constituency<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!Opponent<br />
!colspan="2"|Opposition Party<br />
!Opposition Votes<br />
!%<br />
!Margin<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|MLA]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Khatima Assembly constituency|Khatima]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|frameless|21x21px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|26,830<br />
|33.03%<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|29,539<br />
|36.37%<br />
| -2,709<br />
|{{Lost}}<br />
|<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Khatima Assembly constituency |date=2025-01-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatima_Assembly_constituency |access-date=2025-01-17 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br />
|48,177<br />
|51.89%<br />
|41,598<br />
|44.80%<br />
| +6,579<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapri, Bhuwan Chandra}}<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]<br />
<br />
{{Uttarakhand-INC-politician-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_villages_in_Nokha_tehsil&diff=513308List of villages in Nokha tehsil2026-04-05T07:32:40Z<p>Eziosolution: Added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of villages located in [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha tehsil]] of [[Bikaner district]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bikaner|place=Rajasthan (India)|publisher=Government Central Press|date=1972|page=339}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br />
<br />
* Ankhisar<br />
* Badh Kakara<br />
* Bakhtawarpura<br />
* Bandhala<br />
* Bandhra<br />
* Basi<br />
* Beekasar<br />
* Berasar<br />
* Badhla<br />
* [[Bhamatsar]]<br />
* Bhom Bagseu<br />
* Bhom Bilniyasar<br />
* Bhom Kirtasar<br />
* Bhom Maiyasar<br />
* Bhyau<br />
* Biramsar<br />
* Boodhron Ki Dhani<br />
* Chachaniya<br />
* Chainasar<br />
* Charkara<br />
* Chitana<br />
* Dasnoo<br />
* Dawa<br />
* Desalsar Bhatiyan<br />
* Desalsar Mandlawatan<br />
* Desalsar Purohitan<br />
* Dharnok<br />
* Dheengsari<br />
* Dhoopaliya<br />
* Durgapura<br />
* Gajroopdesar<br />
* Ghattoo<br />
* Gondusar<br />
* Govind Nagar<br />
* Hansasar<br />
* Hemolai<br />
* Himatsar<br />
* Hiyadesar<br />
* Jagrampura<br />
* Jaisingh Desar Magra<br />
* Jangloo<br />
* Jegla Gogliyan<br />
* Jegala Panna Daroga<br />
* Jesalsar<br />
* Kahira<br />
* Kakkoo<br />
* Kanwlisar<br />
* Kedli<br />
* Khara<br />
* Kheechiyasar<br />
* Kirtasar<br />
* Kisnasar<br />
* Koodsoo<br />
* Kookniya<br />
* Kunbhasar<br />
* Ladhupura<br />
* Leelka<br />
* Lumbasar<br />
* Madhiya<br />
* Maiyasar<br />
* Manaksar<br />
* Mandeliya<br />
* [[Manyana, Rajasthan|Manyana]]<br />
* Meghasar<br />
* Moolwas<br />
* Morkhana Aguna<br />
* Morkhana Athuna<br />
* [[Mukam, Rajasthan|Mukam]]<br />
* Munjasar<br />
* Mureedsar<br />
* Nagarjana<br />
* Nathoosar<br />
* Nimdiyasar<br />
* Nokhagaon<br />
* [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha Mandi]]<br />
* Panchoo<br />
* Parwa<br />
* Pithrasar<br />
* Prahlad Pura<br />
* Raisar<br />
* Ram Nagar<br />
* Rasisar Bas Bara<br />
* Rasisar Bas Panchayatiyan<br />
* Rasisar Bas Purohitan<br />
* Rasisar Bas Talariya<br />
* Ratriya<br />
* Rora<br />
* Sadhoona<br />
* Sainsar<br />
* Salundiya<br />
* Satheeka<br />
* Seelwa<br />
* Sekhasar<br />
* Sharah Kalasar<br />
* Sharah Manaksar<br />
* Sharah Panchoo<br />
* Sharah Teliya<br />
* Shri Rampura<br />
* Shindhu<br />
* Shijguru<br />
* Shobhana<br />
* Somasar<br />
* Surpura<br />
* Sowa<br />
* Swaroopsar<br />
* Talwa<br />
* Tant<br />
* Tardo Ki Basti<br />
* Teliyasar<br />
* Udasar<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bikaner district]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists|Bikaner district, Nokha tehsil villages]]<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district|*]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of villages in Rajasthan|Nokha tehsil]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shashi_Tharoor&diff=461514Shashi Tharoor2026-03-29T18:26:17Z<p>Eziosolution: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician and author (born 1956)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Shashi Tharoor 2025.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| landscape = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Tharoor in 2025<br />
| birth_name = Shashi Krishnan Chandrashekhan Tharoor<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|03|09|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = London, England <br />
| death_date = <br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| other_names = <br />
| siglum = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Tufts University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy|MALD]], [[PhD]])}}<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|orator|public intellectual|former diplomat|bureaucrat|statesman}}<br />
| years_active = <br />
| era = <br />
| organisation = <br />
| agent = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| style = <br />
| height = <br />
| television = <br />
| title = <br />
| term = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (since 2009)<br />
| otherparty = <br />
| movement = <br />
| opponents = <br />
| boards = <br />
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list|{{marriage|Tilottama Mukherji|1981||end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Christa Giles |2007|2010|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Sunanda Pushkar]]|2010|2014|end=died}}}}<br />
| partner = <br />
| children = 2 (including [[Ishaan Tharoor|Ishaan]])<br />
| awards = [[#Honours and awards|Full list]]<br />
| website = {{URL|shashitharoor.in}}<br />
| office1 = [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of [[List of Indian parliamentary committees|Standing Committee on External Affairs]]<br />
| appointer1 = [[Om Birla]]<br />
| term_start1 = 26 September 2024<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[P. P. Chaudhary]]<br />
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start2 = 31 May 2009<br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = [[Pannyan Raveendran]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin<br />
|Prior offices<br />
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey<br />
}}<br />
| office3 = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Union Minister of State for Human Resource Development]]<br />
| primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
| minister3 = [[Kapil Sibal]]<br />[[M. M. Pallam Raju]]<br />
| term_start3 = 28 October 2012<br />
| term_end3 = 26 May 2014<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Upendra Kushwaha]]<br />
| office4 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State for External Affairs]]<br />
| primeminister4 = Manmohan Singh<br />
| minister4 = [[S. M. Krishna]]<br />
| term_start4 = 28 May 2009<br />
| term_end4 = 18 April 2010<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Anand Sharma]]<br />
| successor4 = [[E. Ahamed]]<br />
| office5 = [[United Nations Department of Global Communications|United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information]]<br />
| 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|Secretary-General}}<br />
| 1namedata5 = [[Kofi Annan]]<br />
| term_start5 = 1 June 2002<br />
| term_end5 = 9 February 2007<br />
| predecessor5 = ''Office established''<br />
| successor5 = [[Kiyotaka Akasaka]]<br />
| office6 = [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of [[List of Indian parliamentary committees|Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology]]<br />
| appointer6 = Om Birla<br />
| term_start6 = 13 September 2019<br />
| term_end6 = 12 September 2022<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Anurag Thakur]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Nishikant Dubey]]<br />
| office7 = [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of [[List of Indian parliamentary committees|Standing Committee on Chemicals & Fertilizers]]<br />
| appointer7 = Om Birla<br />
| term_start7 = 13 September 2022<br />
| term_end7 = 12 September 2024<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]<br />
| successor7 = [[Kirti Azad]]<br />
| office8 = [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of the [[All India Professionals Congress]]<br />
| term_start8 = 1 August 2017<br />
| term_end8 = 15 November 2023<br />
| 1blankname8 = AICC President<br />
| 1namedata8 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]<br>[[Rahul Gandhi]]<br>[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]<br />
| predecessor8 = ''Office established''<br />
| successor8 = [[Praveen Chakravarty]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br />
| module2 = {{Infobox writer<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| embed_title = <br />
| period = [[Postmodern literature|Postmodern]]<br />
| genre = {{cslist|Novel|short story|[[non-fiction]]}}<br />
| subject = {{cslist|Economics|history|governance|[[foreign policy]]|[[geopolitics]]}}<br />
| movement = <br />
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[The Great Indian Novel]]''|''[[India: From Midnight to the Millennium]]''|''[[Why I Am a Hindu]]''|''[[Inglorious Empire|Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India]]''}}<br />
| years_active = 1964–present<br />
}}<br />
| module3 = <br />
| module4 = <br />
| module5 = <br />
| module6 = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_type = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shashi Tharoor''' ({{IPA|ml|ʃɐʃi t̪ɐɾuːr|language}}; born 9 March 1956) is an Indian politician, author, public intellectual and diplomat. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he has represented [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], in the [[Lok Sabha]] since 2009. He was formerly an [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations]] and [[2006 United Nations Secretary-General selection|ran for]] the office of [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] in 2006, coming second.<br />
<br />
Born in [[London]] and raised in [[Bombay]] and [[Calcutta]], Tharoor graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], in 1975 and culminated his studies in 1978 with a doctorate in international relations and affairs from the [[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]], [[Tufts University]]. At the age of 22, he was the youngest person at the time to receive such an honour from the Fletcher School. From 1978 to 2007, Tharoor was a career official at the [[United Nations]], rising to the rank of [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|Under-Secretary General]] for Communications and Public Information in 2001. He announced his retirement from the organisation after finishing second in the [[2006 United Nations Secretary-General selection|2006 selection for Secretary-General]] to [[Ban Ki-moon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/diplomacy/story/20061016-shashi-tharoor-candidate-for-united-nations-782248-2006-10-15 |title=UN top job: Why India's candidate Shashi Tharoor had to drop out of the race |first=Saurabh |last=Shukla |date=16 October 2006 |newspaper=[[India Today]] |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082928/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shashi-tharoor-candidate-for-united-nations/1/180465.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, Tharoor began his political career by joining the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). He became a member of Parliament that year by winning the Lok Sabha seat of [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]; he has been re-elected in 2014, 2019, and 2024. During the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan Singh government]], Tharoor served as the [[minister of state]] for [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|external affairs]]. He founded the [[All India Professionals Congress]]. Tharoor formerly served as the chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-announces-reconstituted-working-committee-shashi-tharoor-sachin-pilot-new-additions/article67215877.ece The Hindu, 20.08.2023 ]</ref><br />
<br />
A [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] winner, Tharoor has authored many works of fiction and non-fiction since 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-as-catchy-as-webaqoof-but-29-letter-long-shashi-tharoors-new-word-is-floccinaucinihilipilificati-1929980|title=The 29-Letter Word That Shashi Tharoor Used To Announce His Book on PM|website=NDTV.com|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050322/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-as-catchy-as-webaqoof-but-29-letter-long-shashi-tharoors-new-word-is-floccinaucinihilipilificati-1929980|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/hindi-not-our-natural-national-language-shashi-tharoor-in-the-paradoxical-prime-minister/cid/1672987|title=Hindi not our natural, national language: Shashi Tharoor in The Paradoxical Prime Minister|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=3 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050123/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/hindi-not-our-natural-national-language-shashi-tharoor-in-the-paradoxical-prime-minister/cid/1672987|url-status=live}}</ref> Tharoor is popular for his command over the [[English language]]. He was the most followed Indian on [[Twitter]] before being overtaken by [[Narendra Modi]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narendra Modi overtakes Shashi Tharoor, becomes most followed Indian politician on Twitter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/gujarat/story/narendra-modi-topples-tharoor-to-become-most-popular-on-twitter-169087-2013-07-03 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=India Today |date=4 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Shashi Tharoor was born on 9 March 1956<ref>{{Cite web|title='Am touched by your thoughtfulness': Shashi Tharoor thanks PM Modi for birthday wishes in Malayalam|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/am-touched-by-your-thoughtfulness-shashi-tharoor-thanks-pm-modi-for-birthday-wishes-in-malayalam|access-date=29 March 2021|website=www.freepressjournal.in|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514020105/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/am-touched-by-your-thoughtfulness-shashi-tharoor-thanks-pm-modi-for-birthday-wishes-in-malayalam|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[London]], England as Shashi Krishnan Chandrashekaran Tharoor to Chandra Shekharan Nair Tharoor and Sulekha Menon, a [[Nair]] couple from [[Palakkad]], Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shashi-tharoor/caste-wont-disappear-india_b_6257354.html |work=[[HuffPost]] |title=Why Caste Won't Disappear From India |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726183804/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shashi-tharoor/caste-wont-disappear-india_b_6257354.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tharoor has two younger sisters, Shobha and Smitha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2021|title=Used to bully them when we were younger but now...: Shashi Tharoor on his equation with his sisters|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-mp-shashi-tharoor-younger-sisters-smita-shobha-1863066-2021-10-10|access-date=29 November 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tharoor's father worked in various positions in [[London]], [[Bombay]], [[Calcutta]] and [[Delhi]], including a 25-year career (culminating as group advertising manager) for ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''. Tharoor's parents returned to India when he was 2-years old, where he joined the [[Montfort School, Yercaud]], in 1962, subsequently moving to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and studying at the [[Campion School, Mumbai|Campion School]] (1963–68).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.excampionites.com/members-details/?ID=1328 |title=Shashi Tharoor |work=Old Campionite's Association |year=2016 |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201052710/http://www.excampionites.com/members-details/?ID=1328 |url-status=live }}</ref> He spent his high school years at [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]], Calcutta (1969–71).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shashitharoor.co/shashitharoortimeline |title=BRIEF TIMELINE|work=<br />
SHASHI THAROOR EXCLUSIVE, Author MP,Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1975, Tharoor graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from [[St Stephen's College, Delhi|St Stephen's College]] at the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]], where he had been president of the student union and also founded the St. Stephen's Quiz Club.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2015|title=10 politicians who graduated from Delhi University|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/10-politicians-graduated-from-university-of-delhi-32279.html|access-date=29 November 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129060855/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/10-politicians-graduated-from-university-of-delhi-32279.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Within the same year, Tharoor went to the United States to obtain an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in international relations from [[The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] at [[Tufts University]] in [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]]. After obtaining his M.A. in 1976, Tharoor further obtained his [[Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy]] in 1977 and his Ph.D. in International Relations and Affairs in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tuftsalumni.org/who-we-are/alumni-recognition/tufts-notables/public-service-education-5/#tharoor |title=Public Service and Education, S – T |work=Tufts Alumni |access-date=16 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123221752/http://tuftsalumni.org/who-we-are/alumni-recognition/tufts-notables/public-service-education-5/#tharoor |archive-date=23 January 2016 }}</ref> While he was pursuing his doctorate, Tharoor was awarded the Robert B. Stewart Prize for best student and was also the first [[editor-in-chief]] of the [[The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs|Fletcher Forum of International Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2016|title=Shashi Tharoor turns 60: Some lesser-known facts you shouldn't overlook|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/shashi-tharoor-312409-2016-03-09|access-date=29 November 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428101503/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/shashi-tharoor-312409-2016-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> At the age of 22, he was the youngest person to receive a doctorate in the history of the Fletcher School.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shashi Tharoor's controversial political stint {{!}} India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shashi-Tharoors-controversial-political-stint/articleshow/5829403.cms |access-date=3 July 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=18 April 2010 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712125121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shashi-Tharoors-controversial-political-stint/articleshow/5829403.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Diplomatic career (1978–2007)==<br />
Tharoor's career in the United Nations began in 1978 as a staff member of the [[UN High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) in [[Geneva]]. From 1981 until 1984 he was head of the UNHCR office in Singapore, during the [[boat people]] crisis, leading the organisation's rescue efforts at sea and succeeding in resettling a backlog of Vietnamese refugees. He also processed Polish and Acehnese refugee cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/events/women/iwd/2003/tharoor.html |title=Shashi Tharoor |publisher=United Nations |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152908/http://www.un.org/events/women/iwd/2003/tharoor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After a further stint at the UNHCR headquarters in Geneva, during which he became the first chairman of the staff elected by UNHCR personnel worldwide, Tharoor left UNHCR. In 1989 he was appointed special assistant to the Under-secretary-general for special political affairs, the unit that later became the [[United Nations peacekeeping|Peacekeeping Operations Department]] in New York. Until 1996, he led the team responsible for [[United Nations Protection Force|peacekeeping operations]] in the former [[Yugoslavia]], spending considerable time on the ground during the [[Yugoslav Wars|civil war]] there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fletcher.tufts.edu/News-and-Media/2008/01/25/A-look-at-the-life |title=A look at life after the UN: Shashi Tharoor F'78 |date=25 January 2008 |work=Tufts Fletcher School |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024211455/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/News-and-Media/2008/01/25/A-look-at-the-life |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/tharoor_bio.htm |title=Shashi Tharoor biography |publisher=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413040623/http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/tharoor_bio.htm |archive-date=13 April 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===UN Assistant Secretary and Under-Secretary-General===<br />
In 1996, Tharoor was appointed director of communications and special projects and executive assistant to Secretary-general [[Kofi Annan]]. In January 2001, Tharoor was appointed as Interim Head<ref name="ST UN">{{Cite web|title=Appointment of Shashi Tharoor as Under Secretary General for Communications and Public Information confirmed by Secretary General|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/sga803.doc.htm|access-date=19 November 2018|publisher=United Nations|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703163815/https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/sga803.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> of the Department of Public Information (DPI) at the assistant-secretary-general level.<ref name="ST UN"/> He was subsequently confirmed as the under-secretary-general for communications and public information (UNDPI) with effect from 1 June 2002.<ref name="ST UN"/> In this capacity, he was responsible for the United Nations' communications strategy, enhancing the image and effectiveness of the organisation. In 2003 the secretary-general gave him the additional responsibility of United Nations coordinator for multilingualism. During his tenure at the UNDPI, Tharoor reformed the department and undertook a number of initiatives, ranging from organizing and conducting the first-ever UN seminar on Antisemitism, the first-ever UN seminar on [[Islamophobia]] after the [[11 September attacks]], and launching an annual list of "Ten Under-Reported Stories the World Ought to Know about", which was last produced in 2008 by his successor.<br />
<br />
On 9 February 2007, Tharoor resigned from the post of under-secretary-general and left the UN on 1 April 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/09un.htm |title=UN Under Secy General Shashi Tharoor resigns |date=9 February 2007 |work=Rediff |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235820/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/09un.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/tenstories/08/ |title=Ten Stories The World Should Hear More About |publisher=United Nations |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231143730/http://www.un.org/en/events/tenstories/08/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/shashi-tharoor-inside-man/32384/ |title=Shashi Tharoor: Inside Man |first=Pranay |last=Gupte |date=9 May 2006 |newspaper=The New York Sun |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214436/http://www.nysun.com/new-york/shashi-tharoor-inside-man/32384/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===2006 campaign for Secretary-General===<br />
{{See also|2006 United Nations Secretary-General selection}}<br />
<br />
In 2006, the government of India nominated Tharoor for the post of [[UN Secretary General]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/print.php?content_id=130689 |title=India names Shashi Tharoor for UN Secretary General's post |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207062959/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/print.php?content_id=130689 |archive-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> Had he won, the 50-year-old Shashi Tharoor would have become the second-youngest secretary-general, after the 46-year-old [[Dag Hammarskjöld]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1961/hammarskjold-bio.html |title=Biography – Dag Hammarskjöld |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=16 April 2010 |archive-date=3 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903131550/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1961/hammarskjold-bio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although all previous Secretaries-General had come from small countries, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and National Security Advisor [[M. K. Narayanan]] felt that Tharoor's candidacy would demonstrate India's willingness to play a larger role at the United Nations.<ref name="open">{{cite news|last1=Tharoor|first1=Shashi|title=The inside Story of How I Lost the Race for the UN Secretary-General's Job in 2006|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cover-story/the-inside-story-of-how-i-lost-the-race-for-the-un-secretary-generals-job-in-2006-shashi-tharoor|work=OPEN Magazine|date=21 October 2016|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161700/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cover-story/the-inside-story-of-how-i-lost-the-race-for-the-un-secretary-generals-job-in-2006-shashi-tharoor|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tharoor finished second, behind [[Ban Ki-moon]] of South Korea, in each of the four straw polls conducted by the [[UN Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/2006/10/first-color-coded-straw-poll-results/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117050910/http://www.unsg.org/wordpress/2006/10/first-color-coded-straw-poll-results/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2015 |title=Ban Ki-moon wins |work=UNSG.org |date=2 October 2006 |access-date=2 October 2006 }}</ref> In the final round, Ban emerged as the only candidate not to be vetoed by one of the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent members]], while Tharoor received one veto from the United States. U.S. ambassador [[John R. Bolton|John Bolton]] later revealed his instructions from [[Condoleezza Rice]]: "We don't want a strong Secretary-General." Tharoor was a protégé of the independently minded [[Kofi Annan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_us-veto-ends-shashi-tharoor-s-run-for-top-job-at-the-un_1056664 |title=US veto ends Shashi Tharoor's run for top job at the UN |work=DNA India |first=Seema |last=Guha |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=16 April 2010 |archive-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185332/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_us-veto-ends-shashi-tharoor-s-run-for-top-job-at-the-un_1056664 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a senior American official told Tharoor that the US was determined to have "No more Kofis."<ref name="open"/> After the vote, Tharoor withdrew his candidacy and declined Ban Ki-moon's invitation to remain in service beyond the expiry of his term as under-secretary-general.<br />
<br />
==Post-diplomatic career (2007–2009)==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | video1 =[https://www.ted.com/talks/shashi_tharoor_why_nations_should_pursue_soft_power "Why nations should pursue soft power"], [[TED (conference)|TED talk]], November 2009 }}<br />
In February 2007, amidst speculation about his post-UN future, the Indian press reported that Tharoor might be inducted into the Council of Ministers of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] as Minister of State for External Affairs. In the same month, an American gossip blog reported that Tharoor was a finalist for the position of dean of the [[USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism|USC Annenberg School for Communication]] in Los Angeles, but he withdrew his name from consideration at the final stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laist.com/archives/2007/02/20/top_5_candidates_for_usc_annenberg_dean.php |title=Top 5 Candidates for USC Annenberg Dean |first=Andy |last=Sternberg |date=20 February 2007 |work=LAist |access-date=16 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403083550/http://www.laist.com/archives/2007/02/20/top_5_candidates_for_usc_annenberg_dean.php |archive-date=3 April 2007 }}</ref> Instead, Tharoor became chairman of Dubai-based Afras Ventures,<ref name="Rediff">{{cite news |last=Haniffa |first=Aziz |title=Shashi Tharoor joins the corporate world |date=10 May 2007 |work=Rediff News |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/may/10shashi.htm |access-date=6 May 2008 |archive-date=27 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527215120/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/may/10shashi.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> which established the Afras Academy for Business Communication (AABC) in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, the city in which he would go on to win a record four parliamentary elections. He also spoke around the world about India and Kerala, where he spent increasing amounts of time before moving for good to India in October 2008.<br />
<br />
Prior to embarking on his political career, Tharoor also served on the board of overseers of the [[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]], the board of trustees of the [[Aspen Institute]], and the advisory boards of the [[Indo-American Arts Council]], the [[American India Foundation]], the [[World Policy Journal]], the Virtue Foundation, and the human rights organisation [[Breakthrough (human rights)|Breakthrough]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/BSP/images/Shashitharoorbio.pdf |title=Shashi Tharoor Biographical note |year=2007 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=17 March 2014 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325232442/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/BSP/images/Shashitharoorbio.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> At the [[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] in 1976, he founded and was the first chair of the editorial board of ''[[The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs]]'', a journal examining issues in international relations.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ony.unu.edu/09February2006Panelists.html|title = In cooperation with UNU-P&G, United States Institute of Peace, and Cambridge University Press|access-date = 10 May 2007|publisher = [[United Nations University]] Office at the United Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609181244/http://www.ony.unu.edu/09February2006Panelists.html |archive-date=9 June 2007}}</ref> Tharoor was an international adviser to the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] in Geneva from 2008 to 2011. He served on the advisory council of the [[Hague Institute for International Justice]]<ref name="The Hague Institute for Global Justice">{{cite news |title=Shashi Tharoor now a member of the THIGJ Advisory Council |date=17 October 2012 |work=The Hague Institute for Global Justice |url=http://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/index.php?page=News-News_articles-Recent-Shashi_Tharoor_now_a_member_of_the_THIGJ_Advisory_Council&pid=138&id=32 |access-date=28 November 2012 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606222423/http://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/index.php?page=News-News_articles-Recent-Shashi_Tharoor_now_a_member_of_the_THIGJ_Advisory_Council&pid=138&id=32 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was elected Fellow of the [[New York Institute for the Humanities]] during 1995–96.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English |editor-first=Mohit K. |editor-last=Ray |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |date=1 September 2007 |page=524 |isbn=9788126908325}}</ref> He also supported various educational causes, including as Patron of [[GEMS Modern Academy]] in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1080342|date = 16 February 2007|title = Shashi Tharoor to be inducted in government?|access-date = 16 January 2016|newspaper = [[Daily News and Analysis]]|archive-date = 11 February 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211162737/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1080342|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career (2009–present)==<br />
<br />
=== In government (2009–2014)===<br />
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath as Minister of State to Dr. Shashi Tharoor, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on October 28, 2012.jpg|thumb|[[List of Presidents of India|13th]] [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] administering the oath as Minister of State to Shashi Tharoor at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], in New Delhi on 2012.]]<br />
When Tharoor began his political career, he was approached by the Congress, the Communists, and the BJP. He chose the INC because he felt ideologically aligned with the party.<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170514/jsp/opinion/story_151438.jsp|title=In his Image – The Importance of being Shashi Tharoor|date=14 May 2017|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220093305/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170514/jsp/opinion/story_151438.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2009, Tharoor contested the Indian General elections as a candidate for the Congress Party in [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. His opponents included P. Ramachandran Nair of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), Neelalohitadasan Nadar of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), MP Gangadharan of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP), and PK Krishna Das of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Despite criticism that he was an "elite outsider",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/outsider-to-playboy-tharoor-hopes-to-ride-out-new-storm/articleshow/33581994.cms|title=Shashi Tharoor – The Elite Outsider|website=The Times of India|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508142753/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/outsider-to-playboy-tharoor-hopes-to-ride-out-new-storm/articleshow/33581994.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
Tharoor won the elections by a margin of 99,989. He was then selected as a minister of state in the Council of Ministers of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. On 28 May 2009, he was sworn in as minister of state for external affairs, in charge of Africa, Latin America, and the Gulf, including the Hajj pilgrimage, and the consular, passports, and visas services of the ministry. As minister of state for external affairs, he re-established long-dormant diplomatic relationships with African nations, where his fluency in French made him popular with Francophone countries and their heads of state.<br />
<br />
Tharoor was a pioneer in using social media as an instrument of political interaction. He was India's most-followed politician on Twitter until 2013, when he was overtaken by future prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]. Some of his Twitter posts have proved controversial in the past and were highlighted negatively by the opposition and press.<br />
<br />
Tharoor was also the first Indian minister to visit Haiti after the devastating [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 earthquake]]. He reformed the arrangements relating to the conduct of the Hajj pilgrimage. He initiated new policy-planning activities on the Indian Ocean and represented India at various global events during his 11-month tenure as minister. In April 2010, Tharoor resigned from the position as Minister of State for External Affairs following allegations that he had misused his office to get shares in an [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) cricket franchise. He denied the charges and, during his resignation speech in Parliament, called for a full inquiry. In a 2014 rejoinder he defended his position: "I was never involved in a scam of any sort in the IPL- I was brought down because...[I had] antagonised some powerful political cricketing interests" and added that he had "cooperated extensively with the detailed investigation conducted by the Enforcement Directorate into the entire issue", and no wrongdoing had been found.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |title=Rejoinder: Time I put the record straight, says Shashi Tharoor |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/ls-election-rejoinder-time-i-put-the-record-straight-says-shashi-tharoor/20140523.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=29 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Manmohan Singh addressing after unveiling the commemoration plaque of the offsite Campus of Central University of Kerala, at Thiruvananthapuram, in Kerala. The Governor of Kerala, Shri Nikhil Kumar.jpg|thumb|[[List of Prime Ministers of India|13th prime minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] with Shashi Tharoor and Chief Minister Oommen Chandy unveiling the commemoration plaque of the offsite Campus of Central University of Kerala at Thiruvananthapuram, in Kerala.]]Between 2010 and 2012, Tharoor remained active in Parliament and was member-convenor of the Parliamentary Forum on Disaster Management, a member of the Standing Committee on External Affairs, of the Consultative Committee of Defence, [[Public Accounts Committee|the Public Accounts Committee]], and the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Telecoms. He participated in several important debates of the 15th Lok Sabha, including on the Lokpal Bill, the demand for grants of the Ministry of External Affairs and of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the black money debate, and so on. In the special debate on the 60th anniversary of the Indian Parliament, Tharoor was one of four members of the Congress Party, including party President [[Sonia Gandhi]], Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], and Leader of the House [[Pranab Mukherjee]], to be invited to address the [[Lok Sabha]].<br />
<br />
In 2012, Tharoor was re-inducted into the Union Council of Ministers by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] with the portfolio of [[minister of state]] for [[Ministry of Education (India)|Human Resource Development]]. In this role, he took special interest in the problems and challenges of [[adult education]], [[distance education]] and enhancing high-quality research by academic institutions. He was responsible for the ministry's written answers to Parliament's questions and responded to oral questions on education during the Lok Sabha's Question Hour. He addressed forums and conferences on education, explained a vision of India's educational challenges in the context of the country's demographic opportunities, and stressed that education was not only a socioeconomic issue, but also a national security issue.<br />
<br />
As Member of Parliament for [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], Tharoor became the first elected representative in India to issue annual reports on his work as MP, including furnishing accounts of his MPLADS expenditure. In 2012, he published a half-term report followed in 2014 by a full-term report.<br />
<br />
=== In opposition (2014–present) ===<br />
[[File:Hibi Eden and Sasi Tharoor.jpg|thumb|230px|left|Shashi Tharoor at a march parade with [[NSUI]] President [[Hibi Eden]] and other Congress workers in [[Ernakulam]], Kerala.]]<br />
In May 2014, Tharoor won his re-election from Thiruvananthapuram, defeating [[O. Rajagopal]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of around 15,700 votes, and became a member of the 16th [[Lok Sabha]], sitting in Opposition. Following a rout of the INC, he was named chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/shashi-tharoor-removed-congress-spokesperson-kpcc/1/395503.html|title=Shashi Tharoor removed as Congress spokesperson|date=13 October 2014|newspaper=India Today|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312023709/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/shashi-tharoor-removed-congress-spokesperson-kpcc/1/395503.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In regards to Tharoor's removal from the post of INC spokesperson after he made positive remarks regarding [[Narendra Modi]], Kolkata's ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' opined, "For an Opposition MP to have and to exercise the freedom to appreciate a good thing done by the government and for a ruling party MP to speak and vote against the party line is not just legitimate parliamentary practice, it is the very essence of parliamentary democracy. Shashi Tharoor, from the ranks of Congress, has tried to do that; there is not one BJP MP who has matched him. Blind conformism is not loyalty, nor independent thinking, dissent."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151004/jsp/opinion/story_46010.jsp|title=Silence Is Not Golden- The Importance of being Shashi Tharoor MP|date=4 October 2015|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013001254/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151004/jsp/opinion/story_46010.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, Tharoor was asked to help the treasury benches draft a statement condemning Pakistan for freeing Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, the Lashkar-e-Toiba commander, who masterminded the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] that killed 166 people. In January 2015, Tharoor asked not to debunk genuine accomplishments of Ancient Indian Science due to exaggerations of the [[Hindutva]] brigade,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dont-debunk-genuine-accomplishments-of-ancient-indian-science-says-shashi-tharoor-722353|title=Don't Debunk Genuine Accomplishments of Ancient Indian Science, says Shashi Tharoor|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826052811/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dont-debunk-genuine-accomplishments-of-ancient-indian-science-says-shashi-tharoor-722353|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/why-indian-science-scores/article28521379.ece|title=Why Indian science scores|date=8 June 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shashi-Tharoor-supports-Vardhan-says-dont-debunk-ancient-science/articleshow/45751273.cms|title=Shashi Tharoor supports Vardhan, says don't debunk ancient science &#124; India News|website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2015 |access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108171353/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shashi-Tharoor-supports-Vardhan-says-dont-debunk-ancient-science/articleshow/45751273.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> amid [[2015 Indian Science Congress ancient aircraft controversy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/tharoor-explains-his-tweets-on-ancient-indian-science-729942|title=Opinion: Tharoor Explains His Tweets on Ancient Indian Science|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229152102/https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/tharoor-explains-his-tweets-on-ancient-indian-science-729942|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/R3qHit95m09xNttJNPo43L/Separating-fact-from-ancient-Indian-science-fiction.html|title=Separating fact from ancient Indian science fiction|first=Akshat|last=Rathi|date=1 August 2015|website=Mint|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172216/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/R3qHit95m09xNttJNPo43L/Separating-fact-from-ancient-Indian-science-fiction.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2017, Tharoor called for the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Kolkata]] to be converted into a museum on the effects of [[British Raj|British colonial rule in India]]. Tharoor wrote in an ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]'' article that the British "conquered one of the richest countries in the world (27 per cent of global gross domestic product in 1700) and reduced it to, after over two centuries of looting and exploitation, one of the poorest, most diseased and most illiterate countries on Earth by the time they left in 1947. ...Nor is there any memorial to the massacres of the Raj, from Delhi in 1857 to [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Amritsar]] in 1919, the [[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule|deaths of 35 million Indians]] in unnecessary [[Famine in India|famines]] caused by British [policies]".<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-35-million-deaths-britain-shashi-tharoor-british-empire-a7627041.html Britain is responsible for deaths of 35 million Indians, says acclaimed author Shashi Tharoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518211431/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-35-million-deaths-britain-shashi-tharoor-british-empire-a7627041.html |date=18 May 2018 }}". ''The Independent''. 13 March 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
He declined and dismissed any suggestions regarding the potential of him being named as the UPA's prime ministerial candidate in [[2019 Indian general election|2019]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shashi-tharoor-responds-to-online-petition-wanting-him-as-upa-pm-contender-in-2019/|title=Shashi Tharoor responds to online petition wanting him as UPA PM contender in 2019|date=17 March 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=19 September 2018|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428100652/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shashi-tharoor-responds-to-online-petition-wanting-him-as-upa-pm-contender-in-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2017|title=Shashi Tharoor says no intention of becoming PM in 2019, asks to withdraw petition|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/shashi-tharoor-says-no-intention-of-becoming-pm-in-2019-asks-to-withdraw-petition/591555/|access-date=29 November 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129063841/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/shashi-tharoor-says-no-intention-of-becoming-pm-in-2019-asks-to-withdraw-petition/591555/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tharoor has also attempted to introduce several Private Members' Bills in the Parliament, rare for an Indian parliamentarian. Notably, his efforts to amend [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] were voted out by the majority of parliamentarians on two occasions. The [[Supreme Court of India|Apex court of India]] [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|later ruled in favor of amending the controversial article in 2018]], thereby vindicating the position advocated by Tharoor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bill to decriminalise gay sex rejected |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35129361 |work=BBC News |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174638/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35129361 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SC verdict on Section 377 – A timeline of the case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/section-377-to-be-revisited-timeline-of-the-case-501 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 January 2018}}</ref> Tharoor got elected to the AICC Working committee on 20 August 2023. In the 2024 election, he was re-elected, defeating BJP cabinet minister [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar|Rajeev Chandrashekar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rajeev Chandrasekhar concedes to Shashi Tharoor: 'Fought clean campaign' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bjp-rajeev-chandrasekhar-concedes-to-congress-shashi-tharoor-in-thiruvananthpuram-lok-sabha-seat-fought-clean-campaign-2548959-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
[[File:Shashi at the polls - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Tharoor is swarmed by media after voting in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]].]]<br />
<br />
While in opposition, he was appointed to multiple positions by the Modi-led government. In 2019, he was appointed as the chairman of Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology.<ref name="Tharoor IT">{{cite news |last1=Alawadhi |first1=Neha |date=14 September 2019 |title=Govt forms IT Standing Committee, names Shashi Tharoor as chairperson |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-forms-it-standing-committee-names-shashi-tharoor-as-chairperson-119091400680_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920225722/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-forms-it-standing-committee-names-shashi-tharoor-as-chairperson-119091400680_1.html |archive-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> On 26 September 2024, he was appointed as the chairman of [[Committee on External Affairs]].<ref name="CEA">{{cite news |author1=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Parliament's standing committees constituted: BJP's Mahtab to head Finance, Shashi Tharoor given External Affairs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliaments-standing-committees-constituted-bjps-mahtab-to-head-finance-shashi-tharoor-given-external-affairs/article68689188.ece |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="IFS India US China">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/india-must-rethink-strategies-on-national-security-if-it-wants-to-join-ranks-with-us-china/270324/ |title=India must rethink strategies on national security if it wants to join ranks with US, China|work=The Print |date=31 July 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="IFS Foreign Influence">{{cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Srijan |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/with-just-1400-diplomats-indias-foreign-influence-is-severely-limited/219288/ |title=With just 1,400 diplomats, India's foreign influence is severely limited|work=The Print |date=10 April 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="IFS Global">{{cite web |last1=Marlow |first1=Iain |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/india-has-global-ambitions-but-not-enough-ifs-officers-to-fulfil-them/108990/ |title=India has global ambitions but not enough IFS officers to fulfil them|work=The Print |date=31 August 2018 |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="IFS relevance">{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/indian-foreign-service-in-desperate-need-of-reform-particularly-when-it-is-losing-relevance-2943924.html |title=Indian Foreign Service in desperate need of reform, particularly when it is losing relevance|work=Firstpost |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tharoor, then chairman of [[Committee on External Affairs]] in [[16th Lok Sabha]], presented the 12th report for expanding and building the numbers, quality and capacity of India's diplomats.<ref name="EA 12th Report IFS">{{cite web |url=https://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/External%20Affairs/16_External_Affairs_12.pdf |title=Twelfth Report, Standing Committee on External Affairs: Indian Foreign Service cadre|work=[[Lok Sabha]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002095319/https://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/External%20Affairs/16_External_Affairs_12.pdf |access-date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Shashi Tharoor Panel IFS">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/india-is-strapped-for-diplomats-but-if-shashi-tharoors-panel-has-its-way-you-could-become-one-2931362.html |title=If Shashi Tharoor's panel has its way, India's diplomatic corps could grow in quantity and quality |work=Firstpost |date=3 August 2016 |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="IFS Gap">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/fill-in-ifs-cadre-gap-parliament-committee-to-government/articleshow/53532710.cms |title=Fill in IFS cadre gap, Parliament committee to Government|work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=21 December 2016|last1=Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref> In March 2023, [[List of Indian parliamentary committees|Parliamentary Committee]] [[Committee on External Affairs|on External Affairs]] criticized the service for being severely short-staffed and under-budgeted.<br />
<br />
In May 2025, he led the Indian government's [[United States|US]] and Panama delegation for a diplomatic outreach program to key partner countries over the April 22 [[Pahalgam]] terror attack and India's subsequent retaliation against terror camps located in Pakistan, named [[Operation Sindoor]]. He termed the opportunity as a “great honour” and a “matter of duty” as a citizen of India and said he looks forward to playing his part in leading the delegation even as his party, Congress, has frowned upon his inclusion. He asserted that only national interest is above everything else.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-17 |title=Shashi Tharoor to lead high-profile US delegation to brief on Operation Sindoor; Milind Deora, Sudip Bandyopadhyay included |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shashi-tharoor-to-lead-high-profile-us-delegation-to-brief-on-operation-sindoor-milind-deora-sudip-bandyopadhyay-included/articleshow/121229147.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-28 |title=In Panama, Shashi Tharoor's 'no doubt' warning to Pakistan, terrorists; clears India's stance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-panama-shashi-tharoors-no-doubt-warning-to-pakistan-terrorists-explains-why-india-launched-operation-sindoor-101748391196587.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Tharoor explicitly identified Pakistan as the principal perpetrator. He emphasized in diplomatic briefings and public statements that the attack was carried out by militants linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba, operating with Pakistan's support, and stressed that India's response targeted only terrorist infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-28 |title='Pakistan repeatedly attack us': Shashi Tharoor in Panama says 'India continues to bear pain, grief, wounds and losses' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/pakistan-repeatedly-attack-us-shashi-tharoor-in-panama-says-india-continues-to-bear-pain-grief-wounds-and-losses/articleshow/121451826.cms |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=All Party delegation led by MP Shashi Tharoor highlights India's precise & calibrated response during Op Sindoor - | url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/all-party-delegations-reaching-various-countries-to-convey-indias-zero-tolerance-stand-against-terrorism/ | access-date=2025-06-01 | website=www.newsonair.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-26 |title='We're a status quo power, Pakistan is not': Shashi Tharoor slams cross-border terror in US address |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/were-a-status-quo-power-pakistan-is-not-shashi-tharoor-slams-cross-border-terror-in-us-address/articleshow/121388383.cms |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During the delegation's visit to the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|9/11 Memorial]] in New York, Tharoor highlighted the shared experience of India and the US as victims of terrorism and called for global solidarity in holding state sponsors of terror accountable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashi Tharoor's "Don't Work For Government" Reply To Pahalgam Question |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/shashi-tharoor-praises-indias-operation-sindoor-against-pakistan-in-us-i-dont-work-for-government-but-8500794 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-25 |title=Shashi Tharoor visits 9/11 memorial in US, says Pakistan's terrorism 'not acceptable to us' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-not-interested-in-warfare-shashi-tharoor-rips-into-pakistan-during-us-visit-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-101748140050483.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral performances ==<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Constituency<br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! Opponent<br />
! colspan="2" |<small>Opponent Party</small><br />
! <small>Opponent Votes</small><br />
! %<br />
! <small>Result</small><br />
! Margin<br />
! %<br />
|-<br />
! [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
| rowspan="4"|[[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
| 358,155<br />
| 37.19<br />
| <small>[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]</small><br />
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
| 342,078<br />
| 35.52<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 16,077<br />
| 1.66<br />
|-<br />
! [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
| 416,131<br />
| 41.19<br />
| <small>[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]</small><br />
| 316,142<br />
| 31.30<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 99,989<br />
| 9.89<br />
|-<br />
! [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| 297,806<br />
| 34.09<br />
| <small>[[O. Rajagopal]]</small><br />
| 282,336<br />
| 32.32<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 15,470<br />
| 1.77<br />
|-<br />
! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| 326,725<br />
| 44.29<br />
| <small>P. Ramachandran Nair</small><br />
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| 226,727<br />
| 30.74<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 99,998<br />
| 13.55<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
Tharoor has been a columnist in each of India's three best-known English-language newspapers,<ref>[[Newspaper circulation#India|Newspaper Circulation]]</ref> most recently for ''[[The Hindu]]'' (2001–2008) and in a weekly column, "Shashi on Sunday," in the ''[[Times of India]]'' (January 2007 – December 2008). Following his resignation as Minister of State for External Affairs, he began a fortnightly column on foreign policy issues in the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''. Previously he was a columnist for the ''[[Gentleman (magazine)|Gentleman]]'' magazine and the ''[[Indian Express]]'' newspaper, as well as a frequent contributor to ''[[Newsweek International]]'' and the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''. His [[op-eds]] and [[book reviews]] have appeared in ''[[The Washington Post]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-review-behind-the-beautiful-forevers-by-katherine-boo/2012/01/26/gIQA848t4Q_story.html|title=Book review: 'Behind the Beautiful Forevers,' by Katherine Boo|date=10 October 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=10 July 2013|archive-date=23 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123205730/http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-review-behind-the-beautiful-forevers-by-katherine-boo/2012/01/26/gIQA848t4Q_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/08/opinion/india-s-odd-enduring-patchwork.html|title=Opinion &#124; India's Odd, Enduring Patchwork|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|date=8 August 1997|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104184516/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/08/opinion/india-s-odd-enduring-patchwork.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-oct-24-bk-tharoor24-story.html|title=No great sheiks|date=24 October 2004|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=10 July 2013|archive-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220092038/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/oct/24/books/bk-tharoor24|url-status=live}}</ref> amongst other [[List of newspapers|papers]].{{citation needed |date=April 2012}} His monthly column, "India Reawakening", distributed by [[Project Syndicate]], appears in 80 newspapers around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/columnist/shashi-tharoor|title=Shashi Tharoor|website=Project Syndicate|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323200651/https://www.project-syndicate.org/columnist/shashi-tharoor|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2021, Tharoor has written twenty-three books in English.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tharoor's 23rd book is out|url=http://news.rediff.com/commentary/2021/oct/01/tharoors-23rd-book-is-out/3f4bd0df669a99c259b2386bb61f2e62|access-date=29 November 2021|website=news.rediff.com|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129062417/https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2021/oct/01/tharoors-23rd-book-is-out/3f4bd0df669a99c259b2386bb61f2e62|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tharoor began writing at the age of 6,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-shastra-of-writing/article7117149.ece|title=The Shastra of Writing|work=The Hindu|date=19 April 2015|last1=Zachariah|first1=Preeti|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928091054/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-shastra-of-writing/article7117149.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and his first published story appeared in the Sunday edition of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'', in Mumbai at age 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/shashi-tharoor-312409-2016-03-09|title=Shashi Tharoor|work=India Today|date=9 March 2016 |access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428101503/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/shashi-tharoor-312409-2016-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> His [[World War II]] [[adventure novel]] ''Operation Bellows'' about a RAF pilot Reginald Bellows, inspired by the [[Biggles]] books, was serialised in the Junior [[The Statesman (India)|Statesman]] starting a week before his 11th birthday.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDj0OyH8VewC&dq=shashi+tharoor+statemen+operation+bellows&pg=PT9|title=The Five-Dollar Smile: Fourteen Early Stories and a Farce in Two Acts|date=31 January 2015|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-099-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 1999|title=The World's Oldest Teenagers|url=https://www.himalmag.com/the-worlds-oldest-teenagers/|access-date=29 November 2021|website=Himal Southasian|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129061939/https://www.himalmag.com/the-worlds-oldest-teenagers/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Great Indian Novel]]'' had had 43 reprints as of October 2014, and a Silver Jubilee special edition was issued on the book's 25th anniversary in October 2014, by Viking Penguin India. ''The Elephant, the Tiger and the Cellphone'' has also undergone several hardback re-prints.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shashi-tharoors-the-great-indian-novel-has-completed-25-years-in-print-the-silver-jubilee-was-celebrated-over-satire-sips/cid/1557477|title=Shashi Tharoor's The Great Indian novel has completed 25 years in print, the silver jubilee was celebrated over satire & sips|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506224350/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shashi-tharoors-the-great-indian-novel-has-completed-25-years-in-print-the-silver-jubilee-was-celebrated-over-satire-sips/cid/1557477|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-political-career-minister-of-state-for-external-affairs-cabiner-reshuffle-the-great-indian-novel-ready-reckoner-119895-2012-10-29|title=Shashi Tharoor: A ready-reckoner|work=India Today|date=29 October 2012 }}</ref> President [[Bill Clinton]] cited Shashi Tharoor's book ''India From Midnight to the Millennium'' in his speech to the Indian parliament in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/shashi-tharoor-a-man-who-courts-controversy-1.1398600|title=A man who courts controversy|website=Gulf News|date=14 October 2014 |access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202938/http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/shashi-tharoor-a-man-who-courts-controversy-1.1398600|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tharoor has lectured widely on India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nd.edu/news/8766-former-un-diplomat-tharoor-to-deliver-hesburgh-lectures/|title=Former UN diplomat Tharoor to deliver Hesburgh Lectures|last=Chamberlin|first=Kyle|date=10 April 2007|publisher=University of Notre Dame|access-date=19 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202121350/http://news.nd.edu/news/8766-former-un-diplomat-tharoor-to-deliver-hesburgh-lectures/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is often quoted for his observations,{{citation needed |date=April 2012}} including, "India is not, as people keep calling it, an underdeveloped country, but rather, in the context of its history and cultural heritage, a highly developed one in an advanced state of decay."<ref>''The Great Indian Novel'', Viking: London, 1989, p.18.</ref> He also coined a comparison of India's "thali" to the American "melting pot": "If America is a [[melting pot]], then to me India is a [[thali]] – a selection of sumptuous dishes in different bowls. Each tastes different, and does not necessarily mix with the next, but they belong together on the same plate, and they complement each other in making the meal a satisfying repast".<ref>''The Elephant, the Tiger and the Cellphone'', Viking: New Delhi, 2007, p.62.</ref><br />
<br />
Shashi Tharoor's non-fiction work ''An Era of Darkness'', published later in the United Kingdom as ''Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India'', arose out of a [[Shashi Tharoor's Oxford Union speech|speech]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Dr Shashi Tharoor MP – Britain Does Owe Reparations| date=14 July 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7CW7S0zxv4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/f7CW7S0zxv4| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=14 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> he made at the [[Oxford Union]], was published in 2016. It has sold over 100,000 copies in hardback reprints and continues to be a bestseller in the country. The British edition rose to Number 1 in the ''[[London Evening Standard]]'' bestseller lists. Since then, he has published two other non-fiction books: ''Why I Am A Hindu'' (2018) and ''The Paradoxical Prime Minister'' (2018), both of which have been published in the Indian subcontinent by the Aleph Book Company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/why-i-am-a-hindu/|title=Why I am a Hindu|date=28 December 2017|access-date=19 November 2018|publisher=Aleph Book Company|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129183146/http://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/why-i-am-a-hindu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/the-paradoxical-prime-minister-narendra-modi-and-his-india/|title=The Paradoxical Prime Minister: Narendra Modi and His India|date=22 October 2018|access-date=19 November 2018|publisher=Aleph Book Company|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028161813/http://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/the-paradoxical-prime-minister-narendra-modi-and-his-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The two books, both mega-bestsellers in India, raised very important questions. ''Why I Am a Hindu'' makes the point that it is precisely because Hindus form the majority that India has survived as a plural, secular democracy, a status that come under threat in the present world. ''The Paradoxical Prime Minister'' was a critical study of the present Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and the effect he has had on India, along with other questions about a leader who is reviled and worshipped in equal measure.<br />
<br />
Victor Mallet in the ''[[Financial Times]]'' said Tharoor "wants us to understand the origins of the difficulties that confronted India" after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1885a53e-07d4-11e7-97d1-5e720a26771b|title=''Inglorious Empire'' by Shashi Tharoor – the rapacious Raj|website=Financial Times|date=17 March 2017|access-date=22 March 2018|last1=Mallet|first1=Victor|archive-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014302/https://www.ft.com/content/1885a53e-07d4-11e7-97d1-5e720a26771b|url-status=live}}</ref> An article by the ''[[New Statesman]]'' said it was especially important for readers in Britain in the light of post-[[Brexit]] discussions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/brexit/2017/03/why-brexiteers-need-update-their-reading-colonial-history|title=Why Brexiteers need to update their reading of colonial history|date=17 March 2017|website=New Statesman|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323154745/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/brexit/2017/03/why-brexiteers-need-update-their-reading-colonial-history|url-status=live}}</ref> Tharoor has called for the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] to pay "colonial [[Reparations (transitional justice)|reparations]]" to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e74fd646-285d-11e8-b27e-cc62a39d57a0|title=Shashi Tharoor: the writer who believes Britain should pay colonial reparations|last=Stacey|first=Kiran|date=22 March 2018|website=Financial Times|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092619/https://www.ft.com/content/e74fd646-285d-11e8-b27e-cc62a39d57a0|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2019, he published a new book, ''The Hindu Way: An Introduction'', in line with his research into Hindu culture and ways of life of late.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/936390/does-shashi-tharoor-believe-in-reincarnation-and-karma-his-new-book-has-an-answer|title=Does Shashi Tharoor believe in reincarnation and karma? His new book has an answer|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|website=Scroll.in|date=8 September 2019 |access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929192902/https://scroll.in/article/936390/does-shashi-tharoor-believe-in-reincarnation-and-karma-his-new-book-has-an-answer|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020 he published ''The New World Disorder And the Indian Imperative,'' co-authored with Samir Saran, President of the [[Observer Research Foundation]] (ORF), one of Asia's most influential think tanks. The book is a crucial study on the current state of chaos in international politics and identifies India's imminent role, as a non-hegemonic global power, in scripting an equitable ethic for a new international order.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Haidar|first=Suhasini|date=25 January 2020|title=Book review: The New World Disorder and the Indian Imperative by Shashi Tharoor and Samir Saran|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/book-review-the-new-world-disorder-and-the-indian-imperative-by-shashi-tharoor-and-samir-saran/article30644414.ece|access-date=29 November 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126135106/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/book-review-the-new-world-disorder-and-the-indian-imperative-by-shashi-tharoor-and-samir-saran/article30644414.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Tharoor's first wife was Tilottama Mukherji, a half-[[Bengalis|Bengali]] and half-[[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] academic,<ref>{{cite news |title=Shashi Tharoor and his ladies |url=https://www.abplive.in/crime/shashi-tharoor-and-his-ladies-7697 |access-date=5 July 2019 |work=m.abplive.in |date=10 January 2015 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705211555/https://www.abplive.in/crime/shashi-tharoor-and-his-ladies-7697 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the granddaughter of politician [[Kailash Nath Katju]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shashi Tharoor to marry third time |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/india/shashi-tharoor-to-marry-third-time/Shashi-Tharoor/articleshow/5793527.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104103931/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/india/shashi-tharoor-to-marry-third-time/Shashi-Tharoor/articleshow/5793527.cms |archive-date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> Tharoor and Mukherji had been college sweethearts and were married in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganapathy |first1=Nirmala |title=End of the road for Minister Twitter? |url=https://www.asiaone.com/asia/end-road-minister-twitter?amp |website=AsiaOne |access-date=5 July 2019 |date=21 January 2014 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518052415/https://www.asiaone.com/asia/end-road-minister-twitter?amp |url-status=live }}</ref> After their marriage, Tilottama took her husband's last name and began teaching English at [[Ngee Ann Polytechnic]] and also worked as a freelance writer.<ref>{{cite web |title=The women in Shashi Tharoor's life |url=https://www.asiaone.com/asia/women-shashi-tharoors-life |website=AsiaOne |access-date=3 July 2019 |date=21 January 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703175200/https://www.asiaone.com/asia/women-shashi-tharoors-life |url-status=live }}</ref> Their twin sons,<ref>{{cite news |title=Shashi Tharoor's son gets married |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150817/nation-current-affairs/article/shashi-tharoor%E2%80%99s-son-gets-married |access-date=5 July 2019 |date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122190430/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150817/nation-current-affairs/article/shashi-tharoor%E2%80%99s-son-gets-married |url-status=live }}</ref> Kanishk and Ishaan, were born prematurely in 1984 at the [[KK Hospital]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=V.K. Santosh |title=KK Hospital saved his premature twins |url=https://www.tabla.com.sg/jrsrc/200418full/epage012013/TA20180420-TAB-012-00-013.html |access-date=5 July 2019 |work=tabla.com.sg |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705213621/https://www.tabla.com.sg/jrsrc/200418full/epage012013/TA20180420-TAB-012-00-013.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Welcome to the family, Mother', Tharoor's sons welcome Sunanda Pushkar |work=Mid-Day |date=23 August 2010 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/welcome-to-the-family-amma-tharoor-s-sons-welcome-sunanda-46502 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201152306/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/welcome-to-the-family-amma-tharoor-s-sons-welcome-sunanda-46502 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ishaan Tharoor]] grew up in [[Geneva]], Switzerland, and was a foreign affairs journalist at ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ishaan Tharoor|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/ishaan-tharoor/|access-date=22 July 2020|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721220958/https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/ishaan-tharoor/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kanishk is a former editor at Open Democracy and is the author of the highly praised short story collection ''Swimmer Among The Stars''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet literary hotshots and squad of two—Ishaan and Kanishk Tharoor|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/meet-literary-hotshots-and-squad-of-two-ishaan-and-kanishk-tharoor|access-date=29 November 2021|website=Vogue India|date=10 March 2016 |language=en-IN|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129065944/https://www.vogue.in/content/meet-literary-hotshots-and-squad-of-two-ishaan-and-kanishk-tharoor|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Ishaan Tharoor |url=https://world.time.com/author/itharoor/ |magazine=Time |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213071815/http://world.time.com/author/itharoor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tilottama is currently a professor of humanities at [[New York University]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tharoor & the tale of ex and estranged spouses, Neha Tara Mehta |work=[[India Today]] |date=14 April 2010 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/tharoor-the-tale-of-ex-and-estranged-spouses-71751-2010-04-13 |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224064425/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Tharoor+%26+the+tale+of+ex+and+estranged+spouses/1/92750.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Tharoor and Tilottama were divorced at some point. In 2007, Tharoor married Christa Giles, a Canadian diplomat working at the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ekikrat.in/Shashi-Tharoor|title = Shashi Tharoor|access-date = 22 August 2010|publisher = Ekikrat|archive-date = 25 September 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090925073927/http://ekikrat.in/Shashi-Tharoor|url-status = live}}</ref> This marriage was short-lived. Tharoor next married Dubai-based businesswoman a Kashmiri Pandit [[Sunanda Pushkar]] at his ancestral home in Elavanchery village in Kerala's [[Palakkad district]] on 22 August 2010. He became her third husband, and step-father to her son Shiv Menon, born of a previous marriage. On 17 January 2014, Pushkar (aged 51) died at The Leela Hotel in [[Chanakyapuri]], New Delhi, under mysterious circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sunanda-pushkar-died-an-unnatural-sudden-death-say-aiims-doctors-body-cremated/story-8n8tfrlu60jSVJwntInl4N.html|title=Sunanda Pushkar died an unnatural sudden death say AIIMS doctors; body cremated|date=18 January 2014|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416111142/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sunanda-pushkar-died-an-unnatural-sudden-death-say-aiims-doctors-body-cremated/story-8n8tfrlu60jSVJwntInl4N.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2018, Tharoor was charged with encouraging the suicide of his wife and marital cruelty under sections 306 and 498A of the Indian Penal Code.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shashi Tharoor charged in Sunanda Pushkar death case|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/shashi-tharoor-charged-in-sunanda-pushkar-death-case/article23881302.ece|access-date=10 March 2021|website=@businessline|date=14 May 2018 |language=en|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518045749/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/shashi-tharoor-charged-in-sunanda-pushkar-death-case/article23881302.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2021|title=Shashi Tharoor abetted Sunanda Pushkar's suicide, says chargesheet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shashi-tharoor-abetted-sunanda-pushkars-suicide-says-chargesheet/articleshow/64166166.cms|access-date=10 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shashi-tharoor-abetted-sunanda-pushkars-suicide-says-chargesheet/articleshow/64166166.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 August 2021, a court in Delhi discharged Tharoor from all the charges.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sunanda-pushkar-death-case-delhi-court-clears-shashi-tharoor-of-all-charges-11629265460504.html |title=Shashi Tharoor cleared from all Charges |date=18 August 2021 |work=Mint |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818060529/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sunanda-pushkar-death-case-delhi-court-clears-shashi-tharoor-of-all-charges/amp-11629265460504.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Tharoor is a vegetarian and he "abhors the idea of consuming the corpses of animals," although he claimed that he does not have a problem with those who do. He has stated that he is "very proud of being a [[Hindu]]" and that he's a "worshipping" and "believing Hindu". Tharoor also claims to have read a "fair amount" of the [[Upanishads]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramesh|first1=M.|title=I am very proud of being a Hindu|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/i-am-very-proud-of-being-a-hindu/article8210101.ece|access-date=29 October 2017|work=Business Line|date=8 February 2016|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518061727/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/i-am-very-proud-of-being-a-hindu/article8210101.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2019, Tharoor had an accident when praying during a [[Tulabhara]]m ritual at a temple in Thiruvananthapuram. After being discharged, he sought a probe by the government into the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/out-of-hospital-shashi-tharoor-seeks-probe-into-temple-accident/story-LfrtCDrlb3eoTdHgV0PFQJ.html|title=Out of hospital, Shashi Tharoor seeks probe into temple accident|date=16 April 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416131240/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/out-of-hospital-shashi-tharoor-seeks-probe-into-temple-accident/story-LfrtCDrlb3eoTdHgV0PFQJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
His mother-tongue is [[Malayalam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CR7hQGmVU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/s4CR7hQGmVU| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Dr. Shashi Tharoor on Religion & Personal Life (Malayalam)| date=26 February 2018|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and is fluent in French.<ref>{{cite web | title=Not English, Shashi Tharoor Speaks in French to Lecture Russia for Including Pakistan In…&#124; India | website=[[YouTube]] | date=25 June 2025 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktKbC-E3E6M }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Outside politics ===<br />
Shashi Tharoor was one of the first nine celebrities nominated in 2014 by the prime minister Narendra Modi to spread awareness regarding cleanliness, [[hygiene]] and good [[sanitation]] and make [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] a people's movement.<ref name="PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan">{{cite news|date=2 October 2014|title=PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan|url=http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-launches-swachh-bharat-abhiyaan/|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316220600/http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-launches-swachh-bharat-abhiyaan/|url-status=live}}</ref> He responded by cleaning the Vizhinjam port on the outskirts of [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2014|title=Swachh Bharat: PM Modi ropes in celebrities for his 'Swachh Bharat' challenge {{!}} India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-ropes-in-celebrities-for-his-Swachh-Bharat-challenge/articleshow/44121679.cms|access-date=31 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-ropes-in-celebrities-for-his-Swachh-Bharat-challenge/articleshow/44121679.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2014|title=Tharoor joins PM's 'Swachh Bharat' campaign|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tharoor-joins-pm-s-swachh-bharat-campaign/story-s5lP1tb3AdLnFpkZ61KzBK.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Currently, he is on the [[Advisory board|board of advisors]] of [[I.I.M.U.N.|India's International Movement to Unite Nations (I.I.M.U.N.)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=I.I.M.U.N. {{!}}{{!}} Board of Advisors|url=https://new.iimun.in/pages/BoA.html|access-date=17 July 2021|website=new.iimun.in|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717042250/https://new.iimun.in/pages/BoA.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours and awards==<br />
[[File:Farooq Abdullah addressing after being conferred the Civilian Honour by the Spain Government on the occasion of the National Day of Spain, in New Delhi. The Ambassador of Spain to India.jpg|thumb|Ambassador of Spain to India Gustavo de Aristégui conferring [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain|Civilian Honour]] by [[Government of Spain]] on the occasion of the National Day of Spain to Tharoor and [[Farooq Abdullah]].]]<br />
<br />
* 1976 – ''Rajika Kripalani Young Journalist Award'' for the Best Indian Journalist under 30.<ref name=Guide>{{cite book |title=South Asian Novelists in English: An A-To-Z Guide |first=Gita |last=Rajan |editor-first=Jaina C. |editor-last=Sanga |page=308 |isbn=0-313-31885-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlpKOzsOc-IC&pg=PA281|year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing }}</ref><br />
* 1990 – Federation of Indian Publishers' Hindustan Times Literary Award for the Best Book of the Year for ''The Great Indian Novel''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/shashi-tharoor.html|title=Shashi Tharoor|publisher=India's first election website|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004051145/http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/shashi-tharoor.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 1991 – [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] for the Best Book of the Year in the Eurasian Region, for ''The Great Indian Novel''<ref name=Guide/><br />
* 1998 – ''Excelsior Award'' for excellence in literature, Association of Indians in America (AIA){{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and the [[Network of Indian Professionals]] (NetIP).<ref name=Guide/><br />
* 1998 – ''Global Leader of Tomorrow'', [[World Economic Forum]] in Davos, Switzerland<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/sga803.doc.htm|title=Appointment of Shashi Tharoor as under-secretary-general for communications and public information confirmed by secretary-general|publisher=United Nations|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175014/https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/sga803.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2009 – Zakir Hussain Memorial "Pride of India" Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/BSP/images/Shashitharoorbio.pdf|title=Shashi Tharoor biographical note|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=17 March 2014|archive-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325232442/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/BSP/images/Shashitharoorbio.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2009 – Inspiration of the Year Award at GQ's Man of the Year Awards.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[GQ]]|title=Gallery: GQ India's Men of the Year Awards 2009|url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/play/gallery-gq-indias-men-year-awards-2009-827493/|publisher=CNN|access-date=29 October 2017|date=11 October 2009|archive-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121044/http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/play/gallery-gq-indias-men-year-awards-2009-827493/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2009 – ''Hakim Khan Sur'' Award for National Integration, Maharana of [[Udaipur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.meridian.org/profile/dr-shashi-tharoor/|title=Dr. Shashi Tharoor|publisher=Meridian news}}</ref><br />
* 2010 – ''Sarva Deshiya Prathibha'' Award, Pazhassiraja Charitable Trust, [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/01/stories/2009120154130400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205232137/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/01/stories/2009120154130400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2009 |title=Pazhassi awards announced |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 December 2009}}</ref><br />
* 2010 – "New Age Politician of the Year" Award, at NDTV's Indian of the Year awards.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shashi Tharoor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/litfest/delhi-litfest-2016/speakers/Shashi-Tharoor/articleshow/55050099.cms|work=The Times of India|date=25 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125084343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/litfest/delhi-litfest-2016/speakers/Shashi-Tharoor/articleshow/55050099.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2010 – Fifth IILM ''Distinguished Global Thinker Award'', New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/2010030845120.htm |title=Dr Shashi Tharoor receives the Fifth IILM Distinguished Global Thinker Award, 2010 |work=India PR Wire |access-date=9 March 2010 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310153231/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/2010030845120.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* 2010 – ''Digital person of the year'', Indian Digital Media Awards (IDMA), for popularising the digital medium in India.<ref name="IDMA">{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/izone1/izone_fullstory.asp?Section_id=4&News_id=37480&Tag=2859 |title=IDMA 2010: G2 Direct & Digital, Tata Tea, Anil Ambani, Shashi Tharoor among host of winners |work=exchange4media Mumbai Bureau |access-date=12 March 2010 |archive-date=15 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315072503/http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/izone1/izone_fullstory.asp?Section_id=4&News_id=37480&Tag=2859 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* 2013 – First Sree Narayan Guru Global Secular and Peace Award at Thiruvananthapuram.<br />
* 2013 – [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]]'s "Person of the Year".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-27/news/45627050_1_peta-india-non-animal-methods-ethical-treatment |title=Shashi Tharoor PETA's 'person of the year' |work=The Economic Times |date=27 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235830/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-27/news/45627050_1_peta-india-non-animal-methods-ethical-treatment |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* 2019 – [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his book, ''[[An Era of Darkness]]: The British Empire in India''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/shashi-tharoor-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-2019-for-an-era-of-darkness-1629374-2019-12-18|title=Shashi Tharoor wins Sahitya Akademi Award 2019 for An Era Of Darkness|date=18 December 2019|website=India Today|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109190907/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/shashi-tharoor-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-2019-for-an-era-of-darkness-1629374-2019-12-18|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===State honors===<br />
* 2004 – {{Flag|India}} : [[File:Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Ribbon.png|80px]] [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]], India's highest honour for non-resident Indians (accepted 2007<ref>{{cite news<br />
|url=http://hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=1756e2bb-7259-4d02-80a6-5fa5350b0fec&MatchID1=4461&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1108&PrimaryID=4461&Headline=Tharoor+gets+Pravasi+Samman<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060932/http://hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=1756e2bb-7259-4d02-80a6-5fa5350b0fec&MatchID1=4461&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1108&PrimaryID=4461&Headline=Tharoor+gets+Pravasi+Samman<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=30 September 2007<br />
|date=9 May 2007 |title=Tharoor honoured with Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award |access-date=10 May 2007 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>)<br />
* 2012 – {{Flag|Spain}} : [[File:ESP Charles III Order COM.svg|80px]] Commander of the [[Order of Charles III]] by [[King of Spain]]<br />
* 2022 – {{Flag|France}} : [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|80px]] [[Legion of Honour|Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur]], for his writings and speeches<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Delhi Confidential: Shashi Tharoor to receive Legion Of Honour, France's highest civilian award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi-confidential/delhi-confidential-shashi-tharoor-legion-of-honour-8083564/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Shashi Tharoor to receive France's highest civilian award, party leaders congratulate him |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shashi-tharoor-to-receive-france-s-highest-civilian-award-party-leaders-congratulate-him-101660228690866.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Honorary degrees===<br />
* 2026 - Honorary Doctorate in Literature from [[St.Xavier's University, Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/renowned-author-and-politician-dr-shashi-tharoor-honored-with-honorary-doctorate-at-geneva-school-of-diplomacy-graduation-ceremony-123072400792_1.html |title=Renowned Author and Politician Dr Shashi Tharoor Honored with Honorary Doctorate at Geneva School of Diplomacy Graduation Ceremony |access-date=11 May 2025 |archive-date=10 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510190316/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/renowned-author-and-politician-dr-shashi-tharoor-honored-with-honorary-doctorate-at-geneva-school-of-diplomacy-graduation-ceremony-123072400792_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] in International Affairs from [[University of Puget Sound]]<ref name=Guide/> <br />
* Doctor Honoris Causa in history from [[University of Bucharest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/shashitharoor |title=MP Track: Shashi Tharoor |work=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128071849/http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/shashitharoor |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Fiction===<br />
* ''[[The Great Indian Novel]]'' (1989)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Indian Novel |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |page=423 |isbn=1-55970-194-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyNahb9XtQsC|year=1993 |publisher=Arcade }}</ref><br />
* ''[[The Five Dollar Smile and Other Stories]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Five Dollar Smile and Other Stories |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |page=175 |isbn=1-55970-225-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8xlAAAAMAAJ|year=1993 |publisher=Arcade Pub. }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Show Business (novel)|Show Business]]'' (1992)<ref>{{cite book |title=Show Business |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |page=320 |isbn=978-1-61145-407-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pCu5RD2JX0C |date=18 April 2011 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213848/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pCu5RD2JX0C |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''Riot'' (2001)<br />
<br />
===Non-fiction===<br />
* ''Reasons of State'' (1985)<ref>{{cite book |title=Reasons of state: political development and India's foreign policy under Indira Gandhi |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |year=1982 |page=438 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=0-7069-1275-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1RuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213839/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1RuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''[[India: From Midnight to the Millennium]]'' (1997)<ref>{{cite book |title=India: From Midnight to the Millennium and Beyond |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |page=420 |isbn=1-55970-803-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRSC_uTGhZ8C |year=2006 |publisher=Arcade |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131427/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRSC_uTGhZ8C |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Nehru: The Invention of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nehruinventionof00thar|title=Nehru : the invention of India : Tharoor, Shashi, 1956– : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|via=Internet Archive|year=2003|isbn=9781559706971|last1=Tharoor|first1=Shashi|publisher=Arcade }}</ref> Arcade Publishing (2003). New York. First edition. {{isbn|9781559706971}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Nehru: The Invention of India |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |page=282 |isbn=1-55970-697-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3axLmUHCJ4cC |year=2003 |publisher=Arcade |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516074004/http://books.google.com/books?id=3axLmUHCJ4cC |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Bookless in Baghdad]]'' (2005)<ref>{{cite book |title=Bookless in Baghdad: Reflections on Writing and Writers |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |page=288 |isbn=978-1-61145-408-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZkbZtvep8gC |date=April 2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213848/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZkbZtvep8gC |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''The Elephant, the Tiger, and the Cell Phone: Reflections on India – The Emerging 21st-Century Power'' (2007)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Elephant, the Tiger, and the Cell Phone: Reflections on India – The Emerging 21st-Century Power |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |page=512 |isbn=978-1-61145-393-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqvpZutXN7cC |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books India |access-date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319061103/https://books.google.com/books?id=uqvpZutXN7cC |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''Shadows Across the Playing Field: Sixty Years of India-Pakistan Cricket'' (2009) (with Shaharyar Khan)<ref>{{cite book |title=Shadows Across the Playing Field: 60 Years of India-Pakistan Cricket |first1=Shashi |last1=Tharoor |first2=Shaharyar Mohammed |last2=Khan |year=2009 |page=189 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-718-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sq0fQAAACAAJ |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213836/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sq0fQAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Upworldly Mobile: Behaviour and Business Skills for the New Indian manager]]'' (2011) (foreword, with Ranjini Manian)<br />
* ''Pax Indica: India and the World of the 21st Century'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URqYQxNYHBIC&q=pax+indica+shashi|title=Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-693-7|language=en|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213821/https://books.google.com/books?id=URqYQxNYHBIC&q=pax+indica+shashi|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* ''India: the Future is Now'' (Editor) (2013)<br />
* ''India Shastra: Reflections on the Nation in our Time'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Inglorious Empire|Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India]]'' (2017),<ref name="Inglorious Empire">{{cite web |url=http://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/inglorious-empire/ |title=New release: Inglorious Empire by Shashi Tharoor |last=Singh |first=Kanwal |date=3 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424210326/https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/inglorious-empire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> first published in India as ''An Era of Darkness: The British Empire in India'' (2016).<ref name="era_darkness">{{cite web |url=https://kitaab.org/2016/10/23/new-release-an-era-of-darkness-the-british-empire-in-india-by-shashi-tharoor/ |title=New release: An Era of Darkness: The British Empire in India by Shashi Tharoor |last=Sheikh |first=Aminah |date=23 October 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |archive-date=17 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063020/https://kitaab.org/2016/10/23/new-release-an-era-of-darkness-the-british-empire-in-india-by-shashi-tharoor/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''[[Why I Am A Hindu]]'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/why-i-am-a-hindu/|title=Why I am a Hindu|date=28 December 2017|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525105321/http://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/why-i-am-a-hindu/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* ''[[The Paradoxical Prime Minister]]'' (2018)<br />
* ''The Hindu Way'' (2019)<br />
* ''The New World Disorder and the Indian Imperative'' (2020), co-authored with Samir Saran.<ref>{{cite news | title=Book review: The New World Disorder and the Indian Imperative by Shashi Tharoor and Samir Saran | first=Suhasini | last=Haidar | url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/book-review-the-new-world-disorder-and-the-indian-imperative-by-shashi-tharoor-and-samir-saran/article30644414.ece | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 February 2020 | access-date=4 February 2020 | archive-date=26 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126135106/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/book-review-the-new-world-disorder-and-the-indian-imperative-by-shashi-tharoor-and-samir-saran/article30644414.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''The Battle of Belonging'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-battle-of-belonging-review-idea-of-india-in-peril/article33038704.ece|title='The Battle of Belonging' review: 'Idea of India' in peril|first=Mohammed|last=Ayoob|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 November 2020|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110233141/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-battle-of-belonging-review-idea-of-india-in-peril/article33038704.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*''[[Tharoorosaurus]]'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tharoor|first=Shashi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsH4DwAAQBAJ&q=tharoorosaurus|title=Tharoorosaurus|date=1 September 2020|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-951-4|language=en|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213810/https://books.google.com/books?id=MsH4DwAAQBAJ&q=tharoorosaurus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=K. c Vijaya|date=26 September 2020|title=Tharoorosaurus review: A to Z of Tharoor's rich lexicon|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/tharoorosaurus-review-a-to-z-of-tharoors-rich-lexicon/article32693514.ece|access-date=6 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915072943/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/tharoorosaurus-review-a-to-z-of-tharoors-rich-lexicon/article32693514.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*''Pride, Prejudice and Punditry: The Essential Shashi Tharoor'' (2021)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/hindutva-is-like-a-british-football-team-hooligan-shashi-tharoor-pride-prejudice-and-punditry-book-7628663/|title='Hindutva is like a British football-team hooligan': Shashi Tharoor|date=18 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122191458/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/hindutva-is-like-a-british-football-team-hooligan-shashi-tharoor-pride-prejudice-and-punditry-book-7628663/|url-status=live}} {{ISBN|9390652278}}</ref><br />
* ''[[The Struggle for India's Soul: Nationalism and the Fate of Democracy]]'' (2021)<ref>Tunku Varadarajan, "'The Struggle for India's Soul' Review: Nationalism in New Delhi: An Indian politician and writer calls for a return to liberal ideals." [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-struggle-for-indias-soul-book-review-shashi-tharoor-narendra-modi-nationalism-in-new-delhi-11638546520?mod=books_arts_featured_pos1 ''Wall Street Journal'' 3 Dec 2021]</ref><br />
* ''[[Ambedkar: A Life]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2022-09-30 |title=Review of Shashi Tharoor's Ambedkar — A Life: Writing the constitutionalist |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/ambedkar-life-book-shashi-tharoor/article65940988.ece |access-date=2022-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* ''A Wonderland of Words: Around The World In 101 Essays'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=Shashi Tharoor's New Book 'A Wonderland Of Words' Is About The 'Origin Of Words'; Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/books/events/shashi-tharoors-new-book-a-wonderland-of-words-is-about-the-origin-of-words-everything-you-need-to-know-article-112942171 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''Our Living Constitution: A Concise Introduction and Commentary Shashi Tharoor'' (2025) <ref>{{cite web | title=Our Living Constitution: A Concise Introduction & Commentary &#124; Aleph Book Company | date=24 April 2025 | url=https://www.alephbookcompany.com/book/our-living-constitution-a-concise-introduction-commentary/ }}</ref><br />
* ''The Sage Who Reimagined Hinduism: The Life, Lessons, & Legacy of Sree Narayana Guru'' (2025) <ref>https://www.amazon.in/SAGE-WHO-REIMAGINED-HINDUISM-Narayana/dp/9365238501#:~:text=The%20Sage%20Who%20Reimagined%20Hinduism%20is%20an%20inspirational%20account%20of,influence%20of%20the%20upper%20castes.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Illustrated books===<br />
* ''Kerala: God's Own Country'' (2002) (along with artist [[M. F. Husain]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Kerala, God's own country |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |date=January 2003 |page=57 |publisher=Books Today |isbn=81-87478-43-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJluAAAAMAAJ |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213810/https://books.google.com/books?id=BJluAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* ''Inde'' (in French) or ''India'' (in English) (2008) along with photographer [[Ferrante Ferranti]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Shashi Tharoor's Oxford Union speech]]<br />
* [[List of Indian writers]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Shashi Tharoor}}<br />
{{wikiquote|Shashi Tharoor}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.shashitharoor.in/}}<br />
* {{Instagram|id=shashitharoor|name=Shashi Tharoor}}<br />
* <br />
* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4569 Dr Shashi Tharoor] ''Official bio-data at Lok Sabha, Parliament of India''<br />
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmsteam.php Cabinet of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''<br />
* [https://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/shashi_bio.asp Shashi Tharoor] at United Nations<br />
* {{NYTtopic|people/t/shashi_tharoor}}<br />
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Shashi-Tharoor Shashi Tharoor] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]''<br />
*{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCjYgVVd_po| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/aCjYgVVd_po| archive-date=7 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Why Is PM Narendra Modi 'The Paradoxical Prime Minister'? {{!}} The Interview With Shashi Tharoor|type=Videotape|language=English|publisher=[[ET Now]]}}{{cbignore}}<br />
* {{C-SPAN|57692}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|0857076}}<br />
* {{OL author|id=OL207696A}}<br />
* [https://www.literaturfestival.com/medien/texte/eroeffnungsreden/tharoor-engl Globalization and the Human Imagination] ''Opening speech of the 3. international literature festival berlin''<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-par|in-lwr}}<br />
{{s-bef<br />
| before = [[Pannyan Raveendran]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-ttl<br />
| title = Member of Parliament<br />for [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| years = 2009<br />
}}<br />
{{s-inc<br />
}}<br />
{{s-dip}}<br />
{{s-bef<br />
| before = {{Not sure}}<br />
}}<br />
{{s-ttl<br />
| title = [[United Nations Department of Public Information|Under Secretary General<br />UN Communications and Public Information]]<br />
| years = 2001–2007<br />
}}<br />
{{s-aft<br />
| after = [[Kiyotaka Akasaka]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}{{Malayalam Literature}}{{17th LS members from Kerala}}<br />
{{16th LS members from Kerala}}<br />
{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}{{Portal bar|Biography|Literature|Politics|Socialism|Hinduism|India}}{{Authority control}}<br />
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Politics}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tharoor, Shashi}}<br />
[[Category:Shashi Tharoor| ]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]]<br />
[[Category:United Nations officials]]<br />
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]<br />
[[Category:The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Tufts University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian foreign policy writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian columnists]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Union ministers of state of India]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aparna_Sen&diff=464146Aparna Sen2026-03-27T07:44:36Z<p>Eziosolution: small adjusted citations as per guidelines and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker, script writer and actress}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}} <br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|name = Aparna Sen<br />
|image = Aparna Sen - Kolkata 2014-01-31 8137.JPG<br />
|caption = Sen at the 38th [[International Kolkata Book Fair|IKBF]] in 2014<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|10|25|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
|birth_name = Aparna Dasgupta<br />
|spouse = {{ubl|Sanjay Sen|[[Mukul Sharma (writer)|Mukul Sharma]]|Kalyan Ray}}<br />
|children = [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] and Dona Sen<br />
|occupation= {{hlist|Actress|director|screenwriter}} <br />
|years_active = 1961–present<br />
|works = [[Aparna Sen filmography|Filmography]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aparna Sen''' ({{IPA|bn|ɔpoɾna ʃen|lang|audio=LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-অপর্ণা সেন.wav}}; {{nee|'''Dasgupta'''}}) is an Indian [[film director]], [[screenwriter]] and actress who is known for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. She has received several accolades as an actress and filmmaker, including nine [[National Film Awards]], six [[Filmfare Awards East]] and thirteen [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]. <br />
For her contribution in the field of arts, the [[Government of India]] honoured her with [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth highest civilian award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2020 |title=Aparna Sen — A River Plunging into its Own Depths |url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/aparna-sen/ |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=Journal of Indian Cinema |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804123740/https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/aparna-sen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Sen was born in a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family in Kolkata. Her family originally hailed from [[Cox's Bazar]] in [[Chittagong District]] (now in Bangladesh).{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Her father was the veteran critic and filmmaker [[Chidananda Dasgupta]]. Her mother Supriya Dasgupta was a costume designer and earned the [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]] for Chidananda's directorial venture ''[[Amodini]]'' (1994), at the age of 73. Sen is a niece of Bengali poet [[Jibanananda Das]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/aparna-sen-gets-candid-diff-1520797 |title=Aparna Sen Gets Candid At DIFF |date=17 January 2018 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=16 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116220121/http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/aparna-sen-gets-candid-diff-1520797 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sen spent her childhood in [[Hazaribagh]] and Kolkata and had her schooling at Modern High School for Girls, [[Ballygunge]], [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern hits a new high Modern fetes alumni quartet – Ex-governor lauds school's young spirit at event celebrating 60 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/modern-hits-a-new-high-modern-fetes-alumni-quartet-ex-governor-lauds-school-s-young-spirit-at-event-celebrating-60/cid/1273865 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref> She studied for her B.A. in English at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], but did not complete the degree.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Actor===<br />
