https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=EverettePowe35 2026-08-14T09:30:42Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=524171 2026-05-08T14:23:51Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Made article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | alt_name = पाङ्लखा<br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | image = Landscape of Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary East Sikkim India 13.02.2016.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Landscape in Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | image_size = <br /> | map = India Sikkim#India<br /> | relief = yes<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Sikkim, India<br /> | map_width = <br /> | location = [[Pakyong District]], [[Sikkim]]<br /> | nearest_city = [[Rangpo]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.34|N|88.76|E|type:forest|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coords_ref = <br /> | area = {{cvt|124|km2}}<br /> | established = 2002&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx |website=wiienvis.nic.in |access-date=18 May 2021 |date=2021-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary–Zuluk Bedang Tso – Natu la Complex |url=http://sikkimforest.gov.in/docs/IBA/sk9.pdf |website=sikkimforest.gov.in |access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | visitation_num = <br /> | visitation_year = <br /> | governing_body = [[Government of India]], [[Government of Sikkim]]<br /> | url =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] encompassing an area of {{cvt|124|km2}} in the [[Pakyong District]] of the Indian state of [[Sikkim]]. It was established in 2002 and includes the hamlets of [[Aritar]], Dakline Lingtam, Phadamchen, [[Dzuluk]], [[Gnathang Monastery]] Kupup.&lt;ref name=&quot;sikenvis.nic.in&quot;&gt;Wildlife Protected areas of Sikkim : http://www.sikenvis.nic.in/Database/Wildlife_785.aspx?format=Print&lt;/ref&gt; It is about {{cvt|28|km}} east of [[Rorathang]] and about {{cvt|40|km}} by road from [[Rangpo]] city.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=September 2024}}<br /> Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary lies at an elevation of {{cvt|1760|-|4390|m}}.&lt;ref&gt;Pangolakha WLS Boundary : http://www.sikenvis.nic.in/writereaddata/sd26.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Pangolakha range in the east separates Sikkim from its eastern neighboring country [[Bhutan]], whereas it is linked through forest patches to the south with Neora Valley National Park in West Bengal.<br /> Some high altitude lakes are present there, including [[Lake Tsongmo]], which act as a biodiversity hotspot for migratory birds.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Neill_2019&quot;/&gt; Rivers and their tributaries from the north are frozen from December to March; whereas they all flow with an enormous volume of water during the rainy season from mid-April to mid-October. [[River Rangpo|Rangpo River]] and [[Jaldhaka River]] are the major rivers originating from the nearby lakes, which occur in this sanctuary.<br /> <br /> ==Biodiversity==<br /> Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary supports a large variety of species, since it falls at the junction of the [[Palearctic realm]] and the [[Indomalayan realm]].&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Neill_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A.R.| date=2019 |title=Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=20 |issue=e00715 |pages=19 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a biogeographic province, it comes under 2C category.&lt;ref name=&quot;sikenvis.nic.in&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002-05-09 |title=Notification|url=http://www.sikenvis.nic.in/writereaddata/sd26.pdf|access-date=2021-05-18|website=sikenvis.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fauna===<br /> Birds in Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary include [[kalij pheasant]], [[Oriental honey buzzard]], [[blood pheasant]], [[white-crested laughingthrush]], [[striated laughingthrush]], [[chestnut-crowned laughingthrush]], [[bar-throated minla]], [[red-tailed minla]], [[pied shrike-babbler|white-browed shrike babbler]], [[white-browed fulvetta]], [[rufous sibia]], [[whiskered yuhina]], [[stripe-throated yuhina]], [[rufous-vented yuhina]], [[brown dipper]], [[rusty-flanked treecreeper]], [[dark-rumped rosefinch]], [[little bunting]]. It is also home for some rarities like the [[speckled wood pigeon]] and [[bay woodpecker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Neill_2019&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The State Forest Department has set up Eco-Development Committees (EDCs) around all wildlife protected areas. In this IBA, EDCs have been set up in the villages of Mankhim, Dalepchand, Lingtam, Phadamchen, Zuluk and Gnathang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary–Zuluk Bedang Tso – Natu la Complex|url=http://sikkimforest.gov.in/docs/IBA/sk9.pdf|access-date=2021-05-18|website=sikkimforest.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br /> * [[Gorumara National Park]]<br /> * [[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://sikkimforest.gov.in/ Forests, Environment &amp; Wildlife Management Department | Government of Sikkim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516222958/http://sikkimforest.gov.in/ |date=16 May 2014 }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Pakyong district]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 1999]]<br /> [[Category:1999 establishments in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas of Sikkim]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santosh_(1989_film)&diff=532944 2026-05-07T15:19:11Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up a details and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Santosh<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = Balbir Wadhawan <br /> | producer = Balbir Wadhawan<br /> | writer = Kaushal Bharati<br /> | starring = [[Manoj Kumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hema Malini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Raakhee]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shatrughan Sinha]]<br /> | music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br /> | cinematography = Rajan Kinagi<br /> | editing = V.V. Kamat<br /> | released = {{Film date|1989|09|22|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Santosh''' is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[social]] [[drama]] film starring [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Raakhee]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] in the lead roles, along with [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] in supporting roles.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Manoj Kumar]] as Santosh <br /> * [[Hema Malini]] as Kavita<br /> * [[Raakhee]] as Rachna<br /> * [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Avinash<br /> * [[Sarika]] as Munni<br /> * [[Kamini Kaushal]] as Shanti<br /> * [[Nirupa Roy]] as Kamla <br /> * [[Prem Chopra]] as Kundan<br /> * [[Madan Puri]] as Hari<br /> * [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Qaidi No. 333<br /> * [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Kavita's Father<br /> * [[Om Shivpuri]] as Rachna's Father <br /> * [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Kailashpati<br /> * [[Praveen Kumar (actor)|Praveen Kumar]] as Kundan's Goon<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> <br /> # Yun Lagne Lagi Aajkal Zindgani - Nitin Mukesh &amp; Lata Mangeshkar<br /> # Kehkahon Ke Liye Hum - Mahendra Kapoor<br /> # Arre Logon Tumhe Kya Hai - Lata Mangeshkar<br /> # Aaj Main Bechain Hoon - Mahendra Kapoor<br /> <br /> ==Trivia==<br /> The film features the final posthumous role of veteran actor [[Madan Puri]] after his death in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hg3qAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Santosh%22+1989+film+-wikipedia&amp;pg=RA1-PT37 |title=Encyclopedia of Bollywood Film Actors |first=Renu |last=Saran}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1989 films]]<br /> [[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0359935|Santosh}}<br /> <br /> {{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawan_Khera&diff=524954 2026-05-07T01:48:03Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Made new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Pawan Khera<br /> | office = Chairman of [[All India Congress Committee]] Media and Publicity<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-sonia-gandhi-appoints-pawan-khera-chairman-media-publicity-1963934-2022-06-18|title= Congress appoints Pawan Khera as chairman of media and publicity|website= NIndia Today|language=en|access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/pawan-khera-congress-arrest-airport-8462907/|title= Pawan Khera: The backroom boy who embraced limelight as voice of Congress|website= Indian express|language=en |access-date=2019-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age text|31 July 1968}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Journalist|Spokesperson}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pawan Khera''' (born 31 July 1968) is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]] party. He served as the political secretary to former Delhi Chief Minister [[Sheila Dikshit]]. He is currently the chairman of the media and publicity wing of the Indian National Congress party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hamariweb.com/profiles/pawan-khera_20495|title= Pawan Khera KEY FACTS|website= Hamari Web|language=en |access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> Pawan Khera was appointed as a member of the Empowered Action Group of Leaders and Experts (EAGLE), formed by the Indian National Congress on 2 February 2025 to monitor the conduct of free and fair elections by the Election Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/eagle-congress-sets-up-panel-to-monitor-conduct-of-fair-polls-by-eci/article69172764.ece|title= Congress forms panel to monitor 'conduct of free and fair elections|website= [[The Hindu]]|language=en |access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://inc.in/media/press-releases/press-releases-regarding-appointment-of-shri-pawan-khera-as-aicc-observerl|title= Press Releases regarding appointment of Shri Pawan Khera as AICC Observer|website= [[Indian National Congress]]|language=en |access-date=2026-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career==<br /> He worked as a social activist before joining as political secretary to former Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Court acquits CM in defamation case filed by Dikshit's former aide |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/court-acquits-cm-in-defamation-case-filed-by-dikshits-former-aide/article25431128.ece |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=शीला के पीएस, प्रणव मुखर्जी के दूत; कांग्रेस में कैसे पावरफुल होते गए पवन खेड़ा? |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/sheila-dikshit-ps-pawan-khera-how-become-powerful-in-congress-abpp-2342228 |access-date=2026-04-30|work=ABP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dispute over Himanta Biswa Sarma allegations ==<br /> On 5 April 2026, in the midst of 2026 Assembly Elections, Pawan Khera made allegations against Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] and his wife [[Riniki Bhuyan Sarma]], including that his wife held multiple passports, foreign properties, and a foreign company listed in the [[United States]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Kheda alleged Riniki Bhuyan Sarma, held three passports additional to an Indian passport, including the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], and [[Egypt]]. She was also accused of owning two properties in [[Dubai]] and having Rs. 52,000 crores worth of assets in a firm registered in the state of [[Wyoming]].<br /> <br /> Both Biswa Sarma and Riniki Bhuyan immediately reacted by rejecting these allegations as “malicious, fabricated and politically motivated”. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Congress alleges Himanta Biswa Sarma's wife holds 3 passports, including 2 from Muslim countries; Assam CM reacts |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/congress-alleges-himanta-biswa-sarmas-wife-holds-3-passports-including-2-from-muslim-countries-assam-cm-reacts-1503577943.html |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Congress alleges foreign passports for CM's wife; Sarma warns of legal action |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/congress-alleges-foreign-passports-for-cms-wife-sarma-warns-of-legal-action-1610255 |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=Assam Tribune |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assam Elections 2026: Congress takes on CM's wife Riniki Bhuyan Sarma over triple citizenship, foreign assets |url=https://nenow.in/assam-election-2026/assam-elections-2026-triple-citizenship-foreign-assets-pawan-khera-launches-fresh-blitz-against-assam-cms-family.html |access-date=5 April 2026|website=Noth East Now |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=52,000 crore allegation rocks Assam polls, Himanta Biswa Sarma warns of legal action|url=https://hubnetwork.in/52000-crore-allegation-rocks-assam-polls-himanta-biswa-sarma-warns-of-legal-action/ |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=Hub News|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Politically motivated lies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/politically-motivated-lies-himanta-biswa-sarma-rejects-pawan-kheras-allegations-vows-to-file-defamation-case/articleshow/130036648.cms |access-date=5 April 2026|website=Times of India |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Himanta Sarma's Wife Holds Multi-Citizenship, Undisclosed Dubai Assets, Says Congress; Assam CM Rejects Allegations |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarmas-wife-holds-triple-passports-undisclosed-dubai-assets-congress-enn26040502541 |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=ETV Bharat|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='Malicious, fabricated lies': Himanta Biswa Sarma rejects Pawan Khera's 'passport' claims, to file defamation cases |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/malicious-fabricated-lies-himanta-biswa-sarma-rejects-pawan-kheras-passport-claims-to-file-defamation-cases-1370751-2026-04-05 |access-date=5 April 2026 |website=India Today NE|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This was followed by Himanta's wife getting an FIR registered against Pawan Khera at Crime Branch of [[Panbazar]] Police Station in [[Guwahati]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assam CM's Wife Riniki Sarma Files Complaint Against Pawan Khera Over 'False And AI-Generated' Allegations |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/assam-cms-wife-riniki-sarma-files-case-against-pawan-khera-over-false-and-ai-generated-allegations-enn26040600910 |access-date=7 April 2026|website=ETV Bharat |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UAE Golden visa, Dubai properties and LLM rock Assam politics – Himanta Sarma invokes St Kitts case to counter Cong|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uae-golden-visa-dubai-properties-and-llm-rock-assam-politics-himanta-sarma-invokes-st-kitts-case-to-counter-cong/4197024/ |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=Financial Express|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Himanta Biswa Sarma, his wife continue to counter Congress over its allegations; FIR lodged with Assam Police |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/himanta-biswa-sarma-his-wife-continue-to-counter-congress-over-its-allegations-fir-lodged-with-assam-police20260407020605/|access-date=5 April 2026|website=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Himanta Sarma's wife files FIR against Congress over allegations |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/himanta-sarmas-wife-files-fir-against-congress-over-allegations-articleshow-xcvf6fu |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=Asia Net|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assam: CM Sarma cites 'Pakistan link' behind Congress' allegations against wife; FIR filed |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/north-east/assam/assam-cm-sarma-cites-pakistan-link-behind-congress-allegations-against-wife-fir-filed-2026-04-06-1036438 |access-date=7 April 2026 |website=India TV|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khera initially approached the [[Telangana High Court]], which on April 10 2026 granted him one week's transit anticipatory bail to enable him to seek regular relief before the competent court in Assam. On April 15, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed the operation of the transit anticipatory bail. Following this, Khera moved the [[Gauhati High Court]] seeking anticipatory bail. The High Court rejected the plea, holding that custodial interrogation was necessary to ascertain the source of the documents relied upon by Khera. Later The Supreme Court granted [[anticipatory bail]] to Khera. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='Supreme Court Grants Anticipatory Bail To Pawan Khera In Assam Police FIR |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-grants-anticipatory-bail-to-pawan-khera-in-assam-police-fir-532477?from-login=889344&amp;token=RDWEBE2I661ZRZ2JDGRY7DYHJYGAHRXRQEEOG |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=Live Law|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Supreme Court grants anticipatory bail to Congress leader Pawan Khera in Assam Police FIR |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/supreme-court-grants-anticipatory-bail-to-congress-leader-pawan-khera-in-assam-police-fir |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=BarandBench|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assam CM's wife defamation case: Supreme Court grants anticipatory bail to Pawan Khera |url=https://legaleagleweb.com/newsdetail.aspx?newsid=9505 |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=Legaleagle|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Supreme Court grants pre-arrest bail to Pawan Khera in Assam case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-grants-anticipatory-bail-to-congress-leader-pawan-khera/article70927886.ece |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=The Hindu|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Supreme Court grants anticipatory bail to Congress leader Pawan Khera in forgery &amp; defamation case |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/supreme-court-grants-anticipatory-bail-to-congress-leader-pawan-khera-in-forgery-defamation-case/ |access-date=7 May 2026 |website=All India Radio|language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal Life==<br /> <br /> Pawan Khera is married to Indian writer and politician Kota Neelima. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Defamatory rant: Pawan Khera's wife denies Congress foreign funding nexus claim |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/defamatory-rant-pawan-kheras-wife-kota-neelima-denies-congress-foreign-funding-nexus-claim-2839282-2025-12-21 |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=In Fresh Attack, BJP Accuses Pawan Khera's Wife Of Holding 2 Active Voter IDs |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-fresh-attack-bjp-accuses-pawan-kheras-wife-kota-neelima-of-holding-2-active-voter-ids-9207408|access-date=2026-04-30|work=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1968 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Spokespersons]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Activists]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangayam_Assembly_constituency&diff=508167 2026-05-06T20:47:31Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{coord|11.0054|N|77.5620|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 102<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Kangayam.svg<br /> | Existence = <br /> | district = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | mla = [[M. P. Saminathan]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | name = Kangayam<br /> | electors = 219,553 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> '''Kangayam''' is a [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruppur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 102. It consists of [[Kangeyam taluk|Kangayam taluk]] and a portion of [[Perundurai taluk]]. It falls under [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br /> |access-date = 2008-10-10<br /> |work = Tamil Nadu<br /> |publisher = Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 2009-02-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 28 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | A. K. Subbaraya Gounder<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1953&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |rowspan=2|K. G. Palanisamy Gounder<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | K. S. Nataraja Gounder<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[A. Senapathi Gounder]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;By election&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls|title=By election results 1952-1995|work=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[Kovai Chezhiyan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | R. K. S. Dhanapandi<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | K. G. Krishnasamy<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[K. C. Palanisamy]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | P. Marappan<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (Resigned and retained Bargur)<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]*<br /> | [[R. M. Veerappan]] (by-election)<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[M. Selvi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | Vidiyal Sehar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[N. S. N. Nataraj]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[U. Thaniyarasu]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[M. P. Saminathan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | N. S. N. Nataraj<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.63}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.09}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991 by-election|1991 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|0.0}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.44}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.32}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.09}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.56}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1953 by-election|1953 by-election]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|0.0}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.06}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. S. N. Nataraj]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Karmegam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= T. Mani|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =216646 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,197 |percentage=47.38 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Ramalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,866 |percentage=43.70 |change=-1.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivanantham |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,307 |percentage=5.69 |change=4.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Appasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,327 |percentage=1.17 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,027 |percentage=0.52 |change=-1.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramesh |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=474 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Immanuvel |party=Independent politician |votes=435 |percentage=0.22 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ayyavu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=421 |percentage=0.21 |change=-0.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manikandan |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Nithiyandhan |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=0.14 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nallamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.14 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,331 |percentage=3.69 |change=-3.43 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=198,791 |percentage=77.32 |change= -1.57 }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=558 |percentage=0.28 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 257,102 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.20 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Thaniyarasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,325 |percentage=45.18 |change=-15.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Gopi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=70,190 |percentage=38.06 |change=3.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Muthuvenkateshwaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,108 |percentage=6.57 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ushadevi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,161 |percentage=3.88 |change=2.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,141 |percentage=1.70 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Shanmugam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,871 |percentage=1.56 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Amirtavalli |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,544 |percentage=0.84 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Thangavel |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,136 |percentage=0.62 |change=-0.10 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=759 |percentage=0.41 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Poovathal |party=IDMMK |votes=519 |percentage=0.28 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kavinraja |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=0.20 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,135 |percentage=7.12 |change=-19.26 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=184,428 |percentage=78.89 |change= -2.90 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,793 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.45 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. S. N. Nataraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,005 |percentage=60.63 |change=20.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Videyal Sekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,240 |percentage=34.26 |change=-11.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ponnusamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,884 |percentage=1.19 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajamanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,802 |percentage=1.14 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,165 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Perumal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,129 |percentage=0.71 |change=-0.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Krishna Moorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=525 |percentage=0.33 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=464 |percentage=0.29 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chellamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=427 |percentage=0.27 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sukumaran |party=Independent politician |votes=388 |percentage=0.25 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=309 |percentage=0.20 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,765 |percentage=26.38 |change=20.47 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=193,597 |percentage=81.79 |change= 5.79 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,338 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.54 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,946 |percentage=46.09 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. S. Palaniswami |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,650 |percentage=40.18 |change=-10.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kumarasamy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,354 |percentage=9.19 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subramaniyam |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,883 |percentage=1.52 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,443 |percentage=1.17 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Perumal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,081 |percentage=0.87 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=665 |percentage=0.54 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamatchidevi |party=Independent politician |votes=245 |percentage=0.20 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,296 |percentage=5.90 |change=-3.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=123,559 |percentage=75.99 |change= 10.61 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,590 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.97 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,700 |percentage=51.06 |change=17.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,426 |percentage=41.25 |change=-15.42 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jagadesan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,777 |percentage=4.16 |change=-2.50 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Venkataramanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,797 |percentage=1.56 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=677 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sampath |party=Independent politician |votes=422 |percentage=0.37 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=0.28 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Karthikeyan |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.20 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=0.20 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangamani |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=0.18 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=0.15 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,274 |percentage=9.81 |change=-13.30 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=114,962 |percentage=65.38 |change= -3.73 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,834 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,801 |percentage=56.67 |change={{increase}}56.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,792 |percentage=33.57 |change={{decrease}}63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Periyasamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,497 |percentage=6.66 |change=New }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Venkatachalam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=816 |percentage=0.72 |change=New }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Chinnasamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=0.31 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=0.30 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.25 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mani @ Manian |party=Independent politician |votes=271 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=201 |percentage=0.18 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=195 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Loganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=166 |percentage=0.15 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,009 |percentage=23.10 |change=-7.48 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=112,575 |percentage=69.11 |change= -1.47 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,708 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.76 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1991 Tamil Nadu By-election: [[Kangayam]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate =[[ R. M. Veerappan]]<br /> |votes = 98,783 <br /> |percentage = 96.57<br /> |change = {{increase}}33.13<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Amnachalam.C.S<br /> |votes = 1,072<br /> |percentage = 1.05<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = R.S.Pon<br /> |votes = 800<br /> |percentage = 0.78<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate = G.Murthy<br /> |votes = 420<br /> |percentage = 0.41<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate =Palanisamy.P.N<br /> |votes = 136<br /> |percentage = 0.13<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate =Veerappan.V.T.R<br /> |votes = 131 <br /> |percentage = 0.13<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate =Gurusamy.R<br /> |votes = 129<br /> |percentage = 0.13<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate =Rajendran.M.L.G.K<br /> |votes = 108<br /> |percentage = 0.11<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate =K.Pandian.T.K<br /> |votes = 90<br /> |percentage = 0.09<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate =J.Kumari<br /> |votes = 85 <br /> |percentage = 0.08<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |candidate =C.Vathiyarv<br /> |votes = 78<br /> |percentage = 0.08<br /> |change = New<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> |votes = 97,711<br /> |percentage = 95.52<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,02,297<br /> |percentage =<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Jayalalithaa]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,050 |percentage=63.44 |change=23.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. S. Rajkumar Manraadiar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,759 |percentage=32.85 |change=-0.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Chandramohan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=623 |percentage=0.57 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=435 |percentage=0.40 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Krishnan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=379 |percentage=0.35 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=271 |percentage=0.25 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=238 |percentage=0.22 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=186 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. C. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=150 |percentage=0.14 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=126 |percentage=0.12 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,291 |percentage=30.58 |change=23.53 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=108,849 |percentage=70.58 |change= -4.44 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,773 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Marappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,834 |percentage=40.30 |change=-17.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rathingamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,163 |percentage=33.25 |change=-6.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chinnasamy Gr |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,259 |percentage=19.54 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appu Alias Chinnasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,002 |percentage=3.68 |change=-54.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage=0.88 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. G. Sivasabapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=477 |percentage=0.44 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aruchamy |party=Independent politician |votes=453 |percentage=0.42 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=0.27 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Koladan Alias Kolandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=277 |percentage=0.25 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rasendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=251 |percentage=0.23 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sahdevan |party=Independent politician |votes=183 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,671 |percentage=7.05 |change=-10.80 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=108,776 |percentage=75.02 |change= -1.12 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,106 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Palanisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,252 |percentage=57.78 |change=16.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivasabapathy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,495 |percentage=39.94 |change=9.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Namasivayam |party=Independent politician |votes=921 |percentage=0.98 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnasmay |party=Independent politician |votes=882 |percentage=0.94 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugham |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=0.36 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,757 |percentage=17.85 |change=7.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=93,887 |percentage=76.14 |change= 5.72 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,059 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.47 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Krishnaswamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,950 |percentage=41.32 |change=-0.