Sen's foray into the world of entertainment happened when she was fifteen and was photographed by [[Brian Brake]] for the well-known photo from his 1960 ''[[Monsoon (photographs)|Monsoon]]'' series of photographs; the photo appeared on the cover of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monsoon girl |url=https://teara.govt.nz/files/43221-wmu.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014213041/http://www.teara.govt.nz/files/43221-wmu.jpg |archive-date=14 October 2015 |access-date=14 January 2018 |publisher=Te Papa}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sen made her film debut at the age of 16 when she played the role of Mrinmoyee in the Samapti portion of the 1961 film ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' ({{lit|Three Daughters}}) directed by [[Satyajit Ray]] (who was a longtime friend of her father's). {{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} She went on to appear in up to four films made by the director including, ''[[Jana Aranya]]'', and ''[[Pikoo]]''.<br />
<br />
Four years after her first film, in 1965, Sen acted in ''Akash Kusum'', a [[Mrinal Sen]] film where she played the part of Monica. Sen has been an eminent part of the Bengali film industry, playing the lead in popular films like ''[[Basanta Bilap]]'' (1973) and ''[[Mem Saheb|Memsaheb]]'' (1972) amongst others. Sen has also been a part of Hindi films such as ''[[Immaan Dharam|Imaan Dharam]]'' (1977), ''[[Ek Din Achanak]]'' (1989), and ''[[Ghaath (2000 film)|Ghaath]]'' (2000).<br />
<br />
In 2009, Sen appeared with [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Rahul Bose]] in Annirudh Roy-Chowdhary's Bengali film ''[[Antaheen]]''. The film went on to win four [[National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/bollywoodNews/idINIndia-45633220100123 |title=Bollywood wins big at National Film Awards |date=23 January 2010 |agency=Reuters India |access-date=2 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126093243/http://in.reuters.com/article/bollywoodNews/idINIndia-45633220100123 |archive-date=26 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, Sen acted in prominent Bengali films including ''Bohomaan'' and ''[[Basu Poribar (2019 film)|Basu Poribar]]''.<br />
<br />
===Director===<br />
Aparna Sen made her debut as a writer-director with the Jennifer Kendal starrer 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981). Produced by Shashi Kapoor, the movie received immense critical acclaim and won Aparna her first National Film Award for Best Direction.<br />
In 2009, Sen announced her next [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'', which starred herself, [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Kaushik Sen]], and [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]. First-time screenwriter [[Ranjan Ghosh]] co-wrote the film. This was the first time that Sen collaborated with any film writer or became attached to the curriculum of a film institute. The screenplay of ''Iti Mrinalini'' was an assignment in the Screenwriting syllabus at the Mumbai-based film school [[Whistling Woods International]].<ref>{{cite web |title=There's no luck without hard work |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/interview_there-s-no-luck-without-hard-work_1389978/ |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-date=2 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602054021/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/interview_there-s-no-luck-without-hard-work_1389978 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also a major first in Indian screenwriting, as the first time that any screenplay from an Indian film institute was actually filmed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iti Mrinalini |via=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=123737177108 |access-date=11 December 2009 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012003805/https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=123737177108 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2022}} The film was released on 29 July 2011.<br />
<br />
In 2013, her film ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (The Jewellery Box) was released depicting three generations of women and their relationship to a box of jewels. It ran to packed houses and won critical acclaim from reviewers and critics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutt |first1=Anjan |title=GOYNAR BAKSHO DECODED 1 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130420/jsp/entertainment/story_16805477.jsp |access-date=3 May 2017 |work=The Telegraph |date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131407/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130420/jsp/entertainment/story_16805477.jsp#.WQlbBYh97IU |url-status=dead}}</ref> Thereafter, in 2015, ''[[Arshinagar]]'', an adaptation of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' was released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aparna Sen's latest film 'Arshinagar' is a Bengali adaptation of 'Romeo and Juliet' featuring Dev |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/aparna-sens-latest-film-arshinagar-is-a-bengali-adaptation-of-romeo-and-juliet-featuring-dev-1171054.html |date=1 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204040133/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/aparna-sens-latest-film-arshinagar-is-a-bengali-adaptation-of-romeo-and-juliet-featuring-dev-1171054.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, ''Sonata''—an English film written and directed by Sen—was released. Adapted from [[Sonata (play)|a play]] by [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]], the film examines the life of three middle-aged unmarried friends played by Aparna Sen, [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Lillete Dubey]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonata-review-a-play-pretending-to-be-a-film/article18178840.ece |title='Sonata' review: A play pretending to be a film |location=India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 April 2017 |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608041125/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonata-review-a-play-pretending-to-be-a-film/article18178840.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, she directed her 3rd Hindi film ''[[The Rapist]]'', starring her daughter Konkona Sen Sharma and [[Arjun Rampal]]. In her interview with ''[[Firstpost]]'', she said that ''The Rapist'' will be a "hard-hitting drama that examines how much of society is responsible for producing rapists".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/konkona-sensharma-arjun-rampal-to-lead-aparna-sen-directorial-the-rapist-filming-will-begin-in-march-9296631.html |title=Konkona Sensharma, Arjun Rampal to lead Aparna Sen directorial The Rapist; filming will begin in March |website=Firstpost |date=12 February 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> The film was nominated for the Kim Jiseok award at the [[26th Busan International Film Festival#A Window on Asian Cinema|26th Busan International Film Festival]] held in October 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/aparna-sens-the-rapist-to-compete-for-busans-kim-jiseok-award/articleshow/85966130.cms |title=Aparna Sen's 'The Rapist' to compete for Busan's Kim Jiseok award |first=Priyanka |last=Dasgupta |website=The Times of India |date=6 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> Her filmmaking style was highly influenced by [[Tapan Sinha]].<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2025}}<br />
[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Best Direction Award for the year 2002 to Aparna Sen at the 50th National Film Award function in New Delhi on December 29, 2003.jpg|thumb|250px|Aparna Sen receiving the Best Direction Award for the year 2002 from then-President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].]]<br />
* [[Padma Shri]] – the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India in 1987.<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] for ''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]'' in 1981<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]] for''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]'' in 1981.<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]] for [[Paroma]] in 1984.<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]] for ''[[Yugant]]'' in 1995.<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]], for ''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]'' in 2000.<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] for ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]'' in 2002.<br />
* [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] for ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]'' in 2002.<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] for ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]'' in 2002.<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English]] for ''[[15 Park Avenue]]'' in 2005.<br />
* [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] <br />
* [[Filmfare Awards East]] – Best Actress Award for ''Sujata'' in 1974.<br />
* [[Filmfare Awards East]] – Best Actress Award for ''Asamaya'' in 1976.<br />
* [[Filmfare Awards East]] – Best Actress Award for ''Bijoyini'' in 1982.<br />
* [[Filmfare Awards East]] – Best Actress Award for ''Indira'' in 1983.<br />
* [[Filmfare Awards East]] – Best Director Award for ''Parama'' in 1985.<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Actress Award for ''Aparachito'' in 1970<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Actress Award for ''Sujata'' in 1975<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Director Award for ''Parama'' in 1986<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Screenplay Award for ''Parama'' in 1986<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Actress Award for ''Ekanto Apan'' in 1988<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Supporting Actress Award for ''Mahaprithibi'' in 1992<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Actress Award for ''Swet Patharer Thala'' in 1993<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Supporting Actress Award for ''Unishr April'' in 1997<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]- Babulal Chowkhani Memorial Trophy for Original Story-''Yugant'' in 1997<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Best Actress Award for ''Paramitar Ek Din'' in 2001<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]- Babulal Chowkhani Memorial Trophy for Original Story and Screenplay for''Paramitar Ek Din'' in 2001<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Most Outstanding Work of the Year for Mr. and Mrs. Iyer in 2003<br />
* [[BFJA Award]]-Life Time Achievement Award in 2013<br />
* [[Anandalok Award]]-Best Actress in 2001<br />
* [[Anandalok Award]]-Best Actress for "Titlee" in 2002<br />
* Kalakar Award-Best Actress (Stage) Award for Bhalo Kharab Meye in 1993<br />
* Kalakar Awards for Best Director for ''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]''in 2000.<br />
* Kalakar Award-Best Director Award for [[Iti Mrinalini]] in 2012<br />
* Best Director Award at [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] for ''[[The Rapist]]'' in 2022<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-for-iffm-awards-2022-11062251.html |title=Here's the complete list of winners for IFFM Awards 2022 |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Filmfare Awards East Life Achievement Award in 2022.<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
Sen has served on juries at film festivals around the world. In 1989 she was a member of the jury at the [[16th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1989">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1989 |title=16th Moscow International Film Festival (1989) |access-date=24 February 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085017/http://moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1989 |archive-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> In 2008, she was elected into the International Jury of the [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]. In 2013, she headed the jury of the second Ladakh International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aparna Sen to head Ladakh international film festival jury |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aparna-Sen-to-head-Ladakh-international-film-festival-jury/articleshow/20568865.cms? |access-date=7 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 June 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012003752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aparna-Sen-to-head-Ladakh-international-film-festival-jury/articleshow/20568865.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1986 to 2005, Sen was the editor of the fortnightly ''[[Sananda (magazine)|Sananda]]'', a Bengali women's magazine (published by the [[Ananda Bazar Patrika]] group) that enjoys equal popularity in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. From November 2005 to December 2006, she was associated with the Bengali 24x7 infotainment channel [[Kolkata TV]] as Creative Director. In 2011 she took charge as the editor of the magazine ''Paroma'' launched by the Saradha Group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paroma, the fortnightly magazine of Saradha launched by CM |url=http://www.saradhagroup.biz/realty/events.php |website=Events at Saradha Realty |access-date=1 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404212245/http://www.saradhagroup.biz/realty/events.php |archive-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the [[Saradha Group financial scandal]], ''Paroma'' ran into trouble. It finally closed down on 14 April 2013. Sen and her editorial team launched a new magazine called ''Prathama Ekhon'', which was short-lived.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Reshmi |title=Why I did not quit |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140821/jsp/frontpage/story_18743324.jsp |access-date=3 May 2017 |work=The Telegraph |date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416201122/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140821/jsp/frontpage/story_18743324.jsp#.WQlVnIh97IU |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1987, the then President of India, [[Giani Zail Singh]] bestowed the [[Padma Shri]] on Sen in recognition of her contribution to Indian cinema. Since then, she has received several lifetime achievement awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2006 |title=25 years of Aparna Sen's sensibility |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/25-years-of-aparna-sen-s-sensibility/story-cjaHYUFeCxUY94kz4fOjdO.html |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Main|Aparna Sen filmography}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* ''Parama and other outsiders: the cinema of Aparna Sen'', by Shoma A. Chatterji. Parumita Publications, 2002. {{ISBN|81-87867-03-5}}.<br />
* ''Aparna Sen calls the shots'' (Women in Indian film), by Rajashri Dasgupta. Zubaan, 2009.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|40em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Aparna Sen}}<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0031967|name=Aparna Sen}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br />
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}<br />
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}<br />
{{Aparna Sen}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Aparna}}<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmos]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Kalakar Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Women artists from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance&diff=466256Insurance2026-03-25T21:52:47Z<p>Eziosolution: quick expand structure per sources additionally</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Protection from financial loss}}<br />
{{Redirect-distinguish|Insure|Ensure}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date= November 2019}}<br />
[[File:Coast review (1910) (14760820941).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=The Norwich Union, Fire Insurance Company. Assets over 8 million dollars, losses paid over 100 million dollars.|An advertisement for a fire insurance company [[Norwich Union]], showing the amount of [[asset]]s in coverage and paid insurance (1910)]] <br />
{{Financial market participants}}<br />
<br />
'''Insurance''' is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a [[fee]], a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of [[risk management]], primarily used to protect against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.<br />
<br />
An entity which provides insurance is known as an '''insurer''', '''insurance company''', '''insurance carrier''', or [[underwriter]]. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as a '''policyholder''', while a person or entity covered under the policy is called an '''insured'''. The insurance transaction involves the policyholder assuming a guaranteed, known, and relatively small loss in the form of a payment to the insurer (a premium) in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate the insured in the event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial, but it must always be reducible to financial terms. Furthermore, it usually involves something in which the insured has an [[insurable interest]] established by ownership, possession, or pre-existing relationship.<br />
<br />
The insured receives a [[contract]], called the [[insurance policy]], which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insurer will compensate the insured, or their designated beneficiary or assignee. The amount of money charged by the insurer to the policyholder for the coverage set forth in the insurance policy is called the '''premium'''. If the insured experiences a loss which is potentially covered by the insurance policy, the insured submits a claim to the insurer for processing by a claims adjuster. A mandatory [[out-of-pocket expense]] required by an insurance policy before an insurer will pay a claim is called a [[deductible]] or excess (or if required by a [[health insurance]] policy, a [[copayment]]). The insurer may mitigate its own risk by taking out [[reinsurance]], whereby another insurance company agrees to carry some of the risks, especially if the primary insurer deems the risk too large for it to carry.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of insurance}}<br />
<br />
===Early methods===<br />
[[File:Ferdinand Bol - Governors of the Wine Merchant's Guild - WGA2361.jpg|thumb|Merchants have sought methods to minimize risks since early times. Pictured, ''Governors of the Wine Merchant's Guild'' by [[Ferdinand Bol]], c. 1680.]]<br />
Methods for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by [[China|Chinese]] and [[Trade guilds of South India|Indian]] traders as long ago as the [[3rd millennium BC|3rd]] and [[2nd millennium BC|2nd]] [[millennium|millennia]] BC, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Life and Health Insurance Industry: A Marketing Approach|page=2|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|author=Novi Dewan}}</ref><ref>See, e.g., Vaughan, E. J., 1997, ''Risk Management'', New York: Wiley.</ref> Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessel capsizing.<br />
<br />
[[Code of Hammurabi#Laws|''Codex Hammurabi'' Law 238]] (c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated that a [[sea captain]], [[Technical management|ship-manager]], or [[Chartering (shipping)|ship charterer]] who saved a ship from [[Shipwreck|total loss]] was [[Pro rata|only required to pay one-half the value of the ship]] to the [[ship-owner]].<ref name="Sommer 1903 p. 86">{{cite journal|translator-last=Sommer|translator-first=Otto|author=Hammurabi|author-link=Hammurabi|title=Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon|year=1903|journal=Records of the Past|place=[[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]|publisher=[[Records of the Past Exploration Society]]|volume=2|issue=3|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/page/n27/mode/2up 86]|access-date=20 June 2021|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924060109703/mode/2up|quote=238. If a skipper wrecks ... money to its owner.}}</ref><ref name="Harper 1904 p. 85">{{cite web|translator-last=Harper|translator-first=Robert Francis|author=Hammurabi|author-link=Hammurabi|year=1904|title=Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon|place=[[Chicago]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|edition=2nd|page=[https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/hammurabi-the-code-of-hammurabi#lf0762_label_461 85]|website=[[Liberty Fund]]|url=https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1276/0762_Bk.pdf|access-date=20 June 2021|quote=§238. If a boatman sink ... one-half its value.}}</ref><ref name="King 1910">{{cite web|translator-last=King|translator-first=Leonard William|author=Hammurabi|author-link=Hammurabi|year=1910|title=Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon|place=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven, CT]]|publisher=[[Yale Law School]]|website=[[Avalon Project]]|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp|access-date=20 June 2021|quote=238. If a sailor wreck ... its value in money.}}</ref> In the ''[[Digest (Roman law)|Digesta seu Pandectae]]'' (533), the second volume of the [[Corpus Juris Civilis|codification of laws ordered]] by [[Justinian I]] (527–565), a [[legal opinion]] written by the [[Roman law|Roman jurist]] [[Julius Paulus|Paulus]] in 235 AD was included about the ''[[List of Roman laws|Lex Rhodia]]'' ("Rhodian law"). It articulates the [[general average]] principle of [[marine insurance]] established on the island of [[Rhodes]] in approximately 1000 to 800 BC, plausibly by the [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]] during the proposed [[Dorian invasion]] and emergence of the purported [[Sea Peoples]] during the [[Greek Dark Ages]] (c. 1100–c. 750).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Civil Law, Volume I, The Opinions of Julius Paulus, Book II|year=1932|translator-first=S.P.|translator-last=Scott|publisher=Central Trust Company|website=[[Constitution Society|Constitution.org]]|url=https://constitution.org/2-Authors/sps/sps01_4-2.htm|quote=TITLE VII. ON THE LEX RHODIA. It is provided by the ''Lex Rhodia'' that if merchandise is thrown overboard for the purpose of lightening a ship, the loss is made good by the assessment of all which is made for the benefit of all.|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195244/https://constitution.org/2-Authors/sps/sps01_4-2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Prudential pp. 5–6">{{cite book|year=1915|title=The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.–1875 A.D.|publisher=[[Prudential Financial|Prudential Press]]|place=[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark, NJ]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924030231736/page/n7/mode/2up 5–6]|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030231736/mode/2up|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Duhaime">{{cite web |url=http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-383/Lex-Rhodia-The-Ancient-Ancestor-of-Maritime-Law-800--BC.aspx |title=Duhaime's Timetable of World Legal History |work=Duhaime's Law Dictionary |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195657/http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-383/Lex-Rhodia-The-Ancient-Ancestor-of-Maritime-Law-800--BC.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The law of general average is the fundamental [[principle]] that underlies all insurance.<ref name="Prudential pp. 5–6" /> In 1816, an archeological excavation in [[Minya, Egypt]] produced a [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]]-era [[Clay tablet|tablet]] from the ruins of the [[Antinous#Deification and the cult of Antinous|Temple of Antinous]] in [[Antinoöpolis]], [[Roman Egypt|Aegyptus]]. The tablet [[Articles of association|prescribed the rules]] and [[Benefit society|membership dues]] of a [[burial society]] [[Collegium (ancient Rome)|collegium]] established in [[Lanuvium]], [[Roman Italy|Italia]] in approximately 133 AD during the reign of [[Hadrian]] (117–138) of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name="Prudential pp. 5–6" /> In 1851 AD, future [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Joseph P. Bradley]] (1870–1892 AD), once employed as an [[actuary]] for the [[Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company]], submitted an article to the ''[[Institute of Actuaries|Journal of the Institute of Actuaries]]''. His article detailed an historical account of a [[Severan dynasty]]-era [[life table]] compiled by the [[Roman law|Roman jurist]] [[Ulpian]] in approximately 220 AD that was also included in the ''Digesta''.<ref>{{cite book|year=1915|title=The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 BC–1875 AD|publisher=[[Prudential Financial|Prudential Press]]|place=[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark, NJ]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924030231736/page/n9/mode/2up 6–7]|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030231736/mode/2up|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Concepts of insurance have been also found in 3rd century BC Hindu scriptures such as [[Dharmasastra]], [[Arthashastra]] and [[Manusmriti]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Life Insurance Industry in India: Current State and Efficiency|page=2|author=Tapas Kumar Parida, Debashis Acharya|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9789811022333}}</ref> The ancient Greeks had marine loans. Money was advanced on a ship or cargo, to be repaid with large interest if the voyage prospers. However, the money would not be repaid at all if the ship were lost, thus making the rate of interest high enough to pay for not only for the use of the capital but also for the risk of losing it (fully described by [[Demosthenes]]). Loans of this character have ever since been common in maritime lands under the name of [[bottomry]] and respondentia bonds.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Insurance |volume=14 |pages=657–658 |first1=Charlton |last1=Lewis |first2=Thomas |last2=Ingram}}</ref><br />
<br />
The direct insurance of sea-risks for a premium paid independently of loans began in [[Belgium]] about 1300 AD.<ref name=EB1911/><br />
<br />
Separate insurance contracts (i.e., insurance policies not bundled with loans or other kinds of contracts) were invented in [[Genoa]] in the 14th century, as were insurance pools backed by pledges of landed estates. The first known insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347. In the next century, maritime insurance developed widely, and premiums were varied with risks.<ref>J. Franklin, ''The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 274-277.</ref> These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated from investment, a separation of roles that first proved useful in marine insurance.<br />
<br />
The earliest known policy of life insurance was made in the [[Royal Exchange, London]], on 18 June 1583, for £383, 6s. 8d. for twelve months on the life of William Gibbons.<ref name=EB1911/><br />
<br />
===Modern methods===<br />
Insurance became far more sophisticated in [[Enlightenment era|Enlightenment-era]] [[Europe]], where specialized varieties developed.<br />
<br />
[[File:Lloyd's coffee house drawing.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lloyd's Coffee House]] was the first organized market for marine insurance.]]<br />
<br />
[[Property insurance]] as we know it today can be traced to the [[Great Fire of London]], which in 1666 devoured more than 13,000 houses. The devastating effects of the fire converted the development of insurance "from a matter of convenience into one of urgency, a change of opinion reflected in Sir [[Christopher Wren]]'s inclusion of a site for "the Insurance Office" in his new plan for London in 1667."<ref>Dickson (1960): 4</ref> A number of attempted fire insurance schemes came to nothing, but in 1681, [[Economics|economist]] [[Nicholas Barbon]] and eleven associates established the first fire insurance company, the "Insurance Office for Houses", at the back of the Royal Exchange to insure brick and frame homes. Initially, 5,000 homes were insured by his Insurance Office.<ref>Dickson (1960): 7</ref><br />
<br />
At the same time, the first insurance schemes for the [[underwriting]] of [[business venture]]s became available. By the end of the seventeenth century, London's growth as a centre for trade was increasing due to the demand for marine insurance. In the late 1680s, [[Edward Lloyd (publisher)|Edward Lloyd]] opened [[Lloyd's Coffee House|a coffee house]], which became the meeting place for parties in the shipping industry wishing to insure cargoes and ships, including those willing to underwrite such ventures. These informal beginnings led to the establishment of the insurance market [[Lloyd's of London]] and several related shipping and insurance businesses.<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=http://press.oxforddnb.com/index/16/101016829 |title=Lloyd, Edward (''c''.1648–1713) |first=Sarah |last=Palmer |date=October 2007 |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/16829 |access-date=16 February 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715030319/http://press.oxforddnb.com/index/16/101016829/ |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:National-insurance-act-1911.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Leaflet promoting the [[National Insurance Act 1911]]]]<br />
<br />
[[Life insurance]] policies were taken out in the early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the [[Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office]], founded in London in 1706 by [[William Talbot (bishop)|William Talbot]] and [[Allen baronets|Sir Thomas Allen]].<ref Name="Anzovin121">Anzovin, Steven, ''Famous First Facts'' 2000, item # 2422, H. W. Wilson Company, {{ISBN|0-8242-0958-3}} p. 121 ''The first life insurance company known of record was founded in 1706 by the Bishop of Oxford and the financier Thomas Allen in London, England. The company, called the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office, collected annual premiums from policyholders and paid the nominees of deceased members from a common fund.''</ref><ref>Amicable Society, ''The charters, acts of Parliament, and by-laws of the corporation of the Amicable Society for a perpetual assurance office'', Gilbert and Rivington, 1854, p. 4</ref> Upon the same principle, [[Edward Rowe Mores]] established the [[The Equitable Life Assurance Society|Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship]] in 1762.<br />
<br />
It was the world's first [[mutual insurer]] and it pioneered age-based premiums based on [[mortality rate]] laying "the framework for scientific insurance practice and development" and "the basis of modern life assurance upon which all life assurance schemes were subsequently based."<ref name=eq>{{Cite web|url=http://www.equitable.co.uk/about-us/history-and-facts/|title=Today and History:The History of Equitable Life|date=26 June 2009|access-date=16 August 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the late 19th century "accident insurance" began to become available.<ref>{{cite web|title=Encarta: Health Insurance |url=http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576408_8/Health_Insurance.html#s49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717201207/http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576408_8/Health_Insurance.html |archive-date=17 July 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> The first company to offer accident insurance was the Railway Passengers Assurance Company, formed in 1848 in [[England]] to insure against the rising number of fatalities on the nascent [[railway]] system. <br />
<br />
The first international insurance rule was the [[General_average#York Antwerp Rules|York Antwerp Rules]] (YAR) for the distribution of costs between ship and cargo in the event of general average. In 1873 the "Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations", the forerunner of the [[International Law Association]] (ILA), was founded in [[Brussels]]. It published the first YAR in 1890, before switching to the present title of the "International Law Association" in 1895.<ref>{{Citation|author= F. L. Wiswall|url= https://comitemaritime.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a-brief-history-wiswall.pdf| title=A Brief History |publisher= [[International Maritime Organization|Comite Maritime International]]|series= |date=2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190814090124/https://comitemaritime.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a-brief-history-wiswall.pdf|archive-date= 14 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author= Dr. Ruth Frendo|url= https://www.ila-hq.org/images/ILA/docs/international_law_association_article_-_dr_ruth_frendo.pdf | title=Archivist and Records Manager at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies |publisher= ILA|series= |date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
By the late 19th century governments began to initiate national insurance programs against sickness and old age. [[History of Germany|Germany]] built on a tradition of welfare programs in [[Prussia]] and [[Saxony]] that began as early as in the 1840s. In the 1880s Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] introduced old age pensions, accident insurance and medical care that formed the basis for Germany's [[welfare state]].<ref name="EPH">E. P. Hennock, ''The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared'' (2007)</ref><ref>Hermann Beck, ''Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815-1870'' (1995)</ref> In Britain more extensive legislation was introduced by the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] government in the [[National Insurance Act 1911]]. This gave the British working classes the first contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment.<ref>[https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/national-health-insurance.htm The Cabinet Papers 1915-1982: National Health Insurance Act 1911.] The National Archives, 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.</ref> This system was greatly expanded after the [[Second World War]] under the influence of the [[Beveridge Report]], to form the first modern [[welfare state]].<ref name="EPH"/><ref>Bentley B. Gilbert, ''British social policy, 1914-1939'' (1970)</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008, the International Network of Insurance Associations (INIA), then an informal network, became active and it has been succeeded by the [[Global Federation of Insurance Associations]] (GFIA), which was formally founded in 2012 to increase insurance industry effectiveness in providing input to international regulatory bodies and to contribute more effectively to the international dialogue on issues of common interest. It consists of 40 member associations and 1 observer association in 67 countries, which companies account for around 89% of total insurance premiums worldwide.<ref>[https://www.gfiainsurance.org/about-us "About us"], the Global Federation of Insurance Associations.</ref><br />
<br />
==Principles==<br />
Insurance involves pooling funds from many insured entities to pay for the losses that some may incur, a process known as [[risk pool]]. The insured entities are therefore protected from risk for a fee, with the fee being dependent upon the frequency and severity of the event occurring. In order to be an [[insurable risk]], the risk insured against must meet certain characteristics. Insurance as a [[financial intermediary]] is a commercial enterprise and a major part of the financial services industry, but individual entities can also [[self-insurance|self-insure]] through saving money for possible future losses.<ref>Gollier C. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41953424?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents To Insure or Not to Insure?: An Insurance Puzzle]. ''The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory''.</ref><br />
<br />
===Insurability===<br />
{{Main|Insurability}}<br />
<br />
Risk which can be insured by private companies typically share seven common characteristics:<ref>This discussion is adapted from Mehr and Camack's "Principles of Insurance", 6th edition, 1976, pp 34 – 37.</ref><br />
<br />
# '''A large number of similar exposure units''': Since insurance operates through pooling resources, the majority of insurance policies cover individual members of large classes, allowing insurers to benefit from the [[law of large numbers]] in which predicted losses are similar to the actual losses. Exceptions include [[Lloyd's of London]], which is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, sports figures, and other famous individuals. However, all exposures will have distinct differences, which may lead to different premium rates.<br />
# '''Definite loss''': This type of loss takes place at a known time and place from a known cause. The classic example involves the death of an insured person on a life insurance policy. [[Fire]], [[Traffic collision|automobile accidents]], and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. [[Occupational disease]], for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place, or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place, and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.<br />
# '''Accidental loss''': The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be pure because it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements such as ordinary business risks or even purchasing a lottery ticket are generally not considered insurable.<br />
# '''Large loss''': The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses, these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is hardly any point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.<br />
# '''Affordable premium''': If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, then it is not likely that insurance will be purchased, even if on offer. Furthermore, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. Suppose there is no such chance of loss. In that case, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance (see the U.S. [[Financial Accounting Standards Board]] pronouncement number 113: "Accounting and Reporting for Reinsurance of Short-Duration and Long-Duration Contracts").<br />
# '''Calculable loss''': There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.<br />
# Limited risk of catastrophically large losses: Insurable losses are ideally [[independence (probability theory)|independent]] and non-catastrophic, meaning that the losses do not happen all at once and that individual losses are not severe enough to bankrupt the insurer; insurers may prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base. [[Capital (economics) |Capital]] constrains insurers' ability to sell [[earthquake insurance]] as well as wind insurance in [[Tropical cyclone|hurricane]] zones. In the United States, the federal government insures [[flood insurance|flood risk]] in specifically identified areas. In commercial fire insurance, it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer's capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers or are insured by a single insurer which syndicates the risk into the [[reinsurance]] market.<br />
<br />
===Legal===<br />
When a company insures an individual entity, there are basic legal requirements and regulations. Several commonly cited legal principles of insurance include the following:<ref>Irish Brokers Association. [https://www.iba.ie/development2009/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=167 Insurance Principles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411184958/http://www.iba.ie/development2009/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=167 |date=11 April 2009 }}.</ref><br />
# [[Indemnity]] – the insurance company indemnifies or compensates the insured in the case of certain losses only up to the insured's interest.<br />
# Benefit insurance – as it is stated in the study books of The Chartered Insurance Institute, the insurance company does not have the right of recovery from the party who caused the injury and must compensate the insured regardless of the fact that Insured had already sued the negligent party for the damages (for example, personal accident insurance)<br />
# [[Insurable interest]] – the insured typically must directly suffer from the loss. Insurable interest must exist whether property insurance or insurance on a person is involved. The concept requires that the insured have a "stake" in the loss or damage to the life or property insured. What that "stake" is will be determined by the kind of insurance involved and the nature of the property ownership or relationship between the persons. The requirement of an insurable interest is what distinguishes insurance from [[gambling]].<br />
# [[Good faith (law)|Utmost good faith]] ([[Uberrima fides]]) – the insured and the insurer are bound by a [[good faith (law)|good faith]] bond of honesty and fairness. Material facts must be disclosed.<br />
# Contribution – insurers, which have similar obligations to the insured, contribute in the indemnification, according to some method.<br />
# Subrogation – the insurance company acquires legal rights to pursue recoveries on behalf of the insured; for example, the insurer may sue those liable for the insured's loss. The insurers can waive their subrogation rights by using the special clauses.<br />
# Causa proxima, or [[proximate cause]] – the cause of loss (the peril) must be covered under the insuring agreement of the policy, and the dominant cause must not be [[exclusion clause|excluded]].<br />
# Mitigation – In case of any loss or casualty, the asset owner must attempt to keep loss to a minimum, as if the asset were not insured.<br />
<br />
===Indemnification===<br />
{{Main|Indemnity}}<br />
<br />
To "indemnify" means to make whole again, or to be reinstated to the position that one was in, to the extent possible, prior to the happening of a specified event or peril. Accordingly, [[life insurance]] is generally not considered to be indemnity insurance, but rather "contingent" insurance (i.e., a claim arises on the occurrence of a specified event). There are generally three types of insurance contracts that seek to indemnify an insured:<br />
# A "reimbursement" policy<br />
# A "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of" policy"<ref name="KulpHall">C. Kulp & J. Hall, Casualty Insurance, Fourth Edition, 1968, page 35</ref><br />
# An "indemnification" policy<br />
<br />
From an insured's standpoint, the result is usually the same: the insurer pays the loss and claims expenses.<br />
<br />
If the Insured has a "reimbursement" policy, the insured can be required to pay for a loss and then be "reimbursed" by the insurance carrier for the loss and out-of-pocket costs including, with the permission of the insurer, claim expenses.<ref name="KulpHall" />{{NoteTag|However, the bankruptcy of the insured with a "reimbursement" policy does not relieve the insurer. Certain types of insurance, e.g., workers' compensation and personal automobile liability, are subject to statutory requirements that injured parties have direct access to coverage.}}<br />
<br />
Under a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would defend and pay a claim on behalf of the insured who would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language, which enables the insurance carrier to manage and control the claim.<br />
<br />
Under an "indemnification" policy, the insurance carrier can generally either "reimburse" or "pay on behalf of", whichever is more beneficial to it and the insured in the claim handling process.<br />
<br />
An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the "insured" party once risk is assumed by an "insurer", the insuring party, by means of a [[contract]], called an [[insurance policy]]. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: identification of participating parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i.e., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and [[Exclusion clause|exclusions]] (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "[[indemnity|indemnified]]" against the loss covered in the policy.<br />
<br />
When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a claim against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the premium. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims – in theory for a relatively few claimants – and for [[Overhead (business)|overhead]] costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (called reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's [[Profit (accounting)|profit]].<br />
<br />
===Exclusions===<br />
Policies typically include a number of exclusions, for example:<br />
* [[Nuclear exclusion clause]], excluding damage caused by nuclear and radiation accidents<br />
* [[War exclusion clause]], excluding damage from acts of war or terrorism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menapace |first1=Michael |title=Losses From Malware May Not Be Covered Due To Your Policy's Hostile Acts Exclusion |url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/property-insurance-cyber-insurance-coverage-and-war-losses-malware-may-not-be-0 |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=The National Law Review |date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stock |first1=Rob |title=Insurers waive terrorism exclusions for Christchurch shooting victims |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111397687/insurers-waive-terrorism-exclusions-for-christchurch-shooting-victims |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=Stuff |date=19 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Insurers may prohibit certain activities that are considered dangerous and therefore excluded from coverage. One system for classifying activities according to whether they are authorised by insurers refers to three types of activities and events:<ref>California State PTA (2019), [http://downloads.capta.org/Leaders/Insurance/CAPTA_Insurance_Guide_2019_FINAL.pdf Insurance Guide], revised April 2019, accessed 19 December 2020</ref><br />
<br />
* green light – approved<br />
* yellow light – require insurer consultation and/or waivers of liability<br />
* red light – prohibited and outside the scope of insurance cover<br />
<br />
==Social effects==<br />
Insurance can have various effects on society through the way that it changes who bears the cost of losses and damage. On one hand it can increase fraud; on the other it can help societies and individuals prepare for catastrophes and mitigate the effects of catastrophes on both households and societies.<br />
<br />
Insurance can influence the probability of losses through [[moral hazard]], [[insurance fraud]], and preventive steps by the insurance company. Insurance scholars have typically used [[moral hazard]] to refer to the increased loss due to unintentional carelessness and insurance fraud to refer to increased risk due to intentional carelessness or indifference.<ref name="ZweifelEisen2012">{{cite book|author1=Peter Zweifel|author2=Roland Eisen|title=Insurance Economics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_8qzz5soE8C&pg=PA268|date=24 February 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-20547-7|pages=268–}}</ref> Insurers attempt to address carelessness through inspections, policy provisions requiring certain types of maintenance, and possible discounts for loss mitigation efforts. While in theory insurers could encourage investment in loss reduction, some commentators have argued that in practice insurers had historically not aggressively pursued loss control measures—particularly to prevent disaster losses such as hurricanes—because of concerns over rate reductions and legal battles. However, since about 1996 insurers have begun to take a more active role in loss mitigation, such as through [[building code]]s.<ref>[[Howard Kunreuther|Kunreuther H.]] (1996). [http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/downloads/archive/arch167.pdf Mitigating Disaster Losses Through Insurance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620074852/http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/downloads/archive/arch167.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }}. ''Journal of Risk and Uncertainty''.</ref><br />
<br />
===Methods of insurance===<br />
According to the study books of The Chartered Insurance Institute, there are variant methods of insurance as follows:<br />
# Co-insurance – risks shared between insurers (sometimes referred to as "Retention")<br />
# Dual insurance – having two or more policies with overlapping coverage of a risk (both the individual policies would not pay separately – under a concept named contribution, they would contribute together to make up the policyholder's losses. However, in case of contingency insurances such as life insurance, dual payment is allowed) <br />
# Self-insurance – situations where risk is not transferred to insurance companies and solely retained by the entities or individuals themselves<br />
# Reinsurance – situations when the insurer passes some part of or all risks to another Insurer, called the reinsurer<br />
<br />
==Insurers' business model==<br />
[[File:Accidents will happen William-H.-Watson-Universal-Star-Featurette-1922.webm|thumb|''Accidents will happen'' (William H. Watson, 1922) is a slapstick silent film about the methods and mishaps of an insurance broker. Collection [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands]].]]<br />
<br />
Insurers may use the [[subscription business model]], collecting premium payments periodically in return for on-going and/or [[compound interest|compounding]] benefits offered to policyholders.<br />
<br />
===Insurance premium===<br />
The insurers' business model aims to collect more in insurance premiums than is paid out in losses, and to also offer a competitive price which consumers will accept. Insurance premiums can be simplified as:<ref name="i874">{{cite web | last=Community | first=the Actuarial | title=Chapter 10 Premium Foundations | website=Loss Data Analytics Second Edition | date=1 July 2019 | url=https://openacttexts.github.io/LDAVer2/ChapPremiumFoundations.html | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref><br />
:insurance premium = [[expected value]] of claims + underwriting expenses + [[operating expense]] + [[Profit (accounting)|profit]] - [[return on investment]].<br />
<br />
At the most basic level, insurance premium estimation involves looking at the [[frequency]] of claims, and the [[expected value]] of the payout for these claims. The most complicated aspect of insuring is the [[actuarial science]] of ratemaking (price-setting) of policies, which uses [[statistics]] and [[probability]] to approximate the rate of future claims based on a given risk. After producing rates, the insurer will use discretion to reject or accept risks through the underwriting process. The insurance company will collect historical loss-data, bring the loss data to [[present value]], and compare these prior losses to the premium collected in order to assess rate adequacy.<ref>Brown RL. (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1j4O50JENE4C Introduction to Ratemaking and Loss Reserving for Property and Casualty Insurance]. ACTEX Publications.</ref> [[Loss ratio]]s and expense loads are also used. Rating for different risk characteristics involves—at the most basic level—comparing the losses with "loss relativities"—a policy with twice as many losses would, therefore, be charged twice as much. More complex [[multivariate analysis|multivariate analyses]] are sometimes used when multiple characteristics are involved and a univariate analysis could produce confounded results. Other statistical methods may be used in assessing the probability of future losses.<br />
<br />
Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's [[underwriting profit]] on that policy. Underwriting performance is measured by something called the "combined ratio", which is the ratio of expenses/losses to premiums.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC&pg=PA614 |title= The Handbook of Municipal Bonds|first1= Sylvan G.|last1= Feldstein|first2= Frank J.|last2= Fabozzi|year= 2008|page= 614|publisher= [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]|isbn= 978-0-470-10875-8|access-date= 8 February 2010}}</ref> A combined ratio of less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting loss. <br />
<br />
Insurers make money in two ways:<br />
* Through [[underwriting]], the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in insurance premiums to charge for accepting those risks, and taking the brunt of the risk should it come to pass.<br />
* By [[investment|investing]] the insurance premiums they collect from insured parties<br />
A company with a combined ratio over 100% may nevertheless remain profitable due to investment earnings.<br />
Insurance companies earn [[investment]] profits on "float". Float, or available reserve, is the amount of money on hand at any given moment that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest or other income on them until claims are paid out. The [[Association of British Insurers]] (grouping together 400 insurance companies and 94% of UK insurance services) has almost 20% of the investments in the [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref>[http://www.abi.org.uk/About_The_ABI/role.aspx What we do ABI] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090907134048/http://www.abi.org.uk/About_The_ABI/role.aspx |date= 7 September 2009 }}. Abi.org.uk. Retrieved on 18 July 2013.</ref> In 2007, U.S. industry profits from float totaled $58 billion. In a 2009 letter to investors, [[Warren Buffett]] wrote, "we were ''paid'' $2.8 billion to hold our float in 2008".<ref>{{Cite book|title= Delay, Deny, Defend : Why Insurance Companies Don't Pay Claims and What You Can Do About It|last= Feinman|first= Jay M.|publisher= Portfolio|year= 2010|isbn= 9781101196281|pages= 16|oclc= 883320058}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[United States]], the underwriting loss of [[property insurance|property]] and [[casualty insurance]] companies was $142.3 billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $68.4 billion, as the result of float. Some insurance-industry insiders, most notably [[Maurice R. Greenberg|Hank Greenberg]], do not believe that it is possible to sustain a profit from float forever without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Reliance on float for profit has led some industry experts to call insurance companies "investment companies that raise the money for their investments by selling insurance".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Weir|first1= Audrey A.|last2= Hampton|first2= John H.|date= March 1995|title= Essentials of Risk Management and Insurance|journal= The Journal of Risk and Insurance|volume= 62|issue= 1|pages= 157|doi= 10.2307/253703|issn= 0022-4367|jstor= 253703}}</ref><br />
<br />
Naturally, the float method is difficult to carry out in an [[Depression (economics)|economically depressed]] period generally causing insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards, so a poor economy generally means high insurance-premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the [[insurance cycle|underwriting or insurance cycle]].<ref><br />
Fitzpatrick, Sean, [https://ssrn.com/abstract=690316 ''Fear is the Key: A Behavioral Guide to Underwriting Cycles,''] 10 Conn. Ins. L.J. 255 (2004).<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
When the insurance is required to pay for uninsured people the premia increase.<ref name="d051">{{cite journal | last1=Sun | first1=Stephen Teng | last2=Yannelis | first2=Constantine | title=QUANTIFYING THE PREMIUM EXTERNALITY OF THE UNINSURED: Quantifying the Premium Externality of the Uninsured | journal=Journal of the European Economic Association | volume=14 | issue=2 | date=2016 | doi=10.1111/jeea.12148 | pages=405–437 | url=https://academic.oup.com/jeea/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/jeea.12148 | access-date=2026-03-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Claims===<br />
[[File:Claims examiner - 1992 - BLS.png|thumb|Claims examiner at work. (1992)]]<br />
Claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance; it is the actual "product" paid for. Claims may be filed by insureds directly with the insurer or through [[Insurance broker|brokers or agents]]. The insurer may require that the claim be filed on its own proprietary forms, or may accept claims on a standard industry form, such as those produced by [[ACORD]].<br />
<br />
Insurance company claims departments employ a large number of claims adjusters, supported by a staff of [[records management]] and [[data entry clerk]]s. Incoming claims are classified based on severity and are assigned to adjusters, whose settlement authority varies with their knowledge and experience. An adjuster undertakes an investigation of each claim, usually in close cooperation with the insured, determines if coverage is available under the terms of the insurance contract (and if so, the reasonable monetary value of the claim), and authorizes payment.<br />
<br />
Policyholders may hire their own public adjusters to negotiate settlements with the insurance company on their behalf. For policies that are complicated, where claims may be complex, the insured may take out a separate insurance policy add-on, called loss recovery insurance, which covers the cost of a public adjuster in the case of a claim.<br />
<br />
Adjusting liability insurance claims is particularly difficult because they involve a third party, the [[plaintiff]], who is under no contractual obligation to cooperate with the insurer and may in fact regard the insurer as a [[deep pocket]]. The adjuster must obtain legal counsel for the insured—either inside ("house") counsel or outside ("panel") counsel, monitor litigation that may take years to complete, and appear in person or over the telephone with settlement authority at a mandatory settlement conference when requested by a judge.<br />
<br />
If a claims adjuster suspects underinsurance, the [[condition of average]] may come into play to limit the insurance company's exposure.<br />
<br />
In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. In addition to this balancing act, [[insurance fraud|fraudulent insurance practices]] are a major [[business risks |business risk]] that insurers must manage and overcome. Disputes between insurers and insureds over the validity of claims or claims-handling practices occasionally escalate into litigation (see [[insurance bad faith]]).<br />
<br />
===Marketing===<br />
Insurers will often use [[agency (law)|insurance agents]] to initially market or [[Underwriting|underwrite]] their customers. Agents can be captive, meaning they write only for one company, or independent, meaning that they can issue policies from several companies. The existence and success of companies using insurance agents is likely due to the availability of improved and personalised services. Companies also use Broking firms, Banks and other corporate entities (like Self Help Groups, Microfinance Institutions, NGOs, etc.) to market their products.<ref>{{cite journal<br />
|first1 = Allen N.<br />
|last1 = Berger<br />
|first2 = J. David<br />
|last2 = Cummins<br />
|first3 = Mary A.<br />
|last3 = Weiss<br />
|title = The Coexistence of Multiple Distribution Systems for Financial Services: The Case of Property-Liability Insurance.<br />
|journal = Journal of Business<br />
|volume = 70<br />
|issue = 4<br />
|pages = 515–46<br />
|date = October 1997<br />
|doi = 10.1086/209730<br />
|url = http://wrdsenet.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/wfic/papers/95/9513.pdf<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000919231814/http://wrdsenet.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/wfic/papers/95/9513.pdf<br />
|url-status = dead|archive-date = 19 September 2000<br />
|issn=0021-9398 }} ([http://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/papers/95/9513.pdf online draft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622075631/http://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/papers/95/9513.pdf |date=22 June 2010 }})</ref><br />
<br />
==Types ==<br />
Any risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as perils. An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are non-exhaustive lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set out below. For example, [[vehicle insurance]] would typically cover both the property risk (theft or damage to the vehicle) and the liability risk (legal claims arising from an [[traffic collision|accident]]). A [[home insurance]] policy in the United States typically includes coverage for damage to the home and the owner's belongings, certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of coverage for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property.<br />
<br />
[[Business]] insurance can take a number of different forms, such as the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity (PI), which are discussed below under that name; and the [[business owner's policy]] (BOP), which packages into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners' insurance packages the coverages that a homeowner needs.<ref>{{cite web | author = Insurance Information Institute | author-link = Insurance Information Institute | title = Business insurance information. What does a businessowners policy cover? | url = https://www.iii.org/individuals/business/basics/bop/ | access-date = 9 May 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Vehicle insurance===<br />
{{Main|Vehicle insurance}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Car crash 1.jpg|thumb|right|A wrecked vehicle in [[Copenhagen]]]]<br />
Vehicle insurance protects the policyholder against financial loss in the event of an incident involving a vehicle they own, such as in a [[traffic collision]].<br />
<br />
Coverage typically includes:<br />
* Property coverage, for damage to or theft of the car<br />
* Liability coverage, for the legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage<br />
* Medical coverage, for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses<br />
<br />
==== Gap insurance ====<br />
{{Main|Gap insurance}}<br />
<br />
GAP ([[Guaranteed asset protection insurance|Guaranteed Asset Protection]]) insurance covers the excess amount on an auto loan in an instance where the policyholder's insurance company does not cover the entire loan. Depending on the company's specific policies it might or might not cover the deductible as well. This coverage is marketed for those who put low [[down payment]]s, have high interest rates on their loans, and those with 60-month or longer terms. Gap insurance is typically offered by a finance company when the vehicle owner purchases their vehicle, but many auto insurance companies offer this coverage to consumers as well.<br />
<br />
===Health insurance===<br />
{{Main|Health insurance|Dental insurance}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Great western hospital.JPG|right|thumb|Great Western Hospital, [[Swindon]]]]<br />
<br />
Health insurance policies cover the cost of medical treatments. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, protects policyholders for dental costs. In most developed countries, all citizens receive some health coverage from their governments, paid through taxation. In most countries, health insurance is often part of an employer's benefits.<br />
<br />
===Income protection insurance===<br />
[[File:Pipe installation 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Workers' compensation]], or employers' liability insurance, is compulsory in some countries.]]<br />
* [[Disability insurance]] policies provide financial support in the event of the policyholder becoming unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as [[mortgage loan]]s and [[credit card]]s. Short-term and long-term disability policies are available to individuals, but considering the expense, long-term policies are generally obtained only by those with at least six-figure incomes, such as doctors, lawyers, etc. Short-term [[disability insurance]] covers a person for a period typically up to six months, paying a stipend each month to cover medical bills and other necessities.<br />
* Long-term disability insurance covers an individual's expenses for the long term, up until such time as they are considered permanently disabled and thereafter insurance companies will often try to encourage the person back into employment in preference to and before declaring them unable to work at all and therefore totally disabled.<br />
* [[Business overhead expense disability insurance|Disability overhead insurance]] allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work.<br />
* [[Total permanent disability insurance]] provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance.<br />
* [[Workers' compensation]] insurance replaces all or part of a worker's [[wage]]s lost and accompanying medical expenses incurred because of a job-related injury.<br />
<br />
===Casualty insurance===<br />
{{Main|Casualty insurance}}<br />
<br />
Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. It is a broad spectrum of insurance that a number of other types of insurance could be classified into, such as [[Vehicle insurance|auto]], [[Workers' compensation|workers compensation]], and some [[Liability insurance|liability insurances]].<br />
* Crime insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the [[criminal act]]s of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from [[theft]] or [[embezzlement]].<br />
* [[Terrorism insurance]] provides protection against any loss or damage caused by [[terrorism|terrorist]] activities. In the United States in the wake of [[september 11 attacks|9/11]], the [[Terrorism Risk Insurance Act]] 2002 (TRIA) set up a federal program providing a transparent system of shared public and private compensation for insured losses resulting from acts of terrorism. The program was extended until the end of 2014 by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act 2007 (TRIPRA).<br />
* [[Kidnap and ransom insurance]] is designed to protect individuals and corporations operating in high-risk areas around the world against the perils of kidnap, extortion, wrongful detention and hijacking.<br />
* [[Political risk insurance]] is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that [[revolution]] or other [[politics|political]] conditions could result in a loss.<br />
<br />
===Life insurance===<br />
{{Main|Life insurance}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office, Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street, London, 1801.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office]], Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street, [[London]], 1801]]<br />
Life insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an [[Annuity (financial contracts)|annuity]]. In most US states, a person cannot purchase a policy on another person without their knowledge.<br />
<br />
Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies, are regulated as insurance, and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and [[pension]]s that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a [[retirement|retiree]] will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life insurance.<br />
<br />
Certain life insurance contracts accumulate [[cash]] values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and [[endowment policy|endowment policies]], are financial instruments to accumulate or [[liquidation|liquidate]] [[wealth]] when it is needed.<br />
<br />
In many countries, such as the United States and the UK, the [[tax law]] provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of [[saving]] as well as protection in the event of early death.<br />
<br />
In the United States, the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from [[tax deferral]] may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (e.g., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation.<br />
<br />
===Burial insurance===<br />
Burial insurance is an old type of life insurance which is paid out upon death to cover final expenses, such as the cost of a [[funeral]]. The [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] introduced burial insurance c.&nbsp;600 CE when they organized [[collegia|''collegia'']] (guilds) called [[Benevolent society|benevolent societies]], which cared for the surviving families and paid funeral expenses of members upon death. [[Guilds in the Middle Ages]] served a similar purpose, as did [[Friendly society|friendly societies]] during Victorian times.<br />
<br />
===Property===<br />
{{Main|Property insurance}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Tornado Damage, Illinois 2.JPG|right|thumb|This [[tornado]] damage to an [[Illinois]] home would be considered an "[[Act of God]]" for insurance purposes.]]<br />
Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as [[fire]], [[theft]] or [[weather]] damage. This may include specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, [[flood insurance]], [[earthquake insurance]], [[home insurance]], inland marine insurance or [[boiler insurance]].<br />
The term ''property insurance'' may, like casualty insurance, be used as a broad category of various subtypes of insurance, some of which are listed below:<br />
<br />
[[File:Plane crash into Hudson River muchcropped.jpg|thumb|right|N106US, an [[Airbus A320-214]] of [[US Airways]], was [[Write-off|written off]] after ditching into the [[Hudson River]] as [[US Airways Flight 1549]] on January 15, 2009.]]<br />
* [[Aviation insurance]] protects [[aircraft]] hulls and spares, and associated liability risks, such as passenger and third-party liability. [[Airport]]s may also appear under this subcategory, including air traffic control and refuelling operations for international airports through to smaller domestic exposures.<br />
* [[Boiler insurance]] (also known as boiler and machinery insurance, or equipment breakdown insurance) insures against accidental physical damage to boilers, equipment or machinery.<br />
* [[Builder's risk insurance]] insures against the risk of physical loss or damage to property during construction. Builder's risk insurance is typically written on an "all risk" basis covering damage arising from any cause (including the negligence of the insured) not otherwise expressly excluded. Builder's risk insurance is coverage that protects a person's or organization's insurable interest in materials, fixtures or equipment being used in the construction or renovation of a building or structure should those items sustain physical loss or damage from an insured peril.<ref>{{cite web|title=Builder's Risk Insurance: Specialized Coverage for Construction Projects|url=https://adjustersinternational.com/publications/adjusting-today/builders-risk-insurance/1/|website=Adjusting Today|publisher=Adjusters International|access-date=16 October 2009}}</ref><br />
* [[Crop insurance]] may be purchased by farmers to reduce or manage various risks associated with growing crops. Such risks include crop loss or damage caused by weather, hail, drought, frost damage, pests<ref name="Ali-et-al-2020">{{cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=Williams|last2=Abdulai|first2=Awudu|author-link2=Awudu Abdulai|last3=Mishra|first3=Ashok K.|date=2020-10-06|title=Recent Advances in the Analyses of Demand for Agricultural Insurance in Developing and Emerging Countries|journal=[[Annual Review of Resource Economics]]|publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]]|volume=12|issue=1|pages=411–430|doi=10.1146/annurev-resource-110119-025306|issn=1941-1340|s2cid=225173762|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ARRE...12..411A }}</ref> (including especially insects), or disease<ref>{{US patent application|20060287896}} "Method for providing crop insurance for a crop associated with a defined attribute"</ref><ref name="Ali-et-al-2020" />—some of these being termed [[named peril]]s.<ref name="Ali-et-al-2020" /> [[Index-based insurance]] uses models of how climate extremes affect crop production to define certain climate triggers that if surpassed have high probabilities of causing substantial crop loss. When harvest losses occur associated with exceeding the climate trigger threshold, the index-insured farmer is entitled to a compensation payment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Born|first1=Lorna|author2-link=Charles Spillane|last2=Spillane|first2=Charles|last3=Murray|first3=Una|date=20 December 2018|title=Integrating gender into index-based agricultural insurance: a focus on South Africa|journal=Development in Practice|volume=29|issue=4|pages=409–423|doi=10.1080/09614524.2018.1556608|issn=0961-4524|hdl=10568/102499|s2cid=158288729|hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
* [[Earthquake insurance]] is a form of property insurance that pays the policyholder in the event of an [[earthquake]] that causes damage to the property. Most ordinary home insurance policies do not cover earthquake damage. Earthquake insurance policies generally feature a high [[deductible]]. Rates depend on location and hence the likelihood of an earthquake, as well as the [[Earthquake engineering|construction of the home]].<br />
* [[Fidelity bond]] is a form of casualty insurance that covers policyholders for losses incurred as a result of fraudulent acts by specified individuals. It usually insures a business for losses caused by the dishonest acts of its employees.<br />
<br />
[[File:FEMA - 14947 - Photograph by Jocelyn Augustino taken on 08-30-2005 in Louisiana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Katrina]] caused over $80 billion of storm and flood damage.]]<br />
* [[Flood insurance]] protects against property loss due to flooding. Many U.S. insurers do not provide flood insurance in some parts of the country. In response to this, the federal government created the [[National Flood Insurance Program]] which serves as the insurer of last resort.<br />
* [[Home insurance]], also commonly called hazard insurance or homeowners insurance (often abbreviated in the real estate industry as HOI), provides coverage for damage or destruction of the policyholder's home. In some geographical areas, the policy may exclude certain types of risks, such as flood or earthquake, that require additional coverage. Maintenance-related issues are typically the homeowner's responsibility. The policy may include inventory, or this can be bought as a separate policy, especially for people who rent housing. In some countries, insurers offer a package which may include liability and legal responsibility for injuries and property damage caused by members of the household, including pets.<ref>{{cite web | author = Insurance Information Institute | author-link = Insurance Information Institute | title = What is homeowners insurance? | url = https://www.iii.org/individuals/homei/hbasics/whatis/ | access-date = 11 November 2008 }}</ref><br />
* [[Landlords' insurance|Landlord insurance]] covers residential or commercial property that is rented to tenants. It also covers the landlord's liability for the occupants at the property. Most homeowners' insurance, meanwhile, cover only owner-occupied homes and not liability or damages related to tenants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesrealestatecouncil/2019/09/10/insurance-for-landlords-protecting-your-investment/|title=Insurance For Landlords: Protecting Your Investment|last=Miller|first=Nathan|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref><br />
* [[Marine insurance]] and marine cargo insurance cover the loss or damage of vessels at sea or on [[Inland waterways of the United States|inland waterways]], and of cargo in transit, regardless of the method of transit. When the owner of the cargo and the carrier are separate corporations, marine cargo insurance typically compensates the owner of cargo for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier or the carrier's insurance. Many marine insurance underwriters will include "time element" coverage in such policies, which extends the indemnity to cover loss of profit and other business expenses attributable to the delay caused by a covered loss.<br />
* [[Renters' insurance]], often called tenants' insurance, is an insurance policy that provides some of the benefits of homeowners' insurance, but does not include coverage for the dwelling, or structure, with the exception of small alterations that a tenant makes to the structure.<br />
* Supplemental natural disaster insurance covers specified expenses after a natural disaster renders the policyholder's home uninhabitable. Periodic payments are made directly to the insured until the home is rebuilt or a specified time period has elapsed.<br />
* [[Surety bond]] insurance is a three-party insurance guaranteeing the performance of the principal.<br />
* Volcano insurance is a specialized insurance protecting against damage arising specifically from [[Volcano|volcanic eruptions]].<br />
* Windstorm insurance is an insurance covering the damage that can be caused by wind events such as [[Tropical cyclone|hurricanes]].<br />
<br />
===Liability===<br />
{{Main|Liability insurance}}<br />
<br />
Liability insurance is a broad superset that covers legal claims against the insured. Many types of insurance include an aspect of liability coverage. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy will normally include liability coverage which protects the insured in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property; automobile insurance also includes an aspect of liability insurance that indemnifies against the harm that a crashing car can cause to others' lives, health, or property. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is twofold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder and indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Liability policies typically cover only the negligence of the insured, and will not apply to results of wilful or intentional acts by the insured.<br />
<br />
[[File:Sign of the Times-Foreclosure.jpg|thumb|right|The [[subprime mortgage crisis]] was the source of many [[liability insurance]] losses.]]<br />
* [[Public liability]] insurance or general liability insurance covers a business or organization against claims should its operations injure a member of the public or damage their property in some way.<br />
* [[Directors and officers liability insurance]] (D&O) protects an organization (usually a corporation) from costs associated with litigation resulting from errors made by directors and officers for which they are liable.<br />
* Environmental liability or environmental impairment insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of pollutants.<br />
* [[Professional liability insurance|Errors and omissions insurance]] (E&O) is business liability insurance for professionals such as insurance agents, real estate agents and brokers, architects, third-party administrators (TPAs) and other business professionals.<br />
* [[Prize indemnity insurance]] protects the insured from giving away a large prize at a specific event. Examples would include offering prizes to contestants who can make a half-court shot at a [[basketball]] game, or a [[hole in one|hole-in-one]] at a [[golf]] tournament.<br />
* [[Professional liability insurance]], also called [[professional indemnity insurance]] (PI), protects insured professionals such as architectural corporations and medical practitioners against potential negligence claims made by their patients/clients. Professional liability insurance may take on different names depending on the profession. For example, professional liability insurance in reference to the medical profession may be called [[medical malpractice]] insurance.<br />
Often a commercial insured's liability insurance program consists of several layers. The first layer of insurance generally consists of primary insurance, which provides first dollar indemnity for judgments and settlements up to the limits of liability of the primary policy. Generally, primary insurance is subject to a deductible and obligates the insurer to defend the insured against lawsuits, which is normally accomplished by assigning counsel to defend the insured. In many instances, a commercial insured may elect to self-insure. Above the primary insurance or self-insured retention, the insured may have one or more layers of [[excess insurance]] to provide coverage with additional limits of indemnity protection. There are a variety of types of excess insurance, including "stand-alone" excess policies (policies that contain their own terms, conditions, and exclusions), "follow form" excess insurance (policies that follow the terms of the underlying policy except as specifically provided), and [[Umbrella insurance|"umbrella" insurance policies]] (excess insurance that in some circumstances could provide coverage that is broader than the underlying insurance).<ref>{{Cite journal |title =Excess Liability Insurance: Law and Litigation |last1 = Seaman|first1 = S. M.|date = Spring 1997|journal = Tort & Insurance Law Journal |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=653–714|last2 = Kittredge|first2 = C. |jstor=25763179 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Credit===<br />
{{Main|Payment protection insurance}}<br />
<br />
Credit insurance repays some or all of a [[loan]] when the borrower is insolvent.<br />
* [[Mortgage insurance]] insures the lender against default by the borrower. Mortgage insurance is a form of credit insurance, although the name "credit insurance" is more often used to refer to policies that cover other kinds of debt.<br />
* Many credit cards offer payment protection plans which are a form of credit insurance.<br />
* [[Trade credit insurance]] is business insurance over the accounts receivable of the insured. The policy pays the policy holder for covered accounts receivable if the debtor defaults on payment.<br />
* [[Collateral protection insurance]] (CPI) insures property (primarily vehicles) held as collateral for loans made by lending institutions.<br />
<br />
=== Cyber attack insurance ===<br />
[[cyber insurance|Cyber-insurance]] is a business lines insurance product intended to provide coverage to corporations from Internet-based [[Risk|risks]], and more generally from risks relating to [[information technology]] infrastructure, [[information privacy]], information governance liability, and activities related thereto.<br />
<br />
===Other types===<br />
* [[All-risk insurance]] is an insurance that covers a wide range of incidents and perils, except those noted in the policy. All-risk insurance is different from peril-specific insurance that cover losses from only those perils listed in the policy.<ref>[http://www.business.gov/manage/business-insurance/insurance-types.html Types of Business Insurance | SBA.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629042726/http://www.business.gov/manage/business-insurance/insurance-types.html |date=29 June 2010 }}. Business.gov. Retrieved on 18 July 2013.</ref> In [[car insurance]], an all-risk policy also includes the damages caused by the own driver.<br />
[[File:2006GoodwoodBreedersCup.jpg|thumb|right|High-value horses may be insured under a [[Thoroughbred|bloodstock]] policy.]]<br />
* [[Bloodstock insurance]] covers individual [[horse]]s or a number of horses under common ownership. Coverage is typically for mortality as a result of accident, illness or disease but may extend to include infertility, in-transit loss, veterinary fees, and prospective foal.<br />
* [[Business interruption insurance]] covers the loss of income, and the expenses incurred, after a covered peril interrupts normal business operations.<br />
* [[Defense Base Act]] (DBA) insurance provides coverage for civilian workers hired by the government to perform contracts outside the United States and Canada. DBA is required for all U.S. citizens, U.S. residents, U.S. Green Card holders, and all employees or subcontractors hired on overseas government contracts. Depending on the country, foreign nationals must also be covered under DBA. This coverage typically includes expenses related to medical treatment and loss of wages, as well as disability and death benefits.<br />
* [[Expatriate insurance]] provides individuals and organizations operating outside of their home country with protection for automobiles, property, health, liability and business pursuits.<br />
*Hired-in plant insurance covers liability where, under a contract of hire, the customer is liable to pay for the cost of [[Plant Hire|hired-in]] equipment and for any rental charges due to a plant hire firm, such as construction plant and machinery.<ref>Breathe Insurance Brokers Ltd., [https://www.breatheinsurance.co.uk/business-insurance/plant-hire-insurance/ Plant Hire Insurance], accessed 1 November 2020</ref><br />
* [[Legal expenses insurance]] covers policyholders for the potential costs of legal action against an institution or an individual. When something happens which triggers the need for legal action, it is known as "the event". There are two main types of legal expenses insurance: [[Legal expenses insurance#Before the event insurance|before the event insurance]] and [[Legal expenses insurance#After the event insurance|after the event insurance]].<br />
* Livestock insurance is a specialized policy provided to, for example, commercial or hobby farms, aquariums, fish farms or any other animal holding. Cover is available for mortality or economic slaughter as a result of accident, illness or disease but can extend to include destruction by government order.<br />
* Media liability insurance is designed to cover professionals that engage in film and television production and print, against risks such as [[defamation]].<br />
* Nuclear incident insurance covers damages resulting from an [[nuclear and radiation accidents|incident involving radioactive materials]] and is generally arranged at the national level. (See the [[nuclear exclusion clause]] and, for the United States, the [[Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act]].)<br />
* [[Over-redemption insurance]] is purchased by businesses to protect themselves financially in the event that a promotion ends up becoming more successful than was originally anticipated and/or budgeted for.<br />
* [[Pet insurance]] insures pets against accidents and illnesses; some companies cover routine/wellness care and burial, as well.<br />
* [[Pollution insurance]] usually takes the form of first-party coverage for contamination of insured property either by external or on-site sources. Coverage is also afforded for liability to third parties arising from contamination of air, water, or land due to the sudden and accidental release of hazardous materials from the insured site. The policy usually covers the costs of cleanup and may include coverage for releases from underground storage tanks. Intentional acts are specifically excluded.<br />
* Purchase insurance is aimed at providing protection on the products people purchase. Purchase insurance can cover individual purchase protection, [[Warranty|warranties]], [[guarantee]]s, care plans and even mobile phone insurance. Such insurance is normally limited in the scope of problems that are covered by the policy.<br />
* Tax insurance is increasingly being used in corporate transactions to protect taxpayers in the event that a tax position it has taken is challenged by the IRS or a state, local, or foreign taxing authority<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Blitz|first1=Gary|last2=Schoenberg|first2=Daniel|title=Private REITs: Facilitating a Cleaner Exit with Tax Insurance|url=https://www.transactionadvisors.com/insights/private-reits-facilitating-cleaner-exit-tax-insurance|journal=Transaction Advisors|issn=2329-9134|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023135953/https://www.transactionadvisors.com/insights/private-reits-facilitating-cleaner-exit-tax-insurance|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* [[Title insurance]] provides a guarantee that title to [[real property]] is vested in the purchaser or [[mortgage law|mortgagee]], free and clear of [[lien]]s or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records performed at the time of a [[real estate]] transaction.<br />
* [[Travel insurance]] is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, loss of personal belongings, travel delay, and personal liabilities.<br />
* [[Tuition insurance]] insures students against involuntary withdrawal from cost-intensive educational institutions<br />
* [[Interest rate insurance]] protects the holder from adverse changes in interest rates, for instance, for those with a variable rate loan or mortgage<br />
* Divorce insurance is a form of contractual liability insurance that pays the insured a cash benefit if their marriage ends in divorce.<br />
<br />
===Insurance financing vehicles===<br />
* Fraternal insurance is provided on a cooperative basis by [[Benefit society|fraternal benefit societies]] or other social organizations.<ref>Margaret E. Lynch, Editor, "Health Insurance Terminology", Health Insurance Association of America, 1992, {{ISBN|1-879143-13-5}}</ref><br />
* [[No-fault insurance]] is a type of insurance policy (typically automobile insurance) where insureds are indemnified by their own insurer regardless of fault in the incident.<br />
* Protected self-insurance is an alternative risk financing mechanism in which an organization retains the mathematically calculated cost of risk within the organization and transfers the catastrophic risk with specific and aggregate limits to an insurer so the maximum total cost of the program is known. A properly designed and underwritten protected self-insurance program reduces and stabilizes the cost of insurance and provides valuable risk management information.<br />
* Retrospectively rated insurance is a method of establishing a premium on large commercial accounts. The final premium is based on the insured's actual loss experience during the policy term, sometimes subject to a minimum and maximum premium, with the final premium determined by a formula. Under this plan, the current year's premium is based partially (or wholly) on the current year's losses, although the premium adjustments may take months or years beyond the current year's expiration date. The rating formula is guaranteed in the insurance contract. Formula: retrospective premium = converted loss + basic premium × tax multiplier. Numerous variations of this formula have been developed and are in use.<br />
* Formal [[self-insurance]] (active risk retention) is the deliberate decision to pay for otherwise insurable losses out of one's own money.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lencsis |first1=Peter M. |title=Workers compensation : a reference and guide |date=1998 |publisher=Quorum Books |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=9781567201741 |pages=75–76 |url=https://archive.org/details/workerscompensat00lenc/page/75/mode/2up |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> This can be done on a formal basis by establishing a separate fund into which funds are deposited on a periodic basis, or by simply forgoing the purchase of available insurance and paying out-of-pocket. Self-insurance is usually used to pay for high-frequency, low-severity losses.<ref name="Teale2013">{{Cite book|last=Teale|first=John|title=Insurance and Risk Management|publisher=CCH/Wolters Kluwer|year=2013|isbn=978-1-922042-88-0|location=Sydney, Australia|pages=40|quote=Risk retention occurs when an individual or business firm retains all or part of a given risk. Risk retention is generally appropriate when the frequency of loss is low and its severity is low. Risk retention can also be appropriate for high-frequency, low-severity risks where potential losses are of low value. Risk retention can be either active or passive. Active risk retention refers to the situation where an individual recognises the risk and deliberately elects to retain all or part of that risk. This may be achieved by a firm or individual electing to carry the first $500 of any loss as a policy excess (or deductible). An excess (or deductible) is a provision in the policy whereby a specified amount is deducted from the loss payment otherwise payable to the insured. Alternatively, the risk manager may decide to self-insure the entire risk thereby saving what they would have paid as an insurance premium. Active risk retention is used because a policy excess will eliminate small policy claims and the administrative expense of adjusting these claims resulting in reduced premiums. It is also used where insurance is either unavailable or too expensive.}}</ref> Such losses, if covered by conventional insurance, mean having to pay a premium that includes loadings for the company's general expenses, cost of putting the policy on the books, acquisition expenses, premium taxes, and contingencies. While this is true for all insurance, for small, frequent losses the transaction costs may exceed the benefit of volatility reduction that insurance otherwise affords.<ref name="Teale2013"/><br />
* [[Reinsurance]] is a type of insurance purchased by insurance companies or self-insured employers to protect against unexpected losses. [[Financial reinsurance]] is a form of reinsurance that is primarily used for capital management rather than to transfer insurance risk.<br />
* [[Social insurance]] is a collection of insurance coverages (including components of life insurance, disability income insurance, unemployment insurance, health insurance, and others, often consolidated as part of a [[social security]] program), requiring participation by all citizens or residents. By forcing everyone in a society to become a policyholder and pay premiums, it provides a [[social safety net]], ensuring that everyone can become a claimant when necessary. Examples of such programs are [[National Insurance]] in the United Kingdom or [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] in the United States.<br />
* [[Stop-loss insurance]] provides protection against catastrophic or unpredictable losses. It is purchased by organizations who do not want to assume 100% of the liability for losses arising from the plans. Under a stop-loss policy, the insurance company becomes liable for losses that exceed certain limits called deductibles.<br />
<br />
===Closed community and governmental self-insurance===<br />
Some communities prefer to create virtual insurance among themselves by other means than contractual risk transfer, which assigns explicit numerical values to risk. A number of [[religion|religious]] groups, including the [[Amish]] and some [[Muslim]] groups, depend on support provided by their [[community|communities]] when [[disaster]]s strike. The risk presented by any given person is assumed collectively by the community who all bear the cost of rebuilding lost property and supporting people whose needs are suddenly greater after a loss of some kind. In supportive communities where others can be trusted to follow community leaders, this tacit form of insurance can work. In this manner the community can even out the extreme differences in insurability that exist among its members. Some further justification is also provided by invoking the [[moral hazard]] of explicit insurance contracts.<br />
<br />
In the [[United Kingdom]], [[The Crown]] (which, for practical purposes, meant the [[civil service]]) did not insure property such as government buildings. If a government building was damaged, the cost of repair would be met from public funds because, in the long run, this was cheaper than paying insurance premiums. Since many UK government buildings have been sold to property companies and rented back, this arrangement is now less common.<br />
<br />
In the United States, the most prevalent form of [[self-insurance]] is governmental risk management pools. They are self-funded cooperatives, operating as carriers of coverage for the majority of governmental entities today, such as county governments, municipalities, and school districts. Rather than these entities independently self-insuring and risking bankruptcy from a large judgment or catastrophic loss, such governmental entities form a [[risk pool]]. Such pools begin their operations by capitalization through member deposits or bond issuance. Coverage (such as general liability, auto liability, professional liability, workers compensation, and property) is offered by the pool to its members, similar to coverage offered by insurance companies. However, self-insured pools offer members lower rates (due to not needing insurance brokers), increased benefits (such as loss prevention services) and subject matter expertise. Of approximately 91,000 distinct governmental entities operating in the United States, 75,000 are members of self-insured pools in various lines of coverage, forming approximately 500 pools. Although a relatively small corner of the insurance market, the annual contributions (self-insured premiums) to such pools have been estimated at up to 17 billion dollars annually.<ref>Marcos Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, 55-60 (2014) https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253</ref><br />
<br />
==Insurance companies==<br />
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2019}}<br />
[[File:Republic Fire Insurance Company certificate.jpg|thumb|Certificate issued by Republic Fire Insurance Co. of New York {{Circa|1860}}]]<br />
Insurance companies may provide any combination of insurance types, but are often classified into three groups:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/insurance.asp|title=The Industry Handbook: The Insurance Industry|date=7 January 2004|work=Investopedia|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907000042/https://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/insurance.asp|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Life insurance]] companies, that provide life insurance, annuities and pension products and bear similarities to [[asset management]] businesses<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Non-life or [[property insurance|property]]/[[casualty insurance]] companies, which provides other types of insurance.<br />
* [[Health insurance]] companies, which sometimes provide life insurance or [[employee benefits]] as well<br />
<br />
General insurance companies can be further divided into these sub categories.<br />
* Standard lines<br />
* Excess lines<br />
<br />
In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulatory regimes and different [[tax]] and [[accounting]] rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life, annuity, and pension business is long-term in nature – coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many [[decade]]s. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.<br />
<br />
===Mutual versus proprietary===<br />
{{Main|Mutual insurance}}<br />
<br />
Insurance companies are commonly classified as either [[Mutual insurance|mutual]] or proprietary companies.<ref>{{cite book|title=IF1 – Insurance, Legal & Regulatory|year=2011|publisher=Chartered Insurance Institute|isbn=978-0-85713-094-5|author=David Ransom|page=2/5}}</ref> Mutual companies are owned by the policyholders, while shareholders (who may or may not own policies) own proprietary insurance companies.<br />
<br />
[[Demutualization]] of mutual insurers to form stock companies, as well as the formation of a hybrid known as a mutual holding company, became common in some countries, such as the United States, in the late 20th century. However, not all states permit mutual holding companies.<br />
<br />
===Reinsurance companies===<br />
<br />
[[Reinsurance]] companies are insurance companies that provide policies to other insurance companies, allowing them to reduce their risks and protect themselves from substantial losses.<ref name="The Business Model of Reinsurance Companies">{{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Sean |title=The Business Model of Reinsurance Companies |url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/insurance/082916/business-model-reinsurance-companies.asp |website=Investopedia |access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref> The reinsurance market is dominated by a few large companies with huge reserves. A reinsurer may also be a direct writer of insurance risks as well.<br />
<br />
===Captive insurance companies===<br />
{{Main|Captive insurance}}<br />
<br />
[[Captive insurance]] companies can be defined as limited-purpose insurance companies established with the specific objective of financing risks emanating from their parent group or groups. This definition can sometimes be extended to include some of the risks of the parent company's customers. In short, it is an in-house self-insurance vehicle. Captives may take the form of a "pure" entity, which is a 100% subsidiary of the self-insured parent company; of a "mutual" captive, which insures the collective risks of members of an industry; and of an "association" captive, which self-insures individual risks of the members of a professional, commercial or industrial association. Captives represent commercial, economic and tax advantages to their sponsors because of the reductions in costs they help create and for the ease of insurance risk management and the flexibility for cash flows they generate. Additionally, they may provide coverage of risks which is neither available nor offered in the traditional insurance market at reasonable prices.<br />
<br />
The types of risk that a captive can underwrite for their parents include property damage, public and product liability, professional indemnity, employee benefits, employers' liability, motor and medical aid expenses. The captive's exposure to such risks may be limited by the use of reinsurance.<br />
<br />
Captives are becoming an increasingly important component of the [[risk management]] and risk financing strategy of their parent. This can be understood against the following background:<br />
* Heavy and increasing premium costs in almost every line of coverage<br />
* Difficulties in insuring certain types of fortuitous risk<br />
* Differential coverage standards in various parts of the world<br />
* Rating structures which reflect market trends rather than individual loss experience<br />
* Insufficient credit for deductibles or loss control efforts<br />
<br />
===Other forms===<br />
Other possible forms for an insurance company include [[reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|reciprocals]], in which policyholders reciprocate in sharing risks, and Lloyd's organizations.<ref name="Lloyds Organizations">{{cite web |last1=Liberto |first1=Daniel |title=Lloyd's Organizations |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lloyds-organizations.asp |website=Investopedia |access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Admitted versus non-admitted===<br />
Admitted insurance companies are those in the United States that have been admitted or licensed by the state licensing agency. The insurance they provide is called '''admitted insurance'''. Non-admitted companies have not been approved by the state licensing agency, but are allowed to provide insurance under special circumstances when they meet an insurance need that admitted companies cannot or will not meet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/admitted-insurance.asp |title=Admitted Insurance |website=investopedia.com |date=29 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Insurance consultants===<br />
<br />
There are also companies known as "insurance consultants". Like a mortgage broker, these companies are paid a fee by the customer to shop around for the best insurance policy among many companies. Similar to an insurance consultant, an "insurance broker" also shops around for the best insurance policy among many companies. However, with insurance brokers, the fee is usually paid in the form of commission from the insurer that is selected rather than directly from the client.<br />
<br />
Neither insurance consultants nor insurance brokers are insurance companies and no risks are transferred to them in insurance transactions. Third party administrators are companies that perform underwriting and sometimes claims handling services for insurance companies. These companies often have special expertise that the insurance companies do not have.<br />
<br />
===Financial stability and rating===<br />
<br />
The financial stability and strength of an insurance company is a consideration when buying an insurance contract. An insurance premium paid currently provides coverage for losses that might arise many years in the future. For that reason, a more financially stable insurance carrier reduces the risk of the insurance company becoming insolvent, leaving their policyholders with no coverage (or coverage only from a government-backed insurance pool or other arrangements with less attractive payouts for losses). A number of independent rating agencies provide information and rate the financial viability of insurance companies.<br />
<br />
Insurance companies are rated by various agencies such as [[AM Best]]. The ratings include the company's financial strength, which measures its ability to pay claims. It also rates financial instruments issued by the insurance company, such as bonds, notes, and securitization products.<br />
<br />
==Across the world==<br />
<br />
Advanced economies account for the bulk of the global insurance industry. According to [[Swiss Re]], the global insurance market wrote $7.186 trillion in direct premiums in 2023.<ref name="fio">{{cite book|last1=Federal Insurance Office|title=Annual Report on the Insurance Industry|date=September 2024|publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=78–79|url=https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/311/2024-09-30%20Clean%20FIO%20AR%20508_2.pdf}}</ref> ("Direct premiums" means premiums written directly by insurers before accounting for ceding of risk to reinsurers.) The United States was the country with the largest insurance market with $3.226 trillion (44.9%) of direct premiums written, with the People's Republic of China coming in second at only $723 billion (10.1%), the United Kingdom coming in third at $374 billion (5.2%), and Japan coming in fourth at $362 billion (5.0%).<ref name="fio" /> However, the [[European Union]]'s [[European Single Market|single market]] is the actual second largest market, with 16 percent market share.<ref name="fio" /><br />
<br />
===Regulatory differences===<br />
{{Main|Insurance law}}<br />
<br />
In the United States, insurance is regulated by the states under the [[McCarran–Ferguson Act]], with "periodic proposals for federal intervention", and a nonprofit coalition of state insurance agencies called the [[National Association of Insurance Commissioners]] works to harmonize the country's different laws and regulations.<ref>Randall S. (1998). [http://www.law.fsu.edu/Journals/lawreview/downloads/263/rand.pdf "Insurance Regulation in the United States: Regulatory Federalism and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230141/http://www.law.fsu.edu/Journals/lawreview/downloads/263/rand.pdf |date=11 May 2011}}. ''Florida State University Law Review''.</ref> The National Conference of Insurance Legislators (NCOIL) also works to harmonize the different state laws.<ref>J Schacht, B Foudree. (2007). [http://www.ncoil.org/policy/Docs/2007/ILFStudy.pdf "A Study on State Authority: Making a Case for Proper Insurance Oversight"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081324/http://www.ncoil.org/policy/Docs/2007/ILFStudy.pdf |date=10 May 2011 }}. ''NCOIL''</ref> [[1988 California Proposition 103]] is claimed to reduce home insurance rates,<ref name="i896">{{cite web | last1=Kamisher | first1=Eliyahu | last2=Reyes | first2=Max | last3=Carson | first3=Biz | title=It's not just State Farm. Allstate no longer sells new home insurance policies in California | website=Los Angeles Times | date=2 June 2023 | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-06-02/allstate-state-farm-stop-selling-new-home-insurance-in-california | access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> while it is blamed by some for reduced availability of [[home insurance]] in wildfire-distressed neighborhoods.<ref name="r793">{{cite web | last=Darmiento | first=Laurence | title=State takes final step to fix California's troubled home insurance market | website=Los Angeles Times | date=30 December 2024 | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-12-30/california-home-insurance-sustainable-insurance-strategy-lara-reinsurance-state-farm-wildfires | access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[European Union]], the Third Non-Life Directive and the Third Life Directive, both passed in 1992 and effective 1994, created a single insurance market in Europe and allowed insurance companies to offer insurance anywhere in the EU (subject to permission from authority in the head office) and allowed insurance consumers to purchase insurance from any insurer in the EU.<ref>C. J. Campbell, L. Goldberg, A. Rai. (2003). [http://people.hofstra.edu/Anoop_Rai/research/JORI70-1Campbell.pdf "The Impact of the European Union Insurance Directives on Insurance Company Stocks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123162358/https://people.hofstra.edu/Anoop_Rai/research/JORI70-1Campbell.pdf |date=23 November 2017 }}. ''The Journal of Risk and Insurance''.</ref> As far as [[insurance in the United Kingdom]], the [[Financial Services Authority]] took over insurance regulation from the General Insurance Standards Council in 2005;<ref>Haurant S. (2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/jan/14/money.watchdogs "FSA takes on insurance regulation"]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> laws passed include the Insurance Companies Act 1973 and another in 1982,<ref>Adams J. (2012). [http://www.fsa.gov.uk/static/pubs/speeches/julian-adams-barbon-lecture-2012.pdf "The impact of changing regulation on the insurance industry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005100455/http://www.fsa.gov.uk/static/pubs/speeches/julian-adams-barbon-lecture-2012.pdf |date=5 October 2018 }}. [[Financial Services Authority]].</ref> and reforms to [[warranty]] and other aspects under discussion {{as of|2012|lc=y}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130114010523/http://www.lloyds.com/the-market/communications/regulatory-communications-homepage/regulatory-communications/regulatory-news-articles/2012/08/reforming-uk-insurance-contract-law "Reforming UK insurance contract law"]. Lloyd's. 30 August 2012. Archived from the [http://www.lloyds.com/the-market/communications/regulatory-communications-homepage/regulatory-communications/regulatory-news-articles/2012/08/reforming-uk-insurance-contract-law original] on 14 January 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
The [[insurance industry in China]] was nationalized in 1949 and thereafter offered by only a single state-owned company, the [[People's Insurance Company of China]], which was eventually suspended as demand declined in a communist environment. In 1978, market reforms led to an increase in the market and by 1995 a comprehensive Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China<ref>[https://www.lehmanlaw.com/resource-centre/laws-and-regulations/insurance/insurance-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-1995.html "Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China – 1995"]. Lehman, Lee & Xu.</ref> was passed, followed in 1998 by the formation of [[China Insurance Regulatory Commission]] (CIRC), which has broad regulatory authority over the insurance market of China.<ref>Thomas JE. (2002). [http://www.genevaassociation.org/PDF/Geneva_papers_on_Risk_and_Insurance/GA2002_GP27(3)_Thomas.pdf "The role and powers of the Chinese insurance regulatory commission in the administration of insurance law in China"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511192041/http://www.genevaassociation.org/PDF/Geneva_papers_on_Risk_and_Insurance/GA2002_GP27(3)_Thomas.pdf |date=11 May 2011 }}. ''Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance''.</ref><br />
<br />
In India IRDA is insurance regulatory authority. As per the section 4 of IRDA Act 1999, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), which was constituted by an act of parliament. National Insurance Academy, Pune is apex insurance capacity builder institute promoted with support from Ministry of Finance and by LIC, Life & General Insurance companies.<br />
<br />
In 2017, within the framework of the joint project of the [[Central Bank of Russia|Bank of Russia]] and [[Yandex]], a special [[check mark]] (a green circle with a tick and 'Реестр ЦБ РФ' (Unified state register of insurance entities) text box) appeared in the search for Yandex system, informing the consumer that the company's financial services are offered on the marked website, which has the status of an insurance company, a broker or a mutual insurance association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/event/?id=1568|title=Insurers' websites receive first marks {{!}} Банк России|website=www.cbr.ru|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Insurance practices and controversies==<br />
===Does not reduce the risk===<br />
Insurance is just a risk transfer mechanism wherein the financial burden which may arise due to some fortuitous event is transferred to a bigger entity (i.e., an insurance company) by way of paying premiums. This only reduces the financial burden and not the actual chances of happening of an event. Insurance is a risk for both the insurance company and the insured. The insurance company understands the risk involved and will perform a [[risk assessment]] when writing the policy. <br />
<br />
As a result, the premiums may go up if they determine that the policyholder will file a claim. However, premiums might reduce if the policyholder commits to a risk management program as recommended by the insurer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Libatique|first=Roxanne|title=Senior broker on the importance of reducing clients' risk exposure|url=https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/au/features/broker-profiles/senior-broker-on-the-importance-of-reducing-clients-risk-exposure-218357.aspx|access-date=2020-11-05|website=www.insurancebusinessmag.com|language=en}}</ref> It is therefore important that insurers view risk management as a joint initiative between policyholder and insurer since a robust risk management plan minimizes the possibility of a large claim for the insurer while stabilizing or reducing premiums for the policyholder. [[University of Tennessee]] research published in 2014 found that all company staff in the businesses they surveyed recognised the importance of insurance but largely they were too distant within their organization from the provision or cost of insurance to be able to relate to company insurance needs.<ref>SpotSee, [https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/2072862/SpotSee%202017/3.2%20Resource%20Library/Assessing%20the%20Total%20Cost%20of%20Damage_HR.pdf?t=1535384103237 Assessing the Total Cost of Supply Chain Damage], ''www.spotsee.io'', revised in January 2024, accessed on 25 November 2024</ref><br />
<br />
If a person is financially stable and plans for life's unexpected events, they may be able to go without insurance. However, they must have enough to cover a total and complete loss of employment and of their possessions. Some states will accept a surety bond, a government bond, or even making a cash deposit with the state.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}<br />
<br />
===Moral hazard===<br />
An insurance company may inadvertently find that its insureds may not be as risk-averse as they might otherwise be (since, by definition, the insured has transferred the risk to the insurer), a concept known as [[moral hazard]]. This 'insulates' many from the true costs of living with risk, negating measures that can mitigate or adapt to risk and leading some to describe insurance schemes as potentially [[Maladaptation|maladaptive]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Insurance as maladaptation: Resilience and the 'business as usual' paradox|journal = Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy|volume = 34|issue = 6|date = 1 September 2015|issn = 0263-774X|pages = 1175–1193|doi = 10.1177/0263774X15602022|first1 = Paul|last1 = O'Hare|first2 = Iain|last2 = White|first3 = Angela|last3 = Connelly|s2cid = 155016786|url = https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/609056/2/OHare%20et%20al_Insurance%20as%20maladaptation.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Complexity of insurance policy contracts===<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}[[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|thumb|right|[[9/11]] was a major insurance loss, but there were disputes over the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'s insurance policy.]]<br />
Insurance policies can be complex and some policyholders may not understand all the fees and coverages included in a policy. As a result, people may buy policies on unfavorable terms. In response to these issues, many countries have enacted detailed statutory and regulatory regimes governing every aspect of the insurance business, including minimum standards for policies and the ways in which they may be [[advertising|advertised]] and sold.<br />
<br />
For example, most insurance policies in the English language today have been carefully drafted in [[plain English]]; the industry learned the hard way that many courts will not enforce policies against insureds when the judges themselves cannot understand what the policies are saying. Typically, courts construe ambiguities in insurance policies against the insurance company and in favor of coverage under the policy.<br />
<br />
Many institutional insurance purchasers buy insurance through an insurance broker. While on the surface it appears the broker represents the buyer (not the insurance company), and typically counsels the buyer on appropriate coverage and policy limitations, in the vast majority of cases a broker's compensation comes in the form of a commission as a percentage of the insurance premium, creating a conflict of interest in that the broker's financial interest is tilted toward encouraging an insured to purchase more insurance than might be necessary at a higher price. A broker generally holds contracts with many insurers, thereby allowing the broker to "shop" the [[Market (economics)|market]] for the best rates and coverage possible.<br />
<br />
Insurance may also be purchased through an agent. A tied agent, working exclusively with one insurer, represents the insurance company from whom the policyholder buys (while a free agent sells policies of various insurance companies). Just as there is a potential conflict of interest with a broker, an agent has a different type of conflict. Because agents work directly for the insurance company, if there is a claim the agent may advise the client to the benefit of the insurance company. Agents generally cannot offer as broad a range of selection compared to an insurance broker.<br />
<br />
An independent insurance consultant advises insureds on a fee-for-service retainer, similar to an attorney, and thus offers completely independent advice, free of the financial conflict of interest of brokers or agents. However, such a consultant must still work through brokers or agents in order to secure coverage for their clients.<br />
<br />
===Limited consumer benefits===<br />
In the [[United States]], economists and consumer advocates generally consider insurance to be worthwhile for low-probability, catastrophic losses, but not for high-probability, small losses. Because of this, consumers are advised to select high [[deductible]]s and to not insure losses which would not cause a disruption in their life. However, consumers have shown a tendency to prefer low deductibles and to prefer to insure relatively high-probability, small losses over low-probability, perhaps due to not understanding or ignoring the low-probability risk. This is associated with reduced purchasing of insurance against low-probability losses, and may result in increased inefficiencies from [[moral hazard]].<ref name=Schindler1994>Schindler, R. M. (1994). [http://www.business.camden.rutgers.edu/FacultyStaff/research/schindler/Schindler%20(1994).pdf Consumer Motivation for Purchasing Low-Deductible Insurance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084602/http://www.business.camden.rutgers.edu/FacultyStaff/research/schindler/Schindler%20(1994).pdf |date=11 May 2011 }}. In ''Marketing and Public Policy Conference Proceedings'', Vol. 4, D. J. Ringold (ed.), Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 147–155.</ref><br />
<br />
===Redlining===<br />
{{Main|Redlining}}<br />
<br />
[[Redlining]] is the practice of denying insurance coverage in specific geographic areas, supposedly because of a high likelihood of loss, while the alleged motivation is unlawful discrimination. [[Racial profiling]] or [[redlining]] has a long history in the property insurance industry in the United States. From a review of industry underwriting and marketing materials, court documents, and research by government agencies, industry and community groups, and academics, it is clear that race has long affected and continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.<ref>Gregory D. Squires (2003), "Racial Profiling, Insurance Style: Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas", ''Journal of Urban Affairs'' Volume 25 Issue 4 pp. 391–410, November 2003</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2007, the US [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) released a report presenting the results of a study concerning credit-based [[insurance score]]s in automobile insurance. The study found that these scores are effective predictors of risk. It also showed that African-Americans and Hispanics are substantially overrepresented in the lowest credit scores, and substantially underrepresented in the highest, while Caucasians and Asians are more evenly spread across the scores. The credit scores were also found to predict risk within each of the ethnic groups, leading the FTC to conclude that the scoring models are not solely proxies for redlining. The FTC indicated little data was available to evaluate benefit of insurance scores to consumers.<ref name="FTC Study">[http://ftc.gov/opa/2007/07/facta.shtm Credit-Based Insurance Scores: Impacts on Consumers of Automobile Insurance], Federal Trade Commission (July 2007)</ref> The report was disputed by representatives of the [[Consumer Federation of America]], the National Fair Housing Alliance, the [[National Consumer Law Center]], and the Center for Economic Justice, for relying on data provided by the insurance industry.<ref>[http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2007/07/insurance_credit.html Consumers Dispute FTC Report on Insurance Credit Scoring] www.consumeraffairs.com (July 2007)</ref><br />
<br />
All states have provisions in their rate regulation laws or in their fair trade practice acts that prohibit unfair discrimination, often called redlining, in setting rates and making insurance available.<ref>{{cite web | author = Insurance Information Institute | author-link = Insurance Information Institute | title = Issues Update: Regulation Modernization | url = https://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/ratereg/ | access-date = 11 November 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In determining premiums and premium rate structures, insurers consider quantifiable factors, including location, [[credit score]]s, [[gender]], [[profession|occupation]], [[marital status]], and [[education]] level. However, the use of such factors is often considered to be unfair or unlawfully [[discrimination|discriminatory]], and the reaction against this practice has in some instances led to political disputes about the ways in which insurers determine premiums and regulatory intervention to limit the factors used.<br />
<br />
An insurance underwriter's job is to evaluate a given risk as to the likelihood that a loss will occur. Any factor that causes a greater likelihood of loss should theoretically be charged a higher rate. This basic principle of insurance must be followed if insurance companies are to remain solvent.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} Thus, "discrimination" against (i.e., negative differential treatment of) potential insureds in the risk evaluation and premium-setting process is a necessary by-product of the fundamentals of insurance underwriting.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} For instance, insurers charge older people significantly higher premiums than they charge younger people for term life insurance. Older people are thus treated differently from younger people (i.e., a distinction is made, discrimination occurs). The rationale for the differential treatment goes to the heart of the risk a life insurer takes: older people are likely to die sooner than young people, so the risk of loss (the insured's death) is greater in any given period of time and therefore the [[risk premium]] must be higher to cover the greater risk.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} However, treating insureds differently when there is no actuarially sound reason for doing so is unlawful discrimination.<br />
<br />
===Insurance patents===<br />
{{update|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Further|Insurance patent}}<br />
New assurance products can now{{when|date=January 2025}} be protected from copying with a [[business method patent]] in the [[United States]].<br />
<br />
A recent example of a new insurance product that is patented is [[Usage-based insurance|Usage Based]] [[vehicle insurance|auto insurance]]. Early versions were independently invented and patented by a major US auto insurance company, [[Progressive Corporation|Progressive Auto Insurance]] ({{US patent|5797134}}) and a Spanish independent inventor, Salvador Minguijon Perez.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=EP|number=0700009|title=Individual evaluation system for motorcar risk|inventor1-first=Salvador|inventor1-last=Minguijon Perez|pubdate=1996-03-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many independent inventors are in favor of patenting new insurance products since it gives them protection from big companies when they bring their new insurance products to market. Independent inventors account for 70% of the new U.S. patent applications in this area.{{cn|date=January 2025}}<br />
<br />
Patenting new insurance products can be risky, as it is practically impossible for insurance companies to determine if their product will infringe on a pre-existing patent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solutions |first=LexisNexis Intellectual Property |date=2021-10-20 |title=Key Findings Patent Risk Survey |url=https://www.lexisnexisip.com/resources/key-findings-patent-risk-survey/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=LexisNexis Intellectual Property Solutions |language=en-US}}</ref> For example, in 2004, [[The Hartford]] insurance company had to pay $80 million to an independent inventor, Bancorp Services, in order to settle a patent infringement and theft of trade secret lawsuit for a type of corporate owned life insurance product invented and patented by Bancorp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BANCORP SERVICES v. HARTFORD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY (2004) |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-federal-circuit/1241840.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Findlaw |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are currently about 150 new patent applications on insurance inventions filed per year in the United States. The rate at which patents have been issued has steadily risen from 15 in 2002 to 44 in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marketsandpatents.com/IPB-12152006.mht|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235655/http://www.marketsandpatents.com/IPB-12152006.mht|url-status=usurped|title=(Source: Insurance IP Bulletin, December 15, 2006)|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first US insurance patent was granted in 2005, which concerned coverage of data transferred over the internet.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=6922720|title=Systems and methods for insuring data over the internet|inventor1-last=Cianciarulo |inventor1-first=Krys|inventor2-last=Cardot |inventor2-first=Stephen|inventor3-last=Weiseth |inventor3-first=Thomas|assign=Portogo Inc.|pubdate=2005-07-26}}</ref> Another example of an application posted was posted in 2009.<ref> {{cite patent<br />
| country = US<br />
| number = 20090055227<br />
| status = patent<br />
| title = Risk Assessment Company<br />
| pubdate = 2009-02-26<br />
| inventor1-last = Bakos<br />
| inventor1-first = Thomas L.<br />
}}</ref>{{dead|date=January 2025}} This patent application describes a method for increasing the ease of changing insurance companies.<ref>Bakos, Nowotarski, "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160409224203/http://www.marketsandpatents.com/bulletin/IPB-12152008.html An Experiment in Better Patent Examination]}}", Insurance IP Bulletin, 15 December 2008.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Insurance on demand ===<br />
Insurance on demand (also IoD) is an insurance service that provides clients with coverage for a specific occasion or event when needed; i.e. only episodic rather than on a [[24/7 service|24/7]] basis as is typically provided by traditional policies. For example, air travelers can purchase a policy for one single plane flight, rather than a longer-lasting travel insurance plan.{{fact|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
===Insurance industry and rent-seeking===<br />
Certain insurance products and practices have been described as [[rent-seeking]] by critics.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} That is, some insurance products or practices are useful primarily because of legal benefits, such as reducing taxes, as opposed to providing protection against risks of adverse events.{{fact|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
===Religious concerns===<br />
Muslim scholars have varying opinions about life insurance. Life insurance policies that earn interest (or guaranteed bonus/NAV) are generally considered to be a form of ''[[riba]]'' ([[usury]]) and some consider even policies that do not earn interest to be a form of ''gharar'' ([[speculation]]). Some argue that ''gharar'' is not present due to the actuarial science behind the underwriting.{{cn|date=June 2024}} Jewish rabbinical scholars also have expressed reservations regarding insurance as an avoidance of God's will but most find it acceptable in moderation.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.jabe.org/insurance.html<br />
|title = Jewish Association for Business Ethics – Insurance<br />
|access-date = 25 March 2008<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100419131351/http://www.jabe.org/insurance.html<br />
|archive-date = 19 April 2010<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some Christians believe insurance represents a lack of faith.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Insurance: A Christian Perspective - Faith in Business|url=https://www.faithinbusiness.org/Articles/590904/Insurance_A_Christian.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301160649/https://faithinbusiness.org/Articles/590904/Insurance_A_Christian.aspx|archive-date=1 March 2021|access-date=5 January 2021|website=www.faith-in-business.org|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crosswalk.com/family/finances/planning/is-your-insurance-a-lack-of-faith-in-god.html|title=Should Christians Buy Insurance?|website=Crosswalk.com|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> There is a long history of resistance to commercial insurance in [[Anabaptist]] communities ([[Mennonites]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Brethren in Christ]]), but many participate in community-based self-insurance programs that spread risk within their communities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/05/AR2006100501360.html|title=Amish Reluctantly Accept Donations |last=Rubinkam |first=Michael |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=25 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = The riddle of Amish culture<br />
|author = Donald B. Kraybill|page = 277|isbn = 978-0-8018-3682-4|year = 1989|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/riddleofamishcu000kray<br />
|publisher = Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/I583ME.htm| title = Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, Insurance| access-date = 18 January 2010}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br />
* [[Agent of record]]<br />
* [[DIRTI 5]] – abbreviation for depreciation, interest, repairs, taxes, and insurance<br />
* [[Earthquake insurance|Earthquake loss]]<br />
* [[Financial adviser]]<br />
* {{slink|Financial risk management#Insurance}}<br />
* [[Global assets under management]]<br />
* {{slink|Interest rate risk#Insurers}}<br />
* [[Insurance broker]]<br />
* [[Insurance fraud]]<br />
* [[Insurance Hall of Fame]]<br />
* [[Insurance law]]<br />
* [[International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics]]<br />
* [[Outline of finance#Insurance|List of insurance topics]]<br />
* [[Loss control consultant]]<br />
* [[Outline of finance]]<br />
* [[Reinsurance]]<br />
* [[Risk pool]]<br />
* [[Social security]]<br />
* [[Tertiary sector of the economy]] (sector of the economy to which insurance belongs)<br />
* ''[[The Invisible Bankers: Everything the Insurance Industry Never Wanted You to Know]]'' (book)<br />
* [[Universal health care]]<br />
* [[Welfare state]]<br />
* ''[[Uberrima fides]]'' – Latin for "utmost good faith", a legal doctrine used in insurance<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
Country-specific articles:<br />
:* [[Insurance in Australia]]<br />
:* [[Insurance industry in China]]<br />
:* [[Insurance in India]]<br />
:* [[Insurance in the United Kingdom]]<br />
:* [[Insurance in the United States]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last = Dickson |first = P. G. M. |title = The Sun Insurance Office 1710–1960: The History of Two and a half Centuries of British Insurance |url = https://archive.org/details/suninsuranceoffi0000dick |url-access=registration |year=1960 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = London, England |page=[https://archive.org/details/suninsuranceoffi0000dick/page/324 324] }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* Einav, Liran; Finkelstein, Amy; Fisman, Ray (2023). [https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300274042/risky-business/ ''Risky Business: Why Insurance Markets Fail and What to Do About It''.] Yale University Press. {{isbn|978-0-300-26855-3}}.<br />
* Insurance Law and Regulation: Cases and Materials by Kenneth S. Abraham. New York, N.Y : Foundation Press, 2005. {{ISBN|9781587788826}} <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|Insurance}}<br />
<!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================<br />
| PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia |<br />
| is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. |<br />
| |<br />
| Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. |<br />
| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. |<br />
| |<br />
| If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or |<br />
| replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link |<br />
| to the relevant category at the "long dead (2017)" Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) |<br />
| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |<br />
======================={{No more links}}=============================--><br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230128221829/https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/congressional-research-service-reports-on-health Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the US Insurance industry]<br />
* [https://www.ferma.eu/ Federation of European Risk Management Associations]<br />
* [https://www.ibc.ca/ Insurance Bureau of Canada]<br />
* [https://www.iii.org/ Insurance Information Institute]<br />
* [https://www.naic.org/ National Association of Insurance Commissioners]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060525173303/http://www.bl.uk/collections/business/insurind.html The British Library] – finding information on the insurance industry (UK focus)<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
{{Insurance}}<br />
{{Major insurance companies}}<br />
{{Risk management}}<br />
{{Industries}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Insurance| ]]<br />
[[Category:Financial services]]<br />
[[Category:Tertiary sector]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_cinema&diff=459970Telugu cinema2026-03-25T05:37:10Z<p>Eziosolution: quick adjusted intro after review additionally and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Distinguish|text=[[Cinema of West Bengal]], also called Tollywood}}<br />
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[BP:SDNONE]] --><br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=[https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_cinema&diff=1242437991&oldid=1241119243 these 2024 edits] and the others by this user; note [[BP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, promotional tone, vocab distro typical of 2024 LLM output, etc., both here and in user's other edits}}<br />
{{Infobox cinema market<br />
| name = Telugu cinema<br />
| image = Indiafilm.svg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| screens = 1726 screens in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] states of India (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinayak |first=A. J. |date=28 September 2022 |title=Why films from the South set the box office on fire |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/why-screens-and-seats-count-in-creating-hit-south-indian-movies/article65945389.ece |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| screens_per_capita = <br />
| distributors = [[Suresh Productions]] <br />[[Geetha Arts]]<br /> [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] <br />[[DVV Entertainment]] <br />[[Annapurna Studios]]<br />[[Arka Media Works]] <br /> [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] <br /> [[Mythri Movie Makers]] <br />[[Haarika & Hassine Creations]]<br />[[Varahi Chalana Chitram]] <br />[[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]] <br />
| produced_year = 2022<br />
| produced_ref = <ref name="filmfed">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-2-to-rrr-south-indian-film-industry-saw-these-many-releases-across-4-languages-in-2022-2316743-2023-01-03|title=KGF 2 to RRR, South Indian film industry saw THESE many releases across 4 languages in 2022!|website=[[India Today]] |date=3 January 2023 |first1=Latha |last1=Srinivasan |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103092316/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-2-to-rrr-south-indian-film-industry-saw-these-many-releases-across-4-languages-in-2022-2316743-2023-01-03 }}</ref><br />
| produced_total = 219<br />
| produced_fictional = <br />
| produced_animated = <br />
| produced_documentary = <br />
| admissions_year = 2022<br />
| admissions_ref = <ref name="mint">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=31 January 2023 |title=Footfalls for Hindi films slump up to 50% |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/footfallsforhindifilmsslumpupto50-11675188279041.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="OM">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=10K Crore: Return of the box office |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/10k-crore-return-of-the-box-office.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=Ormax Media |language=en}}</ref><br />
| admissions_total = 233 million<br />
| admissions_per_capita = <br />
| admissions_national = <br />
| box_office_year = 2012<br />
| box_office_ref = <br />
| box_office_total = <!-- {{Format price| }} --><br />
| box_office_national = <!-- {{Format price| }} --><br />
}}<br />
'''Telugu cinema''', also known as '''Tollywood''', is the segment of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] dedicated to the production of [[Film|motion pictures]] in the [[Telugu language]], widely spoken in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Based in [[Film Nagar]], [[Hyderabad]], Telugu films sold 23.3 [[crore]] (233 million) tickets in 2022, the highest among all Indian film industries.<ref name="OM"/> As of 2023, Andhra Pradesh has the highest number of movie screens in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=22 April 2024 |title=Hindi markets add more cinema theatres in 2023, with a 6% rise |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/hindi-markets-add-more-cinema-theatres-in-2023-with-a-6-rise-11713759609365.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since 1909, filmmaker [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu]] was involved in producing [[short film]]s and exhibiting them in different regions of South Asia. He established the first Indian-owned cinema halls in [[South India]]. In 1921, he produced the [[silent film]], ''[[Bhishma Pratigna (1921 film)|Bhishma Pratigna]]'', generally considered to be the first Telugu [[feature film]].{{Refn|<ref>Encyclopaedia of early cinema, by Richard Abel, pp. 677, Bhishma Pratigya, 1921 film</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhishma+Pratigna+(1921+film) |title=The Cinemas of India |date=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=WC>{{Cite news |last=W. Chandrakanth |title=''Nijam cheppamantara, abaddham cheppamantara...'' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/02/09/stories/2007020901390100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529031557/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/02/09/stories/2007020901390100.htm |archive-date=29 May 2007}}</ref><ref name="Screen World Publication-2002">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9c1kAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhishma+Pratigna+(1921+film) |title=Hindi Cinema Year Book |date=2002 |publisher=Screen World Publication |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wY6AQAAIAAJ&q=Bhishma+1921 |title=Asian Film Directory and Who's who |date=1952 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=93}}|name=BP}} As the first Telugu film producer and exhibitor, Naidu is regarded as the 'Father of Telugu cinema'.{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=95}} The first Telugu talkie (sound) film is considered to be [[Kalidas (film)|''Kalidas'']] (1931), directed by [[H. M. Reddy]], due to full-length dialogues in Telugu. However, ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1932) featured the entire soundtrack in Telugu along with dialogues''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh|first=B. H.|date=6 February 2026|title=Passion, history, and the roots of Telugu cinema|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Feb/05/teluguinterviews2026feb04passion-history-and-the-roots-of-telugu-cinema|access-date=6 February 2026|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":05">{{Cite news |last=Krishnamurthy |first=Kalki |author-link=Kalki Krishnamurthy |date=16 November 1931 |title='கல்கி' −2: காளிதாஸ்&nbsp;– திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |trans-title='Kalki −2': Kalidas&nbsp;– Film Review |url=http://s-pasupathy.blogspot.in/2012/06/2_15.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170402123112/http://s-pasupathy.blogspot.nl/2012/06/2_15.html |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=31 May 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>'' The 1950s and 1960s are considered the golden age of Telugu cinema, featuring enhanced production quality, influential filmmakers, and notable studios, resulting in a variety of films that were both popular and critically acclaimed.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The industry, initially based in [[Chennai|Madras]], began shifting to Hyderabad in the 1970s, completing the transition by the 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} This period also saw the rise of star-driven commercial films, technological advancements, and the development of major studios like [[Ramoji Film City]], which holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] as the largest film studio complex in the world.<ref name="Guinness World Records2">{{cite web |title=Largest film studio |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio |access-date=2 January 2021 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The 2010s marked a significant period for Telugu cinema, as it emerged as a pioneer of the [[pan-Indian film]] movement, expanding its audience across India and internationally. This development enhanced the industry's prominence in Indian and [[world cinema]] while also increasing the recognition of Telugu actors across the country. [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|''Baahubali 2'']] (2017) not only introduced the [[1000 Crore Club|₹1,000 crore club]] to Indian cinema but also set a new benchmark with a ₹200 crore opening day worldwide''.'' This film also won the [[Saturn Awards|Saturn Award]] for [[Saturn Award for Best International Film|Best International Film]], and ''[[RRR]]'' (2022) became the first Indian feature film to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], receiving multiple international accolades, including a [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards|Critics' Choice Award]] for [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] and a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=Oscars 2023: 'RRR' creates history, 'Naatu Naatu' wins Best Original Song |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oscars-2023-rrr-creates-history-naatu-naatu-wins-best-original-song/article66612385.ece |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' (2024) is the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film ever made]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bentz |first=Adam |date=2 July 2024 |title=India's Most Expensive Movie Breaks Global Box Office Record |url=https://screenrant.com/kalki-2898-ad-global-box-office-record/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=[[ScreenRant]] |language=en}}</ref> Telugu cinema now boasts the highest number of films in both the ₹1,000 crore club and those with a ₹100 crore and ₹200 crore opening day worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=17 December 2024 |title=The 1000-crore club: 'Baahubali' to 'Pushpa', Telugu cinema's box office juggernaut |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baahubali-to-pushpa-telugu-cinemas-box-office-juggernaut/article68976736.ece |access-date=2 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since its inception, Telugu cinema has been known as the preeminent centre for films based on [[Hindu epics]]. Today, it is also noted for advancements in technical crafts, particularly in [[visual effects]] and [[cinematography]], making it one of the most state of the art cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Maaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwsmEAAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+cinema&pg=PA250 |title=Bollywood For Dummies |last2=Khan |first2=Maaz |last3=Hussain |first3=Anum |date=24 March 2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-78070-0 |page=250 |language=en}}</ref> Telugu cinema has produced some of India's [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive]] and [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing films]], including ''Baahubali 2'' (2017), which holds the record for the highest footfalls for an Indian film in the 21st century. Over the years, Telugu filmmakers have also ventured into [[Parallel cinema|parallel]] and [[Art film|arthouse]] cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Senapati |first=Udai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_VjEAAAQBAJ&dq=narsing+rao+parallel+films&pg=PA56 |title=Film Making |date=13 March 2022 |publisher=K. K. Publications |page=56 |language=en}}</ref> Films like [[Daasi (1988 film)|''Daasi'']] (1988), ''[[Thilaadanam]]'' (2000), and ''[[Vanaja (film)|Vanaja]]'' (2006), among others, received acclaim at major international film festivals such as [[Venice Film Festival|Venice]], [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]], [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival|Karlovy Vary]], [[Moscow International Film Festival|Moscow]], and [[Busan International Film Festival|Busan]].{{efn|As early as 1933, [[C. Pullayya]]'s ''[[Sati Savitri (C. Pullayya film)|Sati Savitri]]'' received an honorary diploma at the [[2nd Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name="auto9">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=7 November 2010 |title=Sati Savithri (1933) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113225918/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |archive-date=13 November 2010 |access-date=8 July 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Later, as part of the [[Parallel cinema]] movement, [[Mrinal Sen]]'s ''[[Oka Oori Katha]]'' (1977) received the [[Special Jury Prize (Karlovy Vary IFF)|Special Jury Prize]] at the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ5KAQAAIAAJ&q=karlovy+vary |quote=It was adjudged the best Telugu picture of the year and also won the Special Jury Award at the Karlovy Vary festival.|title=Frontline |date=1996 |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |volume=13 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref> [[K. Viswanath]]'s ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980) won the Prize of the Public at the [[Besançon]] Film Festival in [[France]],<ref>{{cite web|title=29th National Film Awards|url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88_29thNfacatalogue.pdf|website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] | page=6 |date=April 1982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234604/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88_29thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2018 }}</ref> while his ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]'' (1986) was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] to the [[59th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=K Viswanath's film at the Oscars |date=29 March 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/k-viswanaths-film-at-the-oscars/articleshow/12456035.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223085441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-29/did-you-know-/31254415_1_official-entry-telugu-film-oscars |url-status=live |archive-date=23 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=}}</ref> [[B. Narsing Rao]]'s ''[[Maa Ooru]]'' (1987) earned the Main prize at the [[Mediawave International Film Festival]] in Hungary;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediawave Archive - 1992 Film Award List |url=http://mwave.irq.hu/index.php?modul=menupontok&kod=18028&nyelv=+/index.php |website=Mediawave International Film Festival}}</ref> his films ''[[Daasi (1988 film)|Daasi]]'' (1988) and ''[[Matti Manushulu]]'' (1990) both received the Special Diploma at the [[16th Moscow International Film Festival|16th]] and [[17th Moscow International Film Festival|17th]] [[Moscow International Film Festival]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHJ1AAAAIAAJ&q=Daasi+moscow |title=Indian Cinema |date=1992 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |pages=16 |language=en |quote=''Daasi'', made by B. Narasingh Rao in 1988, won five national awards in addition to a Diploma of Merit at the Moscow Film Festival.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=17th Moscow International Film Festival (1991) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1991 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403102003/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1991 |archive-date=3 April 2014 |work=MIFF}}</ref> [[K. N. T. Sastry]]'s ''[[Thilaadanam]]'' (2000) won the [[New Currents]] award at the 7th [[Busan International Film Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 Awards |url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history_3.asp?pyear=2002 |website=Busan International Film Festival}}</ref> and Rajnesh Domalpalli's ''[[Vanaja (film)|Vanaja]]'' (2006) received the Best First Feature Award at the [[57th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=|title=2007 Awards|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2007/03_preistraeger_2007/03_preistraeger_2007.html |access-date= |website=Berlin International Film Festival}}</ref>|group=note}} Additionally, ten Telugu films have been featured in [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]'s list of the "100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time."{{efn|Telugu films in the list include ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' (1951), ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953), ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' (1963), ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' (1978), ''[[Maa Bhoomi]]'' (1979), ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980), ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' (1983), and ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite news |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html |work=IBNLive |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html |archive-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Early development ===<br />
[[File:Raghupati Venkayya.jpg|left|thumb|209x209px|[[Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu]], father of Telugu cinema.]]<br />
Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was a [[photographer]] and photographic studio owner in [[Madras]] who was drawn into [[filmmaking]]. Since 1909, he was involved in producing [[short film]]s.<ref name="SS">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Srikanth |date=26 June 2010 |title=Why AP Government named an award after Raghupathi Venkaiah |url=http://www.southscope.in/telugu/article/why-ap-government-named-award-after-raghupathi-venkaiah |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029205323/http://www.southscope.in/telugu/article/why-ap-government-named-award-after-raghupathi-venkaiah |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |website=[[South Scope]]}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2" /> He shot 12 three-minute-long short films and exhibited them in [[Victoria Public Hall]], [[Madras]]. He also travelled to [[Bangalore]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Rangoon]] and [[Pegu]] to exhibit his films.<ref name=SS /> In {{Circa|1909-10}}, he established a tent house called Esplanade in Madras to exhibit his films.{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=95}}<ref name="IBRVN">{{Cite web |last=Visweswara Rao |first=Namala |title=Telugu Cinema Celebrity – Raghupati Venkaiah Naidu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/starow/sow-rvn.html |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> In {{Circa|1912-14}}, he established Gaiety Theatre on [[Mount Road]], the first ever permanent cinema theatre in Madras and all of [[South India]].{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=95}}<ref name="CineGoer.com">{{Cite web |title=History of Birth and Growth of Telugu Cinema (Part 3) |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411133017/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema3.htm |archive-date=11 April 2007 |website=CineGoer.com}}</ref> He later constructed the Crown Theatre and Globe Theatre.<ref name="IBRVN" /><ref name="SS" /> In his theatres, he screened [[Cinema of the United States|American]] and [[European cinema|European]] films as well as silent films made in various parts of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kasbekar |first=Asha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&dq=Andhra+Cinetone&pg=PA223 |title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |date=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-636-7 |page=223 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1919, he started a film [[production company]] called 'Star of the East Films' also called 'Glass Studio', the first production company established by a Telugu person.<ref name="CineGoer.com" /><ref name="IBRVN"/><ref name="The Hindu Business Line-2011">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Telugu film industry turns 80 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Telugu-film-industry-turns-80/article20334643.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924164853/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Telugu-film-industry-turns-80/article20334643.ece |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |quote=Mr Raghupati Venkaiah, regarded as the father of Telugu film industry, laid the foundation stone for the industry in the South by setting up Glass Studio and bringing one of the first cameras into the country.}}</ref> He sent his son, [[Raghupathi Surya Prakash]] to study filmmaking in the studios of [[England]], [[Germany]], and [[United States]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1921, they made ''[[Bhishma Pratigna (1921 film)|Bhishma Pratigna]]'', generally considered as the first Telugu feature film.{{Refn|name=BP}} Raghupathi Venkaiah produced the film, while R. S. Prakash directed and produced it along with playing the [[title character]] ''[[Bhishma]].<ref name="CineGoer.com" />'' As the first Telugu film exhibitor and producer, Raghupathi Venkaiah is regarded as the 'Father of Telugu cinema'.{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=95}}<br />
<br />
From 1921 to 1931 about a dozen feature films were made by [[Telugu people]].<ref name="Mareswara Rao">{{Harvnb|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=94}}</ref> [[C. Pullayya]] made a three-[[reel]] short film, ''Markandeya'' (1926 or 1931) at his house in [[Kakinada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parthasarathy |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSleeGRjcvEC&q=C.+Pullayya |title=Andhra Culture: A Petal in Indian Lotus |date=1984 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mareswara Rao" /> In 1921, the first cinema hall in [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]], Maruthi Cinema was established in [[Vijayawada]] by Pothina Srinivasa Rao.{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=95}} [[Y. V. Rao]] and R. S. Prakash established a long-lasting precedence of focusing exclusively on religious themes {{Em dash}}''Gajendra Moksham'', ''Nandanar'', and ''Matsyavataram'' {{Em dash}}three of their most noted productions, centred on religious figures, parables, and morals.<br />
<br />
=== Rise of the "talkie" ===<br />
[[File:Bhakta Prahlada 1931.jpg|thumb|257x257px|Promotional poster of ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' the first full-length Telugu talkie to have a theatrical release.]]<br />
The first Telugu film with audible dialogue, ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'', was directed by [[H. M. Reddy]]. ''Bhakta Prahlada'' was shot over 18 or 20 days at Imperial Studios, [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and was produced by [[Ardeshir Irani]] who also produced ''[[Alam Ara]]'', India's first [[sound film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamsi |first=Krishna |date=6 February 2017 |title=Tollywood turns 85: With the release of Bhakta Prahlada, this is how the industry was born |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood-turns-85-with-the-release-of-bhakta-prahlada-this-is-how-the-industry-was-born-4511000/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520162805/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood-turns-85-with-the-release-of-bhakta-prahlada-this-is-how-the-industry-was-born-4511000/ |archive-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> The film had an all-Telugu starcast featuring Sindhoori Krishna Rao as the titular [[Prahlada]], Munipalle Subbayya as [[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyakasyapa]], and [[Surabhi Kamalabai]] as Leelavathy.<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=10 September 2011 |title=Eighty glorious years of Telugu talkie |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2442172.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''Bhakta Prahlada'' was completed on 15 September 1931,<ref name="BPN">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2013 |title='Bhaktha Prahladha': First Telugu talkie completes 81 years |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bhaktha-prahladha-first-telugu-talkie-completes-81-years/371363-71-216.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218093804/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bhaktha-prahladha-first-telugu-talkie-completes-81-years/371363-71-216.html |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 March 2014 |website=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> which henceforth became known as "Telugu Film Day" to commemorate its completion.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=11 September 2011 |title=Today's Paper / NATIONAL : Telugu Cinema Day on September 15 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2443500.ece |access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="WAKE">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M.L. |date=9 September 2012 |title=Wake up, industry |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/wake-up-industry/article3875804.ece |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="THI">{{Cite news |date=7 February 2013 |title=Telugu Cinema turns a grand 82! |page=10 |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=http://rentalajayadeva.blogspot.in/2013/02/telugu-cinema-turns-grand-82.html |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Popularly known as [[talkies]], films with sound quickly grew in number and popularity. In 1932, [[Sagar Movietone]] produced ''[[Sri Rama Paduka Pattabhishekam]]'' and ''[[Sakunthala (1932 film)|Sakunthala]]'', both directed by [[Sarvottam Badami]].<ref name="Vittal2007">{{cite book |author=Gita Vittal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgYRwrtyPAIC&pg=PA72 |title=Reflections: Experiences of a Bureaucrat's Wife |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-471-1 |pages=73– |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Neither the producer nor the director of these two films were Telugus. In 1933, ''[[Sati Savitri (C. Pullayya film)|Sati Savitri]]'' directed by [[C. Pullayya]] received an honorary diploma at the [[2nd Venice International Film Festival|2nd Venice Film Festival]].<ref name="auto9"/> In the same year, ''[[Prudhvi Putra|Pruthvi Putra]]'', based on the story of [[Narakasura]] was released.{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=101}} It starred [[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah|Kalyanam Raghuramayya]] and was produced by Pothina Srinivasa Rao, who had previously built the first cinema hall in Andhra in 1921. This was the first Telugu talkie entirely financed by Telugu people.{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=101}}<br />
<br />
In 1934, the industry saw its first major commercial success with [[Lava Kusa (1934 film)|''Lava Kusa'']]. Directed by [[C. Pullayya]] and starring Parupalli Subbarao and [[Sriranjani Sr.|Sriranjani]], the film attracted unprecedented numbers of viewers to theatres and thrust the young industry into mainstream culture.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2007 |title=Reliving the reel and the real |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/01/19/stories/2007011901020100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501115359/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/01/19/stories/2007011901020100.htm |archive-date=1 May 2007}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=101}} [[Dasari Kotiratnam]] produced [[Sati Anasuya (1935 film)|''Sati Anasuya'']] in 1935 and became the first female producer of Telugu film industry.{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=102}}<br />
<br />
The first film studio in [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]], Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name="rama">{{Cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=T. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9rthUDKxyEC&q=Durga+Cinetone+in+Rajahmundry |title=70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913-1983 |last2=Rukmini |first2=S. |date=1985 |publisher=CINEMA India-International |isbn=978-0-86132-090-5 |page=477 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ&q=Durga+Cinetone+in+Rajahmundry |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 |publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University |isbn=978-81-86073-07-0 |page=390 |language=en}}</ref> ''Sampurna Ramayanam'' (1936) was the first film produced by the studio relying mostly on local talent.<ref name="rama" /> In 1937, another studio called Andhra Cinetone was built in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Manoj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18pBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Andhra+Cinetone&pg=PT111 |title=Wide Angle: History of Indian Cinema |date=6 December 2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946280-48-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> However, both the studios were short-lived. Early Telugu silent films and talkies were deeply influenced by stage performances, continuing the traditions of theatre onto the screen. These films often retained the same scripts, dialogues, and background settings as their stage counterparts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Toleti Srinivas |title=Telugu Movie Industry -- Past to Present |url=https://eemaata.com/history/telugu_literary_homepage/Movies/movie_history.html |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=eemaata}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Emergence of social themes ===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = left<br />
| image1 = <br />
| image2 = YVRao.jpg<br />
| width2 = 180<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| caption2 = <br />
| image3 = Chittor V. Nagaiah.jpg<br />
| width3 = 165<br />
| alt3 = <br />
| caption3 = <br />
| footer = [[Y. V. Rao]] (left), pioneer of cinema during crown rule<ref name="filmmaker">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=22 August 2003 |title=A revolutionary filmmaker |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161119045811/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and stalwart [[V. Nagayya|Chittooru Nagayya]] (right), known for his [[method acting]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2011 |title=Paul Muni of India – Chittoor V.Nagayya |url=http://bharatjanani.com/paul-muni-of-india-chittoor-v-nagayya/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326135647/http://bharatjanani.com/paul-muni-of-india-chittoor-v-nagayya/ |archive-date=26 March 2012 |access-date=21 September 2011 |publisher=Bharatjanani.com }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
By 1936, the mass appeal of film allowed directors to move away from religious and mythological themes.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> That year, under the direction of Kruthiventi Nageswara Rao, ''[[Prema Vijayam]]'', a film with a contemporary setting, was released. It was the first Telugu film with a modern-day setting as opposed to mythological and folklore films.{{Sfn|Mareswara Rao|1997|p=104}} Later, more 'social films' i.e. films based on contemporary life and social issues, were made by filmmakers. Notable among them was ''[[Vande Mataram (1939 film)|Vandemataram]]'' (1939), touching on societal problems like the practice of [[dowry]]. Telugu films began to focus more on contemporary life, with 29 of the 96 films released between 1937 and 1947 featuring social themes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218150028/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema5.htm |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=19 February 2012 |publisher=CineGoer.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1938, [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]] has co-produced and directed the [[social problem film]], ''[[Mala Pilla]]'' starring [[Kanchanamala]]. The film dealt with the crusade against untouchability, prevailing in pre-independent India.<ref>Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006, pp.14.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nostalgia Mala Pilla (1938) at Cinegoer.com |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/malapilla.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926224130/http://www.cinegoer.com/malapilla.htm |archive-date=26 September 2012 |website=cinegoer.com}}</ref> In 1939, he directed ''[[Raithu Bidda (1939 film)|Raithu Bidda]]'', starring thespian [[Bellary Raghava]]. The film was banned by the British administration in the region, for depicting the uprise of the peasantry among the [[Zamindar]]'s during the [[British raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating 100 Years of Indian Cinema: www.indiancinema100.in |url=https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054328/https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/ |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=indiancinema100.in}}</ref> The success of these films gave an impetus to [[Y. V. Rao]], [[B. N. Reddy]] and others to produce films on social themes.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> ''[[Viswa Mohini]]'' (1940) is the first Indian film depicting the Indian movie world. The film was directed by Y. V. Rao and scripted by [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantha Kavi]], starring [[V. Nagayya]]. Rao subsequently made the sequel films ''Savithri'' and ''Sathyabhama'' (1941–42) casting thespian [[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2003 |title=A revolutionary filmmaker |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117021114/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |archive-date=17 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Y. V. Rao Fimograph |url=https://indiancine.ma/DQQ |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><br />
<br />
The outbreak of [[World War II]] and the subsequent resource scarcity caused the [[British Raj]] to impose a limit on the use of filmstrip in 1943 to 11,000 feet,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 1943 |title=Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema7.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227192441/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema7.htm |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=19 February 2012 |publisher=CineGoer.com}}</ref> a sharp reduction from the 20,000 feet that had been common till then.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218145901/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema10.htm |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=19 February 2012 |publisher=CineGoer.com}}</ref> As a result, the number of films produced during the war was substantially lower than in previous years. Nonetheless, before the ban, an important shift occurred in the industry: Independent studios formed, actors and actresses were signed to contracts limiting whom they could work for, and films moved from social themes to folklore legends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema6.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218130208/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema6.htm |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=19 February 2012 |publisher=CineGoer.com}}</ref> [[Ghantasala Balaramayya]], has directed the mythological ''[[Sri Seeta Rama Jananam]]'' (1944) under his home production, Prathiba Picture, marking [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]'s debut in a lead role.<ref name="Blast From The Past">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M.L. |date=25 February 2012 |title=Blast From The Past: Sri Sita Rama Jananam (1944) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-sri-sita-rama-jananam-1944/article2931847.ece |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802112044/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-sri-sita-rama-jananam-1944/article2931847.ece |archive-date=2 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== The golden age ===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| image1 = <br />
| width1 = 150<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| caption1 = <br />
| image2 =<br />
| width2 = 150<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| caption2 = <br />
| image3 = Rajanala_and_Kanta_Rao.jpg<br />
| width3 = 205<br />
| alt3 = <br />
| caption3 = <br />
| footer = ''From left to right:'' A production still of ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), [[N. T. Rama Rao]] in ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), [[Kantha Rao]] with [[Rajanala (actor)|Raajanala]] in a folklore combat scene<br />
| direction = horizontal<br />
| total_width = 500<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 1950s and 1960s are often regarded as the golden age of Telugu cinema. This era witnessed significant advances in production quality, the establishment of iconic studios, and the rise of influential filmmakers who shaped the industry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MK Raghavendra |date=8 July 2017 |title=Mayabazar to Andhra state: Why the 1950s were the golden age for Telugu cinema |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/telugu-films-indian-cinema-andhra-mayabazar-malliswari-18241 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=DailyO |language=en}}</ref> Prominent production houses such as [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]], [[Vauhini Studios]], [[Bharani Pictures]], [[Prasad Art Pictures]], and [[Annapurna Studios#Annapurna Pictures|Annapurna Pictures]] were established during the late 1940s and 1950s. These studios played a crucial role in the development of Telugu cinema, contributing to the production of over 300 films between 1950 and 1960. Many Telugu-Tamil bilinguals were made during this period.<ref name="The Hindu BFP">{{Cite news |last=Reddem |first=Appaji |date=4 March 2022 |title=Is Telugu cinema set for a change of scene? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-telugu-cinema-set-for-a-change-of-scene-from-hyderabad-to-visakhapatnam/article65191021.ece |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
During this era, the Telugu film industry became one of the largest producers of [[folklore]], [[Fantasy film|fantasy]], and [[mythological]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=9IIFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227132032/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=9IIFA.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=7 May 2013 |website=iffi.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2006 |title='Maya Bazaar' forever! |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/21/stories/2006042101660100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514061059/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/21/stories/2006042101660100.htm |archive-date=14 May 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2011 |title=Mythological characters, a hit in T-town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Mythological-characters-a-hit-in-T-town/articleshow/8207023.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412081649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-10/news-interviews/29525563_1_magadheera-period-film-producers |archive-date=12 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Directors like [[K. V. Reddy]] and [[B. Vittalacharya]] pioneered these genres, creating films that captivated audiences with their imaginative storytelling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2010 |title=I feel blessed to play Sita: Nayanthara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-feel-blessed-to-play-sita-nayanthara/articleshow/7127966.cms |access-date=19 February 2012 |publisher=The Times of India on Mobile}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2008 |title=A new Jaganmohini |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/A-new-Jaganmohini/articleshow/3152000.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516155718/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-22/news-interviews/27764059_1_jaganmohini-namitha-rural-areas |archive-date=16 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As demand for films grew, filmmakers recognised the potential to remake earlier productions with enhanced cinematic techniques. Many mythological films originally made in the early talkie era, which featured actors from drama troupes and were limited by the technical constraints of the time, were reimagined in this era with improved technologies.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951) emerged as the most successful folklore film of the decade and turned its lead actors, [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], into stars. Other notable mythological and folklore films from the decade include ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' (1957), ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' (1957), [[Bhookailas (1958 film)|''Bhookailas'']] (1958), ''[[Jayabheri]]'' (1959), ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' (1960), and ''[[Raja Makutam]]'' (1960).<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Among these, K. V. Reddy's ''Mayabazar'' is revered for its innovative use of [[special effect]]s, such as the first illusion of moonlight, showcasing the technical brilliance of the era.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} In 2013, [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]] included ''Mayabazar'' in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time," with the public voting it as the "greatest Indian film of all time."<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2013 |title='Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll-608772.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080737/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll-608772.html |archive-date=6 January 2016 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| image1 = Stamp of India - 2013 - Colnect 477066 - S V Ranga Rao.jpeg<br />
| caption1 = <br />
| total_width = 400<br />
| image2 = A.Nageswara Rao.jpg<br />
| caption2 = <br />
| image3 = <br />
| caption3 = <br />
| image4 = <br />
| caption4 = <br />
| footer = ''From left to right:'' [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] on a 2013 stamp, [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]], and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]<br />
| width4 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
This period also continued the trend of social films, which began in the late 1930s, focusing on contemporary issues and everyday life rather than mythology and fantasy. Notable social films from the decade included ''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu]]'' (1952), ''Puttillu'' (1953), [[Devadasu (1953 film)|''Devadasu'']] (1953), [[Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)|''Pedda Manushulu'']] (1954), ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955), ''[[Ardhangi]]'' (1955), ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' (1955), [[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|''Donga Ramudu'']] (1955), and ''[[Thodi Kodallu]]'' (1957), many of which performed well at the box office.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In addition to mythological and social films, the period was marked by an increasing influence of [[world cinema]] and [[Bengali literature]] on Telugu filmmakers. The [[International Film Festival of India]], initiated in 1952, exposed Indian filmmakers to global cinema, inspiring them to experiment with new storytelling techniques. [[Devadasu (1953 film)|''Devadasu'']] (1953), an adaptation of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s 1917 Bengali novel ''[[Devdas]]'', transformed [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] (ANR) from a folklore film hero into a star of social films. ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955), directed by [[L. V. Prasad]], and adapted from two Bengali works, became a landmark in Telugu cinema. It was celebrated for its blend of humour, drama, and social commentary. [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] emerged as a leading actress after this film. Likewise, ''[[Thodi Kodallu]]'' (1957) and ''[[Mangalya Balam]]'' (1959) were also adapted from Bengali novels.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, many members of the Praja Natya Mandali and Abhyudaya Rachayithala Sangham, both affiliated with the Communist Party, transitioned into the film industry, bringing with them progressive ideas that subtly influenced the industry, though they eventually adapted to the commercial demands of mainstream cinema.<ref name=":1" /> During the 1950s and 1960s, Telugu film songs entered a golden era marked by exceptional lyricism, orchestration, and technological advancements. Prominent lyricists like [[Samudrala Sr.]], [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali Nagendra Rao]], [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri|Devulapalli Krishna Sastry]], and [[Kosaraju|Kosaraju Raghavayya]], alongside composers like [[S. Rajeswara Rao|Saluri Rajeswara Rao]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[T. V. Raju]], [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]], and [[Master Venu]], set new standards for the film song. Playback singers like Ghantasala, [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi|Rao Balasaraswathi Devi]], [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], [[P. B. Sreenivas|P. B. Srinivas]] and [[P. Susheela|P. Suseela]] emerged as prominent voices, defining the musical landscape of the era. This period also saw the rise of notable dance choreographers like Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy and Vempati Peda Satyam, who enhanced the artistic quality of Telugu cinema.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The 1950s also saw the formation of [[Andhra State]] in 1953 and [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] in 1956 leading to calls for the Telugu film industry to relocate from Madras to the new state capital, [[Hyderabad]]. Despite these calls, the industry remained in Madras, where studios were already established and actors and technicians were settled.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> One early response to the call for relocation was the establishment of [[Sarathi Studios]] in Hyderabad in 1956, although it initially struggled to attract filmmakers.<ref name=":5" /> Over time, the formation of Andhra Pradesh opened new markets for Telugu films in the [[Telangana]] region, laying the groundwork for the industry's eventual expansion into Hyderabad.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /><br />
<br />
During this golden era, several Telugu films received international recognition. [[Malliswari (1951 film)|''Malliswari'']] (1951), a [[historical romance]] film directed by [[B. N. Reddy]], was screened at the 1952 Peking film festival, making it the first Telugu film to be screened in [[China]]. A [[16 mm film|16 mm]] print of the film was also showcased in the [[United States]].<ref name="autogenerated32">{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=16 March 2013 |title='Malleeswari' (1951) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/malleeswari-1951/article4515823.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320174648/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/malleeswari-1951/article4515823.ece |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=26 December 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated42">[[Eenadu]] Daily, Eenadu Sunday – 28 April 2013, 100 years of Indian Cinema, Early Tollywood, Page 9</ref> [[Nartanasala (1963 film)|''Nartanasala'']] (1963) won three awards at the third [[Afro-Asian Film Festival]] in [[Jakarta]].<ref name="auto8">{{Cite news |last=M L Narasimham |date=14 January 2016 |title=Blast from the Past: Mahakavi Kalidasu (1960) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/starring-akkineni-nageswara-rao-sriranjani-sv-rangarao-rajasulochana-mudigonda-lingamurthy-csr-anjaneyulu-kvs-sarma-relangi-p-suribabu-rajasulochana-vasanthi/article8107169.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> K. V. Reddy's ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955) was archived in the curriculum of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]],<ref name="autogenerated62">{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=25 August 2012 |publisher=Iffi.nic.in}}</ref> and ''[[Nammina Bantu]]'' (1960) received critical acclaim at the [[San Sebastián International Film Festival]].<ref>[[Eenadu]] Daily, Eenadu cinema – 17 July 2013, National art theater, Page 10</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=30 November 2013 |title=Master movie maker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/master-movie-maker/article5408372.ece |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Films like ''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]'' (1967),<ref name="autogenerated62" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2006 |title=Gummadi's profile |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/profile-gummadi.html |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sudigundalu]]'' (1968),<ref name="filmfare2">{{Cite news |date=28 November 2006 |title=Director Yoganand is no more |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/27325.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613120616/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/27325.html |archive-date=13 June 2011 |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> and [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]'s [[Sakshi (film)|''Sakshi'']] (1967)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ |title=Collections |publisher=Update Video Publication |year=1991 |page=387}}</ref> were showcased at various international film festivals, highlighting the global reach of Telugu cinema.<br />
<br />
Vijaya Productions, led by [[B. Nagi Reddi|Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]], became the most successful production company of the era. Their collaborative approach brought together some of the best talents in the industry, resulting in a string of hits that defined the golden age of Telugu cinema. Vijaya Productions operated like a [[Major film studios|Hollywood studio]], with staff hired on monthly salaries, and working regular hours.<ref name=":1" /> Comedy also played a vital role during this era, with the [[double act]] of [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] and [[Ramana Reddy]] becoming immensely popular. Their performances provided comic relief in several films.<ref name="auto8"/> This era, marked by groundbreaking films, innovative storytelling, and international recognition, remains a golden chapter in the history of Telugu cinema.<br />
<br />
=== Shift from Madras to Hyderabad ===<br />
[[File:emaar.jpg|thumb|[[HITEC City|Hyderabad International Convention Center]] has been the Hyderabad home for [[Filmfare Awards South]] since 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2011 |title=56th Filmfare Awards South |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/56th-Filmfare-Awards-2008--South/articleshow/4804867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913102236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-22/hyderabad/28188343_1_playback-singer-films-prakash-raj |archive-date=13 September 2011 |access-date=22 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2011 |title=Idea Filmfare awards ceremony on July 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Idea-Filmfare-awards-ceremony-on-July-2/articleshow/8807111.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709133922/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-11/hyderabad/29646891_1_filmfare-awards-tarun-rai-filmfare-trophy |archive-date=9 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>]]The Telugu film industry, commonly known as Tollywood, traces its origins to the early 20th century in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai), which was the capital of the [[Madras Presidency]], a region that included Andhra.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kavoori |first1=Anandam P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC&dq=tollywood+telugu+and+hollywood&pg=PA95 |title=Global Bollywood |last2=Punathambekar |first2=Aswin |date=15 February 2022 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780814729441 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu, often regarded as the father of the Telugu film industry, was a pioneering figure who established Star of the East Films and the Glass Studio. The industry initially flourished in Madras, with major studios such as [[Vauhini Studios]], founded by [[Moola Narayana Swamy]] and [[B. N. Reddy]] in 1948, and Prasad Studios, established by [[L. V. Prasad]] in 1956.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. Muthiah |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=6 December 2009 |title=Madras Miscellany – 'The First Family' gets together |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article60965.ece |access-date=19 February 2012 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The shift from Madras to [[Hyderabad]] began in the 1950s, largely influenced by the formation of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] in 1956. [[Sarathi Studios]] was established in Hyderabad in 1956, marking the beginning of this transition.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /> It was the first film studio facility in Hyderabad. Before this, Hyderabad was primarily known for Hindi film releases. The success of ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' (1955), which ran for 100 days in Hyderabad, prompted the then Revenue Minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[K. V. Ranga Reddy]] to urge Telugu filmmakers to relocate to Hyderabad.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2 April 2018 |title=A house for Maharaja Kishen Pershad in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/a-house-for-maharaja-kishen-pershad-in-hyderabad/article23413947.ece |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In response, [[Yarlagadda Sivarama Prasad]], the [[Raja]] of [[Challapalli]], who produced ''Rojulu Marayi,'' acquired land in Hyderabad in March 1956 to set up a studio. In 1959, ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]],'' the first Telugu film entirely filmed in Hyderabad, was released.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=25 April 2017 |title=History of cinema through 24 frames |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-serpentine-queues-return-this-week-for-baahubali-the-conclusion-heres-how-photographer-prashant-manchikanti-captured-the-frenzy-of-baahubali-the-beginning/article18204927.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031439/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-serpentine-queues-return-this-week-for-baahubali-the-conclusion-heres-how-photographer-prashant-manchikanti-captured-the-frenzy-of-baahubali-the-beginning/article18204927.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date= |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] was one of the first prominent figures to move his film business entirely to Hyderabad, encouraging others to do the same and playing a crucial role in the industry's relocation. He insisted on working in films produced in Andhra Pradesh, except for those made at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vauhini]] and Venus Studios in Madras.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=22 January 2014 |title=ANR inspired Telugu film industry's shift from Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad//article60352875.ece |access-date=22 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1976, the Andhra Pradesh government allocated 22 acres of land in [[Banjara Hills]], Hyderabad, to Akkineni Nageswara Rao for the establishment of a film studio.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Akkineni Nageswara Rao's Annapurna Studios' Land, Bought At Rs 1.5 Lakh, Is Now Worth Rs 650 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/akkineni-nageshwara-raos-annapurna-studios-land-bought-at-rs-1-5-lakh-is-now-worth-rs-650-crore-8812998.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> This led to the founding of [[Annapurna Studios]] in 1976. By the 1970s and 1980s, most production houses had moved to Andhra Pradesh or opened branch offices there.<ref name="The Hindu BFP" /><br />
<br />
By the early 1990s, Hyderabad had become the central hub for Telugu cinema, further strengthened by the development of large film studios like [[Ramoji Film City]], a 1,600-acre integrated film studio complex, which holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] as the largest film production facility in the world.<ref name="Guinness World Records2" /> In 2006, 245 Telugu films were produced, the highest in India.<ref name="Blonnet.com">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2007 |title=Telugu film industry enters new era |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2007/11/06/stories/2007110650842300.htm |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811085956/http://www.blonnet.com/2007/11/06/stories/2007110650842300.htm |archive-date=11 August 2009 |access-date=12 November 2010 |publisher=Blonnet.com}}</ref> The influence of Telugu cinema extended beyond regional boundaries, with many successful films being remade in other Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2012 |title=Great role reversal of Tollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2012/nov/18/the-great-role-reversal-of-tollywood-425879.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> As of 2022, the Telugu film industry produces over 300 films annually, contributing significantly to the region's economy and maintaining a prominent position in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2011 |title=Telugu film industry turns 81 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2458703.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2007 |title=Telugu film industry, Ind: msg#00117 |url=http://osdir.com/ml/culture.region.india.zestmedia/2007-01/msg00117.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225175017/http://osdir.com/ml/culture.region.india.zestmedia/2007-01/msg00117.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 |access-date=19 February 2012 |publisher=Osdir.com}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=B-town grabs Dookudu – ''The Times of India'' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/B-town-grabs-Dookudu/articleshow/10219876.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Prasads IMAX'' located in Hyderabad is one of the largest 3D IMAX screens, and the most attended cinema screen in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CNN Travel |url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/escape/worlds-10-coolest-movie-theaters-355218 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2011 |title=Thehindu.com King of Good times Prasad's Imax |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2332172.ece? |publisher=The Hindu Newspaper |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan Nosowitz |date=30 May 2009 |title=The Seven IMAX Wonders of the World |url=https://gizmodo.com/5273201/the-seven-imax-wonders-of-the-world |access-date=10 February 2013 |publisher=Gizmodo.com}}</ref> As per the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] report of 2014, the industry is placed first in India, in terms of films produced yearly.<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf |title=Annual report 2011 |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124081428/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The industry holds a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] to combat video piracy.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Reliance Media works digital postproduction facility, Hyderabad |url=http://www.reliancemediaworks.com/Press21.html?TB_iframe=true&height=500&width=545 |access-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510163423/http://reliancemediaworks.com/Press21.html?TB_iframe=true&height=500&width=545 |archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UTV distribution market |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/33369.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204210512/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/33369.html |archive-date=4 December 2007 |access-date=1 March 2012 |work=India Glitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mou with MPAA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3205612.ece |access-date=1 March 2012 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] Cinema}}</ref> In the years 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2014 the industry has produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2010 |title=Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/-Tollywood-loses-to-Bollywood-on-numbers-/articleshow/6661950.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029033400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-02/hyderabad/28254733_1_film-industry-telugu-tollywood-and-bollywood |archive-date=29 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Blonnet.com" /><br />
<br />
The digital cinema network company [[UFO Moviez]] marketed by Southern Digital Screenz (SDS) has [[Digitizing|digitised]] several cinemas in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2009 |title=UFO Moviez to digitize 1000 theatres in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/ufo-moviez-to-digitize-1000-theatres-in-andhra-pradesh/28910 |access-date=28 August 2012 |publisher=businessofcinema.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2007 |title=100 New IMAX Screens &#124; Film |url=http://www.slashfilm.com/2007/12/06/100-new-imax-screens |access-date=21 September 2011 |publisher=Slashfilm.com}}</ref> The Film and Television Institute of Telangana, Film and Television Institute of Andhra Pradesh, Ramanaidu Film School and [[Annapurna International School of Film and Media]] are some of the largest film schools in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2012 |title=Annapurna Studios' film, media school to offer course on iPhone, iPad apps |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Hyderabad, India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/annapurna-studios-film-media-school-to-offer-course-on-iphone-ipad-apps-111070200073_1.html |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2012 |title=FTIA |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Hyderabad, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/21/stories/2004072100070302.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917154445/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/21/stories/2004072100070302.htm |archive-date=17 September 2004}}</ref> The Telugu states consist of approximately 2800 theatres, the largest number of cinema halls of any state in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2013 |title=Economic times indiatimes.com |work=The Times of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-09/news/41240683_1_telangana-rashtra-samithi-seemandhra-chiranjeevi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812024736/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-09/news/41240683_1_telangana-rashtra-samithi-seemandhra-chiranjeevi |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2013 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> Being commercially consistent, Telugu cinema had its influence over commercial cinema in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2006 |title=Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/ |access-date=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 1989 film [[Shiva (1989 Telugu film)|Shiva]] is widely regarded as the trendsetter of Telugu Cinema both in terms of box office performance across languages and technical brilliance. Shiva has inspired many directors like SS Rajamouli, Puri Jagannadh, Sandeep Reddy Vanga, Ashutosh Gowariker, V.V. Vinayak, Sekhar Kammula, Anurag Kashyap, Madhur Bhandarkar, Sriram Raghavan etc. Audience and filmmakers often credit Shiva for changing the course of Indian Cinema forever. Shiva is also one of the very few films in India that is widely being discussed even after three and a half decades of its release.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZJa2qr6ec0 |title=SS Rajamouli Exploring Shiva After 25 Years {{!}}{{!}} The Son Of Shiva |date=8 October 2014 |last=Annapurna Studios |access-date=18 October 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPBdFAZchqI |title=VV Vinayak Exploring Shiva After 25 Years {{!}}{{!}} The Son Of Shiva |date=8 October 2014 |last=Annapurna Studios |access-date=18 October 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79codN7vAi4 |title=It wasn't just a film, it was a punch in the gut - Director Ashutosh Gowariker on Shiva Movie |date=14 October 2025 |last=Annapurna Studios |access-date=18 October 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_7IxMOocQk |title=Puri Jagannadh Exploring Shiva After 25 Years {{!}}{{!}} Son Of Shiva |date=8 October 2014 |last=Annapurna Studios |access-date=19 October 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iWPzS8W-Ps |title=Imapct of Shiva {{!}} Sekhar Kammula {{!}} Shiva 4K On 14 Nov {{!}} Akkineni Nagarjuna |date=8 October 2025 |last=Annapurna Studios |access-date=18 October 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
Produced on a shoestring budget, 2000 film ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' became a turning point for low budget films and has set new benchmarks for Telugu Cinema in the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: The bigger picture |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/07nuve2.htm |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> It was screened for 200 days in 20 centres<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=K. Naresh |date=14 July 2022 |title=Nuvve Kavali: Romantic start to the new millennium |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nuvve-kavali-romantic-start-to-the-new-millennium-753459 |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2000 |title=To the camera born! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/07nuve.htm |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Thematic diversity and genre innovations ===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| image1 = K. Vishwanath at National Film Awards Function 2017.jpg<br />
| caption1 = <br />
| total_width = 180<br />
| image2 = Singeetam srinivasa rao.jpg<br />
| caption2 = <br />
| image3 = Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry.jpg<br />
| caption3 = <br />
| image4 = RamGopalVarma.jpg<br />
| caption4 = <br />
| image5 = B narsinga rao.jpg<br />
| caption5 = <br />
| footer = ''From top to bottom:'' [[K. Viswanath]], [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], [[Jandhyala]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[B. Narsing Rao]]<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[K. Viswanath]], one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending [[parallel cinema]] with mainstream cinema. His works such as ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won the "Prize of the Public" at the [[Besançon]] Film Festival of [[France]] in the year 1981.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88_29thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=K. Viswanath Film craft Page 6 DFF|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> ''[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]'' included [[J. V. Somayajulu]]'s performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref name=":1a">{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0|title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema|magazine=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]|first1=Shishir|last1=Prasad|first2=N. S.|last2=Ramnath|first3=Sohini|last3=Mitter|date=27 April 2013 |access-date = 27 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]'' (1986) was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] to the [[59th Academy Awards]].<ref name=":0" /> ''[[Swarnakamalam]]'' (1988) the dance film choreographed by [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]], and [[Sharon Lowen]] was featured at the [[Ann Arbor Film Festival]], fetching three [[Cinema Express Awards - 1988|Indian Express Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/020517/dance-without-frontiers-k-viswanath-director-who-aims-to-revive-classical-arts.html|title=Dance without frontiers: K Viswanath – Director who aims to revive classical arts|date=2 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=30 June 2011 - Ranjana Dave |url=http://archive.asianage.com/dance/meaning-movement-323|title=The meaning in movement |publisher=The Asian Age |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Dasari Narayana Rao]] directed the most number of films in the Telugu language, exploring themes such as aesthetics in ''[[Meghasandesam]]'' (1982), [[Battle of Bobbili]] in the biographical war film ''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]'' (1986), alternate history with ''[[Sardar Papa Rayudu]]'' (1980), and gender discrimination in ''[[Kante Koothurne Kanu]]'' (1998) for which he received the Special Jury Award (Feature Film - Director) at the [[46th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=11IIFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130012609/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=11IIFA.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] explored devotional themes with ''[[Agni Putrudu]]'' (1987), ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' (1997), ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]'' (2006), ''[[Shirdi Sai]]'' (2012) and ''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]'' (2017) receiving various state honours.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tollywood extends birthday wishes to K Raghavendra Rao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tollywood-extends-birthday-wishes-to-k-raghavendra-rao/articleshow/75915314.cms |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=The Times of India|date=23 May 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] introduced [[science fiction]] to the Telugu screen with ''[[Aditya 369]]'' (1991), the film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=12 October 2018 |title=The story behind the song ' Nerajaanavule' from the movie Aditya 369 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-story-behind-the-song-nerajaanavule-from-the-movie-aditya-369/article25201254.ece |access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> The edge of the seat thriller had characters which stayed human, inconsistent and insecure. The film's narrative takes the audience into the [[post apocalyptic]] experience through time travel, as well as [[folklore]] generation of 1500 CE, which including a romantic backstory, the "Time Machine" made it a brilliant work of fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule" |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103175919/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 September 2010 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudeep's excited about film with Ram Gopal Varma |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps-excited-about-film-with-Ram-Gopal-Varma/articleshow/18046826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36373029_1_sudeep-ram-gopal-varma-rgv |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Jandhyala]] popularly known as "Hasya Brahma" ([[Brahma]] of comedy),<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2016 |title=Jandhyala remembered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Jandhyala-remembered/article14001265.ece |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ushered a new era of comedy in Telugu cinema, where his movies captivated audiences with their blend of humour and [[social commentary]]. "Before his movies, comedy was a small part of movies and comedians were sidekicks to the hero or villain. Jandhyala proved that comedy can itself be a full-length subject and achieved a great success in this endeavor." His films are well known as clean entertainers affable to the family audiences without any obscene language or [[double entendre]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu cinema - Jandhyala - great director of Telugu cinema |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/jandhyala-bday.html |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> ''Aha Naa Pellanta!'' is considered one of the best comedy films in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=The Hindu : End of a comedy era |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/29/stories/0929022g.htm |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604045757/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/29/stories/0929022g.htm |archive-date=4 June 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Shiva]] starring [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]'', which attained [[Cult film|cult status]] in Telugu cinema, is one of the first Telugu films produced after the migration of Telugu film industry from Madras to Hyderabad to feature characters speaking the [[Telangana]] dialect. Varma was credited with the introduction of [[steadicam]]s and new sound recording techniques in Telugu films. Within a year of the film's release, more than ten steadicams were imported into India. ''Shiva'' resonated with all age groups and attracted a wide audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental Telugu films.<br />
<br />
Subsequently, Varma introduced a variety of genres with films like [[Antham]], ''[[Kshana Kshanam]], [[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]], [[Gaayam]], [[Anaganaga Oka Roju]], [[Deyyam (1996 film)|Deyyam]] etc.'' Varma experimented with close-to-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with unnecessary commercial fillers. Most of Varma's 90's films are widely considered to have been ahead of their time due to their groundbreaking technical innovations, realistic themes, and disruption of conventional formula films. Varma broke away from the prevalent "song and dance" and "all jolly" themes of the era, introducing gritty crime dramas (the "Mumbai noir" genre), intense psychological thrillers, and intelligent horror films to a wider audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Tough and uncompromising |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/17cha.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419145704/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/17cha.htm |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=murthy |first=neeraja |date=20 February 2011 |title=His own voice |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/his-own-voice/article1473224.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417114148/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/his-own-voice/article1473224.ece |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=9 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=telugu cinema – Good Films – Kshanakshanam – Venkatesh, Sridevi – Ram Gopal Varma – S Gopal Reddy – MM Keeravani |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/kshanakshanam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111214418/http://idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/kshanakshanam.html |archive-date=11 November 2011 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brains |first=Trade |date=15 September 2025 |title=Top 7 Ram Gopal Varma Movies That Redefined Indian Cinema |url=https://tradebrains.in/top-7-ram-gopal-varma-movies-that-redefined-indian-cinema-2/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=Trade Brains |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Chiranjeevi]]'s works, such as the [[Comedy thriller|comedy-thriller]] ''[[Chantabbai]]'', the [[vigilante film]] ''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]'' (notable for being released in [[70 mm film|70 mm]] with 6-track [[stereophonic sound]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=17 July 2023 |title=Chiranjeevi's next film set for Independence Day clash |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/telugu-star-chiranjeevi-s-film-bhola-shankar-to-clash-with-rajinikanth-s-jailer-and-akshay-kumar-s-omg-2-11689576959446.html |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> the [[Western film|cowboy film]] ''[[Kodama Simham]]'', and the [[action-thriller]] ''[[Gang Leader]]'', contributed to popularising genre films and achieved significant audience footfall.<ref name="gang_leader">{{Cite news |last=Gopalan |first=Krishna |date=30 August 2008 |title=Southern movie stars & politics: A long love affair |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3424194.cms |access-date=19 September 2010 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In 2024, he was honoured with the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian award, for his contributions to the arts and cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Padma Vibhushan for Megastar Chiranjeevi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/padma-vibhushan-due-to-fans-love-support-says-chiru-879859 |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Sekhar Kammula]] debuted with his [[National Film Awards|National Award]]-winning film, ''[[Dollar Dreams]]'' (2000) featuring dialogue in both Telugu and English. ''Dollar Dreams'' explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings. The film re-introduced [[social realism]] to Telugu screen, and brought back its lost glory which until then was stuck in its run-of-the-mill commercial pot-boilers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangadhar |first=V |date=17 July 2000 |title=rediff.com, Movies: The Dollar Dreams review |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/17dream.htm |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Vanaja (film)|Vanaja]]'' (2006) won several international awards including the first prize in the live-action feature film category at the [[Chicago International Children's Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=2007's MediaBridge Award Winners |work=Chicago International Children's Film Festival |url=http://cicff2007.org/content/youth-jury-media-bridge/22 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222072017/http://cicff2007.org/content/youth-jury-media-bridge/22 |archive-date=22 December 2007}}</ref> ''[[Dream (2012 film)|Dream]]'' (2012), has garnered the Royal Reel Award at the [[List of film festivals in North and Central America|Canada International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Official Selections |url=http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/Festival/2013OfficialSelections/tabid/486/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303084500/http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/Default.aspx?TabId=486&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |archive-date=3 March 2013 |website=canadafilmfestival.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=4 March 2013 |title='Dream' hops to Canada in flying colours |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/dream-hops-to-canada-in-flying-colours/article4473298.ece}}</ref><ref>[[Eenadu]] daily, Eenadu Cinema, page 16, 11 April 2013</ref> 2013 [[Social problem film]], ''[[Naa Bangaaru Talli]]'' won Best Film award at the [[Detroit]] Trinity International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naa Bangaru Talli as Best film at Trinity International Film Festival |work=gulte.com |url=http://www.gulte.com/news/21232/International-Recognition-for-a-Telugu-film}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2014 |title='The story of Naa Bangaru Talli is quite shocking' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-story-of-naa-bangaru-talli-is-quite-shocking-south/20140310.htm |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 2014 |title='Naa Bangaru Talli' made it big in the TIFF 2013 |work=alllightsfilmmagazine.com |url=http://alllightsfilmmagazine.com/filmosphere/movies-more/news/688-naa-bangaru-talli-made-it-big-in-the-tiff-2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311153453/http://alllightsfilmmagazine.com/filmosphere/movies-more/news/688-naa-bangaru-talli-made-it-big-in-the-tiff-2013 |archive-date=11 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Minugurulu]]'' (2014) about blind children received ''Best Indian Film'' at the "9th India International Children's Film Festival [[Bangalore]]".<ref>{{Cite news |title='Minugurulu' Grabs Best Indian Film CIICFF – Telugu Movie News |work=indiaglitz.com |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/102625.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127131721/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/102625.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2014}}</ref> 2013 Cultural film, ''[[O Friend, This Waiting!]]'' has received special mention at the ''Erasing Borders'' Festival of Classical Dance, [[Indo-American Arts Council]], New York, 2013.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} Experimental film ''Parampara'' has garnered the ''Platinum Award for Best Feature'' at the International Indonesian Movie Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2014 |title=International recognition for 'Parampara' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/international-recognition-for-parampara-telugu-news-115048}}</ref> 2018 biographical film ''[[Mahanati]]'' based on the life of veteran actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] has garnered the "Equality in Cinema Award" at the 2018 [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahanati: 100 glorious days of an undisputed classic! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/mahanati-100-glorious-days-of-an-undisputed-classic-184535.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224505/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/mahanati-100-glorious-days-of-an-undisputed-classic-184535.htm |archive-date=8 November 2018 |website=in.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the 1990s, the [[Rayalaseema]] dialect was portrayed in films about the factional conflicts in the area, while the Telangana dialect, already having been pegged to villainous and comedic roles, saw an increase in this usage in reaction to the shift of the Telugu film production from Madras to Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=1 November 2021|title=Cinema Bandi: A pathbreaker in Telugu film industry|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2021/06/10/cinema-bandi-a-pathbreaker-in-telugu-film-industry.html|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 April 2021|title=From 'Fidaa' to 'iSmart Shankar': The rise of Telangana dialect in mainstream cinema|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fidaa-ismart-shankar-rise-telangana-dialect-mainstream-cinema-107328|date=16 August 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref> After the formation of the state of [[Telangana]] in 2014, Telangana culture gained more prominence, and more films were produced portraying Telangana culture, and dialect.<ref>{{cite news|first1=R. Ravikanth|last1=Reddy|access-date=9 April 2021|title=Once-mocked Telangana dialect is now the mainstream|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/once-mocked-dialect-is-now-the-mainstream/article24061375.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 June 2018|location=Hyderabad|issn=0971-751X|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sub-genres and off-beat films ===<br />
<br />
Screenwriters such as [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] experimented with the off beat film ''[[Aithe]]'' (2003) with a caption "all movies are not the same". ''Aithe'' was made on a shoestring budget of about 1.5 crores and went on to collect more than 6 crores. After almost two years he delivered another thriller ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]'' (2005) both films were a refreshing change of pace to the audiences, produced by [[Gangaraju Gunnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Different strokes |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/14/stories/2003101400510100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318134502/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/14/stories/2003101400510100.htm |archive-date=18 March 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> ''Aithe'' was remade in Tamil as ''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' (2003) and in Malayalam as ''Wanted'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Aithe - Chandra Sekhar Eleti - Gangaraju Gunna - Kalyani Malik |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aithe.html |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Mohana Krishna Indraganti]] explored themes of chastity and adultery in his 2004 literary adaptation ''[[Grahanam]]'', based on ''Dosha Gunam'' written by social critic [[Chalam (writer)|G. V. Chalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP2005Award.aspx?PdfName=IP2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403153425/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP2005Award.aspx?PdfName=IP2005.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2014 |access-date=22 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{Cite web |title=52nd National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |access-date=27 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref> The film was shot with a digital camera on a modest budget of approximately {{Indian Rupee}}8 lakh, with artists and technicians reportedly working without any remuneration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review - Grahanam |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-grahanam.html |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> B. Anuradha of ''Rediff.com'' noted, "In this offbeat film, Indraganti upholds the tirade against chauvinists who accuse a noble lady of infidelity, ignoring her denials with contempt". The film was featured at the [[ISAFF|Independent South Asian Film Festival]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grahanam: Impressive |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/29gra.htm |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Prasheel Anand |title=Grahanam (Telugu) Movie Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/grahanam/telugu/grahanam-movie-reviews-1414-2.html |website=Fullhyd.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Speaking about the centenary of Indian cinema at the CII Media and Entertainment Summit 2012, filmmaker [[Shekhar Kapur]] said regional cinema is surpassing Hindi cinema in content and story, and cited ''[[Eega]]'' (2012) as an example. Kapur said he was impressed with its story and use of technology, and called it, "no less than a Hollywood superhero film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=Film Market In India Is Contracting: Shekhar Kapur |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-market-in-india-is-contracting-shekhar-kapur-1758049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404121926/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-market-in-india-is-contracting-shekhar-kapur-1758049 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]] called ''Eega'' an "awesomely original" film and a "must watch" with children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=7 October 2012 |title=Shahrukh Khan praises Rajamouli's Makkhi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shahrukh-Khan-praises-Rajamoulis-Makkhi/articleshow/16708215.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404122124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shahrukh-Khan-praises-Rajamoulis-Makkhi/articleshow/16708215.cms |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=30 April 2015 |title=In a happy space |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-a-happy-space/article7159135.ece |access-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404122148/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-a-happy-space/article7159135.ece |archive-date=4 April 2016}}</ref> ''Eega'' won various awards at the [[Toronto After Dark Film Festival#2013|8th Toronto After Dark Film Festival]].<ref name="EA 8th A E T A D FF TOI">{{Cite news |date=3 November 2013 |title=Rajamouli's Eega continues to win awards |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Rajamoulis-Eega-continues-to-win-awards/articleshow/25166198.cms |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sub Genre war drama ''[[Kanche]]'' (2015) by [[Krish (director)|Krish Jagarlamudi]] explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]], during [[World War II]] in an engrossing background tale of caste-ism while giving it a technically brilliant cinematic rendition.<ref name="Hans India MR">{{Cite web |last=Kalyanam |first=Rajeswari |date=24 October 2015 |title=Breaking new grounds |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-24/Breaking-new-grounds--182145 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025164933/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-24/Breaking-new-grounds--182145 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |access-date=5 February 2016 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> [[Sankalp Reddy]] explored [[submarine]] warfare in his directorial debut ''[[Ghazi (film)|Ghazi]]'' (2017), based on the mysterious altercation between [[PNS Ghazi]] and [[INS Karanj (S21)|INS Karanj]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2018 |title=65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-for-mom-newton-wins-best-hindi-film-1717053.html |access-date=13 April 2018 |publisher=News 18date=13 April 2018}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] called new-generation film maker [[Sandeep Vanga]]'s [[Arjun Reddy]] the "most original, experimental work to come out of Telugu cinema in a long time", and said the protagonist's (played by [[Vijay Deverakonda]]) "rise, fall and rise&nbsp;... is nothing short of poetic and heart wrenching".<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy movie review: Intense, raw and unbelievably honest. 5 stars |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo Asian News Service |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/arjun-reddy-movie-review-intense-raw-and-unbelievably-honest-5-stars/story-kSroTBJoqiGlTBavkdlVeK.html |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126154917/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/arjun-reddy-movie-review-intense-raw-and-unbelievably-honest-5-stars/story-kSroTBJoqiGlTBavkdlVeK.html |archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Actor-dancer [[Allu Arjun]] produced and acted in the short film, ''[[I Am That Change]]'' (2014), to spread awareness on individual social responsibility. The movie was directed by [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]], which was screened in theatres across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana on Indian Independence day, 2014.<ref name="shooting start">{{Cite news |date=23 September 2014 |title=Allu Arjun's new film rolls out |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-new-film-rolls-out/articleshow/43241498.cms |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031164522/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-new-film-rolls-out/articleshow/43241498.cms |archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Adivi Sesh]] scripted the Neo-noir ''[[Kshanam]]'' (2016), based on a real life incident of a missing three-year-old girl.<ref name="Sesh IANS">{{Cite news |date=22 February 2016 |title='Kshanam' most rewarding and stressful film: Adivi Sesh |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kshanam-most-rewarding-and-stressful-film-adivi-sesh/ |url-status=dead |access-date=21 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121130032/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kshanam-most-rewarding-and-stressful-film-adivi-sesh/ |archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> Sesh wrote the [[Research and Analysis Wing|R.A.W.]] thriller ''[[Goodachari]]'' (2018), and the war [[docudrama]] ''[[Major (film)|Major]]'' (2022) shortly after.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2022 |title=Major BO Collections |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/major-box-office-collections-day-13-advi-sesh-starrer-mints-over-rs-60-crores/articleshow/92244880.cms |access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=3 August 2018 |title=Goodachari review: Adivi Sesh's coming-of-age story of a spy is a winner |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/goodachari-review-adivi-seshs-coming-of-age-story-of-a-spy-is-a-winner/article24593253.ece |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> <br />