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivasabapathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,341 |percentage=30.88 |change=6.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. J. Subbaramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=826 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chenniappan |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=0.42 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=326 |percentage=0.29 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,609 |percentage=10.44 |change=-7.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=111,215 |percentage=70.42 |change= 9.38 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,871 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.78 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. S. Dhandapani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,665 |percentage=42.09 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivasabapathy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,498 |percentage=24.59 |change=-41.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Subbiah Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,935 |percentage=21.18 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arjunan |party=Janata Party |votes=6,883 |percentage=9.15 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. J. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,412 |percentage=1.88 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Nachimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=830 |percentage=1.10 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,167 |percentage=17.50 |change=-16.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=75,223 |percentage=61.04 |change= -10.23 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,068 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -24.31 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kovai Chezhiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,461 |percentage=66.41 |change=30.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Palanisamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=20,419 |percentage=31.93 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,062 |percentage=1.66 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,042 |percentage=34.47 |change=34.26 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,942 |percentage=71.27 |change= -6.33 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,885 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 30.00 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Madras201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Senapathi Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,800 |percentage=36.41 |change=-25.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velusami |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,654 |percentage=36.19 |change=-0.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. Palaniswamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=17,691 |percentage=25.97 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=974 |percentage=1.43 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=146 |percentage=0.21 |change=-24.25 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,119 |percentage=77.59 |change= 4.40 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,288 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -25.15 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Nataraja Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,006 |percentage=61.56 |change=13.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanisamy Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,711 |percentage=37.10 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Lingasamy Gounder |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=898 |percentage=1.35 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,295 |percentage=24.46 |change=3.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,615 |percentage=73.20 |change= 34.82 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,651 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Palaniswamy Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,952 |percentage=48.06 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthuswamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=10,209 |percentage=27.33 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Mutuiswamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=9,189 |percentage=24.60 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,743 |percentage=20.73 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=37,350 |percentage=38.37 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,337 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangayam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link|candidate=[[A. K. Subbaraya Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,808 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Erode district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Panjwani&diff=529000 2026-05-05T14:39:59Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Made new post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian writer, folk singer and educationist}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ram Panjwani<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1911|11|20}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Larkana]], [[Sindh]], British India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1987|03|31|1911|11|20}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | restingplace = <br /> | restingplacecoordinates = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Writer, educationist, singer<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | known for = Sindhi literature<br /> | spouse = <br /> | domesticpartner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | website = {{Website|https://rampanjwani.com/|Rampunjwani.com}}<br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Ram Prataprai Panjwani''' (1911–1987) was an Indian writer, folk singer and educationist, known for his contributions to [[Sindhi literature]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography : Prof. Ram PanjwaniProf. Ram Panjwani&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thesindhuworld.com/rampanjwani.html | title=Biography : Prof. Ram PanjwaniProf. Ram Panjwani | publisher=The Sindhu World | date=2015 | access-date=1 July 2015 | archive-date=18 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318002936/http://www.thesindhuworld.com/rampanjwani.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Panjwani was born at [[Larkana]] in the [[Sindh]] province of erstwhile [[British India]] (presently in Pakistan). on 20 November 1911&lt;ref name=&quot;Prof. Ram Panjwani&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://sindhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Prof._Ram_Panjwani | title=Prof. Ram Panjwani | publisher=Encycolopedai of Sindhi | date=2015 | access-date=1 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated from [[Mumbai University]] in 1934 and started his career as a teacher at the [[D. J. Sindh Government Science College]], Karachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prof. Ram Panjwani&quot; /&gt; After Indian independence in 1947, he relocated to Mumbai and started working as a member of faculty of [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai in their Sindhi department. Later, he moved to Mumbai University as the reader in Sindhi department and headed the department from 1974 to 1976.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prof. Ram Panjwani&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> Panjwani published several literary works in [[Sindhi language]], starting with his [[debut novel]], ''Padma'' (1939) which preceded works like ''Qaidy'', ''Sharmila'', ''Asanjo Ghar'', ''Ahe Na ahe'' and ''Shall Dhiaru Na Jaman''. He also acted in four films, ''Jhulelal'', ''Ladlee'', ''Hojmalo'' and ''Shall Dhiaru Na Jaman'', the last one based on his own novel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography : Prof. Ram PanjwaniProf. Ram Panjwani&quot; /&gt; He received Sahitya Akademi award in 1964 for his work, ''Anokha Azmda''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sahitya Akademi Award winners&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#SINDHI | title=Sahitya Akademi Award winners | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | date=2015 | access-date=1 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the founder of the cultural forum, ''Sita Sindhu Bhavan'' and was the editor of the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] publication, ''Hindustan Sindhi Weekly''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hinduism: Path of the Ancient Wisdom&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBlUD0rIRF8C&amp;q=Ram+Prataprai+Punjwani&amp;pg=PA362 | title=Hinduism: Path of the Ancient Wisdom | publisher=iUniverse | date=2008 | access-date=1 July 2015 | author=Hiro G. Badlani | pages=404 | isbn=9780595436361}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;Padma Shri&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | access-date=18 June 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrote the first [[Sindhi cinema|Sindhi-language film]] [[Ekta (film)|''Ekta'']] (1942).<br /> <br /> '''Death'''<br /> <br /> Ram Panjwani died in [[Chandigarh]] on 31 March 1987 at the age of 75.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography : Prof. Ram PanjwaniProf. Ram Panjwani&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{portal|India|Literature}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Punjwani, Ram}}<br /> [[Category:1911 births]]<br /> [[Category:1987 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Larkana District]]<br /> [[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]<br /> [[Category:Sindhi-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Novelists from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sindhi]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Sindhi-language playback singers]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangolihat_Assembly_constituency&diff=499870 2026-05-03T05:27:59Z

<p>EverettePowe35: creating new article w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Gangolihat<br /> | state = Uttarakhand<br /> | district = [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | established = 2002<br /> | constituency_no = 45<br /> | map_image = Gangolihat Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | mla = [[Fakir Ram Tamta]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2022<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:102791}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ceouk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2027|03}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Gangolihat''' is one of the 70 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/Constituencies_Division_Wise-1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Assembly constituencies |access-date=16 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled castes]]. Gangolihat is often characterized as a [[Bellwether (politics)|bellwether seat]], having voted for the winning party in every state election since 2002.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Narayan Ram Arya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Joga Ram Tamta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Narayan Ram Arya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Meena Gangola || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Fakir Ram Tamta]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Fakir Ram Tamta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,296 |percentage=55.65% |change={{increase}}18.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khajan Chandra Guddu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,243 |percentage=38.33% |change={{increase}}2.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=1,117 |percentage=1.92% |change={{increase}}0.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Prasad |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,004 |percentage=1.73% |change={{increase}}0.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babita Chandra |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=554 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rekha |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=535 |percentage=0.92% |change={{decrease}}0.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Ram |party=Samajwadi Party|votes=283 |percentage=0.49% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,053 |percentage=17.32% |change= {{increase}}15.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=58,032 |percentage=54.88% |change= {{decrease}}0.04 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,736 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.40 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}18.59 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena Gangola |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,418 |percentage=37.06% |change={{increase}}2.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Ram Arya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,613 |percentage=35.60% |change={{decrease}}14.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khajan Chandra Guddu |party=Independent politician |votes=10,763 |percentage=19.54% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Sangharshh Dal |votes=958 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=865 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=841 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=668 |percentage=1.21% |change={{decrease}}5.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Prashad |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=550 |percentage=1.00% |change={{decrease}}2.23 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=805 |percentage=1.46% |change= {{decrease}}14.67 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,092 |percentage=54.92% |change= {{decrease}}0.55 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,315 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.90 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Ram Arya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,648 |percentage=50.46% |change={{increase}}16.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Thakur Gowal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,768 |percentage=34.33% |change={{decrease}}8.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram Sanguri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,120 |percentage=6.39% |change={{increase}}0.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Arya |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,576 |percentage=3.23% |change={{decrease}}0.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Prashad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,186 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyoti Rani |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=788 |percentage=1.61% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachi Ram Koli |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=493 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,880 |percentage=16.13% |change= {{increase}}8.11 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=48,849 |percentage=55.46% |change= {{increase}}0.70 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,073 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.76 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.01 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Joga Ram Tamta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,755 |percentage=42.45% |change={{increase}}10.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Ram Arya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,965 |percentage=34.42% |change={{increase}}0.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Fakir Ram Tamta]]|party=Independent politician |votes=3,089 |percentage=8.89% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anuli |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,050 |percentage=5.90% |change={{increase}}1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhaniram |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,253 |percentage=3.60% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=870 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Vishwa Vikas Sangh |votes=779 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,790 |percentage=8.03% |change= {{increase}}6.24 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=34,761 |percentage=54.77% |change= {{increase}}6.32 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,472 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.59 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.71 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Ram Arya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,898 |percentage=33.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Joga Ram Tamta]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,428 |percentage=31.96% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Thakur Gowal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,286 |percentage=12.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Prashad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,501 |percentage=9.48% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram Agari |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,513 |percentage=5.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,158 |percentage=4.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=590 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=470 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=26,374 |percentage=48.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,441 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Pithoragarh district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|29.67|80.05|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pithoragarh district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humayun_Kabir_(Indian_National_Congress_politician)&diff=503280 2026-05-01T10:03:03Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{other uses|Humayun Kabir (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Confuse|Humayun Kabir (West Bengal politician)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Humayun Kabir<br /> | image = HumayunKabirPic.jpg<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Minister of Education (India)|Union Minister of Education]]<br /> | prime_minister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> | term_start = 1 September 1963<br /> | term_end = 21 November 1963<br /> | predecessor = [[K. L. Shrimali]]<br /> | successor = [[M. C. Chagla]]<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1906|02|22}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Faridpur District|Komarpur]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1969|08|18|1906|02|22}}<br /> | death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]&lt;br&gt;[[University of Calcutta]]&lt;br&gt;[[Exeter College, Oxford]]<br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Humayun Kabir''' (1906-1969) was an Indian educationist and politician. He was also a poet, essayist and novelist in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language. He was also a renowned political thinker. He was educated at [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]], [[Oxford]] and graduated in 1931. Kabir had been heavily involved with the [[Oxford Union]] during his student days, having been elected secretary in 1930 and librarian in 1931. He made his farewell speech on the motion: 'This House condemns the Indian policy of His Majesty's Government'. Kabir had also been involved with the student newspapers, the Isis and the Cherwell, and the [[Oxford Majlis]] journal, Bharat.<br /> Upon his return to India, Kabir taught at a number of universities. He also became involved in [[trade union]] politics and was elected to the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 1937. He took up a number of government posts after 1947, including Minister for Education.<br /> <br /> Kabir published a book of poems in Oxford in 1932, and continued to write poetry, short stories and novels after his return to India. He also wrote essays and was a well-respected [[orator]]. He died in [[Kolkata]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humayun Kabir {{!}} Making Britain |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/humayun-kabir |website=www.open.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Kabir was born on 22 February 1906 in [[Faridpur District|Komarpur]], in the [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[British India]]. His father, Khan Bahadur [[Khabeeruddin Ahmed]], was a Deputy Magistrate in Bengal. He came first, with star marks, in his matriculation examination in 1922 from Naogaon KD Govt High School. He was educated at [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], completing his Intermediate in Arts (I.A.) in English with first class third, and [[Calcutta University]], where he completed his B.A. (Honours) and M.A. in English with first class first. He won a scholarship to [[Exeter College, Oxford]] where he completed his degree in 'Modern Greats', i.e. [[Philosophy]], [[Political Science]], and [[Economics]] with a [[British undergraduate degree classification|first class]] in 1931.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kabir,_Humayun|title=Kabir, Humayun |website=Banglapedia|language=en|access-date=2017-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 1932, he was invited by [[Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan]] to join as a lecturer at the newly established [[Andhra University]]. Later, he was a [[Joint Education Adviser]], Education Secretary and then [[Chairman]] of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in [[Delhi]]. He was the [[Minister of State]] for [[Civil Aviation]], [[Education Minister]] of India twice, under the [[Prime Minister]]ships of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. He was also Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs Minister. In 1965, Indira Gandhi offered him the [[Madras]] [[Governor]]'s post, which he declined. From 1956 to 1962, he was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and from 1962 to 1969 he was a member of the [[Lok Sabha]], representing [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat constituency]] in [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kabir was the editor of [[Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad]]'s biography ''India Wins Freedom''. Azad dictated his biography to him in [[Urdu]], which Kabir translated into English. He was one of the co-drafter of the UNESCO 1950 statement titled ''[[The Race Question]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 April 1967, Kabir organised a meeting of Chief Ministers of non-Congress states and other important leaders in Delhi. [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] was formed in this meeting with [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] as its first chairman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=37 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Humayun Kabir married Shantilata Dutta, who belonged from a Bengali Brahmo family of Eastern Bengal (now Bangladesh). They had a daughter and a son. His daughter [[Leila Kabir]] (d. 15 May 2015) was the wife of Indian politician [[George Fernandes]]. His younger brother [[Jehangir Kabir]] was a politician in West Bengal, [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; His nephew [[Altamas Kabir]] was the 39th [[Chief Justice of India]] (CJI) and his niece Shukla Kabir Sinha is a judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]].<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * ''Imanuel Kant'' (1936)<br /> * ''Sharat Sahityer Multattva'' (''The main theory of the literature of [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'') (1942)<br /> * ''Banglar Kavya'' (''The poetry of Bengal'') (1945)<br /> * ''Marxbad'' (''Marxism'') (1951)<br /> * ''Mirza Abu Talib Khan'' (1961)<br /> * ''Poetry, Monads and Society'' (1941)<br /> * ''Muslim Politics in Bengal'' (1943)<br /> * ''Rabindranath Tagore'' (1945)<br /> * ''Men and Rivers''<br /> *The Unity of Indian Culture<br /> * ''Svapnasadh''<br /> * ''Sathi''<br /> * ''Ashtadashi''<br /> * ''Nadi O Nari''<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Humayun Kabir also stayed some part of his life in [[Gopalpur-On-Sea]] near [[Berhampur City]] in Odisha. George Fernandes was staying at his father-in-law Humayun Kabir's house on the same Gopalpur-On-Sea beach house near Berhampur City just before the announcement of emergency. A warrant was issued in Fernandes' name and subsequently he went underground and hid himself in this house to escape arrest and prosecution. However, Humayun Kabir died on 18 August 1969 in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}<br /> {{First to Tenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kabir, Humayun}}<br /> [[Category:1906 births]]<br /> [[Category:1969 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of education of India]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali writers]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian civil servants]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Bangla Congress politicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Faridpur District]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Kranti Dal politicians]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chairperson_of_the_Bihar_Legislative_Council&diff=493112 2026-04-29T17:14:17Z

<p>EverettePowe35: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian state government official}} <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}} <br /> {{Infobox official post<br /> | post = Chairperson <br /> | body = the Bihar Legislative Council<br /> | insignia = File:Seal of Bihar.svg<br /> | insigniacaption = Seal of Bihar<br /> | department = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]<br /> | member_of = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]<br /> | appointer = Members of the [[Bihar Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]<br /> | incumbent = [[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]<br /> | inaugural = <br /> | incumbentsince = 20 June 2024<br /> | termlength = 6 years<br /> | image = File:Awadhesh Narayan Singh (cropped).jpg<br /> | style = [[The Honourable|The Hon’ble]] {{small|(formal)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Mister|Mr. Chairman]] {{small|(informal)}}<br /> | reports_to = <br /> | residence = Patna<br /> | deputy = [[Ram Bachan Rai]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Chair of the Bihar Legislative Council'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chairmen List |url=https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/ExChairmen.htm |access-date= |website=www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the presiding officer of the Legislative Council of Bihar, the main law-making body for the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]. Chairmen hold office until ceasing to be a member of the council or resigning from the office. The chairmen can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the council by an effective majority of its members. In the absence of chairman, the meeting is presided by the deputy chairmen.<br /> <br /> ==List==<br /> * {{legend inline|#DBD7D2|text={{asterisk}}}} represents acting chairmen<br /> <br /> === List of Prisedents of the [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] Legislative Council ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! No<br /> ! Portrait<br /> ! Name<br /> !Constituency<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Term<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Sir Walton Maude<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1921<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Sachchidanand Sinha<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |July 1921<br /> |November 1922<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Khawaja M. Noorie<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1922<br /> |1929<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Babu Nirsu Narayan Singh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1930<br /> |1932<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Babu Rajandhari Singh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1933<br /> |1936<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === List of Prisedents/Chairpersons of the Bihar Legislative Council ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! No<br /> ! Portrait<br /> ! Name&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पूर्व सभापतियों की सूची |trans-title=List of former chairmen |url=https://vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in/Ex-Chairman_list |access-date=29 April 2026 |website=vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Constituency<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Term&lt;ref name=&quot;nic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/Speaker.html|website=vidhansabha.bih.nic.in|title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha/Speaker|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909102629/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/Speaker.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |Rajiv Ranjan Prasad<br /> |<br /> |23 July 1937<br /> |6 September 1948<br /> |{{Ayd|23 July 1937|6 September 1948}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |Shyama Prasad Singh<br /> |<br /> |7 September 1948<br /> |11 May 1952<br /> |{{Ayd|7 September 1948|11 May 1952}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Naima Khatoon Haider<br /> |<br /> |12 May 1952<br /> |15 May 1952<br /> |{{Ayd|12 May 1952|15 May 1952}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |(2)<br /> |<br /> |Shyama Prasad Singh<br /> |<br /> |15 May 1952<br /> |6 May 1958<br /> |{{Ayd|15 May 1952|6 May 1958}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Rameshwar Prasad Singh<br /> |<br /> |4 April 1959<br /> |7 April 1959<br /> |{{Ayd|4 April 1959|7 April 1959}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Rai Braj Raj Krishna<br /> |<br /> |7 April 1959<br /> |6 May 1959<br /> |{{Ayd|7 April 1959|6 May 1959}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Radha Govind Prasad<br /> |<br /> |7 May 1959<br /> |10 September 1962<br /> |{{Ayd|7 May 1959|10 September 1962}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |Ravaneshwar Mishra<br /> |<br /> |11 September 1962<br /> |6 May 1964<br /> |{{Ayd|11 September 1962|6 May 1964}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Kumar Ganga Nand Singh<br /> |<br /> |7 May 1964<br /> |24 September 1964<br /> |{{Ayd|7 May 1964|24 September 1964}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |[[Theodore Bodra]]<br /> |<br /> |24 September 1964<br /> |30 August 1965<br /> |{{Ayd|24 September 1964|30 August 1965}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |<br /> |Devsharan Singh<br /> |<br /> |30 August 1965<br /> |6 May 1968<br /> |{{Ayd|30 August 1965|6 May 1968}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |[[Theodore Bodra]]<br /> |<br /> |7 May 1968<br /> |16 May 1972<br /> |{{Ayd|7 May 1968|16 May 1972}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Rampyari Devi<br /> |<br /> |17 March 1972<br /> |6 May 1972<br /> |{{Ayd|17 March 1972|6 May 1972}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Anil Kumar Sen<br /> |<br /> |7 May 1972<br /> |5 June 1972<br /> |{{Ayd|7 May 1972|5 June 1972}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |<br /> |Abdul Ghafoor<br /> |<br /> |5 June 1972<br /> |2 July 1973<br /> |{{Ayd|5 June 1972|2 July 1973}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Ram Govind Singh<br /> |<br /> |2 July 1973<br /> |5 January 1975<br /> |{{Ayd|2 July 1973|5 January 1975}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Mahendra Prasad<br /> |<br /> |5 January 1975<br /> |18 March 1975<br /> |{{Ayd|5 January 1975|18 March 1975}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Ram Govind Singh<br /> |<br /> |7 January 1975<br /> |18 March 1975<br /> |{{Ayd|7 January 1975|18 March 1975}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Krishna Kant Singh<br /> |<br /> |18 March 1975<br /> |19 March 1975<br /> |{{Ayd|18 March 1975|19 March 1975}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Ram Govind Singh<br /> |<br /> |19 March 1975<br /> |6 May 1976<br /> |{{Ayd|19 March 1975|6 May 1976}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Rajeshwari Saroj Das<br /> |<br /> |7 May 1976<br /> |6 May 1980<br /> |{{Ayd|7 May 1976|6 May 1980}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;9&quot; |''Vacant from 7 May 1980 to 13 June 1980''<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Shamu Charan Tuvid<br /> |<br /> |14 June 1980<br /> |24 July 1980<br /> |{{Ayd|14 June 1980|24 July 1980}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |<br /> |[[Prithvi Chand Kisku]]<br /> |<br /> |25 July 1980<br /> |12 January 1985<br /> |{{Ayd|25 July 1980|12 January 1985}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;9&quot; |''Vacant from 13 January 1985 to 17 January 1985''<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |Rajeshwari Saroj Das<br /> |<br /> |18 January 1985<br /> |29 January 1985<br /> |{{Ayd|18 January 1985|29 January 1985}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |<br /> |Arun Kumar<br /> |<br /> |5 July 1985<br /> |3 October 1986<br /> |{{Ayd|5 July 1985|3 October 1986}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Umeshwar Prasad Verma]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |4 October 1986<br /> |18 January 1990<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Ayd|4 october 1986|6 may 1994}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |19 January 1990<br /> |6 May 1994<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |[[File:Raghuvansh Prasad Singh (1).jpg|107x107px]]<br /> |[[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |7 May 1994<br /> |5 April 1995<br /> |{{Ayd|7 may 1994|5 april 1995}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Janata Dal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Jabir Husain]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |<br /> |6 April 1995<br /> |25 July 1996<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{Ayd|6 april 1995|15 april 2006}}<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |26 July 1996<br /> |6 May 2000<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |7 May 2000<br /> |29 June 2000<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |(9)<br /> |30 June 2000<br /> |15 April 2006<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |[[Arun Kumar (Bihar INC politician)|Arun Kumar]]<br /> |Gaya Teachers<br /> |16 April 2006<br /> |4 August 2009<br /> |{{ayd|16 april 2006|4 august 2009}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |<br /> |[[Tarakant Jha]]<br /> |elected by MLA's<br /> |4 August 2009<br /> |6 May 2012<br /> |{{ayd|4 august 2009|6 may 2012}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |[[File:Awadhesh Narayan Singh (cropped).jpg|120x120px]]<br /> |[[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]<br /> |Gaya Graduates<br /> |8 August 2012<br /> |8 May 2017<br /> |{{ayd|8 august 2012|8 may 2017}}<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |<br /> |[[Mohammad Haroon Rashid|Haroon Rashid]]<br /> |elected by MLA's<br /> |9 May 2017<br /> |6 May 2020<br /> |{{ayd|9 may 2017|6 may 2020}}<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> |[[File:Awadhesh Narayan Singh (cropped).jpg|120x120px]]<br /> |[[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]<br /> |Gaya Graduates<br /> |16 June 2020<br /> |25 August 2022<br /> |{{ayd|16 june 2020|25 August 2022}}<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |[[File:Devesh Chandra Thakur (cropped).jpg|96x96px]]<br /> |[[Devesh Chandra Thakur]]<br /> |Tirhut Graduates<br /> |25 August 2022<br /> |24 July 2024<br /> |{{Ayd|25 august 2022|14 June 2024}}<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |*<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[File:Awadhesh Narayan Singh (cropped).jpg|120x120px]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Awadhesh Narain Singh]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gaya Graduates<br /> |20 June 2024<br /> |24 July 2024<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{ayd|20 June 2024|}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |(11)<br /> |24 July 2024<br /> |'''Incumbent''' <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Deputy ==<br /> == Protem ==<br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons}}<br /> <br /> {{Bihar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Chairs of the Bihar Legislative Council| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|B]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar-related lists]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jodhpur_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=506372 2026-04-29T04:43:53Z