<br />
''[[Cinema Bandi]]'' (2022) scripted and directed by Praveen Kandregula, and produced by [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Raj and D. K.]], explored the story of how a lost camera inspires dreams in a Telugu village, winning the [[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|Jury Special Mention]] at the [[53rd International Film Festival of India|53rd IFFI]].<ref name="fest">{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1870193|title=53RD IFFI 2022 official|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/iffi-2022-winners-list-i-have-electric-dreams-8294772/|title=IFFI 2022 winners list: I Have Electric Dreams wins big|date=28 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Balagam (film)|Balagam]]'' (2023), a [[slice of life]] story directed by Venu Yeldandi, was noted by some international juries as one of the best off-beat films of the year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Nelki Naresh |title=Balagam Swedish Film Festival: బలగం సినిమాకు మరో రెండు ఇంటర్నేషనల్ అవార్డులు |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/balagam-movie-wins-two-awards-at-swedish-international-film-festival-121683541819527.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804141324/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/balagam-movie-wins-two-awards-at-swedish-international-film-festival-121683541819527.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times (Telugu) |date=8 May 2023 |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Low-budget Tollywood movie 'Balagam' gets two LACA awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/low-budget-tollywood-movie-balagam-gets-two-laca-awards/articleshow/99133037.cms |access-date=5 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |agency=IANS |date=31 March 2023}}</ref> Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' cited [[Prashanth Varma]]'s super-hero film [[Hanu Man]] for merging elements of mythology with contemporary action, and offering a unique viewing experience in Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hanuman/movie-review/106740731.cms | title=Hanuman Movie Review : Blending Indian Mythology with Superhero Spectacle | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112024318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hanuman/movie-review/106740731.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Rise of pan-Indian cinema ===<br />
{{See also|Pan-Indian film}}<br />
[[File:S. S. Rajamouli at RRR promotions.jpg|thumb|257x257px|[[S. S. Rajamouli]] at ''[[RRR]]'' promotions]]<br />
Pan-Indian film is a term related to [[Indian cinema]] that originated with Telugu cinema as a mainstream commercial cinema appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets. [[S. S. Rajamouli]] pioneered the pan-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017), that changed the face of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title="Cinema's Biggest Mythmaker" |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/}}</ref> "Pan-India film" is both a style of cinema and a distribution strategy, designed to universally appeal to audiences across the country and simultaneously released in multiple languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2021 |title='Pan-India' films make a comeback |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pan-india-films-make-a-comeback}}</ref><br />
<br />
Film journalists and analysts, such as [[Baradwaj Rangan]] and Vishal Menon, have labelled [[Prabhas]] as the "first legit Pan-Indian Superstar" in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title="Is Prabhas India's First Legit PAN Indian Star?'". |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-movies-is-prabhas-indias-first-legit-pan-indian-star-baradwaj-rangan}}</ref> Actors like Prabhas, [[Allu Arjun]], [[Ram Charan]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan-Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=Prabhas, Ram Charan to Yash: 6 celebs who established pan-Indian appeal with just one film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prabhas-ram-charan-to-yash-6-celebs-who-established-pan-indian-appeal-with-just-one-film-1222628}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[RRR]]'' propelled Telugu cinema into the mainstream outside India, fuelling the growth of Pan-India movies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=17 May 2023 |title='RRR' Helped Jump-Start A Global Expansion For South Indian Cinema. How It Happened And What's Next |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/rrr-south-indian-film-expansion-pathaan-shah-rukh-kahn-ss-rajamouli-1235362858/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> It received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and [[VFX]]. The film was considered one of the ten best films of the year by the [[National Board of Review]], making it only the seventh non-English language film ever to make it to the list. The song "[[Naatu Naatu]]" won the Oscar for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] at the [[95th Academy Awards]], making it the first song from an Indian film, as well as the first from an Asian film, to win in this category. This made the film the first [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] by an Indian production to win an Academy Award.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389 |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=Explained: How RRR scored Best Song nomination & win at Oscars, which mainly honours US films |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/explained-how-rrr-scored-best-song-nomination-win-at-oscars-which-mainly-honours-us-films-571500 |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Telugu cinema has excelled in marketing Pan-Indian films. It primarily employed two strategies – promoting the film outside their home territory and collaborating with other regional stars for more visibility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2022 |title=The 'pan-Indian' strategy of Telugu cinema |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-pan-indian-strategy-of-telugu-cinema/article38163523.ece |last1=S |first1=Srivatsan }}</ref> Following the international success of ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021), ''[[RRR]]'' (2022), ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' (2023). Rahul Devulapalli of [[The Week (Indian magazine)|''The Week'']] identified "Content, marketing, and indulgent overseas audience" have led to the rise of world cinema in Telugu language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2022 |title=Here's Telugu cinema's formula for pan-India success |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2022/05/27/Heres-telugu-cinemas-formula-for-pan-india-success.html}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' cited ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' as a "maximalist sci-fi epic mixing ''[[Mahabharata]]'' with ''[[Mad Max]]''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Felperin |first=Leslie |date=28 June 2024 |title=Kalki 2898 AD review – maximalist sci-fi epic mixes Mahabharata with Mad Max |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/article/2024/jun/28/kalki-2898-ad-review-amitabh-bachchan-sci-fi-movie-mahabharata-mad-max |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709121117/https://www.theguardian.com/film/article/2024/jun/28/kalki-2898-ad-review-amitabh-bachchan-sci-fi-movie-mahabharata-mad-max |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' is another notable pan-Indian film and has set multiple box office records, including becoming the highest-grossing film in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rahul |date=9 December 2024 |title='Pushpa 2: The Rule' Breaks Records for Indian Cinema in Global Box Office Debut |url=https://collider.com/pushpa-2-the-rule-global-box-office-92-million/ |website=Collider |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Expanding global distribution ===<br />
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Telugu films|}}''[[Athadu]]'' was released with six prints in [[United States]] and was distributed by Vishnu Mudda and Soma Kancherla of Crown DVD distribution company in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[Dallas]], [[Detroit]], [[Virginia]], [[New Jersey]], [[Atlanta]], [[Chicago]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Boston]], [[Minneapolis]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix at Arizona]] and also in centers like [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell at Massachusetts]], [[Massachusetts|MA]], [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa at Oklahoma]], [[West Virginia]], [[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]], [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder at Colorado]] and [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi at South Texas]]. Because of the demand, another print was imported from India for screening.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2006 |title=Athadu in USA |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/us/schedu/athadu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413044109/http://www.idlebrain.com/us/schedu/athadu.html |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref name="ib.com cycle">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2005 |title=Cycle Stand – Telugu Cinema Trade Story : Mahesh Babu's ATHADU sensation in USA |url=http://idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/athadu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415225659/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/tsynop/athadu.html |archive-date=15 April 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film's first screening in USA happened at Cine Plaza 13 at [[North Bergen]] on the night of 11 August 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2005 |title=The experience of watching Athadu in New Jersey |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/athadu-exp-newjersey.html |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> At [[Connecticut]], a special screening was conducted on 19 August 2005. Initially one show was planned but because of the demand another show was screened. There at the theatre, a turn out of 442 people was observed which included standing audience for 434 seats and about 60 could not be accommodated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2005 |title=The experience of watching Athadu in CT |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/athadu-exp-ct.html |access-date=6 July 2014 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> Apart from USA, the film released in selected screens in United Kingdom, [[Singapore]], Germany and Australia.<ref name="ib.com cycle" /><br />
<br />
''[[Bommarillu]]'' was released worldwide with 72 prints. Owing to its success, the number of reels grew to about hundred.<ref name="ID_Trade">{{Cite web |title=Trade Story: Bommarillu rocks |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/bommarillu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227103112/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/bommarillu.html |archive-date=27 December 2007 |access-date=16 October 2007 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> It collected a distributors share of {{INR}}5 crore in its opening week in India.<ref name="ID_Trade" /> Released in six major metros in the United States, the film collected $73,200 (then approximately {{INR}}0.3 crore) within the first four days of screening.<ref name="ID_Trade" /> A 2006 survey conducted by a popular entertainment portal in the United States revealed that the film was watched by an Indian [[expatriate]] population of 65,000, which generated a revenue of {{INR}}3 crore at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trade Story: Bommarillu rocks |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/bommarillu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227103112/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/bommarillu.html |archive-date=27 December 2007 |access-date=16 October 2007 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> A cumulative gross revenue for the film was reported to be {{INR}}25 crore including {{INR}}3.5 crore from overseas, the largest for any Telugu film at that time. Owing to this path breaking trade, the film was remade into [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]] and Urdu/[[Hindi]].<ref name="Hindu_Trade">{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=M. L. |date=29 December 2006 |title=A few hits and many flops |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |archive-date=3 January 2007 |access-date=17 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
2006 [[action film]], ''[[Pokiri (2006 film)|Pokiri]]'' has been remade in Hindi, Tamil and Kannada in the following two years owing to the film's commercial success. It was screened at the [[International Indian Film Academy|IIFA]] film festival held in Dubai in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Showcase: IIFA 2006 – Dubai &#124; Film Festival |url=http://www.iifa.com/web07/showcase/2006-filmfestival.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927215524/http://www.iifa.com/web07/showcase/2006-filmfestival.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=19 February 2012 |publisher=IIFA}}</ref> [[Walt Disney Pictures]] co-produced ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'', making it the first South Indian production by Disney.<ref name="banners">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Disney fantasy film in Telugu, Tamil |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/04/22/stories/2010042251060500.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428053950/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/04/22/stories/2010042251060500.htm |archive-date=28 April 2010 |access-date=21 April 2010 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="disneyfilm">{{Cite news |date=17 March 2010 |title=Walt Disney picks Shruti, Siddharth! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Walt-Disney-picks-Shruti-Siddharth/articleshow/5689807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321010831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-17/news-interviews/28114703_1_walt-disney-characters-film |archive-date=21 March 2012 |access-date=17 March 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Dookudu]]'' was released among seventy nine screens in the United States, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' quoted it as ''The biggest hit you've never heard of.''<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=27 September 2011 |title='Dookudu,' the biggest hit you've never heard of |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/09/dookudu-daring-dashing-showtimes-reviews-prince-mahesh-samantha.html |access-date=27 September 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Winning combo |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Winning-combo/articleshow/10277523.cms |access-date=13 October 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Oosaravelli' takes competition to the US |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article349143.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205824/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article349143.ece |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=10 December 2011 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In the rest of north, east and west India, it opened up in 21 cities.<ref name="TOI1">{{Cite news |date=20 November 2011 |title=Dookudu touches the one billion mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Dookudu-touches-the-one-billion-mark/articleshow/10793015.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328043216/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-20/news-interviews/30419726_1_telugu-film-bollywood-films-mahesh-babu-starrer |archive-date=28 March 2013 |access-date=29 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film set a box office record by collecting a gross of more than {{INR}}100 crore at the time.<ref name="BO TOI">{{Cite news |last=Karthik Paspulatte |date=20 November 2011 |title=Dookudu touches the one billion mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Dookudu-touches-the-one-billion-mark/articleshow/10793015.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328043216/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-20/news-interviews/30419726_1_telugu-film-bollywood-films-mahesh-babu-starrer |archive-date=28 March 2013 |access-date=21 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite news |date=13 September 2012 |title=DCHL bankruptcy threat: PVP Ventures in fray to buy IPL team Deccan Chargers |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/news/33817001_1_pvp-ventures-deccan-chargers-financial-chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409093956/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/news/33817001_1_pvp-ventures-deccan-chargers-financial-chronicle |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |access-date=13 September 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 June 2022, ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' was screened in over 100 theatres across the United States for a one night event called "''#encoRRRe''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2022 |title=Indian action blockbuster 'RRR' roars back to theaters for one-night event |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-05-14/rrr-us-rerelease-theaters-ss-rajamouli |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Speaking to ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'', Dylan Marchetti of [[Variance Films]] said that "With more than 250 films coming out of India annually, ''RRR'' could be a gateway drug".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=10 June 2022 |title=Blockbuster 'RRR' Is Back, This Time At Arthouses In A New Move For Indian Film – Specialty Preview |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/rrr-indian-film-specialty-preview-1235042579/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Nashville Scene]]''{{'}}s Jason Shawhan wrote about the event that "the nationwide encore of ''RRR'' is American audiences reaching with outstretched arms to something so exciting and rock-solid entertaining that its success already happened without insular traditional media even mentioning it. This isn't America dipping a toe in Indian cinema — it's a victory lap".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shawhan |first=Jason |date=26 May 2022 |title=The Outsized RRR Engages With History on Its Own Terms |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/film_tv/the-outsized-rrr-engages-with-history-on-its-own-terms/article_5d1262b0-db9a-11ec-a161-0fd76a0e93c1.html |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Nashville Scene |language=en}}</ref> Filmmaker [[S. S. Rajamouli]] has been signed by American talent agency Creative Artists Agency, owing to RRR being the only non-English-language film to trend globally on Netflix Platform for 10 consecutive weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli signs with Hollywood agency CAA days after RRR Oscars entry snub |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ss-rajamouli-signs-with-hollywood-agency-caa-days-after-rrr-oscars-entry-snub-101663927269237.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast and crew ==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| image1 = Chiranjeevi at Amitabh Bachchan's 70th birthday celebration (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Chiranjeevi]]<br />
| total_width = 450<br />
| image2 = Actor Nagarjuna.jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Akkineni Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna]]<br />
| image3 = Daggubati Venkatesh.jpg<br />
| caption3 = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]<br />
| image4 = The Chief Guest, Actor Shri Nandamuri Balkrishna addressing at the closing ceremony of the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2012), in Panaji, Goa on November 30, 2012 (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption4 = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| image1 = Sridevi 2014.jpg<br />
| caption1 = [[Sridevi]]<br />
| image2 = Jayaprada 62nd Filmfare Awards South (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption2 = [[Jayaprada]]<br />
| total_width = 450<br />
| image3 = Vijayashanti in 1986.jpg<br />
| caption3 = [[Vijayashanti]]<br />
| image4 = Jaya_Sudha.png<br />
| caption4 = [[Jaya Sudha]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| image1 = <br />
| caption1 = <br />
| total_width = 450<br />
| image2 = Shibhan babu.png<br />
| caption2 = <br />
| image3 = Kota Srinivasa Rao 2016.JPG<br />
| caption3 = <br />
| image4 = Brahmanandam.png<br />
| caption4 = <br />
| image5 = Mohan_Babu_Manchu.jpg<br />
| caption5 = <br />
| footer = ''From left to right:'' [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Brahmanandam]], and [[Mohan Babu]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In the early days of Telugu cinema, [[theatre]] experience was a prerequisite for actors. In the 1930s, renowned stage actors with distinctive voices, such as [[Bellary Raghava|Ballari Raghava]] and [[Santha Kumari]], transitioned to the film industry.<ref name=":2" /> [[V. Nagayya]] was one of the most influential method actors of Indian cinema during crown rule.<ref name="hindu.com">{{Cite news |date=8 April 2005 |title=Nagaiah – noble, humble and kind-hearted |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125162147/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> [[Vemuri Gaggayya]], [[Kalyanam Raghuramayya]], [[Rajanala Nageswara Rao|R. Nageswara Rao]], [[Yadavalli Suryanarayana]], [[C. H. Narayana Rao]], [[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]], were some of the finest actors during the early days of Telugu cinema.<ref>Early tollywood, [[Telugu Cinema Vythalikulu]], (2002) by [[B. Venkateshwarlu]]</ref><br />
<br />
With the introduction of [[Playback singer|playback singing]], the necessity for actors to sing diminished, allowing talented stage actors with less singing ability, like [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], [[Ramana Reddy]], and [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C.S.R. Anjaneyulu]] to excel in cinema.<ref name=":2" /> S. V. Ranga Rao won the Best Actor Award for his portrayal of [[Kichaka]] in [[Nartanasala (1963 film)|''Nartanasala'']] (1963) at the third [[Afro-Asian Film Festival]] held in [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=16 August 2012 |website=iffi.nic.in}}</ref><ref>Mahabhinishkramana, Viswa Nata Chakravarti, M. Sanjay Kishore, Sangam Akademy, Hyderabad, 2005, pp: 69–70.</ref> On the female side, prominent actresses included [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]], [[Girija (actress)|Girija]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], and [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
[[Adurthi Subba Rao]] is recognised for steering Telugu cinema in a new direction and garnered seven [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Awards]], for his pioneering work on [[drama film]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stars : Star Profiles : Adurti Subbarao: A Tribute |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/adurtisubbarao.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102072636/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/adurtisubbarao.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=5 May 2013 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> His films, [[Thene Manasulu (1965 film)|''Thene Manasulu'']] (1965) and ''[[Kanne Manasulu]]'' (1966) introduced fresh faces to the industry and departed from the reliance on established stars. Subba Rao's success inspired other filmmakers to explore new talent, contributing to the industry's evolution.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
[[K. N. T. Sastry]] and [[Pattabhirama Reddy Tikkavarapu|Pattabhirama Reddy]] have garnered international recognition for their works in neo-realistic cinema.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Arts / Cinema : Conscientious filmmaker |date=7 May 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948.ece |access-date=25 August 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from NelloreOne Nellore |url=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=25 April 2013 |website=1nellore.com |publisher=One Nellore}}</ref> [[Akkineni Kutumba Rao|A. Kutumba Rao]] is known for directing children's films such as ''[[Bhadram Koduko]]'', ''Thodu'', and ''Paatha Nagaramlo Pasivadu'' the latter winning [[Cairo International Film Festival]]'s, Merit Certificate for best feature.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Long journey sans fun |date=19 November 2002 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/19/stories/2002111900430200.htm |access-date=29 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022073804/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/19/stories/2002111900430200.htm |archive-date=22 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Children's Film Society, India &#124; Page 14 |date=23 November 2011 |publisher=cfsindia |url=http://cfsindia.org/author/cfsindia/page/14/ |access-date=29 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102115929/http://cfsindia.org/author/cfsindia/page/14/ |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] garnered pan-India recognition for film editing across multiple languages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=18 March 2011 |title=Life & Style / Metroplus : The Saturday Interview – A cut above |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article1550237.ece |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] is credited with introducing several technological advancements and pioneering new genres in Telugu cinema. He produced the first full-length [[CinemaScope|Cinemascope]] film, [[Alluri Seetarama Raju (film)|''Alluri Seetarama Raju'']], and the first [[70 mm film]], [[Simhasanam (1986 film)|''Simhasanam'']]. He also introduced the [[Spy film|spy genre]] with ''[[Gudachari 116]]'' and the [[Western film|cowboy genre]] with [[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'']] to Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=25 December 2012 |title=Super Star Krishna retires from movies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Super-Star-Krishna-retires-from-movies/articleshow/17759654.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102123258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-25/news-interviews/35998558_1_filmfare-award-nandi-awards-super-star-krishna |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=25 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Chiranjeevi]], was listed among "the men who changed the face of the [[Indian Cinema]]" by [[CNN-IBN]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=100 Years of Cinema: The men who changed the face of Indian films |work=ibnlive.in.com |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12600-28.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217023206/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12600-28.html |archive-date=17 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="doctorate">{{Cite news |date=7 November 2006 |title=AU confers honorary degrees on Chiru, others |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110708900100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205140414/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/07/stories/2006110708900100.htm |archive-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> [[Brahmanandam]], holds a [[Guinness World Record]] for acting in the most films in the same language.<ref name="Guinness record for Brahmanandam">{{Cite news |date=15 December 2007 |title=Guinness record for Brahmanandam |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Guinness-record-for-Brahmanandam/articleshow/2622862.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105170037/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-15/news-interviews/27960977_1_brahmanandam-rare-honour-telugu |archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="bguinness">{{Cite web |title=Home of the Longest, Shortest, Fastest, Tallest facts and feats |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/Search/Details/Most-screen-credits-for-a-living-actor/59409.htm |access-date=21 September 2011 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> Veteran actor [[Mohan Babu]] starred in more than 500 feature films in a variety of [[antagonist]] and leading roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2005 |title=Mohan Babu's Hollywood guest |pages=4 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/25/stories/2005102500840400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=30 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215003019/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/25/stories/2005102500840400.htm |archive-date=15 February 2012 |via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref> [[Vijayachander]] acted and produced hagiographical films, he esaayed "[[Jesus of Nazareth]]" in ''[[Karunamayudu]]'' (1978), "[[Sai Baba of Shirdi]]" in ''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]'' (1986), "[[Vemana]]" in ''Vemana Charithra'' (1986), and "[[Saint Paul]]" in ''Dayamayudu'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |date=12 November 2011 |title=Arts: Stalwart Vijaya Chander |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2621456.ece |access-date=2 August 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[P. L. Narayana]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], and [[Allu Arjun]] received the [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Award]] for acting.<br />
<br />
=== Cinematography and visual effects ===<br />
[[V. N. Reddy]], [[K. S. Prasad]], [[Jaya Krishna Gummadi|Jaya Gummadi]], Sudhakar Yakkanti, [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]], and [[C. Rajendra Prasad]] garnered pan India recognition for their cinematographic works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema – The Era Of Talking Movies – 1940–1950 |url=http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/south_asia/india/Films.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107214524/http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/south_asia/india/Films.htm |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=9 March 2011 |publisher=Windows on Asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=18 July 1999 |title=Back To The Future |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="16thawardPDF">{{Cite web |title=16th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf |access-date=22 September 2011 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> Enhanced technology among live action animation, [[digital compositing]], and special effects paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms. [[Visual effects]] based [[high fantasy]] works have tasted success.<ref name="The animated lot">{{Cite news |last=Borah |first=Prabalika M. |date=25 October 2012 |title=The animated lot |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-animated-lot/article4030520.ece}}</ref> Pete Draper, P. C. Sanath, [[Chakri Toleti]] and [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] supervise visual effects.<ref name="The animated lot" /> [[Lok Singh]], [[Hari Anumolu]], [[S. Gopal Reddy]], [[Chota K. Naidu]], and [[P. S. Vinod]] fetched various state honours for their works in popular cinema.<ref name="60th NFA 2012">{{Cite press release |title=60th National Film Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf |access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Film critics and jury members ===<br />
[[Vasiraju Prakasam]] and [[K. N. T. Sastry]] are one of the noted Indian [[Film criticism|film critics]] from the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=48th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf |access-date=13 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=54TH NATIONAL FILM AWARDS |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/54th%20NFA%20Press%20Release.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410075306/http://www.dff.nic.in/54th%20NFA%20Press%20Release.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=8 February 2014 |website=dff.nic.in}}</ref> [[B. S. Narayana]] was a member of the Indian delegation to the Tashkent Film Festival in 1974, and the Moscow International Film Festival in 1975.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web |title=Twenty Sixth National Film Festival |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114857/http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], served as official member of the Indian delegation from South India to the Tashkent Film Festival in 1978 and 1982.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Gummadi - Telugu film actor |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/profile-gummadi.html |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> He served as the Jury Member thrice for the [[28th National Film Awards|28th]], [[33rd National Film Awards|33rd]], and [[39th National Film Awards]]. [[Chandra Siddhartha]] served in South Jury at the [[57th National Film Awards|57th]], [[61st National Film Awards|61st]] and [[65th National Film Awards]], as well as the [[49th International Film Festival of India|49th IFFI]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jury-Chandra Siddhartha |work=57th NFA |location=New Delhi, India |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jury-Chandra Siddhartha |work=61st NFA |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/41_61stNfaArchives.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Film Score and Lyrics ===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| image1 = Ghantasala_Venkateswara_Rao_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg<br />
| caption1 = <br />
| total_width = 140<br />
| image2 = Singer Sripathi Panditaradhyula Balasubramanyam.jpg<br />
| caption2 = <br />
| image3 = S Janaki in Pune, India 2007.JPG<br />
| caption3 = <br />
| image4 = P._Susheela.jpg<br />
| caption4 = <br />
| footer = ''From top to bottom: ''[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] on an Indian stamp, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]], and [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Italian explorer [[Niccolò de' Conti]], who visited the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] during 15th-century, found that the words in the Telugu language follow a unique literary form that end with vowels, just like those in [[Italian language|Italian]], and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/when-foreigners-fell-in-love-with-telugu-language/article4227784.ece|title=When foreigners fell in love with Telugu language|first=M. Malleswara|last=Rao|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 December 2012|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808053858/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/when-foreigners-fell-in-love-with-telugu-language/article4227784.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Classical Telugu film scores were inspired by this literary form used by scholars like [[Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty]], [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]], and [[Gurajada Apparao]].<ref name="Morris2005">{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Henry|title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0AOJBShvRAC&pg=PA86|year=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1973-9|page=86|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131427/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0AOJBShvRAC&pg=PA86|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] pioneered the use of light music in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] cinema; Rao's most rewarding assignments came from [[Gemini Studios]], which he joined in 1940 and with which he remained for a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2007 |title=A Tribute to (Ra)Saluri Rajeshwara Rao |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/srajeshwararao_oct27_printer.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225071843/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/srajeshwararao_oct27_printer.php |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=23 March 2011 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], performed in the [[United States]], [[England]], and [[Germany]]. According to ''The Hindu'', and ''The Indian Express'' he was "Such a divine talent and with his songs he could move the hearts of the people. Ghantasala's blending of classical improvisations to the art of light music combined with his virtuosity and sensitivity puts him a class apart, above all others in the field of playback singing".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |date=11 February 2003 |title=Honouring a legend |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/11/stories/2003021100450100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019232757/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/11/stories/2003021100450100.htm |archive-date=19 October 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]], Parupalli Ramakrishnaiah Pantulu, [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], [[Tanguturi Suryakumari]], and [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]] are some of the influential music composers of Southern Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National : French honour for Balamuralikrishna |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/03/stories/2005050312101300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506050512/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/03/stories/2005050312101300.htm |archive-date=6 May 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=26 June 2010 |title=Maestro in many moods |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/maestro-in-many-moods/article487108.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Susarla's work |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/narthanasala.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504142600/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/narthanasala.html |archive-date=4 May 2013 |website=uiowa.edu |publisher=University of Iowa}}</ref> Music composers such as [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]], R. Sudarshanam and R. Goverdhanam made contributions to folklore and mythological films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=cinegoer.net – Nostalgia – AVM's Bhookailas |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/bhookailas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929192609/http://www.cinegoer.com/bhookailas.htm |archive-date=29 September 2011 |website=cinegoer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Special story on veteran music director Susarla Dakshinamurthy – Etv2, Susarla Dakshinamurthy, Music |url=http://www.telugism.com/video/special-story-veteran-music-director-susarla-dakshinamurthy-etv2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010025/http://www.telugism.com/video/special-story-veteran-music-director-susarla-dakshinamurthy-etv2 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |website=telugism.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[P. Adinarayana Rao]], [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]], [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. P. Kodandapani]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[S. Hanumantha Rao]], have contributed their work extensively for films containing themes of social relevance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Review Hyderabad / Music : Melodious tribute |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071150370200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010911/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071150370200.htm |archive-date=5 October 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]] is a multilingual [[playback singer]] from Telugu cinema to win [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|National Film Awards]] across four languages. He holds the record of having recorded more songs than any other male playback singer and has received 25 state [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>"SPB wins Padma Bhushan, no Bharat Ratna this year". ''Deccan Chronicle''. (26 January 2011). Retrieved 2 May 2011</ref><br />
<br />
[[P. Susheela]], has been recognised by both the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' and the ''Asia Book of Records'' for singing most songs in Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=29 March 2016 |title=P. Susheela enters Guinness World Records |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/veteran-playback-singer-p-susheela-recognised-by-guinness-and-asia-book-of-records/article8409692.ece?homepage=true |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She is also the recipient of five [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] and numerous state awards.<ref name="Happy Birthday PSusheela">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Happy Birthday PSusheela |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-psusheela-telugu-news-118585.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813232941/https://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-psusheela-telugu-news-118585.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Works by [[S. Janaki]], [[Ramesh Naidu]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] have received global recognition, the later fetching the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]], and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] in 2023 for "[[Naatu Naatu]]" from ''RRR''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feinberg |first=Scott |date=9 January 2023 |title=The Golden Globes Auditions for Its Future |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/golden-globes-2023-preview-1235291082/ |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> New age musicians [[Thaman S]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]] received pan-Indian acclaim for works such as ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020) and ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021) respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=22 July 2022 |title=68th National Film Awards {{!}} Updates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/68th-national-film-awards-live-here-are-all-the-winners/article65670011.ece |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun, RRR, Gangubai Kathiawadi win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[K. S. Chithra|K. S. Chitra]] has received highest Nandi awards for best female playback singer. Multi-instrumentalists duo [[Raj–Koti]] holds a notable career spanning a decade, the duo has garnered particular acclaim for redefining contemporary music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music duo Rajkoti will be honoured-News, Telugu movie news, latest news |url=http://www.myfirstshow.com/news/view/5688/Music-duo-Rajkoti-will-be-honoured.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080129/http://www.myfirstshow.com/news/view/5688/Music-duo-Rajkoti-will-be-honoured.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |website=myfirstshow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj–Koti Reunited : Special Live show – ap7am |url=http://www.ap7am.com/ap7am_show_detail_videos.php?newsid=32394 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616055252/http://www.ap7am.com/ap7am_show_detail_videos.php?newsid=32394 |archive-date=16 June 2011}}</ref> [[R. P. Patnaik]] is the current president of the Telugu Cine Music Association.<ref>{{Cite news |title=No more Telugu music recording in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/No-more-Telugu-music-recording-in-Chennai/articleshow/20234858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814180354/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/hyderabad/39500848_1_telugu-entertainment-tax-singers |archive-date=14 August 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 May 2013 }}</ref><br />
{{multiple image<br />
| image1 = Sreeram chandra.jpg<br />
| caption1 = <br />
| total_width = 450<br />
| image2 = Hema chandra.png<br />
| caption2 = <br />
| image3 = Karunya-RFC 2.jpg<br />
| caption3 = <br />
| footer = ''From left to right: ''[[Sreerama Chandra]], [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hema Chandra]], and [[N. C. Karunya]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] was one of the influential film lyricists of his time, who garnered national honours such as [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyricist]] and Soviet Land Nehru Award for his pioneering work.<ref>[[Chaso]] Dolls Wedding & Other Stories – Page xii introduction by Renee David Shulman, 194, Cāsō – 2012 "But Vizianagaram in the mid-twentieth century was also home to other literati including the most famous poet in modern Telugu, Sri Sri (Srirangam Srinivasa Rao); [[Arudra]], historian of Telugu literature, literary critic and poet; and [[Racakonda Visvanatha Sastri]], the short-story writer whose statue you can find on the Visakhapatnam beach...."</ref><ref>Dictionary of Hindu Literature Kuśa Satyendra – 2000 – Page 175 "Sriniwasaraw Srirangam (b 1910 Visakhapatnam). Telugu poet. Sri Sri, as he is popularly known, wrote his first poem at ..."</ref> [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] was a highly versatile film lyricist, known for his optimistic and motivational lyrics that captured the essence of life with simple yet impactful examples. He was recognised for writing lyrics across a wide range of genres, including duets, hero introductions, romantic, devotional, and thought-provoking songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=R. Ravikanth Reddy & S. B. Vijaya |date=30 November 2021 |title=Telugu film lyricist 'Sirivennela' Seetharama Sastry passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-film-lyricist-sirivennela-seetharama-sastry-passes-away/article37769577.ece |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Guinness records ==<br />
* As of 2005, [[Ramoji Film City]], in Hyderabad held the record for the largest film studio complex in the world, measuring 674 hectares (1,666 acres). With 47 sound stages, it has permanent sets ranging from railway stations to temples.<ref name="ramoji">{{Cite web |title=Official Site of Guinnessworldrecords.com Largest Film studio in the world |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/largest-film-studio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119000128/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/largest-film-studio |archive-date=19 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite news |date=3 August 2005 |title=Ramoji Film City sets Guinness record |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/08/03/stories/2005080301301901.htm |access-date=10 January 2012}}</ref><br />
* [[D.Rama Naidu|D. Rama Naidu]] holds the Guinness World Record as the most prolific producer with 130 films.<ref name="Press information bureau Govt. of India">{{Cite news |title=Press Information Bureau English Releases |publisher=Pib.nic.in |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=65641 |access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref><br />
* [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] holds the Guinness World Record as the most films directed with 151 films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=Dasari Narayana Rao, pillar of Telugu film industry, passes away in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dasari-narayana-rao-pillar-telugu-film-industry-passes-away-hyderabad-62871 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><br />
* [[Brahmanandam]] holds the Guinness World Record for acting in the most films in a single language, 1000+ films.<ref name="Guinness record for Brahmanandam" /><ref name="bguinness" /><ref name="Guinness world record">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2010 |title=Most screen credits for a living actor |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/most-screen-credits-for-a-living-actor |access-date=25 August 2012 |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com}}</ref><br />
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] holds the Guinness World Record for having sung the most songs for any male playback singer in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Asian Network - Gagan Grewal, SP Balasubramaniam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00v3k15 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref name="spbala.com the official website">{{Cite web |date=5 March 1999 |title=Singing his way to the guinness |url=http://www.spbala.com/press.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719050816/http://www.spbala.com/press.asp |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=25 August 2012 |publisher=Spbala.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. G |date=19 November 2009 |title=Make way for SPB, the TV host! |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/nov/19/slide-show-1-south-intreview-with-spb.htm |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> with the majority of his songs sung in Telugu.<br />
* [[Vijaya Nirmala]] holds a Guinness World Record as the female director with the most films, having made 47 films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2012 |title=They call the shots |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/they-call-the-shots/article2969786.ece |access-date=11 March 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* In 2016, [[P. Susheela]] entered the Guinness Book of World Records for recording the highest number of songs in musical history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=29 March 2016 |title=P. Susheela enters Guinness World Records |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/veteran-playback-singer-p-susheela-recognised-by-guinness-and-asia-book-of-records/article8409692.ece |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref><br />
* In 2024, [[Chiranjeevi]] has been recognised as the "Most Prolific Indian Film Star" by Guinness World Records.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chiranjeevi Enters Guinness World Records As Most Prolific Indian Film Star |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chiranjeevi-enters-guinness-world-records-as-most-prolific-indian-film-star-6627605 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=23 September 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Dubbed films ==<br />
The 1949 film ''[[Keelu Gurram]]'' was the first Telugu film to be dubbed into the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language, being subsequently released under the name ''Maya Kudhirai''.<ref name="autogenerated42"/> According to the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce, "as per the Judgement of Supreme Court in Ashirwad Films in W.P.(Civil) No.709 there will be no difference in taxation of films between the dubbed films coming in from other states and the films produced in the Telugu States".<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH: Andhra Pradesh Entertainment Tax Act, 1939 |url=http://apfilmchamber.com/GOS/bc25a306-5984-4d40-81d4-13c1a5de5138.pdf |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065001/http://apfilmchamber.com/GOS/bc25a306-5984-4d40-81d4-13c1a5de5138.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Distribution territories ==<br />
The Telugu-speaking areas are broadly divided into three areas for the purposes of film distribution, namely, Nizam, Ceded and Andhra.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news |last1=Kanth |first1=K Rajani |date=31 July 2013 |title=Telangana casts its shadow on Telugu film industry prospects |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/telangana-casts-its-shadow-on-telugu-film-industry-prospects-113073101015_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizam-territory-will-remain-indispensable-for-tollywood/articleshow/21499426.cms |title=Nizam territory will remain indispensable for Tollywood |newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 July 2013 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web |title=ABO Special : Telugu Film Distribution Territories & Boundaries{{!}} AndhraBoxOffice.com |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=588&cid=8&fid=701 |website=andhraboxoffice.com |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/recap-2022-top-distribution-houses-of-tollywood-in-usa/ |title=Recap 2022: Top Distribution Houses of Tollywood in USA |website=M9.news |date=31 December 2022 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Domestic territories ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Territory<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto5"/><br />
!Areas Included<br />
|-<br />
|Nizam<br />
|State of [[Telangana]], along with two [[List of districts in India|districts]] of [[Karnataka]] viz., [[Raichur district|Raichur]] and [[Koppal district|Koppal]]<br />
|-<br />
|Ceded<br />
|Eight districts of [[Rayalaseema]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]] along with [[Ballari district|Bellary]] and [[Vijayanagar District|Vijayanagar]] of Karnataka and [[Markapur revenue division]] of [[Prakasam district]]<br />
|-<br />
|Uttarandhra<br />
|[[Visakhapatnam district]], [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Srikakulam district]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]], [[Anakapalli district]] and parts of [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|East<br />
|[[East Godavari district]], [[Kakinada district]], [[Konaseema district]], parts of [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Yanam district]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<br />
|-<br />
|West<br />
|[[West Godavari district]] and parts of [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|Krishna<br />
|[[Krishna district]], [[NTR district]] and parts of [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|Guntur<br />
|[[Guntur district]], [[Bapatla district]], [[Palnadu district]] and [[Ongole revenue division]] of [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|Nellore<br />
|[[Nellore district]] and parts of [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|Karnataka<br />
|State of [[Karnataka]] excluding districts of Raichur, Koppal, Bellary and Vijayanagar; but including the [[Krishnagiri district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|-<br />
|Tamil Nadu<br />
|State of [[Tamil Nadu]] including [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] city, excluding [[Krishnagiri district]]<br />
|-<br />
|Kerala<br />
|State of [[Kerala]] including [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] and [[Lakshadweep]]<br />
|-<br />
|Orissa<br />
|State Of [[Orissa]]<br />
|-<br />
|Mumbai<br />
|States of [[Maharastra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Goa]]<br />
|-<br />
|North/Rest of India<br />
|[[Hindi Belt]] Other North Indian states, [[North East India]] and including [[Andaman and Nicobar]] <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
From the above territories, [[Nizam]] and [[Karnataka]] are known for the highest earnings.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto5"/><br />
<br />
=== International territories ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Territory<br />
!Areas Included<br />
|-<br />
|North America<br />
|[[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Caribbean]]<br />
|-<br />
|UK & Europe<br />
|[[Europe]] including [[United Kingdom]]<br />
|-<br />
|South Africa<br />
|[[South Africa]]<br />
|-<br />
|UAE & GCC<br />
|[[United Arab Emirates]] and other [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] countries<br />
|-<br />
|Singapore<br />
|[[Singapore]]<br />
|-<br />
|Japan<br />
|[[Japan]]<br />
|-<br />
|China<br />
|[[China]]<br />
|-<br />
|Malaysia<br />
|[[Malaysia]]<br />
|-<br />
|Sri Lanka<br />
|[[Sri Lanka]]<br />
|-<br />
|South East Asia <br />
|Countries of [[Myanmar]] ([[Burma]]), [[Hong Kong]], [[Indonesia]]<br />
|-<br />
|Oceania<br />
|Countries of [[Australia]] / [[New Zealand]] / [[Fiji]] / [[Papua New Guinea]]<br />
|-<br />
|Rest of the World<br />
|All other parts of the world excluding above territories<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
=== [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== [[Saturn Award for Best International Film]] ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
| ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''RRR''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Note(s)<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]] ''<br />
|National Film Award for Best Feature Film<br />
|-<br />
|1963<br />
|''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]] ''<br />
|[[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film]]<ref name="11thaward">{{Cite web |title=11th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=13 September 2011 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1956<br />
|''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]] ''<br />
|[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#All India Certificate of Merit|All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film]]<ref name="4thawardPDF">{{Cite web |title=4th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf |access-date=2 September 2011 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|National Film Award for Best Popular Film]] ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]''<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
| ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| ''[[Sathamanam Bhavati]]''<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
| ''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion''<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"<br />
!Year<br />
!Recipient<br />
!Note(s)<br />
|-<br />
|[[22nd National Film Awards|1974]]<br />
|[[B. N. Reddy]]<ref name="dff.nic.in">{{Cite web |title=::DIRECTORATE OF FILM FESTIVALS |url=http://dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp |website=dff.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|Director and producer<br />
|-<br />
|[[30th National Film Awards|1982]]<br />
|[[L. V. Prasad]]<ref name="dff.nic.in" /><br />
|Director and producer<br />
|-<br />
|[[34th National Film Awards|1986]]<br />
|[[B. Nagi Reddy]]<ref name="dff.nic.in" /><br />
|Producer<br />
|-<br />
|[[38th National Film Awards|1990]]<br />
|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<ref name="dff.nic.in" /><br />
|Actor<br />
|-<br />
|[[57th National Film Awards|2009]]<br />
|[[D. Ramanaidu]]<ref name="dff.nic.in" /><br />
|Producer<br />
|-<br />
|[[64th National Film Awards|2016]]<br />
|[[K. Viswanath]]<ref name="Dadasaheb Phalke award">{{Cite web |title=64th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/NFA2016/NFA_Catalogue_2016.pdf |access-date=15 May 2017 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=183}}</ref><br />
|Director and actor<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''State awards'''{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Nandi Awards]]<br />
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]<br />
* [[NTR National Award]]<br />
* B. N. Reddy National Award<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actor|S. V. Ranga Rao Award for Best Character Actor]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film]]<br />
* Nagi Reddy Chakrapani National Award<br />
{{colend}}'''Other major film awards'''<br />
* [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
* [[IIFA Utsavam]]<br />
* [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
'''Regional awards'''<br />
<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* Sangam Academy Award<br />
* Chittoor Nagayya Puraskaram<br />
* [[CineMAA Awards]]<br />
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] Award<br />
* [[Gollapudi Srinivas Award]]<br />
* B. Nagi Reddy Wholesome Entertainment Film<ref name="Eega BNR Idlebrain">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2013 |title="Shri B. Nagi Reddy" award for "Eega" movie |url=http://telugump3site.blogspot.in/2014/12/pesarattu-2014-telugu-mp3-songs.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218202457/http://telugump3site.blogspot.in/2014/12/pesarattu-2014-telugu-mp3-songs.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=6 April 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
* Tollywood GAAMA Awards<br />
* Gemini Ugadi Puraskaralu<br />
* Hyderabad Times Film Awards<br />
* Vamsee Berkely Awards<br />
* Akruti Film Awards<br />
* [[FNCC Awards]]<br />
* Andhra Pradesh Film Journalist's Association Awards<br />
* [[Santosham Film Awards]]<br />
* [[T. Subbarami Reddy]] Award<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2011 |title=TSR-TV9 film awards function in city today |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-10/hyderabad/29403141_1_film-awards-playback-singer-bollywood-stars |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-10/hyderabad/29403141_1_film-awards-playback-singer-bollywood-stars |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref><br />
* [[ANR National Award]]<br />
* [[Sakshi Excellence Awards]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Studios ==<br />
'''Major Filmmaking studios'''{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Ramanaidu Studios]]<br />
* [[Saradhi Studios]]<br />
* [[Ramakrishna Studios]]<br />
* [[Padmalaya Studios]]<br />
* [[Annapurna Studios]]<br />
* [[Ramoji Film City]]<br />
{{colend}}'''Visual effects and animation studios'''<br />
* [[Prasad Studios|Prasad EFX]] – Magic in motion<br />
* Pixelloid Studios<br />
* Fire Fly Creative Studios<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pre-visualisation |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article860167.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanath fire fly, digital lab, Hyderabad |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/07/19/stories/2005071900790400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050720004641/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/07/19/stories/2005071900790400.htm |archive-date=20 July 2005}}</ref><br />
* [[Makuta VFX]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh Krishnamoorthy |title=Cities / Hyderabad : With technology, 'Eega' takes wings |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3619276.ece |access-date=19 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards]]<br />
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards]]<br />
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]<br />
* [[List of South Indian film families]]<br />
* [[List of silent films from South India]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<!-- alphabetical order please --><br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last1=Mareswara Rao|given1=Akkina|year=1997|title=Cultural and Ideological Mediation of Telugu Cinema in Colonial Andhra's Past (1931–1947)|publisher=[[University of Hyderabad]]|isbn=|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/25594/7/07_chapter%202.pdf}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Shohini Chaudhuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOXoeyesZOIC&pg=PA149 |title=Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-7486-1799-X |page=149}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_plssuFIar8C&pg=PA132 |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |last2=Moti Gokulsing, Wimal |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=1-85856-329-1 |page=132}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Alison |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |chapter=Pop Music and Audio-Cassette Technology: Southern Area – Film music |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&q=A.+R.+Rehman+tamil&pg=RA2-PA554}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline}}<br />
{{Navboxes|list=<br />
{{Tollywood|horiz}}<br />
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}<br />
{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}<br />
{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}<br />
{{Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film}}<br />
{{Nandi Award for Best Home Viewing Feature Film}}<br />
{{Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film}}<br />
{{Saturn Award for Best International Film}}<br />
{{Cinema of India}}<br />
{{World cinema}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Telugu cinema| ]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film families]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu language]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film industries]]<br />
[[Category:Film production districts]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giri_Dwarakish&diff=500543Giri Dwarakish2026-03-21T18:31:30Z<p>Eziosolution: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Giri Dwarakish<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 1980{{endash}}1984 (child actor)<br />2001{{endash}}present<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| relatives = [[Dwarakish]] (father)<br />
}}<br />
'''Giri Dwarakish''' is an Indian actor who works in Kannada and Tamil films and television.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Giri made his lead debut with the Kannada film ''Majnu'' (2001) directed by his father [[Dwarakish]], which was a remake of the 1997 Tamil film ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/dwarakish-son-giri-dwarakish-is-also-an-actor/articleshow/43220680.cms|title=Dwarakish son Giri Dwarakish is also an actor|date=23 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> The film faced production problems and was in the making for two years. Regarding his performance, a critic wrote that he "has a long way to go".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2001 |title='MAJNU' GOOD IN BITS |url=http://chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/majnu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011120110757/http://chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/majnu.html |archive-date=20 November 2001 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]] |access-date=19 May 2014 }}</ref> His next film was the ensemble musical film ''Rhytham'' (2003) in which he played one of the heroes alongside Abhishek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_kiccha.asp|title=Film Rhythm releasing this week|work=[[Viggy]]|date=2003|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> He then handled his father's production company, Dwarakish Chitra, and worked on films such as ''[[Apthamitra]]'' (2004) and ''[[Chowka]]'' (2017), the latter of which he also played a cameo in.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_soundarya_accident.asp|title=Unfortunate journey of actress Soundarya|date=2004|work=[[Viggy]]|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-and-chiranjeevi-together-in-a-movie/articleshow/48000560.cms|title=Sudeep and Chiranjeevi together in a movie!|via=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 September 2014|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=21 August 2025|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.}}</ref><br />
<br />
He went on to play supporting roles in many films and Tamil TV series including ''[[Amma I Love You]]'' (2018) and ''[[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]]'' (2024), portraying Dr. Ramanathan alias Cinema Doctor in the latter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/giri-dwarakishs-next-has-him-focus-on-bringing-up-kids-today/articleshow/64643915.cms|title=Giri Dwarakish's next has him focus on bringing up kids today|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 June 2018|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotagunasi |first=Manjunath B. |date=30 October 2024 |title=ಕನ್ನಡಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತಮಿಳು ಚಿತ್ರೋದ್ಯಮದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಕ್ರಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಕುಳ್ಳ ದ್ವಾರಕೀಶ್ ಕಿರಿ ಮಗ ಗಿರಿ ದ್ವಾರಕೀಶ್ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-karnatakada-kulla-dwarakishs-son-giri-dwarakish-is-more-busy-in-tamil-films-than-in-kannada-films-mnk-181730175774874.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=kn}}</ref> As of 2024, he starred as a police officer and a motivational speaker in the respective Tamil films ''Yolo'' and ''Made in India'', both of which remain unreleased.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-11-03 |title=Giri Dwarakish forays into Tamil cinema with Yolo and Made in India |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Nov/03/giri-dwarakish-forays-into-tamil-cinema-with-yolo-and-made-in-india |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Giri Dwarakish: ಕಾಲಿವುಡ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ದ್ವಾರಕೀಶ್ ಪುತ್ರ ಸಖತ್ ಮಿಂಚಿಂಗ್; ಪೊಲೀಸ್ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲೂ ಹಾಸ್ಯದ ಹೊನಲು ಹರಿಸ್ತಿರೋ ಗಿರಿ ದ್ವಾರಕೀಶ್! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kannada-actor-director-dwarakish-son-giri-dwarakish-movie-updates-rvj-pvn-1907367.html |website=kannada.news18.com |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=ಪರಭಾಷೆಯ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ಯುಸಿ ಆದ ದ್ವಾರಕೀಶ್ ಕಿರಿಯ ಪುತ್ರ ಗಿರಿ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/upcoming-films-of-giri-dwarakishin-tamil-and-telugu-entertainment-news-in-kannada-mdn-928028.html |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=ತಮಿಳು ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ದ್ವಾರಕೀಶ್ ಕಿರಿ ಮಗ ಗಿರಿ ಬ್ಯುಸಿ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/!entertainment/dwarkeeshs-younger-son-giri-is-busy-in-tamil-movies-karnataka-news-kas24103101095 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=kn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
*''Note all films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1980 || ''[[Manku Thimma]]'' || School boy || Uncredited role as child artist<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''Adrushtavantha'' || || Child artist<br />
|-<br />
| 1984 || ''Police Papanna'' || || Uncredited role as child artist<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''Majnu'' || Ganesha ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2003 || ''Rhytham'' || Sanju ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hrudayavantha]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Chowka]]'' || Seena ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]'' || Cyber security M. D. || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Amma I Love You]]'' || Rajesh || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]'' || Village officer || Tamil film <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Iravin Kangal]]'' || || Tamil film<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
*''Note all television series are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2005{{endash}}2009 || ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'' || Giriprakash "Giri" || rowspan="5"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2015{{endash}}2018 || ''[[Priyamanaval]]'' || Vaithieeshwaran "Vaithi" ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]'' || Pichaimuthu || Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]'' || Adiapaatham "Aadi" ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2022{{endash}}2024 || ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]'' || Arasu || <br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]]'' || Dr. Ramanathan "Cinema Doctor" || [[Disney+ Hotstar]] || Season 1<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal Thodargiradhu]]'' || Arasu || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2026 || ''Resort'' || Chef John || [[JioHotstar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|8834345}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Mohan_Kisku&diff=493395Chandra Mohan Kisku2026-03-17T15:23:24Z<p>Eziosolution: details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Santali writer and translator}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Chandra Mohan Kisku<br />
| native_name = <!-- add if available --><br />
| birth_date = 22 February 1982<br />
| birth_place = Behrda, Dhalbhumgarh<br />
| occupation = Poet, writer, translator<br />
| language = Santali, Hindi<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| notable_works = ''Muluj Landa'', ''Sidu - Kanhur Dake'' (translation)<br />
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize (2020)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chandra Mohan Kisku''' (born 22 February 1982) is an Indian writer, poet and translator who writes primarily in [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Hindi]]. He is known for collections of Santali poetry and for translating major Bengali works into Santali. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for Santali in 2020 for his translation of [[Mahasweta Devi]]'s novel into Santali.<ref name="SA-Awards">{{cite web |title=Akademi Translation Prizes (list) – Prize for Translation |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |website=Sahitya Akademi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi, Government of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Chandra Mohan Kisku was born on 22 February 1982 in Behrda village of [[Dhalbhumgarh]] block in [[East Singhbhum]] district, [[Jharkhand]], to Borendra Nath Kisku and Vimla Kisku. As a young child, he moved with his mother to his maternal uncle's home in Baddi Kanpur village in [[Chakulia]] block, where he received his early education. His maternal grandfather, the late Doman Chandra Hansda, was a respected Santhali language writer and had his own village library, which included books in Hindi, Bengali and Santhali; this environment fostered Kisku's early interest in reading and writing. After completing his matriculation from Narsinghgarh High School, he enrolled in college at [[Ghatshila]], passing his ISC (intermediate) examination in 2002, but his formal studies were interrupted when he took up work as an apprentice at [[Tata Motors]] and later as a telecommunications supervisor with [[Indian Railways]]. Despite leaving regular studies, he resumed his education later and completed his graduation in Hindi literature through [[IGNOU]] in 2018, followed by a master's degree, and was pursuing further studies in history; he has expressed a desire to become a professor.<ref name="Jagran-Kisku">{{cite web |title=पढ़ाई छोड़ने के 16 वर्ष बाद पूरी की स्नातक की शिक्षा और जीत लिया साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-chandramohan-kisku-of-chakulia-eastsinghbhum-completed-his-graduation-after-16-years-of-leaving-studies-and-won-the-sahitya-akademi-award-22064095.html |website=Jagran |date=28 September 2021 |language=hi |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Literary career ==<br />
Kisku has published poetry collections and short-story collections in Santali and has also translated works between Santali, Hindi, Bengali and English. His Santali poetry collection ''Muluj Landa'' was published under the Sahitya Akademi Navodaya scheme.<ref name="SA-Book">{{cite web |title=Muluj Landa (Poetry Collection) |url=https://sahitya-akademi.org.in/PDF/book-documentry/Santali.pdf |website=Sahitya Akademi Publications |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has translated several notable Bengali and Hindi works into Santali, including the Bengali novel by Mahasweta Devi (the Santali title appears in award lists as ''Sidu - Kanhur Dake'' / ''Sido-Kanhu Tikinak Hohote''), for which he won the Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize for Santali in 2020 (announced in 2021 lists).<ref name="SA-Awards" /><br />
<br />
== Selected works ==<br />
; Poetry (Santali)<br />
* ''Muluj Landa'' (Poetry collection). Sahitya Akademi (Navodaya series), 2016. {{ISBN|978-81-260-4612-6}}.<ref name="SA-Book" /><br />
<br />
; Translations (into Santali)<br />
* ''Sidu - Kanhur Dake'' (Santali translation of Mahasweta Devi's Bengali novel ''Sidu'') — Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize (2020).<ref name="SA-Awards" /><br />
<br />
== Awards and honours ==<br />
* ''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize'' (Prize for Translation in Santali), 2020 (award announced in 2021) for translation of a work by Mahasweta Devi into Santali.<ref>{{cite news |last1=सिंह |first1=निरंजन |title=झारखंड के संताली लेखक चंद्रमोहन किस्कू को मिला साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi-santali-writer-from-jharkhand-chandramohan-kisku-received-sahitya-akademi-award-jhnj-3750931.html |access-date=16 February 2026 |work=[[News18 India]] |date=20 September 2021 |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref name="SA-Awards" /><br />
* Other regional recognitions and publications noted in press coverage and publisher catalogues.<ref name="ExoticIndia">{{cite web |title=Books authored by Chandra Mohan Kisku |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book-author/chandra%2Bmohan%2Bkisku/ |website=Exotic India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/ Sahitya Akademi official website] — see translation prize lists and publications.<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kisku, Chandra Mohan}}<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Santali writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian translators]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:People from East Singhbhum district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakul_Singh_Sawhney&diff=520085Nakul Singh Sawhney2026-03-17T06:48:34Z<p>Eziosolution: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian documentary filmmaker}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nakul Singh Sawhney<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| years_active = 2006-to present<br />
| employer = Independent Documentary Filmmaker<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nakul Singh Sawhney''' is an Indian independent documentary filmmaker and cultural activist.<ref>India Retold Dialogues with Independent Documentary Filmmakers in India, Rajesh James, Bloomsbury, 2021</ref> His films have an indepth, intersectional lens that show the impact of caste, class, gender, politics and social justice in South Asia.<br />
<br />
He is the founder of [[Chalchitra Abhiyaan]], a film and media collective that trains local people from marginalised communities of North India to report and make films on their issues. They also screen films and news reports in several villages on mobile projectors with hundreds of viewers in addition to running a mobile library. <br />
<br />
His upcoming docuseries, 'A Million Churnings' looks at the [[2020-2021 Indian farmers protest|2020-2021 farmers' protest]], the largest and the longest protest in modern world history.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
He grew up in Delhi and attended [[Kirori Mal College]] in [[Delhi University]]. He was as active member of Players,<ref>{{cite web|title=Screeing of Izzatnagari Ki Asabhya Betiyaan|url=https://allevents.in/new%20delhi/film-screening-of-%E2%80%9Cizzatnagari-ki-asabhya-betiyaan%E2%80%9D-by-nakul-singh-sawhney/136069496515428|website=Allevents.in}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the dramatic society of the college. He then completed a course in direction at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Pune, during 2005–06. Nakul was also actively involved with [[Jana Natya Manch]]. He is the grand nephew of Communist leader [[Satyapal Dang|Satyapal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Notable works==<br />
<br />
===Muzaffarnagar Baaqi Hai===<br />
His film '<ref>{{cite news|title=Muzaffarnagar Baaqi Hai|url=http://scroll.in/article/707824/documentary-muzaffarnagar-baaqi-hai-revisits-the-riots-that-tore-apart-western-up-in-2013|publisher=Scroll|date=19 Feb 2015}}</ref>''Muzaffarnagar Baaqi hai'' that released in January 2015 is an extensively researched film on the sectarian violence in North India in September 2013, Muzaffarnagar riots, just a few months before the general elections in India. The film<ref>{{cite news|title=Blocked in DU, documentary 'Muzaffarnagar Baaqi Hai' is a must watch|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/blocked-in-delhi-university-documentary-muzaffarnagar-baaqi-hai-is-a-must-watch-2408662.html|publisher=First Post|date=27 August 2015}}</ref> traces the economic, communal{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} and sociological<ref>{{cite news|title=sociological|url=http://www.thequint.com/india/2015/08/25/muzaffarnagar-baaqi-hai-the-riots-werent-just-about-religion|publisher=The Quint|date=26 August 2015}}</ref> fallout of the violence that not just led to religious polarisation for political gains but also displaced hundreds of thousands of people.<ref>Indian Documentary Film and Filmmakers: Practising Independence, Shweta Kishore, Edinburgh University Press, 31-Dec-2018</ref><br />
<br />
The screening of the film was stopped<ref>{{cite news|title=Film on Muzaffarnagar riots that ABVP didn't want us to watch|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/film-on-muzaffarnagar-riots-that-abvp-didn-t-want-us-to-watch/story-k7CJ4j3zsrwzFoSY8zIKlO.html|publisher=The Hindustan Times|date=28 August 2015}}</ref> by right wing fundamentalists from the [[Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] in Delhi University on 1 August 2015 where the filmmaker and the organisers including University professors were attacked.<ref>{{cite news|title=attacked|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-abvp-activists-stop-screening-of-documentary-on-muzaffarnagar-riots-at-du-s-kirori-mal-college-2110201|publisher=DNA news|date=1 August 2015}}</ref> Following which over 200 protest screenings<ref>{{cite news|title=Stop us at one place, we'll spring up at a hundred: Nakul Singh Sawhney|url=http://archive.catchnews.com/culture-news/stop-us-at-one-place-and-we-ll-spring-up-at-a-hundred-others-filmmaker-nakul-singh-sawhney-1444390483.html|publisher=Catch news|date=9 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> of the film were organised<ref>{{cite news|title=Documentary on Muzaffarnagar riots screened at 60 venues across 50 towns in protest|url=http://twocircles.net/2015aug26/1440530926.html#.V4I1wbh9600|publisher=Two Circles|date=26 August 2015}}</ref> all across the country to mark dissent<ref>{{cite news|title=Stuck between censors and thugs|url=http://www.thehoot.org/free-speech/censorship/stuck-between-censors-and-thugs-8879|publisher=The Hoot|date=25 August 2015}}</ref> and support freedom of expression<ref>{{cite news|title=Filmmaker Nakul Singh Sawhney talks about the making of his stirring film on the 2013 UP riots|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmmaker-Nakul-Singh-Sawhney-talks-about-the-making-of-his-stirring-film-on-the-2013-UP-riots/articleshow/49301513.cms|work=The Times of India|date=10 October 2015}}</ref> in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fascism is at India's doorstep|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/theatre/Nakul-Singh-Sawhney-Fascism-is-at-Indias-doorstep/articleshow/49300897.cms|work=The Times of India|date=10 October 2015}}</ref> [[Suicide of Rohith Vemula|Rohith Vemula]], a Dalit PHd scholar, also screened the film in Hyderabad Central University on 4 August 2015 for which he was termed 'anti-national'.<ref>{{cite news|title=The director of 'Muzaffarnagar Baaqi Hai' questions the logic behind terming Rohith Vemula 'anti-national' and 'casteist'|url=http://video.scroll.in/802686/the-director-of-muzaffarnagar-baaqi-hai-questions-the-logic-behind-terming-rohith-vemula-anti-national-and-casteist|publisher=Scroll|date=29 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film has been extensively screened<ref>Things That Can and Cannot Be Said, John Cusack and Arundhati Roy, Penguin books Limited, 2016</ref> and appreciated<ref>{{cite news|title=Violence frame by frame|url=http://himalmag.com/violence-frame-frame-muzaffarnagar-baaqi-hai/|publisher=Himal Southasia|date=1 June 2015}}</ref> in India and screened abroad<ref>{{cite news|title=Film Screening, followed by a discussion with Director Nakul Singh Sawhney: Muzaffarnagar Baaqi Hai [Muzaffarnagar, Eventually]|url=http://home.columbia.edu/event/film-screening-followed-discussion-director-nakul-singh-sawhney-muzaffarnagar-baaqi-hai-muzaff|publisher=Columbia University|date=28 March 2016}}</ref> including MIT, Columbia School of Journalism, SOAS,<ref>{{cite web|title=A screening of Muzaffarnagar Baaqi Hai|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/24feb2015-a-screening-of-muzaffarnagar-baaqi-hai-.html|publisher=University of London}}</ref> NYU and others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Free Screening, Discussion with Director of 'Muzaffarnagar Baaqi Hai,' April 13|url=http://www.ohio-forum.com/page/3/|publisher=Ohio University}}</ref> It was also selected by [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] and the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<br />
<br />
This film was hosted on [[Netflix]] for three years.<br />
<br />
===Izzatnagri ki Asabhya Betiyan===<br />
His film 'Izzatnagri ki Asabhya Betiyan' (Immoral Daughters in the Land of Honour) released in January 2012 traces the resistance of young women<ref>Handbook of Pragmatics, Jef Verschueren, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020</ref> against honour killings and diktats of clan councils called [[Khap]] Panchayats in North India.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Unbelongers|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/arts/unbelongers|publisher=Caravan Magazine|date=1 September 2012}}</ref> The film explores caste, class and gender<ref>Gendering Caste: Through a Feminist Lens, Uma Chakravarti, Sage Publications, 2018</ref> intersectionality in contemporary India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Izzatnagari ki Asabhya Betiyan: A reel take on real honour killings|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/izzatnagari-ki-asabhya-betiyan-a-reel-take-on-real-honour-killings/917139/|publisher=The Indian Express|date=25 February 2012}}</ref> Another version of the same film 'Immoral Daughters' has been screened<ref>{{cite news|title=Events|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/nyregion/events-in-connecticut-for-oct-12-18-2014.html|work=The New York Times|date=12 October 2014}}</ref> at several international film festivals.<br />
<br />
===Savitri's Sisters at Azadi Kooch===<br />
A short documentary on the how two Dalit women, Laxmiben and Madhuben, from rural Gujarat march to reclaim the land that rightfully belongs to Dalits, a community subjected to untouchability practices and acute socio-economic marginalisation . Released in 2017. Screened at Oxford University, Göttingen University, and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/they-sang-through-dark-times-nakul-singh-sawhneys-latest-documentary-savitris-sisters|title = They Sang through the Dark Times: Nakul Singh Sawhney's Latest Documentary Savitri's Sisters|date = 5 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kairana, After the Headlines===<br />
The film tries to look at the town of Kairana beyond the externally imposed binaries of Hindu-Muslim, and tries instead to look at the real issues that confronts the town. Released in 2016. Screened at several universities in India and globally<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/9/8846/kairana-after-the-headlines-a-bold-film-that-gives-the-villager-a-voice|title = Kairana "After the Headlines": A Bold Film That Gives the Villager a Voice}}</ref><br />
<br />
===With a Little Help from my Friends===<br />
He directed his first film in 2005, 'With a Little Help from my Friends', which won the award for the 2nd best film at the 60 Seconds to Fame film festival in Chennai{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}.<br />
<br />
===Other works===<br />
At the Film Institute, he directed a short film, 'Agaurav' starring [[Divyenndu|Divyendu Sharma]] and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] and 'Undecided' that won awards for the 2nd Best Film and Best Director respectively at the Hyderabad International Film Festival{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}. After completing his course, he made a feature-length documentary 'Once upon a time in Chheharta' on the history of the working class movement and the mill workers of Chheharta under the leadership of Communist leaders [[Satyapal Dang|Satyapal]] Dang and [[Vimla Dang]], Amritsar.<br />
<br />
He is also a commentator on Indian politics and has appeared on [[The Quint]], The Mojo Story, [[NDTV]], [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] and written for [[The New Indian Express]], DailyO, Caravan and others.<br />
<br />
He is married to award-winning journalist [[Neha Dixit]]<br />
<br />
===Chalchitra Abhiyaan===<br />
{{Main|Chalchitra Abhiyaan}}<br />
<br />
He founded Chalchitra Abhiyaan in 2016.<ref>https://www.sbcltr.in/how-chalchitra-abhiyaan-gives-you-a-glimpse-into-real-india/</ref> This film and media collective trains local people from marginalised communities in film technologies.<ref>Communicating for Social Change Meaning, Power, and Resistance, Dazzelyn Baltazar Zapata, Springer Singapore, 2018</ref> The collective produces a range of video-based content prime among which are short-document films, news features, and live broadcasts. The goal is try to bring to the fore local issues from the grassroots that concern different marginalised communities in their own voices. The collective also organizes film and video screenings including international cinema and news features in remote villages in North India.<ref>Contemporary Radical Film Culture Networks, Organisations and Activists, Taylor & Francis, 2020</ref> It is followed by debate and discussion on the topic. Attended by hundreds of people weekly, this has built a regular, large offline viewership. They also run a mobile library in several villages of West UP. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || Savitri's Sisters in Azaadi Kooch<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || Kairana, After the Headlines<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || Muzaffarnagar Baaqi hai/Muzaffarnagar Eventually<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || Izzatnagri Ki Asabhya Betiyan/Immoral Daughters in the Land of Honour<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || Once Upon a Time in Chheharta<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || Agaurav<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || With A Little Help From Friends<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawhney, Nakul}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Censorship in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=4756732009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election2026-03-15T08:46:07Z<p>Eziosolution: added information based on references for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{For|Lok Sabha elections|2009 Indian general election in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 2009 Maharashtra state assembly elections<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = legislative<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| party_colour = <br />
| previous_election = 2004 Maharashtra state assembly elections<br />
| previous_year = 2004<br />
| next_election = 2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election<br />
| next_year = 2014<br />
| election_date = 13 October 2009<br />
| seats_for_election = All 288 Assembly Constituencies<br />
| turnout = 59.68% ({{decrease}} 3.94%)<br />
<!-- Congress --><br />
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}} <br />
| leader1 = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
| leader_since1 = 2008<br />
| party1 = Indian National Congress<br />
| alliance1 = [[Democratic Front (India)|UPA]]<br />
| leaders_seat1 = [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]<br />
| running_mate1 = <br />
| last_election1 = 69<br />
| seats_before1 = <br />
| seats_needed1 = <br />
| seats1 = '''82'''<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 13<br />
| popular_vote1 = <br />
| percentage1 = '''21.01%'''<br />
| swing1 = {{down}} 0.05%<br />
<!-- NCP --><br />
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=R. R. Patil.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=15|oTop=03}} <br />
| leader2 = [[RR Patil|R.R. Patil]]<br />
| leader_since2 = 2004<br />
| party2 = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
| alliance2 = [[Democratic Front (India)|UPA]]<br />
| leaders_seat2 = [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]<br />
| last_election2 = 71<br />
| seats_before2 = <br />
| seats_needed2 = <br />
| seats2 = 62<br />
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 9<br />
| popular_vote2 = <br />
| percentage2 = 16.37%<br />
| swing2 = {{down}} 2.38%<br />
<!-- BJP --><br />
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Gopinath Ji Munde.jpg|bSize=170|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=45|oTop=66}}<br />
| leader3 = [[Gopinath Munde]]<br />
| leader_since3 = 1995<br />
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| alliance3 = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]<br />
| leaders_seat3 = ''Did not contest''<br />
| last_election3 = 54<br />
| seats_before3 = <br />
| seats_needed3 = <br />
| seats3 = 46<br />
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 8<br />
| popular_vote3 = <br />
| percentage3 = 14.02%<br />
| swing3 = {{up}} 0.35%<br />
<!-- Shiv Sena --><br />
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}} <br />
| leader4 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
| leader_since4 = 2003<br />
| party4 = Shiv Sena<br />
| alliance4 = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]<br />
| leaders_seat4 = ''Did not contest''<br />
| last_election4 = 62<br />
| seats_before4 = <br />
| seats_needed4 = <br />
| seats4 = 44<br />
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 18<br />
| popular_vote4 = <br />
| percentage4 = 16.26%<br />
| swing4 = {{down}} 3.71%<br />
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Raj Thackeray2.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=15}} <br />
| leader5 = [[Raj Thackeray]]<br />
| leader_since5 = 2006<br />
| party5 = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena<br />
| leaders_seat5 = ''Did not contest''<br />
| last_election5 = ''New''<br />
| seats_before5 = <br />
| seats_needed5 = <br />
| seats5 = 13<br />
| seat_change5 = ''New''<br />
| swing5 = ''New''<br />
<!-- Chief Minister --><br />
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|CM]]<br />
| before_election = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
| before_party = Indian National Congress<br />
| posttitle = [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|CM]]-elect<br />
| after_election = [[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
| after_party = Indian National Congress<br />
| majority_seats = 145<br />
| map = {{Switcher|[[File:2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election results map.svg|400px]]|Partywise Results|[[File:2009 Maharashtra Legislative Election Results Map (Alliance Wise).svg|400px]]|Alliance wise structure}}<br />
| map2 = {{Switcher|[[File:2009 Maharashtra Assembly composition.svg|300px]]|Partywise structure|[[File:Composition of the 12th Maharashtra Assembly Alliance Wise.svg|300px]]|Alliance wise structure}}<br />
| percentage5 = 5.71%<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 13th '''Assembly elections''' were held in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] on October 13, 2009. The ruling [[Democratic Front (India)|Democratic Front]] ([[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)) contested the elections against the alliance of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and Against the Third Front Known as [[Republican Left Democratic Front]] popularly known as '''RIDALOS'''.<br />
<br />
Voters elected the 288 members of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in newly organized assembly constituencies after the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] approved in 2008. The results were declared on October 22, 2009.<br />
<br />
== State on a halt for the most eventful day ==<br />
In view of the General Assembly Elections in Maharashtra, the Government of Maharashtra via its notification dated September 29, 2009 declared the day of Polling i.e. Tuesday, October 13, 2009, a Public Holiday in the State under section 25 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.<br />
<br />
== Election day ==<br />
<br />
=== Overall polling ===<br />
About 60% of polling was recorded in Maharashtra. In the island city of [[Mumbai]], near about 48% of the total registered voters exercised their franchise. The turnout was slightly better in suburban Mumbai at 52%. Elsewhere in Maharashtra, approximately 60% of the total voters participated in the polling.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Turnout-State-betters-LS-show/articleshow/5122019.cms|title=Turnout: State betters LS show|work=timesofindia-economictimes|date=14 October 2009 }}</ref> Congress-MNS worker clashes were reported in Nashik and police had to fire in air to disperse the mob.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/news/assembly-election-update-2009-commtry.html|title=rediff.com: Live: 60 pc polling in Maha, says CEC|work=rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Naxal scare in Gadchiroli ===<br />
Voting in at least 11 polling stations in two Assembly constituencies, [[Aheri, Gadchiroli|Aheri]] and [[Armori]] of [[Gadchiroli District]] was delayed until 2 pm (14:00 hrs IST) following a scare early on the election day when Naxals opened fire in the area. Around 9:30 hrs IST, Naxals fired in Bondhai village in the district, despite the presence of stringent security in the Maoist infested districts of eastern Maharashtra's Vidarbha region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxal-scare-in-gadchiroli/103204-37.html?from=tn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004102802/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxal-scare-in-gadchiroli/103204-37.html?from=tn|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-04|title=Naxal scare in Gadchiroli|work=IBNLive}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Predictions ==<br />
Various news agencies and exit polls had predicted the future outcome of the elections.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"<br />
|-<br />
!Source<br />
!Prediction<br />
|-<br />
|[[CNN-IBN]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-votes-without-hope-of-change/103234-37.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015013710/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-votes-without-hope-of-change/103234-37.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-15|title=Maharashtra votes, without hope of change|work=ibnlive.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/advantage-congress-ncp-in-maharashtra/103210-37.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014140358/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/advantage-congress-ncp-in-maharashtra/103210-37.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-14|title=Advantage Congress, NCP in Maharashtra|work=IBNLive}}</ref><br />
|Congress-NCP (135 to 145)<br />Shiv Sena-BJP (105 to 115 )<br />MNS (8-12)<br />Others (25 - 35)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maharashtra Times]]<br />
|Shiv Sena-BJP (160)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5079041.cms|title=- Maharashtra Times}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Star News-Nielsen exit poll<br />
|Congress (89)<br />NCP (48)<br />Shiv Sena (62)<br />BJP (51)<br />MNS (12)<br />Third Front and others (26)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/10/13191903/Poll-turnout-at-60-and-above.html|title=Poll turnout at 60% and above; stray clashes occur|work=livemint.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election statistics ==<br />
*Voter Turnout: 60%<br />
*Number of constituencies: 288<br />
*Number of candidates: 3,559, including 211 women<br />
*Electors: Male 3,97,34,776, Female 3,60,76,469, Total 7,58,11,245<br />
*Polling stations: 84,136<br />
*Constituency with maximum candidates: Aurangabad East - 28<br />
*Constituency with minimum number of candidates: Dahanu (ST) and Islampur - 4 each<br />
*Biggest constituency electorate-wise: Chinchwad (391,644 electors)<br />
*Smallest constituency electorate-wise: Kudal (186,185 electors)<br />
;<br />
;<br />
Party-wise no.of Candidates:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Alliance<br />
! colspan="3" |Party<br />
!Seats Contested<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[United Progressive Alliance|'''UPA''']]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[File:INC Logo.png|center|50px]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|171<br />
|-<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |<br />
|[[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|50px]]<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|112<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
|[[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|center|50px]]<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br />
|160<br />
|-<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|50px]]<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|119<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |'''Others'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Republican Left Democratic Front]]<br />
|200<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]<br />
|145<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|281<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|21<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|19<br />
|}<br />
;:<br />
[[Indian National Congress]] 171, [[Nationalist Congress Party]] 112, [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] 160, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] 119, [[Republican Left Democratic Front]] '''RIDALOS''' 200, [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]] 145, BSP <!-- what i this?--> 281, [[Communist Party of India]] 21, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] 19, RJD <--??-->1, Independents + others 2,675 [https://web.archive.org/web/20091017105615/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?667668 news.outlookindia.com | Assembly Elections: 66% Turnout, 1 Killed]<br />
<br />
'''List of Political Parties participated in 2009 Maharashtra Assembly Elections.'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Colspan=2|Party<br />
! Abbreviation <br />
|-<br />
! Colspan=4|National Parties<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<br />
|-<br />
! Colspan=4|State Parties<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br />
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]<br />
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}<br />
| [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
| [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Assam United Democratic Front}}<br />
| [[Assam United Democratic Front|AUDF]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}<br />
| [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<br />
|-<br />
! Colspan=4|Registered (Unrecognised) Parties<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}<br />
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|HMS]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br />
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|ABJS]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}<br />
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}<br />
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Bharat Paksha}}<br />
| [[Swatantra Bharat Paksha|STBP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Sena}}<br />
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Sena|ABHS]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Satta Party}}<br />
| [[Lok Satta Party|LSP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustan Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Hindustan Janata Party|HJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtravadi Janata Party}}<br />
| [[Rashtravadi Janata Party|RVNP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Jan Parishad}}<br />
| [[Samajwadi Jan Parishad|SWJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}<br />
| [[Samata Party|SAP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Swabhimani Paksha}}<br />
| [[Swabhimani Paksha|SWP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]<br />
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}<br />
| [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}<br />
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]<br />
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPI(K)]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}<br />
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]<br />
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India}}<br />
| [[Republican Party of India (Democratic)]]<br />
| [[Republican Party of India (Democratic)|RPI(D)]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}<br />
| [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Republican Ekta Manch}}<br />
| [[Bahujan Republican Ekta Manch|BREM]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}<br />
| [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
| Jan Surajya Shakti<br />
| JSS<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}<br />
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)}}<br />
| [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|AD]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party}}<br />
| [[Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party|SBSP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Justice Party}}<br />
| [[Indian Justice Party|IJP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh}}<br />
| [[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh|BMSM]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Minorities Front}}<br />
| [[All India Minorities Front|AIMF]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Democratic Secular Party}}<br />
| [[Democratic Secular Party|DESEP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Peace Party of India}}<br />
| [[Peace Party of India|Peace Party]]<br />
| [[Peace Party of India|PECP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}<br />
| [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party|GGP]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Professionals Party of India}}<br />
| [[Professionals Party of India|PRPI]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Shivrajya Party}}<br />
| SVRP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena}}<br />
| KKJHS<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Krantikari Congress}}<br />
| AIKC<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Prabuddha Republican Party}}<br />
| PRCP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Ambedkar National Congress}}<br />
| ANC<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Navbharat Nirman Party}}<br />
| NBNP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|National Lokhind Party}}<br />
| NLHP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Proutist Sarva Samaj Samiti}}<br />
| Proutist Sarva Samaj Party<br />
| PTSS<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party}}<br />
| RKSP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtrawadi Sena}}<br />
| RWS<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bhartiya Manavata Paksha}}<br />
| ABMP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Aihra National Party}}<br />
| AHNP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jawala Shakti Paksha}}<br />
| BJSP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Parivartan Party}}<br />
| BPP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Gondwana Mukti Sena}}<br />
| GMS<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustani Swaraj Party}}<br />
| HISWP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Bharati}}<br />
| LB<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Loksangram}}<br />
| LKSGM<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Minorities Democratic Party}}<br />
| MNDP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Nelopa (United)}}<br />
| Nelopa (United)<br />
| NEL(U)<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Peoples Party of India (Secular)}}<br />
| Peoples Party of India (Secular)<br />
| PPI(S)<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Aman Sena}}<br />
| RAS<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Republican Paksha (Khoripa)}}<br />
| Republican Paksha (Khoripa)<br />
| RP(K)<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Ektawadi)}}<br />
| Republican Party of India (Ektawadi)<br />
| RPI(E)<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Sant Sandesh Party}}<br />
| RSSDP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Shoshit Samaj Dal}}<br />
| SSD<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party}}<br />
| SVPP<br />
|-<br />
| {{Full party name with color|United Secular Congress Party of India}}<br />
| USCPI<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
<br />
=== Final results chart ===<br />
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:37%;" |'''82'''<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}; width:27%;" |'''62'''<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:15%;" |'''46'''<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; width:14%;" |'''44'''<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}; width:7|'''50'''<br />
|-<br />
|<span style="color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};">'''INC'''</span><br />
|<span style="color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}};">'''NCP'''</span><br />
|<span style="color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};">'''BJP'''</span><br />
|<span style="color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}};">'''SHS'''</span><br />
|<span style="color:{{party color|Others}};">'''OTH'''</span><br />
|}<br />
[[File:Alliance-wise Result of 2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election.png|399x399px]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"<br />
! colspan="9" |[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 2009.svg]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party<br />
! rowspan="2" |Leader<br />
! colspan="3" |MLAs<br />
! colspan="3" |Votes<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
!Of total<br />
! class="unsortable" |<br />
!<br />
!Of total<br />
! class="unsortable" |<br />
|-<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Ashok Chavan|<small>Ashok Chavan</small>]]<br />
|'''82'''<br />
|170<br />
|{{Composition bar|82|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|9,521,703<br />
|21.01%<br />
|{{percentage bar|21.01||c={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |<br />
|[[R. R. Patil|<small>R. R. Patil</small>]]<br />
|62<br />
|113<br />
|{{Composition bar|62|288|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|7,420,212<br />
|16.37%<br />
|{{percentage bar|16.37||c={{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Gopinath Munde|<small>Gopinath Munde</small>]]<br />
|46<br />
|119<br />
|{{Composition bar|46|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|6,352,147<br />
|14.02%<br />
|{{percentage bar|14.02||c={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
|[[Balasaheb Thackeray|<small>Balasaheb Thackeray</small>]]<br />
|44<br />
|160<br />
|{{Composition bar|44|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|7,369,030<br />
|16.26%<br />
|{{percentage bar|16.26||c={{party color|Shiv Sena}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |<br />
|[[Raj Thackeray|<small>Raj Thackeray</small>]]<br />
|13<br />
|143<br />
|{{Composition bar|13|288|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|2,585,597<br />
|5.71%<br />
|{{percentage bar|5.71||c={{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |<br />
|[[Jayant Prabhakar Patil|<small>Jayant Prabhakar Patil</small>]]<br />
|04<br />
|17<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|288|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|503,895<br />
|1.11%<br />
|{{percentage bar|1.11||c={{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |<br />
|[[Abu Azmi|<small>Abu Azmi</small>]]<br />
|04<br />
|31<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|337,378<br />
|0.74%<br />
|{{percentage bar|0.74||c={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jan Surajya Shakti]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}" |<br />
|<small>[[Vinay Kore]]</small><br />
|02<br />
|37<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|575,224<br />
|1.27%<br />
|{{percentage bar|1.27||c={{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}}" |<br />
|[[Hitendra Thakur|<small>Hitendra Thakur</small>]]<br />
|02<br />
|04<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|208,321<br />
|0.46%<br />
|{{percentage bar|0.46||c={{party color|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}" |<br />
|[[Prakash Ambedkar|<small>Prakash Ambedkar</small>]]<br />
|01<br />
|103<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|376,645<br />
|0.83%<br />
|{{percentage bar|0.83||c={{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|[[Rajaram Ozare|<small>Rajaram Ozare</small>]]<br />
|01<br />
|20<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|270,052<br />
|0.60%<br />
|{{percentage bar|0.83||c={{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}" |<br />
|<small>[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]]</small><br />
|01<br />
|26<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|187,126<br />
|0.41%<br />
|{{percentage bar|0.83||c={{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Swabhimani Paksha]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Swabhimani Paksha}}" |<br />
|[[Raju Shetti|<small>Raju Shetti</small>]]<br />
|01<br />
|14<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Swabhimani Paksha}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|352,101<br />
|0.78%<br />
|{{percentage bar|0.83||c={{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lok Sangram]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Anil Anna Gote|<small>Anil Anna Gote</small>]]<br />
|01<br />
|02<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|288|#00BBBF|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|60,924<br />
|0.13%<br />
|{{percentage bar|0.83||c={{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Independent politician|Independents]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Independents}}" |<br />
| -<br />
|24<br />
|1820<br />
|{{Composition bar|24|288|{{party color|Independent}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|7,023,817<br />
|15.50<br />
|{{percentage bar|15.50||c={{party color|Others}}|border-color=#c0c0c0|background-color=#f0f0f0}}<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!288<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!45,314,855<br />
!59.68%<br />
!<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Valid votes<br />
|45,314,850<br />
| 99.95%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Invalid votes<br />
| 23,095<br />
| 0.05%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''Votes cast / turnout'''<br />
| '''45,337,945'''<br />
| '''59.68%'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |Abstentions<br />
| 30,630,367<br />
| 40.32%<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |'''Registered voters'''<br />
| '''75,968,312'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="5" |Party<br />
![[Indian National Congress]]<br />
![[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
![[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:INC Logo.png|center|133x133px]]<br />
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|center|123x123px]]<br />
| [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|133x133px]]<br />
|[[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|center]]<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |Leader<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
![[R. R. Patil]]<br />
![[Gopinath Munde]]<br />
![[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
|-<br />
!Votes<br />
|'''21.01%'''<br />
|16.37%<br />
|14.02%<br />
|16.26%<br />
|-<br />
!Seats<br />
|{{Composition bar|82|288|hex=#00BFFF}}{{Increase}} 13<br />
|{{Composition bar|62|288|hex=#00B2B2}}{{Decrease}} 09<br />
|{{Composition bar|46|288|hex=#FF9933}}{{Decrease}} 08<br />
|{{Composition bar|44|288|hex=#F26F21}}{{Decrease}} 17<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== City Wise Results ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!City Name<br />
!Seats<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
! colspan="2" |Oth<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai]]<br />
|35<br />
|'''17'''<br />
|<br />
|03<br />
|<br />
|05<br />
|<br />
|04<br />
|<br />
|06<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pune]]<br />
|08<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagpur]]<br />
|06<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''04'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thane]]<br />
|05<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''03'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]<br />
|06<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nashik]]<br />
|08<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''03'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalyan-Dombivli]]<br />
|06<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation|Vasai-Virar City MC]]<br />
|02<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aurangabad]]<br />
|03<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
|02<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Solapur]]<br />
|03<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mira-Bhayandar]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation|Bhiwandi-Nizampur MC]]<br />
|03<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalgaon]]<br />
|05<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amravati]]<br />
|01<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nanded-Waghala|Nanded]]<br />
|03<br />
|'''03'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kolhapur]]<br />
|06<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ulhasnagar]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''01'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad]]<br />
|02<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malegaon]]<br />
|02<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Akola]]<br />
|02<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Latur]]<br />
|01<br />
|'''01'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dhule]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ahmednagar]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chandrapur]]<br />
|03<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''03'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Parbhani]]<br />
|03<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ichalkaranji]]<br />
|04<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]<br />
|03<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ambarnath]]<br />
|02<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhusawal]]<br />
|02<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Panvel]]<br />
|02<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Beed]]<br />
|05<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''04'''<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gondia]]<br />
|02<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Satara (city)|Satara]]<br />
|07<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|'''04'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|02<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Solapur]]<br />
|03<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Barshi]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''01'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yavatmal]]<br />
|03<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Achalpur]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''01'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Osmanabad]]<br />
|03<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nandurbar]]<br />
|04<br />
|'''02'''<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|01<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wardha]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''01'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Udgir]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''01'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hinganghat]]<br />
|01<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|'''01'''<br />
|<br />
|00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
!109<br />
!40<br />
!<br />
!14<br />
!<br />
!19<br />
!<br />
!21<br />
!<br />
!15<br />
!<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Type-wise results ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Type<br />
!Seats<br />
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
![[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
![[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
!OTH<br />
|-<br />
|GEN<br />
|235<br />
|'''64'''<br />
|52<br />
|36<br />
|33<br />
|50<br />
|-<br />
|SC<br />
|28<br />
|06<br />
|06<br />
|06<br />
|'''09'''<br />
|01<br />
|-<br />
|ST<br />
|25<br />
|'''12'''<br />
|04<br />
|04<br />
|02<br />
|03<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
!288<br />
!82<br />
!62<br />
!46<br />
!44<br />
!53<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Division-wise results ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Division Name<br />
!Seats<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
!Others<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amravati division]]<br />
|30<br />
|'''12'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 02<br />
|03<br />
|{{Decrease}} 06<br />
|05<br />
|{{Increase}} 01<br />
|05<br />
|{{Decrease}} 01<br />
|05<br />
|-<br />
|[[Aurangabad division]]<br />
|46<br />
|'''18'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 03<br />
|12<br />
|{{Decrease}} 06<br />
|02<br />
|{{Decrease}} 05<br />
|07<br />
|{{Decrease}} 01<br />
|07<br />
|-<br />
|[[Konkan division]]<br />
|75<br />
|'''19'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 07<br />
|11<br />
|{{Increase}} 03<br />
|09<br />
|{{Increase}} 06<br />
|13<br />
|{{Decrease}} 14<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagpur division]]<br />
|32<br />
|12<br />
|{{Decrease}} 04<br />
|02<br />
|{{Decrease}} 04<br />
|'''13'''<br />
|{{Decrease}} 07<br />
|03<br />
|{{Decrease}} 02<br />
|02<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nashik division]]<br />
|47<br />
|10<br />
|{{Increase}} 02<br />
|'''13'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 01<br />
|05<br />
|{{Decrease}} 06<br />
|11<br />
|{{Increase}} 03<br />
|08<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pune division]]<br />
|58<br />
|11<br />
|{{Increase}} 03<br />
|'''21'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 03<br />
|09<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|06<br />
|{{Decrease}} 02<br />
|12<br />
|-<br />
!Total Seats<br />
!288<br />
!82<br />
!{{Increase}} 13<br />
!62<br />
!{{Decrease}} 09<br />
!46<br />
!{{Decrease}} 08<br />
!45<br />
!{{Decrease}} 17<br />
!53<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== District-wise results ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Name of Division<br />
!District<br />
!Seats<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
!Others<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |[[Amravati Division]]<br />
|[[Akola district|Akola]]<br />
|5<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]<br />
|8<br />
|'''4'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]<br />
|7<br />
|2<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|2<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yavatmal]]<br />
|7<br />
|'''5'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 3<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[Washim district|Washim]]<br />
|3<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total Seats<br />
!30<br />
!12<br />
!{{Increase}} 2<br />
!3<br />
!{{Decrease}} 6<br />
!5<br />
!{{Increase}} 1<br />
!5<br />
!{{Decrease}} 1<br />
!5<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="8" |[[Aurangabad Division]]<br />
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]<br />
|9<br />
|'''3'''<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|[[Beed district|Beed]]<br />
|6<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|5<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]<br />
|5<br />
|1<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Decrease}} 3<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]<br />
|4<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nanded district|Nanded]]<br />
|9<br />
|'''6'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Latur district|Latur]]<br />
|6<br />
|'''4'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Parbhani]]<br />
|4<br />
|1<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]<br />
|3<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total Seats<br />
!46<br />
!''18''<br />
!{{Increase}} 3<br />
!12<br />
!{{Decrease}} 6<br />
!2<br />
!{{Decrease}} 5<br />
!7<br />
!{{Decrease}} 1<br />
!7<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |[[Konkan Division]]<br />
|[[Mumbai City]]<br />
|9<br />
|'''6'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 3<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 5<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]<br />
|26<br />
|'''11'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 3<br />
|2<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|4<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|4<br />
|{{Decrease}} 10<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thane district|Thane]]<br />
|24<br />
|1<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|'''6'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 4<br />
|4<br />
|{{Increase}} 4<br />
|'''5'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]<br />
|7<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]<br />
|3<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|'''3'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total Seats<br />
!69<br />
!''19''<br />
!{{Increase}} 7<br />
!11<br />
!{{Increase}} 3<br />
!9<br />
!{{Increase}} 6<br />
!13<br />
!{{Decrease}} 14<br />
!17<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="6" |[[Nagpur Division]]<br />
|[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]<br />
|3<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 3<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]<br />
|6<br />
|3<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|3<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]<br />
|3<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 3<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]<br />
|4<br />
|2<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]<br />
|12<br />
|3<br />
|{{Decrease}} 3<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|'''7'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 3<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]]<br />
|4<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 3<br />
|1<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total Seats<br />
!32<br />
!12<br />
!{{Decrease}} 4<br />
!2<br />
!{{Decrease}} 4<br />
!13<br />
!{{Decrease}} 7<br />
!3<br />
!{{Decrease}} 2<br />
!2<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |[[Nashik Division]]<br />
|[[Dhule]]<br />
|5<br />
|2<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]<br />
|11<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|'''5'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]<br />
|4<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nashik district|Nashik]]<br />
|15<br />
|3<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|3<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|4<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]<br />
|12<br />
|3<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|'''4'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 3<br />
|2<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|3<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total Seats<br />
!47<br />
!10<br />
!{{Increase}} 2<br />
!''13''<br />
!{{Increase}} 1<br />
!5<br />
!{{Decrease}} 6<br />
!11<br />
!{{Increase}} 3<br />
!8<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" |[[Pune Division]]<br />
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]<br />
|10<br />
|2<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|'''3'''<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|1<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|'''''3'''''<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pune district|Pune]]<br />
|21<br />
|4<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|'''7'''<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|3<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|3<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sangli district|Sangli]]<br />
|8<br />
|2<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|3<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Satara district|Satara]]<br />
|8<br />
|1<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|'''5'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 3<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]<br />
|11<br />
|2<br />
|{{Steady}} <br />
|'''4'''<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|2<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|0<br />
|{{Decrease}} 3<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Total Seats<br />
!58<br />
!11<br />
!{{Increase}} 3<br />
!21<br />
!{{Increase}} 3<br />
!9<br />
!{{Steady}}<br />
!6<br />
!{{Decrease}} 2<br />
!12<br />
|-<br />
!''288''<br />
!82<br />
!{{Increase}} 13<br />
!62<br />
!{{Decrease}} 9<br />
!46<br />
!{{Decrease}} 8<br />
!45<br />
!{{Decrease}} 17<br />
!53<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Region-wise break up ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! rowspan="3" |Region<br />
! rowspan="3" |Total seats<br />
! colspan="2" |[[File:INC Logo.png|70x70px]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|95x95px]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|87x87px]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|88x88px]]<br />
! rowspan="3" |Others<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Seats Won<br />
! colspan="2" |Seats Won<br />
! colspan="2" |Seats Won<br />
! colspan="2" |Seats Won<br />
|-<br />
|Western Maharashtra<br />
|70<br />
|14<br />
|{{Decrease}} 03<br />
|'''25'''<br />
|{{Decrease}} 01<br />
|11<br />
|{{Increase}} 03<br />
|09<br />
|{{Decrease}} 01<br />
|12<br />
|-<br />
|Vidarbha<br />
|62<br />
|'''24'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 05<br />
|05<br />
|{{Decrease}} 04<br />
|18<br />
|{{Decrease}} 01<br />
|08<br />
|{{Increase}} 04<br />
|07<br />
|-<br />
|Marathwada<br />
|46<br />
|'''18'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 11<br />
|12<br />
|{{Increase}} 02<br />
|02<br />
|{{Decrease}} 10<br />
|05<br />
|{{Decrease}} 09<br />
|07<br />
|-<br />
|Thane+Konkan<br />
|39<br />
|02<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|'''08'''<br />
|{{Decrease}} 03<br />
|06<br />
|{{Increase}} 02<br />
|08<br />
|{{Decrease}} 04<br />
|07<br />
|-<br />
|Mumbai<br />
|36<br />
|'''17'''<br />
|{{Increase}} 02<br />
|03<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|05<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|08<br />
|{{Decrease}} 01<br />
|06<br />
|-<br />
|North Maharashtra<br />
|35<br />
|07<br />
|{{Decrease}} 03<br />
|'''09'''<br />
|{{Decrease}} 03<br />
|04<br />
|{{Decrease}} 02<br />
|07<br />
|{{Decrease}} 06<br />
|08<br />
|-<br />
!'''Total'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Spoils of five-point duel|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020001027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 20, 2014|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref><br />
!'''288'''<br />
!'''''82'''''<br />
!{{Increase}} 13<br />
!'''''62'''''<br />
!{{Decrease}} 09<br />
!'''''46'''''<br />
!{{Decrease}} 08<br />
!'''''45'''''<br />
!{{Decrease}} 17<br />
!53<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! rowspan="3" |Region<br />
![[File:INC_Logo.png|70x70px]]<br />
![[File:Flag_of_Nationalist_Congress_Party.svg|95x95px]]<br />
! [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|87x87px]]<br />
![[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|88x88px]]<br />
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"<br />
![[Indian National Congress]]<br />
![[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
![[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br />
|-<br />
!Vote Share %<br />
!Vote Share %<br />
!Vote Share %<br />
!Vote Share %<br />
|-<br />
|Western Maharashtra<br />
|23.9%<br />
|44.3%<br />
|15%<br />
|16.7%<br />
|-<br />
|Vidarbha<br />
|43.06%<br />
|7.8%<br />
|34.3%<br />
|14.7%<br />
|-<br />
|Marathwada<br />
|47%<br />
|33.1%<br />
|9%<br />
|10.7%<br />
|-<br />
|Thane+Konkan<br />
|12.7%<br />
|37.8%<br />
|12.9%<br />
|36.4%<br />
|-<br />
|Mumbai<br />
|60.6%<br />
|9.2%<br />
|16.5%<br />
|13.5%<br />
|-<br />
|North Maharashtra<br />
|20.8%<br />
|43.4%<br />
|21.9%<br />
|13.7%<br />
|-<br />
!Avg.Vote Share<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Nandgaonkar |first1=Satish |last2=Hardikar |first2=Jaideep |last3=Goswami |first3=Samyabrata Ray |date=20 October 2014 |title=Spoils of five-point duel |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201042347/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-01}}</ref><br />
!34.68%<br />
!29.27%<br />
!18.27%<br />
!17.62%<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Alliance<br />
! colspan="3" |Party<br />
!Western Maharashtra<br />
!Vidarbha<br />
!Marathwada<br />
!Thane+Konkan<br />
!Mumbai<br />
!North Maharashtra<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''<br />
![[File:INC Logo.png|87x87px]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|14|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|24|62|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|18|46|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|02|39|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|17|36|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|07|35|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
![[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|85x85px]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|25|70|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|62|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|13|46|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|6|39|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|36|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|35|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''<br />
! [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|87x87px]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|70|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|21|62|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|6|46|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|5|36|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|35|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
![[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|88x88px]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br />
|{{Composition bar|10|70|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|62|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|46|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|15|39|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|36|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|35|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Others<br />
| style="color:inherit;background-color: {{party color|Others}}" |<br />
|Others<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|70|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|14|70|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|7|46|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|39|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|6|36|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|35|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Region<br />
!Total Seats<br />
! colspan="2" |[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[National Democratic Alliance]]<br />
! colspan="2" |Others<br />
|-<br />
|Western Maharashtra<br />
|70<br />
|{{Decrease}} 5<br />
|{{Composition bar|40|70|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|{{Composition bar|19|70|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Increase}} 3<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|70|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
|Vidarbha<br />
|62<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|23|62|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Decrease}} 7<br />
|{{Composition bar|25|62|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Increase}} 7<br />
|{{Composition bar|14|70|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
|Marathwada<br />
|46<br />
|{{Increase}} 4<br />
|{{Composition bar|30|46|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Decrease}} 9<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|46|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Increase}} 5<br />
|{{Composition bar|7|46|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
|Thane +Konkan<br />
|39<br />
|{{Increase}} 4<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|39|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Decrease}} 10<br />
|{{Composition bar|19|39|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|39|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
|Mumbai<br />
|36<br />
|{{Steady}}<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|36|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|{{Composition bar|16|36|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Decrease}} 1<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|36|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
|North Maharashtra<br />
|35<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|{{Composition bar|31|35|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Decrease}} 2<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|35|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|35|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
!{{Increase}} 4<br />
!{{Composition bar|144|288|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
!{{Decrease}} 15<br />
!{{Composition bar|91|288|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
!{{Increase}} 1<br />
!{{Composition bar|33|288|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Results by constituency===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Results<br />
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency<br />
! colspan="4" |Winner<br />
! colspan="4" |Runner Up<br />
! rowspan="2" |Margin<br />
|-<br />
! #<br />
! Name<br />
! Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! Votes<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" |[[Nandurbar district]]<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa]] (ST)<br />
| [[Kagda Chandya Padvi|K. C. Padavi]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|52273<br />
| Paradake Vijaysing Rupsing<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|49714<br />
|2559<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| [[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]] (ST)<br />
| Padmakar Vijaysing Valvi<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|51222<br />
|[[Udesingh Kocharu Padvi]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|38635<br />
|12587<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| [[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)<br />
|[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit|Vijaykumar Gavit]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|99323<br />
|Suhasini Natawadkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|75465<br />
|23858<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]] (ST)<br />
|Sharad Gavit<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
|75719<br />
|[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|74024<br />
|1695<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Dhule district]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| [[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]] (ST)<br />
|Yogendra Bhoye<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|57542<br />
|[[Manjula Gavit]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|38598<br />
|18944<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| [[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]]<br />
|Shard Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|100562<br />
|Rohidas Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|81580<br />
|18982<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
| [[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]]<br />
| [[Anil Anna Gote|Anil Gote]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BBBF" |<br />
|LSP{{Efn|Lok Sangram Party}}<br />
|59576<br />
|Rajwardhan Kadambande<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|30835<br />
|28741<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
| [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]<br />
| [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal|Jayakumar Rawal]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|85656<br />
|Shamkant Saner<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|34957<br />
|50699<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
| [[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]] (ST)<br />
| [[Kashiram Vechan Pawara|Kashiram Pawara]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|92088<br />
| Ranjitsinh Pawara<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|52275<br />
|39813<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Jalgaon district]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
| [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]] (ST)<br />
|Jagdishchandra Valvi<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|69636<br />
|D.P. Salunke<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|54798<br />
|14838<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
| [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]<br />
|Shirish Chaudhari<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|54115<br />
|Shobha Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|32579<br />
|21536<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
| [[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]] (SC)<br />
| [[Sanjay Waman Sawakare|Sanjay Sawakare]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|61875<br />
|Rajesh Dhanaji Zalte<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|57972<br />
|3903<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]]<br />
|[[Suresh Jain]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|64706<br />
|Manoj Dayaram Chaudhary<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|33301<br />
|31405<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
| [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]]<br />
|Gulabrao Deokar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|71556<br />
|[[Gulab Raghunath Patil|Gulabrao Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|66994<br />
|4562<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
| [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]<br />
|Krushibhushan Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|55084<br />
| [[Anil Bhaidas Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|44621<br />
|10463<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
| [[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]<br />
|[[Chimanrao Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|70708<br />
| [[Satish Bhaskarrao Patil|Satish Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|67410<br />
|3298<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
| [[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]<br />
|[[Rajivdada Deshmukh|Rajiv Deshmukh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|86505<br />
|Wadilal Rathod<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|78105<br />
|8400<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]<br />
|[[Dilip Wagh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|79715<br />
|Tatyassaheb R O Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|73501<br />
|6214<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
| [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]<br />
| [[Girish Dattatray Mahajan|Girish Mahajan]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|89040<br />
|Sanjay Garud<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|81523<br />
|7517<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]<br />
|[[Eknath Khadse]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|85708<br />
|Ravindra Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|67319<br />
|18389<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Buldhana district]]<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
| [[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]<br />
| [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti|Chainsukh Sancheti]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|61177<br />
|Shivchandra Tayade<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|49190<br />
|11987<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
| [[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]<br />
|Vijayraj Shinde<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|66524<br />
|Dhrupadrao Sawale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|58068<br />
|8456<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
| [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhli]]<br />
| [[Rahul Siddhvinayak Bondre|Rahul Bondre]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|76465<br />
|Prakash Jawanjal<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|48549<br />
|27916<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
| [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]<br />
|[[Rajendra Shingne]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|81808<br />
| [[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar|Shashikant Khedekar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|57658<br />
|24150<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
| [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]] (SC)<br />
| [[Sanjay Bhashkar Raimulkar|Sanjay Raimulkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|91475<br />
|Sahebrao Sardar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|58380<br />
|33095<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
| [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]<br />
|Dilipkumar Sananda<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|64051<br />
|Dhondiram Khandare<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|56131<br />
|7920<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
| [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]<br />
|[[Sanjay Kute]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|49224<br />
|Prasenjit Tayade<br />
| {{party color cell|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}<br />
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]<br />
|45177<br />
|4047<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Akola district]]<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
| [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]<br />
|Sanjay Gawande<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|37834<br />
|Sudhakar Gangane<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|36869<br />
|965<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
| [[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]<br />
| [[Baliram Sirskar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|39581<br />
|Rajaya Khateeb<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|37991<br />
|1590<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
| [[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]]<br />
| [[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma|Govardhan Sharma]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|44156<br />
|Ramakant Khetan<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|32246<br />
|11910<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
| [[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]]<br />
|Haridas Bhade<br />
| {{party color cell|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}<br />
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]<br />
|48438<br />
|Gulabrao Gawande<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|34194<br />
|14244<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
| [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]] (SC)<br />
| [[Harish Marotiappa Pimple|Harish Pimple]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|50333<br />
|Baldev Palaspagar<br />
| {{party color cell|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}<br />
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]<br />
|34975<br />
|15358<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Washim district]]<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
| [[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]<br />
|[[Subhash Zanak]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|51234<br />
|Anantrao Deshmukh<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|48194<br />
|3040<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
| [[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]] (SC)<br />
| [[Lakhan Sahadeo Malik|Lakhan Malik]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|65174<br />
|Alka Makasare<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|40945<br />
|24229<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
| [[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]<br />
|[[Prakash Dahake]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|62658<br />
| [[Rajendra Sukhanad Patni|Rajendra Patni]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|32283<br />
|30375<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Amravati district]]<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
| [[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamamgaon Railway]]<br />
| [[Virendra Jagtap]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|72755<br />
|[[Arun Adsad]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|59307<br />
|13448<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
| [[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]<br />
| [[Ravi Rana]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|73031<br />
|[[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke|Sulbha Khodke]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|54260<br />
|18771<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
| [[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]<br />
|[[Raosaheb Shekhawat]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|61331<br />
| [[Sunil Deshmukh]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|55717<br />
|5614<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
| [[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]]<br />
| [[Yashomati Chandrakant Thakur|Yashomati Thakur]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|73054<br />
|Band Sanjay<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|46924<br />
|26130<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
| [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]] (SC)<br />
|[[Abhijit Adsul]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|40606<br />
|[[Balwant Baswant Wankhade|Balwant Wankhade]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|25948<br />
|14658<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
| [[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]] (ST)<br />
|Kewalram Kale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|63619<br />
|[[Rajkumar Dayaram Patel]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|62909<br />
|710<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
| [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]<br />
|[[Bachchu Kadu]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|60627<br />
|Wasudha Deshmukh<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|54884<br />
|5743<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
| [[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]<br />
| [[Anil Sukhdevrao Bonde|Anil Bonde]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|43905<br />
|Nareshchandra Thakre<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|37870<br />
|6035<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Wardha district]]<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
| [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]<br />
|Dadarao Keche<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|71694<br />
| [[Amar Sharadrao Kale|Amar Kale]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|68564<br />
|3130<br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
| [[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]]<br />
| [[Ranjit Kamble]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|58575<br />
|[[Ramdas Tadas]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|54829<br />
|3746<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
| [[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]<br />
|Ashok Shinde<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|51285<br />
| [[Samir Trambakrao Kunawar|Samir Kunawar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|49864<br />
|1421<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
| [[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]<br />
|Suresh Deshmukh<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|52085<br />
|Shekhar Shende<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|40420<br />
|11665<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Nagpur district]]<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
| [[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]<br />
|[[Anil Deshmukh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|68143<br />
|Charansing Thakur<br />
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}<br />
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]<br />
|35940<br />
|32203<br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
| [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]<br />
| [[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar|Sunil Kedar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|82452<br />
|[[Ashish Deshmukh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|78980<br />
|3472<br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
| [[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]]<br />
|Vijaybabu Ghodmare<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|65039<br />
|Rameshchandra Bang<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|64339<br />
|700<br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
| [[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]] (SC)<br />
| [[Sudhir Laxmanrao Parwe|Sudhir Parwe]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|85416<br />
|Shirish Meshram<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|40720<br />
|44696<br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
| [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]<br />
| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|89258<br />
|[[Vikas Pandurang Thakre|Vikas Thakre]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|61483<br />
|27775<br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
| [[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]] <br />
|Dinanath Padole<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|69711<br />
|Kishor Kumeriya<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|39316<br />
|30395<br />
|-<br />
|54<br />
| [[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]<br />
| [[Krishna Khopde]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|88814<br />
|[[Satish Chaturvedi]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|53598<br />
|35216<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
| [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]<br />
| [[Vikas Kumbhare]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|56312<br />
|Ramchandra Deoghare<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|45521<br />
|10791<br />
|-<br />
|56<br />
| [[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]<br />
| [[Sudhakar Deshmukh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|59955<br />
|Anees Ahmed<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|57976<br />
|1979<br />
|-<br />
|57<br />
| [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]] (SC)<br />
|[[Nitin Raut]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|57929<br />
|Rajesh Tambe<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|40067<br />
|17862<br />
|-<br />
|58<br />
| [[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]<br />
| [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|95080<br />
|Ramesh Gawande<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|63987<br />
|31093<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
| [[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]<br />
|[[Ashish Jaiswal]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|49937<br />
|[[Subodh Mohite]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|46576<br />
|3361<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Bhandara district]]<br />
|-<br />
|60<br />
| [[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]<br />
|Anil Bawankar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|66557<br />
|[[Madhukar Kukde]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|59940<br />
|6617<br />
|-<br />
|61<br />
| [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]] (SC)<br />
|[[Narendra Bhondekar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|103880<br />
|Mahendra Gadkari<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|52326<br />
|51554<br />
|-<br />
|62<br />
| [[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]<br />
|[[Nana Patole]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|122168<br />
|Sevak Waghaye<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|59253<br />
|62915<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Gondia district]]<br />
|-<br />
|63<br />
| [[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni-Morgaon]] (SC)<br />
| [[Rajkumar Badole]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|69856<br />
|Ramlal Raut<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|53549<br />
|16307<br />
|-<br />
|64<br />
| [[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]<br />
|[[Khushal Bopche]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|56450<br />
|Sushilkumar Rahangdale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|55827<br />
|623<br />
|-<br />
|65<br />
| [[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]<br />
| [[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal|Gopaldas Agrawal]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|75921<br />
|Rameshkumar Kuthe<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|65950<br />
|9971<br />
|-<br />
|66<br />
| [[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]] (ST)<br />
|Ramrtanbapu Raut<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|64975<br />
|Ramesh Taram<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|58158<br />
|6817<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Gadchiroli district]]<br />
|-<br />
|67<br />
| [[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]] (ST)<br />
|Anandrao Gedam<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|41257<br />
|Surendrasingh Chandel<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|35702<br />
|5555<br />
|-<br />
|68<br />
| [[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]] (ST)<br />
|Namdeo Usendi<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|67542<br />
|[[Ashok Nete]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|66582<br />
|960<br />
|-<br />
|69<br />
| [[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri]] (ST)<br />
|Dipak Atram<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|61894<br />
|Dharmaraobaba Atram<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|36697<br />
|25197<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Chandrapur district]]<br />
|-<br />
|70<br />
| [[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]<br />
|[[Subhash Dhote]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|61476<br />
| [[Sanjay Yadaorao Dhote|Sanjay Dhote]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Bharat Paksh}}<br />
|[[Swatantra Bharat Paksh|SBP]]<br />
|45389<br />
|16087<br />
|-<br />
|71<br />
| [[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] (SC)<br />
| [[Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule|Nanaji Shamkule]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|67255<br />
|Bita Ramteke<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|51845<br />
|15410<br />
|-<br />
|72<br />
| [[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]]<br />
| [[Sudhir Mungantiwar]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|86196<br />
|Rahul Pugliya<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|61460<br />
|24736<br />
|-<br />
|73<br />
| [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Brahmapuri]]<br />
|Atul Deshkar<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|50340<br />
|Sandeep Gaddamwar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|44,845<br />
|5495<br />
|-<br />
|74<br />
| [[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]<br />
| [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar|Vijay Wadettiwar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|89341<br />
|Vasant Warjurkar<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|58725<br />
|30616<br />
|-<br />
|75<br />
| [[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]]<br />
|Sanjay Deotale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|51904<br />
| [[Suresh Narayan Dhanorkar|Suresh Dhanorkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|48164<br />
|3740<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Yavatmal district]]<br />
|-<br />
|76<br />
|[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]<br />
|Wamanrao Kasawar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|55666<br />
|Vishwas Nandekar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|45226<br />
|10440<br />
|-<br />
|77<br />
| [[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]] (ST)<br />
|Vasant Purake<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|74622<br />
| [[Ashok Uike]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|34204<br />
|40418<br />
|-<br />
|78<br />
| [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]<br />
|Nilesh Deshmukh Parwekar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|56370<br />
| [[Madan Yerawar]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|36495<br />
|19875<br />
|-<br />
|79<br />
| [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]<br />
| [[Sanjay Rathod]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|104134<br />
|[[Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh|Sanjay Deshmukh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|49989<br />
|54145<br />
|-<br />
|80<br />
| [[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]] (ST)<br />
|[[Shivajirao Moghe]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|90882<br />
|Uttam Ingale<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|53301<br />
|37581<br />
|-<br />
|81<br />
| [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]<br />
| [[Manohar Naik]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|77136<br />
|Aarti Phupate<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|46296<br />
|30840<br />
|-<br />
|82<br />
| [[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]] (SC)<br />
|Vijayrao Khadse<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|66882<br />
| [[Rajendra Waman Najardhane|Rajendra Najardhane]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|59507<br />
|7375<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Nanded district]]<br />
|-<br />
|83<br />
| [[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]<br />
|[[Pradeep Hemsingh Jadhav|Pradeep Jadhav]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|69645<br />
|[[Bhimrao Keram]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|51483<br />
|18162<br />
|-<br />
|84<br />
| [[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]<br />
|[[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil|Madhavrao Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|96584<br />
|Baburao Kadam Kohalikar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|51803<br />
|44781<br />
|-<br />
|85<br />
| [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]<br />
|[[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|120849<br />
|[[Madhavrao Bhujangrao Kinhalkar|Madhavrao Kinhalkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|13346<br />
|107503<br />
|-<br />
|86<br />
| [[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]]<br />
| [[D. P. Sawant]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|67052<br />
|Anusaya Khedkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|22970<br />
|44082<br />
|-<br />
|87<br />
| [[Nanded South (Vidhan Sabha consittuency)|Nanded South]]<br />
|Omprakash Pokarna<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|71367<br />
|[[Hemant Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|53904<br />
|17463<br />
|-<br />
|88<br />
| [[Loha Assembly constituency|Loha]]<br />
|Shankar Dhondge<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|81539<br />
|[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar|Prataprao Chikhalikar]]<br />
|bgcolor=383529|<br />
|LB{{Efn|Lok Bharati}}<br />
|72175<br />
|9364<br />
|-<br />
|89<br />
| [[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]<br />
| [[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|63534<br />
|[[Srinivas Alias Bapusaheb Balajirao Gorthekar Deshmukh|Bapusaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|52414<br />
|11120<br />
|-<br />
|90<br />
| [[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]] (SC)<br />
|[[Raosaheb Antapurkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|64409<br />
| [[Subhash Piraji Sabne|Subhash Sabne]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|58398<br />
|6011<br />
|-<br />
|91<br />
| [[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]<br />
|Hanmanthrao Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|66013<br />
| [[Govind Mukkaji Rathod|Govind Rathod]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|64797<br />
|1216<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Hingoli district]]<br />
|-<br />
|92<br />
| [[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]<br />
|Jayprakash Raosaheb Dandegaonkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|81357<br />
| [[Jaiprakash Shankarlal Mundada|Jaiprakash Mundada]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|78513<br />
|2844<br />
|-<br />
|93<br />
| [[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]<br />
|[[Rajeev Satav]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|67804<br />
|Gajanan Ghuge<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|59577<br />
|8227<br />
|-<br />
|94<br />
| [[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]<br />
|Bhaurao Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|58755<br />
| [[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule|Tanaji Mutkule]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|54810<br />
|3945<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Parbhani district]]<br />
|-<br />
|95<br />
| [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]<br />
|Ramprasad Kadam<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|76427<br />
| [[Vijay Manikrao Bhamale|Vijay Bhamale]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|75202<br />
|1225<br />
|-<br />
|96<br />
| [[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]<br />
|[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav|Sanjay Jadhav]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|66021<br />
|Vikhar Ahemad<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|45498<br />
|20523<br />
|-<br />
|97<br />
| [[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]<br />
|Sitaram Ghandat<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|80404<br />
| [[Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre|Madhusudan Kendre]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|61524<br />
|18880<br />
|-<br />
|98<br />
| [[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]<br />
|[[Mira Renge]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|89056<br />
|[[Babajani Durani]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|78031<br />
|11025<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Jalna district]]<br />
|-<br />
|99<br />
| [[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]<br />
|Sureshkumar Jethaliya<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|42702<br />
| [[Babanrao Lonikar]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|31200<br />
|11502<br />
|-<br />
|100<br />
| [[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi]]<br />
| [[Rajesh Tope (politician)|Rajesh Tope]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|104206<br />
|[[Arjun Khotkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|80899<br />
|23307<br />
|-<br />
|101<br />
| [[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]<br />
|Kailas Gorantyal<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|74400<br />
|Bhaskar Ambekar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|53629<br />
|20771<br />
|-<br />
|102<br />
| [[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]] (SC)<br />
|Santosh Sambre<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|56242<br />
|Sudamrao Sandu<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|37334<br />
|18908<br />
|-<br />
|103<br />
| [[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]<br />
|Chandrakant Danve<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|67480<br />
|Nirmala Danve<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|65841<br />
|1639<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]<br />
|-<br />
|104<br />
| [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]<br />
| [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|98131<br />
|Suresh Bankar<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|71378<br />
|26753<br />
|-<br />
|105<br />
| [[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]<br />
| [[Harshvardhan Jadhav]] <br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|46106<br />
|[[Udaysingh Rajput]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|41999<br />
|4107<br />
|-<br />
|106<br />
| [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]<br />
|[[Kalyan Kale]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|63236<br />
| [[Haribhau Bagade]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|60649<br />
|2587<br />
|-<br />
|107<br />
| [[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad Central]]<br />
|[[Pradeep Jaiswal]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|49965<br />
|Abdul Kadeer<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|41581<br />
|8384<br />
|-<br />
|108<br />
| [[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]] (SC)<br />
| [[Sanjay Shirsat]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|58008<br />
|Chandrabhan Parkhe<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|43797<br />
|14211<br />
|-<br />
|109<br />
| [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]<br />
|[[Rajendra Darda]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|48190<br />
|[[Bhagwat Karad]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|32965<br />
|15225<br />
|-<br />
|110<br />
| [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]<br />
|Sanjay Waghchaure<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|64179<br />
| [[Sandipanrao Bhumre]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|50517<br />
|13662<br />
|-<br />
|111<br />
| [[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]<br />
|[[Prashant Bamb]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|53067<br />
|Annasaheb Mane Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|29568<br />
|23499<br />
|-<br />
|112<br />
| [[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]<br />
|[[Rangnath Wani|RM Wani]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|51379<br />
|[[Bhausaheb Patil Chikatgaonkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|50154<br />
|1225<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Nashik district]]<br />
|-<br />
|113<br />
| [[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]<br />
| [[Pankaj Bhujbal]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|96292<br />
|Sanjay Pawar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|74923<br />
|21369<br />
|-<br />
|114<br />
| [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]]<br />
|[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
|JSS{{Efn|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
|71157<br />
|Shaikh Rasheed Haji Shaikh Shafi<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|53238<br />
|17919<br />
|-<br />
|115<br />
| [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]]<br />
| [[Dadaji Bhuse]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|95137<br />
|Prashant Hiray<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|65073<br />
|30064<br />
|-<br />
|116<br />
| [[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]] (ST)<br />
|Umaji Borse<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|55022<br />
|Sanjay Chavan<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|52460<br />
|2562<br />
|-<br />
|117<br />
| [[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]] (ST)<br />
|[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar|Arjun Pawar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|74388<br />
|[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|58135<br />
|16253<br />
|-<br />
|118<br />
| [[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandvad]]<br />
|Shirishkumar Kotwal<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|57655<br />
|Uttam Bhalerao<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|39345<br />
|18310<br />
|-<br />
|119<br />
| [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]<br />
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|106416<br />
|Manikrao Shinde Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|56236<br />
|50180<br />
|-<br />
|120<br />
| [[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]<br />
|Manikrao Kokate<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|75630<br />
|Prakash Waje<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|72800<br />
|2830<br />
|-<br />
|121<br />
| [[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]<br />
| [[Anil Kadam]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|90065<br />
|Dilip Bankar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|56920<br />
|33145<br />
|-<br />
|122<br />
| [[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]] (ST)<br />
|[[Dhanraj Mahale]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|68569<br />
|[[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram|Narhari Zirwal]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|68420<br />
|149<br />
|-<br />
|123<br />
| [[Nashik East Assembly constituency|Nashik East]]<br />
|[[Uttamrao Dhikale]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|47924<br />
| [[Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|29189<br />
|18735<br />
|-<br />
|124<br />
| [[Nashik Central Assembly constituency|Nashik Central]]<br />
|[[Vasantrao Gite]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|62167<br />
|Shobha Bachchhav<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|30998<br />
|31169<br />
|-<br />
|125<br />
| [[Nashik West Assembly constituency|Nashik West]]<br />
|Nitin Bhosale<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|52855<br />
|Nana Mahale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|28117<br />
|24738<br />
|-<br />
|126<br />
| [[Devlali Assembly constituency|Devlali]] (SC)<br />
|Baban Gholap<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|45761<br />
|Nanasaheb Sonawane<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|35641<br />
|10120<br />
|-<br />
|127<br />
| [[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]] (ST)<br />
| [[Nirmala Gavit]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|29155<br />
|Kashinath Mengal<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|25433<br />
|3722<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Thane district|Thane]] + [[Palghar district]]<br />
|-<br />
|128<br />
| [[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]] (ST)<br />
|[[Rajaram Ozare]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|62530<br />
|[[Krushna Ghoda]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|46350<br />
|16180<br />
|-<br />
|129<br />
| [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad]] (ST)<br />
|[[Chintaman Vanaga]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|47371<br />
|Chandrakant Bhusara<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|42339<br />
|5032<br />
|-<br />
|130<br />
| [[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]] (ST)<br />
|[[Rajendra Gavit]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|55665<br />
|Manisha Nimkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|34694<br />
|20971<br />
|-<br />
|131<br />
| [[Boisar Assembly constituency|Boisar]] (ST)<br />
| [[Vilas Tare]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}<br />
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]<br />
|53727<br />
|Sunil Dhanava<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|40649<br />
|13078<br />
|-<br />
|132<br />
| [[Nalasopara Assembly constituency|Nalasopara]]<br />
| [[Kshitij Thakur]] <br />
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}<br />
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]<br />
|89284<br />
|Shrish Chavan<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|48502<br />
|40782<br />
|-<br />
|133<br />
| [[Vasai Assembly constituency|Vasai]]<br />
|[[Vivek Raghunath Pandit|Vivek Pandit]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|81358<br />
|Narayan Mankar<br />
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}<br />
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]<br />
|64560<br />
|16798<br />
|-<br />
|134<br />
| [[Bhiwandi Rural Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi Rural]] (ST)<br />
| [[Vishnu Savara]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|47095<br />
|Shantaram Dundaram Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|44804<br />
|2291<br />
|-<br />
|135<br />
| [[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]] (ST)<br />
|[[Daulat Daroda]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|58334<br />
| [[Pandurang Barora]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|46065<br />
|12269<br />
|-<br />
|136<br />
| [[Bhiwandi West Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi West]]<br />
| Rashid Tahir Momin<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
|30825<br />
|Sainath Pawar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|29134<br />
|1691<br />
|-<br />
|137<br />
| [[Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi East]]<br />
| [[Abu Azmi]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
|37584<br />
|Yogesh Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|24599<br />
|12985<br />
|-<br />
|138<br />
| [[Kalyan West Assembly constituency|Kalyan West]]<br />
|Prakash Bhoir<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|41111<br />
|Rajendra Deolekar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|35562<br />
|5549<br />
|-<br />
|139<br />
| [[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]<br />
| [[Kisan Kathore]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|55830<br />
|Gotiram Padu Pawar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|49288<br />
|6542<br />
|-<br />
|140<br />
| [[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]] (SC)<br />
| [[Balaji Kinikar]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|50470<br />
|Mahesh Tapase<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|30491<br />
|19979<br />
|-<br />
|141<br />
| [[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]<br />
|[[Kumar Ailani]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|45257<br />
|[[Pappu Kalani|Suresh Kalani]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|37719<br />
|7538<br />
|-<br />
|142<br />
| [[Kalyan East Assembly constituency|Kalyan East]]<br />
| [[Ganpat Gaikwad]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|60592<br />
|Pundlik Mhatre<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|36106<br />
|24486<br />
|-<br />
|143<br />
| [[Dombivali Assembly constituency|Dombivali]]<br />
| [[Ravindra Chavan]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|61104<br />
|Rajesh Kadam<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|48777<br />
|12327<br />
|-<br />
|144<br />
|[[Kalyan Rural Assembly constituency|Kalyan Rural]]<br />
|Ramesh Ratan Patil<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|51149<br />
|Ramesh Mhatre<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|41642<br />
|9507<br />
|-<br />
|145<br />
| [[Mira Bhayandar Assembly constituency|Mira Bhayandar]]<br />
|[[Gilbert Mendonca]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|62013<br />
| [[Narendra Mehta]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|51409<br />
|10604<br />
|-<br />
|146<br />
| [[Ovala-Majiwada Assembly constituency|Ovala-Majiwada]]<br />
| [[Pratap Sarnaik]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|52373<br />
|Sudhakar Chavan<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|43332<br />
|9041<br />
|-<br />
|147<br />
| [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]<br />
| [[Eknath Shinde]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|73502<br />
|Manoj Shinde<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|40726<br />
|32776<br />
|-<br />
|148<br />
| [[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]<br />
|[[Rajan Vichare]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|51010<br />
|[[Rajan Raje]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|48569<br />
|2441<br />
|-<br />
|149<br />
| [[Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency|Mumbra-Kalwa]]<br />
| [[Jitendra Awhad]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|61510<br />
|Rajan Kine<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|38850<br />
|15689<br />
|-<br />
|150<br />
| [[Airoli Assembly constituency|Airoli]]<br />
| [[Sandeep Naik]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|79075<br />
|[[Vijay Chougule]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|67118<br />
|11957<br />
|-<br />
|151<br />
| [[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]<br />
|[[Ganesh Naik]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|59685<br />
|[[Suresh Kashinath Haware|Suresh Haware]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|46812<br />
|12873<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Mumbai Suburban district]]<br />
|-<br />
|152<br />
| [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]<br />
|[[Gopal Shetty]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|68926<br />
|Nayan Kadam<br />
|{{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|38699<br />
|30227<br />
|-<br />
|153<br />
| [[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]]<br />
|[[Vinod Ghosalkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|60069<br />
|Yogesh Dube<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|43913<br />
|16156<br />
|-<br />
|154<br />
| [[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]]<br />
|[[Pravin Darekar]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|58310<br />
|[[Prakash Surve]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|45325<br />
|12985<br />
|-<br />
|155<br />
| [[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]<br />
| [[Tara Singh (Mumbai politician)|Sardar Tara Singh]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|65748<br />
|Satyavan Dalvi<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|37772<br />
|27976<br />
|-<br />
|156<br />
| [[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]]<br />
| Mangesh Sangle<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|53125<br />
|Pallavi Sanjay Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|32713<br />
|20412<br />
|-<br />
|157<br />
| [[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]]<br />
|[[Shishir Shinde]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|68302<br />
|[[Shiwajirao Nalawade]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|37359<br />
|30943<br />
|-<br />
|158<br />
| [[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]]<br />
| [[Ravindra Waikar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|64318<br />
|[[Bhai Jagtap]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|50543<br />
|13775<br />
|-<br />
|159<br />
|[[Dindoshi Assembly constituency|Dindoshi]]<br />
|Rajhans Singh<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|46278<br />
|[[Sunil Prabhu]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|40413<br />
|5865<br />
|-<br />
|160<br />
| [[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]]<br />
|Thakur Ramesh Singh<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|50138<br />
|Jaiprakash Thakur<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|38832<br />
|11306<br />
|-<br />
|161<br />
| [[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]]<br />
| [[Yogesh Sagar]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|58687<br />
|Bharat Parekh<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|42324<br />
|16363<br />
|-<br />
|162<br />
| [[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]]<br />
| [[Aslam Shaikh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|51635<br />
|R U Singh<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|23940<br />
|27695<br />
|-<br />
|163<br />
| [[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]<br />
|[[Subhash Desai]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|69117<br />
|Sharad Rao<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|44302<br />
|24815<br />
|-<br />
|164<br />
| [[Versova Constituency|Versova]]<br />
|[[Baldev Khosa]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|44814<br />
|Yashodhar Phanse<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|32784<br />
|12030<br />
|-<br />
|165<br />
| [[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]<br />
|Ashok Jadhav<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|59899<br />
|Vishnu V Korgaonkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|27741<br />
|32158<br />
|-<br />
|166<br />
| [[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]]<br />
|[[Suresh Shetty]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|55990<br />
| [[Ramesh Latke]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|50837<br />
|5153<br />
|-<br />
|167<br />
| [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]<br />
|Krishna Hegde<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|44338<br />
|[[Vinayak Raut]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|42634<br />
|1704<br />
|-<br />
|168<br />
| [[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]]<br />
| [[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif (Naseem) Khan]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|82616<br />
|[[Dilip Lande]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|48901<br />
|33715<br />
|-<br />
|169<br />
| [[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]]<br />
| [[Ram Kadam]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|60343<br />
|[[Poonam Mahajan]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|34115<br />
|26228<br />
|-<br />
|170<br />
| [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]]<br />
| [[Prakash Mehta]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|43600<br />
|Virendra Bakshi<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|33185<br />
|10415<br />
|-<br />
|171<br />
| [[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]]<br />
| [[Abu Azmi]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |<br />
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br />
|38435<br />
|Syed Ahmad<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|24318<br />
|14117<br />
|-<br />
|172<br />
| [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]]<br />
|[[Nawab Malik]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|38928<br />
| [[Tukaram Ramkrishna Kate|Tukaram Kate]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|32103<br />
|6825<br />
|-<br />
|173<br />
| [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]<br />
|[[Chandrakant Handore]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|47431<br />
|Anil Chauhan<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|29465<br />
|17966<br />
|-<br />
|174<br />
| [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]] (SC)<br />
|[[Milind Anna Kamble|Milind Kamble]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|41891<br />
| [[Mangesh Kudalkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|34920<br />
|6971<br />
|-<br />
|175<br />
| [[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]]<br />
|[[Kripashankar Singh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|51205<br />
|Chandrakant More<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|38284<br />
|12921<br />
|-<br />
|176<br />
| [[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]]<br />
| [[Bala Sawant]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|45659<br />
|Janardan Chandurkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|38239<br />
|7420<br />
|-<br />
|177<br />
| [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]<br />
|[[Baba Siddique]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|59659<br />
| [[Ashish Shelar]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|57968<br />
|1691<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Mumbai City district]]<br />
|-<br />
|178<br />
| [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] (SC)<br />
| [[Varsha Gaikwad]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|52492<br />
|Raibage Manohar Kedari<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|42782<br />
|9710<br />
|-<br />
|179<br />
| [[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]<br />
|Jagannath Shetty<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|45638<br />
|[[Manisha Kayande]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|27615<br />
|18023<br />
|-<br />
|180<br />
| [[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]]<br />
| [[Kalidas Kolambkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|55795<br />
|Digambar Kandarkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|25765<br />
|30030<br />
|-<br />
|181<br />
| [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]<br />
|[[Nitin Sardesai]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|48734<br />
| [[Sada Sarvankar]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|39808<br />
|8926<br />
|-<br />
|182<br />
| [[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]<br />
|[[Sachin Ahir]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|52398<br />
|Ashish Chemburkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|47104<br />
|5294<br />
|-<br />
|183<br />
| [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]<br />
|[[Bala Nandgaonkar]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|64375<br />
|Dagadu Sakpal<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|57912<br />
|6463<br />
|-<br />
|184<br />
| [[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]]<br />
|Madhukar Chavan<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|36302<br />
|Sanjay Naik<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|27198<br />
|9104<br />
|-<br />
|185<br />
| [[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]<br />
| [[Mangal Lodha]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|58530<br />
|Rajkumar Bafna<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|33971<br />
|24559<br />
|-<br />
|186<br />
| [[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]<br />
| [[Amin Patel]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|45285<br />
|Anil Padwal<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|28646<br />
|16639<br />
|-<br />
|187<br />
| [[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]<br />
|[[Annie Shekhar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|39779<br />
| [[Raj K. Purohit]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|31722<br />
|8057<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Raigad district]]<br />
|-<br />
|188<br />
| [[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]<br />
| [[Prashant Thakur]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|80671<br />
|Balaram Patil<br />
|{{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India|PWPI]]<br />
|67710<br />
|12961<br />
|-<br />
|189<br />
| [[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]<br />
| [[Suresh Narayan Lad|Suresh Lad]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|41727<br />
|[[Devendra Satam]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|25917<br />
|15810<br />
|-<br />
|190<br />
| [[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]]<br />
|[[Vivek Patil]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India|PWPI]]<br />
|82017<br />
|Shyam Mhatre<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|61992<br />
|20025<br />
|-<br />
|191<br />
| [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]<br />
| Dhairyashil Patil <br />
|{{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India|PWPI]]<br />
|60757<br />
|[[Ravisheth Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|53141<br />
|7616<br />
|-<br />
|192<br />
| [[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]<br />
|Meenakshi Patil<br />
|{{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India|PWPI]]<br />
|93173<br />
|Thakur Madhukar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|69025<br />
|24148<br />
|-<br />
|193<br />
| [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]<br />
|[[Sunil Tatkare]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|66141<br />
|Tukaram Surve<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|55270<br />
|10871<br />
|-<br />
|194<br />
| [[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]<br />
| [[Bharatshet Gogawale]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|85650<br />
|Manik Jagtap<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|71600<br />
|14050<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Pune district]]<br />
|-<br />
|195<br />
| [[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]<br />
|[[Vallabh Benke]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|79360<br />
|Asha Buchake<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|72902<br />
|6458<br />
|-<br />
|196<br />
| [[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]<br />
| [[Dilip Walse-Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|99851<br />
|Kalpana Adhalrao Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|62502<br />
|37349<br />
|-<br />
|197<br />
| [[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]<br />
|Dilip Mohite<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|64726<br />
|Ashok Khandebharad<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|43934<br />
|20792<br />
|-<br />
|198<br />
| [[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]<br />
|[[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|53936<br />
| [[Baburao Pacharne]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|46369<br />
|7567<br />
|-<br />
|199<br />
| [[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]<br />
|Ramesh Thorat<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|85764<br />
|[[Rahul Kul]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|68322<br />
|17442<br />
|-<br />
|200<br />
| [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]<br />
|[[Harshvardhan Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|92729<br />
| [[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne|Dattatray Bharne]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|84769<br />
|7960<br />
|-<br />
|201<br />
| [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]<br />
| [[Ajit Pawar]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|128544<br />
|Ranjankumar Taware<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|25747<br />
|102797<br />
|-<br />
|202<br />
| [[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]<br />
| [[Vijay Shivtare]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|67998<br />
|Digambar Durgade<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|44529<br />
|23469<br />
|-<br />
|203<br />
| [[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]<br />
| [[Sangram Anantrao Thopate|Sangram Thopate]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|59041<br />
|Sharad Dhamale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|40461<br />
|18580<br />
|-<br />
|204<br />
| [[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]<br />
| [[Bala Bhegade]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|83158<br />
|Bapu Bhegde<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|68840<br />
|14318<br />
|-<br />
|205<br />
| [[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]]<br />
| [[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap|Laxman Jagtap]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|78741<br />
|[[Shrirang Barne]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|72166<br />
|6575<br />
|-<br />
|206<br />
| [[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]] (SC)<br />
|[[Anna Bansode]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|61061<br />
|[[Amar Shankar Sable]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|51534<br />
|9527<br />
|-<br />
|207<br />
| [[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]]<br />
|Vilas Lande<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|50472<br />
|Sulabha Ubale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|49200<br />
|1272<br />
|-<br />
|208<br />
| [[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]]<br />
|[[Bapusaheb Pathare]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|72034<br />
|Ajay Bhosale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|38918<br />
|33116<br />
|-<br />
|209<br />
| [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]<br />
|[[Vinayak Nimhan]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|50918<br />
|Vikas Mathkari<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|30388<br />
|20530<br />
|-<br />
|210<br />
| [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]]<br />
|[[Chandrakant Mokate]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|52055<br />
|Kishor Shinde<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|44843<br />
|7212<br />
|-<br />
|211<br />
| [[Khadakwasala Assembly constituency|Khadakwasala]]<br />
|[[Ramesh Wanjale]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|79006<br />
|Vikas Dangat<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|56488<br />
|22518<br />
|-<br />
|212<br />
| [[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]<br />
| [[Madhuri Misal]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|64959<br />
|Sachin Taware<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|46743<br />
|18216<br />
|-<br />
|213<br />
| [[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]]<br />
|Mahadeo Babar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|65517<br />
|Chandrakant Shivarkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|55208<br />
|10309<br />
|-<br />
|214<br />
| [[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]] (SC)<br />
|Ramesh Bagwe<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|65638<br />
|Sadanand Shetty<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|28313<br />
|37325<br />
|-<br />
|215<br />
| [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]<br />
| [[Girish Bapat]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|54982<br />
|Ravindra Dhangekar<br />
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br />
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]<br />
|46820<br />
|8162<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Ahmednagar district]]<br />
|-<br />
|216<br />
| [[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]] (ST)<br />
| [[Madhukar Pichad]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|60043<br />
|Madhukar Talpade<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|50964<br />
|9079<br />
|-<br />
|217<br />
| [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]<br />
| [[Balasaheb Thorat]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|96686<br />
|Babasaheb Kute Dhondiba<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|41310<br />
|55376<br />
|-<br />
|218<br />
| [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]<br />
| [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|80301<br />
|Rajendra Pipada<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|66992<br />
|13309<br />
|-<br />
|219<br />
| [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]<br />
|Ashok Kale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|84680<br />
|Bipin Kolhe<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|77989<br />
|6691<br />
|-<br />
|220<br />
| [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] (SC)<br />
| [[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|59819<br />
|Bhausaheb Dolas<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|38922<br />
|20897<br />
|-<br />
|221<br />
| [[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]<br />
|[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|91429<br />
|[[Vitthal Langhe]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|69943<br />
|21486<br />
|-<br />
|222<br />
| [[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]]<br />
|Chandrashekhar Ghule<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|81890<br />
|Pratap Dhakane<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|61746<br />
|20144<br />
|-<br />
|223<br />
| [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]<br />
| Shivaji Kardile<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|57380<br />
|[[Prasad Tanpure]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|49047<br />
|8333<br />
|-<br />
|224<br />
| [[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]<br />
| [[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|75538<br />
|Sujit Zaware Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|48515<br />
|27023<br />
|-<br />
|225<br />
| [[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar City]]<br />
|[[Anil Rathod]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|65271<br />
|Suvalal Gundecha<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|25726<br />
|39545<br />
|-<br />
|226<br />
| [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]<br />
|[[Babanrao Pachpute]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|80418<br />
|Rajendra Nagawade<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|52973<br />
|27445<br />
|-<br />
|227<br />
| [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]<br />
| [[Ram Shinde]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|42845<br />
|Keshevrao Deshmukh<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|32673<br />
|10172<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Beed district]]<br />
|-<br />
|228<br />
| [[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]<br />
|[[Badamrao Pandit]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|100816<br />
|Amarsinha Pandit<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|98469<br />
|2347<br />
|-<br />
|229<br />
| [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]<br />
|[[Prakashdada Solanke]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|86943<br />
| [[R.T. Deshmukh]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|79034<br />
|7909<br />
|-<br />
|230<br />
| [[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]<br />
| [[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|109163<br />
|Sunil Dhande<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|33246<br />
|75917<br />
|-<br />
|231<br />
| [[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]<br />
|[[Suresh Dhas]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|118847<br />
|Balasaheb Ajabe<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|84157<br />
|34690<br />
|-<br />
|232<br />
| [[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]] (SC)<br />
|[[Vimal Mundada]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|110452<br />
|Venkatrao Netke<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|66188<br />
|44264<br />
|-<br />
|233<br />
| [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli]]<br />
| [[Pankaja Munde]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|96222<br />
|Trimbak Munde<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|60160<br />
|36062<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Latur district]]<br />
|-<br />
|234<br />
| [[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural]]<br />
|[[Vaijnath Shinde]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|86136<br />
|[[Ramesh Karad]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|62553<br />
|23583<br />
|-<br />
|235<br />
| [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City]]<br />
| [[Amit Deshmukh]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|113006<br />
|Kayyumkhan Pathan<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#22409A" |<br />
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<br />
|23526<br />
|89480<br />
|-<br />
|236<br />
| [[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmadpur]]<br />
|[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FFFF00" |<br />
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]<br />
|69460<br />
| [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|67208<br />
|2252<br />
|-<br />
|237<br />
| [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]] (SC)<br />
| Sudhakar Bhalerao<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|73840<br />
|Machindra Kaamant<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|56563<br />
|17277<br />
|-<br />
|238<br />
| [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]<br />
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|78267<br />
| [[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|70763<br />
|7504<br />
|-<br />
|239<br />
| [[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]<br />
| [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil|Basavraj Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|84526<br />
|Dinkar Baburao Mane<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|69731<br />
|14795<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Osmanabad district]]<br />
|-<br />
|240<br />
| [[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]] (SC)<br />
| [[Dnyanraj Chougule]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|70806<br />
|Baburao Gaikwad <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|60474<br />
|10332<br />
|-<br />
|241<br />
| [[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]<br />
| [[Madhukarrao Chavan]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|65802<br />
|[[Subhash Deshmukh]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|49469<br />
|16333<br />
|-<br />
|242<br />
| [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]<br />
|[[Omprakash Rajenimbalkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|100709<br />
| [[Ranajagjitsinha Patil|Rana Jagjit Sinha Patil]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|83735<br />
|16974<br />
|-<br />
|243<br />
| [[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]<br />
| Rahul Mote <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|83425<br />
|Shankar Borkar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|77423<br />
|6002<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Solapur district]]<br />
|-<br />
|244<br />
| [[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]<br />
|Digambar Bagal<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|70943<br />
| [[Narayan Patil]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
|JSS{{Efn|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
|43126<br />
|27817<br />
|-<br />
|245<br />
| [[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]<br />
| [[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|110224<br />
|Shivaji Sawant<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|47055<br />
|63169<br />
|-<br />
|246<br />
| [[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]<br />
| [[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal|Dilip Sopal]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|90523<br />
|[[Rajendra Raut]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|80314<br />
|10209<br />
|-<br />
|247<br />
| [[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]] (SC)<br />
|Laxman Dhobale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|81631<br />
|Nagnath Kshirsagar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|52452<br />
|29179<br />
|-<br />
|248<br />
| [[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]<br />
| [[Vijay Deshmukh]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|62363<br />
|Mahesh Kothe<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|52273<br />
|10090<br />
|-<br />
|249<br />
| [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]]<br />
| [[Praniti Shinde]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|68028<br />
|Narasayya Adam<br />
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
|34664<br />
|33364<br />
|-<br />
|250<br />
| [[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]<br />
|Sidramappa Patil<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|92496<br />
| [[Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre|Siddharam Mhetre]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|91111<br />
|1385<br />
|-<br />
|251<br />
| [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]<br />
|[[Dilip Mane]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|72068<br />
|Ratikant Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|54406<br />
|17662<br />
|-<br />
|252<br />
| [[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]<br />
|[[Bharat Bhalke]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#D06767" |<br />
|[[Swabhimani Paksha|SWP]]<br />
|106141<br />
|[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|68778<br />
|37363<br />
|-<br />
|253<br />
| [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]]<br />
| [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]<br />
|{{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India|PWPI]]<br />
|86548<br />
|[[Shahajibapu Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|76744<br />
|9804<br />
|-<br />
|254<br />
| [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]] (SC)<br />
| [[Hanumant Dolas]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|82360<br />
|Uttamrao Jankar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|66134<br />
|16226<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Satara district]]<br />
|-<br />
|255<br />
| [[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan]] (SC)<br />
| [[Dipak Pralhad Chavan]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|71506<br />
|Baburao Mane<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|31592<br />
|39914<br />
|-<br />
|256<br />
| [[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]<br />
| [[Makrand Jadhav - Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|80887<br />
|Madan Bhosale<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|59062<br />
|21825<br />
|-<br />
|257<br />
| [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]<br />
| [[Shashikant Shinde]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|80373<br />
|[[Shalini Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|48620<br />
|31753<br />
|-<br />
|258<br />
| [[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]<br />
| [[Jaykumar Gore]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|60703<br />
|Sadashiv Pol<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|56605<br />
|4098<br />
|-<br />
|259<br />
| [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]<br />
| [[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|101658<br />
|[[Atulbaba Suresh Bhosale]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|60571<br />
|41087<br />
|-<br />
|260<br />
| [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]<br />
|Vilasrao Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|82857<br />
|Vilasrao G Patel<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|67944<br />
|14913<br />
|-<br />
|261<br />
| [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]<br />
|Vikramsinh Patankar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|87917<br />
| [[Shambhuraj Desai]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|87337<br />
|580<br />
|-<br />
|262<br />
| [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]<br />
| [[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|127143<br />
|Narendra Patil<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|21365<br />
|105778<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Ratnagiri district]]<br />
|-<br />
|263<br />
| [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]<br />
|Suryakant Dalvi<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|74973<br />
|Vijay Bhosle<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|28169<br />
|46804<br />
|-<br />
|264<br />
| [[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]<br />
| [[Bhaskar Jadhav]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|53108<br />
|[[Ramdas Kadam]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|40032<br />
|13076<br />
|-<br />
|265<br />
| [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]<br />
|[[Sadanand Chavan]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|76015<br />
|Ramesh Kadam<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|57531<br />
|18484<br />
|-<br />
|266<br />
| [[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]<br />
| [[Uday Samant]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|74245<br />
|Bal Mane<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|65969<br />
|8276<br />
|-<br />
|267<br />
| [[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]<br />
| [[Rajan Salvi]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|72574<br />
|Ganpat Kadam<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|48433<br />
|24141<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Sindhudurg district]]<br />
|-<br />
|268<br />
| [[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]]<br />
|Pramod Jathar<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|57651<br />
|[[Ravindra Phatak]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|57617<br />
|34<br />
|-<br />
|269<br />
| [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]<br />
|[[Narayan Rane]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|71921<br />
| [[Vaibhav Naik]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|47666<br />
|24255<br />
|-<br />
|270<br />
| [[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]<br />
| [[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar|Deepak Kesarkar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|63430<br />
|Gopal Dalvi<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|45012<br />
|18418<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Kolhapur district]]<br />
|-<br />
|271<br />
| [[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]<br />
|Babasaheb Kupekar<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|64194<br />
|Gopalrao Patil<br />
| {{party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
|JSS{{Efn|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
|58862<br />
|5332<br />
|-<br />
|272<br />
| [[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]<br />
|[[Krishnarao Patil|K P Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|86843<br />
|Bajarang Desai<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|45121<br />
|41722<br />
|-<br />
|273<br />
| [[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]<br />
| [[Hasan Mushrif]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|104241<br />
|[[Sanjay Mandlik]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|57829<br />
|46412<br />
|-<br />
|274<br />
| [[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]]<br />
|[[Satej Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|86949<br />
|[[Dhananjay Mahadik]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|81182<br />
|5767<br />
|-<br />
|275<br />
| [[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]<br />
| [[Chandradip Narke]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|96232<br />
|[[P. N. Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|90608<br />
|5624<br />
|-<br />
|276<br />
| [[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]]<br />
| [[Rajesh Vinayakrao Kshirsagar|Rajesh Kshirsagar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|70129<br />
|[[Malojiraje Chhatrapati]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|66442<br />
|3687<br />
|-<br />
|277<br />
| [[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]<br />
|[[Vinay Kore]]<br />
| {{party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
|JSS{{Efn|Jan Surajya Shakti}}<br />
|73912<br />
| [[Satyajeet Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|65601<br />
|8311<br />
|-<br />
|278<br />
| [[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency|Hatkanangale]] (SC)<br />
| [[Sujit Minchekar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|55583<br />
|[[Jaywantrao Awale]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|53579<br />
|2004<br />
|-<br />
|279<br />
| [[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]<br />
| [[Suresh Ganpati Halvankar|Suresh Halvankar]]<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|90104<br />
|Prakash Awade<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|66867<br />
|23237<br />
|-<br />
|280<br />
| [[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]<br />
|S.R. Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|85941<br />
| [[Ulhas Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#D06767" |<br />
|[[Swabhimani Paksha|SWP]]<br />
|69495<br />
|16446<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="11" |[[Sangli district]]<br />
|-<br />
|281<br />
| [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] (SC)<br />
| [[Suresh Khade]] <br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|96482<br />
|Balaso Honmore<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|42026<br />
|54456<br />
|-<br />
|282<br />
| [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]<br />
|Sambhaji Pawar<br />
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" | <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|77404<br />
|Madan Vishwanath Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|66240<br />
|11164<br />
|-<br />
|283<br />
| [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]<br />
| [[Jayant Patil]] <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|110673<br />
|Vaibhav Naikawadi<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|56165<br />
|54508<br />
|-<br />
|284<br />
| [[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]<br />
|[[Mansing Fattesingrao Naik]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|104303<br />
| Shivajirao Naik<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|78385<br />
|25918<br />
|-<br />
|285<br />
| [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]<br />
| [[Patangrao Kadam]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|106211<br />
|Prithviraj Deshmukh<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|70626<br />
|35585<br />
|-<br />
|286<br />
| [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]<br />
|Sadashivrao Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|77965<br />
| [[Anil Babar]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]<br />
|74976<br />
|2989<br />
|-<br />
|287<br />
| [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]<br />
| [[R. R. Patil]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|99109<br />
|Dinkar Patil<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]<br />
|33936<br />
|65173<br />
|-<br />
|288<br />
| [[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]<br />
|Prakash Shendge <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|58320<br />
| [[Vilasrao Narayan Jagtap|Vilasrao Jagtap]]<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br />
|53653<br />
|4667<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_MH_Aug2009.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091025064124/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/maharashtra/maharashtra-results09.html Maharashtra Assembly Elections - Official Results]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091023055441/http://sify.com/news/election/maharashtra-election-results/ Maharashtra Assembly Elections - Sify]<br />