<p>EverettePowe35: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Jodhpur.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jodhpur Lok Sabha Constituency<br /> | name = Jodhpur<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | mp = [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]&lt;Br&gt;{{Small|[[Ministry of Tourism|Union Minister of Tourism]]}}&lt;Br&gt;{{Small|[[Ministry of Culture|Union Minister of Culture]]}}<br /> | incumbent_image = Gajendra Singh Shekhawat in June 2019 (cropped).jpg<br /> |reservation= None<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2019 Indian general elections|2019]]<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | assembly_cons =[[Phalodi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phalodi]] &lt;br&gt; [[Lohawat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lohawat]] &lt;br&gt; [[Shergarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shergarh]] &lt;br&gt; [[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]] &lt;br&gt; [[Jodhpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jodhpur]] &lt;br&gt; [[Soorsagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Soorsagar]] &lt;br&gt;[[Luni (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Luni]] &lt;br&gt; [[Pokaran (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pokaran]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|d͡ʒoːd̪ʱ.pʊɾ}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Presently, Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations &amp; Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |122<br /> | [[Phalodi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phalodi]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]<br /> |[[Pabba Ram Bishnoi]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |123<br /> |[[Lohawat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lohawat]]<br /> |[[Gajendra Singh Khimsar]]<br /> |-<br /> |124<br /> |[[Shergarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shergarh]]<br /> |[[Babu Singh (Rajasthan politician)|Babu Singh Rathore]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |127<br /> | [[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]] <br /> | [[Ashok Gehlot]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |128<br /> |[[Jodhpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jodhpur]]<br /> |Atul Bhansali<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |129<br /> | [[Soorsagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Soorsagar]] <br /> |[[Devendra Joshi]]<br /> |-<br /> |130<br /> |[[Luni (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Luni]]<br /> |[[Jogaram Patel]]<br /> |-<br /> |133<br /> | [[Pokaran (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pokaran]] <br /> | [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]<br /> | [[Mahant Pratap Puri]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Jaswantraj Mehta]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |[[Laxmi Mall Singhvi]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |Narendra Kumar Sanghi<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |[[Krishna Kumari (regent)|Krishna Kumari]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |Ranchhordas Gattani<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Ashok Gehlot]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress ]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |[[Jaswant Singh]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ashok Gehlot]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi|Jaswant Bishnoi]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |[[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Jodhpur]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]<br /> |party= Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |votes=7,30,056<br /> |percentage=52.76<br /> |change={{down}}5.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Karan Singh Uchiyarda|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,14,379|percentage=44.40|change={{up}}6.19}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manju Meghwal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=6,395|percentage=0.46|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pappu Dan|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=654|percentage=0.05|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=10,591|percentage=0.77|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=1,15,677|percentage=8.36|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=13,83,838|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = BJP<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref name=election2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]|votes=7,88,888|percentage=58.60|change={{down}}07.48}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vaibhav Gehlot|votes=5,14,448|percentage=38.21|change={{up}}10.11}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mukul Chaudhary|votes=11,703|percentage=0.87|change=-0.38}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=11,688|percentage=0.87|change=-0.53}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 2,74,440<br /> |percentage = 20.39<br /> |change = -17.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=13,47,933|percentage=68.89|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref name=election2014&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]<br /> |votes = 7,13,515<br /> |percentage = 66.08<br /> |change = +27.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]<br /> |votes = 3,03,464<br /> |percentage = 28.10<br /> |change = -24.96<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 15,085<br /> |percentage = 1.40<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Gopa Ram Meghwal<br /> |votes = 13,511<br /> |percentage = 1.25<br /> |change = -2.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Vigyan Modi<br /> |votes = 8,552<br /> |percentage = 0.79<br /> |change = +0.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 4,10,051<br /> |percentage = 37.98<br /> |change = +23.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,78,598<br /> |percentage = 62.43<br /> |change = +17.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = +13.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]<br /> |votes = 3,61,577<br /> |percentage = 53.02 <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi]]<br /> |votes = 2,63,248<br /> |percentage = 38.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Raju Ram<br /> |votes = 23,320<br /> |percentage = 3.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party =Independent politician<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar<br /> |votes = 9,539<br /> |percentage = 1.40<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 98,329<br /> |percentage = 14.43<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 6,81,472<br /> |percentage = 45.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref name=election2004&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi]]<br /> |votes = 4,34,352<br /> |percentage = 50.22<br /> |change = -5.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Badri Ram Jakhar]]<br /> |votes = 3,91,857<br /> |percentage = 45.31<br /> |change = -6.43<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Sabir Gauri<br /> |votes = 10,363<br /> |percentage = 1.20<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Ravi Garg<br /> |votes = 8,974<br /> |percentage = 1.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Shaitan Singh Chouhan<br /> |votes = 4,682<br /> |percentage = 0.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Devilal Bheel<br /> |votes = 3,827<br /> |percentage = 0.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Mahmuda Begum Abbasi<br /> |votes = 3,118<br /> |percentage = 0.36<br /> |change = -1.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Vijay Krishna Sharma<br /> |votes = 2,684<br /> |percentage = 0.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Dungari Lal Meghwal<br /> |votes = 1,658<br /> |percentage = 0.19<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Leela Devi<br /> |votes = 1,592<br /> |percentage = 0.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Badri Ram<br /> |votes = 970<br /> |percentage = 0.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Pukhraj Meghwal<br /> |votes = 850<br /> |percentage = 0.10<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 42,495<br /> |percentage = 4.91<br /> |change = -12.41<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 8,64,927<br /> |percentage = 55.04<br /> |change = +7.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = -5.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;election1951&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election1957&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election, 1957 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election1962&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election1967&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election1971&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election1977&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election1999&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1998 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref&gt;https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/<br /> volume=1<br /> page=233&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]<br /> |votes = 3,69,780<br /> |percentage = 48.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Jaswant Singh Bishnoi<br /> |votes = 3,64,336<br /> |percentage = 47.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||<br /> |votes = 5,444<br /> |percentage = 0.71<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||<br /> |votes = 7,60,175<br /> |percentage = 58.86<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link||<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1996 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref&gt;https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/<br /> volume=1<br /> page=384&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]<br /> |votes = 2,96,543<br /> |percentage = 50.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Jaswant Singh<br /> |votes = 2,42,176<br /> |percentage = 40.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||<br /> |votes = 54,367<br /> |percentage = 9.16<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||<br /> |votes = 5,93,043<br /> |percentage = 43.34<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link||<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1991 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref&gt;https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/<br /> volume=1<br /> page=256&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]<br /> |votes = 2,75,900<br /> |percentage = 50.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Ram Narain Bishnoi<br /> |votes = 2,26,332<br /> |percentage = 41.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||<br /> |votes = 49,568<br /> |percentage = 9.15<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||<br /> |votes = 5,41,866<br /> |percentage = 47.39<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link||<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1984 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref&gt;https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4118-general-election-1984-vol-i-ii/<br /> volume=1<br /> page=200<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]<br /> |votes = 2,82,066<br /> |percentage = 61.16<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Balveer Singh<br /> |votes = 1,28,718<br /> |percentage = 27.91<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||<br /> |votes = 1,53,348<br /> |percentage = 33.25<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||<br /> |votes = 4,61,230<br /> |percentage = 55.02<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link||<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Jodhpur&lt;ref&gt;https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4117-general-election-1980-vol-i-ii/<br /> volume=1<br /> page=203&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Indian National Congress (I)<br /> |candidate = [[Ashok Gehlot]]<br /> |votes = 1,71,574<br /> |percentage = 43.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Balbir Singh Kachhwah<br /> |votes = 1,19,055<br /> |percentage = 30.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||<br /> |party = Indian National Congress (U)<br /> |candidate = Poonam Chand Vishnoi<br /> |votes = 75,296<br /> |percentage = 19.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority||<br /> |votes = 52,519<br /> |percentage = 13.41<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||<br /> |votes = 3,91,838<br /> |percentage = 54.98<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link||<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress (I)<br /> |loser = Janata Party<br /> |swing=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Jodhpur district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|26.3|73.0|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jodhpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br /> [[Category:Jodhpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(1970%E2%80%931979)&diff=512613 2026-04-27T22:50:39Z

<p>EverettePowe35: new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|List of recipients of a civilian award in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = Padma Bhushan<br /> | image = Padma Bhushan India IIe Klasse.jpg<br /> | alt = Padma Bhushan medal suspended from its riband<br /> | image_size = 100px<br /> | type = National Civilian<br /> | country = India<br /> | established = 1954<br /> | firstawarded = 1954<br /> | presenter = &lt;br/&gt;[[File:Emblem of India.svg|30px|State Emblem of India]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Government of India]]<br /> | previous = [[Padma Vibhushan]] &quot;Dusra Varg&quot; (Class II)<br /> | obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text &quot;Padma&quot; written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text &quot;Bhushan&quot; is placed below the lotus.<br /> | reverse = A platinum [[State Emblem of India]] placed in the centre with the national motto of India, &quot;[[Satyameva Jayate]]&quot; (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script<br /> | ribbon = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|100px|Padma Bhushan riband]]<br /> | higher = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Vibhushan riband]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]<br /> | lower = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]]<br /> | total_awarded = 205<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The [[Padma Bhushan]] is the third-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[India|Republic of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|title=PV Sindhu recommended for Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, by sports ministry|work=Firstpost|date=25 September 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235920/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|archive-date=26 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instituted on 2{{nbsp}}January 1954, the award is given for &quot;distinguished service of a high order&quot;, without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.&lt;ref name=award1954&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Lal|first=Shavax A.|year=1954|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=2 January 1954|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=2|quote=The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated 'Padma Vibhushan' in three classes, namely: 'Pahela Varg', 'Dusra Varg' and 'Tisra Varg'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The recipients receive a ''Sanad'', a certificate signed by the [[President of India]] and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26{{nbsp}}January) and registered in ''[[The Gazette of India]]''{{mdash}}a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]].&lt;ref name=&quot;scheme&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Scheme|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002803/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. The name of recipient, whose award have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, is archived and they are required to surrender their medal when their name is struck from the register;&lt;ref name=award1955&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Ayyar|first=N. M.|year=1955|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=15 January 1955|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=8|quote=All persons upon whom the decoration of 'Padma Vibhushan' ('Dusra Varg') was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Bhushan has been conferred by the President.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211317/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 1970–1979 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the [[State governments of India|state and the union territory governments]], as well as from [[Union Government ministries of India|Ministries of the Government of India]], the [[Bharat Ratna]] and the [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|Padma Vibhushan awardees]], the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Ministers]] and the [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of State]], and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] including private individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheme&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as &quot;Dusra Varg&quot; (Class II) under the three-tier [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15{{nbsp}}January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the [[Padma Shri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;scheme&quot;/&gt; The criteria included &quot;distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants&quot;, but excluded those working with the [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.&lt;ref name=award1955/&gt; The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion {{convert|1+3/4|in}} in diameter and {{convert|1/8|in}} thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of {{convert|1+3/16|in|adj=on}} side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter {{convert|1+1/16|in}} is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text &quot;Padma&quot; is placed above and the text &quot;Bhushan&quot; is placed below the lotus written in [[Devanagari]] script. The [[State Emblem of India]] is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, &quot;[[Satyameva Jayate]]&quot; (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text &quot;Padma Bhushan&quot; of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband {{convert|1+1/4|in}} in width with a broad white stripe in the middle.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheme&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=award1955/&gt; It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Indian civilian and military awards]].