<br />
{{Maharashtra State Assembly election}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:2000s in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:2009 State Assembly elections in India|m]]<br />
[[Category:October 2009 in India]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_law&diff=445596Hindu law2026-03-12T20:12:58Z<p>Eziosolution: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Code of laws applied to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs in British India}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Hinduism}}<br />
'''Hindu law''', as a historical term, refers to the code of laws applied to [[Hindus]], [[Buddhist]]s, [[Jain]]s and [[Sikh]]s in [[British India]].<ref>William Musyoka (2010), A Casebook on the Law of Succession, {{ISBN|978-9966744852}}, page 12</ref><ref name=rocherresponse/><ref>Werner Menski (2003), Hindu Law: Beyond tradition and modernity, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-569921-0}}, Chapter 1</ref> Hindu law, in modern scholarship, also refers to the legal theory, jurisprudence and philosophical reflections on the nature of law discovered in ancient and medieval era Indian texts.<ref name=donalddavisjuris/> It is one of the oldest known jurisprudence theories in the world, beginning three thousand years ago, and is based on the Hindu texts.<ref name=donalddavisjuris/><ref name=johnmayne/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-law | title=Indian law &#124; India &#124; Britannica }}</ref><br />
<br />
Hindu tradition,in its surviving ancient texts, does not universally express the law in the canonical sense of ''[[Ius (canon law)|ius]]'' or of ''[[Lex (canon law)|lex]]''.<ref name=ludorocherhcl/> The ancient term in Indian texts is [[Dharma]], which means more than a code of law, though collections of legal maxims were compiled into works such as the [[Nāradasmṛti]].<ref name=artidhand/><ref name=larivierelaw/> The term "Hindu law" is a colonial construction,<ref>P Bilimoria (2011), [http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=377009149672171;res=IELHSS The Idea of Hindu Law], Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volume 43, pages 103-130</ref> and emerged after the colonial rule arrived in [[Indian subcontinent]], and when in 1772 it was decided by British colonial officials, that European common law system would not be implemented in India, that Hindus of India would be ruled under their "Hindu law" and Muslims of India would be ruled under "Muslim law" ([[Sharia]]).<ref name=ludorocherhcl>Ludo Rocher (1978), Hindu Conceptions of Law, Hastings Law Journal, Volume 29, pages 1283-1297</ref><ref name="M Gaborieau 1985 pages 7-14">{{cite journal |author=Marc Gaborieau |date=June 1985 |title=From Al-Beruni to Jinnah: Idiom, Ritual and Ideology of the Hindu-Muslim Confrontation in South Asia |journal=Anthropology Today |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.2307/3033123 |jstor=3033123}}</ref><br />
<br />
The substance of Hindu law implemented by the British was derived from a [[Dharmaśāstra]] named [[Manusmriti]], one of the many treatises ([[śāstra]]) on ''[[Dharma]]''.<ref name=donalddavis/> The British, however, mistook the Dharmaśāstra as codes of law and failed to recognise that these Sanskrit texts were not used as statements of positive law until the British colonial officials chose to do so.<ref name=ludorocherhcl/><ref name=donalddavis>Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521877046}}, page 13-16, 166-179</ref> Rather, Dharmaśāstra contained jurisprudence commentary, i.e., a theoretical reflection upon practical law, but not a statement of the law of the land as such.<ref>For reviews of the British misappropriations of Dharmaśāstra, see: Richard W. Lariviere, "Justices and Paṇḍitas: Some Ironies in Contemporary Readings of the Hindu Legal Past," in ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 48 (1989), pp. 757–769, and Ludo Rocher, "Law Books in an Oral Culture: The Indian Dharmaśāstras," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 137 (1993), pp. 254–267.</ref> Scholars have also questioned the authenticity and the corruption in the Manusmriti manuscript used to derive the colonial era Hindu law.<ref name=terenceday22/><br />
<br />
In colonial history context, the construction and implementation of Hindu law and Islamic law was an attempt at "legal pluralism" during the British colonial era, where people in the same region were subjected to different civil and criminal laws based on the religion of the plaintiff and defendant.<ref name=rudolphpq/><ref>John Griffith (1986), What is legal pluralism?, The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, Volume 18, Issue 24, pages 1-55</ref> Legal scholars state that this divided the Indian society, and that Indian law and politics have ever since vacillated between "legal pluralism – the notion that religion is the basic unit of society and different religions must have different legal rights and obligations" and "legal universalism – the notion that individuals are the basic unit of society and all citizens must have uniform legal rights and obligations".<ref name=rudolphpq/><br />
<br />
== Terminology and nomenclature ==<br />
{{main|Dharma}}<br />
In [[Hinduism]], law is discussed as a subset of ''dharma'' which signifies behaviors that are considered in accord with ''[[rta]]'', the order that makes life and the universe possible,<ref name="ODWR-Dharma" />{{refn|group=note|name="ODWR-Dharma"|The [[Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]]: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."<ref name="ODWR-Dharma">[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1 The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, ''Dharma'']</ref>}} and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and ‘'right way of living'’.<ref name=artidhand>{{cite journal|last=Dhand|first=Arti|title=The Dharma of Ethics, the Ethics of Dharma : Quizzing the Ideals of Hinduism|journal=Journal of Religious Ethics|date=Fall 2002|volume=30|issue=3|page=351|doi=10.1111/1467-9795.00113}}<!--|access-date=10 May 2013--></ref><ref>Dharma, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale, {{ISBN|978-0787650155}}</ref> The concept of ''Dharma'' includes Hindu law.<ref name=larivierelaw>Robert Lingat, "Les Quatre Pieds du Procés," ''Journal Asiatique'' 250 (1962), 490–1; and Richard W. Lariviere, "Law and Religion in India," in ''Law, Morality, and Religion: Global Perspectives''. ed. Alan Watson (Berkeley: University of California, 1996); K.V. Rangaswami Aiyangar, ''Rājadharma'' (Adyar: Adyar Library, 1941), 23;</ref><br />
<br />
In ancient texts of Hinduism, the concept of dharma incorporates the principles of law, order, harmony, and truth. It is explained as the necessary law of life and equated to ''[[satya]]'' (Sanskrit: सत्यं, truth),<ref name=chjo/><ref name=paulh/> in hymn 1.4.14 of Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, as follows:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|<br />
धर्मः तस्माद्धर्मात् परं नास्त्य् अथो अबलीयान् बलीयाँसमाशँसते धर्मेण यथा राज्ञैवम् ।<br /><br />
यो वै स धर्मः सत्यं वै तत् तस्मात्सत्यं वदन्तमाहुर् धर्मं वदतीति धर्मं वा वदन्तँ सत्यं वदतीत्य् एतद्ध्येवैतदुभयं भवति ।।<br />
<br />
Nothing is higher than Dharma. The weak overcomes the stronger by Dharma, as over a king. Truly that Dharma is the Truth (''Satya''); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks the Dharma"; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" For both are one.|[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]|1.4.xiv<ref name=chjo>[[Charles Johnston (Theosophist)|Charles Johnston]], The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, Kshetra, {{ISBN|978-1495946530}}, page 481, for discussion: pages 478-505</ref><ref name=paulh>{{cite journal |author=Paul Horsch |date=December 2004 |translator-last=Whitaker |translator-first=Jarrod |title=From Creation Myth to World Law: The early history of Dharma |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=32 |issue=5/6 |pages=423–448 |jstor=23497148|doi=10.1007/s10781-004-8628-3 |s2cid=170190727 }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
=== Related terms===<br />
In ancient Hindu jurisprudence texts, a number of Sanskrit words refer to aspects of law. Some of these include ''Niyama'' (Sanskrit: नियम, rule), ''Nyaya'' (न्याय, justice), ''Yuktata'' (युक्तता, justice),<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=yuktatA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 yuktatA] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref> ''Samya'' (साम्य, equality and impartiality in law), ''Vidhi'' (विधि, precept or rule), ''Vyavastha'' (व्यवस्था, regulation), ''Sambhasa'' (सम्भाषा, contract or mutual engagement), ''Prasamvida-patra'' (प्रसंविदा-पत्र, written contract),<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=prasaMvidA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 prasaMvidA] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref> ''Vivadayati'' (विवादयति,<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput= vivAdayati&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 vivAdayati] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref> litigate or dispute), ''Adhivakta'' (अधिवक्ता, lawyer), ''Nyayavadi'' (न्यायवादी, male lawyer), ''Nyayavadini'' (न्यायवादिनी, female lawyer), ''Nyayadata'' (न्यायदाता, judge), ''Danda'' (दण्ड, punishment, penalty or fine), among others.<ref name=ludorocherhcl/><ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html NyAya] and other words, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Koeln University, Germany</ref><ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=lawyer&trans=Translate&direction=AU lawyer] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref><br />
<br />
== Classical Hindu law ==<br />
{{main|Classical Hindu law}}<br />
John Mayne, in 1910, wrote that the classical Hindu law has the oldest pedigree of any known system of [[jurisprudence]].<ref name=johnmayne>John Dawson Mayne (1910), {{Google books|FwsTAAAAYAAJ|A Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage}}, Stevens and Hynes, Harvard Law Library Series, see Preface section</ref> Mayne noted that while being ancient, the conflicting texts on almost every question presents a great difficulty in deciding what the classical Hindu law was. As more literature emerges, and is translated or interpreted, Mayne noted that the conflict between the texts on every matter of law has multiplied, and that there is a lack of consensus between the Western legal scholars resident in India.<ref name=johnmayne/><br />
<br />
Ludo Rocher states that Hindu tradition does not express law in the sense of ''ius'' nor of ''lex''.<ref name=ludorocherhcl/> The term "Hindu law" is a colonial construction, and emerged when the colonial rule arrived in South Asia, and when in 1772 it was decided by British colonial officials in consultation with Mughal rulers, that European common law system would not be implemented in India, that Hindus of India would be ruled under their "Hindu law" and Muslims of India would be ruled under sharia (Muslim law).<ref name="ludorocherhcl"/><ref name="M Gaborieau 1985 pages 7-14"/><ref name=rudolphpq>{{cite journal |author1=Susanne Hoeber Rudolph |author2=Lloyd I. Rudolph |date=August 2000 |title=Living with Difference in India |journal=The Political Quarterly |volume=71 |issue=s1 |pages=20–38 |doi=10.1111/1467-923X.71.s1.4}}</ref> However, Hindu law was neither mentioned, nor in use, nor codified, during the 600 years of Islamic rule of India. An attempt was made to find any old surviving Sanskrit text that mentioned elements of law, and this is how Western editors and translators arrived at the equation that "dharma shastra equals lawbook, code or Institute", states Rocher.<ref name=ludorocherhcl/><br />
<br />
Scholars such as Derrett, Menski and others have repeatedly asked whether and what evidence there is that the Dharmasastras were the actual legal authority before and during the Islamic rule in India.<ref>Werner Menski (2003), Hindu Law: Beyond tradition and modernity, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195699210}}, pages 547-549</ref><ref>JDM Derrett (1999), Law Religion and the State in India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0571084784}}, Chapter 2</ref> They have also questioned whether the Dharmasastras contain "precepts" or "recommendations", that is whether the jurisprudence mentioned in Dharmasastras was actually ever used in disputes in Indian society.<ref>Malcolm Voyce (2010), Law and Anthropology: Current Legal Issues (Editors: Freeman and Napier), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199580910}}, page 554 with footnote 27</ref> Early scholars during the British colonial rule such as John Mayne suggested that it is probable that Dharma-smriti texts reflect the "practical administration of law", at least before the arrival of Islam in India.<ref name=johnmayne/><ref name=axelmichaels>Axel Michaels (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Lubin and Davis), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521716260}}, Chapter 3 and pages 58-73 with footnotes</ref> However, most later scholars state that Dharma texts of Hinduism are "purely or mostly concerned with moral and religious norms which have some but not a very close relationship to legal practice".<ref name=axelmichaels/><ref>Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521877046}}</ref> A few scholars have suggested that the Dharma-related Smritis such as Manusmriti, [[Naradasmriti]] and Parashara Smriti do not embody the Hindu law but are commentaries and scholarly notes on more ancient authoritative legal texts that have been lost or yet to be found.<ref name=axelmichaels/><br />
<br />
Classical Hindu law, states Donald Davis, "represents one of the least known, yet most sophisticated traditions of legal theory and jurisprudence in world history. Hindu jurisprudential texts contain elaborate and careful philosophical reflections on the nature of law and religion. The nature of Hindu law as a tradition has been subject to some debate and some misunderstanding both within and especially outside of specialist circles."<ref name=donalddavisjuris>{{cite journal |author=Donald Davis Jr |date=August 2006 |title=A Realist View of Hindu Law |journal=Ratio Juris |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=287–313 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9337.2006.00332.x|s2cid=142569178 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In South India, temples were intimately involved in the administration of law.<ref>Donald R. Davis, Jr., ''The Boundaries of Hindu Law: Tradition, Custom, and Politics in Medieval Kerala''. Corpus Iuris Sanscriticum et Fontes Iuris Asiae Meridianae et Centralis. Vol. 5. Ed. Oscar Botto (Torino (Italy): CESMEO, 2004).</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sources of Dharma ===<br />
{{See also|Sources of dharma}}<br />
''Śruti'' have been considered as the authority in the Hindu [[Dharma]].{{refn|group=note|name=elisa|Elisa Freschi (2012): The Vedas are not [[Deontological ethics|deontic]] authorities in the absolute sense and may be disobeyed, but still recognized as an [[epistemology|epistemic]] authority in Hindu dharma;<ref>Elisa Freschi (2012), Duty, Language and Exegesis in Prabhakara Mimamsa, BRILL, {{ISBN|978-9004222601}}, page 62</ref> (note: this differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions).}} The ''Smritis'', such as Manusmriti, Naradasmriti and Parashara Smriti, contribute to the exposition of the Hindu Dharma but are considered less authoritative than ''[[Śruti]]s'' (the Vedic corpus that includes early Upanishads).<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Smrti", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|9780823931798}}, pages 656 and 461</ref>{{refn|group=note|A Smriti is a derivative work, has less epistemic authority than the Vedas, and does not have any deontic authority in Hindu dharma.<ref>Tomothy Lubin (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Lubin and Davis), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521716260}}, pages 137-143</ref>}} The root texts of ancient Hindu jurisprudence and law are the ''Dharma-sūtras''. These express that the Shruti, Smriti and Achara are sources of jurisprudence and law.<ref name=donalddavis27/> The precedence of these sources is declared in the opening verses of each of the known, surviving Dharma-sūtras. For example,<ref name=donalddavis27/><br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
The source of Dharma is the Veda, as well as the tradition [Smriti], and practice of those who know the Veda. – Gautama Dharma-sūtra 1.1-1.2<br />
<br />
The Dharma is taught in each Veda, in accordance with which we will explain it. What is given in the tradition [Smriti] is the second, and the conventions of cultured people are the third. – Baudhayana Dharma-sūtra 1.1.1-1.1.4<br />
<br />
The Dharma is set forth in the vedas and the Traditional Texts [Smriti]. When these do not address an issue, the practice of cultured people becomes authoritative. – Vāsiṣṭha Dharma-sūtra 1.4-1.5<br />
|Translated by Donald Davis, The Spirit of Hindu Law<ref name=donalddavis27>Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521877046}}, page 27</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The ''Smritis'', such as Manusmriti, Naradasmriti, Yajnavalkya Smrti and Parashara Smriti, expanded this definition, as follows,<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
वेदोऽखिलो धर्ममूलं स्मृतिशीले च तद्विदाम् <nowiki>। आचारश्चैव साधूनामात्मनस्तुष्टिरेव च ॥</nowiki><br />
<br />
Translation 1: The whole Veda is the (first) source of the sacred law, next the tradition and the virtuous conduct of those who know the (Veda further), also the customs of holy men, and (finally) self-satisfaction (''Atmanastushti'').<ref name=manusmriti2>[https://archive.org/stream/lawsofman00manu#page/n173/mode/2up The Laws of Manu 2.6 with footnotes] George Bühler (Translator), The [[Sacred Books of the East]], Vol. 25, Oxford University Press</ref><br /><br />
Translation 2: The root of the religion is the entire Veda, and (then) the tradition and customs of those who know (the Veda), and the conduct of virtuous people, and what is satisfactory to oneself.<ref name=manusmriti3>Brian Smith and Wendy Doniger (1992), The Laws of Manu, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140445404}}, pages 17-18</ref><br />
|Manusmriti 2.6}}<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
वेदः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियमात्मनः <nowiki>। एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहुः साक्षाद् धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥</nowiki><br />
<br />
Translation 1: The Veda, the sacred tradition, the customs of virtuous men, and one's own pleasure, they declare to be the fourfold means of defining the sacred law.<ref name=manusmriti2/><br /><br />
Translation 2: The Veda, tradition, the conduct of good people, and what is pleasing to oneself – they say that is four fold mark of religion.<ref name="manusmriti3"/><br />
|Manusmriti 2.12}}<br />
<br />
As a source of ''Dharma'', only three of the four types of texts in the Vedas have behavioral precepts. Lingat notes (abridged),<ref name=robertlingat/><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
For the Hindu all belief takes its source and its justification in the Vedas [Śruti]. Consequently every rule of ''dharma'' must find its foundation in the Veda. Strictly speaking, the [[Samhitas]] do not even include a single precept which could be used directly as a rule of conduct. One can find there only references to usage which falls within the scope of ''dharma''. By contrast, the [[Brahmanas]], the [[Aranyakas]] and the [[Upanishads]] contain numerous precepts which propound rules governing behavior.<br />
|Robert Lingat<ref name=robertlingat>Robert Lingat (1973), The Classical Law of India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520018983}}, pages 7-8</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Bilimoria states the role of ''Shruti'' in Hindu Dharma has been inspired by "the belief in a higher natural cosmic order (''Rta'' succeeded later by the concept ''Dharma'') that regulates the universe and provides the basis for its growth, flourishing and sustenance – be that of the gods, human beings, animals and eco-formations".<ref>Bilimoria, Purushottama (2011), The idea of Hindu law, Journal of Oriental Society of Australia, Vol. 43, pages 103-130</ref><br />
<br />
Levinson states that the role of ''Shruti'' and ''Smriti'' in Hindu law is as a source of guidance, and its tradition cultivates the principle that "the facts and circumstances of any particular case determine what is good or bad".<ref name=davidlevinson/> The later Hindu texts include fourfold sources of ''Dharma'', states Levinson, which include ''Atmanastushti'' (satisfaction of one's conscience), ''Sadachara'' (local norms of virtuous individuals), ''Smriti'' and ''Sruti''.<ref name=davidlevinson>Devid Levinson (2002), Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, {{ISBN|978-0761922582}}, page 829</ref><ref>Donald R. Davis, Jr., "On Ātmastuṣṭi as a Source of ''Dharma''," ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 127:3 (2007), pages 279–96</ref><ref>Werner Menski, ''Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity'' (Delhi: Oxford UP, 2003), p.126 and Domenico Francavilla, ''The Roots of Hindu Jurisprudence: Sources of Dharma and Interpretation in Mīmāṃsā and Dharmaśāstra''. Corpus Iuris Sanscriticum. Vol. 7 (Torino: CESMEO, 2006), pp.165–76.</ref><br />
<br />
==== Cited texts ====<br />
Unlike the [[Bible]] & [[Quran]], the [[Vedas]] don't discuss about societal matters directly. Classical Hindu law is derived from the following sources<ref>Swami Harshananda (2008), ''A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism'', Ramakrishna Math, Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru, {{ISBN|978-8179070574}}</ref><br />
<br />
===== ''Dharmasutra'' =====<br />
As a part of the [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpa]] texts within the [[Vedanga]] corpus of literature, they deal with personal conduct (alongside the [[Grihya Sutras]]) & social regulations in accordance to the principles of the [[Vedas]]. The texts are<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"<br />
|-<br />
! Veda!! Dharmasutra<ref name="kochar">Kochar, Rajesh ''Vedic People:Their History and Geography'', Orient Longman, New Delhi, 2000, {{ISBN|81-250-1080-7}}, p.18</ref><br />
|- <br />
| Rigveda || Vasistha Dharmasutra<br />
|-<br />
| Samaveda || Gautama Dharmasutra <br />
|-<br />
| Krishna Yajurveda || Apastambha Dharmasutra Harita Dharmasutra Hiranyakesi Dharmasutra Vaikhanasa Dharmasutra Vishnu Dharmasutra <br />
|- <br />
| Sukla Yajurveda || Sankha-Likhita Dharmasutra <br />
|- <br />
| Atharvaveda || Aushanasa Dharmasutra <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===== ''Dharmashastra'' =====<br />
These texts, whose authorships are traditionally attributed to the Vedic sages, elaborate the topics discussed in the ''dharmasutra''s.<br />
<br />
''Dharmashastra''s available in printed format are {{div col start}}<br />
#Angirasa smriti<br />
#Atri smriti<br />
#Apastambha smriti<br />
#Aushanasa smriti<br />
#Brihaspati smriti<br />
#Brihat Parashara smriti <br />
#Daksha smriti<br />
#Devala smriti<br />
#Gobhila smriti<br />
#Gautama smriti <br />
#Harita smriti<br />
#Katyayana smriti<br />
#Kashyapa smriti <br />
#Laghu Atri smriti <br />
#Laghu Harita smriti<br />
#Laghu Vishnu smriti<br />
#Laghu Shankha smriti<br />
#Likhita smriti <br />
#Manu smriti <br />
#Narada smriti<br />
#Parashara smriti<br />
#Prajapati smriti <br />
#Samvarta smriti<br />
#Shankha smriti<br />
#Shankha-Likhita smriti <br />
#Shatatapa smriti <br />
#Vasistha smriti<br />
#Vyasa smriti <br />
#Vishnu smriti <br />
#Vriddha Atreya smriti<br />
#Yajnavalkya smriti <br />
#Yama smriti<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
''Dharmashastra''s whose existence is known through citations by commentators & ''nibandhakara''s but didn't survive in complete manuscript form till now are {{div col start}}<br />
#Budha smriti<br />
#Chhagaleya smriti<br />
#Cyavana smriti<br />
#Jamadagni smriti<br />
#Jabala smriti<br />
#Marichi smriti<br />
#Prachetas smriti<br />
#Pitamaha smriti<br />
#Paithinasi smriti <br />
#Rishyasringa smriti <br />
#Sumantu smriti<br />
#Shaunaka smriti<br />
#Vishwamitra smriti<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===== Commentaries =====<br />
Commentaries on the above-mentioned texts composed by erudite scholars discuss on their practical applications & execution of the statements in the ''dharmasutra''s & ''dharmashastra''s.<br />
<br />
===== ''Nibandha''s =====<br />
Digests & compendiums composed by various scholars attempt to resolve difference of opinion on similar topics among the various texts & authors.<br />
<br />
==== Regional variations ====<br />
In the ''Collector of [[Madurai|Madhura]] Vs Mottoo Ramalinga Sathupathy'' case (1869), the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] observed that there was no uniformity in the observance of Hindu law (as described in the ''dharmashastra''s, commentaries & digests composed by various Hindu scholars) by Hindus throughout the [[British Raj|realm]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Collector of Madhura Vs. Mottoo Ramalinga Sathupathy on 29 February, 1868 – Legitquest|url=https://www.legitquest.com/case/the-collector-of-madhura-v-mottoo-ramalinga-sathupathy/106A8A|access-date=2021-11-12|website=legitquest.com}}</ref> The court observed that<br />
<br />
* On the basis of adherence to property law, Hindus are divided into 2 schools – <br />
#the [[Dāyabhāga|Dayabhaga]] school, observed by Hindus in [[Bengal]] & [[Assam]], <br />
#the [[Mitakshara]] school observed by all other Hindu communities of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<br />
* The [[Mitākṣarā|Mitakshara]] school is subdivided into <br />
#The Benaras school which cites the ''[[Viramitrodaya]]'' of Mitra Mishra, ''Nirnayasindhu'' & ''Vivadatandava'' of {{ill|Kamalakara Bhatta|hi|कमलाकर भट्ट}}, ''Dattakamimasa'' of Nanda Pandita, ''Subodhini'' & ''Balambhatti'' commentaries of the ''Mitakshara'' as authority and is observed by Hindus of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces]] & [[Odia people|Odisha]].<br />
#The Mithila school which cites ''Vivadachintamani'' of Vachaspati Mishra, ''Vivadaratnakara'' of [[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura|Chandeshvara Thakura]], ''Vivadachandra'' of Misaru Mishra, ''Smrityarthasara'' of Sridhara & ''Madanaparijata'' of Vishveshvara Bhatta as authority & is observed by Hindus of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<br />
#The Dravida school which cites ''Smritichandrika'' of Devanna Bhatta, ''Parasharamadhaviya'' ([[Vidyaranya|Madhavacharya]]'s commentary on ''Parashara smriti''), ''Sarasvativilasa'' of [[Prataparudra Deva]], ''Viramitrodaya'', ''Vyavaharanirnaya'' of Varadaraja, ''Dattakachandrika'' of Devanna Bhatta, ''Nirnayasindhu'', ''Vivadatandava'', ''Dayavibhaga'' of Kamalakara Bhatta & ''Keshavavaijayanti'' (Nanda Pandita's commentary on the ''Vishnu smriti'') as authority & is observed by Hindus of [[Madras Presidency]]. <br />
#The Maratha School which cites ''Vyavaharamayukha'' of Nilakantha Bhatta, ''Smritikaustubha'' of Ananta Deva (grandson of [[Eknath]]), ''Viramitrodaya'', ''Nirnayasindhu'', ''Vivadatandava'' & ''Parasharamadhaviya'' as authority and is observed by Hindus of [[Bombay Presidency]].<br />
#The Punjab school which cites ''Nirnayasindhu'', ''Viramitrodaya'' & local customs (later documented as ''Riwaz-i-Aam'') as authority and is observed by Hindus of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. [[Kashmiri Hindus]] additionally cite the ''Apararkachandrika'' (commentary on the ''Yajnavalkya smriti'' by Aparaditya II, [[Silahara]] king of North [[Konkan]])<br />
* The Dayabhaga school cites ''Viramitrodaya'' & ''Dattakachandrika'' as authority. [[Bengali Hindus]] additionally cite the ''Smrititattva'' of [[Raghunandana]] & works of Bengali pandits like Halayudha, Bhavadeva Bhatta & Shulapani while [[Hinduism in Assam|Assamese Hindus]] cite the works of [[Pitambara Sidhanta Vagisa|Pitambara Siddhantavagisha ]] & other pandits from the [[Kamrup region|Kamarupa]] like Damodara Mishra & Nilambaracharya<br />
The Mitakshara school significantly differs from the Dayabhaga school in the following ways<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dayabhaga and Mitakshara Succession laws |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-7284-dayabhaga-and-mitakshara-succession-laws.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
* The Mitakshara doesn't allows [[Partition (law)|partition]] of ancestral property among coparceners, while the Dayabhaga does. <br />
<br />
* The Mitakshara completely bars women & their descendants from inheriting ancestral property (similar to [[Salic law]]), however the Dayabhaga allows childless widows to inherit property of their sonless fathers & childless husbands.<br />
<br />
* According to Mitakshara, right of inheritance is vested by birth, hence the son is a coparcener to ancestral property from the day of his birth. However, in Dayabhaga, right of inheritance is vested by the right to offer [[Pinda (riceball)|pinda]] at [[Śrāddha|sraddha]] ceremony, hence the son has no ownership on ancestral property during his father's lifetime.<br />
<br />
=== Lawyers in classical Hindu Law ===<br />
While texts on ancient Hindu law have not survived, texts that confirm the existence of the institution of lawyers in ancient India have.<ref name=ludolawyer/> The Sanskrit text ''Vivadarnavasetu'', in Chapter 3, for example, states,<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
If the plaintiff or defendant have any excuse for not attending the court, or for not pleading their own cause, or, on any other account, excuse themselves, they shall, at their own option, appoint a person as their lawyer; if the lawyer gains the suit, his principal also gains; if the lawyer is cast, his principal is cast also.<br />
<br />
In a cause where the accusation is for murder, for a robbery, for adultery, for (...), the principals shall plead and answer in person; but a woman, a minor, an insane, or a person lacking [[Competence (law)|mental competency]] may be represented by a lawyer.<br />
|Vivadarnavasetu|Classical Hindu Law Process<ref name=ludolawyer>{{cite journal |author=Ludo Rocher |date=November 1968 – February 1969 |title="Lawyers" in Classical Hindu Law |journal=Law & Society Review |volume=3 |issue=2/3 |pages=383–402 |jstor=3053008|doi=10.2307/3053008 }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
=== Punishment in classical Hindu Law ===<br />
{{main|Daṇḍa (Hindu punishment)}}<br />
Ancient texts of the Hindu tradition formulate and articulate punishment.<ref name=terenceday/><ref>John Dawson Mayne (1910), {{Google books|FwsTAAAAYAAJ|A Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage}}, Stevens and Hynes, Harvard Law Library Series</ref> These texts from the last 2500 years, states Terence Day,<ref name=terenceday>Terence Day (1982), The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, {{ISBN|978-0919812154}}, pages 18-22</ref> imply or recognize key elements in their theories of fair punishment: (1) the texts set a standard of Right, in order to define a violation that warrants punishment; (2) they discuss the possibility of a violation thereby defining a wrongdoing; (3) they discuss a theory of responsibility and assignability of a wrongdoing; (4) the texts discuss degrees of guilt, and therewith the form and severity of punishment must match the transgression; (5) they discuss approved and authorized forms of punishments and how these may be properly administered.<ref name=terenceday/> The goal of punishment, in Hindu law, has been retributive and reformative.<ref>KL Seshagiri Rao (1997), [http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/flr66&div=60&id=&page= Practitioners of Hindu Law: Ancient and Modern], Fordham Law Review, vol. 66, pages 1185-1191</ref> Hindu law, states Sarkar, developed the theory of punishment from its foundational theory of what it believed was necessary for the prosperity of the individual and a collection of individuals, of state and non-state.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Benoy Kumar Sarkar |date=March 1921 |title=The Hindu Theory of the State |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=79–90 |doi=10.2307/2142662 |jstor=2142662}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are wide variations in the statement of crime and associated punishment in different texts.<ref>Terence Day (1982), The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, {{ISBN|978-0919812154}}, Chapters 2 & 3</ref> Some texts for example discuss punishment for crimes such as murder, without mentioning the gender, class or caste of the plaintiff or defendant, while some discuss and differentiate the crime based on gender, class or caste. It is unclear, states Terence Day, whether these were part of the original, because the stylistic, structural and substantive evidence such as inconsistencies between versions of different manuscripts of the same text suggest changes and corruption of the original texts.<ref name=terenceday22>Terence Day (1982), The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, {{ISBN|978-0919812154}}, pages 22-24</ref><br />
<br />
=== Outside India ===<br />
Ancient Hindu legal texts and traditions arrived in parts of [[Southeast Asia]] (Cambodia, Java, Bali, Malaysia, Thailand, and Burma) as trade grew and as part of a larger culture sharing in ancient Asia.<ref>MB Hooker (1978), The Indian-derived law texts of Southeast Asia, The Journal of Asian Studies, volume 37, number 2, pages 201-219</ref> In each of these regions, Hindu law fused with local norms and practices, giving rise to legal texts (Āgamas such as the Kuṭāra-Mānawa in Java,<ref name=Bali>{{cite book |last1=Creese |first1=Helen |title=Old Javanese legal traditions in pre colonial Bali |date=2009 |page=246 |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_185457/UQ185457_OA.pdf?Expires=1575531370&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=PStjEfDnfk9P1tFPVcg3nul~4ZP4N35MTK9gtum7-oZesHCGyEqB-f91e6Tw30aiMPlEc3CNsxOdt787ROXfXuyNIAeILSx3EtNDn3kcnQfsF-i8DJYiYMXwmVuEo-oVUFsOrIo9pA6s6KV-FiMwRMnwjEkzatL4Z~TwQfduMvQeHugjmqIJDuMqzcCqVOgi63H3XhhE-AaGxaCg7y5piABkqTVj7c1O3F1O37b0WtyrXYVGSuZgq7UmtrIjYTFFBXBzsQo7lyJvTAZYDCbjqD7wX75BVRCnDw9edLTlk6IKo9~MQdHr8Jby1mP50TbUO76V0gCAs7RrlpE~~KtF1w__}}</ref> and the Buddhist-influenced Dhammasattas/Dhammathats of Burma, such as the [[Wareru Dhammathat]], and Thailand)<ref>Hooker 1986.</ref> as well as legal records embodied (as in India) in stone and copper-plate inscriptions.<ref>Creese 2009a, 2009b.</ref><br />
<br />
== Anglo-Hindu law ==<br />
{{main|Anglo-Hindu law}}<br />
As [[East India Company]] obtained political and administrative powers, in parts of India, in the late 18th century, it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions.<ref name=timlubin>Tomothy Lubin et al (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Lubin and Davis), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521716260}}, Chapter 1</ref> The East India Company desired a means to establish and maintain the [[rule of law]], and property rights, in a stable political environment, to expedite trade, and with minimal expensive military engagement.<ref name=dawashbrook/> To this end the Company pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon local intermediaries that were mostly Muslims and some Hindus in various Indian states.<ref name=dawashbrook/> The British exercised power by avoiding interference and adapting to local law practices, as explained by the local intermediaries.<ref>Scott Kugle (2001), Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia, Modern Asian Studies, 35(2), pages 257-313</ref> The colonial state thus sustained what were essentially pre-colonial religious and political law and conflicts, well into the late nineteenth century.<ref name=timlubin/><ref name=dawashbrook>{{cite journal |last=Washbrook |first=D. A. |date=1981 |title=Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=649–721 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00008714 |jstor=312295|s2cid=145176900 }}</ref> The colonial policy on the system of personal laws for India, for example, was expressed by Governor-General Hastings in 1772 as follows,<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|<br />
That in all suits regarding inheritance, marriage, caste and other religious usages or institutions, the law of the Koran with respect to Mahometans, and those of the Shaster with respect to Gentoos shall be invariably be adhered to.<br />
|[[Warren Hastings]]|15 August 1772<ref name=rocherresponse/>}}<br />
For Muslims of India, the code of Muslim law was readily available in [[Al-Hidayah|al-Hidaya]] and [[Fatawa 'Alamgiri]] (written under sponsorship of [[Aurangzeb]]). For Hindus and other non-Muslims such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, Parsis and Tribal people, this information was unavailable.<ref name=timlubin/> The British colonial officials, for practice, attempted to extract from the Dharmaśāstra the English categories of law and religion for the purposes of colonial administration.<ref>Ludo Rocher, "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" in ''Malik Ram Felicitation Volume''. ed. S.A.J. Zaidi (New Delhi, 1972), 190–1.</ref><ref>J.D.M. Derrett, ''Religion, Law, and the State in India'' (London: Faber, 1968), 96; For a related distinction between religious and secular law in Dharmaśāstra, see Timothy Lubin, [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1084716 "Punishment and Expiation: Overlapping Domains in Brahmanical Law,"] ''Indologica Taurinensia'' 33 (2007): 93–122.</ref><br />
<br />
The early period of Anglo-Hindu Law (1772–1828) was structured along the lines of Muslim law practice. It included the extracted portions of law from a single Dharmaśāstra text ([[Manusmriti|Manusmrti]] with the commentary of the Bengali Hindu scholar Kulluka Bhatta) translated into English by British colonial government appointed scholars (especially [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]], [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]], J. C. C. Sutherland and Harry Borrodaile) in a manner similar to Islamic al-Hidaya and Fatawa-i Alamgiri.<ref>K Ewing (1988), Sharia and ambiguity in South Asian Islam, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520055759}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n7/mode/2up A digest of Moohummudan law on the subjects to which it is usually applied by British courts of justice in India] Neil Baillie, Smith, Elder & Co. London</ref><ref name=michaelanderson>Michael Anderson (1995), Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader (Studies in Asian Topics, Editors: David Arnold, Peter Robb), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700702848}}, Chapter 10</ref> It also included the use of court [[pandit]]s in British courts to aid British judges in interpreting Shastras just like [[Qadi]]s for interpreting the Islamic law.<ref name=michaelanderson/> The [[Sanskrit College and University|Calcutta Sanskrit College]] was established to train court pandits, the [[Aliah University|Calcutta Madrassah]] to train court qadis & [[Fort William College]] to train the British judges in Indian law. <br />
<br />
The arrival of [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]] as the Governor-General of British India in 1828, marked a shift towards universal civil code, whose administration emphasized same law for all human beings, individualism and equal treatment to help liberate, empower and end social practices among Hindus and Muslims of India that had received much negative public coverage in Britain through the [[Orientalism|Otientalist]] publications of Christian missionaries and individuals such as [[Thomas Macaulay]].<ref name=rudolphpq/> The resulting codification of Hindu law by the British authorities in their attempt to create a homogeneous, uniform & consistent legal corpus was characterised by increasing importance of the authority of 'canonical' scripture over tradition (derived from secondary texts like commentaries & digests) & unrecorded [[customary law]] in vogue amongst various groups, in accordance to the ''[[sola scriptura]]'' doctrine <ref>{{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Richard Scott |title=The Emergence of Modern Hinduism: Religion on the margins of Colonialism |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780520307056 |location=Oakland, California |pages=98–101 |chapter=Chapter 5 : Revising Tradition in Colonial India |doi=10.1525/luminos.75}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Governor-General Dalhousie]], in 1848, extended this trend and stated his policy that the law must "treat all natives much the same manner". Over time, between 1828 and 1855, a series of British parliamentary acts were passed to revise the Anglo-Hindu and Anglo-Muslim laws, such as those relating to the right to religious conversion, widow remarriage, and right to create wills for inheritance.<ref name=rudolphpq/> In 1832, the British colonial government abolished accepting religious [[fatwa]] as a source of law.<ref name=akgiri/> In 1835, the British began creating a [[Indian Penal Code|new criminal code]] that would replace the existing criminal code which was a complex conflicting mixture of laws derived from Muslim texts (Sharia) and Hindu texts (Shastras), and this common criminal code was ready by 1855.<ref name=akgiri/> These changes were welcomed by [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reform movement]], but considered abrogating religion-defined rules within the Muslim law. The changes triggered discontent, call for ''[[Jihadism|jihad]]'' and religious war, and became partly responsible for the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Indian revolt]] resulting from what was perceived in the common mind as an insult to the inherent hegemony of Indian people of self rule against the British intervention.<ref>Rosie Llewellyn-Jones (2007), The Great Uprising in India: 1857-58, Boydell & Brewer, {{ISBN|978-1843833048}}, pages 111-112</ref><ref>David Cook (2005), Understanding Jihad, University of California Press, ISBN, pages 80-83</ref><br />
<br />
In 1864, after the East India Company was dissolved and India became a formal part of the [[British Empire]], Anglo-Hindu law entered into a second phase (1864–1947), one in which British colonial courts in India no longer relied on the Muslim Qadis and Hindu Pandits for determining the respective religious laws, and relied more on a written law.<ref name=rudolphpq/> A universal criminal code in India, that did not discriminate between people based on their religion, was adopted for the first time in 1864.<ref name=akgiri/><ref>JDM Derrett (1968), Religion, Law and State in India, Faber and Faber, London, {{ISBN|978-0571087327}}</ref> It was expanded to include a universal procedural and commercial code by 1882, which overruled pre-existing Anglo-Hindu and Anglo-Muslim laws.<ref name=akgiri>AK Giri (Editors: Pietro Costa and Danilo Zolo, 2007), The Rule of Law History: Theory and Criticism, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1402057441}}, pages 596-597</ref> However, the personal laws for Muslims remained sharia-based, while the Anglo-Hindu law was enacted independent of Hindu shastras on matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance and the Anglo-Hindu law covered all Hindus, Jains, Sikhs and Buddhists in India.<ref>Kunal Parker (Editor: Gerald James Larson, 2001), Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|0-253-33990-1}}, pages 184-199</ref> In 1872, the British crown enacted the [[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Indian Christian Marriage Act]] which covered marriage, divorce and alimony laws for [[Christianity in India|Indian Christians]] of all denominations except the [[Catholic Church in India|Roman Catholics]].<ref>Chandra Mallampalli (2004), Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India: 1863-1937, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-32321-5}}, pages 59-64</ref><br />
<br />
The development of legal pluralism, that is separate law based on individual's religion, was controversial in [[India]] from the very start.<ref name=rocherresponse>{{cite journal |author=Ludo Rocher |date=July–September 1972 |title=Indian Response to Anglo-Hindu Law |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=419–424 |doi=10.2307/600567 |jstor=600567 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Legislation introduced by the British Government was a powerful tool in implementing reforms within the Hindu society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohn |first1=Bernard S. |chapter=Law and the Colonial State in India |title=Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India |date=8 September 1996 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00043-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC |language=en |page=71}}</ref><ref>Marc Galanter, Law and Society in Modern India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989)</ref> Some important legislations were <br />
{{div col start}}<br />
#[[Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829|Ban on the practice of ''sati'' in Hindu society]]<br />
#[[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856|Legal recognition to remarriage of Hindu widows & a childless widow's right to inherit her deceased husband's property]]<br />
#Abolition of slavery in Hindu society by the [[Indian Penal Code]] in 1861<br />
#Legal recognition to dissolution of a Hindu marriage in case of the husband converting to [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] or [[Islam in India|Islam]] by '''The Native Converts' Marriage Dissolution Act (1866)'''<br />
#[[Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870|Ban on the practice of female infanticide observed by certain Hindu communities in northern India]] <br />
#[[Age of Consent Act, 1891|Introduction of the concept of 'age of consent' in Hindu society & criminalizing consummation of child-marriages]]<br />
#Legal recognition to right of a Hindu man to pass down his property to anybody via legal declaration (last will) apart from the heirs identified in religious laws (like children & relatives) by the '''Indian Succession Act (1925)'''.<br />
#[[Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities) Act, 1928|Legal recognition to the right of a diseased/handicapped Hindu to inherit property]] <br />
#[[Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929|Legal abolition of child-marriage in Hindu society]]<br />
#Legal recognition to the right of Dalits for entering Hindu temples by '''The Madras Temple Entry Authorisation and Indemnity Act (1939)'''<br />
#Legal recognition to the right of a Hindu married woman to live apart from her husband by '''The Hindu Married Women's Right to Separate Residence and Maintenance Act (1944)'''<br />
#Legal abolition of bigamy in Hindu society by ''' The Bombay (Prevention of Hindu Bigamy) Marriage Act (1946)'''<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
These laws had generated widespread protests & condemnation from the orthodox elements of the Hindu society. The British government failed to strictly implement [[Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929|laws against child-marriages]] & [[Age of Consent Act, 1891|consummation of child marriages]] due to fears of the Hindu society rising up in open revolt against them.<br />
<br />
== Modern Hindu law ==<br />
{{main|Modern Hindu law}}<br />
After the independence of India from the colonial rule of Britain in 1947, India adopted a [[Constitution of India|new constitution]] in 1950.<ref>Seshagiri Rao, K.L. (1997–1998). Practitioners of Hindu Law: Ancient and Modern. Fordham Law Review, 66, Retrieved 15 October 2008</ref> Most of the legal code from the colonial era continued as the law of the new nation, including the personal laws contained in Anglo-Hindu law for Hindus, [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhists]], [[Jainism in India|Jains]] and [[Sikhs]], the Anglo-Christian law for [[Christianity in India|Christians]], and the Anglo-Muslim law for Muslims. Article 44 of the 1950 Indian constitution mandates a uniform civil code, eliminating all religion-based civil laws including Hindu law, Christian law and Muslim law throughout the territory of India.<ref name=sahmed/> While Hindu law has since been amended to be independent of ancient religious texts, Article 44 of the Indian constitution has remained largely ignored in matters of Muslim law by successive Indian governments since 1950.<ref name=sahmed>{{cite journal |author1=Shabbeer Ahmed |date=July–September 2006 |title=Uniform Civil Code (Article 44 of the Constitution) A Dead Letter |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=545–552 |jstor=41856241}}</ref><ref name=derrettmodernhindulaw>{{cite book|first=John|last=Derrett|author-link=J. Duncan M. Derrett|date=1963|publisher=Cambridge University PressCambridge|title=Introduction to Modern Hindu Law}}</ref><br />
<br />
An amendment to the constitution (42nd Amendment, 1976) formally inserted the word ''secular'' as a feature of the Indian republic.<ref>Singh, Pritam. 2005. "Hindu Bias in India's 'Secular' Constitution: probing flaws in the instruments of governance." ''Third World Quarterly.'' 26:6, 909–926.</ref> However, unlike the Western concept of [[secularism]] which separates religion and state, the concept of secularism in India means acceptance of [[religious law]]s as binding on the state, and equal participation of state in different religions.<ref>Donald E Smith (2011), India as a Secular State, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|9781178595253}}</ref><ref name=Larson>Gerald James Larson (2001), Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|0-253-33990-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since the early 1950s, India has debated whether legal pluralism should be replaced with legal universalism and a uniform civil code that does not differentiate between people based on their religion. This debate remains unresolved. The [[Quran]]-based ''Indian Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act'' of 1937 remained the law of the land of modern India for [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]], whereas [[Hindu code bills|secular personal laws]] promulgated by the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] (at the behest of the Law Minister Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]]) without any reference from Hindu religious texts & solely modelled on their Western European counterparts based on concepts of [[Equality before the law|equality]] & non-discrimination enshrined in the Constitution passed in the mid-1950s was applied to Indians who are Hindus (along with Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs and [[Parsis|Parsees]]), as well as to Indian Christians and [[History of the Jews in India|Jews]].<ref name=Larson/> This has been a source of controversy in Indian political circles, with the [[Hindutva|Hindu right-wing]] describing the existence of a separate body of religious law for Muslims while denying the same to non-Muslims as a form of Muslim appeasement. They demand that under a [[Uniform Civil Code|uniform civil code]], Muslims should be made to follow the same family law as Hindus. <br />
<br />
Legislation introduced by the [[central government|Government of India]] continued to be a tool for inducing reforms within the Hindu society. Some important legislations were <br />
{{div col start}}<br />
#Legal abolition of caste & sex-based discrimination by Article 15 of the [[Constitution of India]]<br />
#Legal abolition of [[untouchability]] by Article 17 of the [[Constitution of India]]<br />
#[[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Legal recognition to civil marriage in Hindu society & inter-faith marriage in India]]<br />
#[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|Legal recognition to inter-caste marriage, abolition of polygamy & introduction of the concept of divorce in Hindu society]]<br />
#Mandatory enforcement of the protection of civil rights of [[SC and ST]] people by '''The Untouchability (Offenses) Act (1955)'''<br />
#[[Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956|Legal recognition to Hindu women as legal guardians of their children]]<br />
#[[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956|Legal recognition to adoption of Hindu children outside the family, community & caste of the adopter]]<br />
#[[Hindu Succession Act, 1956|Legal recognition to the right of Hindu women for inheriting paternal property & that of all Hindus to inherit property matrilineally]]<br />
#[[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Criminalisation of hate-crimes against SC and ST people]]<br />
#[[Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005|Legal abolition of the practice of a Hindu's obligation to repay ancestral debt & recognition to equal rights of both sons & daughters for inheriting ancestral property]]<br />
#[[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Legal recognition to right of all Hindus irrespective of sex & caste to receive compulsory education]] <br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
Acceptance to overseas travelling (see [[Kala pani (taboo)|Kalapani]]) was a reformation within the Hindu society implemented without enacting any legislature.<br />
<br />
The Hindu code bills (stated under nos. 4, 6, 7 and 8) were met with severe criticism & condemnation by Hindu right-wing outfits. In spite of the passage of [[The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006|new laws]], [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]] continues to be in vogue among Hindus, especially in rural areas. Calls have also been made to free Hindu temples from government control.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Comparative law]]<br />
*[[Dhammasattha]]<br />
*[[Dharma]]<br />
*[[Dharmasastra]]<br />
*[[Divine law]]<br />
*[[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]]<br />
*[[Jīmūtavāhana]]<br />
*[[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]<br />
*[[Religious law]]<br />
*[[Robert Lingat]]<br />
*[[Sharia]]<br />
*[[Traditional Chinese law]]<br />
*[[Wareru Dhammathat]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
'''Sources'''<br />
<br />
* Creese, Helen. 2009a. Old Javanese legal traditions in pre-colonial Bali. ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'' 165(2/3): 241–290.<br />
* Creese, Helen. 2009b. "Judicial processes and legal authority in pre-colonial Bali." ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'' 165(4): 515–550.<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Davis | first=Donald R. Jr. |date=2005 |title=Intermediate Realms of Law: Corporate Groups and Rulers in Medieval India |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=92–117 |jstor=25165079|doi=10.1163/1568520053450709 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Davis | first=Donald R. Jr. |title=Dharma in Practice: Ācāra and Authority in Medieval Dharmaśāstra |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=813–830 |doi=10.1007/s10781-004-8651-4|year=2004 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42941/1/10781_2004_Article_8651.pdf |hdl=2027.42/42941 |s2cid=169619514 |hdl-access=free }}<br />
* Davis, Jr. Donald R. 1999. “[https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026483519342 Recovering the Indigenous Legal Traditions of India: Classical Hindu Law in Practice in Late Medieval Kerala]," ''Journal of Indian Philosophy'' 27 (3): 159–213.<br />
* Davis, Jr. Donald R. 2010. ''The Spirit of Hindu Law.'' Cambridge University Press.<br />
* [[J Duncan M Derrett|Derrett, J. Duncan M.]] 1968. ''Religion, Law, and the State in India''. London: Faber & Faber.<br />
* [[Rajeev Dhavan|Dhavan, Rajeev]]. 1992. "Dharmaśāstra and Modern Indian Society: A Preliminary Exploration". ''Journal of the Indian Law Institute'' 34 (4): 515–540.<br />
* Fuller, C.J. 1988. "Hinduism and Scriptural Authority in Modern Indian Law." ''Comparative Studies in Society and History''. 30:2, 225–248.<br />
* Hacker, Paul. 2006, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10781-006-9002-4 Dharma in Hinduism], ''Journal of Indian Philosophy'' 34:5.<br />
* Hooker, M.B., ed. 1986. ''The Laws of South-East Asia. Volume 1: The pre-modern texts''. Singapore: Butterworth & Co.<br />
* Jain, M.P. 1990. ''Outlines of Indian Legal History''. 5th Ed, Nagpur, Wadhwa & Co.<br />
* Jha, Ganganath (trans.), [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi Manusmṛti with the Manubhāṣyya of Medhātithi], including additional notes, 1920.<br />
* Lariviere, Richard W. 2003. ''The Nāradasmrti''. crit. ed. and trans. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.<br />
* Lariviere, Richard W. 1997. "Dharmaśāstra, Custom, 'Real Law,' and 'Apocryphal' Smrtis." In: ''Recht, Staat, und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien'', ed. Bernhard Kölver. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 97–110.<br />
* Lariviere, Richard W. 1996. "Law and Religion in India." ''Law, Morality, and Religion: Global Perspectives'', ed. Alan Watson. Berkeley: University of California, 75–94.<br />
* Lingat, Robert. 1973. ''The Classical Law of India''. trans. J.D.M. Derrett. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.<br />
* Lubin, Timothy. 2007. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1084716 "Punishment and Expiation: Overlapping Domains in Brahmanical Law,"] ''Indologica Taurinensia'' 33: 93–122.<br />
* Lubin, Timothy. 2010. "Indic Conceptions of Authority." In: ''Hinduism and Law: An Introduction'', ed. T. Lubin, D.R. Davis, Jr., and J.K. Krishnan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 37–53.<br />
* Lubin, Timothy. 2012. "Legal Diglossia: Modeling Discursive Practices in Premodern Indic Law." In: ''Bilingual Discourse and Cross-cultural Fertilisation: Sanskrit and Tamil in Mediaeval India'', ed. Whitney Cox and Vincenzo Vergiani (Paris/Pondicherry: École française d’Extrême-Orient), pp.&nbsp;411–455.<br />
* Lubin, Timothy, Donald R. Davis, Jr., and Jayanth K. Krishnan, eds. 2010. ''Hinduism and Law: An Introduction''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Menski, Werner. 2003. ''Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity''. Delhi: Oxford UP.<br />
* Olivelle, Patrick. 2004a. "The Semantic History of Dharma in the Middle and late Vedic Periods." ''Journal of Indian Philosophy'' 32 (5): 491–511.<br />
* Olivelle, Patrick. 2004b. ''The Law Code of Manu''. New York: Oxford UP.<br />
* Olivelle, Patrick. 2000. ''Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Āpastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and Vasistha''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.<br />
* Rangaswami Aiyangar, K.V. 1941. ''Rājadharma''. Adyar: Adyar Library.<br />
* Rocher, Ludo. 1978. “[http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hastlj29&div=57&id=&page= Hindu Conceptions of Law]”, ''Hastings Law Journal'', 29:6, 1283–1305.<br />
* Rocher, Ludo. 1972. "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" ''Malik Ram Felicitation'' Volume, ed. S.A.J. Zaidi. New Delhi, 167–194.<br />
* Rocher, Ludo. 1956. ''Vacaspati Misra: Vyavaharacintamani. A digest on Hindu legal procedure''. Crit. Ed., with Introduction, Annotated Translation, and Appendices. Ghent University.<br />
* Rocher, Rosane. 2010. "The Creation of Anglo-Hindu Law." In: ''Hinduism and Law: An Introduction'', ed. T. Lubin, D.R. Davis, Jr., and J.K. Krishnan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 78–88.<br />
* Solanki, Gopika. 2011. "Adjudication in Religious Family Laws: Cultural Accommodation, Legal Pluralism and Gender Equality in India". Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.<br />
* Washbrook, David A. 1981. "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00008714 Law, State, and Agrarian Society in Colonial India]", ''Modern Asian Studies''. 15:3, 649–721.<br />
* Wezler, Albrecht. 2004. "Dharma in the Veda and the Dharmaśāstras". Journal of Indian Philosophy 32 (5): 629–654.<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Davis, Jr. Donald R. 2010. ''The Spirit of Hindu Law'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), {{ISBN|978-0521877046}}<br />
* Lubin, Timothy, Donald R. Davis, Jr., and Jayanth K. Krishnan, eds. ''Hinduism and Law: An Introduction'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), {{ISBN|978-0521716260}}<br />
;Anglo-Indian law<br />
* [[J. Duncan M. Derrett]], "The Administration of Hindu Law by the British," ''Comparative Studies in Society and History,'' 4.1 (November 1961).<br />
;Modern Hindu law<br />
* N.R. Raghavachariar, ''Hindu Law- Principles and Precedents'', 12th Edition (Madras).<br />
* Satyajeet A. Desai, ''Mulla's Principles of Hindu Law''. 17th ed. 2 Vol. (New Delhi: Butterworths, 1998).<br />
* Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, ''Modern Hindu Law''. 10th ed. (Allahabad: Allahabad Law Agency, 1995).<br />
* Ranganath Misra, ''Mayne's Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage''. 15th ed. (New Delhi: Bharat Law House, 2003).<br />
* Werner Menski, ''Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003).<br />
* Gopika Solanki, "Adjudication in Religious Family Laws: Cultural Accommodation, Legal Pluralism and Gender equality in India" (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* JDM Derrett (1961), [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500001213 The administration of Hindu law by the British], Comparative Studies in Society and History, 4(1), pages 10–52<br />
* KLS Rao (1998), [http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/flr66&div=60&id=&page= Practitioners of Hindu Law: Ancient and Modern] Fordham Law Review<br />
* William Hay Macnaghten, {{Google books|vFEZAAAAYAAJ|Principles and Precedents of Hindu Law – Mitakshara|page=PA109}} Rules of Judicial Proceedings and Rules of Evidence in 11th century CE India, Harvard Law School<br />
* Donald Davis Jr (2007), [https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfm004 Hinduism as a Legal Tradition], ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', Oxford University Press, 75(2), pages 241–267<br />
<br />
{{law}}<br />
{{Relpolnav}}<br />
{{Hindudharma}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu law| ]]<br />
[[Category:History of Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian law]]<br />
[[Category:Law of India]]<br />
[[Category:Legal codes]]<br />
[[Category:Legal history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Religious law]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhoto_Bou&diff=494056Chhoto Bou2026-03-10T11:16:02Z<p>Eziosolution: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Chhoto Bou<br />
| image = ChotoBou.jpeg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = VCD cover<br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = [[Anjan Choudhury]]<br />
| producer = Prabir Rakshit (Shree Krishna Film Production)<br />
| writer = [[Anjan Choudhury]]<br />
| screenplay = [[Anjan Choudhury]]<br />
| story = [[Anjan Choudhury]]<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --><br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Ranjit Mallick]]<br />[[Sandhya Roy]]<br />[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />Debika Mukherjee<br />
| music = Sapan Chakraborty<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = Angel Video<br />
| released = {{Film date|1988|07|15|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| budget = 30 lacs<br />
| gross = 90 lacs<!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Chhoto Bou''''' ([[English language|English]]: Younger Wife) is a 1988 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Anjan Choudhury]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-04 |title=The master of weepy blockbusters with melodramatic battles over fish |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/kitchen-confidential-9-5869931/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and produced by Prabir Rakshit under the banner of Shree Krishna Film Production. The film features [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sandhya Roy]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Debika Mukherjee in the lead roles. Music of the film has been composed by Sapan Chakraborty. It was declared blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/chhoto-bou-movie/14633|title=Choto Bou(1988)-Bengali Movie Reviews, Music, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=2014-03-26|archive-date=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131165845/http://www.gomolo.com/chhoto-bou-movie/14633|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.induna.com/1000004961-productdetails/|title=Choto Bou (1988) movie Vcd|publisher=Induna.com |access-date=2014-03-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot == <br />
{{Long plot|date=April 2025}}<br />
The story is centred around a contemporary [[Hindu joint family|undivided]] [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] middle class family residing in the suburbs of [[Kolkata]]. The head of the family is a retired government employee who has gone blind due to [[cataract]]s. He lives in his own house with his wife, 3 sons & 2 daughters-in-law. The eldest son, nicknamed Minu is also a government employee, has a happy family in the form of his loving wife Mamata & son Raju, and is extremely devoted to his parents but since he contributes the least to the family income (only 500 rupees per month), Mamata (who came from a poor household that didn't have the ability to give any [[Dowry system in India|dowry]]) constantly faces [[psychological abuse]] [[Domestic violence in India|from her mother-in-law]] & is made to do all the household chores single-handedly without any assistance from others.<br />
<br />
The middle son, Chinu is a businessman who contributes the most to the family (800 rupees per month), for which he is looked upon by his mother as the ideal son. So his wife Tandra refuses to do any household work, considering it to be below her dignity. Tandra is always scheming against the good-natured Mamata over various ways to insult & humiliate her. To add to Mamata's woes, Latika, the only sister of the 3 brothers, who is always visiting her parents even after her marriage to a rich businessman called Pradip, also assists Tandra in humiliating Mamata by making her prepare food for Pradip's household whenever their domestic maid takes leave. In spite of all the abuse she receives from Latika, Tandra & her mother-in-law, Mamata silently endures it in order not to hurt her caring father-in-law by sowing discord in the undivided family, much to the grief of Minu.<br />
<br />
Since the mother-in-law measures the worth of people on the basis of the money they earn, she is also equally rude towards her blind husband, whose monthly pension of 150 rupees is mostly spent on his medications. She relishes every chance to deny her husband & Mamata good food by frequently inviting in her gluttonous brother.<br />
<br />
The younger son Tanu works in a factory, contributes 600 rupees to the household & lives away from the family most of the time. There he falls in love with a young girl called Dipa. Dipa was orphaned at a young age & lives with her caring maternal uncle & aunt in their impoverished household. Dipa's aunt hates Dipa & in the absence of her husband, had tried to get Dipa married to a rich, old man in an attempt to get rid of her. However, the plan was foiled by Dipa's maternal uncle, who then immediately got her married to Tanu in a [[civil ceremony]]. Tanu sends the newly-wed Dipa to live with her in-laws. There, the strong-willed Dipa stands up against the abusive trio (Latika, Tandra & her mother-in-law) & emerges as a strong support for Mamata & her father-in-law, creating tensions in the family. The mother-in-law also takes an instant disliking for Dipa due to her coming from a poor household which was unable to afford dowry. Dipa's maternal uncle came to visit her at her in-law's but there he is insulted by the mother-in-law for his poverty & inability to afford a dowry.<br />
<br />
One day, Dipa finds Mamata preparing a dish of [[Pool barb|''punti'' fish]] for Latika's household, leaving behind Raju who is bedridden with fever. Dipa convinces Mamata to prioritise her son's health over Latika's tantrums, severely berates Latika for not being able to do domestic chores on her own & also the mother-in-law for not teaching her daughter the basic duties of a housewife. Believing that Mamata had instigated Dipa against her, Latika out of revenge foils Mamata's attempts to feed her bedridden son some [[Horlicks]] (which Minu had procured by borrowing money from his office colleagues) by informing it to her mother. The mother-in-law then proceeds to cruelly snatch away the Horlicks container & throw away the spoonful of Horlicks from Mamata's hand, taunting her by saying that she is too poor to afford such good food. This causes Mamata to break down into tears. To protest this inhumane act, Dipa snatches away apples (considered as an expensive fruit at that time) from her mother-in-law's hand, stating that based on her own philosophy, she is too poor to afford such costly fruits. Incensed at such an act of disrespect, the mother-in-law, at the instigation of Tandra, informs Tanu her version of the story, making it appear as if Dipa was [[Elder abuse|abusing her elders]]. Tanu rushes home & confronts Dipa. When Dipa refuses any wrongdoing on her part, Tanu slaps her in front of all other family members. He then gets beaten by Minu (grateful towards Dipa for her support to Mamata). A furious argument ensures, during which the mother-in-law reveals that she isn't Minu's biological mother & proceeds to disown him & his wife. Tanu decides to remove Dipa away from the house & goes to complain about her to her maternal uncle. However, after hearing from Dipa's maternal uncle how his mother demanded dowry & insulted him, Tanu felt ashamed for slapping Dipa.<br />
<br />
After disowing Mamata, the mother-in-law expected that Tandra would take care of her, but to her dismay, Tandra steadfastedly refused to do any household work, forcing the mother-in-law to do all work despite her advanced age. Soon however, she develops [[arrhythmia]], which requires implanting a [[Artificial cardiac pacemaker|pacemaker]], at the cost about 25,000 rupees. At the instigation of Tandra, Chinu refuses to contribute money for his mother's treatment, in order to buy a new flat for their residence. Latika also refuses to contribute money for her mother's treatment, in order to save up for her upcoming [[Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir trip]]. Minu then decides to voluntarily retire from his service, in order to treat his step-mother with the money of his [[provident fund]]. This selfless act causes the mother-in-law to reconcile with Minu & Mamata. But Dipa secretly arranges for money by selling all the gold ornaments of her late mother in order to prevent Minu from resigning, so that he could continue to take care of Mamata & Raju. When the mother-in-law comes to know about it, she reconciled with Dipa on the eve of her departure from the house. The story then ends with Mamata then helping Chinu (who had been defrauded by his business partner) to reconcile with his parents, thereby preventing him from being kicked out of the house.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Minu, the eldest son<br />
* [[Sandhya Roy]] as Mamata, the eldest daughter-in-law <br />
* [[Sumanta Mukherjee]] as Chinu, the middle son <br />
* [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)|Sanghamitra Banerjee]] as Tandra, the middle daughter-in-law <br />
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Tanu, the youngest son<br />
* [[Devika Mukherjee]] as Dipa, the youngest daughter-in-law & the main protagonist <br />
*[[Ratna Ghoshal]] as Latika, Tanu & Chinu's sister<br />
* [[Kali Banerjee|Kali Bandyopadhyay]] as the father-in-law<br />
* [[Meenakshi Goswami]] as the mother-in-law<br />
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] as Raju<br />
* [[Nimu Bhowmik]] as Nitai, the gluttonous maternal uncle of Tanu & Chinu<br />
<br />
==Remakes==<br />
* ''[[Chinna Kodallu]]'' (1990) in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]<br />
* ''[[Choto Bou (1990 film)|Choto Bou]]'' (1990)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khan Ata: A legend of film industry in Bangladesh |url=https://businesspostbd.com/show-biz/2022-12-01/khan-ata-a-legend-of-film-industry-in-bangladesh-2022-12-01 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=businesspostbd.com |language=en}}</ref> in [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi cinema]]<br />
* ''[[Chinna Marumagal]]'' (1992) in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]<br />
* ''Panjuri Bhitare Shadi'' (1992) in [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia]]<br />
* ''[[Chhoti Bahoo]]'' (1994) in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Jeeboner Saar Tumi"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Shono Shono Aaj Keno Mon Kore Gungun"<br />
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Aziz]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Jangole Lege Jaay"<br />
| Mohammed Aziz<br />
|-<br />
| "Ek Janamdukhi Duoranir"<br />
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=1545594|title=Choto Bou}}<br />
{{Anjan Choudhury}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Anjan Choudhury]]<br />
[[Category:1988 drama films]]<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Bengali-film-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marthanda_Varma&diff=445483Marthanda Varma2026-03-04T11:22:39Z<p>Eziosolution: minor update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maharaja of Travancore from 1729 to 1758}}<br />
{{about|the 18th century Indian king}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Marthanda Varma<br />
| title = King of Travancore<br />
| image = Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma.jpg<br />
| caption = A depiction of Marthanda Varma<br />
| succession = [[List of Maharajas of Travancore|Maharaja of Travancore]]<br />
| reign = {{Nowrap|1729 – 7 July 1758}}<br />
| coronation = <br />
| predecessor = [[Rama Varma of Venad|Rama Varma]]<br />
| successor = [[Dharma Raja|Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja")]]<br />
| suc-type = <br />
| regent = <br />
| birth_name = Anizham Thirunal<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1706}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Attingal]], [[Venadu kingdom|Venad]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1758|07|07|1706|||df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = Perumal Kottaram, Trivandrum Fort, Kingdom of Travancore<br />
| burial_date = <br />
| burial_place = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| consort = <!-- yes or no --><br />
| issue = <!--list children in order of birth--><br />
| issue-link = <br />
| issue-pipe = <br />
| issue-type = <br />
| full name = <br />
| regnal name = Sri Padmanabhadasa Vanchipala Maharajah Sri Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma Kulasekhara Perumal<br />
| posthumous name = <br />
| temple name = <br />
| house = House Of Venad<br />
| house-type = Kulasekhara Dynasty<br />
| father = Raghava Varma Koyil Thampuran of Kilimanoor <br />
| mother = Karthika Thirunal Uma Rani <br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma''' ({{langx|ml|അനിഴം തിരുനാൾ മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ}}; 1706 – 7 July 1758) was the founding monarch of the southern Indian [[Kingdom of Travancore]] (previously [[Venad (historical region)#Rise of Travancore|Venadu]]) from 1729 until his death in 1758.<ref name=":0">{{Britannica|315300|Kerala|Noble, William G.}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Dharma Raja|Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja")]] (1758–98).<ref name="britannica.com">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. [https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Rajasthan-in-the-18th-century#ref46998 ''The south: Travancore and Mysore''] "India". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref><br />
<br />
King Marthanda Varma defeated the [[Dutch East India Company]] forces at the [[Battle of Colachel]] in 1741. He also put an end to the [[Nair]]-[[Brahmin]] Administrative setup, [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]] and the [[Ettara Yogam|Ettara yogam]] council and took the full power as the king. The Yogakars and Pillamars were always against the Royal Family to which King Marthanda Varma belonged. ([[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] Judgement page :16) He then adopted a European mode of discipline for his army and expanded his kingdom northward (to what became the modern state of Travancore).<ref name=":0" /> He built a sizeable standing army of about 50,000 nair men, as part of designing an "elaborate and well-organised" war machine,<ref name="britannica.com" /> with the role of the travancore army and fortified the northern boundary of his kingdom ([[Nedumkotta|Travancore Lines]]).<ref name="britannica.com" /> His alliance in 1757 with the ruler of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi (Cochin)]], against the northern [[Kingdom of Kozhikode|Kingdom of Calicut]], enabled the kingdom of Kochi to survive.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Travancore under Marthanda Varma made a deliberate attempt to consolidate its power by the use of [[Indian Ocean trade]].<ref name="britannica.com" /> It was the policy of Marthanda Varma to offer assistance to [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] traders (as a means of limiting European involvement in ocean trade). The principal merchandise was [[black pepper]], but other goods also came to be defined as royal monopoly items (requiring a license for trade) between the 1740s and the 1780s.<ref name=":2">Subrahmanyam, S. (1988). Commerce and State Power in Eighteenth-Century India: Some Reflections. ''South Asia Research'', ''8''(2), 97–110.</ref><ref name="britannica.com" /> Eventually, Travancore challenged and broke the Dutch blockade of the Kerala coast.<ref name=":2"/><br />
<br />
[[Thiruvananthapuram]] became a prominent city in Kerala under Marthanda Varma.<ref name="Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2013">{{Britannica|606138|Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> He undertook many irrigational works, built roads and canals for communication and gave active encouragement to foreign trade.<ref>[[Bipan Chandra]] "History of modern India"</ref> In January, 1750, Marthanda Varma decided to "donate" his kingdom to the last Tiruvadi Sri Padmanabha ([[Vishnu]]) and thereafter rule as the deity's "vice-regent" (Sri Padmanabha Dasa).<ref name="Chaitanya1983" /><ref name="Aswathy Thirunal 1998 168–170, 179–180, 595–602" /> Marthanda Varma's policies were continued in large measure by his successor, [[Dharma Raja|Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja")]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Marthanda Varma was born in 1706 to queen Karthika Thirunal Umadevi, the Queen of Attingal, and Raghava Varma of [[Kilimanoor Palace]]. Queen Karthika Thirunal Uma Devi - an adoptee from the northern [[Kolathunadu]] ruling family - was the senior queen of Attingal at the time. His father Raghava Varma Koil Thampuran died of severe fever when Marthanda Varma was one year old.<br />
<br />
Marthanda Varma was the nephew of the last [[Venad (kingdom)|Venadu]] king, Rama Varma. At the time of Varma's birth, Trippappur Swaroopam (later Thiruvithamkoor or Travancore) was a small chiefdom extending from [[Edava]] in the north to [[Aralvaimozhi]] under the Venadu Kingdom. Venadu Kingdom was split into small feudal regions ruled and controlled by the [[Nair]] Aristocracy.<br />
<br />
King Rama Varma died in 1729. According to the [[Marumakkathayam|matrilineal]] system of [[inheritance]] of Kerala, the next king would be Marthanda Varma. However, a problem cropped up when two of his cousins, Valiya Thampi and Kunju Thampi, who were sons of King Rama Varma, claimed the throne under the earlier patriarchal succession of Kshatriyas. Some historians note that these thampis are sons of Rama Varma and a [[Rajput]] woman named Abhirami, while some believe he is of Bengali or Tamil noble Devadasi who followed patriarchal. The Thampis requested the help of [[Ettuveetil Pillamar|Ettuveettil Pillai]], the Nair Aristocracy who controlled the regions near [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], along with their associates [[Ettara Yogam|Yogakkar]] (comprising [[Malayali Brahmin|Malayali Brahmins]] and [[Nair|Nairs]] representative from Venadu).<br />
<br />
[[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillaimar]] were extremely influential in Venadu, and had more power than the kings themselves. Even the kings needed their permission to make decisions in Venadu. This conflict between Varma and the Thampis later resulted in severe consequences. In the aftermath, Marthanda Varma and his family lived in fear, many of his relatives were killed, they hide and moved from place to place, seeking refuge in various places with the help of several Nair Tharavads. <br />
<br />
Marthanda Varma's brother in law and his sister travelled through [[Budhanoor]], which was under the protection of [[Valiathan|Vattaparambil Valiathan]], when they were attacked by the Ettuveettil. Marthanda Varma's brother-in-law and other fighters lost their lives, but the sister, the Rani of Attingal, and her son managed to escape and ran through the fields ("Budhanoor padam"). They were helped by Aaruveettil [[Madampi (Nair title)|Madambimar]] and the king of Vanjipuzha.<br />
<br />
In 1729, Marthanda Varma planned his first attack with the help of powerful mercenaries from outside Kerala, but it ultimately failed. Later, he expanded his army, ascended to the throne and killed his cousins, the Thampis. Utilizing spies, Marthanda Varma analyzed the movements and secrets of the Ettuveettil Pillaimar, eventually defeating them and executing most of their family members. He later destroyed the power of more than 70 [[Jenmi|nobles]] across Venadu. Yogakkar and Brahmins who earlier supported Ettuveettil Nairs were expelled from Venadu. Marthanda Varma later expanded his territory by attacking [[Kollam district|Quilon]] (north Venadu), [[Thekkumkur|Tekkumkoor]], and [[Vadakkumkur]], and eventually formed the Travancore Kingdom.<br />
<br />
=== Impact ===<br />
<br />
* Decentralized state (complex feudal and political relations). Influence of the local land lords (the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]]) and the barons (landlords known as Madampimar). The authority of the throne was also curbed by the [[Ettara Yogam|Council of Eight and a Half]] (the Yogakkar), the managing committee of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]. There was no standing army.<br />
* European monopoly in Indian Ocean spice trade. The constant Dutch blockade of the Malabar Coast. Trade with the Europeans was an important source for augmenting the financial reserves of the Kerala kingdoms.<br />
* Quarrels and open warfare among the various royal lineages (increased the dependence of the royals on their warriors and collectors of dues). Trade rivalries between the Dutch and English companies had a role in intensifying the conflict among the branches.<br />
<br />
An [[English East India Company]] factory was established at Vizhinjam in 1644. The [[Anchuthengu Fort|Ajengo Fort]] was established in 1695. The ruler Rama Varma (1721/22 - 1729) entered into treaties with the [[English East India Company]] (1723) and the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayaks]] with the aim of strengthening his position (in the fight against the nobles and other hostile elements in Tranvancore). The role played by Marthanda Varma in these moves are highlighted by P. Shungoonny Menon, the 19th-century Travancore court historian. The [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch Company]] positioned themselves against the emerging Travancore by helping Quilon and Kayamkulam. The English Company became an ally of Travancore against the Dutch.<br />
<br />
== Rule of Marthanda Varma ==<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| title = <br />
| fontsize = 100%<br />
| quote = Mobilisation of additional resources involved territorial conquests...The territorial conquests of Marthanda Varma were intended not only for settling political differences but also for controlling areas that yielded food crops and commercial products, particularly pepper for the ports of trade in southern and central Kerala...The reorganisation of land relations effected by Marthanda Varma following his conquest of Quilon, Kayamkulam, Tekkenkur and Vadakkenkur was essentially to ensure this control of resources.<br />
| source = K. N. Ganesh, historian, in "The Process of State Formation in Travancore" (1990)<br />
}}Marthanda Varma ascended the throne when the crisis in Travancore had already deepened. King Rama Varma was forced to invite troops from Tamil Nadu to collect dues and impose order. Even the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabha Swamy Temple]] affairs were heading towards a crisis due to lack of funds.<ref name=":4">Ganesh, K. N. (1990). The Process of State Formation in Travancore. ''Studies in History'', ''6''(1), 15–33.</ref> The Thampi brothers, sons of Rama Varma, immediately revolted against Marthanda Varma (who was the legitimate successor on the basis of the Nair matrilineal system) with the assistance of a Tamil army.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Marthanda Varma's reign was one of constant warfare, against opponents both inside and outside his territory.<ref>{{cite book |first=D. |last=Kooiman |page=600 |chapter=State Formation in Travancore: Problems of revenue, trade and armament |title=Ritual, State, and History in South Asia: Essays in Honour of J. C. Heesterman |editor1-first=J. C. |editor1-last=Heesterman |editor2-first=Albert W. |editor2-last=Van den Hoek |editor3-first=Dirk H. A. |editor3-last=Kolff |editor4-first=M. S. |editor4-last=Oort |publisher=BRILL |year=1992 |isbn=978-9-00409-467-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtwtSZwyWpgC&pg=PA600}}</ref> After reducing the power of the Ettuveetil Pillamar, the Nair aristocracy, and their associates, the Yogakkars, Marthanda Varma turned his attention to central Kerala.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |author-link=A. Sreedhara Menon |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |publisher=DC Books |year=2007}}</ref> He realised that Dutch power in Kerala stemmed from their flourishing spice trade at the port of [[Kochi]]. He set out to conquer the major spice-producing areas supplying cargo to Kochi. After declaring a state monopoly on pepper in Travancore in 1743, between then and 1752, the king annexed [[Kollam|Quilon]], [[Kayamkulam]], [[Thekkumkur]], Vadakkumkur and [[Purakkad]] to Travancore (thereby delivering a serious blow to the commerce of the Dutch).<ref name="Sharma2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC|title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India|last1=Sharma|first1=Yogesh|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|isbn=978-93-80607-00-9|pages=83–84}}</ref><br />
<br />
* In 1731, the port of [[Kollam]] (Quilon) - which was ruled by a branch of the Venadu family to which Marthanda Varma also belonged - was defeated and its last chief was made to sign a treaty allowing the annexation of his chiefdom by Travancore after his death. The chief was brought to Thiruvananthapuram and lodged almost as a state prisoner in the Valikoikkal Palace. A contingent of the Travancore army under Dalavay Arumukham Pillai was stationed at Kollam.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /><br />
* Marthanda Varma next turned his attention towards the little chiefdom of Marta and seized it. The neighbouring chiefdom of [[Kayamkulam]] - sensing an imminent invasion by Travancore - soon allied itself with [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]], Purakkad and Vadakkumkur. The Kayamkulam chief was also successful in rescuing the Kollam chief from his Thiruvananthapuram prison. The allies built new fortifications and strengthened their defences against the threat of Travancore. The [[Dutch East India Company]] also professed to support the war effort.<br />
* The subsequent invasion of Marta by the Kayamkulam chief signalled the outbreak of the war. The Travancore army seized Nedumangadu and Kottarakkara and prevented the joined forces of Elayadathu and Kayamkulam. Travancore Dalavay Ramayyan then lead an expeditionary force to capture the city of Kollam. But, he was forced to withdraw without accomplishing his mission.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /><br />
* Having equipped their forces with the help of the French and the English Companies, Travancore renewed a military operation against the chief of Kollam. In the campaigns that ensued, the ruler of Kayamkulam was killed (1734). But the defence of Kollam continued under the leadership of the brother of the deceased chief and Travancore forces were forced to fall back once again.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /><br />
* Travancore's next campaign was against Elayadathu Swaroopam ([[Kottarakara]]). When the chief of Kottarakara who was kept in solitary confinement in Thiruvananthapuram died in 1739, Marthanda Varma refused to recognise the claim of the senior female member to succession. The princess fled to Thekkumkur where the chief gave granted her asylum. At this juncture, the Dutch Governor of Ceylon [[Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff]] sensed an opportunity to involve further in the politics of Kerala.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /><br />
* In 1739, van Imhoff arrived in Kochi, took up the cause of the female ruler of Kottarakara and protested against the annexation of that chiefdom by Marthanda Varma in a meeting between the two. In 1741, the Dutch reinstated the female ruler of Kottarakara against the wishes of Marthanda Varma, who attacked the chiefdom and defeated the combined Kottarakkara - Dutch forces before finally fully annexing the chiefdom to Travancore while the female ruler fled to [[Kochi]].<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /><br />
<br />
===Battle of Colachel (1741)===<br />
{{main article|Battle of Colachel}}<br />
<br />
[[File:De_lannoy_Tomb.JPG|thumbnail|The chapel at [[Udayagiri Fort]], [[Kanyakumari]]. Eustachius de Lannoy's tomb is located in the chapel cemetery.|left|193x193px]]<br />
<br />
Travancore then launched a series of raids on the Dutch forts in the area and captured them all. In retaliation, a Dutch artillery force landed at [[Colachel]] from Ceylon and conquered up to [[Kottar]]. The Dutch forces then advanced against [[Kalkulam]], Travancore's capital. Marthanda Varma, who was then in the north of his state promptly marched his forces to the south and arrived at Kalkulam just in time to prevent its fall to the Dutch.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007"/><br />
<br />
In the following battle at Colachel (10 August 1741), the Travancore forces won a resounding victory over the Dutch. More than twenty Dutch were taken as prisoners of war from Colachel. Among them was [[Eustachius De Lannoy|Eustachius de Lannoy]], who attracted the king's special notice. Eustachius de Lannoy, commonly known in Travancore as the 'Valiya Kappittan' (Senior Captain) was entrusted with the organisation and drilling of a special regiment, which he did to the "entire satisfaction of the king". De Lannoy was raised to the rank of general in Travancore army and proved of considerable service to Marthanda Varma in subsequent battles.<br />
<br />
=== Treaty of Mavelikkara (1753) ===<br />
<br />
* Following the expulsion of the Dutch, Marthanda Varma now turned his attention once again towards Kayamkulam (which continued to seek help from the Dutch Company). In 1742, Travancore forces attacked Kayamkulam possessions at Kollam and fought the Kayamkulam army led by Achuta Warrier and chiefs from Valiya Kakkanadu Madhom. Although Travancore was defeated in this battle, Marthanada Varma reinforced his army with cavalry brought in from [[Tirunelveli]] before mounting an attack on Kayamkulam, which led to the final defeat of the chiefdom. A treaty known as the [[Treaty of Mannar]] (1742) was signed, under which Kayamkulam became a tributary state of Travancore.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /><br />
* However, by 1746, the Kayamkulam chief once again showed signs of rebellion and when his "conspiracies" with the northern chiefdoms such as [[Kottayam]], [[Changanassery]], [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]] and [[Ambalapuzha]] came to the attention of Marthanda Varma, Kayamkulam was annexed by a final battle in which the chief fled to Kochi and a branch of the family settled near Charamood known as "Moothantedom".<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /> Travancore now extended from [[Kanyakumari]] to Kayamkulam in the north.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /><ref name="Koshy1989">{{cite book|author=M. O. Koshy|title=The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC&pg=PA70|year=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-136-6|pages=70–}}</ref><br />
* Following this, Ambalapuzha, Kottayam and Changanassery were also annexed to Travancore by 1753. The principality of [[Meenachil]] was also annexed.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /> <br />
* In 1753, the tributary states of Kochi collectively known as Karappuram and Alangad were ceded to Travancore. In 1755, the ruler of [[Kozhikode]] was also defeated at a battle in [[Purakkad]]. He was supported by the armies of some other local chiefs.<ref name="Menon, A. Sreedhara 2007" /><ref>{{cite book|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|pages=224–228}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ascent of Travancore seems to have been particularly rapid after about 1749.<ref name=":2"/> Marthanda Varma had declared a state monopoly on pepper in Travancore in 1743, thereby delivering a serious blow to the commerce of the Dutch.<ref name="Sharma2010" /> A treaty (the Treaty of Mavelikkara<ref name=":2"/>) was concluded between Marthanda Varma and the Dutch East India Company. It was signed at [[Mavelikkara]] on 15{{nbsp}}August 1753. Thereafter, the Dutch Company officials report that "considerable spice producing lands came under direct royal control, while those merchants participating in illegal trade in spices stood in danger of being executed".<ref name=":2"/><br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
<br />
* Use of maritime outlets: Marthanda Varma made a determined bid to consolidate his authority by the use of Indian Ocean spice trade.<ref name="britannica.com" /> The control of ocean trade was crucial for the statecraft of 18th century India.<ref name="britannica.com" /> Travancore challenged and eventually broke the Dutch blockade of the southern Malabar Coast.<ref name=":2" /><br />
* Royal monopoly (the Kuttakam): a number of traded goods such as black pepper were defined as royal monopoly items. These items required a state licence for trade in Travancore.<ref name="britannica.com" /><br />
* Dismantling of the old aristocracy - complete restructuring of the medieval political framework:<ref name=":4" /> Marthanda Varma reduced the power of the [[Nair]] aristocracy (especially the Ettuveettil Pillamar, and their associates, the Yogakkar of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple<ref name=":2" />) in Travancore. Kings of Kerala had earlier been dependent militarily on these powerful community of nobles.<ref name="britannica.com" /><br />
* Patronage to [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]]: To limit the European involvement in trade, Marthanda Varma extended his patronage to the ancient mercantile community in Kerala.<ref name="britannica.com" /> The Syrian Christians soon enhanced their position as landholders and those who controlled the new monopoly.<ref name=":2" /><br />
* Extensive bureaucratisation : a [[Dalava]] was appointed to head the military, fiscal and commercial administration. Below the Dalava was established an extensive hierarchy, from the Valia Sarvadhi Kariakkars to the Kariakkars, Manikars and Adhikaris.<ref name=":2" /> Upper positions of this new system was dominated by Brahmins effectively reduce the Nairs influences in the administration.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> The old Pandara Kariakkar and Swarupi Janam were replaced by a new administrative system. Divisions known as Adhikaram and Mandapattu Vatukkal were introduced.<ref name=":4" /> <br />
**Dalavas under Marthanda Varma<br />
***Arumukham Pillai 1729–1736<br />
***Thanu Pillai 1736–1737<br />
***[[Ramayyan Dalawa|Ramayyan Dalavay]] 1737–1756<br />
***Marthanda Pillai 1756–1758<br />
*Military machine: a substantial standing army, roughly estimated at 50,000, was created.<ref name=":2" /> The soldiers were mainly ordinary Nairs who received tax concessions (the Irayili) for the period under service and a pension (the Irayili Aduthoon) on retirement.<ref name=":4" /> Marava Cavalry and Pathan Cavalry was also used by Marthanda Varma.<ref name=":4" /> Assistance from some defected Dutch officers were also received (after the victory at Colachel). With the beginning of the conflict against Quilon and Kayamkulam (who were being supplied arms by the Dutch), supply of English arms and ammunition also began to increase.<ref name=":4" /> Artillery batteries were positioned facing the Arabian Sea from [[Purakkad]] to [[Kanyakumari|Cape Comorin]].<ref name=":2" /> Construction of intricate fortifications in Travancore, including the [[Nedumkotta|Travancore Lines]].<ref name=":2" /> <br />
*Expansion of agricultural production: development of water harvesting and irrigation projects, and the so-called "Kulikkanam" tenure.<ref name=":4" /> The Kulikkanam was applicable to "newly planted trees and freshly sown lands", where a tax reductions (the Naduvukkur and Vettalivu) were granted. The tenure was found along with the Otti tenure, similar to the Kanam tenure (found elsewhere in Kerala). A number of commercial crops were cultivated in lands under this tenure. The Kulikkanam cultivators usually went to the market to sell their goods for cash (and hence the Kulikkanam dues were collected as cash).<ref name=":4" /><br />
*The basis for the changes in the political and economic relations was provided by the transformation of the old agrarian relations.<ref name=":4" /> Extensive land survey and settlement.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
==Culture and religion==<br />
Marthanda Varma was born into a Samanthan Nair family, belonging to the [[Mushika dynasty|Mushika lineage]] of northern Kerala through his maternal line, and his family was earlier adopted into the Venadu Samantha Kshatriya royal family, both families followed the matrilineal succession (Marumakkathayam) system.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pillai|first=Manu S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j32PDQAAQBAJ|title=Ivory Throne: Chronicles of the House of Travancore|date=2016-01-22|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-93-5177-643-7|pages=238|language=nl}}</ref> Wanting the status of a ([[Samantha Kshatriya]]), he performed a set of elaborate and expensive [[Mahadana]] rituals as which included the [[Hiranyagarbha (donation)|Hiranyagarbha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Manu S |title=Of cows, courts and princes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Of-cows-courts-and-princes/article14630727.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 September 2016 |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref><br />
Marthanda Varma started normalising the relationship between the royal family (the ruler) and the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] (the administrative body of the temple) as soon as he came to the throne. He undertook the Prayaschittam retribution that was long overdue from the earlier Venadu kings.<ref name=":4" /> He reorganized the collection of dues from the temple lands. After the land survey of 1739–40, the allotment of expenses for the temple was fixed.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in Thiruvananthapuram was re-created as the gigantic structure of today and new state ceremonies such as Murajapam, Bhadra Deepam, and others were introduced by Marthanda Varma. The main Vishnu idol of the shrine, which was mostly destroyed in a fire during his predecessor Rama Varma's time, was also re-constructed. He also created Ottakkal Mandapam as well as the Sheevelippura. Out of the seven floors of the temple gopura, five were finished during his reign.<ref name="Gauri Lakshmi Bayi 1998 152–168">{{cite book|last=Gauri Lakshmi Bayi|first=Aswathi Thirunal|title=Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram|year=1998|publisher=The State Institute Of Languages|location=Thiruvananthapuram|isbn=978-81-7638-028-7|pages=152–168}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Thiruvananthapuram]] became a prominent city in Kerala under Marthanda Varma.<ref name="Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2013" /> As a result of the annexation of neighbouring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram, turning it into a cultural centre. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including Koothu, Padhakam, Kathakali, Thullal, and Koodiyattam. Noted artists such as [[Ramapurathu Warrier]] and [[Kunchan Nambiar]] amongst others served as his court poets.<ref name="Gauri Lakshmi Bayi 1998 152–168"/><br />
<br />
==Thrippadidanam==<br />
In 1749–50, Marthanda Varma decided to "donate" his realm to Sri Padmanabha ([[Vishnu]]) and thereafter rule as the deity's "vice-regent" (Sri Padmanabha Dasa).<ref name="Chaitanya1983">{{cite book|first1=Krishna|last1=Chaitanya|title=A History Of Indian Painting : Pahari Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDo6x0OAdqAC|year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|id=GGKEY:Y12G5FWSUHB|page=88}}</ref><ref name="Aswathy Thirunal 1998 168–170, 179–180, 595–602">{{cite book|last=Aswathy Thirunal|first=Gauri Lakshmi Bai|title=Sree Padmanabhaswamy Kshetram|year=1998|publisher=The State Institute Of Languages, Kerala|location=Thiruvananthapuram|isbn=978-81-7638-028-7|pages=168–170, 179–180, 595–602}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Purpose of Thrippadidanam ===<br />
<br />
* Separation of the newly formed "unitary kingship" (and political power) from the disputes and frictions in the civil society.<ref name=":4" /><br />
* Formalisation of the new power structure in Travancore.<ref name=":4" /><br />
* To integrate the existing social divisions in Kerala under the emerging power structure.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
[[Ramayyan Dalawa]], prime minister and a close friend of Marthanda Varma, died in 1756. Ramayyan's death caused terrible grief to Marthada Varma, and he died two years later in 1758.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram|last=Gauri Lakshmi Bayi|first=Aswathi Thirunal|publisher=The State Institute Of Languages|year=1998|isbn=978-81-7638-028-7|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=178–179}}</ref> He was succeeded by his nephew [[Dharma Raja|Rama Varma ("Dharma Raja")]].<ref name="britannica.com" /><ref name=":1" /> Marthanda Varma's policies were continued in large measure by [[Dharma Raja]] (1758–98). He also went on to successfully defend Travancore against the aggression of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="britannica.com" /> Marthanda Varma's legacy involved a major restructuring of the medieval political and economic relations of southern Kerala.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{page numbers needed|date=June 2019}}<!--Menon (2007)--><br />
{{Page numbers improve|date=June 2019}}<!--Subrahmanyam (1988), Ganesh (1990)--><br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-hou|[[Venad|Venadu Kulasekhara dynasty]]||1706||1758}}<br />
{{s-reg|}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Rama Varma of Venad|Rama Varma]]<br /><small>(as King of Venadu)</small>}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Travancore|King of Travancore]]|years=1729–1758}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Dharma Raja|Rama Varma (Dharma Raja)]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Kingdom of Travancore}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marthanda Varma}}<br />
[[Category:1706 births]]<br />
[[Category:1758 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Maharajas of Travancore]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]<br />
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_(2016_film)&diff=469046Power (2016 film)2026-03-04T00:30:18Z<p>Eziosolution: further adjust article per sources and added references as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2016 film by Rajiv Kumar Biswas}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Power<br />
| image = Power (2016 film).jpg<br />
| caption = Power Movie Poster<br />
| director = [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]<br />
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]]<br/>[[Nispal Singh]]<br />
| writer = Abhimannu Mukherjee<br />
| starring = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]<br/>[[Sayantika Banerjee]]<br/>[[Nusrat Jahan]]<br />
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]<br />
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]<br/>[[Surinder Films]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|04|14}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bangla]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Power''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action comedy film| action thriller film]] directed by [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]. The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]]. It features [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]] and [[Nusrat Jahan]] in lead roles. It is a remake of the 2014 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' starring [[Ravi Teja]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/power/movie-review/51889891.cms|title=Power Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Power by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=5 action comedy films starring Jeet to binge-watch on his birthday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/5-action-comedy-films-starring-jeet-to-binge-watch-on-his-birthday/cid/1901121 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=30 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
{{long plot|date=May 2024}}<br />
Bir Pratap Chowdhury is a corrupt yet valiant ACP in [[Kolkata]]. He attempts to save a dreaded gangster named Joykrishna Ganguly, but loses his life and Ganguly is kidnapped by Bir Pratap's allies Biswas and Mukherjee. The Home Minister Ramkrishna Ganguly is concerned about Joykrishna Ganguly being apprehended. Upon hearing the news of Bir Pratap's death, his mother loses consciousness and is admitted to the hospital. Ramkrishna promises the people that he will apprehend Joykrishna or offer his resignation if he is not successfully doing the same.<br />
<br />
In [[Kolkata]], Jeetu, a doppelganger of Bir Pratap, is a happy-go-lucky guy, whose sole aim in life is to become a cop, but doesn't achieve success. He lives with his brother-in-law Bhojon Bose, who is a [[Chief inspector|CI]]. To change his fortunes, Jeetu approaches Anjali who claims to be a trader in gemstones relating to [[astrology]], which can change a person's fortune, but in reality she is just a con artist. She gives a ring to Jeetu, which actually has no powers.<br />
<br />
Jeetu ends up helping his brother-in-law to apprehend a dangerous convict. However, Bhojon takes all the credit at the press meet which Jeetu also attends. Bhojon later reveals that he had rejected Jeetu's application to the police academy. However, Ramkrishna notices Jeetu on the news, and tells him to pretend as Bir Pratap and put Joykrishna Ganguly in prison. Jeetu accepts and visits to Selimpur and impersonates as Bir Pratap, and frees Joykrishna Ganguly from Biswas and Mukherjee. Jeetu takes Ganguly to Ramkrishna, but Ramkrishna stabs him and reveals that Joykrishna Ganguly is his actual brother and not Bir Pratap as he had made him believe earlier, and leaves. Biswas and Mukherjee track down Jeetu and admit him to the hospital. When Jeetu recovers, they narrate Bir Pratap's past.<br />
<br />
'''Past''': Biswas and Mukherjee are appointed as Bir Pratap's assistants by the [[police commissioner]] of Anti-Corruption Bureau Ranjit Kumar Kapuria to acquire proofs of Bir Pratap's corruption. Bir Pratap is always accompanied by Inspector Pradip Kumar Sarkar, a corrupt cop along with Biswas and Mukherjee everywhere. He meets Joykrishna Ganguly and makes a deal with him for a huge ransom to hand over Gopal, the only witness in the murder case of ACP Avinash and his family, who were killed by Joykrishna Ganguly and his brother Debkrishna Ganguly on the former's order.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Bir Pratap falls in love with Shruti, a [[philanthropist]] who also reciprocates his feelings. To get the proof of Bir Pratap's corruption, Biswas and Mukherjee conduct a raid on his house where Shruti is also present, who is livid on Bir Pratap for maligning the goodwill of "Aasha Foundation" managed by her. Biswas and Mukherjee also find a flash drive with a list of many cops whom they suspect of being involved with Bir Pratap in his corruption scam. However, they are surprised that even they are on the same list.<br />
<br />
Bir Pratap's uncle Rajat Pratap Chowdhury reveals that Bir Pratap's mother Nilanjana Pratap Chowdhury wanted to see him as a cop, and is admitted in a hospital for an important surgery. Bir Pratap pays ₹10 lakh as fees for the surgery but at the selection, he is asked to pay a bribe of ₹10 lakh which is most common for all candidates according to the seniors. Bir Pratap returned dejected, but lied to his mother that he was selected to make her happy. The next morning, Bir Pratap received posting orders and rushed to the hospital to show the same to his mother and uncle, but his mother died as she wished to forego the surgery to make Bir Pratap a cop. Bir Pratap then vowed to turn as a corrupt cop to pay the money on behalf of the honest candidates, who are about to join the police force without their knowledge. After this incident, Bir Pratap and Shruti get engaged.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Bir Pratap kills Debkrishna and arrests Joykrishna Ganguly for killing ACP Avinash, with Gopal serving as the chief witness. When Bir Pratap is about to present Ganguly and Gopal in the high court, Inspector Pradip Kumar Sarkar sells the evidence documents for a huge bribe along with the information regarding Gopal and Bir Pratap. Acting upon this information, Ganguly's goons kill Bir Pratap's uncle and then proceed to attack Bir Pratap and Gopal at the court. However, Shruti and Gopal are killed in the hit while Bir Pratap escapes. Bir Pratap retaliates and kidnaps Ganguly from P.K's custody with the help of Biswas and Mukherjee. In the process, he meets with a car accident in a hilly area and his car, which explodes, thus killing him.<br />
<br />
'''Present''': Now realizing the truth, Jeetu decides to set things right. Ramkrishna provides falsified evidence against the incumbent [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] by claiming him to be the one, who was backing Joykrishna the whole time. After this incident, the Chief Minister is forced to step down and subsequently is arrested. Later, Ramkrishna gives his nomination for the post. Joykrishna, despite being imprisoned, starts operating his crime regime from within.<br />
<br />
Jeetu rejoins the force and heads to Ramkrishna's house and makes a deal with him so as to keep his post provided that he, Jeetu, turns a blind eye to all the activities of Joykrishna. Jeetu then becomes close to Ramkrishna's PA, Bijoy Sanyal. who becomes agitated after Ramkrishna insulted him. Jeetu introduces him to Anjali and gets her to give him a ring to change his fortunes. However, the rings are actually cameras embedded inside the fake gemstone with a microchip to capture audio. With the help of this ring, Jeetu exposes Ramkrishna's corruption to the media. Ramkrishna gets cornered and runs away "underground" along with his brother. In the process, he kidnaps Anjali, Biswas, Mukherjee, and Bhojon's Family<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Ranjit Kumar Kapuria, who has been following up this case with close interest unearths the fact that Bir Pratap and Jeetu are the same person. Right before the car explosion, Bir Pratap is thrown off the car and falls onto a freight carrier, rendering him unconscious and is taken to the hospital, where Bhojon is provided with the case. Bhojon's wife had lost her brother named Jeetu, long back in her childhood and has been searching for him ever since. Realizing that Bir Pratap is suffering from amnesia, Bhojon decides to pass him off as Jeetu to keep her happy, but mainly to ensure that he wouldn't have to spend huge amounts of money for her search.<br />
<br />
Kapuria reveals this fact to Ramkrishna and Joykrishna and warns them that if Jeetu discovers the truth, the consequences will be even deadlier. Jeetu crashes into the stronghold of Joykrishna, where he kills him and arrests Ramkrishna. Biswas, Mukherjee and everyone decides not to reveal the truth to Jeetu/Bir Pratap and thus spare him the anguish over his uncle's and fiancé's death. Jeetu later marries Anjali and lives happily ever after in Kolkata while still posing as Bir Pratap Chowdhury.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Jeetu , originally known as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Bir Pratap Chowdhury, Selimpur Police Station<br />
* [[Sayantika Banerjee]] as Anjali<br />
* [[Nusrat Jahan]] as Shruti, Bir Pratap's love interest<br />
* [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Police Commissioner Ranjit Kumar Kapuria<br />
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Home Minister Ramkrishna Ganguly<br />
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Officer in charge Bhojon Ghosh, [[Haldia]] Police Station<br />
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Kanchan<br />
* [[Dipanjan Basak]] as Joy Krishna Ganguly<br />
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Hari<br />
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Gobardhan<br />
* [[Manasi Sinha]] as Jeetu's elder sister<br />
* [[Sumit Ganguly (actor)|Sumit Ganguly]] as Goon<br />
* [[Devdut Ghosh]] as Inspector Pradip Kumar Sarkar<br />
* [[Raja Dutta]] as Feroz Bhai<br />
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Inspector S. Banerjee<br />
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Rajat Pratap Chowdhury<br />
* [[Moushumi Saha]] as Nilanjana Pratap Chowdhury<br />
* Sanjib Sarkar as former [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Avinash Mondal<br />
* [[Debraj Mukherjee]] as Inspector P. Biswas<br />
* Kalyani Mondal as Mayawati Ganguly<br />
* [[Supriyo Dutta]] as Bijoy Sanyal, Ramkrishna's PA<br />
* Somnath Kar as Deb Krishna Ganguly<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Power<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2016<br />
| recorded = 2015–2016<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 11:29<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]<br />
| producer = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Nispal Singh]]<br />
* [[Shrikant Mohta]]<br />
}}<br />
| prev_title = [[Ki Kore Toke Bolbo]]<br />
| prev_year = 2016<br />
| next_title = [[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]<br />
| next_year = 2016<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = Power<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Missed Call<br />
| single1date = 12 Mar 2016<br />
| single2 = Aaj Amaye<br />
| single2date = 19 Mar 2016<br />
| single3 = Chakum Chukum<br />
| single3date = 31 Mar 2016<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 11:29<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Raja Chanda]], [[Prasenjit Mukherjee]]<br />
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]<br />
| title1 = Missed Call<br />
| lyrics1 = Raja Chanda<br />
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Akriti Kakkar]]<br />
| length1 = 3:39<br />
| title2 = Aaj Amay<br />
| lyrics2 = Prasenjit Mukherjee<br />
| extra2 = [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Anweshaa]]<br />
| length2 = 4:20<br />
| title3 = Chakum Chukum<br />
| lyrics3 = Raja Chanda<br />
| extra3 = Jeet Gannguli, [[Monali Thakur]]<br />
| length3 = 3:30<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
Sutapa Singha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "If Fan did not live up to your expectations or a Goutam Ghose film is not your cuppa, grab a tub of popcorn and go LOL with power. It’s a remake alright. Scene by scene to the extent that the amount of confetti flying around and the number of eggs being consumed is the same too!" She praised the costume design, cinematography and Jeet's comedic timing.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Shreyanka |last2=Ganguly |first2=Ruman |date=16 May 2017 |title=Here are the remake Rajas of Tollywood |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/here-are-the-remake-rajas-of-tollywood/articleshow/58695752.cms |access-date=2023-02-28 |issn=0971-8257}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt6164378}}<br />
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Power 2016 Film}}<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police films]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]<br />
[[Category:2010s police comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_(1994_film)&diff=517602Milan (1994 film)2026-03-04T00:03:14Z<p>Eziosolution: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1994 film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Milan<br />
| image = Milan 1995 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]<br />
| producer = [[Mukesh Duggal]]<br />
| writer = {{ubl|[[Robin Bhatt]]|[[Akash Khurana]]|Sujit Sen}}<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jackie Shroff]]|[[Manisha Koirala]]}}<br />
| narrator =<br />
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]<br />
| cinematography = Pravin Bhatt<br />
| editing = Sanjay Sankla<br />
| studio = Prince & Prince Movies<br />
| distributor =<br />
| released = {{film date|1994|02|04|df=y}} <br />
| runtime =<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}1,70 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3179|title=Milan – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR}}2,44 crore<ref name="auto"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Milan''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]] [[action romance film]] directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]]. The film stars [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Manisha Koirala]] in lead roles.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Raja is a small-time smuggler. His sweetheart, Priya, does not approve of this, and convinces him to give up his smuggling activities, and turn the information over to the police. He does so, only to find that he has been framed for a murder he did not commit. When he decides to entrust himself to the justice of the courts, he is convicted of murder and sentenced to jail. In jail, he encounters more problems, and needs all his wits to stay alive. Back to Priya; Raja's former smuggling colleagues, including corrupt police officers, are openly harassing her, and no one seems to be able to look after her. Raja must get out of jail to find out who has framed him, and who is the king-pin behind the smuggling ring.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Raja<br />
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Priya<br />
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Inspector Kotak<br />
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Kevin Khekra<br />
* [[Akash Khurana]] as Raja's Brother<br />
* [[Tom Alter]] as Father D'Mello<br />
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Jaya<br />
* [[Avtar Gill]] as ACP<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
Music was by [[Anand–Milind]]. Lyrics were by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].<br />
* "Kahin Toh Milegi": [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]<br />
* "Aanewali Hai Milan Ki Ghadi": Abhijeet<br />
* "Aa Jaana Haseen Sama Hai Pyar Ka": Abhijeet, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br />
* "Ladki Jab Aaye Bazaar Mein": [[Kumar Sanu]], Kavita Krishnamurthy<br />
* "Ek Baat Bataoon, Batao": Kumar Sanu, [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
* "Aansoo Judaai Ke": [[Pankaj Udhas]], Sadhana Sargam<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0113822|Milan}}<br />
<br />
{{Mahesh Bhatt}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Bhatt]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Robin Bhatt]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s action drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Payal_Dev&diff=470624Payal Dev2026-02-26T06:59:34Z<p>Eziosolution: basic enhance layout after review and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian singer and composer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| caption = Payal Dev<br />
| name = Payal Dev<br />
| image = <br />
| image size = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1989|2|26}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]], [[Bihar]] (present-day [[Jharkhand]]), [[India]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| years_active = 2013–present<br />
| spouse = Aditya Dev<br />
| parents = <br />
| occupations = Playback singer, composer<br />
| website = [https://www.pagalworldt.com Official website]<br />
}}<br />
'''Payal Dev''' is an Indian playback singer and music composer who sings and composes music for Hindi films.<br />
She sang "Ab Tohe Jane Na Doongi" from the film ''[[Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack)|Bajirao Mastani]],''<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Bajirao-Mastani/articleshow/50123013.cms| title=Music Review: Bajirao Mastani - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=22 April 2024| archive-date=22 January 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122032427/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Bajirao-Mastani/articleshow/50123013.cms| url-status=live}}</ref> as well as "Bhare Bazaar" from ''[[Namaste England]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/namaste-england-music-review-mannan-shaahs-album-is-enjoyable-but-devoid-of-great-recall-value-5385451.html| title=Namaste England music review: Mannan Shaah's album is enjoyable but devoid of great recall value| date=16 October 2018| access-date=21 October 2018| archive-date=26 March 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326141243/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/namaste-england-music-review-mannan-shaahs-album-is-enjoyable-but-devoid-of-great-recall-value-5385451.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/payal-dev-thoroughly-enjoyed-singing-bhare-bazaar-118100800567_1.html | title=Payal Dev thoroughly enjoyed singing 'Bhare bazaar'| newspaper=Business Standard India| date=8 October 2018}}</ref> Dev made her debut as a composer in the song "Dil Jaaniye" for the film [[Khandaani Shafakhana|''Khandaani'' ''Shafakhana'']]. She also achieved success in composing ''[[Tum Hi Aana]]'' for the film [[Marjaavaan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tum-hi-aana-success-feels-magical-composer-payal-dev/1663572|title='' Tum hi aana'' success feels magical: Composer Payal Dev|date=15 November 2019|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502175359/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tum-hi-aana-success-feels-magical-composer-payal-dev/1663572|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200108-tum-hi-aana-makes-me-feel-lucky-composer|title=Tum Hi Aana makes me feel lucky as a composer Payal Dev|date=8 January 2020|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124234543/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200108-tum-hi-aana-makes-me-feel-lucky-composer|url-status=live}}</ref> She is also known for her rendition of the song "[[Genda Phool (Badshah song)|Genda Phool]]" with [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] which has 955 million views as of June 2023 on [[YouTube]]. In 2021, Dev sang "Baarish Ban Jaana". The song reached 622 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bollywoodlife.com/video-gallery/trending-tunes-badshah-and-jacqueline-fernandezs-genda-phool-is-back-on-top-1634689/|title = Trending Tunes: Badshah and Jacqueline Fernandez's Genda Phool is back on top|date = 7 June 2020|access-date = 2 July 2020|archive-date = 2 July 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200702070457/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/video-gallery/trending-tunes-badshah-and-jacqueline-fernandezs-genda-phool-is-back-on-top-1634689/|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Film songs===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Song<br />
! Singer(s)/Co-singer(s)<br />
! Composer(s)<br />
! Languages<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|2013 || ''[[Mai (2013 film)|Mai]]'' || "Learn To Adjust" || [[Arjun Kanungo]] || Nitin Shankar<br />
|Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|''Navratri Mananey Aao Bhakton Maa Kaatyayani Ke Dware'' || "Jagdamba Sherawali" <br />
|rowspan=2|Solo <br />
|rowspan=3|[[Sanjeev–Darshan]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Gujarati <br />
|rowspan=2|Gujrati film <br />
|-<br />
| "Meri Maiya Kaatyayani" (Female Version)<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Grand Masti]]'' || "Grand Masti (Title Track)" ||Sanjeev-Darshan <br />
|rowspan=2|Hindi || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2015 || rowspan="3"|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' || "Ab Tohe Jane Na Doongi" || [[Shreyas Puranik]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Mannan Thirumbum Naaladi" || Deepti Rege, Archana Gore, Pragati Joshi, Arun Ingle, Kaustubh Datar, Mani Iyer || Tamil || Tamil Dub <br />
|-<br />
| "Jayebheri" || Shashi Suman, Kunal Pandit, Prithvi Gandharv, Rashi Raagga, Gitika Manjrekar, Kanika Joshi || Telugu || Telugu Dub <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=8|2016 || ''Cute Kameena'' || "Twinkle Twinkle" || Arghya Banerjee ||[[Krsna Solo]] ||rowspan=7|Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Great Grand Masti]]'' || "Lipstick Laga Ke" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] || Superbia (Shaan, Gourov-Roshin) || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Freaky Ali]]'' || "Ya Ali Murtaza" (Qawwali) || Wajid, Danish Sabri ||[[Sajid–Wajid]] || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Tum Bin II]]'' || "Dil Nawaziyaan" || [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]|| [[Ankit Tiwari]] || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[1920 London]]'' || "Rootha Kyun"|| [[Mohit Chauhan]]<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Shaarib Sabri|Shaarib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|''[[Veerappan (2016 film)|Veerappan]]'' ||"Veer Veer Veerappan" <br />
|rowspan=2|Toshi Sabri, Vee || <br />
|-<br />
||"Veer Veer Veerappan (Rap Version)" || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Haripada Bandwala]]'' || "Eksho Vrindaban" || [[Nakash Aziz]] || [[Indradeep Dasgupta]] || Bengali || Bengali film <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5|2017 || ''[[Kaabil]]'' || "Haseeno Ka Deewana" || [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]] || [[Rajesh Roshan]], Gourav-Roshin|| Hindi || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Ami Je Ke Tomar]]'' || "Take It Easy" || Soumalya Mitra || Indradeep Dasgupta || Bengali || Bengali film <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]'' || "Mere Baad" <br />
|rowspan=2|Solo || [[Sachet–Parampara]] || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Jio Pagla]]'' || "Goribini Maa" || [[Jeet Gannguli]] || Bengali || Bengali film<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Tera Intezaar]]'' || "Khali Khali Dil" || [[Armaan Malik]] || Raaj Aashoo || rowspan="10" |Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=11|2018|| ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]'' || "Nain Phisal Gaye" || Solo || Sajid–Wajid || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Baaghi 2]]'' ||[[O Saathi]]||[[Atif Aslam]] || Arko Pravo Mukherjee|| <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' || "Veere" || Vishal Mishra [[Aditi Singh Sharma]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]], Nikita Ahuja, Iulia Vantur, Sharvi Yadav ||[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Race 3]]'' || "Saansain Hui Dhuan Dhuan" || Gurinder Seagal, Iulia Vantur ||rowspan=2|Gurinder Seagal || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Nawabzaade]]'' || "Mummy Kasam" || Gurinder Seagal, [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Genius (2018 film)|Genius]]'' || "[[Dil Meri Na Sune]]" (Reprise) ||Atif Aslam, [[Stebin Ben]] || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Namaste England]]'' || "Bhare Bazaar" || [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[B Praak]] || [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Rishi Rich]] || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Kaashi in Search of Ganga]]'' || "Ranjha" || [[Neeraj Shridhar]] || DJ Emenes || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Jack and Dil]]'' || "Dil Mastiyaan" || [[Ash King]] || Arghya Banerjee || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Jamai Badal]]'' || "Jamai Badal Title Song" || [[Dev Negi]] || Jeet Gannguli || Bengali ||Bengali film <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Indore Municipal Corporation]]'' || "Hattrick" || Shaan, [[Rishikesh Pandey|Rishiking]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]] || [[Rishikesh Pandey|Rishiking]] <br />
|rowspan=9|Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=11|2019 <br />
| rowspan="3"|''[[Student of the Year 2]]'' || "The Jawaani Song" || Vishal Dadlani, [[Kishore Kumar]] ||rowspan=3|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]||<br />
|-<br />
| "Mumbai Dilli Di Kudiyaan" || Dev Negi, Vishal Dadlani || <br />
|-<br />
| "Jatt Ludhiyane Da" || Vishal Dadlani ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]'' || "Dil Jaaniye" || Jubin Nautiyal, [[Tulsi Kumar]] <br />
|rowspan=7|Payal Dev<br />
|Debut as a Composer<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|[[Marjaavaan]]|| "[[Tum Hi Aana]]" ||rowspan=3|Jubin Nautiyal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Tum Hi Aana (Happy)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Tum Hi Aana (Sad)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Tum Hi Aana (Duet)|| Jubin Nautiyal, Dhvani Bhanushali<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|''[[Daaka]]'' || "Phulkari Version 1" <br />
|rowspan=2|[[Gippy Grewal]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Punjabi <br />
|rowspan=2|Punjabi film <br />
|-<br />
| "Phulkari Version 2"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dabangg 3]]''<br />
| "Yu Karke"<br />
| [[Salman Khan]]<br />
| [[Sajid–Wajid]]<br />
| rowspan="29" |Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |2020<br />
|''[[Happy Hardy and Heer]]''<br />
|"Keh Rahi Hain Nazdeekiyan"<br />
|Himesh Reshammiya, Ranu Mandal, Sameer Khan<br />
|Himesh Reshammiya <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]''<br />
|"LOL"<br />
|Dev Negi<br />
|rowspan="4"| Payal Dev<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Netflix]] film<br />
|-<br />
|"Sawan Mein Lag Gayi Aag"<br />
|[[Mika Singh]], [[Neha Kakkar]], Badshah <br />
|-<br />
|"Phir Chala"<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unpaused]]'' <br />
|"Ummeed Hai"<br />
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] anthology film <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chhalaang]]''<br />
|"Teri Choriyaan"<br />
|colspan=2|[[Guru Randhawa]]<br />
|[[Netflix]] film<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Suraj Pe Mangal Bhari]]''<br />
|"Basanti"<br />
|Danish Sabri <br />
|[[Javed-Mohsin]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |2021<br />
|''[[Mumbai Saga]]''<br />
|"Danka Baja""<br />
|Payal Dev <br />
|Dev Negi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]''<br />
|"Dil De Diya"<br />
|Kamaal Khan<br />
|Himesh Reshammiya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shershaah]]''<br />
|"Maan Bharryaa 2.0 (Film Version)"<br />
|colspan=2|[[B Praak]]<br />
|Only used in the film, not officially released<br/>[[Amazon Prime Video]] film<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|''[[Kya Meri Sonam Gupta Bewafa Hai?]]''<br />
|"Besharam Aashique"<br />
|Rahul Mishra, Romi<br />
|Rahul Mishra <br />
|rowspan=2|[[Zee5]] film<br />
|-<br />
|"Wallpaper Maiyya Ka"<br />
|[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Payal Dev <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''<br />
|"Maa Sherawali"<br />
|[[Sachet Tandon]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2022<br />
|''[[Nikamma]]''<br />
|"Nikamma Title Track"<br />
|[[Dev Negi]], Deane Sequeira, Javed-Mohsin <br />
|Javed-Mohsin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Middle Class Love]]''<br />
|"Tuk Tuk"<br />
|colspan=2|Himesh Reshammiya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cuttputlli]]''<br />
|"Lapataa"<br />
| [[Dev Negi]]<br />
|[[Aditya Dev]]<br />
|[[Disney Plus Hotstar]] film<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|2023<br />
|''[[Bad Boy (2023 film)|Bad Boy]]''<br />
|"Alam Na Pucho"<br />
|Raj Burman, Akriti Mehra<br />
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bloody Daddy]]''<br />
|"Issa Vibe"<br />
|Badshah <br />
|Badshah, Aditya Dev<br />
|[[JioCinema]] film<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''<br />
|"[[Yentamma]]"<br />
|Vishal Dadlani, [[Raftaar]]<br />
| rowspan="8" |Payal Dev<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''<br />
|"Naseeb Se"<br />
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2024<br />
|''[[Main Atal Hoon]]'' <br />
|"Desh Pehle"<br />
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Buckingham Murders]]''<br />
|"Yaad Reh Jaati Hai" <br />
|[[B Praak]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sikandar Ka Muqaddar]]''<br />
|"Thehre Rahen"<br />
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]<br />
|[[Netflix]] film<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|2025<br />
|''[[Baaghi 4]]''<br />
|"Akeli Laila"<br />
|Payal Dev, [[Paradox (musician)|Paradox]]<br />
|rowspan=3|Along with Aditya Dev <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|''[[De De Pyaar De 2]]''<br />
|"Raat Bhar"<br />
|[[Aditya Rikhari]], Payal Dev<br />
|-<br />
|"Baabul Ve"<br />
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mastiii 4]]''<br />
|"Rasiya Balama"<br />
|Darshan Rathod, Payal Dev<br />
|Sanjeev-Darshan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
!scope="row"style="background: #ffc;" |''Tera Yaar Hoon Main {{dagger}}''<br />
|TBA<br />
|Jubin Nautiyal<br />
|Payal Dev<br />
|Along with Aditya Dev<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Non-film songs===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Album<br />
! Song<br />
! Singer(s)/Co-singer(s)<br />
! Composer(s)<br />
! Languages<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| rowspan="12" |{{Dash}}<br />
|"Naina More"|| Solo || [[Rishikesh Pandey|Rishiking]] <br />
|Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2019<br />
|| "Whatsap Love"|| || || Marathi ||<br />
|-<br />
|"Kamariya Hil Rahi Hai"<br />
|[[Pawan Singh]]<br />
|Payal Dev<br />
|Bhojpuri <br />
|As Composer<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=5|2020<br />
|"[[Genda Phool]]"<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]<br />
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]<br />
| Hindi, Bengali <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Toxic"<br />
|Payal Dev<br />
|Hindi<br />
|As composer<br />
|-<br />
|"Jassi"<br />
|[[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]<br />
|Raaj Aashoo<br />
|Punjabi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Saara India"<br />
|Solo<br />
|[[Javed-Mohsin]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|"Baarish"<br />
|[[Stebin Ben]]<br />
| rowspan="5" | Payal Dev<br />
| rowspan="5" |As composer <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
|"Baarish Ban Jaana"<br />
|Stebin Ben (Hindi)<br/> Pawan Singh (Bhojpuri)<br />
|Hindi, Bhojpuri<br />
|-<br />
|"Bepanah"<br />
|[[Yasser Desai]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2022<br />
|"Meri Tarah"<br />
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]<br />
|-<br />
|"Tumse Pyaar Karke"<br />
|[[Tulsi Kumar]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Discography as a member of Apni Dhun ==<br />
Dev, in collaboration with her husband – Aditya Dev, started an independent music platform named ''Apni Dhun'' in 2020. Payal and Aditya, along with Bollywood lyricist Kunaal Vermaa, have collaborated with several artists such as [[Altaf Raja]], [[B Praak]] etc.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Songs<br />
! Singers<br />
! Composers<br />
! Lyricist<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6"|2020<br />
|''Ae Sanamm''<br />
|[[Altaf Raja]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| Payal Dev<br />
|Kunaal Vermaa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Shri Ganesh Mahamantra''<br />
|Payal Dev<br />
|Traditional Lyrics<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Kyon''<br />
|[[B Praak]], Payal Dev<br />
|Kunaal Vermaa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Shri Hanuman Chalisa''<br />
|[[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Pawan Singh]]<br />
|Payal Dev-Aditya Dev<br />
|Traditional Lyrics<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mamma I Love You''<br />
|Jazz<br />
|rowspan="8"| Payal Dev<br />
|rowspan="2"| Kunaal Vermaa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Sayyam Rakh''<br />
|Payal Dev<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="wikietable"|2021<br />
|''Current''<br />
|[[Pawan Singh]], Payal Dev and Rap by [[Mohsin Shaikh]] <br />
|[[Mohsin Shaikh]] and Payal Dev<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|2022<br />
|''Mehfooz Hai''<br />
|[[Ankit Tiwari]]<br />
|Sandeep Deswal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Pyaar Hai''<br />
|Altamash Faridi<br />
|[[Rashmi Virag]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Tauba''<br />
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Payal Dev<br />
|Payal Dev<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "2"|2023<br />
|''Intezaar Karne Do''<br />
|Amarjeet Jaikar<br />
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Baarishon''<br />
|[[Udit Narayan]], Payal Dev<br />
|[[Rashmi Virag]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|nm7736504}}<br />
*[http://www.payaldev.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719130718/http://www.payaldev.com/ |date=19 July 2019 }}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dev, Payal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:1989 births]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marathi_films_of_2022&diff=512499List of Marathi films of 20222026-02-18T14:22:54Z<p>Eziosolution: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Marathi films}}<br />
This is a list of [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] (Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language) films that are scheduled to release in 2022.<br />
<br />
The [[Marathi cinema]] recorded its highest-ever box-office earnings in 2022, with total collections of ₹268 [[crore]] and footfalls reaching 2.60 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Box Office 2023: Punjabi films grossed Rs. 235 crores, Marathi films grossed Rs. 201 crores, Bengali films grossed Rs. 66 crores in 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ormax Box Office Report: 2024 |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/data/library/TheOrmaxBoxOfficeReport-2024.pdf |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Ormax Media}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Box office collection ==<br />
The List of [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films|highest-grossing Marathi films]] released in 2022, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.<br />
<br />
The rank of the films in the following depends on the worldwide gross. <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Rank<br />
!Film<br />
!Studio (s)<br />
!Worldwide gross<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''<br />
|[[Mumbai Film Company]]<br />
|{{INRConvert|75.50|c}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=रितेश- जिनिलियाच्या 'वेड'ने १०० दिवस गाजवलं थिएटर; वाचा चित्रपटाने एकूण किती केली कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-deshmukh-ved-movie-total-box-office-collection/articleshow/99354193.cms |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|''[[Pawankhind]]''<br />
|Almonds Creations<br />
|{{INRConvert|75|c}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ved box office day 4: Riteish Deshmukh’s Marathi film passes first Monday test, beats Cirkus' day 4 collection |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-day-4-riteish-deshmukh-s-marathi-film-passes-first-monday-test-beats-cirkus-day-4-collection-3014711 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''<br />
|{{Plainlist|{{plainlist|<br />
*[[Zee Studios]]<br />
*Sahil Motion Arts<br />
}}}}<br />
|{{INRConvert|26|c}}<br />
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=बॉलिवूडचे रिमेक पाहण्यापेक्षा ओरिजिनल मराठी सिनेमा भारी! ६ महिन्यातच कोट्यवधींची कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-movies-box-office-collection-marathi-films-made-crores-of-rupees-in-first-half-of-2022/articleshow/92793382.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718144745/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-movies-box-office-collection-marathi-films-made-crores-of-rupees-in-first-half-of-2022/articleshow/92793382.cms |archive-date=2022-07-18 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''<br />
|{{plainlist|*Zee Studios<br />
*Shree Ganesh Marketing And Films}}<br />
|{{INRConvert|25|c}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=B. O. B. |date=2022-11-02 |title=Har Har Mahadev Day 8 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2022/11/har-har-mahadev-box-office-collection.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|''Chandramukhi'']]<br />
|{{Plainlist|{{plainlist|<br />
*[[Planet Marathi]]<br />
*Golden Ratio Films<br />
*Flying Dragon Entertainment<br />
*Creative Vibe<br />
}}}}<br />
|{{INRConvert|24|c}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Jhimma 2 To Baipan Bhaari Deva, Marathi Movies That Ran Over 50 Days In Theatres |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jhimma-2-to-baipan-bhaari-deva-marathi-movies-that-ran-over-50-days-in-theatres-8738708.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Marathi Cinema: Planet Marathi, Everest Entertainment Lead Industry To Steady Growth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2023/05/08/marathi-cinema-planet-m-everest-entertainment-lead-industry-to-steady-growth/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |6<br />
|[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao|''Sarsenapati Hambirao'']]<br />
|Urvita Productions<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{INRConvert|17|c}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=विश्लेषण : सहा महिने, ७० मराठी चित्रपट आणि कोटी उड्डाणे… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/explained/marathi-movies-are-doing-good-business-at-box-office-print-exp-scsg-91-3153380/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127125703/https://www.loksatta.com/explained/marathi-movies-are-doing-good-business-at-box-office-print-exp-scsg-91-3153380/ |archive-date=2022-11-27 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sher Shivraj]]''<br />
|{{Plainlist|*Mumbai Movie Studios Pvt. Ltd.<br />
*Raajwarasa Productions<br />
*Mulakshar Productions}}<br />
|<ref name=":2" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== January–June ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:6%" | Opening<br />
! style="width:18%" | Title<br />
! style="width:18%" | Director<br />
! Cast <br />
! style="width:4%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87; text color:#000;" |J<br />A<br />N<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''14'''<br />
| ''[[Story Of Laagir]]''|| Roheet Rao Narsinge || Roheet Rao Narsinge, Chaitali Chavan, Sanjay Khapre || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/story-of-laagir/movieshow/88878525.cms|title= Review-Story of Lagir Movie Review: A drama filled with confrontations and confessions|date= 14 January 2022|publisher=timesofindia.Indiatimes.Com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Coffee (2022 film)|Coffee]]'' || Nitin Kamble || [[Spruha Joshi]], [[Siddharth Chandekar]], Kashyap Parulekar, [[Mohan Joshi]]|| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-29 |title=Siddharth Chandekar and Spruha Joshi starrer 'Coffee' to release on 14th January 2022 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/siddharth-chandekar-and-spruha-joshi-starrer-coffee-to-release-on-14th-january-2022/articleshow/87334561.cms |access-date=2023-07-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nay Varanbhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] || [[Chhaya Kadam]], [[Shashank Shende]], [[Kashmera Shah]], Umesh Jagtap ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/nay-varan-bhat-loncha-kon-nay-koncha-marathi-movie-releasing-in-theater-on-14-january-611759.html|title=नाय वरनभात लोन्चा कोण नाय कोन्चा' शुक्रवारी चित्रपटगृहांत! पोस्टर आणि धमाकेदार ट्रेलरने वाढवली उत्सुकता|date= 8 January 2022|publisher=tv9marathi.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''26'''<br />
| ''[[Zombivli (2022 film)|Zombivli]]''|| [[Aditya Sarpotdar]] || [[Amey Wagh]], [[Vaidehi Parashurami]], [[Lalit Prabhakar]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/17/32924/aditya-sarpotdar-s-zombivli-hastens-for-release-on-republic-day-26-january|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118235049/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/17/32924/aditya-sarpotdar-s-zombivli-hastens-for-release-on-republic-day-26-january|url-status=live|archive-date=18 January 2022|title=Aditya Sarpotdar's Zombivli hastens for release on Republic Day, 26 January|date= 17 January 2022|publisher=cinestaan.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7; textcolor:#000;" |F<br />E<br />B<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''4'''<br />
| ''[[Faas (film)|Faas]]'' || Avinash&nbsp;Kolte || [[Upendra Limaye]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Kamlesh Sawant]], Pallavi Palkar || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/upendra-limaye-and-sayaji-shinde-starrer-fass-to-hit-screens-on-february-4-2022/articleshow/87926633.cms?from=mdr|title=Upendra Limaye and Sayaji Shinde starrer 'Faas' to hit screens on February 4, 2022|date= 26 November 2021|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Panghrun]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] || Gauri Ingawale, Amol Bavadekar, [[Rohit Phalke]]<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mahesh-manjrekars-daughter-gauri-ingawales-debut-film-panghrun-to-hit-the-big-screen-on-11th-feb-2022/articleshow/88517578.cms?from=mdr|title=Mahesh Manjrekar's daughter Gauri Ingawale's debut film 'Panghrun' to hit the big screen on 11th Feb 2022|date= 27 December 2021|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lochya Zaala Re]]'' || [[Paritosh Painter]], Ravi Adhikari ||[[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Vaidehi Parashurami]], [[Siddarth Jadhav]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ankush-chaudhari-vaidehi-parshurami-and-siddarth-jadhav-to-come-together-for-comedy-drama-lochya-zaala-re/articleshow/88581875.cms|title=Ankush Chaudhari, Vaidehi Parshurami and Siddarth Jadhav to come together for comedy-drama 'Lochya Zaala Re'|date= 30 December 2021|publisher=timesofindia}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''11'''<br />
| ''[[Soyrik]]''|| [[Makarand Mane]]|| Nitish Chavan, Manasi Bhawalkar ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/makarand-manes-soyrik-to-hit-screens-on-11-february-2022/articleshow/89112950.cms?from=mdr|title=Makarand Mane's 'Soyrik' to hit screens on 11 February 2022|date= 25 January 2022|publisher=timesofindia.Indiatimes.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ka R Deva]]''|| Ranjit Jadhav || [[Monalisa Bagal]], Mayur Lad || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ka R Deva Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Ka R Deva Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Ka R Deva {{!}} Indian Film History |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/ka-r-deva |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''18'''<br />
| ''[[Pawankhind]]'' || [[Digpal Lanjekar]]|| [[Chinmay Mandlekar]], [[Mrinal Kulkarni]], [[Ankit Mohan]], [[Ajay Purkar]], [[Prajakta Mali]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/digpal-lanjekars-pawankhind-gets-a-new-release-date-to-hit-theatres-on-february-18-2022/articleshow/88948890.cms?from=mdr|title=Digpal Lanjekar's 'Pawankhind' gets a new release date; to hit theatres on February 18, 2022|date= 17 January 2022|publisher=timesofindia.Indiatimes.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''25'''<br />
| ''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]'' || Santosh Manjrekar || [[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Prajakta Mali]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/29/33088/ankush-chaudhari-and-prajakta-mali-s-luckdown-arriving-on-25-february|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129185351/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/29/33088/ankush-chaudhari-and-prajakta-mali-s-luckdown-arriving-on-25-february|url-status=live|archive-date=29 January 2022|title=Ankush Chaudhari and Prajakta Mali's Luckdown arriving on 25 February|date= 29 January 2022|publisher=cinestaan.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Chabuk''|| Kalpesh Bhandarkar || [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]], Smita Shewale, [[Milind Shinde]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/28/33066/sameer-dharmadhikari-smita-shewale-to-star-in-kalpesh-bhandarkar-s-chabuk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129182452/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jan/28/33066/sameer-dharmadhikari-smita-shewale-to-star-in-kalpesh-bhandarkar-s-chabuk|url-status=live|archive-date=29 January 2022|title=Sameer Dharmadhikari, Smita Shewale to star in Kalpesh Bhandarkar's Chabuk|date= 28 January 2022|publisher=cinestaan.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''|| [[Sachin Kundalkar]]|| [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]]|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/pondicherry-marathi-movie-will-release-on-25-february-1032681|title=Puducherry : स्मार्टफोनवर चित्रीत करून प्रदर्शित होणारा पहिला मराठी सिनेमा; 'पाँडीचेरी' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस|date= 30 December 2021|publisher=Marathi.abplive.com }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M<br />A<br />R'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''4'''<br />
| ''[[143 (2022 film)|143]]'' || Yogesh Bhosale || Sheetal Ahirrao, Vrushabh Shah || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/yogesh-bhosales-143-gets-a-new-release-date-to-hit-theatres-on-march-4-2022/articleshow/89131872.cms?from=mdr|title=Yogesh Bhosale's '143' gets a new release date; to hit theatres on March 4, 2022|date= 26 January 2022|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''Jhatka''|| Ajinkya Upasani || Gaurav Upasani, Purniemaa Dey ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/feb/5/33180/jhatka-teaser-a-couple-stumbles-upon-a-corpse-in-this-dark-comedy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210122455/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/feb/5/33180/jhatka-teaser-a-couple-stumbles-upon-a-corpse-in-this-dark-comedy|url-status=live|archive-date=10 February 2022|title=Jhatka teaser: A couple stumbles upon a corpse in this dark comedy|date= 5 February 2022|publisher=cinestaan.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''11'''<br />
| ''Ek Number''|| Milind Zumber Kavde || [[Prathamesh Parab]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/prathamesh-parab-starrer-ek-number-trailer-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/89718915.cms|title=Prathamesh Parab starrer 'Ek Number' trailer to release on THIS date!|date= 21 February 2022|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87; text color:#000;" |A<br />P<br />R<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''1'''<br />
| ''[[Vishu (film)|Vishu]]'' || Mayur Madhukar Shinde || [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Mrinmayee Godbole]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vishu-gashmeer-mahajani-to-play-the-titular-role-in-mayur-madhukar-shindes-next/articleshow/88992196.cms?from=mdr|title='Vishu': Gashmeer Mahajani to play the titular role in Mayur Madhukar Shinde's next!|date= 19 January 2022|publisher=timesofindia.Indiatimes.Com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Me Vasantrao]]''|| [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]]||[[Rahul Deshpande]], Pushkaraj Chirputkar, [[Amey Wagh]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/jio-studios-first-marathi-film-to-release-on-1april-me-vasantrao-1030035|title= Me Vasantrao : जिओ स्टुडिओजचा पहिला मराठी सिनेमा 'मी वसंतराव', गुढीपाडव्याच्या शुभमुहूर्तावर प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला येणार |date= 1 February 2022 |publisher=Abplive.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''22'''<br />
| ''[[Sher Shivraj]]'' || [[Digpal Lanjekar]]|| [[Chinmay Mandlekar]], [[Mrinal Kulkarni]], [[Ravindra Mankani]], [[Mukesh Rishi]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/digpal-lanjekars-sher-shivraj-hai-to-hit-screens-on-april-29-2022/articleshow/88471814.cms|title=Digpal Lanjekar's 'Sher Shivraj Hai' to hit screens on April 22, 2022|date= 24 December 2021|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" | '''29'''<br />
| ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]'' || [[Prasad Oak]] || [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Adinath Kothare]], [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/chandramukhi-teaser-prasad-oak-gives-a-sneak-peek-into-his-amorous-love-story-of-a-shrewd-politician-and-a-tamasha-dancer-watch/articleshow/89472001.cms?from=mdr|title='Chandramukhi' teaser: Prasad Oak gives a sneak-peek into his amorous love story of a shrewd politician and a tamasha dancer - Watch|date= 10 February 2022|work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#29AB87; textcolor:#000;" |M<br />A<br />Y<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc" | '''6'''<br />
|''Dil Dimag Aur Batti''<br />
|Hrishikesh Gupte<br />
|[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Vandana Gupte]], [[Pushkar Shrotri]], [[Kishor Kadam|Kishore Kadam]], Anand Ingle, [[Vaibhav Mangle]], Mayuresh Pem, [[Sanskruti Balgude]], [[Sakhi Gokhale]], [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]], [[Meghana Erande]], Vineet Bhonde<br />
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=सुर्वे |first=अरूण |date=2022-04-27 |title=बॉक्स ऑफिसवर मराठी चित्रपटांची मेजवानी |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/entertainment-of-many-marathi-movies-is-coming-to-the-box-office-pjp78 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Bharat Majha Desh Aahe''<br />
|Pandurang Jadhav<br />
|Rajveersingh Raje Gaikwad, Devanshi Sawant, Mangesh Desai, [[Shashank Shende]], [[Hemangi Kavi]], [[Chhaya Kadam]]<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc" | '''13'''<br />
| ''[[Adrushya (film)|Adrushya]]''|| Kabir Lal || [[Manjari Fadnis]], [[Pushkar Jog]], [[Anant Jog]], [[Usha Nadkarni]] ||<br />
<ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/adrushya-riteish-deshmukh-pushkar-jog-and-manjari-fadnnis-starrer-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-13th-may-2022/articleshow/90433491.cms|title='Adrushya': Riteish Deshmukh, Pushkar Jog and Manjari Fadnnis starrer is all set to hit screens on 13th May 2022|date= 25 March 2022|work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dharmaveer (Marathi film)|Dharmaveer]]''<br />
|[[Pravin Tarde]]<br />
|[[Prasad Oak]], [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Shruti Marathe]], Kshitish Date<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Dharmaveer 10 Days Box Office Collection: Prasad Oak's Film On Anand Dighe Mints Rs 18.03 Crore - Filmibeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/dharmaveer-10-days-box-office-collection-prasad-oak-film-on-anand-dighe-mints-rs-18-03-crore-335082.html |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc" | '''27'''<br />
| [[Sarsenapati Hambirrao|''Sarsenapati'' ''Hambirrao'']] ||[[Pravin Tarde]]<br />
|[[Pravin Tarde]], [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-15 |title=Pravin Tarde's Historical Drama Sarsenapati Hambirrao to Hit Screens on May 27 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pravin-tardes-historical-drama-sarsenapati-hambirrao-to-hit-screens-on-may-27-4876751.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=News18}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F88379; textcolor:#000;" |'''J<br />U<br />N'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;textcolor:#000;" |'''3'''<br />
|''[[Zollywood]]''<br />
|Trushant Ingle <br />
|Ajit Khobragade, Ashwini Ladekar, Dinkar Gawande, Kajal Rangari<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=How 'Zollywood' explores the zest of Vidarbha's lesser-known zhadipatti theatre |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/how-zollywood-explores-the-zest-of-vidarbha-s-lesser-known-zhadipatti-theatre-23244429 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Irsal''<br />
|Aniket Bondre<br />
|Vikram Suryakant, Shivani Moze, [[Mohan Agashe]], [[Shashank Shende]], Anil Nagarkar, [[Madhuri Pawar]]<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;textcolor:#000;"|'''7'''<br />
|''Bhirkit''<br />
|Anup Jagdale<br />
|[[Girish Kulkarni]], [[Kushal Badrike]], [[Monalisa Bagal]], [[Tanaji Galgunde]] <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhirkit Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/bhirkit/movieshow/91888140.cms |access-date=2023-07-05 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" | '''10'''<br />
| ''[[Funral]]''|| Vivek Dubey || Aroh Welankar, Tanvi Barve || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Anya (2022 film)|Anya]]''<br />
|Simmy<br />
|[[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Prathamesh Parab]], [[Bhushan Pradhan]], [[Tejashree Pradhan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Majnu (2022 film)|Majnu]]''<br />
|Shivaji Doltade<br />
|[[Nitish Chavan]], Rohan Patil, Shwetlana Ahire<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=३ हजार फुटाच्या उंचीवर हेलिकॉप्टरद्वारे जावून मजनू चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर लॉन्च |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/206144/majnu-movie-trailer-launch-on-3-ft-hight-through-helicopter/ar |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=पुढारी |language=mr-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" | '''17'''<br />
| ''[[Aathva Rang Premacha]]''|| Khusboo Sinnha || [[Rinku Rajguru]], Vishal Aanand, [[Makrand Deshpande]] || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Medium Spicy]]''<br />
|[[Mohit Takalkar]]<br />
|[[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Parna Pethe]], [[Lalit Prabhakar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;background:#D88579;" | '''24'''<br />
| ''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''|| Ajit Suryakant Wadikar || [[Mukta Barve]], [[Prajakta Mali]], [[Nandu Madhav]]||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==July–December==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="width:6%" | Opening<br />
! style="width:18%" | Title<br />
! style="width:18%" | Director<br />
! Cast <br />
! style="width:4%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87; text color:#000;" |'''J<br />U<br />L'''<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" |'''15'''<br />
| [[Tamasha Live|''Tamasha'' ''Live'']] || [[Sanjay Jadhav]]|| [[Sonalee Kulkarni]], [[Sachit Patil]], [[Siddhartha Jadhav]], [[Hemangi Kavi]]||<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" |'''22'''<br />
| [[Ananya (film)|''Ananya'']] || Pratap Phad || [[Hruta Durgule]], [[Amey Wagh]], [[Suvrat Joshi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7" |'''29'''<br />
| ''[[Timepass 3]]'' || [[Ravi Jadhav]] || [[Hruta Durgule]], [[Prathamesh Parab]] || <ref>{{Cite news|title=Hruta Durgule and Prathamesh Parab team up for Ravi Jadhav's Timepass 3|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/hruta-durgule-and-prathamesh-parab-team-up-for-ravi-jadhavs-timepass-3/articleshow/80756251.cms|access-date=2021-02-26|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2021 }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#bf87f7" |A<br />U<br />G<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''5'''<br />
| ''[[De Dhakka 2]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], Sudesh Manjrekar || [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Makarand Anaspure]], [[Siddhartha Jadhav]], [[Medha Manjrekar]] ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/de-dhakka-2-poster-mahesh-manjrekar-is-all-set-to-tickle-your-funny-bone-with-his-next/articleshow/70358885.cms|title='De Dhakka 2' poster: Mahesh Manjrekar is all set to tickle your funny bone with his next|access-date=12 March 2020|website=The Times of India|date=24 July 2019 }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ekda Kaay Zala]]'' || [[Saleel Kulkarni]] || [[Urmilla Kothare]], [[Sumeet Raghvan]], [[Mohan Agashe]], [[Suhas Joshi]], [[Pushkar Shrotri]]||<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''18'''<br />
| ''[[Takatak 2]]'' || Milind Kavde || [[Prathamesh Parab]], Akshay Kelkar, Pranali Bhalerao || <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7" | '''19'''<br />
| ''[[Daagadi Chawl 2]]'' || Chandrakant Kanse || [[Makrand Deshpande]], [[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Pooja Sawant]] || <br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:center; background:#dfc7f7"|'''26'''<br />
|''[[Samaira (film)|Samaira]]''<br />
|Rishi Deshpande<br />
|[[Ketaki Narayan]], [[Ankur Rathee]], Satish Pulekar <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samaira Marathi movie release date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/samaira/ET00337777 |website=Bookmyshow}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#f7bf87; textcolor:#000;" |'''S<br />E<br />P'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7;" |'''16'''<br />
| ''[[Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey]]'' || Vihan Suryavanshi || Karan Parab, Kunal Shukla, Aayushi Bhave, Sana Prabhu, [[Mugdha Chaphekar]], [[Hemal Ingle]]||<ref name=release>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Lata |title=New Marathi film 'Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey' to release on 16 September |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/new-marathi-film-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-to-release-on-16-september-11660020479550.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=9 August 2022}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Boyz 3]]'' || Vishal Devrukhkar || [[Parth Bhalerao]], Sumant Shinde, Pratik Lad, Vidula Choughule || <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#f7dfc7;" |'''23'''<br />
|''Raada''|| Ritesh Narwade ||[[Shilpa Thakre]], [[Milind Gunaji]], [[Nishigandha Wad]], Sanjay Khapre, [[Ganesh Acharya]] || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/raada-makers-unveil-a-first-look-poster-from-the-film/articleshow/93707676.cms|title='Raada':Makers unveil a first-look poster from the film|access-date=22 August 2022|website=The Times of India|date=22 August 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffba00; textcolor:#000;" |'''O<br />C<br />T'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''5'''<br />
|''[[Shivpratap Garudjhep]]'' || Kartik Kendhe || [[Amol Kolhe]], [[Prateeksha Lonkar|Pratiksha Lonkar]], [[Yatin Karyekar]], [[Alka Kaushal]], [[Manava Naik|Manva Naik]], [[Adi Irani]], [[Shailesh Datar]]||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aapdi Thaapdi]]'' || Anand Karir || [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Mukta Barve]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''7'''<br />
|''Hawa Hawai'' || Mahesh Tilekar || [[Nimisha Sajayan]], [[Siddhartha Jadhav]], [[Ankit Mohan]], [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#fbec5d;" |'''25'''<br />
|''[[Har Har Mahadev (film)|Har Har Mahadev]]'' || Abhijeet Deshpande || [[Subodh Bhave]], [[Sharad Kelkar]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjeev]]|| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhijeet Deshpande's historical epic 'Har Har Mahadev' to be released in FIVE languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/abhijeet-deshpandes-historical-epic-har-har-mahadev-to-be-released-in-five-languages/articleshow/92033082.cms |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=The Times of India |date=6 June 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#9ACD32; textcolor:#000;" |'''N<br />O<br />V'''<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" |'''4'''<br />
|''[[Mann Kasturi Re]]'' || Sanket Mane || [[Tejasswi Prakash]], [[Abhinay Berde]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Mann Kasturi Re Marathi Movie Release Date, Trailer, Songs, Cast » Box Office Business |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2022/10/mann-kasturi-re-marathi-movie-release.html |access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[36 Gunn]]''<br />
|Samit Kakkad <br />
|[[Santosh Juvekar]], [[Vijay Patkar]], Purva Pawar, [[Pushkar Shrotri]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='36 Gunn': Santosh Juvekar and Poorva Pawar starrer is all set to hit screens on November 4, 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/36-gunn-santosh-juvekar-and-poorva-pawar-starrer-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-november-4-2022/articleshow/94462283.cms |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Times of India|date=27 September 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Palyad]]''<br />
|Shailesh Bhimrao Dupare<br />
|[[Shashank Shende]], [[Devika Daftardar]], Ruchit Ninave, Gajesh Kamble<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=अडसूळ |first=नीलेश |date=2022-10-29 |title=मुक्ती देईन म्हणजे काय रं? आंतरराष्ट्रीय महोत्सव गाजवलेला 'पल्याड' येतोय या दिवशी.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/palyad-marathi-movie-release-on-4-november-trailer-cast-shashank-shende-devika-daftardar-nsa95 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" |'''18'''<br />
|''[[Sunny (2022 film)|Sunny]]'' || Hemant Dhome|| [[Lalit Prabhakar]], [[Kshitee Jog]], [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] || <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" |'''25'''<br />
|''[[Jeta (film)|Jeta]]'' || Yogesh Mahajan || Snehal Deshmukh, Nitish Chavan, Sharad Goyekar, Aniket Kelkar ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" |'''D<br />E<br />C'''<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''2'''<br />
|''[[Ekdam Kadak]]'' || Ganesh Shinde || [[Parth Bhalerao]], [[Tanaji Galgunde]], [[Bhagyashree Mote]], Gayatri Jadhav ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhagyaashreee Mote starrer 'Ekdam Kadak' to hit screens on December 2, 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bhagyaashreee-mote-starrer-ekdam-kadak-to-hit-screens-on-december-2-2022/articleshow/95062103.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The Times of India | date=24 October 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Baalbhaarti]]''<br />
|Nitin Nandan<br />
|[[Siddhartha Jadhav]], Nandita Patkar, [[Abhijeet Khandkekar|Abhijeet Khankekar]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BalBharti Movie Cast and Crew {{!}} Actors, Release Date, Wiki, IMDB, Boxoffice Collection, OTT |url=https://www.marathifilm.in/2022/11/balbharti-movie-cast-and-crew-actors.html |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''9'''<br />
|''Fatwa'' || Pratik Gautam || Pratik Gautam, Shraddha Bhagat || <ref>{{Citation |title=Fatwa Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/fatwa/movieshow/95853033.cms |access-date=2022-12-06}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''16'''<br />
|''[[Dhondi Champya - Ek Prem Katha]]'' || Dnyanesh Bhalekar || [[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Vaibhav Mangle]], [[Nikhil Chavan]], Sayli Patil || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Dhondi Champya - Ek Prem Katha Marathi Movie Release Date, Trailer, Songs, Cast. |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2022/11/dhondi-champya-ek-prem-katha-marathi-movie-release-date-trailer-songs-cast.html |access-date=2022-11-30 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''30'''<br />
| ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''|| [[Riteish Deshmukh]] || [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Genelia Deshmukh]], [[Jiya Shankar]], [[Ashok Saraf]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-turns-director-genelia-deshmukh-make-marathi-film-debut/|title=Riteish Deshmukh turns director; Genelia Deshmukh to make her Marathi film debut|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=8 December 2021|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=Ved Marathi Movie Release Date, Trailer, Songs, Cast. |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2022/11/ved-marathi-movie-release-date-trailer.html |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{2022 films}}<br />
{{Indian film list}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi films of 2022}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|2022]]<br />
[[Category:2022 in Indian cinema]]<br />
[[Category:2020s Marathi-language films| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of 2022 films by language|Marathi]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroon_Purie&diff=455558Aroon Purie2026-02-08T14:26:05Z<p>Eziosolution: expanded content as per guidelines and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian businessman and journalist}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Aroon Purie<br />
| image = AROON_PURIE.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Purie in 2008<br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1944}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]<ref name="Purie">{{cite news|last1=Purie |first1=Aroon |author-link1=Aroon Purie |title=From the Editor-in-Chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/editors-note/story/19980615-two-nations-still-warring-when-the-entire-world-is-searching-for-peace-826641-1998-06-14 |access-date=18 January 2017 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 June 1998 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170118175857/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/two-nations-still-warring-when-the-entire-world-is-searching-for-peace/1/264478.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| alma_mater = [[The Doon School]]<br>[[London School of Economics]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman<br />
Journalist}} <br />
| title = Founder of [[India Today Group]] <br />
| children = 3, including [[Koel Purie]]<br />
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]], 2001<br />
| relatives = [[Madhu Trehan]] (sister)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aroon Purie''' (born 1944) is the founder-publisher and editor-in-chief of ''[[India Today]]'', and former chief executive of the [[India Today Group]]. He is the managing director of Thomson Press (India) Limited and the chairman and managing director of ''[[TV Today]]''. He is a recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Bhushan for Aroon Purie, Rahul Bajaj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/padma-bhushan-for-aroon-purie-rahul-bajaj/article27912720.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2001 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was also the editor-in-chief of ''Reader's Digest India''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rd-india.com/newsite/contactus/contactus.asp |title=Reader's Digest India |access-date=4 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708055331/http://www.rd-india.com/newsite/contactus/contactus.asp |archive-date=8 July 2004 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{dead|date=February 2026}} In October 2017, he passed control of the India Today Group to his daughter, Kalli Purie.<ref name='firstpost'>{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Shantanu Ray |date=18 October 2017 |title=Aroon Purie hands over reins of India Today to daughter Kallie; appoints her as group vice-chairperson |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/aroon-purie-hands-over-reins-of-india-today-to-daughter-kallie-appoints-her-as-group-vice-chairperson-4155361.html |work=First Post |access-date=5 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kalli Purie |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/kalli-purie |publisher=India Today |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Purie graduated from [[The Doon School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/dame-dilemma-for-doon-president-s-co-ed-suggestion-evokes-mixed-reaction/cid/473014|title=Dame dilemma for Doon - President's co-ed suggestion evokes mixed reaction|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitalproductionme.com/article-3403-50-most-influential-people--broadcast-channels/5/ |title=50 most influential people - Broadcast Channels &#124; DigitalProductionME.com |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118142812/http://www.digitalproductionme.com/article-3403-50-most-influential-people--broadcast-channels/5/ |archive-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> (where his contemporary was [[Rajiv Gandhi]], former Indian prime minister) and earned a bachelor's degree in economics from the [[London School of Economics]]<ref>[http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/IndiaObservatory/alumni.htm Fellows and Prominent Alumni] LSE</ref> in 1965. Bollywood actress [[Koel Purie]] is his youngest daughter.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Amit |date=17 December 2014 |title=Red Hot |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1041217/asp/etc/story_4127827.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050128231736/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041217/asp/etc/story_4127827.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2005 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=5 December 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He started his career in 1970 at Thomson Press as Production Controller and continues to be its guiding force even though he handed over to his son Ankoor Purie.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomson Digital :: Leadership |url=https://www.thomsondigital.com/leadership.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726051805/http://www.thomsondigital.com/leadership.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2016 |website=www.thomsondigital.com }}</ref> With five facilities across India, it has a national presence. He began the India Today Group with an eponymous magazine in 1975.<ref name='firstpost'/> Today the group is India's most diversified media group with 32 magazines, 7 radio stations, 4 TV channels, 1 newspaper, multiple web and mobile portals, a leading classical music label and book publishing arm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aroon Purie |url=https://www.dailyo.in/user/12589/aroonpurie |website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
===''India Today''===<br />
Vidya Vilas Purie, Aroon Purie's father, launched the fortnightly magazine ''India Today'' in 1975, with his daughter [[Madhu Trehan]] as its editor and Aroon Purie as its publisher.<ref name="HT">Bhandare, Namita. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120602062512/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/70-s-The-decade-of-innocence/Article1-700294.aspx 70's: The decade of innocence]. ''Hindustan Times''. Retrieved 29 July 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow_indias-top-50-influentials_1218058-32#top India's Top 50 Influentials]. [[Daily News and Analysis]]. Retrieved 29 July 2012.</ref> The magazine was born during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] declared by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. With ''India Today'', Aroon tried to "fill the information gap which exists amongst persons interested in India residing abroad".<ref name="HT"/> With editions in five languages, it is the most widely–read publication in India&nbsp;– a position which, as of 2006, it had held for over a decade&nbsp;– with a readership of over 11 million.<ref>NRS 2006</ref><br />
<br />
He also set the journalistic style for the 24-hour news and current affairs Hindi news channel [[Aaj Tak]] and English news channel [[Headlines Today]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/5933307 |website=www.bloomberg.com |title="Profile"}}</ref> In 2025, at the FICCI Frames conference, Purie commented that artificial intelligence poses an “existential threat” to the creation of credible journalism, warning that AI-generated content could erode trust in news media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=AI an existential threat to the very creation of credible news: Aroon Purie |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ai-an-existential-threat-to-the-very-creation-of-credible-news-aroon-purie-ficci-frames-2025-2799379-2025-10-07 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and associations==<br />
He was conferred the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2001, the third-highest civilian award of the government of India, for his contribution to Indian journalism.<ref name="tp">[http://www.televisionpoint.com/lounge/lounge.php?id=1176397777 Aroon Purie Profile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512015339/http://www.televisionpoint.com/lounge/lounge.php?id=1176397777 |date=12 May 2008 }} Television Point</ref> He has received other honours, including the B.D. Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism (1988),<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Commissioner Of Income Tax vs Aroon Purie on 8 April, 2002 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1403189/ |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> 'Journalist of the Year 1990' award by the Indian Federation of Small and Medium Newspapers,<ref name="tp" /> the G.K. Reddy Memorial Award for Outstanding Contribution to Journalism (1993–1994), the Hall of Fame Award from the Advertising Club of Kolkata (2002) and the NT Award for Lifetime achievement from www.Indiatelevision.com (2008).<ref>{{cite web |title=enba 2011: Lifetime Achievement Award for Aroon Purie - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/enba-2011lifetime-achievement-award-for-aroon-purie-43284.html |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is associated with several councils, including the Council of Management, Audit Bureau of Circulations (Chairman, 2000–2001).<ref name="tp" /> He is on the Executive Committee of The Editors' Guild of India,<ref name="tp" /> Council of Management All India Management Association (Special Invitee). He was Chairman of the CII National Committee on Media (2001–2002).<ref name="tp" /><br />
<br />
He is currently the chairman of [[FIPP]] (Federation of International Periodicals and Publications).<ref name="fipp">[http://www.fipp.com/News.aspx?PageIndex=2002&ItemId=14845 New FIPP chairman Aroon Purie elected] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123120853/http://www.fipp.com/News.aspx?PageIndex=2002&ItemId=14845 |date=23 November 2010 }} FIPP</ref> Aroon Purie is a board member of the [[Global Editors Network]] since its creation in April 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globaleditorsnetwork.org/board-members/ |title=Global Editors Network board members |access-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624172532/http://www.globaleditorsnetwork.org/board-members/ |archive-date=24 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><br />
In March 2022, he was bestowed with the ABLF lifetime achievement award for his contributions in the field of Journalism.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Today Group Chairman Aroon Purie honoured with ABLF lifetime achievement award. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-group-chairman-aroon-purie-honoured-with-ablf-lifetime-achievement-award-1926185-2022-03-16 |website=India Today |access-date=January 6, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Litigation ==<br />
In 2007 a criminal [[defamation]] case was filed against Aroon Purie over a report titled ''“Mission Misconduct”'' published in ''[[India Today]]'' in April 2007. According to the article, three Indian officials posted in the UK were “recalled in quick succession following serious allegations of sexual misconduct, corruption in issuance of visas and sale of Indian passports to illegal immigrants”.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court quashes defamation case against India Today's Aroon Purie. |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/10/31/supreme-court-quashes-defamation-case-against-india-todays-aroon-purie#:~:text=The%20case%20pertains%20to%20a%202007%20report%20in%20the%20magazine.&text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20today%20quashed,in%20the%20magazine%20in%202007 |website=Newslaundry | date=31 October 2022 |access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] quashed the case against Aroon Purie in October 2022 over the article published in 2007 by India today. Though Chief Justice U.U. Lalit, Justice Ravindra Bhat, and Justice Bela M Trivedi quashed the case against Purie; they did not grant relief to the author of the news article.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debayan |first1=Roy |title=Supreme Court quashes criminal defamation case against India Today chairperson Aroon Purie. |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-quashes-criminal-defamation-case-against-india-today-chairperson-aroon-purie |website=Indian Legal news |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aroon Purie defamation case: Supreme Court grants relief to India Today Chairperson over news article against Indian diplomat in Edinburgh |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/supreme-court-news/aroon-purie-defamation-supreme-court-india-today-op-bhola/ |website=India Legal |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plagiarism==<br />
<br />
A media watchdog, CounterMedia, found the opening two paragraphs—the first 250 words—of Purie's 400-word editorial of 18 October 2010 on the Indian actor [[Rajnikanth]] to be identical to those in an article by [[Grady Hendrix]] published on 27 September 2010 in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', a US-based online magazine.<ref name="indslt">{{cite news |last=Purie |first=Aroon |title=From the Editor-In-Chief |url=http://img.slate.com/media/1/123125/2187915/2239663/2270073/101019_CB_IndiaTodayLetter.pdf |access-date=5 December 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Purie apologised for the mistake, suggesting that it had resulted from [[jet lag]] and claimed that "a couple of sentences lifted from another article were sent to me." In response, Hendrix wrote in ''Slate'': "The jetlag apology wasn't meant to be taken as a serious statement, it was more of an old school attempt to make the problem go away with a silly, 'Whoops, I'm tired!' shrug." Hendrix also wrote that he considered it "a satisfactory closure to the matter."<ref name="Grady Hendrix blog">{{cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Grady |date=20 October 2010 |title=Great Writers Steal |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2010/10/great_writers_steal.html |work=Slate |access-date=5 December 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Purie, Aroon}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian accountants]]<br />
[[Category:Indian magazine founders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:India Today people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Lahore]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Lahore]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Stock_Exchange_of_India&diff=468100National Stock Exchange of India2026-02-07T20:08:10Z<p>Eziosolution: improve article for consistency and corrected details for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian stock exchange in Mumbai}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox exchange<br />
|name = National Stock Exchange of India Limited <br />
|logo = National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) logo.svg<br />
|image = IT7A2275 copy (cropped).jpg<br />
|image_caption = Corporate headquarters in Mumbai<br />
|type = [[Stock exchange]]<br />
|city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
|country = India<br />
|foundation = {{Start date and age|1992|11|27|df=yes}}<br />
|owner = Various domestic and global financial institutions, public and privately-owned entities, and individuals<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nseindia.com/investor-relations/shareholding|title=Shareholding|website=www.nseindia.com}}</ref><br />
|key_people = [[Ashishkumar Chauhan]]<br />{{small|([[Managing director|MD]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}<br />
|currency = [[Indian rupee]] ({{INR}})<br />
|listings = 2,671 (December 2024)<ref name="mcp"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Market Statistics - September 2024 |url=https://focus.world-exchanges.org/issue/september-2024/market-statistics |website=[[World Federation of Exchanges]] |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907232948/https://focus.world-exchanges.org/issue/september-2024/market-statistics |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><br />
|mcap = {{INRConvert|438|lc|link=yes}} (December 2024)<ref name="mcp"/><ref>{{cite web |title=New Stock Or Share Listing Recent -NSE India |url=https://www.nseindia.com/market-data/new-stock-exchange-listings-recent |website=nseindia.com |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730161259/https://www.nseindia.com/market-data/new-stock-exchange-listings-recent |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><br />
|volume = <br />
|indexes = {{ubl|[[NIFTY 50]]|[[NIFTY Next 50]]|[[NIFTY 500]]}} <br />
|homepage = <br />
|logosize=250px<br />
|module = {{Infobox company|embed=yes|<br />
|ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE721I01024}}<br />
|revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|19177|c}} (2025)<br />
|profit = {{up}} {{INRconvert|12188|c}} (2025)<br />
|footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Investor Presentation Q4 {{!}} FY25 |url=https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/web/sites/default/files/inline-files/INVESTOR_PRESENTATION_MAR25.pdf |publisher=NSE |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
[[File:IT7A2918 copy.jpg|thumb|The National Stock Exchange building in the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] in [[Mumbai]]]]<br />
'''National Stock Exchange of India Limited''', also known as the '''National Stock Exchange''' ('''NSE'''), is an Indian [[stock exchange]] based in [[Mumbai]]. It is the [[List of stock exchanges|5th largest stock exchange]] in the world by total [[market capitalization]], exceeding $5 trillion in May 2024.<ref name="WFE">{{cite web|url=https://focus.world-exchanges.org/issue/march-2023/market-statistics|title=Market Statistics – March 2023 – World Federation of Exchanges|website=Focus.world-exchanges.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deva |first=Pranati |date=24 May 2024 |title=Market Cap of NSE-listed companies surges to $5 trillion from $4 trillion in just 6 months |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/market-capitalisation-of-nse-listed-companies-surges-to-5-trillion-from-4-trillion-in-just-6-months-stock-market-11716523589993.html |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
NSE is under the ownership of various financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies. As of 2024, it is the world's largest [[derivatives exchange]] by number of contracts traded{{Efn|Based on the statistics maintained by [[Futures Industry Association]] (FIA), a [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]] trade body}} and the third largest in cash equities by number of trades{{Efn|As per the statistics maintained by the [[World Federation of Exchanges]] (WFE)}} for the calendar year 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Podishetti |first=Akash |date=2024-01-18 |title=NSE world's largest derivatives exchange for fifth year in a row; third in equity |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nse-worlds-largest-derivatives-exchange-for-fifth-year-in-a-row-third-in-equity/articleshow/106964373.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/nse-emerges-as-worlds-largest-derivative-exchange-in-2023-national-stock-exchange-of-india-11705579295133.html|title=Fifth Largest Derivatives Exchange for the Fifth consecutive year and 3rd largest Equity Exchange in 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NSE maintains its lead as largest global derivatives market for 4th year – Check its rank in equity segment |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/markets/nse-maintains-its-lead-as-largest-global-derivatives-market-for-4th-year-check-its-rank-in-equity-segment-article-97428609 |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=Times Now |date=30 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:NSE Bull Image 1.jpg|alt=NSE Bull|thumb|Sculptures at NSE headquarters in Mumbai]]<br />
National Stock Exchange was incorporated in 1992<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nseindia.com/national-stock-exchange/history-milestones|title=NSE Incorporation}}</ref> to bring about transparency in the Indian equity markets. NSE was set up at the behest of the [[Government of India]], based on the recommendations laid out by the [[Manohar J. Pherwani|Pherwani committee]] in 1991<ref>{{cite news |title=Pherwani Committee report recommends setting up of NSE in New Bombay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19910930-pherwani-committee-report-recommends-setting-up-of-nse-in-new-bombay-814863-1991-09-29 |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and the blueprint was prepared by a team of five members (Ravi Narain, Raghavan Puthran, K Kumar, [[Chitra Ramkrishna]] and [[Ashishkumar Chauhan]]) along with R H Patil and [[Suresh Shankar Nadkarni|SS Nadkarni]] who were deputed by IDBI in 1992.<ref name="bourses"/><ref>{{cite news |title=RH Patil: The man who revolutionized Indian stock market |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/rh-patil-the-man-who-revolutionized-indian-stock-market/articleshow/53336864.cms |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Instead of trading memberships being confined to a group of brokers, NSE ensured that anyone who was qualified, experienced, and met the minimum financial requirements was allowed to trade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/National-Stock-Exchange-to-file-IPO-document-by-2017/article14404957.ece|title=National Stock Exchange to file IPO document by 2017|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
NSE commenced operations on 30 June 1994<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nseindia.com/products/content/debt/wdm/ndm.htm|title=NSE - National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.|website=www.nseindia.com}}</ref> starting with the wholesale debt market (WDM) segment and equities segment on 3 November 1994.<ref name="india75"/> It was the first exchange in India to introduce an [[Electronic trading platform|electronic trading facility]].<ref>{{cite news |title=NSE vs BSE: Where's the competition? |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/despite-its-travails-the-nse-towers-over-bse-11658849390923.html |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=mint |date=26 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Within one year of the start of its operations, the daily turnover on NSE exceeded that of the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]].<ref name="bourses">{{cite news |title=NSE and NSDL: Institutions that revolutionised Indian bourses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manmohan-singh-indian-economy-indian-rupee-devaluation-nse-nsdl-stock-exchange-bombay-stock-exchange-2924639/ |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Operations in the derivatives segment commenced on 12 June 2000.<ref name="india75">{{cite news |title=India@75: History of stocks in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india75-history-of-stocks-in-india-11660492412764.html |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=Mint |date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In August 2008, NSE introduced [[Foreign exchange derivative|currency derivatives]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Anup |last2=Laskar |first2=Anirudh |last3=Mohan |first3=Vyas |title=NSE to charge trades in currency derivatives |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/TSlohUtvuNKds9Ciz6cpYJ/NSE-to-charge-trades-in-currency-derivatives.html |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=mint |date=12 August 2011 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, NSE launched the [[NSE EMERGE]] platform for the listing of [[small and medium-sized enterprises]] (SME) and [[Startup company|startup]] companies in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/nse-sme-exchange/story/188197.html|title=NSE launches SME exchange with first listing- Business News|website=businesstoday.in|date=18 September 2012 |access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/raising-capital-sme-ipo-may-be-a-good-choice-for-small-businesses/articleshow/64231764.cms|title=Raising capital: Why SME IPO may be a good choice for small businesses|date=2019-06-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2013, NSE launched India's first dedicated trading platform for debt-related products.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-05-13|title=NSE launches debt trading platform|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/nse-launches-debt-trading-platform/article64092313.ece|access-date=2023-09-08|website=The Hindu Businessline|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2017, NSE established the NSE International Exchange (NSE IX), which is a universal multi assets exchange headquartered in the [[GIFT City]]. NSE IX is the second international stock exchange of India, after the [[India International Exchange]] (India INX), which is also headquartered in GIFT City.<br />
<br />
In 2023, NSE launched the Social Stock Exchange to allow [[social enterprise]]s, including non-profit organisations, raise funds from the public.<ref>{{cite news |title=While markets boom, what's up at India's Social Stock Exchange? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/while-markets-boom-whats-up-at-indias-social-stock-exchange/articleshow/112045270.cms |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trading==<br />
===Listings ===<br />
As of December 2024, NSE has 2,671 companies listed, with 2,084 companies listed on the mainboard and 587 companies listed on its SME platform−[[NSE EMERGE]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Agnidev |date=2025-01-01 |title=NSE 2024 Highlights: Record Listings, Wealth Creation And An Increasing Investor Base |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/markets/nse-2024-highlights-record-listings-wealth-creation-and-increasing-investor-base |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref> Total market capitalization of NSE-listed companies was {{INR}}438.9 [[lakh]] [[crore]] (US$5.13 trillion), as of 31 December 2024.<ref name="mcp">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title=Market capitalisation of NSE increased to $5.13 trillion, up 21.5% in 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/market-capitalisation-of-nse-increased-to-5-13-trillion-up-21-5-in-2024/articleshow/116845651.cms |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of December 2023, there were 190 [[Exchange-traded fund|ETF]]s listed on the NSE, including ETFs on equity, debt and commodity asset classes.<ref>{{cite news |title=ETF turnover tops Rs 1 trillion for second year on the trot, shows data |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/etf-trading-turnover-tops-rs-1-trillion-for-second-year-in-a-row-124022000866_1.html |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The first [[Business Trust in India|InvIT]] listed on the NSE in 2017 and the first [[Real estate investment trust|REIT]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's first InvIT issue, of IRB Infrastructure, opens on Wednesday |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/indias-first-invit-issue-of-irb-infrastructure-opens-on-wednesday/article64269250.ece |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=2 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Embassy Office Parks REIT debuts at Rs 308, a 2.7% premium to issue price |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ipo/embassy-office-parks-reit-debuts-at-rs-308-a-2-7-premium-to-issue-price-3737871.html |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=Moneycontrol |date=1 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of January 2025, NSE has over 11 [[crore]] unique registered investors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khanna |first=Surbhi |date=2025-01-22 |title=NSE registered investor base crosses 11 crore unique investors and over 21 crore total accounts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mf/mf-news/nse-registered-investor-base-crosses-11-crore-unique-investors-and-over-21-crore-total-accounts/articleshow/117450424.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Indices===<br />
[[NSE Indices]] operates NSE's broad-based, sectoral, thematic, strategy and fixed-income indices.<ref>{{cite news |title=NSE unveils new brand identity for Nifty50 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nse-unveils-new-brand-identity-for-nifty50/articleshow/69538073.cms |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 May 2019}}</ref> The flagship index [[NIFTY 50]] was launched on 22 April 1996, with a base value of 1,000 on the base date of 3 November 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nseindia.com/global/content/about_us/history_milestones.htm |title=History & Milestones|website=Nseindia.com|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nifty 50 |website=niftyindices.com |url=https://www.niftyindices.com/indices/equity/broad-based-indices/nifty--50}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Derivatives===<br />
The NSE allows trading of futures and options contracts of indices and single stock contracts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanchit |first1=Taksali |title=Nifty Option Chain |url=https://investiture.in/option-chain/ |website=Investiture.in |publisher=Sanchit |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227180746/https://investiture.in/option-chain/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 May 2012, the National Stock exchange launched derivative contracts (futures and options) on FTSE 100, a widely tracked index of the UK equity stock market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/technical-analysis/article3436632.ece|title=An opportunity to trade the FTSE-100|first=Yoganand|last=D|website=@businessline|date=19 May 2012 }}</ref> On 10 January 2013, the National Stock Exchange signed a letter of intent with the Japan Exchange Group, Inc. (JPX) for the launch of NIFTY 50 index futures on the [[Osaka Securities Exchange]] (OSE).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-01-10|title=UPDATE 1–India's NSE, Japan's JPX plan Nifty futures for Osaka|language=en|work=Reuters|first1=Rafael |last1=Nam |first2=Abhishek |last2=Vishnoi|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-japan-exchanges-idUSL4N0AF4ZJ20130110|access-date=2023-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nseindia.com/products/content/equities/indices/broad_indices.htm|title=Broad Market Indices|website=Nseindia.com|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Corporate affairs==<br />
===Stakeholders===<br />
As of March 2025, state-owned Indian investors in NSE include [[Life Insurance Corporation]] (10.7%), [[State Bank of India]] (3.23%), [[SBI Capital Markets|SBI Caps]] (4.33%) and [[Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited]] (4.40%). Private equity investors include Aranda Investments Mauritius Pte Ltd ([[Temasek Holdings]]), PI Opportunities Fund I ([[Azim Premji|PremjiInvest]]) and MS Strategic Mauritius Pte Ltd ([[Morgan Stanley]]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coutinho |first1=Ashley |title=NSE IPO delay may hit State-owned investors the hardest |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/nse-ipo-delay-may-hit-state-owned-investors-the-hardest/article69385605.ece |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=28 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Leadership===<br />
The list of CEO and MDs of NSE includes:<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" |Name <br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
! Assumed office<br />
! Left office<br />
! Time in office<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Ravi Narain<br />
|2000<br />
|1 April 2013<br />
|{{ayd|2000|11|01|2013|04|01}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=How Ravi Narain built the NSE, and then lost his grip|date= 4 June 2017 |url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/how-ravi-narain-built-the-nse-and-then-lost-his-grip-2296629.html}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Chitra Ramkrishna]]<br />
|1 April 2013<br />
|2 December 2016<br />
|{{ayd|2013|04|01|2016|12|02}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2012 |title=Business / Companies : Chitra Ramkrishna to be new CEO, MD of NSE |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/chitra-ramakrishna-to-be-new-ceo-md-of-nse/article4137089.ece|accessdate=15 February 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Vikram Limaye]]<br />
| 6 February 2017<br />
| 16 July 2022<br />
|{{ayd|2017|02|06|2022|07|16}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/idfc-md-vikram-limaye-the-new-ceo-md-of-nse-117020300787_1.html|title=IDFC MD Vikram Limaye the new CEO, MD of NSE|agency=Press Trust of India|date=3 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=10 July 2017|via=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Ashish Chauhan]]<br />
|18 July 2022<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{ayd|2022|07|18||}}<br />
|<ref name="4th ceo">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Meet Ashish Chauhan — the new MD and CEO of National Stock Exchange |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/meet-ashish-chauhan--the-new-md-and-ceo-of-national-stock-exchange-14168392.htm |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Subsidiaries ==<br />
<br />
* [[NSE Indices|NSE Indices Limited]]<br />
* NSE International Exchange (NSE IX), via NSE IFSC Limited<br />
* NSE Clearing Limited<br />
* NSE NSEIT Limited <br />
* NSE Infotech Services Limited<br />
* NSE Cogencis Information Services Limited <br />
* NSE IFSC Clearing Corporation Limited<br />
* NSE Investments Limited<br />
* NSE Data & Analytics Limited <br />
* NSE Academy Limited<ref>{{Cite web |title=Group Companies |url=https://www.nseindia.com/national-stock-exchange/our-group |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=NSE}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Financial literacy==<br />
<br />
NSE has collaborated with several universities like [[Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics]] (GIPE) - Pune, [[Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University]] (BVDU) - Pune, [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]] - Delhi, [[RV University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/nse-academy-limited-collaborates-with-rv-university-for-post-graduate-certification-program/cid/1975236|title=NSE Academy Limited collaborates with RV University for Post Graduate Certification Program}}</ref> - Bangalore, the [[Ravenshaw University]] - Cuttack and [[Punjabi University]] - Patiala, among others to offer MBA and BBA courses. NSE has also provided mock market simulation software called NSE Learn to Trade (NLT) to develop investment, trading, and portfolio management skills among the students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/nse-to-spread-financial-literacy/article7993802.ece|title=NSE to spread financial literacy|last=Patnaik|first=Santosh|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref> The simulation software is very similar to the software currently being used by the market professionals and helps students to learn how to trade in the markets. NSE also conducts online examinations and awards certification, under its Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM) programs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2012 |title=NSE ties with deemed University to offer pg diploma in financial markets |work=EduTech |url=http://www.edu-leaders.com/content/nse-ties-deemed-university-offer-pg-diploma-financial-markets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311143734/http://www.edu-leaders.com/content/nse-ties-deemed-university-offer-pg-diploma-financial-markets |archive-date=11 March 2013}}</ref> NSE has set up NSE Academy Limited to further financial literacy.<br />
<br />
At present, certifications are available in 46 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets, both at the beginner and advanced levels. The list of various modules can be found at the official site of NSE India. In addition, since August 2009, it has offered a short-term course called NSE Certified Capital Market Professional (NCCMP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.puneeducation.in/NCFMBhandarkar-Road-Pune |website=NCFM(Bhandarkar Road, Pune)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122060836/http://www.puneeducation.in/NCFMBhandarkar-Road-Pune |archive-date=22 November 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Criticism and controversies==<br />
{{see also|NSE co-location scam}}<br />
NSE has witnessed several high-profile market manipulation scandals including the co-location manipulation instance.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-indias-trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-engulfed-nse-in-scandal/articleshow/90343226.cms?from=mdr | title=How India's trading queen and mystery guru engulfed NSE in scandal | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/the-fall-of-nse-corruption-or-hubris/articleshow/69154289.cms | title=The fall of NSE: Corruption or hubris? | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Rangan | first1=MC Govardhana }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-53153120101125 | title=BSE Sensex drops as corruption scandal weighs | newspaper=Reuters | date=25 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/sebi-penalises-bse-nse-for-laxity-in-karvy-fraud-case-329647-2022-04-13 | title=SEBI penalises BSE, NSE for 'laxity' in Karvy fraud case | date=13 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-strange-tale-engulfs-nse-in-scandal-122032100123_1.html | title=Trading 'queen' and mystery guru: Strange tale engulfs NSE in scandal | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=21 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-stock-exchange-case-who-will-invest-in-india-if-scams-like-this-happen-judge-asks-cbi-in-stock-exchange-manipulation-case-2812478 | title="Who'll Invest in India if Scams Like This Happen?": Judge in NSE Case }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/cbi-arrests-former-nse-ceo-chitra-ramkrishna-in-co-location-scam-case/2452419/ | title=Chitra Ramkrishna arrested; CBI grills former NSE CEO in co-location scam after SEBI's mysterious yogi report | date=7 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-indias-trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-engulfed-nse-in-scandal/articleshow/90343226.cms?from=mdr | title=How India's trading queen and mystery guru engulfed NSE in scandal | newspaper=The Economic Times | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=11 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111193659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/how-indias-trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-engulfed-nse-in-scandal/articleshow/90343226.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/the-fall-of-nse-corruption-or-hubris/articleshow/69154289.cms | title=The fall of NSE: Corruption or hubris? | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Rangan | first1=MC Govardhana | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=11 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111193659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/the-fall-of-nse-corruption-or-hubris/articleshow/69154289.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-53153120101125 | title=BSE Sensex drops as corruption scandal weighs | newspaper=Reuters | date=25 November 2010 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=11 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111193700/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-53153120101125 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/sebi-penalises-bse-nse-for-laxity-in-karvy-fraud-case-329647-2022-04-13 | title=SEBI penalises BSE, NSE for 'laxity' in Karvy fraud case | date=13 April 2022 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=21 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921192656/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/sebi-penalises-bse-nse-for-laxity-in-karvy-fraud-case-329647-2022-04-13 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-strange-tale-engulfs-nse-in-scandal-122032100123_1.html | title=Trading 'queen' and mystery guru: Strange tale engulfs NSE in scandal | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=21 March 2022 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=21 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921232719/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/trading-queen-and-mystery-guru-strange-tale-engulfs-nse-in-scandal-122032100123_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-stock-exchange-case-who-will-invest-in-india-if-scams-like-this-happen-judge-asks-cbi-in-stock-exchange-manipulation-case-2812478 | title="Who'll Invest in India if Scams Like This Happen?": Judge in NSE Case | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=22 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922044155/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-stock-exchange-case-who-will-invest-in-india-if-scams-like-this-happen-judge-asks-cbi-in-stock-exchange-manipulation-case-2812478 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/cbi-arrests-former-nse-ceo-chitra-ramkrishna-in-co-location-scam-case/2452419/ | title=Chitra Ramkrishna arrested; CBI grills former NSE CEO in co-location scam after SEBI's mysterious yogi report | date=7 March 2022 | access-date=11 January 2023 | archive-date=22 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922022110/https://www.financialexpress.com/market/cbi-arrests-former-nse-ceo-chitra-ramkrishna-in-co-location-scam-case/2452419/ | url-status=live }}</ref> At times, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) has barred several individuals and entities from trading on the exchange for [[insider trading]], [[Market manipulation|stock manipulation]], especially in [[Market liquidity|illiquid]] [[small cap company|smallcaps]] and [[penny stocks]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sreedhar |first1=Vidya |title=Rs 144 crore wrongful profit! Sebi finds stock manipulation in 5 smallcaps |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-bars-135-entities-from-market-on-alleged-share-manipulation-in-5-smallcaps/articleshow/101167757.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=24 August 2023 |date=21 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sebi ban pinches penny stocks |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-ban-pinches-penny-stocks-105102601049_1.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SEBI Cracks Down on Misuse of Penny Stocks |url=https://thewire.in/business/penny-stocks-bogus-claims-sebi |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I-T Department, SEBI begin crackdown on penny stock firms in PMO-led push |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/i-t-department-sebi-begin-crackdown-on-penny-stock-firms-in-pmo-led-push-2442315.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |date=20 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rampal |first1=Nikhil |title=Pump & dump: How SEBI caught Arshad Warsi & others 'manipulating' stock prices in 'finfluencer' scheme |url=https://theprint.in/business/pump-dump-how-sebi-caught-arshad-warsi-others-manipulating-stock-prices-in-finfluencer-scheme/1413718/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sebi bans FIIs, brokers for GDR manipulation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sebi-bans-fiis-brokers-for-gdr-manipulation/articleshow/10072999.cms |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=22 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fight against black money: Sebi bars 59 entities for evading taxes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/fight-against-black-money-sebi-bars-59-entities-for-evading-taxes/story-kRhJVKW9JTtpN8frb0fO8I.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 August 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sebi goes after companies rigging share prices |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/markets/story/sebi-bans-239-entities-individuals-for-rigging-share-prices-53892-2015-08-12 |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=Business Today |date=12 August 2015 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Market operators===<br />
{{AI-generated|section|certain=yes|date=October 2025}}<br />
Market operators continue to operate in the NSE, albeit within a regulatory framework aimed at ensuring transparency and fairness. Market operators are individuals or entities that actively engage in buying and selling securities to influence their prices for profit. They operate through various strategies, such as arbitrage, [[Short (finance)|short selling]], [[high-frequency trading]], [[front running]], [[Churning (finance)|churning]], [[Scalping (trading)|scalping]], [[wash trading]], spoofing, and layering, often leveraging sophisticated technology and large capital. Regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) oversee market activities to curb malpractices such as [[insider trading]], price rigging, and [[market manipulation]]. SEBI has implemented measures, including surveillance systems, to detect and penalize unethical practices. Despite these regulations, market operators exploit loopholes to gain an edge, necessitating continuous vigilance and regulatory updates. Market operators often use the [[pump and dump]] strategy, despite strict regulations against such practices. This scheme involves artificially inflating the price of a stock through false or misleading positive statements. Once the price has been significantly raised, the operators then sell off their holdings at the inflated prices, leading to a sharp price decline and substantial losses for other investors who bought in at the higher prices. Their activities have continued to impact market volatility, liquidity, and price discovery, playing a significant role in the dynamics of NSE.<ref>Uppal, Jamshed Y., and Inayat U. Mangla. “Market Volatility, Manipulation, and Regulatory Response: A Comparative Study of Bombay and Karachi Stock Markets.” The Pakistan Development Review, vol. 45, no. 4, 2006, pp. 1071–83. {{JSTOR|41260669}}. Accessed 30 May 2024.</ref><ref>Goel, A., Tripathi, V. and Agarwal, M. (2021), "Market microstructure: a comparative study of Bombay stock exchange and national stock exchange", Journal of Advances in Management Research, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 414-442. {{doi|10.1108/JAMR-06-2020-0109}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311446941 | title=The Effectiveness of Trade for Trade Segment as a Surveillance Effort to Prevent Price Manipulation: Evidence from India | author1=Kanaiyalal Parmar | author2=Chakrapani Venkata Chaturvedula | journal=Accounting and Finance Research | volume=6 | issue=1 | page=10694}}</reF><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JEFAS-04-2021-0040/full/html | doi=10.1108/JEFAS-04-2021-0040 | title=Testing the market efficiency in Indian stock market: Evidence from Bombay Stock Exchange broad market indices | date=2022 | last1=Elangovan | first1=Rajesh | last2=Irudayasamy | first2=Francis Gnanasekar | last3=Parayitam | first3=Satyanarayana | journal=Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science | volume=27 | issue=54 | pages=313–327 | hdl=10419/289641 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>Prabu, A.E., Bhattacharyya, I. & Ray, P. Impact of monetary policy on the Indian stock market: Does the devil lie in the detail?. Ind. Econ. Rev. 55, 27–50 (2020). {{doi|10.1007/s41775-020-00078-2}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{div col|small=yes}} <br />
* [[List of companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
* [[Economy of India]]<br />
* [[List of stock exchanges]]<br />
* [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br />
* [[Stock market crashes in India]]<br />
* [[Mutual funds in India]]<br />
* [[Muhurat trading]]<br />
* [[Clause 49]]<br />
* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}} <br />
* {{cite book|title=Multivariate Analysis to Get an Estimate of the Indian Stock Market Nifty Index|author=Rawlin, R.|isbn=978-3-6560-6385-8|year=2011|publisher=GRIN Verlag}} <br />
* {{cite book|title=The Indian Financial System: Markets, Institutions And Services, 2/E|isbn=978-8-1775-8562-9|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Education}}<br />
* {{cite journal|title = Estimating Long-term Volatility on National Stock Exchange of India|journal = Procedia Economics and Finance|volume =32|pages = 574–579|year = 2015|issn = 2212-5671|doi = 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01434-3|author = Ramona Birău and Jatin Trivedi|doi-access = free}} <br />
* Ganeshaiah, K. N. “Has the Behaviour of the Stock Market Been Affected by the Scam? — A Statistical Analysis.” [[Current Science]] 63, no. 7 (1992): 345–47. {{JSTOR|24095453}}.<br />
* D., Sumathi, Stock Price Volatility in National Stock Exchange of India (2018). International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS), December 2018, Available at {{SSRN|3319625}} <br />
* Kumar, G. and Misra, A.K. (2020), "Long run commonality in Indian stocks: empirical evidence from national stock exchange of India", Journal of Indian Business Research, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 441-458. {{doi|10.1108/JIBR-09-2016-0091}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=The Scam: Who Won, who Lost, who Got Away|author=Basu, D. and Dalal, S.|isbn=978-8-1859-4410-4|lccn=93902443|year=1993|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors}} <br />
* {{cite book|title=Bulls, Bears and Other Beasts (5th Anniversary Edition): A Story of the Indian Stock Market|author=Nair, S.|isbn=978-9-3907-4257-8|year=2021|publisher=Pan Macmillan}} <br />
* Goel, A., Tripathi, V. and Agarwal, M. (2021), "Market microstructure: a comparative study of Bombay stock exchange and national stock exchange", Journal of Advances in Management Research, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 414-442. {{doi|10.1108/JAMR-06-2020-0109}} <br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|National Stock Exchange of India}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.nseindia.com/}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|19|3|37|N|72|51|35|E|type:adm1st_scale:3000000_region:IN-MH|display=title|name=National Stock Exchange}}<br />
<br />
{{Stock exchanges in India}} <br />
{{Navboxes <br />
|title= Articles related to National Stock Exchange <br />
|list1= <br />
{{Financial services in India}}<br />
{{Stock exchanges top 18}}<br />
{{World Federation of Exchanges}}<br />
{{Stock market}}<br />
{{Economy of India}}<br />
{{Mumbai topics}}<br />
{{India topics}} <br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Stock Exchange Of India}}<br />
[[Category:National Stock Exchange of India| ]]<br />
[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1992]]<br />
[[Category:Stock exchanges in India]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baragaon,_Ayodhya&diff=489750Baragaon, Ayodhya2026-01-22T18:30:01Z<p>Eziosolution: put up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=August 2024}}{{Infobox settlement<br />
| population_total = 2087<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Baragaon, Ayodhya''' is a village in [[Ayodhya district]] in India, 30&nbsp;km from Ayodhya district headquarters.{{cn|date=April 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Population==<br />
In the 1951 census, Baragon had a total population of 2,080, of which 575 belonged to [[Scheduled Castes]] and 1,505 were from the 'Others' category.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census India 1951 - Uttar Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30024/download/33205/21235_1951_FAI.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>{{needs update|reason=Most recent census was in 2011|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Ayodhya district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Faizabad-geo-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigma_Mu_Sigma&diff=473306Sigma Mu Sigma2026-01-19T21:44:54Z<p>Eziosolution: fixed article based on references and fixed typos for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American college fraternity (1921–2020)}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Fraternity<br />
| letters = {{lang|grc|ΣΜΣ}}<br />
| name = Sigma Mu Sigma<br />
| crest = SigmaMuSigmaCrest.gif<br />
| image_size = 160px<br />
| alt = The official coat of arms of Sigma Mu Sigma<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|1921|3|25}}; reestablished 1984<br />
| status = Defunct<br />
| defunct_date = 2020<br />
| successor = [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]] (1935)<br />Sigma Alpha Chi (1952)<br />
| type = Service<br />
| scope = National<br />
| address = 3171 Colchester Brook Lane<br />
| city = [[Fairfax, Virginia|Fairfax]]<br />
| state = [[Virginia]]<br />
| country = United States<br />
| ZIP code = 22031<br />
| chapters = 22<br />
| colors = {{color box|#01147A}} [[Azure (heraldry)|Azure]] and {{color box|#F7F801}} [[Gold (color)|Gold]]<br />
| publication = <br />
| members = <br />
| lifetime = 6,700<br />
| homepage = <br />
| birthplace = [[Trine University|Trine University (Tri-State)]]<br />
| affiliation = Independent<br />
| former_affiliation = NIC<br />
| flower = [[Nymphaea caerulea|Egyptian lotus]]<ref name="Baird's1" />{{rp|page=VIII-22}}<br />
| symbol = Lamp, All-Seeing Eye,<br>open book, clasped hands<br />
}}<br />
'''Sigma Mu Sigma''' ('''{{lang|grc|ΣΜΣ}}''') is a former American [[college]] [[fraternities and sororities|fraternity]] founded in 1921 at [[Trine University]], formerly Tri-State University. Sigma Mu Sigma was historically an all-male social fraternity open originally to [[Master Mason]]s, and later open to all undergraduate male students.<ref name="SigmaAlphaChi">{{Cite journal |last=Gentil |first=Jace S. |date=September 2016 |title=The Greek Rite: A Survey of Undergraduate Fraternities Founded by the Masons |url=http://www.hamptonlodge204afm.com/uploads/4/2/8/3/42833563/the_greek_rite__september-october_2016_.pdf |journal=The Scottish Right Journal |issue=September/October |pages=9–10 |via=Hampton Lodge 204}}</ref> As a national fraternity, Sigma Mu Sigma dissolved in 1935 when it was absorbed by [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]].<ref name="SigmaAlphaChi" /> Sigma Mu Sigma was later revived, developed another dozen chapters, and several of these were absorbed by [[Kappa Sig]], [[Acacia Fraternity|Acacia]] and others. A few remaining chapters of Sigma Mu Sigma transformed into a co-ed service fraternity in 1984 but went defunct around 2020.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
=== Early history ===<br />