{{efn|The order of precedence is: [[Bharat Ratna]], [[Param Vir Chakra]], [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] and Padma Bhushan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&amp;ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|title=Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals|access-date=22 November 2015|publisher=Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220808/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA%3D%3D&amp;ParentID=XRRy6fl%2FYj1c0bK0sve+Pg%3D%3D|archive-date=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> As the result of the [[1977 Indian general election|6th general election]] held in March 1977, [[Morarji Desai]] was sworn in as the [[Prime Minister of India]] on 24{{nbsp}}March 1977 replacing the [[Indira Gandhi]] led government of the [[Indian National Congress]]. On 31{{nbsp}}July, the newly formed government retracted all the civilian awards including the Padma Bhushan deeming them &quot;worthless and politicized&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/The-great-Bharat-Ratna-race/articleshow/2714556.cms?|title=The great Bharat Ratna race|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2008|author=Mukul, Akshaya|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826095107/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/The-great-Bharat-Ratna-race/articleshow/2714556.cms|archive-date=26 August 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the [[1980 Indian general election|7th general election]] of 1980 Gandhi was again sworn in as the Prime Minister and all civilian awards were reinstated on 25{{nbsp}}January 1980. Consequently, this award was not presented in 1978 and 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&amp;pg=PAA248|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events &amp; Dates|author=Bhattacherje, S. B.|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|year=2009|isbn= 978-81-207-4074-7|page= A248, A253|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707174246/http://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&amp;pg=PAA248|archive-date=7 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A total of 205 awards were presented in the 1970s{{dash}} twenty-eight in 1970, followed by forty-one in 1971, fifty in 1972, seventeen in 1973, twenty-one in 1974, fifteen in 1975, sixteen in 1976 and seventeen in 1977. The Padma Bhushan in the 1970s was also conferred upon eight foreign recipients{{dash}} four from the United States, two from Italy, and one each from Belgium and the United Kingdom. Individuals from nine different fields were awarded, which includes forty-eight from literature and education, forty-three from civil services, thirty-four artists, twenty-six from science and engineering, twenty-one from social work, seventeen from medicine, twelve from trade and industry, three from public affairs, and one sportsperson. Novelist [[Khushwant Singh]], who accepted the award in 1974 in the field of literature and education, returned it in 1984 as a notion of protest against the [[Operation Blue Star]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2714615.cms|title=Those who said no to top awards|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2008|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329133839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2714615.cms|archive-date=29 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recipients ==<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; |<br /> {{Bar graph<br /> | title = Award recipients by year&lt;ref name=&quot;award70-79&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=22 March 2016|pages=37–72|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | float = right<br /> | bar_width = 12<br /> | width_units = em<br /> | data_max = 50<br /> | label_type = Year<br /> | data_type = Number of recipients<br /> | label1 = 1970<br /> | data1 = 28<br /> | label2 = 1971<br /> | data2 = 41<br /> | label3 = 1972<br /> | data3 = 50<br /> | label4 = 1973<br /> | data4 = 17<br /> | label5 = 1974<br /> | data5 = 21<br /> | label6 = 1975<br /> | data6 = 15<br /> | label7 = 1976<br /> | data7 = 16<br /> | label8 = 1977<br /> | data8 = 17<br /> | label9 = 1978<br /> | data9 = 0<br /> | label10 = 1979<br /> | data10 = 0<br /> }}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|<br /> {{Bar graph<br /> | title = Award recipients by field&lt;ref name=&quot;award70-79&quot;/&gt;<br /> | float = right<br /> | bar_width = 12<br /> | width_units = em<br /> | data_max = 50<br /> | label_type = Field<br /> | data_type = Number of recipients<br /> | label1 = Arts<br /> | data1 = 34<br /> | label2 = Civil Service<br /> | data2 = 43<br /> | label3 = Literature &amp; Education<br /> | data3 = 48<br /> | label4 = Medicine<br /> | data4 = 17<br /> | label5 = Public Affairs<br /> | data5 = 3<br /> | label6 = Science &amp; Engineering<br /> | data6 = 26<br /> | label7 = Social Work<br /> | data7 = 21<br /> | label8 = Sports<br /> | data8 = 1<br /> | label9 = Trade &amp; Industry<br /> | data9 = 12<br /> }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{Table TOC|1970|1971|1972|1973|1974|1975|1976|1977}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |+ Key<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Indicates a posthumous honour|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country&lt;ref name=&quot;award70-79&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Image<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Laureates<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Field<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | State<br /> |- id=&quot;1970&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ramkinkar|Baij}}<br /> | Arts || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | [[File:HirabaiBarodekar1937.png|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Hirabai|Barodekar}}<br /> | Arts || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | [[File:Buddhadeb_Bosu_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Buddhadeb|Bose|Buddhadeb Bosu}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|M. R.|Brahmam|nolink=1}}<br /> | Civil Service || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Amiya|Chakravarty}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|T. S. Avinashilingam|Chettiar}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Birendra Nath|Ganguli|nolink=1}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Lala Hansraj|Gupta}}<br /> | Public Affairs || Haryana<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ratan Lal|Joshi}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Gurram|Jashuva}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Narayan Sadoba|Kajrolkar}}<br /> | Social Work || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | [[File:Kumari_Kamala.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kumari|Kamala}}<br /> | Arts || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | [[File:Pkkelkar.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Purushottam Kashinath|Kelkar|P. K. Kelkar}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | [[File:Dr._M_S_Krishnan.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|M. S.|Krishnan|dab=geologist}}<br /> | Science &amp; Engineering || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Syed Abdul|Latif|dab=writer}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bhagwantrao|Mandloi}}<br /> | Public Affairs || Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Mahesh Prasad|Mehray}}<br /> | Medicine || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sombhu|Mitra}}<br /> | Arts || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Vivekananda|Mukhopadhyaya}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Krishnaswami|Ramiah}}<br /> | Science &amp; Engineering || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Gainedi A. Narasimha|Rao|link=G. A. Narasimha Rao}}<br /> | Civil Service || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Anant alias Annasaheb|Sahasrabuddhe|Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe}}<br /> | Social Work || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Surrendar|Saini}}<br /> | Social Work|| Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | [[File:Viswanatha_Satyanarayana_2017_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Viswanatha|Satyanarayana}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ahmed Jan|Thirakwa}}<br /> | Arts || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|N. M.|Wagle}}<br /> | Civil Service || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Prem Nath|Wahi}}<br /> | Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1970<br /> | [[File:Yashpal_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname||Yashpal}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Punjab<br /> |- id=&quot;1971&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|N. Ramaswami|Ayyar}}<br /> | Social Work || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Suraj|Bhan|nolink=1}}<br /> | Literature &amp; Education || Chandigarh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Gokulbhai|Bhatt}}<br /> | Social Work || Rajasthan<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Jaishankar|Bhojak}}<br /> | Arts || Gujarat<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Monindra Nath|Chakravarti|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kandathil Mammen|Cherian}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Kerala<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Jogesh Chandra|De|nolink=1}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Ramrao_Deshmukh.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ramrao|Deshmukh}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:S_Dhawan_official_Portrait_ISRO.webp|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Satish|Dhawan}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Abasaheb_Garware_2004_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bhalchandra Digambar|Garware|Abasaheb Garware}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Gangubai_Hangal_(cropped).jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Gangubai|Hangal}}<br /> |Arts || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Musiri_Subramania_Iyer_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Musiri Subramania|Iyer}}<br /> |Arts || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|P Tiruvillvamalai Seshan M.|Iyer|Palghat Mani Iyer}}<br /> |Arts || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Jainendra Kumar|Jain|Jainendra Kumar}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Mungtu Ram|Jaipuria}}<br /> |Social Work || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Veni_Shankar_Jha_VC-BHU.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Veni Shankar|Jha}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Raj_Kapoor_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Raj|Kapoor}}<br /> |Arts || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|A. Vithal alias Dhananjay|Keer|Dhananjay Keer}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Ustad_Amir_Khan_(1).jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Amir|Khan|dab=singer}}<br /> |Arts || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Nissar Hussain|Khan}}<br /> |Arts || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|P. Kalathil Kunju|Kurup|Guru Kunchu Kurup}}<br /> |Arts || Kerala<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:R._K._Laxman.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|R. K.|Laxman}}<br /> |Arts || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Shantilal Jamnadas|Mehta}}<br /> |Medicine || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ved Rattan|Mohan}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kedar Nath|Mookerjee|nolink=1}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Santosh Kumar|Mukerji|nolink=1}}<br /> |Medicine || Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bishnupada|Mukhopadhyaya}}<br /> |Medicine || Bihar<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kalindi Charan|Panigrahi}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Odisha<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Manibhai J.|Patel}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|D. K.|Pattammal}}<br /> |Arts || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Krishnarao_Phulambrikar.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Krishnarao|Phulambrikar}}<br /> |Arts || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Venkatarama_Ramalingam_Pillai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Venkatarama Ramalingam|Pillai}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Vulimiri|Ramalingaswami}}<br /> |Medicine || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Suresh Chandra|Roy}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Pandurang Vasudeo|Sukhatme}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=ITL|Indicates a citizen of Italy}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Pichu|Sambamoorthi}}<br /> |Arts || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Devchand Chhaganlal|Shah|nolink=1}}<br /> |Social Work || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Madan Mohan|Singh|nolink=1}}<br /> |Medicine || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | [[File:Bhagwati_charan_verma.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bhagwati Charan|Verma}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Parmeshwari Lal|Verma}}<br /> |Civil Service || Chandigarh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kasturi Lal|Vij|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |- id=&quot;1972&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Jagjit Singh|Aurora}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Madhavrao|Bagal}}<br /> |Social Work || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Surinder Singh|Bedi|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:General_Gopal_Gurnath_Bewoor.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Gopal Gurunath|Bewoor}}<br /> |Civil Service || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Gulestan Rustom|Billimoria}}<br /> |Social Work || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:Kunhiraman Palath Candeth-.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kunhiraman Palat|Candeth}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ram Narayan|Chakravarti}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Pran Nath|Chhutani|nolink=|link=Pran Nath Chhuttani}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Chandigarh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:Yashodhara_Dasappa.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Yashodhara|Dasappa}}<br /> |Social Work || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Maheshwar|Dayal|nolink=1}}<br /> |Social Work || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Hari Chand|Dewan}}<br /> |Civil Service || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Minoo Merwan|Engineer}}<br /> |Civil Service || Gujarat<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Benoy Bhushan|Ghosh|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Inderjit Singh|Gill}}<br /> |Civil Service || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Mohd.|Hayath|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Lakhumal Hiranand|Hiranandani}}<br /> |Medicine || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|L. A. Krishna|Iyer}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Kerala<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:Adm_SN_Kohli.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sourendra Nath|Kohli}}<br /> |Civil Service || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Jai|Krishna}}<br /> |Civil Service || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Nilakanta|Krishnan}}<br /> |Civil Service || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ashwini|Kumar|dab=sports administrator}}<br /> |Civil Service || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Pran Nath|Luthra}}<br /> |Civil Service || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Amrut V.|Mody|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|N. G. Krishna|Murti}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:T._A._Pai_photo.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|T. A.|Pai}}<br /> |Civil Service || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Vinayakrao|Patwardhan}}<br /> |Arts || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Dattatraya Yeshwant|Phadke}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kayalath Pothen|Philip|nolink=1}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:Dr._B.N_Purandare_2.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bhalchandra Nilkanth|Purandare}}<br /> |Medicine || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:General_Tapishwar_Narain_Raina.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Tapishwar Narain|Raina}}<br /> |Civil Service || Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bharat|Ram}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:Chandigarh,_India_bust_of_Dr_Randhawa_at_the_rose_garden.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Mohinder Singh|Randhawa}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Adya|Rangacharya}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|M. B. Ramachandra|Rao}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ayyagari Sambasiva|Rao|A. S. Rao}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sujoy B.|Roy}}<br /> |Medicine || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:COMMAND_OFFICE_OF_SH_K_F_RUSTAMJI,_DIRECTOR_GENERAL_BSF.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Khusro Faramurz|Rustamji}}<br /> |Civil Service || Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sirtaj Singh|Sahi|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || Chandigarh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Shantilal C.|Sheth}}<br /> |Medicine || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Baldev|Singh|dab=neurologist}}<br /> |Medicine || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Khem Karan|Singh}}<br /> |Civil Service || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sartaj|Singh|dab=general}}<br /> |Civil Service || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:GenSagat.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sagat|Singh}}<br /> |Civil Service || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:Birendranath_Sircar_2013_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Birendranath|Sircar}}<br /> |Arts || Bihar<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Papanasam|Sivan}}<br /> |Arts || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Chandrika Prasad|Srivastava}}<br /> |Civil Service ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR|Indicates a citizen of the United Kingdom}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:Monkombu_Sambasivan_Swaminathan_-_Kolkata_2013-01-07_2674.JPG|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|M. S.|Swaminathan}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Krishnaswami|Swaminathan}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bal Dattatreya|Tilak}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1972<br /> | [[File:Syed_Husain_Zaheer.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Syed Husain|Zaheer}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |- id=&quot;1973&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Om P.|Bahl}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA|Indicates a citizen of the United States}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | [[File:Chembai_1996_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|C. Vaidyanatha|Bhagavathar|Chembai}}<br /> |Arts || Kerala<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Gosasp Maneckji Sorabji|Captain|nolink=1}}<br /> |Social Work || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Harindranath|Chattopadhyay}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Banarsidas|Chaturvedi}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | [[File:MA_Muthiah_Chettiar_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|M. A. Muthiah|Chettiar}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | [[File:MFHussain.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|M. F.|Husain}}<br /> |Arts || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | [[File:PothanJoseph.tif|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot;| {{sortname|Pothan|Joseph}}{{efn-lr|[[Pothan Joseph]] died on 2 November 1972, at the age of 80.}}{{hash}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Kerala<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|N. R.|Malkani}}<br /> |Social Work || Rajasthan<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | [[File:Vinoo_Mankad_1996_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Vinoo|Mankad}}<br /> |Sports || Gujarat<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sudhir Krishna|Mukherjee|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ramakant Maheshwar|Muzumdar|R. M. Muzumdar}}<br /> |Civil Service || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Krishnarao Shankar|Pandit}}<br /> |Arts || Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Pitambar|Pant}}<br /> |Civil Service || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Vennelakanti|Raghavaiah}}<br /> |Social Work || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Raja|Ramanna}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|K.|Sukumaran|dab=journalist}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Kerala<br /> |- id=&quot;1974&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Alice|Boner}}<br /> |Arts ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=ITL|Indicates a citizen of Italy}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:Camille_Bulcke_(1909-1982).jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Camille|Bulcke}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=BLG|Indicates a citizen of Belgium}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ram Kumar|Caroli}}<br /> |Medicine || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Moti|Chandra}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:DG1.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Dhirendra Nath|Ganguly}}<br /> |Arts || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:DV_Gundappa_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|D. V.|Gundappa}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Vasant Shankar|Huzurbazar|V. S. Huzurbazar}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Chintamoni|Kar}}<br /> |Arts || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:Mogubai_Kurdikar_(cropped).png|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Mogubai|Kurdikar}}<br /> |Arts || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Jayant Pandurang|Naik}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:Habib_Rahman.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Habib|Rahman|dab=architect}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:Bommireddy_Narasimha_Reddy_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|B. N.|Reddy}}<br /> |Arts || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:John_Richardson_in_1952.gif|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|John|Richardson|dab=bishop of Car Nicobar}}<br /> |Social Work || Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:Toppur_Seethapathy_Sadasivan.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Toppur Seethapathy|Sadasivan}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:Pandit_Sukhlalji.JPG|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sukhlal|Sanghvi}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Gujarat<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:H.D.Sankalia.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Hasmukh Dhirajlal|Sankalia}}<br /> |Civil Service || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:Bhupati_Mohan_Sen.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bhupati Mohan|Sen}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Thakur Jaideva|Singh|Jaideva Singh}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> | [[File:Khushwantsingh.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Khushwant|Singh}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Arunachala|Sreenivasan}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Raman|Viswanathan}}<br /> |Medicine || Tamil Nadu<br /> |- id=&quot;1975&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | {{sortname|Begum|Akhtar}}{{efn-lr|[[Begum Akhtar]] died on 30 October 1974, at the age of 60.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhtar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/google-doodle-begum-akhtar-1059700-2017-10-07|title=Google doodle celebrates 103rd birth anniversary of renowned singer Begum Akhtar|date=7 October 2017|access-date=26 March 2018|publisher=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326203006/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/google-doodle-begum-akhtar-1059700-2017-10-07|archive-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{Hash}}<br /> |Arts || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Dilbagh Singh|Athwal}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Asima|Chatterjee}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Madhav Sadashiv|Gore}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Pratul Chandra|Gupta}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|P. Krishnagopala|Iyengar|P. K. Iyengar}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Darab Jehangir|Jussawala}}<br /> |Medicine || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Raj Kumar|Khanna|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Pancheti|Koteswaram}}<br /> |Civil Service || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> | [[File:Prof_Mirashi_26_Oct_1945.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Vasudev Vishnu|Mirashi}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> | [[File:Balai_Chand_Mukhopadhyay_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Balai Chand|Mukhopadhyay}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Bihar<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kirpal Singh|Narang}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|P. Ardeshir|Narielwala|nolink=1}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade|Noronha}}<br /> |Civil Service || Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> |<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Ratan|Shastri}}<br /> |Social Work || Rajasthan<br /> |- id=&quot;1976&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | [[File:Malcolm S. Adiseshiah.tif|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Malcolm|Adiseshiah}}<br /> |Civil Service || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | [[File:Harivansh_Rai_Bachchan_2003_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Harivansh Rai|Bachchan}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Nabakanta|Barua}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Assam<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Naoroji Pirojsha|Godrej|Naval Godrej}}<br /> |Trade &amp; Industry || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Laxmanshastri Balaji|Joshi}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Zehra Ali Yavar|Jung}}<br /> |Social Work || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | [[File:Mallikarjun_Mansur.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Mallikarjun|Mansur}}<br /> |Arts || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Shri Ram|Mehta|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | [[File:Yash_Pal_049.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Yash|Pal}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Punjab<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | [[File:Bhogilal_Pandya.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bhogilal|Pandya}}<br /> |Social Work || Rajasthan<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | [[File:U_R_Rao_(cropped).jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Udupi Ramachandra|Rao}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Krishnaswami Srinivas|Sanjivi}}<br /> |Medicine || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Devulapalli|Krishnasastri}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Devendra|Sen|nolink=1}}<br /> |Civil Service || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Calambur|Sivaramamurti|C. Sivaramamurti}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1976<br /> | [[File:ECG_Sudarshan.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|E. C. George|Sudarshan}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}<br /> |- id=&quot;1977&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Gopinath|Aman}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | [[File:Pruthvisinh_azad_bust_at_bhavnagar_3.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Prithvi Singh|Azad}}<br /> |Public Affairs || Chandigarh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | [[File:Harish-Chandra_4.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Harish|Chandra|Harish-Chandra}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education ||{{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | [[File:Rajan,_TN_Krishnan_and_Kumar_Gandharva_(cropped).jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kumar|Gandharva}}<br /> |Arts || Madhya Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | [[File:Phulrenu_Guha_(cropped).jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Phulrenu|Guha}}<br /> |Social Work || West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | [[File:Jagmohan.jpg|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname||Jagmohan}}<br /> |Civil Service || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Kailas Nath|Kaul}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Yousuf Hussain|Khan}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | [[File:C_Krishnan_Nair.png|70px]]<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Chackachanveedu Krishnan|Nair|C. Krishnan Nair}}<br /> |Social Work || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|K. S.|Narayanaswamy}}<br /> |Arts || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Paramsukh J.|Pandya|nolink=1}}<br /> |Arts || Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |{{sortname|Balasubramaniam|Ramamurthi}}<br /> |Medicine || Tamil Nadu<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Perugu Siva|Reddy}}<br /> |Medicine || Andhra Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Annapurna Ravi|Shankar|Annapurna Devi}}<br /> |Arts || Uttar Pradesh<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Yudhvir|Singh}}<br /> |Social Work || Delhi<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Mysore Narasimhachar|Srinivas|M. N. Srinivas}}<br /> |Science &amp; Engineering || Karnataka<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1977<br /> | <br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|T. P.|Meenakshisundaram}}<br /> |Literature &amp; Education || Tamil Nadu<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Explanatory notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ;Non-citizen recipients<br /> {{notelist-ua|2}}<br /> <br /> ;Posthumous recipients<br /> {{notelist-lr|2}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/}}<br /> * {{cite web|title=Awards and medals|url=http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=5 February 2016|access-date=10 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002905/http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|archive-date=9 February 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–1979}}<br /> <br /> {{featured list}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Padma Bhushan Awards (1970-79)}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of Padma Bhushan award recipients|1970-79]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_India_Confederation_of_SC/ST_Organisations&diff=485591 2026-04-26T18:38:01Z

<p>EverettePowe35: new some data from scratch - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = All India Parisangh<br /> | full_name = All India Confederation of SC/ST Organizations<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- organization's name in its local language --&gt;<br /> | native_name_lang = &lt;!-- required ISO 639-1 code of the above native language --&gt;<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = &lt;!-- see [[WP:ALT]] --&gt;<br /> | caption = Huge crowd gathering at Ramlila maidan to attend Maha-Rally organized by All India Confederation of SC/ST Organizations (A.I.C.S.S.O.) held on: 8 Dec 2014<br /> | map = &lt;!-- map image --&gt;<br /> | map_size = &lt;!-- defaults to 250px --&gt;<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map2 = &lt;!-- 2nd map image, if required --&gt;<br /> | map2_size = <br /> | map2_alt = <br /> | map2_caption = <br /> | abbreviation = AICSSO<br /> | nickname = <br /> | pronunciation = <br /> | pronounce_ref = <br /> | pronounce_comment = <br /> | named_after = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | merged_into = &lt;!-- any other organization(s) which it was merged into --&gt;<br /> | successor = <br /> | formation = &lt;!-- or |established = --&gt;&lt;!-- use {{start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | founder = [[Udit Raj]]<br /> | founding_location = <br /> | dissolved = &lt;!-- or |defunct = --&gt;&lt;!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | merger = &lt;!-- other organizations (if any) merged with, to constitute the new organization --&gt;<br /> | type = &lt;!-- e.g., [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], etc. --&gt;<br /> | tax_id = &lt;!-- or |vat_id = (for European organizations) --&gt;<br /> | registration_id = &lt;!-- for non-profits --&gt;<br /> | status = &lt;!-- legal status and/or description (company, charity, foundation, etc.) --&gt;<br /> | purpose = &lt;!-- or |focus = --&gt;&lt;!-- humanitarian, activism, peacekeeping, etc. --&gt;<br /> | professional_title = &lt;!-- for professional associations --&gt;<br /> | headquarters = New Delhi<br /> | location = India<br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> | origins = <br /> | region_served = &lt;!-- or |area_served = or |region = --&gt;<br /> | products = &lt;!-- or |product = --&gt;<br /> | services = <br /> | methods = &lt;!-- or |method = --&gt;<br /> | fields = &lt;!-- or |field = --&gt;<br /> | num_members = &lt;!-- number of members --&gt;<br /> | num_members_year = &lt;!-- year to which membership numbers/data apply --&gt;<br /> | language = &lt;!-- or |languages = --&gt;&lt;!-- any official language or languages used --&gt;<br /> | owner = &lt;!-- or |owners = --&gt;<br /> | secretary_general = &lt;!-- or |gen_sec for General Secretary --&gt;<br /> | leader_title = &lt;!-- defaults to &quot;Leader&quot; --&gt;<br /> | leader_name = Udit Raj<br /> | leader_title2 = <br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title3 = <br /> | leader_name3 = <br /> | leader_title4 = <br /> | leader_name4 = <br /> | board_of_directors = <br /> | key_people = <br /> | main_organ = &lt;!-- or |publication = --&gt;&lt;!-- organization's principal body (assembly, committee, board, etc.) or publication --&gt;<br /> | parent_organization = &lt;!-- or |parent_organisation = --&gt;<br /> | subsidiaries = <br /> | secessions = <br /> | affiliations = <br /> | budget = <br /> | budget_year = <br /> | revenue = <br /> | revenue_year = <br /> | disbursements = <br /> | expenses = <br /> | expenses_year = <br /> | endowment = <br /> | endowment_year = <br /> | funding = &lt;!-- source of funding e.g. for &quot;think tanks&quot; --&gt;<br /> | num_staff = <br /> | num_staff_year = <br /> | num_volunteers = <br /> | num_volunteers_year = <br /> | num_students = <br /> | num_students_year = <br /> | awards = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.aiparisangh.com/}}<br /> | remarks = <br /> | former_name = &lt;!-- or |former_name = --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | bodystyle = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''All India Confederation of SC/ST Organization,''' also known as '''All India Parisangh''', is a caste-based organisation formed in 1997 under the leadership of [[Udit Raj]], the national chairman of the confederation. Confederation organises non-political rallies every year since 1997, to continue their demand from the government for reservation, ban on contract system, promotion among other things.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2014.Call_for_Dignity_and_Rights_of_SCST_20141202|title = Call for Dignity and Rights of SCST 20141202}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/udit-raj-to-be-part-of-scst-maha-rally/article6613646.ece|title=Udit Raj to be part of SC/ST 'Maha Rally'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 November 2014|last1=Ashok|first1=Sowmiya}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Maha-Rallies ==<br /> The All India Confederation of SC/ST Organizations called for Maha-Rally (Grand Meeting) under the chairmanship of [[Udit Raj|Dr. Udit Raj]] (Member of Parliament, Lok-Sabha), It was the 17th Maha-Rally held on 8 December 2014, at Ramlila Maidan, Ajmeri Gate in [[New Delhi]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> [[File:Satish upadhyay nitin gadkari with uditraj.jpg|200px|thumb|right| Shri. Satish Upadhyay,[President, BJP, Delhi State], Shri. Nitin Gadkari (Minister of Transport), with Dr. Udit Raj, [National Chairman, All India Confederation of SC/ST Organizations/MP (Lok Sabha)], During Maha-Rally of All India Confederation of SC/ST Organizations at Ramlila Maidan, New Delhi held on 8.12.2014]]<br /> <br /> ===Agenda of Maha-Rally===<br /> The main objective of maha-rally was to remind the government for the needs of reserved categories (mainly [[Dalit|Dalits]]) of SC/ST.