In 1921, Sigma Mu Sigma was founded by three [[Knights Templar (Freemasonry)|Knights Templar]] students at [[Tri-State University|Tri-State College]] in [[Angola, Indiana]]. The three founders were Claude Brown, Charles Knapp, and Harold Van Vranken.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Alpha Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=24&Itemid=42 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234639/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=24&Itemid=42 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref> Sigma Mu Sigma was founded as a fraternity exclusively for Master Masons with a zeal for the promotion of the fraternity's cardinal principles of sincerity, morality, and scholarship. Its founding date was [[Good Friday]], March 25, 1921.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
At the time of the fraternity's founding, Tri-State College had a ban on secret societies; however, several sub-rosa organizations were known to exist on campus. The three founders of the fraternity selected nine other students who were also Master Masons and among the top students at the college. Sigma Mu Sigma announced its formation to administrators and professors of the college. Faced with the possibility of expelling twelve of the top students at Tri-State, the college moved to end its ban on fraternities.<br />
<br />
The fraternity's original intent was to limit membership to Master Masons and to maintain the scholarship standards of [[Phi Beta Kappa]]. This was soon found to be impracticable and the Phi Beta Kappa standard was soon dropped. However, the fraternity did require a high scholarship record of its pledges.<ref name="Baird's1"/>{{rp|page=VIII-22}}<br />
<br />
Sigma Mu Sigma became a junior member of the [[North American Interfraternity Conference|North-American Interfraternity Conference]] (NIC) in 1928.<ref name="Baird's1"/>{{rp|page=VIII-22}} In 1929, the fraternity's membership requirements were changed to allow both Masons and sons of Masons.<ref name="Baird's1"/>{{rp|page=VIII-22}}<br />
<br />
=== Merger with Tau Kappa Epsilon ===<br />
In the early 1930s, the United States was in the midst of the [[Great Depression]], resulting in college enrollment and fraternity membership dropping significantly. The effect was especially felt on Sigma Mu Sigma because of the added constraints of its Masonic membership requirement. In the fall of 1934, Sigma Mu Sigma national decided to dissolve itself and allow its chapters to be absorbed by [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]]. Sigma Mu Sigma had nine chapters at the time of the decision.<br />
<br />
The merger was effected in March 1935 with the ''Epsilon chapter'' at [[George Washington University]] becoming the ''Alpha-Pi chapter'' of Tau Kappa Epsilon. Sigma Mu Sigma's ''Zeta chapter'' at [[Purdue University]] and the ''Eta chapter'' at the [[University of Illinois]] merged with existing Tau Kappa Epsilon chapters at their respective campuses. While these three chapters merged, the remaining chapters did not participate: ''Beta'', ''Gamma'', ''Delta'', and ''Theta chapters'' dissolved.<ref name="Baird's1">{{Bairds20}}</ref>{{rp|page=VII-52}} ''Alpha'' and ''Iota chapters'' chose to remain as independent, local Sigma Mu Sigma chapters without a national organization.<br />
<br />
In 1936, ''Alpha chapter'' affiliated with [[Alpha Lambda Tau]], signaling that for some reason, the 1935 merger with Tau Kappa Epsilon had been unworkable. Small nationals were merging or dissolving across the country during this difficult time, however, for the Tri-State chapter, the reason may have been that they were unwelcome. At this juncture, chapters at some schools were incompatible with the larger nationals because the [[North American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] (as well as the [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]]) required that Full member fraternities may only allow chapters at ''accredited institutions.'' Sigma Mu Sigma had been a junior member; Tau Kappa Epsilon was a full member. Hence, as Tri-State was not yet accredited, the chapter may have realized or been advised it was ineligible for a charter with Tau Kappa Epsilon. This may have been the reason it remained local, and then joined the smaller national fraternity of Alpha Lambda Tau, also a junior [[National Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] member.<ref>"Paragraphic History of TKE". ''[https://issuu.com/taukappaepsilon/docs/tke_golden_book The Golden Book of Tau Kappa Epsilon: 1899-1949]''. Leland F. Leland, editor. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity, 1949. p. 25. via ''Issuu'', accessed January 6, 2023.</ref><ref name=":0" /> The ''Iota chapter'' lingered for a few years, and was inactive by 1940.<br />
<br />
=== Redevelopment ===<br />
Clyde E. Shaw, a Sigma Mu Sigma brother and faculty member of the ''Tri-State chapter'', revived the fraternity in 1940, four years after his original chapter had joined [[Alpha Lambda Tau]] as its ''Psi chapter''.<ref name="SigmaAlphaChi" /> (To complete the story on the original chapter, Alpha Lambda Tau was a small national fraternity that in 1947 would later itself merge into Tau Kappa Epsilon as a coincidental, second national merger, that time bringing the ''Tri-State chapter'' along with it briefly; but within a year the Tri-State group, now called ''Beta-Epsilon chapter'' of Tau Kappa Epsilon was forced to return its newly won charter because of the accreditation problem. The resilient Tri-State group then joined [[Kappa Sigma Kappa]], and was granted a charter from [[Kappa Sigma]] just after Tri-State earned accreditation. The chapter survives to the present day.)<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, while Shaw's original chapter was proceeding through these several affiliations, his newly-re-established ''Alpha chapter'' of Sigma Mu Sigma was reborn through his efforts and able to successfully navigate the manpower drain of [[World War II]], stabilizing into a thriving chapter as the only existent active group of his re-established fraternity. This chapter, now operating as a local fraternity with the name Sigma Mu Sigma, changed its membership requirements to allow non-Masons to join. ''Alpha chapter'' was the only active Sigma Mu Sigma chapter from 1940 to 1952.<br />
<br />
=== Merger with Sigma Alpha Chi ===<br />
In August 1952, the ''Alpha chapter'' merged with '''Sigma Alpha Chi''', another Masonic fraternity that had been originally known as [[Square and Compass (fraternity)|Square and Compass]]. Two years later, on August 3, 1952, Square and Compass and Sigma Mu Sigma voted to merge; the merged organization became known officially as '''Sigma Mu Sigma–Square and Compass'''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="SigmaAlphaChi" /> The merger linked Sigma Mu Sigma with four chapters from Sigma Alpha Chi and led to another period of moderate growth.<ref name=":0" /> The other Square and Compass chapters dissipated.<ref name="Baird's1" />{{rp|page=VII-52}}<br />
<br />
==Recent history==<br />
The merger with Sigma Alpha Chi put the fraternity on more solid footing during the 1950s and into the 1960s. This led to the establishment of eight additional chapters. Sigma Mu Sigma marketed itself as a service fraternity from this point, allowing participation by men already active in another social fraternity.<ref>Active recruitment toward additional chapters was pursued, [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/153191072.pdf one example of which was profiled on p.2 of ''The Breeze''] of Virginia's [[James Madison University|Madison College]] on 21 Oct, 1968. Accessed 1 Nov 2020. A James Madison chapter never materialized.</ref> However, anti-establishment attitudes on college campuses of the late 1960s began to put pressure on most college fraternities.<br />
<br />
This was especially true for Sigma Mu Sigma, which had long been linked with socially conservative ideals and the Freemasons. As ''[[Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities|Baird's Manual]]'' explained, "The purpose of the fraternity is to foster the indoctrination of the college men of America with the traditions of their American heritage''"'' <ref name="Baird's1"/>{{rp|page=VIII-22}} By the early 1970s, this message wasn't as marketable as hoped. At this juncture, many of its chapters began to close or move to other nationals. The ''Alpha chapter'' at Tri-State joined [[Acacia Fraternity|Acacia]], the largest of the Masonic-influenced fraternities. The ''Lambda chapter'' at [[Elon College]] joined [[Kappa Sigma]]. Other chapters would close, and the ''Sigma chapter'' was removed from campus by the administration of [[University of Lynchburg|Lynchburg College]].<br />
<br />
=== Coed evolution ===<br />
Under the pressure of these changes, the fraternity took on a new direction. When reestablished in 1984 with the assistance of the ''Tau chapter'' at [[Virginia Tech]], the ''Sigma chapter'' at [[Lynchburg College]] became coed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Sigma Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=41&Itemid=59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234407/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=41&Itemid=59 |archive-date=November 8, 2006 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref> Sigma Mu Sigma Fraternity remained focused on service, and it allowed both male students to be members as well as female students, known as sisters. Its national headquarters was based in [[Fairfax, Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-22 |title=Contact |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_contact&Itemid=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322132518/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_contact&Itemid=3 |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Sigma chapter'' was the only Sigma Mu Sigma chapter until 1989 when it began working to establish the ''Chi chapter'' at the [[College of William and Mary]]. ''Chi chapter'' was chartered in November 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Chi Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=23&Itemid=41 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234436/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=23&Itemid=41 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref> Campus administration forced the ''Sigma chapter'' to become an all-male chapter in 1992.<ref name=":1" /> ''Mu'', ''Omicron'', ''Pi'', and ''Tau'' were also reactivated in the 2000s.<ref name="Chapters of Sigma Mu Sigma">{{Cite web |date= |title=Chapters of Sigma Mu Sigma |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=70 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322132120/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=70 |archive-date=2012-03-22 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref> By 2016, the last active chapter, ''Sigma,'' had gone inactive.<ref name="SigmaAlphaChi" /><br />
<br />
==Symbols==<br />
The fraternity's colors were [[Azure (color)|azure]] and gold. Its flower was the [[Egyptian lotus]]. Its symbols were the lamp, the [[all seeing eye]], an open book, and clasped hands.<br />
<br />
==Chapters==<br />
Following are the historic chapters of Sigma Mu Sigma.<ref name="Baird's1" />{{rp|page=VIII-22}}{{rp|page=VII-52}}<ref name="Chapters of Sigma Mu Sigma"/> The original fraternity roll included chapters ''Alpha'' through ''Iota''. It was re-established by ''Alpha (Second)'' which operated as a local under the Sigma Mu Sigma name for twelve years, until the addition of several Sigma Alpha Chi chapters and a second period of moderate growth that lasted until the national was dissipated in the mid-1960s, leaving several surviving locals. A third iteration of the fraternity with a co-ed model was attempted by the surviving ''Sigma chapter'', now defunct.<ref name="Baird's1" />{{rp|page=VIII-22}}<br />
{{sticky-header}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sticky-header sortable"<br />
! Chapter<br />
! Charter date and range<br />
! Institution<br />
! Location<br />
! Status<br />
!{{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Alpha (Prime)''<br>(see ''Alpha Second'')<br />
| {{dts|1921|03|25}} – 1936<br />
| [[Tri-State University]]<br />
| [[Angola, Indiana]]<br />
| Withdrew ({{lang|grc|ΑΛΤ}}) <br />
| <ref name=":0" />{{Efn|name="Alpha"|''Alpha chapter'' was unable to merge with [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]] in 1935, likely due to lack of school accreditation, a requirement of the NIC for its full-member fraternities. ''Alpha chapter'' then affiliated with [[Alpha Lambda Tau]] in 1936 but twelve years later would finally become a chapter of Tau Kappa Epsilon, albeit briefly, in 1947 as a result of a merger between Alpha Lambda Tau and Teke. But the same lack of school accreditation ended this affiliation; the chapter would progress through several short-term non-NIC affiliations, finally becoming a chapter of [[Kappa Sigma]] in 1966 shortly after the school became accredited. Meanwhile, an alumnus would revive Sigma Mu Sigma on the Tri-State (Trine) campus, even as the original chapter was moving through its various affiliations. This second iteration of ''Alpha'' would eventually affiliate with Acacia in 1967.}}{{Efn|name="AlphaResiliance"|The original Trine University chapter of Sigma Mu Sigma may arguably be the most prolific, or resilient chapter of any fraternity. This local chapter birthed three successor chapters on the Trine campus and a surviving, small national fraternity. It opened Trine (at the time Tri-State) to fraternal organizing, weathered a lack of school accreditation, and negotiated waves of merger talks during its hundred-year history.}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Beta''<br />
| {{dts|1924}}–1934<br />
| [[University of Oklahoma]]<br />
|[[Norman, Oklahoma]]<br />
| Inactive<br />
|{{Efn|Ceased operations at about the time of the 1935 ΤΚΕ merger.|name=Ceased}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Gamma''<br />
| {{dts|1925}}–<1935<br />
| [[George Washington University|National University]]<br />
|[[Washington, D.C.]]<br />
| Inactive<br />
|{{Efn|name=Ceased}}<!--A previous reference note to this article said that the Gamma chapter had been placed at "National University," further elaborating that "National University merged with [[George Washington University|GWU]]", but while GWU and its predecessor schools were occasionally discussed in terms of a generic national university, this name is not found as a formal or merged name. ΣΜΣ is listed in two sections in Baird's 20th ed. One says the ''Gamma'' charter was withdrawn and that ''Epsilon'' was at GWU, and the other has ''Epsilon'' at GWU, with no listing of ''Gamma''. They both date to about 1925. Ideas?--><br />
|-<br />
| ''Delta''<br />
| {{dts|1925}}–1935<br />
| [[Milwaukee School of Engineering]]<br />
|[[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]<br />
| Inactive<br />
|{{Efn|name=Ceased}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Epsilon''<br />
| {{dts|1924|06}}–1934<br />
| [[George Washington University]]<br />
|[[Washington, D.C.]]<br />
| Merged ({{lang|grc|ΤΚΕ}})<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Epsilon Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=28&Itemid=46 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234551/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=28&Itemid=46 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref>{{Efn|Merged with [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]] in 1935.}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Zeta''<br />
| {{dts|1925}}–1934<br />
| [[Purdue University]]<br />
|[[West Lafayette, Indiana]]<br />
| Merged ({{lang|grc|ΤΚΕ}})<br />
|{{Efn|Merged with an existing Tau Kappa Epsilon chapter in 1935.|name=Merged existing}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Eta''<br />
| {{dts|1925}}–1935<br />
| [[University of Illinois]]<br />
|[[Urbana, Illinois]]<br />
| Merged ({{lang|grc|ΤΚΕ}})<br />
|{{Efn|name=Merged existing}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Theta''<br />
| {{dts|1926}}–1934<br />
| [[Oklahoma State University]]<br />
| [[Stillwater, Oklahoma]]<br />
| Inactive<br />
|{{Efn|name=Ceased}}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Iota''<br />
| {{dts|1926|02|22}} – 1940<br />
| [[Michigan State Normal College]]<br />
| [[Ypsilanti, Michigan]]<br />
| Inactive<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Iota Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=32&Itemid=50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234603/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=32&Itemid=50 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref>{{Efn|Lingered independently, but still recognized as a national fraternity by its campus, for four years after the ΤΚΕ merger in 1935. However, the chapter became inactive in 1940 with World War II. }}<br />
|-<br />
| ''Alpha (Second)''<br>(see ''Alpha Prime'')<br />
| {{dts|1940|02|16}} – 1966<br />
| [[Tri-State University]]<br />
| [[Angola, Indiana]]<br />
| Withdrew (Acacia)<br />
|<ref name=":0" />{{Efn|name="Alpha"}}{{Efn|name="AlphaResiliance"}}{{Efn|Withdrew to form [[Acacia Fraternity|Acacia]] chapter}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Kappa''<br />
| {{dts|1952|08|03}} – 19xx ?<br />
| [[Medical College of Virginia]]<br />
| [[Richmond, Virginia]]<br />
| Inactive<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Kappa Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=33&Itemid=51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234716/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=33&Itemid=51 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref>{{Efn|Originally a chapter of ΣΑΧ (Square and Compass).|name=Square and Compass}}{{Efn|Baird's has Virginia Medical chapter named ''Mu'' and does not list a ''Kappa chapter''. ''Mu'' is assumed to be an error.}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Lambda''<br />
| {{dts|1952|08|03}} – June 1, 1972<br />
|[[Elon College]]<br />
|[[Elon, North Carolina]]<br />
|Withdrew ({{lang|grc|ΚΣ}})<br />
|<ref name="SigmaAlphaChi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=J. King |date=2019 |title=The Journey of the Lambda-Lambda chapter of Kappa Sigma |url=https://kappasigmaelon.org/ourjourney-2-2/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Kappa Sigma Elon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lambda Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=34&Itemid=52 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234534/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=34&Itemid=52 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref>{{Efn|name=Square and Compass}}{{Efn|Lambda chapter did not merge with Sigma Alpha Chi. Instead, it became the ''Lambda Lambda chapter'' of [[Kappa Sigma]] in 1973.}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Mu''<br />
| {{dts|1952|08|03}} – 19xx ?, 20xx ?-201x ?<br />
|[[Chase College of Law]]<br />
|[[Highland Heights, Kentucky]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Mu Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=35&Itemid=53 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234650/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=35&Itemid=53 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref>{{Efn|name=Square and Compass}}{{Efn|Baird's has the Chase chapter named ''Nu''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Nu''<br />
| {{dts|1953}}–19xx ?<br />
|[[Miami University]]<br />
|[[Oxford, Ohio]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nu Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=36&Itemid=54 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234416/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=36&Itemid=54 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref>{{Efn|name=Square and Compass}}{{Efn|Baird's does not list a Miami University chapter.}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Xi''<br />
| {{dts|1953}}–19xx ?<br />
|[[Joliet Junior College]]<br />
|[[Joliet, Illinois]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Omicron''<br />
| {{dts|1953}}–19xx ?, 20xx ?-201x ?<br />
|[[University of Louisville]]<br />
|[[Louisville, Kentucky]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sigma Mu Sigma |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=38&Itemid=56 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234727/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=38&Itemid=56 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Omicron Chapter}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Pi''<br />
| {{dts|1955}}–19xx ?, 20xx ?-201x ?<br />
|[[New York University]]<br />
|[[New York City, New York]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Pi Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=39&Itemid=57 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108234424/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=39&Itemid=57 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Rho''<br />
| {{dts|1955}}–19xx ?<br />
|[[Virginia Tech]]<br />
|[[Blacksburg, Virginia]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Sigma''<br />
| {{dts|1962|02|06}} – 197x ?; 1984–20xx ?<br />
|[[University of Lynchburg]]<br />
|[[Lynchburg, Virginia]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<ref name=":1" />{{Efn|''Sigma chapter'' was kicked off campus in the later 1970s because of its increasingly social nature. With its 1984 re-establishment, ΣΜΣ became a co-ed service fraternity. However, the college the fraternity to return to a single-sex all-male fraternity in 1992.}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Tau''<br />
| {{dts|1965}}–19xx ?, 20xx ?-201x ?<br />
|[[Widener University]]<br />
|[[Chester, Pennsylvania]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Tau Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=42&Itemid=60 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322131921/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=42&Itemid=60 |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-22 |title=Tau Chapter |url=http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=42&Itemid=60 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322131921/http://www.sigmamusigma.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=42&Itemid=60 |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Sigma Mu Sigma}}</ref>{{Efn|Chaper was formed at Brandywine Junior College, which merged with Widener in 1976.}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Upsilon''<br />
| {{dts|1969}}–19xx ?<br />
|[[Salem College]]<br />
|[[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Phi colony''<br />
| {{dts|1971}}–19xx ?<br />
|[[Virginia Commonwealth University]]<br />
|[[Richmond, Virginia]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|{{Efn|The ''Phi colony'' was started and named but never chartered.}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Chi''<br />
| {{dts|1990|11|03}} – 202x ?<br />
|[[College of William & Mary]]<br />
|[[Williamsburg, Virginia]]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|<ref name=":2" />{{Efn|Established as a coed chapter after ''Sigma chapter's'' revival of the fraternity as a co-ed service fraternity.}}<!--The ''Chi chapter'' was active in 2016 according to Jace S. Gentil. However, it was no longer listed as a recognized Greek organization by William & Mary in 2022. Any information would be appreciated.--><br />
|}{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[List of social fraternities]]<br />
* [[List of Trine University fraternities and sororities]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{North American Interfraternity Conference}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1921]]<br />
[[Category:Masonic collegiate fraternities and sororities]]<br />
[[Category:Student societies in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Defunct former members of the North American Interfraternity Conference]]<br />
[[Category:1921 establishments in Indiana]]<br />
[[Category:Student organizations disestablished in the 2020s]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kari_Ishad&diff=508560Kari Ishad2025-12-22T18:12:31Z<p>Eziosolution: New new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mango cultivar from Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Infobox cultivar<br />
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Kari Ishad'<br />
| image = Kari Ishad mango.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Kari Ishad mango<br />
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''<br />
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''<br />
| cultivar = 'Kari Ishad'<br />
| origin = [[India]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Kari Ishad''' is a [[mango]] [[cultivar]] primarily grown in the [[Ankola]] and [[Karwar]] talukas of [[Uttara Kannada]] district, [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kari Ishad mango from Ankola gets GI tag |url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2023/06/13/kari-ishad-mango-from-ankola-gets-gi-tag.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=www.manoramayearbook.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The mango breed is well known for its luscious taste, unique aroma, generous amount of pulp, shape, and size. Ishad mango has two varieties, Kari Ishad (thin skin) and Bili lshad (thick skin but with less pulp and is less sweet). Kari Ishad mangoes are characterized by their impressive size and shape typically growing large and assuming an oblique-oval shape. A mature tree can yield up to 2000 fruits in a single season.<ref>{{cite web |title=NABARD - National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development |url=https://www.nabard.org/gi/GIProductDetails.aspx?Id=43 |website=www.nabard.org |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref> The mango is harvested from mid-May with a short shelf life of about five days. Its market is limited to Ankola, Karwar and [[Hubballi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Relish GI-tagged Kari Ishad mango at 15-day Lalbagh mela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/relish-gi-tagged-kari-ishad-mango-at-15-day-lalbagh-mela/articleshow/110408533.cms |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Successful mango mela in Bengaluru sees 500 tonnes sold: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/successful-mango-mela-in-bengaluru-sees-500-tonnes-sold-report-101718097847721.html |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Declare 'Sakkare Kanchi' heritage fruit of Western Ghats: Activists |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/declare-sakkare-kanchi-heritage-fruit-of-w-ghats-activists-2810056 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geographical indication==<br />
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 31 March 2023 (valid until 1 March 2032).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kamila |first1=Raviprasad |title=Kari Ishad mango of Ankola in Uttar Karnataka gets GI tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/kari-ishad-mango-of-ankola-in-uttar-karnataka-gets-gi-tag/article66899782.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en-IN |date=27 May 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Matha Totagars Farmer Producer Company Limited from Ankola proposed the GI registration of the Kari Ishad mango. After filing the application in 2022, the fruit was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Kari Ishad" exclusive to the mangoes grown in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/843 |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Sadashiva M. |title=From farms to highways |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/from-farms-to-highways-1116453.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=NS |first1=Subhash Chandra |title=Ishad mango from Ankola gets GI tag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2023/Jun/12/ishad-mango-from-ankola-gets-gi-tag-2584086.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It thus became the second mango variety in Karnataka (after [[Appemidi Mango]]) to earn a GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Piyali |title=10 Indian Mangoes With GI Tags |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/food-and-drink/10-indian-mangoes-with-gi-tags |website=Outlook Traveller |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en |date=11 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Exports can boost GI-tagged pickling mango Appemidi growers’ income |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/exports-can-boost-gi-tagged-pickling-mango-appemidi-growers-income/article66733505.ece |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=13 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of mango cultivars]]<br />
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mangoes}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kari Ishad (Mango)}}<br />
[[Category:Mango cultivars]]<br />
[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]<br />
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Agriculture in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadavumbhagam_Ernakulam_Synagogue&diff=507310Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue2025-12-19T00:46:17Z<p>Eziosolution: New a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Synagogue in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| name = Kadavumbhagham Ernakulam Synagogue<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Malabar Jewish Synagogue2.jpg<br />
| image_upright = 1.4<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The synagogue interior, in 2022<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Judaism]]<br />
| tradition = <br />
| sect = <br />
| district = <br />
| prefecture = <br />
| province = <br />
| region = <br />
| deity = <br />
| rite = <br />
| festival = <!-- or |festivals= --><br />
| organisational_status = [[Synagogue]]<!-- or |organizational_status= --><br />
| ownership = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leadership = <br />
| bhattaraka = <br />
| patron = <br />
| consecration_year = <br />
| functional_status = Active<br />
| religious_features_label = <br />
| religious_features = <br />
| location = [[Kochi, Kerala|Kochi]], Ernakulam district, Kerala<br />
| locale = <br />
| municipality = <br />
| cercle = <br />
| state = <br />
| country = India<br />
| map_type = India Kerala<br />
| map_size = 250<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_relief = 1<br />
| map_caption = Location of the synagogue in [[Kerala]]<br />
| grid_name =<br />
| grid_position =<br />
| sector = <br />
| territory = <br />
| administration = <br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <br />
| heritage_designation = <br />
| architect = <br />
| architecture_type = <br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| founded_by = <br />
| creator = <br />
| funded_by = <br />
| general_contractor = <br />
| established = 1200 [[Common Era|CE]]<br />
| groundbreaking = <br />
| year_completed = <br />
| construction_cost = <br />
| date_demolished = <!-- or |date_destroyed= --><br />
| facade_direction = <br />
| capacity = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| width_nave = <br />
| interior_area = <br />
| height_max = <br />
| dome_quantity = <br />
| dome_height_outer = <br />
| dome_height_inner = <br />
| dome_dia_outer = <br />
| dome_dia_inner = <br />
| minaret_quantity = <br />
| minaret_height = <br />
| spire_quantity = <br />
| spire_height = <br />
| site_area = <br />
| temple_quantity = <br />
| monument_quantity = <br />
| shrine_quantity = <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| materials = <br />
| elevation_m = <!-- or |elevation_ft= --><br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| nrhp = <br />
| designated = <br />
| added = <br />
| refnum = <br />
| delisted1_date =<br />
| website =<br />
| module = <!-- for embedding other infobox templates --><br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Kadavumbhagham Ernakulam Synagogue''' is a [[Judaism|Jewish]] congregation and [[synagogue]], located in [[Kochi, Kerala|Kochi]], in the Ernakulam district in the state of Kerala, India.<br />
<br />
Established in 1200&nbsp;[[Common Era|CE]]<ref name="Waronker2010">{{cite book |last=Waronker |first=Jay A. |year=2010 |title=The Synagogues of Kerala, India: Their Architecture, History, Context, and Meaning |publisher=Cornell University }}</ref>{{rp|15:247}} and restored several times on the same site,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cochinsyn.com/page-kada-erna.html |title=Kadavumbagam Synagogue, Ernakulam |first=Jay A. |last=Waronker |work=Synagogues of Kerala |date= |access-date= }}</ref> it is the oldest synagogue of the [[Cochin Jews|Malabar Jews]] with a [[Sefer Torah]] scroll and offering occasional services.<ref name="ANI2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/kochi-818-year-old-synagogue-reopens-devotees-welcome-sefer-torah201812070340270001/ |title=Kochi: 818-year-old synagogue reopens, devotees welcome 'Sefer Torah' |work=ANI |date=2016 |access-date= }}</ref> The synagogue is modelled on the earliest synagogue of the Malabar Jews at [[Muziris]] (currently submerged due to rising sea levels), which date from the time of [[Indo-Roman trade relations|ancient sea trade between the Mediterranean and Kerala]].<br />
<br />
Although the former [[Chendamangalam Synagogue]], completed in 1166&nbsp;CE, is the oldest surviving synagogue structure in Kerala and the [[Indian subcontinent]], its Torah scrolls were taken to Israel by its congregation in 1952. Consequently, the Kadavumbhagham Ernakulam Synagogue is the oldest Malabar Jewish synagogue today (since its restoration in 2018) with a Torah scroll that is occasionally used for services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/24/kochi-jew-fulfills-dream-revamp-old-synagogue.html |title=Kochi Jew fulfills dream to revamp old synagogue |date=June 24, 2019 |access-date= }}</ref> The Paradesi Sephardic Synagogue at [[Mattancherry]] also has Torah scrolls, but was established much later, in 1568&nbsp;CE.<br />
<br />
== History ==<!-- Much of this history section relates to the Malabar Jews, and is not specific to the congregation and this synagogue. The content below could be heavily edited and transferred to the article on the [[Cochin Jews]], if not already there. --><br />
<br />
=== Background ===<br />
Several millennia of contact and sea trade between Malabar Jews and local traders in Kerala led to immense cultural exchange between communities. Jewish traders travelled between the Mediterranean region and Kerala in sea vessels similar to [[Uru (boat)|uru boats]] (a type of [[dhow]], which is even today made in [[Beypore]], Kerala).<ref name="Schoff" /><ref name="Miller" /><br />
<br />
The Malabar Jews who settled since the times of [[King Solomon]] intermingled with the natives and thus share linguistic and cultural aspects with the local people. In contrast, the [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] that arrived more recently in 1568 have maintained a distinct identity. Some of the cultural similarities and exchanges between Malabar Jews and Kerala locals can be seen in language use. For instance, {{Lang|ta|tuki}} refers to 'peacock' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], corresponding to {{Lang|he-latn|tukyim}} in Hebrew. Likewise, {{Lang|he-latn|metta}} in Hebrew means 'mattress', and {{Lang|ml|metta}} also refers to 'mattress' in [[Malayalam]] spoken by Kerala Nasrani Syrian Christians of Kerala.<br />
<br />
=== Establishment of the congregation ===<br />
[[File:Indo-Roman trade.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Mediterranean–Kerala spice trade that brought Jews to Kerala]]<br />
<br />
The Kadavambhagam Ernakulam Synagogue belongs to the diaspora of Jews who settled along the southwestern coast of India during the [[Sangam period]] (600 BCE – 300 CE), when a chief commodity being traded was [[black pepper]], used for food preservation and other purposes.<ref name="Miller" /><br />
<br />
In ancient times, the port of [[Muziris]] (Muchiri) served as a hub of nautical trade between the [[Levant]] ([[Israel]], [[Phoenicia]], [[Rome]]) and Kerala.<ref name="Schoff">{{cite book |title=Periplus Maris Erythraei |trans-title=[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] |language=Latin |translator=Wilfred Harvey Schoff |orig-date=1912 |edition=reprinted South Asia Books |year=1995 |isbn=8121506999 }}</ref><ref name="Miller">{{cite book |author=Miller, J. Innes |orig-date=1969 |title=The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=Special edition for Sandpiper Books |year=1998 |isbn=0198142641 }}</ref> A West Asian trading post emerged in the ancient Muziris region, as mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', written in the 3rd century BCE by a "Greek in Egypt, a Roman subject", as described by the translator Wilfred Harvey Schoff.<ref name="Schoff" /> This [[periplus]] refers to the [[Malabar Coast]] as '[[Limyrike]]'.<ref name="Schoff" /> The passage 53:17:15–27 mentions Limyrike to begin from Naura ([[Kannur]]) and [[Tyndis]] (Cerobothra, north of Muziris). The periplus also mentions [[Nelcynda]], which was once the capital of [[Ay dynasty|Ay Kingdom]].<ref name="Schoff" /><ref name="Miller" /><br />
<br />
=== Early Muziris ===<br />
Jews had settled as traders in the Malabar Coast area since the time of King Solomon.<ref name="Schoff" /><ref name="Miller" /> The ancient Malabar Jews were present all along the Limyrike through [[Kollam]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Kottayam]], [[Ezhimala]], [[Koyilandy|Pandalayini]], and most of all in [[Muziris]]. An ancient synagogue was said to have existed in Muziris, but is now believed to be submerged due to gradual rising sea level over the millennia.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
Early Jewish settlements also existed in Paloor ([[Palayur]]), as evidenced by ruins of an ancient synagogue. Old Malabar Jewish songs also mention Paloor as an important congregation for Jewish tradition along the Malabar Coast.<ref name="ZachariasOphira">{{cite book |editor=Zacharia, Scaria |translator=Gamliel, Ophira |year=2005 |title=Karkulali—Yefefiah—Gorgeous!: Jewish Women's Songs in Malayalam with Hebrew Translations |location=Jerusalem |publisher=Ben-Zvi Institute }}</ref> An early ''Nasrani Palli'' ('Christian place of worship') was established along the Jewish settlement of Paloor (Palayur) as well—the settlement of Paloor is also mentioned in the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Kerala Nasrani Syrian Christian]] Ramban song.<ref name="HalleguaKoder" /><ref name="Weil-1982">{{cite journal |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=1982a |title=Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=175–196 |doi=10.1177/006996678201600202 |s2cid=143053857}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite news |date=1986-02-22 |title=India Has a Long History of Native Christianity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/22/opinion/l-india-has-a-long-history-of-native-christianity-736486.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |work=[[The New York Times]] |department=Opinion |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Malabar Cochin Jewish congregational music is in the ''[[organum]]'' style of music.<ref name="Spector">{{cite book |author=Spector, Johanna |year=1970 |chapter=Yemen |title=Encyclopedia Judaica |volume=16 |pages=749–759 |isbn= }}</ref><ref name="Spector1">{{cite journal |author=Spector, Joanna |year=1973 |title=Problems in the Study of Singing Traditions in the Music of the Jews |journal=Hagut Ivrit Ba'Amerika |volume= 2 |location=Israel |publisher=Brit Ivrit Olamit |pages= |issn= }}</ref><ref name="RossIsrael">{{cite journal |author=Ross, Israel J. |year=1979 |title=Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala |journal=Asian Music |pages=80–98 |volume=11 |number=1 |doi=10.2307/833968 |jstor=833968 }}</ref> Even today the song "Yigdal Elohim Chai" has the same tune in Yemenite Jewish tradition and Malabar Jewish tradition.<ref name="Spector" /><ref name="Spector1" /><ref name="RossIsrael" /><br />
<br />
Several waves of Jews migrated from the Levant to the Malabar Coast of Kerala. The earliest Jewish groups that settled the coast since the time of King Solomon are called the Malabar Jews ('Malabar Yehudan'), who form the original core population of the [[Cochin Jews]]. The migration began from 722&nbsp;BCE after the [[Assyrian captivity|Assyrian conquest of Israel]]; further waves were recorded after the destruction of the [[First Temple]] by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], the fall of the [[Second Temple]] in 70&nbsp;CE, the failure of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] (132&nbsp;CE), and then subsequent attacks on the Jewish communities by various groups.<br />
<br />
=== Regional expansion ===<br />
<br />
Later Jewish settlements moved to further inland regions from Muziris. Through the 1200s, additional synagogues were constructed. Both the cities of [[Mattancherry]] and [[Ernakulam]] ([[Kochi]]) each have a Thekkumbhagam synagogue and a Kadavambhagam synagogue. These four synagogues were essentially built as continuations of the synagogue in Muziris.<br />
<br />
The present-day Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue site is from 1200&nbsp;CE, although the structure has been renovated.<ref name="synagogue360">{{Cite web |title=Kadavumbagam Synagogue |website=Synagogues360 |url=https://synagogues-360.anumuseum.org.il/gallery/kadavumbagam-synagogue/ |access-date=2022-11-05}}</ref> The Jewish settlement of [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] followed, and the [[Mala Synagogue]] was established around 1200&nbsp;CE as well. This synagogue site still exists and has one of the largest graveyards in India spread across {{cvt|4|acre|ha|order=flip}}.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
Additional settlements were at [[Chendamangalam Synagogue]], [[Paravur Synagogue]], Paravur Jew Town, and Paravur Jew Street. The oldest tombstone from this community &ndash; the tombstone of Sarah Bet Israel &ndash; is today to be seen in the Chendamangalam Synagogue's Jewish cemetery. This is the oldest tombstone in all of the Indian subcontinent and dates from around the time of the synagogue's founding in 1166.<ref name="minorsights">{{Cite web |title=India: Minor Synagogues of Kerala - Yahweh's own country |url=http://www.minorsights.com/2016/03/india-minor-synagogues-of-kerala.html |work=Minor Sights |date=March 2016 |access-date=2022-11-05}}</ref> Today, the present-day Paravur Synagogue, Jew Town, and Jew Street, and the Chendamangalam Synagogue and Jewish cemetery are all part of the Muziris heritage project.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
By the 1300s, Arab traders had settled in the areas under the control of the [[Zamorin]]. This earned the Zamorin significantly more taxes from the larger Arab trading population than the smaller Jewish community. As the Arabs gained more prominence in the [[Kozhikode]] region, the Jewish population there began to leave or integrate with the Arabs. Even today, there is a Jew Street in Kozhikode.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
In the 16th century, [[Paradesi Jews]] were the last significant migration of Jews from the Levant, following the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in 1492. In 1568, they finished constructing a [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic]] synagogue, known today as the [[Paradesi Synagogue]], near the [[Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue|Kadavambhagam Mattancherry Synagogue]].<br />
<br />
=== Copper plates ===<br />
[[File:Syrian copper plates - Kollam (c. 883 AD).jpg|thumb |upright=0.9|[[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] with inscriptions in Old Malayalam, Kufic, and [[Hebrew]] (849 and {{Circa|883}}). Replicas of these were enshrined in the [[Israel Museum]] in 2017.<ref name="IsraelKerala">{{cite news |title=Kerala Jewish and Kerala Syrian Christian Copper plate Replicas in Israel Museum |date=5 July 2017 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-gifts-two-sets-of-relics-from-kerala-to-netanyahu/article19214296.ece |access-date= }}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
In 1000&nbsp;CE (though possibly as early as the third century CE), the local ruler of Kerala bestowed the [[Cochin Jews]] with [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin|copper plates]] inscribed with 72 privileges (rights). These privileges included being exempt from certain taxes, permission to construct a [[palanquin]], and permission to form a trading guild ([[anjuvannam]]). This indicates that their religious leader had a high social standing and favorable position with the king. [[Thomas of Cana copper plates|Similar copper plates]] were given to the Kerala Nasrani Syrian Christians;<ref name="Weil-1982"/>{{rp|184–187}} these have old Malayalam inscriptions and as well as signatures in [[Hebrew]], [[Kufic]], and [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]].<ref name="Gamaliel" /><ref name="Weil-1982"/>{{rp|187}} In fact, they have the oldest [[Hebrew]] inscriptions in Kerala and India,<ref name="Gamaliel" /> which are taken as evidence of the presence of Jews in Kerala since antiquity.<ref name="Gamaliel">{{cite journal |author=Gamliel, O. |year=2018 |title=Back from Shingly: revisiting the pre-modern history of Jews in Kerala |journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=55 |number=1 |pages=53–76 |doi=10.1177/0019464617745926 |url=https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/157659/1/157659.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Weil-1982"/>{{rp|187}}<ref name="MalayaliChristianJewish">{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/indian-characters-but-a-jewish-sensibility/ |title=Indian characters but a Jewish sensibility |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |date= |access-date= }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the paper "Kerala and Her Jews", published by Cochin Jewish Synagogue (1984), the Cochin Jewish writers Fiona Hallegua and Shabdai Samuel Koder wrote: "...the Syrian Christian [copper] plates with the signature of four Jewish witnesses in Judeo-Persian, which incidentally is the second oldest inscription in Judeo-Persian in the world, are a few of the ancient relics that can still be seen to remind one of the glorious past of this forgotten outpost of the Jewish world."<ref name="HalleguaKoder">{{cite book |author1=Hallegua, F. |author2=Koder, S. |year=1984 |title=Kerala and Her Jews |publisher=Cochin Jewish Synagogue |pages=1–3 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, the Israeli government enshrined a replica of the Kerala [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Nasrani Syrian Christian copper plates]] in the [[Israel Museum]] in Jerusalem.<ref name="IsraelKerala" /> A plaque was installed citing that the Hebrew inscriptions on the Kollam copper plates from the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], in [[Thiruvalla]], Kerala, are the oldest evidence of the presence of Jews in Kerala and India.<ref name="IsraelKerala" /><br />
<br />
== Present day ==<br />
Following the creation of the modern nation of [[Israel]] in 1948, a large portion of the synagogue's congregation immigrated to Israel along with the Torah scrolls. [[Sabbath]] services at the Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue continued until 1972.<ref name="synagogue360" /> For decades, the synagogue remained without any Sabbath services and without a Sefer Torah.<br />
<br />
In 2018, the Kadavunbhagham Ernakulam Synagogue was restored, and the [[Sefer Torah]] brought back to the synagogue after 46 years.<ref name="ANI2016" /> The only other synagogue in Kochi that has Torah scrolls is the Paradesi Synagogue of the Sephardic Jews in Mattancherry. Today, the synagogue is nestled within the bustling market at Ernakulam.<br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
The synagogue's ceiling is decorated with intricate carvings. Like many orthodox Jewish synagogues, the synagogue has [[Mechitza|separate seating]] for men and women; the women's section is located in the balcony area.<ref name="Waronker2010"/>{{rp|28}}<br />
<br />
The synagogue has a [[Bema|bimah]] and a much decorated wooden [[Torah ark]]—typically plated with precious metal like gold or silver—that houses the Torah scrolls.<ref name="Waronker2010"/>{{rp|23}} The ark constitutes the [[Holy of Holies]], which is separated only by a [[parochet]] (curtain).<ref name="Waronker2010"/>{{rp|28, 38}} The synagogue also has a [[sanctuary lamp]] suspended from the ceiling at the centre of the sanctuary.<ref name="Waronker2010"/>{{rp|84}}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Cochin Jewish Synagogue Menorah1a.jpg|[[Temple menorah|Menorah]]<br />
Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Cochin Kerala Jewish Synagogue Bima.jpg|[[Bema|Bimah]]<br />
Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Kerala Jewish Synagogue9.jpg|Synagogue interior viewed from the balcony<br />
Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Kerala Jewish Synagogue Womens Section5.jpg|Women's balcony (''[[mechitza]]'')<br />
Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Kerala Jewish Synagogue1 Ceiling.jpg|Synagogue ceiling with floral patterns<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|India}}}}<br />
* [[History of the Jews in India]]<br />
* [[List of synagogues in India]]<br />
* [[List of synagogues in Kerala]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* Koder, S. "History of the Jews of Kerala", ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', ed. G. Menachery, 1973.<br />
* Puthiakunnel, Thomas. (1973) "Jewish Colonies of India Paved the Way for St. Thomas", ''The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'', ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur.<br />
* Daniel, Ruby & B. Johnson. (1995). ''Ruby of Cochin: An Indian Jewish Woman Remembers''. Philadelphia and Jerusalem: Jewish Publication Society. <br />
* Menachery, George, ed. (1998) ''The Indian Church History Classics'', Vol. I, ''The Nazranies'', Ollur, 1998. {{ISBN|81-87133-05-8}}<br />
* Katz, Nathan; & Goldberg, Ellen S; (1993) ''The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India''. Foreword by Daniel J. Elazar, Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-87249-847-6}}<br />
* Menachery, George, ed. (1973) ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'' B.N.K. Press, vol. 2, {{ISBN|81-87132-06-X}}, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568; B.N.K. Press<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category-inline|Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue}}<br />
<br />
{{Synagogues in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1200 establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]<br />
[[Category:13th-century synagogues in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Cochin Jews]]<br />
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:Synagogues in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:12th-century synagogues]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1200]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad_Hunters_(badminton_team)&diff=503340Hyderabad Hunters (badminton team)2025-11-27T17:16:12Z<p>Eziosolution: New new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox sports team<br />
| name = Hyderabad Hunters<br />
| logo = Hyderabad_Hunters_logo.png<br />
| alt = <br />
| sport = [[Badminton]]<br />
| founded = {{Start date|2013|df=y}}<br />
| folded = <br />
| ground = [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]]<br />
| league = [[Premier Badminton League]]<br />
| city = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]<br />
| colors = Red {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}}<br />
| owner = Agile Entertainment<br />
| captain = [[P V Sindhu]]<br />
| titles_label = [[Premier Badminton League|PBL]] wins<br />
| titles = 1 ([[2017-18 Premier Badminton League|2017-18]])<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.hyderabadhunters.com/}}<br />
| coach = [[Rajendra Jakkampudi]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Hyderabad Hunters''' is a badminton team owned by Agile Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. for the [[Premier Badminton League]] (PBL). The team's home ground is [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]. The team is captained by the reigning [[2019 BWF World Championships|world champion]] [[P. V. Sindhu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/291-hyderabad-hunters-teamprofile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225204957/http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/291-hyderabad-hunters-teamprofile|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 December 2017|title=Team Overview|website=Premier Badminton League|language=en|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Current squad==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"<br />
! colspan="2" width="150" |Coach: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajendra Jakkampudi]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
!Domestic<br />
!Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde]]<br />
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy]]<br />
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat]]<br />
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Liew Daren]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. V. Sindhu]]'''<br />
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)|Vladimir Ivanov]]<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourabh Verma]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Badminton League}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Premier Badminton League teams]]<br />
[[Category:Sport in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Telangana]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stevia_World&diff=537634Stevia World2025-09-23T08:06:43Z<p>Eziosolution: Created initial article added tags...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian agrotechnology company}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Notability|corp|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=May 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox brand<br />
|name = Stevia World<br />
|logo =<br />
<!-- |name=Stevia World Agrotech Pvt Ltd--><br />
|image =<br />
|type = Natural sweetener, [[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG]]<br />
|currentowner =<br />
|origin = India<br />
|discontinued =<br />
|introduced = 2013<br />
|related =<br />
|markets = Global<br />
|previousowners =<br />
|trademarkregistrations =<br />
|website = {{URL|steviaworld.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Stevia World Agrotech Pvt Ltd''' is an [[agrotechnology]] company specializing in the growing and processing of [[Stevia rebaudiana|stevia leaves]], headquartered in [[Bangalore]], India. The company primarily focuses on growing and processing stevia at relatively low costs, adhering to high environmental standards using [[good agricultural practices]]. Stevia World provides services to farmers for contract-based farming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/fhw/life-fhw/how-a-wonder-plant-is-sweetening-the-life-of-rural-farmers-in-india/126997/ |title=How a wonder plant is sweetening the life of rural farmers in India | newspaper=Financial Express |date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/30-new-projects-worth-1070-cr-cleared/article6574941.ece |title=30 new projects worth ₹1,070 cr cleared | newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=23 December 2015}}</ref><br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|steviaworld.com}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stevia World}}<br />
[[Category:Sugar substitutes]]<br />
[[Category:Stevia (genus)]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Agriculture companies established in the 2010s]]<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 2013]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birender_Singh_Dhanoa&diff=471328Birender Singh Dhanoa2025-08-26T12:48:52Z<p>Eziosolution: improved formatting to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|25th Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]<br />
| name = Birender Singh Dhanoa<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]<br />
| image = File:ACM BS Dhanoa.jpg<br />
| caption = Official portrait, 2016<br />
| office = 56th [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]<br />
| term_start = 31 May 2019<br />
| term_end = 27 September 2019<br />
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Sunil Lanba]]<br />
| successor = [[Bipin Rawat]]<br />
| office1 = 22nd [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]<br />
| term_start1 = 31 December 2016<br />
| term_end1 = 30 September 2019<br />
| president1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br>[[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Arup Raha]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]]<br />
| office2 = 40th [[Vice Chief of Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]]<br />
| term_start2 = 31 May 2015<br />
| term_end2 = 31 December 2016<br />
| predecessor2 = Ravi Kant Sharma<br />
| successor2 = [[Shirish Baban Deo]]<br />
| spouse = Kamalpreet Kaur Dhanoa<br />
| children = 1<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|9|7}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Deoghar]], [[Bihar]], India<ref name="Air Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa was born in Jharkhand - Times of India">{{cite news|title=Air Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa was born in Jharkhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/air-marshal-birender-singh-dhanoa-was-born-in-jharkhand/articleshow/56053965.cms |website=Times of India|date=18 December 2016 |access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br />
| branch = {{air force|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = June 1978 - 30 September 2019<br />
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-9.svg|25px]] [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]<br />
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]<br />
| military_data1 = 15405<ref name="avsm-pib"/><br />
| unit = [[No. 17 Squadron IAF|No. 17 Squadron]]<br />
| commands = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee]]<br />
* [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]<br />
* [[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]<br />
}}<br />
| battles = [[Kargil War]] <br> [[2019 Balakot airstrike|Balakot Airstrike]]<br />
| military_blank2 = Awards<br />
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
* [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]<br />
* [[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]<br />
}}<br />
| relations = <br />
| laterwork = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| memorials = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] '''Birender Singh Dhanoa''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] is an Indian air force officer who was the 22nd [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] and served from 31 December 2016 to 30 September 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/Printrelease.aspx?relid=155647|title=Air Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa to be the next IAF chief|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156043|title=Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa takes over as the 25th Chief of the Air Staff|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=IAF_MCC|title=Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa, laid the wreath at National War Memorial. He retires today after 41 years of glorious service to the Nation. He was commissioned in Jun 1978 as a fighter pilot & has led the IAF from front always.|number=1178532816809652224|date=2019-09-30}}</ref> Dhanoa also served as the [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gen-rawat-takes-over-as-chairman-of-chiefs-of-staff-committee/article29528935.ece|title=Gen. Rawat takes over as Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=IAF_MCC|title=#Congratulations to the COAS General Bipin Rawat on receiving baton of Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) from outgoing Chairman COSC & CAS, Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa at an official ceremony held in New Delhi today. The CAS ACM BS Dhanoa is due to retire on 30 Sep 19.|number=1177547093319110656|date=2019-09-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of July 2021, Dhanoa is serving as a non-executive and independent director at [[Hero MotoCorp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/two-wheelers-three-wheelers/hero-motocorp-appoints-former-air-chief-bs-dhanoa-as-independent-director/articleshow/78421840.cms|title=Hero MotoCorp appoints former Air Chief BS Dhanoa as independent director|publisher=Economic Times|date=1 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Dhanoa was born in [[Deoghar]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]) to Sukhdev Kaur and Sorain Singh in a [[Jat]] Sikh family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/air-strike-planning-air-chief-virendra-singh-dhanoa-bihar-revenge-of-pulwama-attack-indian-air-force-pak-entered-india-mirage-fighter-aircraft-balakot/1255500.html|title=एयर स्ट्राइक की योजना बनाने वाले वायुसेना प्रमुख वीरेंद्र सिंह धनोआ का रिश्ता रहा है बिहार से|date=27 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/air-marshal-birender-singh-dhanoa-was-born-in-jharkhand/articleshow/56053965.cms|title=Air Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa was born in Jharkhand to Sukhdev Kaur and Sarayan Singh - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2016 }}</ref> His ancestral village is Gharuan in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab near Chandigarh and Mohali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/new-iaf-vice-chief-does-punjab-village-proud/88342.html|title=New IAF Vice-Chief does Punjab village proud|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003929/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/new-iaf-vice-chief-does-punjab-village-proud/88342.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Dhanoa's father, Sorain Singh, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, served as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] to the governments of Punjab and Bihar during the 1980s and later as an advisor to the Punjab [[Governor (India)|state governor]] and as an [[Election Commissioner of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/former-cec-ec/|title=Former Election Commissioner|quote=Shri S.S. Dhanoa: 16.10.1989 to 02.01.1990|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> His grandfather, Capt. Sant Singh, had fought in [[World War II]] as a captain of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/new-iaf-vice-chief-does-punjab-village-proud/88342.html|title=New IAF Vice-Chief does Punjab village proud|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505173954/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/new-iaf-vice-chief-does-punjab-village-proud/88342.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dhanoa attended [[St. Xavier's School, Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/air-marshal-birender-singh-dhanoa-was-born-in-jharkhand/articleshow/56053965.cms|title=Air Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa was born in Jharkhand|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 December 2016 }}</ref> He then studied at [[St. George's College, Mussoorie]], from 1968 to 1969. He thereon joined [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]], [[Dehradun]], and later graduated from [[National Defence Academy]], [[Pune]]. He also attended a staff course at the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu]], in 1992.<ref name="About Succession and his parents - The Tribune">{{cite web|title=New IAF Vice-Chief does Punjab village proud|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/new-iaf-vice-chief-does-punjab-village-proud/88342.html|website=The Tribune|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505173954/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/new-iaf-vice-chief-does-punjab-village-proud/88342.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Punjab News Express- About FAmily">{{cite web|title=Punjab native Birender Singh Dhanoa appointed AIF Vice Chief|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-native-birender-singh-dhanoa-appointed-aif-vice-chief-40833.aspx|website=Punjab News Express|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509031618/http://punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-native-birender-singh-dhanoa-appointed-aif-vice-chief-40833.aspx|archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
[[File:Sanjay Mitra, IAS with Dr. Subhash Ramrao Bhamre, the Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal B. S. Dhanoa, the CGDA Veena Prasad and the Financial Adviser (Defence Services) Sunil Kohli.jpg|left|thumb|316x316px|[[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] B. S. Dhanoa with [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]] Dr. [[Subhash Bhamre]] and [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] [[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]], Controller General of Defence Accounts Veena Prasad and Financial Adviser (Defence Services) at the 271st Annual Day celebrations of Defence Accounts Department (DAD).]]<br />
<br />
Dhanoa was commissioned into the fighter stream of the Indian Air Force in June 1978. He has flown various types of fighter jets and is a qualified [[flying instructor]]. He has flown fighter aircraft across the spectrum including [[HAL Kiran|HJT-16 Kiran]], [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]] and [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]]. He held several key operational and administrative appointments in his 41 years of career including Director Targeting Cell at Air Headquarters, Director Fighter Operations & War Planning at Headquarters [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]], Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Intelligence) at Air Headquarters, Senior Air Staff Officer of [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern]] and [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]] and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of [[South Western Air Command]] (1 November - 31 May 2015).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/air-marshal-b-s-dhanoa-takes-over-as-aoc-in-c-in-swac-114110100847_1.html|title=Air Marshal B S Dhanoa takes over as AOC-in-C in SWAC|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2014-11-01|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> He has held instructional appointments of Senior Air Instructor and Chief Air Instructor at Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and leader of an Indian Air Force Training Team abroad.<br />
<br />
=== Kargil Conflict ===<br />
<br />
Dhanoa was Commanding Officer of a front line [[Ground attack aircraft|ground attack]] [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]] squadron during the [[Kargil War|Kargil Conflict in 1999]]. Under his leadership the squadron devised innovative methods of night bombing at high altitudes which had never been attempted before. His squadron was adjudged the best fighter squadron of HQ WAC. He was awarded [[Yudh Seva Medal|Yudh Seva Medal (YSM)]] and [[Vayu Sena Medal|Vayu Sena Medal (VM)]] for his gallant actions in this conflict.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="One India Pilot who flew many night strike missions during Kargil War is IAF Vice Chief">{{cite web|author1=One India Defence Desk|title=Pilot who flew many night strike missions during Kargil War is IAF Vice Chief|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/pilot-who-flew-many-night-strike-missions-during-kargil-war-is-iaf-vice-chief-1764438.html|website=One India|access-date=24 April 2016|date=2 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Before assuming the office of [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] at Air HQ from Air Marshal Ravi Kant Sharma on 1 June 2015, he was the [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of the [[South Western Air Command]]. Air Marshal [[Ravinder Kumar Dhir]] succeeded him as the AOC-in-C of South Western Air Command.<ref name="PIB VCAS Official">{{cite web|title=Air Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa AVSM YSM VM takes over as Vice Chief of the Air Staff| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122188|website=PIB|publisher=GOI|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swac-air-marshal-r-k-dhir-takes-over-as-aoc-in-c-115060101524_1.html|title=SWAC: Air Marshal R K Dhir takes over as AOC-in-C|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-06-01|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-10-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013415/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swac-air-marshal-r-k-dhir-takes-over-as-aoc-in-c-115060101524_1.html|archive-date=2017-10-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 17 December 2016, the Government of India designated Air Marshal Dhanoa as the Chief of Staff of the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abclive.in/air-marshal-birender-singh-dhanoa-indian-air-force/|title=Air Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa to Head Indian Air Force|publisher=ABC Live|issue=online|agency=ABC Live|last1=Parminder|first1=Kaur|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
=== Bilateral visits as CAS ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Country<br />
!Date<br />
!Purpose<br />
!References<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''2017'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|France}}<br />
|17 - 20 July<br />
|<br />
* Bilateral discussions with senior military officials of the French Armed Forces and representatives of Military aviation industry <br />
* Visited the headquarters of French Air Force, few operational air bases and Indian Rafale PMT Infrastructure<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-chief-dhanoa-on-4-day-trip-to-france-to-boost-defence-ties/articleshow/59618058.cms|title=IAF chief Dhanoa on 4-day trip to France to boost defence ties - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:167462)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Australia}}<br />
|19 - 22 September<br />
|<br />
* Bilateral discussions with senior military officials of the Royal Australian Air Force <br />
* Visited the headquarters of Royal Australian Air Force and a few operational air bases<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:170972)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|United States}}<br />
|26 - 28 September<br />
|<br />
* Attend and address the Pacific Air Chiefs symposium at [[Hawaii]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171084)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}<br />
|30 October - 3 November<br />
|<br />
* Bilateral discussions with senior military officials of the Vietnam People's Air Force and Air Defence (VPAF) <br />
* Visited the headquarters of Headquarters of Vietnam People's Air Force and Air Defence (VPAF) and some operational air bases<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=172030|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
|11 - 14 December<br />
|<br />
* Review the commissioning, award of wings and passing out parade of the Sri Lankan Air Force Academy<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174238|title=Visit of Chief of the Air Staff to Sri Lanka|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''2018'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Israel}}<br />
|21 - 24 May<br />
|<br />
* Attend 70th anniversary celebration of [[Israeli Air Force]] <br />
* Met Chiefs and Senior Commanders of numerous Air Forces <br />
* Visited a few operational air bases<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179428|title=CAS visit to Israel|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Brazil}}<br />
|4 - 7 June<br />
|<br />
* Met senior functionaries<br />
* Visited operational and training units<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179725|title=Visit of Chief of the Air Staff to Brazil|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br />
|9 - 15 July<br />
|<br />
* Attend RAF Annual Air Power Conference and Royal International Air Tattoo<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/iaf-chief-visits-uk-for-greater-military-engagement/India/news/1283583.html|title=IAF Chief visits UK for greater military engagement}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Myanmar }}<br />
| rowspan="2" |3 - 8 September<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* Meet senior functionaries<br />
* Visit operational establishments<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183233|title=Visit of Chief of the Air Staff to Myanmar and Malaysia|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Malaysia }}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |'''2019'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Thailand}}<br />
|26-28 August<br />
|<br />
* represented India at 2019 Indo Pacific Chiefs of Defense (CHOD) Conference being held in Bangkok<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Air-Chief-Marshal-BS-Dhanoa-to-embark-on-3-day-visit-to-Thailand-beginning-today&id=370640|title=Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa to embark on 3-day visit to Thailand beginning today|website=www.newsonair.com|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and medals==<br />
Dhanoa has been awarded several medals: the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2016), the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2015), the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] (1999), and the [[Vayu Sena Medal]] (1999). He was also appointed as Honorary [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] to the [[President of India]] on 1 August 2015.<ref name="PIB VCAS Official" /><ref name="Air Marshal BS Dhanoa takes over as Vice Chief of Air Staff -India Strategic">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3808_Air_Marshal_BS_Dhanoa_takes_over_as_Vice_Chief_of_Air_Staff.htm|title=Air Marshal BS Dhanoa takes over as Vice Chief of Air Staff|website=India Strategic|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507021316/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories3808_Air_Marshal_BS_Dhanoa_takes_over_as_Vice_Chief_of_Air_Staff.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Outlook India - As vice Chief">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/birender-singh-dhanoa-appointed-new-iaf-vice-chief/899855|title=Birender Singh Dhanoa Appointed New IAF Vice Chief|website=Outlook India|author1=Press Trust of India|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="avsm-pib">{{cite web|title=President Confers Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117559|date=21 March 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Meritorious_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]<br />
|[[Vayu Sena Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]<br />
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]<br />
|[[Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces#Long_service_awards|Meritorious Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces#Independence_medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br />
|}<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-mil}}{{Succession box<br />
| title = [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]<br />
| years = 30 May 2019 - 27 September 2019<br />
| before = [[Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]]<br />
| after = [[General]] [[Bipin Rawat]]<br />
}}{{Succession box<br />
| title = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)]]<br />
| years = 31 December 2016 - 30 September 2019<br />
| before = [[Arup Raha]]<br />
| after = [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]]<br />
}}{{Succession box<br />
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)]]<br />
| years = 31 May 2015 - 31 December 2016<br />
| before = Ravi Kant Sharma<br />
| after = [[Shirish Baban Deo]]<br />
}}{{Succession box<br />
| title = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[South Western Air Command]]<br />
| years = 1 November 2014 - 31 May 2015<br />
| before = [[Daljit Singh (air marshal)|Daljit Singh]]<br />
| after = [[Ravinder Kumar Dhir]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}<br />
{{Chief of the Air Staff (India)}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanoa, Birendir Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]<br />
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Deoghar district]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loy_Mendonsa&diff=463809Loy Mendonsa2025-08-16T11:36:32Z<p>Eziosolution: enhance structure for consistency also and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian musician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Loy Mendonsa<br />
| image = Loy Mendonsa at Idea Rocks India, Bangalore (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg<br />
| caption = Mendonsa at Idea Rocks India in Bangalore, India. (April 2013)<br />
| alt = Loy Mendonsa performing with Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy trio at Idea Rocks India concert at NICE Grounds in Bangalore, India. (photo - Jim Ankan Deka)<br />
| children = [[Alyssa Mendonsa]]<br />
| occupation = {{Hlist | Musician | pianist | singer}}<br />
| module = {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --><br />
| embed = yes<br />
| background = person<br />
| instrument = {{Hlist | Piano | electric guitar | bass guitar}}<br />
| genre = Bollywood<br />
| years_active = 1986–present<br />
| label =<br />
| associated_acts = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]<!-- associated_acts is deprecated --><br />
}}<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Loy Mendonsa''' is an Indian music director and part of the [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] trio which consists of himself, [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Ehsaan Noorani]]. Before becoming a music composer, he played piano and keyboards for famous Indian music composers such as [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Nadeem-Shravan]]. His daughter, [[Alyssa Mendonsa]], made her singing debut with the song ''Uff Teri Adaa'' from the movie [[Karthik Calling Karthik]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Any feedback we give each other comes from love': Alyssa Mendonsa |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-any-feedback-we-give-each-other-comes-from-love-alyssa-mendonsa-2628776 |website=DNA India |access-date=3 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alyssa was nervous to sing 'Uff Teri Adaa' |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/news/2010/alyssa-nervous-singing-020310.html |website= |access-date=3 May 2022 |date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709113141/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/news/2010/alyssa-nervous-singing-020310.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alyssa Mendonsa makes her singing debut with KCK :: Samay Live |url=http://www.samaylive.com/news/alyssa-mendonsa-makes-her-singing-debut-with-kck/674726.html |website= |access-date=3 May 2022 |date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328004138/http://www.samaylive.com/news/alyssa-mendonsa-makes-her-singing-debut-with-kck/674726.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Loy Mendonsa started his career by composing the signature tune<ref>{{Citation|title=The World This Week {{!}} Theme {{!}} Doordarshan {{!}} NDTV {{!}} 1988| date=28 January 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZLnOVGwWI4|language=en|access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref> for 'The World This Week' show on [[Doordarshan]].<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
;[[National Film Awards]]<br />
2004: [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] '''win''' for ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''<br />
<br />
;[[IIFA Awards]]<br />
2004: [[IIFA Best Music Director Award|Best Music Direction]] '''win''' for ''Kal Ho Naa Ho''<br />
<br />
2006: Best Music Direction '''win''' for ''[[Bunty aur Babli]]''<br />
<br />
;[[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
2001: [[Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent|RD Burman Award for New Music Talent]] '''win''' for ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''<br />
<br />
2001: [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award|Best Music Direction]] '''nomination''' for ''Dil Chahta Hai''<br />
<br />
2003: Best Music Direction '''win''' for ''Kal Ho Naa Ho''<br />
<br />
2005: Best Music Direction '''win''' for ''Bunty Aur Babli''<br />
<br />
;[[Star Screen Awards]]<br />
2000: [[Star Screen Award Best Background Music|Best Background Music]] '''nomination''' for ''[[Mission Kashmir]]''<br />
<br />
2001: [[Star Screen Award Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]] '''win''' for ''Dil Chahta Hai''<br />
<br />
2005: Best Music Direction '''win''' for ''Bunty aur Babli''<br />
<br />
;[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
2006: [[Zee Cine Award Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] '''win''' for ''Bunty aur Babli''<br />
<br />
==Filmography as music composers==<br />
{{see|Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy#Filmography as composers}}<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
<br />
===Hindi===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Movie !! Song(s) !!Co-singer(s) !! Composer !! Lyricist<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]''<br />
| "No No!"<br />
| [[Chetan Shashital]], [[Dominique Cerejo]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Shankar Mahadevan<br />
| [[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]<br />
| [[Javed Akhtar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.shankarehsaanloy.com/ Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy (official site)]<br />
* {{IMDb name|0523415}}<br />
{{Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mendonsa, Loy}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-singer-stub}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kargudi_Kailasanathar_Temple&diff=508555Kargudi Kailasanathar Temple2025-07-12T16:28:18Z<p>Eziosolution: New place</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Kargudi Kailasanathar Temple<br />
| map_type = Tamil Nadu<br />
| map_caption = Kailasanathar Temple, Kargudi, [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11.1497|N|78.4351|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
| location = Kargudi <br />
| elevation_m = 178.94<br />
| deity = Kailasanathar <br />
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]<br />
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br />
| temple_quantity = One<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kailasanathar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple|Shiva temple]] situated at Kargudi in [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].<br />
== Location ==<br />
This temple is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of {{coord|11.1497|N|78.4351|E}} in [[Tiruchirappalli district]].<br />
== Importance ==<br />
After Lord Chandra married Goddess Revathi Nakshatra Devi, both of them had to visit Lord Shiva, and so Lord Kailasanathar and Goddess Karunakaravalli appeared to them at this temple site.<ref>{{Cite web |author=admin |date=30 September 2017 |title=Karukudi Sri Kailasanathar Temple - A Revathi Nakshathira Temple !! |url=https://gosthala.com/karukudi-sri-kailasanathar-temple-revathi-nakshathira-temple/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Gosthala |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
== Donations ==<br />
About 1800 years ago, a king named Valvil Ori had ruled the Kollimalai area. He renovated this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.bhaktikalpa.com/special_temple_details.aspx?id=4835 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=www.bhaktikalpa.com}}</ref> After that in the year 1266, Karnataka king Bhosala Veeraramanathan donated a lot of lands to this temple and made it possible for worship to take place without any hindrance. In the years 1541 and 1619, a king named Rama Chakravarthy granted a lot of lands to this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kailasanathar Temple : Kailasanathar Temple Details |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1398 |access-date=19 September 2024|website=temple.dinamalar.com}}</ref><br />
== Other shrines ==<br />
The shrines for Kasi Visalakshi, [[Vishnu]], [[Brahma]], Kumkumavalli, Gomu Durga, [[Dakshinamurti|Dakshinamurthy]], [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswar]], [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya|Murugan]], [[Virabhadra|Agora Virabhadra]], Sun, Moon, [[Navagraha]], [[Bhairava|Kala Bhairava]] are also available in this temple.<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]<br />
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Tiruchirappalli district]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appannagouda_Patil&diff=487157Appannagouda Patil2025-06-04T20:12:46Z<p>Eziosolution: done!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian freedom fighter}}<br />
'''Appannagouda Patil''' was a freedom fighter<ref name=cdpm>{{cite book |last1=Patil |first1=Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda |title=Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats |date=2002 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170998679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&q=appanagouda+patil+sankeshwar&pg=PA352 |accessdate=16 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and prominent leader in the co-operative movement of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |date=30 October 2011 |title=Chair to be set up at varsity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/chair-to-be-set-up-at-varsity/article2581895.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220133840/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/chair-to-be-set-up-at-varsity/article2581895.ece/amp/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |accessdate=16 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable works==<br />
He was the reason behind establishment of The [[Hukkeri Rural Electric Co-Operative Society|Hukeri Rural Electric Cooperative Society]] which came into existence on 31 July 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kamalapur |first1=G. D. |last2=Yaragatti |first2=Udaykumar R. |last3=Karajgi |first3=Shrikant B. |title=2008 First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology |date=August 2008 |chapter=People's Participation in Rural Electrification A Successful Case |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224321521 |pages=945–949 |doi=10.1109/ICETET.2008.226 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Recognition==<br />
His chair has been set up at [[Rani Channamma University, Belagavi]] in tribute to his contributions to the co-operative movement.<ref name=thehindu/><br />
<br />
[[The Hukkeri Rural Electric Co-Operative Society]] which is India's first electric co-operative society runs a unit under his name that is involved in manufacturing of cement poles as an alternative to iron poles.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRLUZODx72EC&q=the+hukkeri+rural+electric+cooperative+society+ltd|title=Southern Economist|date=2003|publisher=Mrs. Susheela Subrahmanya|language=en|access-date=2020-09-13|archive-date=2024-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132232/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRLUZODx72EC&q=the+hukkeri+rural+electric+cooperative+society+ltd|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehfehi3olDsC&q=appanagouda+patil&pg=PA280|title=Governance of Rural Electricity Systems in India|last=Panda|first=Haribandhu|date=2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-603-6|language=en|access-date=2021-09-24|archive-date=2024-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ehfehi3olDsC&q=appanagouda+patil&pg=PA280#v=snippet&q=appanagouda%20patil&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death missing]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Care_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Ahmedabad&diff=492882Care Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad2025-06-01T04:55:39Z<p>Eziosolution: redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Ahmedabad#Hospitals]]<br />
<br />
{{Rcat shell|<br />
{{R to related topic}}<br />
}}</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahendragarh_railway_station&diff=514970Mahendragarh railway station2025-05-13T12:19:55Z<p>Eziosolution: Entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Haryana, India}}<br />
<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Mahendragarh Railway Station<br />
| type = [[Indian Railways]] [[Train station|Station]]<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = Mahendragarh.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Mahendragarh Railway Station in Mahendragarh, Haryana, India<br />
| address = Station Road, [[Mahendragarh]], [[Haryana]]<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|16|51|N|76|08|53|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{Convert|246|m|ft}}<br />
| line = [[Delhi–Bikaner line]]<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Terminus<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| tracks = 12<br />
| parking = Available (paid)<br />
| opened = 1940<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = 2009–11<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| routes = 1<br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = MHRG<br />
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Bikaner}}<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = Indian Railways<br />
| status = Functional<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = 1000–2000<br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| map_locator = <br />
| map_type = India Haryana#India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mahendragarh Railway Station''', station code MHRG, is a major railway station of the [[Indian Railways]] serving the city of [[Mahendragarh]] in the [[Mahendragarh district]] in [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Haryana]]. It is in the Bikaner Division of the [[North Western Railway]] zone and lies on the New Delhi–[[Rewari]]–[[Bikaner]] route.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/mahendragarh-mhrg/1233 | title=22 COVID-19 Special Arrivals at Mahendragarh NWR/North Western Zone – Railway Enquiry }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/mahendragarh-mhrg-station | title=Mahendragarh Railway Station (MHRG) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
[[Mahendragarh]] railway junction station is located {{convert|114|km|mi}} southwest of old Delhi and {{convert|100.|km|mi}} southwest of the nearest large airport is located at New Delhi.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{see also | Rail transport in India#History | label 1 = Indian railway history | Northern Railway zone#History | label 2 = NR history | North Western Railway zone#History | label 3 = NWR history | North Central Railway zone#History | label 4 = NCR history | North Eastern Railway zone#History | label 5 = NER history }}<br />
The main railway line from Bikaner Junction to Rewari Junction was originally built by Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway company of Bikaner Princely State portion as metre-gauge line during the 19th and 20th century also. This line was opened in different phases during the construction period.<br />
The first phase, from Bikaner Junction to Ratangarh Junction which also called as Bikaner–Ratangarh chord line was opened on 24 November 1912.<br />
The second phase, from Ratangarh Junction to Churu Junction was opened on 22 May 1910.<br />
The third phase, from Churu Junction to Sadulpur Junction was opened on 8 July 1911.<br />
The fourth phase, from Sadulpur Junction to Rewari Junction was sanctioned on 4 March 1937 and after opened at 1 March 1941.<br />
<br />
===Beginning and growth===<br />
Mahendragarh railway station was purposed in 1896 and established in 1940 Delhi–Rewari–Bikaner railway line was transferred to Bikaner Division of newly formed [[Northern Railway zone]] in 1952.<br />
<br />
===Gauge conversion===<br />
After that, the conversion into [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|5 ft 6 in]] (1,676&nbsp;mm) [[broad gauge]] was completed through into different section starting from the first section between Rewari Junction to Sadulpur Junction was opened on 17 September 2008, later the second section between Sadulpur Junction and Ratangarh Junction was opened on 1 August 2010 and thereafter the third section between Ratangarh Junction and Bikaner Junction was opened on 30 March 2011.<br />
<br />
===Electrification===<br />
Electrification of main line was started on 11 February 2019, on the first section between Rewari and Sadulpur which was declared on 2017-18 rail budget, was completed on 4 March 2020, with two stages. and the remaining sections such as Sadulpur–Churu, Churu–Ratangarh and Ratangarh–Bikaner is going under electrification.<br />
<br />
==Trains==<br />
The following is a list of a few trains stopping at Rewari railway station.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/MHRG/ | title=Mahendragarh Railway Station &#124; Trains Timetable passing through Mahendragarh Station }}</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#cfcfcf; text-align:center;"| Train no. !! Train name !! From !!To !!Scheduled dep <br />
|-<br />
| 19727||Sikar – Rewari Express||Sikar||Rewari||08:35<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Indian Railways]] <br />
* [[Mahendragarh]]<br />
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Railway stations in Haryana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1940]]<br />
[[Category:Bikaner railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Mahendragarh district]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shibnibas&diff=534925Shibnibas2025-05-10T20:45:26Z<p>Eziosolution: Created a post needs work...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Shibnibas<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| other_name =<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline =Three Temples of Shibnibash in Nadia district 01.jpg<br />
| image_caption =Three Temples of Shibnibash <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt =<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23|25|N|88|41|E|display=inline}} <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]<br />
| established_title =<br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder =<br />
| named_for =<br />
| government_type =<br />
| governing_body =<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes =<br />
| area_rank =<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| elevation_footnotes =<br />
| elevation_m =<br />
| population_total = 2481<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank =<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| population_footnotes =<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| timezone1 = IST<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = PIN<br />
| postal_code =<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code =<br />
| registration_plate =<br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shibnibas''' is a village located in [[Krishnaganj (community development block)|Krishnaganj]] subdivision of [[Nadia district]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It belongs to the [[Presidency division]] and is situated 21&nbsp;km to the east of the district headquarters, [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], Nadia. It is located 3&nbsp;km away from Krishnaganj and is situated 113&nbsp;km away from the state capital, Kolkata. Shibnibas is known for its rich history and cultural heritage.<ref name=Story>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/68968/shibnibas-retelling-history|title=Shibnibas: Retelling History|last=|first=|date=15 August 2021|website=Outlook Traveller|access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> It is locate don the bank of [[Churni River]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Rajrajeshwar temple of Shibnibash in Nadia district 05.jpg|250px|thumb|left| Rajrajeshwar temple of Shibnibash]]<br />
The town has three temples built by [[Krishnachandra Roy]], two dedicated to Shiva and one to Ram and Sita. One of the Shiva temples, known as Raj-Rajeshwar, was built in 1754 and contains a nine-foot high Shivling (known locally as Buro Shib, or the Old Shiva). The temples have been repaired and repainted over the years. A fair is held during the Mahashivratri festival.<ref name=Story/> <br />
<br />
Shibnibas village derives its name from the abundance of Shiva temples present in the area. The name Shibnibas is a combination of two words: Shib, which refers to [[Lord Shiva]], and Nibas (Nivas), which means residence.{{fact|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
As per the records of the [[Diocese of Calcutta (Church of North India)|Bishop of Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[Reginald Heber]] visited Shibnibas during his journey to [[Dacca]] in 1824. At that time there were four Shiva temples in the village.<ref name=Story/><br />
<br />
== Independence Day ==<br />
Independence Day in Shibnibas is celebrated on 18 August instead of 15 August, which is the official date of [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]]. This celebration is due to the fact that Shibnibas became a part of [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) during the partition at the time of India's independence. On 17 August 1947, the village reincluded to India and the villagers celebrated their independence on 18 August.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maitra |first1=Subhro |last2=Poddar |first2=Ashis |title=Why in some parts of West Bengal August 18 is ‘Independence Day’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/why-in-some-parts-of-bengal-aug-18-is-independence-day/articleshow/70730100.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 August 2019}}</ref> <br />
<br />
This event was forgotten till 1991 when a residence of Shibnibas named Anjan Sukul decided to celebrate Independence Day on 18 August. He took permission from the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] and celebrated Independence Day on 18 August 1991, in Shibnibas. In 1998, the villagers formed a registered organization named the '18 August Committee'. The celebration is attended by various local and national organizations. The [[Border Security Force]] personnel also participate in the festivities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=This West Bengal village celebrates Independence Day on August 18 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/visit-shibnibas-in-west-bengals-nadia-district-where-indian-independence-day-celebrations-are-held-on-august-18/cid/1881132 |publisher=[[Telegraph India]] |date=19 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demography ==<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Shibnibas has a total population of 2481 with 631 households. Its population is predominantly from the Scheduled Caste community, which makes up 82.7% of the total population. The literacy rate of the village is 62.3%, with the female literacy rate at a lower 27.3%. The working population percentage is 33.8%. The population of children aged 0–6 is 243, with female children making up 49.4% of that number. The local language spoken in Shibnibas is [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shibnibas Population - Nadia, West Bengal |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/321806-shibnibas-west-bengal.html |publisher=Census2011 |date=26 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Nadia District}}<br />
<br />
{{Non-extant Bengal places}}<br />
{{Nadia topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nadia district]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghosalegad_Fort&diff=500424Ghosalegad Fort2025-02-27T15:02:34Z<p>Eziosolution: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox Military Structure<br />
|name = Ghosalegad Fort<br />
|partof = <br />
|location = [[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
|image =<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Ghosale fort.jpg|300px]] --><br />
|caption = Walk way on the Fortification<br />
|map_type=India Maharashtra<br />
|map_size = 300<br />
|map_caption = Shown within [[Maharashtra]]<br />
|type = Hill fort<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|18|21|51.1|N|73|05|25.6|E}}<br />
|materials = Stone<br />
|height = 260 M (850ft)<br />
|used = <br />
|condition = Ruins <br />
|ownership = Government of India<br />
|open_to_public = Yes<br />
}}'''Ghosalegad Fort''' is located 8&nbsp; km south of the [[Roha]] town on Roha-Bhalgaon-Murud road. This fort is in form of a narrow strip 20mt in width. This fort has a small hill with a narrow spur guarded by fortification. This fort served to keep watch on the enemy and the trade route from [[Maval]] to the sea ports around<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Ghosale6.jpg|thumb|Village Ghosale from the fort]]<br />
It is not known about who built this fort. In the 16th century, this fort was under the control of Adilshah of [[Bijapur]]. Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj won this fort in 1648.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghosalgad, Western Ghats, Sahyadri, Adventure, Trekking |url=http://trekshitiz.com/Ei/Ghosalgad-Trek-G-Alpha.html |website=trekshitiz.com}}</ref> This fort was encircled by troops of Siddhi of [[Janjira State|Janjira]] when Afzalkhan had tried to kill Chatrapati Shivaji Mahraj at Pratapgad, However, Shivaji Maharaj killed [[Afzalkhan]] and knowing this [[Siddhi]] also returned with the troops to [[Janjira Fort|Janjira]]. At times this fort was in control of Siddhi, Angre and Maratha rule. Finally, Col. Prother captured this fort in 1818.<br />
<br />
==Places to see==<br />
The long fortification around the narrow strip of Machi is in good condition. There are caves and rock-cut water cisterns around the Balekilla hill. There is an escape gate which connects the narrow wall of fortification. There are two idols of [[Sharabha|Sharabh]] laying near the main gate. The toilet block on the fortification is also seen. There is cannon on the western side of balekilla.<br />
<br />
==How to reach==<br />
There are regular state transport buses and private vehicles which run between Roha and Ghosale. The path from the temple goes straight to the main entrance of the fort. The trek route is of 15 minutes. There is a path that goes around the baklekilla but is very narrow and slippery. There is no place for a night halt on the fort.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery mode=packed heights=140px><br />
File:Ghosale2.jpg|Cannon on the fort<br />
File:Ghosale3.jpg|Escape gate<br />
File:Ghosale4.jpg|Rock cut water cistern<br />
File:Ghosale5.jpg|Cave on the fort<br />
File:Ghosale7.jpg|Fort wall<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Forts in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Forts in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Forts in Raigad district]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkana_kingdom&diff=510455Konkana kingdom2025-02-03T11:44:12Z<p>Eziosolution: New post...</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Konkana''' was a southern kingdom populated by [[Brahmin]]s during and after the period of [[Puranas]]. This kingdom is identified as the [[Konkan]] region (coastal region) of [[Maharashtra]]. Other such Brahmin populated kingdoms includes [[Dravida kingdom|Dravida]], [[Andhra kingdom|Andhra]] and [[Karnata kingdom|Karnata]]. Over time, these Brahmins migrated southward as far as Kerala.<br />
<br />
The name Konkana probably have originated from the older name ''Kanwa-gana'' (meaning the clan of Kanwa) a clan of Bhrahmins. Kanwas were a sub-clan of the Kasyapa-clan of Brahmins. They arrived at the western shores of Indian peninsula, which were the stronghold of the Bhargava clan of Bhrahmins. This history is hidden in the myth of [[Vamana]] who arrived at the sacrifice of king [[Mahabali]], conducted in the land of the Bhrigus (Bhrigu-kaksha ([[Bharuch]] in [[Gujarat]]), on the banks of river [[Narmada River|Narmada]]. This sacrifice was officiated by king [[Mahabali]]'s priest named Sukra, who belonged to the Bhagava clan. In spite of the protest of priest Sukra, king Mahabali gave some land for Vamana. Starting with Vamana, many Kasyapas, in large numbers, settled in the kingdom of Mahabali. Their settlements outnumbered those of Bhargavas and of the ruling clan of [[Asuras]]. Thus Mahabali lost his kingdom and was forgotten into the underworld of memories. (See also Keralas).<br />
<br />
== References in Mahabharata ==<br />
<br />
Konkana is not mentioned in [[Mahabharata]]. Thus it is obviously a later-period province. However, the epic mentions Kanwa, the founder (or a member ?) of the Kanwa clan. Sage Kanwa of the race of Kasyapa is mentioned at (1,70). He was the foster-father of [[Sakuntala]] the wife of the famous [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] king [[Dushyanta]] (Dushmanta). Kanwa raised Sakuntala as her own daughter in his asylum.<br />
<br />
*A tribe called Konwasiras is mentioned at (13,35)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]<br />
*[[Surparaka kingdom]]<br />
*[[Gomanta kingdom]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]<br />
[[Category:Konkan]]</div>Eziosolutionhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaturvimshatimurti&diff=549288Chaturvimshatimurti2024-11-06T23:46:38Z<p>Eziosolution: starting a details first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Twenty-four forms of Hindu deity Vishnu}}<br />
{{Hinduism}}<br />
The '''chaturvimshatimurti''' ({{Langx|sa|चतुर्विंशतिमूर्ति|lit=twenty-four forms|translit=Caturviṃśatimūrti}})<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raju |first=Kalidos |title=Caturviṃśati-Mūrti forms of Viṣṇu Additional notes on Daśāvatāra and Dvādaśa |url=https://www.academia.edu/44279465 |journal= |via=Academia}}</ref> is the representation of twenty-four [[Murti|aspects]] of the deity [[Vishnu]] in [[Hindu iconography]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chugh |first=Lalit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdEkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106 |title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Temple Sculptures & Dancing Apsaras: An Amalgam of Hindu Mythology, Natyasastra and Silpasastra |date=2017-05-23 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-947137-36-3 |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref> These aspects are described to represent the central tenets of the [[Pancharatra]] tradition. They are believed to be the most significant of the thousand names of the deity featured in the [[Vishnu Sahasranama]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Stutley |first=Margaret |title=The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography |publisher=Routledge |year=1985 |pages=31}}</ref> The names of these aspects of the deity are ritually chanted in daily prayer by adherents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFbbDwAAQBAJ&dq=twenty+four+Vishnu&pg=PA227 |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography: Volume I - Part I |date=2020-04-06 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-8460-4766-8 |pages=227 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Literature ==<br />
The twenty-four forms of Vishnu seem to have been conceived in the [[Mahabharata]]. His forms are first mentioned in [[Agni Purana]], the Rūpamaṇḍana, and the Aparājitapṛcchā.<ref name="Desai2013">{{cite book|author=Dr. Kalpana Desai|title=Iconography of Visnu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4M90AgAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PA10|date=31 December 2013|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=10–|id=GGKEY:GSELHU3JH6D}}</ref> They are also mentioned in [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Puranas]] such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]] and the [[Vishnu Purana]].<br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
* The [[Achamana|achamanam]] is a ritual where these names are used while simultaneously touching the numerous parts of the body to purify them.<br />
* The names form an important part of the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] tradition, with saints such as [[Purandara Dasa]] having sung many devotional songs in their praise.<br />
<br />
== Iconography ==<br />
{{Vaishnavism}}<br />
The chaturvimshatimurti are all represented as standing and holding the four attributes of Vishnu: the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus), [[Panchajanya]] (conch), [[Kaumodaki]] (mace), and [[Padma (Vishnu)|Padma]] (lotus). Symbolising the deity's different visible forms, the only difference between these images is the order of the emblems held by his [[Chaturbhuja|four hands]].<ref name="Desai2013" /> All of the forms wear the [[kiritamukuta]], the crown of Vishnu, and the traditional ornaments of the deity. They stand upon the base of a lotus (padmasana). According to [[T. A. Gopinatha Rao|Gopinatha Rao]], the distribution of the four attributes among the four hands of each form are to be observed in a circular fashion, from the upper right hand to the upper left hand, and then from the lower left hand to the lower right hand.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The Rupamandana provides the following description of the chaturvimshatimurti:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1985 |volume=1 |pages=229–230}}</ref> <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Name<br />
!Colour<br />
!Attributes<br />
!Element<br />
!Consort<br />
|-<br />
|Keshava<br />
|Gold<br />
|conch, discus, mace, lotus<br />
|Akasha (space)<br />
|Sri<br />
|-<br />
|Narayana<br />
|White<br />
|lotus, mace, discus, conch<br />
|Vayu (air)<br />
|Lakshmi<br />
|-<br />
|Madhava<br />
|Black<br />
|discus, conch, lotus, mace<br />
|Vahni (fire)<br />
|Kamala<br />
|-<br />
|Govinda<br />
|Crystal<br />
|mace, lotus, conch, discus<br />
|Apa (water)<br />
|Padma<br />
|-<br />
|Vishnu<br />
|Yellow<br />
|lotus, conch, discus, mace<br />
|Prithvi (earth)<br />
|Padmini<br />
|-<br />
|Madhusudana<br />
|Red<br />
|conch, lotus, mace, discus<br />
|Shabda (sound)<br />
|Kamalalaya<br />
|-<br />
|Trivikrama<br />
|Red (fire)<br />
|mace, discus, conch, lotus<br />
|Sparsha (touch)<br />
|Ramā<br />
|-<br />
|Vamana<br />
|Red (dawn)<br />
|discus, mace, lotus, conch<br />
|Rupa (sight)<br />
|Vrishakapi<br />
|-<br />
|Sridhara<br />
|White<br />
|discus, mace, conch, lotus<br />
|Rasa (taste)<br />
|Dhanya<br />
|-<br />
|Hrishikesha<br />
|White (lightning)<br />
|discus, lotus, conch, lotus<br />
|Gandha (smell)<br />
|Vriddhi<br />
|-<br />
|Padmanabha<br />
|Black<br />
|lotus, discus, mace, conch<br />
|Vāc (speech)<br />
|Yajña <br />
|-<br />
|Damodara<br />
|Red<br />
|conch, mace, discus, lotus<br />
|Pāṇin (hand)<br />
|Indira<br />
|-<br />
|Samkarshana<br />
|Red<br />
|conch, lotus, discus, mace<br />
|Pāda (feet)<br />
|Hiranya<br />
|-<br />
|Vasudeva<br />
|White<br />
|conch, discus, lotus, mace<br />
|Pāyu (anus)<br />
|Harani<br />
|-<br />
|Pradyumna<br />
|Gold<br />
|conch, mace, lotus, discus<br />
|Upastha (genitals)<br />
|Satya<br />
|-<br />
|Aniruddha<br />
|Black<br />
|mace, conch, lotus, discus<br />
|Shrota (ears)<br />
|Nitya<br />
|-<br />
|Purushottama<br />
|Crystal<br />
|lotus, conch, mace, discus<br />
|Tvaca (skin)<br />
|Nanda<br />
|-<br />
|Adhokshaja<br />
|Black<br />
|mace, conch, discus, lotus<br />
|Netra (eyes)<br />
|Treya<br />
|-<br />
|Narasimha<br />
|Gold<br />
|lotus, mace, conch, discus<br />
|Jihvā (tongue)<br />
|Sukha<br />
|-<br />
|Achyuta<br />
|Yellow<br />
|lotus, discus, conch, mace<br />
|Ghrana (nose)<br />
|Sugandha<br />
|-<br />
|Janardana<br />
|Red<br />
|discus, conch, mace, lotus<br />
|Manas (mind)<br />
|Sundari<br />
|-<br />
|Upendra<br />
|Black<br />
|mace, discus, lotus, conch<br />
|Buddhi (intellect)<br />
|Vidya<br />
|-<br />
|Hari<br />
|Yellow<br />
|discus, lotus, mace, conch<br />
|Ahamkāra (ego)<br />
|Sushila<br />
|-<br />
|Krishna<br />
|Black<br />
|mace, lotus, discus, conch<br />
|Chit (consciousness)<br />
|Sulakshana<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Panchavimshatimurti]]<br />
* [[Caturvyūha|Chaturvyuha]]<br />
* [[Dashavatara]]<br />
<br />
{{HinduMythology}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names of Vishnu|*]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu iconography]]<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvimshatimurti}}<br />
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]</div>Eziosolution