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}<br /> <br /> === Major Demands of Confederation ===<br /> Demands for reservation in promotion, to readdress the grievances of SC/ST, passing of Bill to strengthen the SC/ST Prevention of [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Atrocities ACT 1989]]; Allocation of the budget under the special ban on contract system in safai karamchari work, to regularizing the safai karamcharie's and their time-bound promotion, to have SC/ST organizations to be recognized by government departments, Right of equal education to Dalits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/scst-reservations-chalo-new-delhi-on-november-26/article3644633.ece|title = SC/ST reservations: &quot;Chalo New Delhi&quot; on November 26|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 16 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other Movements of Confederation===<br /> Due to the racial hate against North-East people residing in Delhi and NCR, in the year 2007, National chairman Dr. Udit Raj held patronage to provide on-spot assistance by establishing North East Support Center &amp; Helpline to the person who is getting victimized by racial haters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Opinion_on_Racial_Discrimination.North_East_Racial_Attack_Can_It_Be_Stopped_By_Madhu_Chandra|title = North East Racial Attack Can It be Stopped by Madhu Chandra}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Jammu on 13 July 2014, the National Chairman of the confederation stressed that the deprived sections of our society must be allowed in private business houses by providing them reservations. He insisted on this statement that, &quot;We cannot achieve a strong nation where there is a bipolarity between the people at the economic and social level.&quot;<br /> <br /> In November 2012 confederation decided to organize a movement of &quot; Chalo Dilli (March to Delhi)&quot;, where over 35 indigenous SC/ST organizations extended their support to the confederation. Mr. Maheshwar Raj, visited [[Godavarikhani]] coal belt urging people from deprived sections to support for &quot;Chalo Dilli&quot; movement. The indigenous leaders S.Kumar, Rammurthy helped with his strategies for the success of the program.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dr-udit-raj-stresses-reservation-deprived-sections-private-sector/|title=Dr Udit Raj stresses for reservation to deprived sections in private sector|date=13 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Maharally on 7 December 2015'''<br /> The confederation organized its 18th Maharally on 7 December 2015. It mainly focused on the demand for the 117th constitutional amendment bill for Reservations in Promotions to be passed and Reservations to be also given in the Private sector. Dr. Udit Raj also reprimanded Justice J.B.Pardiwala of Gujarat High court who said that 'Reservations and corruption have destroyed the country' in one of his judgments earlier that month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://4yrdu.com/2013/05/06/press-release-by-udit-raj-national-chairman-of-all-india-confederation-of-scst-organizations-and-indian-justice-party-2/ |title=Press Release by Udit Raj, national chairman of All India Confederation of SC/ST Organizations and Indian Justice Party &amp;#124; 4 year graduation at DU |website=4yrdu.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104190452/http://4yrdu.com/2013/05/06/press-release-by-udit-raj-national-chairman-of-all-india-confederation-of-scst-organizations-and-indian-justice-party-2/ |archive-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Twitter | aiparisangh | All India Parisangh}}<br /> *{{Facebook | All-India-Confederation-of-SCST-Organisations-367126110286371 | All India Parisangh}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:All India Confederation of SC ST Organizations}}<br /> [[Category:Political organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:1997 establishments in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1997]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijay_Bishnoi&diff=544371 2026-04-24T21:05:41Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up first post more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1964)}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Vijay Bishnoi<br /> | office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<br /> | image = Justice Vijay Bishnoi.jpg<br /> | nominator = [[B. R. Gavai]]<br /> | appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br /> | term_start = 30 May 2025<br /> | term_end =<br /> | office1 = 42nd Chief Justice of [[Gauhati High Court]]<br /> | term_start1 = 5 February 2024<br /> | term_end1 = 29 May 2025<br /> | nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]<br /> | appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br /> | predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Sandeep Mehta]]|[[Lanusungkum Jamir|L. Jamir]] {{small|(acting)}}}}<br /> | successor1 = {{ubl|[[Ashutosh Kumar]]|[[Lanusungkum Jamir|L. Jamir]] {{small|(acting)}}}}<br /> | office2 = Judge of the [[Rajasthan High Court]]<br /> | term_start2 = 8 January 2013<br /> | term_end2 = 4 February 2024<br /> | nominator2 = [[Altamas Kabir]]<br /> | appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|3|26|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Jodhpur]] <br /> }}<br /> '''Vijay Bishnoi''' (born 26 March 1964) is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bawa |first=Anmol Kaur |date=2025-05-30 |title=Justices NV Anjaria, Vijay Bishnoi and AS Chandurkar Take Oath As Supreme Court Judges |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/justices-nv-anjaria-vijay-bishnoi-and-as-chandurkar-take-oath-as-supreme-court-judges-293798 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He previously served as the 42nd chief justice of [[Gauhati High Court]] from 2024 to 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 December 2023 |title=Top Court Recommends Vijay Bishnoi As New CJ Of Gauhati High Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/top-court-recommends-vijay-bishnoi-as-new-cj-of-gauhati-high-court/articleshow/106391626.cms |access-date=30 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-12-28 |title=Supreme Court Collegium recommends CJs to five HCs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-cjs-to-five-hcs/article67684694.ece |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a former judge of the [[Rajasthan High Court]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-02-06 |title=Vijay Bishnoi sworn in as Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vijay-bishnoi-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-gauhati-high-court/article67816587.ece |access-date=2024-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> Bishnoi was born on 26 March 1964 in Jodhpur. He enrolled as an advocate on 8 July 1989. He practiced at the Rajasthan High Court and the Central Administrative Tribunal at Jodhpur in wide range of areas such as civil, criminal, Constitutional, service, election cases etc. He served as Additional Central Govt. Standing Counsel during the years 2000 - 2004 ; as counsel for various Departments in the government of Rajasthan.<br /> <br /> He was appointed as additional judge of the Rajasthan High Court on 8 January 2013 and was confirmed as a permanent judge of the Rajasthan High Court on 7 January 2015.<br /> <br /> He was appointed as the Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court and took oath as the chief justice of Gauhati High Court on 5 February 2024.<br /> <br /> On 26 May 2025, the Supreme Court collegium led by CJI [[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]] recommended his appointment as judge of Supreme Court of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Justice Vijay Bishnoi set to be Supreme Court Judge |url=https://www.thelawadvice.com/news/justice-vijay-bishnoi-to-be-supreme-court-judge |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.thelawadvice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-05-26 |title=Supreme Court Collegium recommends three judges to top court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-three-judges-to-top-court/article69621432.ece |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; This recommendation was cleared by central government and he was sworn in as Judge of Supreme Court on 30 May 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Suchitra Kalyan |date=2025-05-29 |title=UOI notifies appointment of three new judges to SC; strength rises to 34 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/29/uoi-notifies-appointment-of-three-new-judges-to-sc-strength-rises-to-34 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ratna |date=2025-05-29 |title=Centre notifies appointment of Justices NV Anjaria, Vijay Bishnoi and Atul S Chandurkar as Supreme Court judges |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justices-nv-anjaria-vijay-bishnoi-and-atul-s-chandurkar-as-supreme-court-judges |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-05-30 |title=Meet the 3 new Supreme Court judges to take oath today: Justices NV Anjaria, Vijay Bishnoi and AS Chandurkar {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/meet-the-3-new-supreme-court-judges-who-took-oath-today-justices-nv-anjaria-vijay-bishnoi-and-as-chandurkar-cji-gavai-11748572023256.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530032814/https://www.livemint.com/news/meet-the-3-new-supreme-court-judges-who-took-oath-today-justices-nv-anjaria-vijay-bishnoi-and-as-chandurkar-cji-gavai-11748572023256.html |archive-date=2025-05-30 |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bishnoi, Vijay}}<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]<br /> <br /> {{India-law-bio-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muradnagar_railway_station&diff=519134 2026-04-18T07:23:35Z

<p>EverettePowe35: new a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Muradnagar railway station<br /> | name_lang = en<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | type = [[Indian Railways]] station&lt;br /&gt;Passenger station<br /> | image = File:Muradnagar Railway Station.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Muradnagar railway station.<br /> | address = [[Muradnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | country = {{flagu|India}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28.75971|77.507484|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|221|m|ft}}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br /> | tracks = <br /> | structure = Standard (on-ground station)<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = <br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | status = Functioning<br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = MUD<br /> | zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br /> | division = {{rwd|Delhi}}<br /> }}<br /> | opened = <br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | former = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways<br /> |line=Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line|left=Duhai Halt|right=Modinagar}}<br /> | map_type = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | map_dot_label = Muradnagar railway station<br /> | map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh<br /> | image_size = <br /> | line = <br /> | other = Auto stand<br /> | platform = 2<br /> | accessible = <br /> | route_map = {{Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line|inline=1}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Muradnagar railway station''' (code: MUD) is a railway station in [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh]]. It serves [[Muradnagar]] city. The station has two platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/news/1544/2575| title=MUD/Muradnagar| website=India Rail Info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Muradnagar station is on the [[Meerut City railway station|Meerut City]]-[[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad]] line. Express trains do not halt at this station. Only local passenger trains halt in Muradnagar Railway Station.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Ghaziabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi railway division]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagawara_metro_station&diff=519883 2026-04-14T03:08:03Z

<p>EverettePowe35: new a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink &amp; Blue Lines}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Nagawara<br /> | type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink|line2=Blue}}<br /> | style = Namma Metro<br /> | image = Nagawara metro station (Oct '24).jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = Under Construction of Nagawara metro station under [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] as of October 2024<br /> | address = 5th Block, Ashwath Nagar, HBR Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560045<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.04051|77.62466|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = Underground ([[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]), [[Elevated]] ([[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]) &amp; [[Double track]] x2<br /> | platform = [[Island platform]] &lt;small&gt;''(TBC)''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{font color|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}}&lt;br&gt;{{font color|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}|Platform-2}} → Train Terminates Here&lt;br&gt;[[Side platform]] &lt;small&gt;''(TBC)''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{font color|blue|Platform-3}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}&lt;br&gt;{{font color|blue|Platform-4}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;''Platform numbers (TBC)''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = 4 '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | tracks = 4 '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | connections = {{rint|bus|1}} Nagawara Junction Bus Stop<br /> | parking = '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | bicycle = <br /> | baggage_check = <br /> | opened = <br /> | opening = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}}} {{start date and age|December 2026|df=y}} &lt;small&gt;'''''(TBC)'''''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} {{start date and age|December 2027|df=yes}} &lt;small&gt;'''''(TBC)'''''&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | status = Under Construction<br /> | code = '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br /> | architect = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}}} ITD Cementation India Ltd.&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} Nagarjuna Construction Company (NCC)<br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | wifi = <br /> | zone = <br /> | smartcardname = <br /> | smartcardstatus = <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=|to-left1=Nagawara|note-mid1=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right1=Kadugundanahalli|to-right1=|line2=Blue|left2=HBR Layout|to-left2=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2027)''|right2=Veerannapalya|to-right2=KIAL Terminals}}<br /> | route_map = {{BMR Pink line}} {{BMR Blue Line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> '''Nagawara''' is an upcoming important underground northern terminal metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Pink Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-Pink-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and upcoming elevated metro station on the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This metro station will be an [[Interchange station|interchange]] metro station between [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] and [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]].<br /> <br /> This metro station will consist of the main '''Nagawara Junction''' which leads to [[Thanisandra]], [[Yelahanka]] in the northside, [[Kalyan Nagar]], [[Krishnarajapuram]] in the eastside, [[Bangalore East railway station|Bangalore East]], [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bangalore Cantonment]] in the southside and [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]], [[Yeswanthpur]] in the westside. It will also include prime locations like MSR Elements Mall, Bhartiya City and [[Manyata Embassy Business Park]].<br /> <br /> As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase ('''Pink Line'''), covering the total distance of 13.8&amp;nbsp;km stretch ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - '''Nagawara''') is expected to be operational around ''December 2026'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and under the Phase 2B, covering the stretch of 11.35 km ([[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]] - [[Hebbala metro station|Hebbala]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2027'' (under '''Blue Line''').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by Q2 of 2024 / March 2025 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by Q2 of 2024 / March 2025: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L&amp;T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A &amp; 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail &amp; Metro Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Pink Line ===<br /> In June 2017, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for constructing the Nagawara metro station along the 4.59&amp;nbsp;km Shadi Mahal Ramp - North Ramp stretch of the 21.25&amp;nbsp;km [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] of Namma Metro. In November 2019, ITD Cementation India emerged as the lowest bidder for this stretch which aligned closely with the original estimate, thus leading to successful award for this company. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=ITD Cem Begins Work on Bangalore Metro's Underground Stations |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/09/02/itd-cem-begins-work-on-bangalore-metros-underground-stations/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Unlike other underground stations on the Pink Line, Nagawara station features a different design. Typically, both the concourse level (ticketing and security area) and the train platforms are located underground. However, at Nagawara, BMRCL chose to construct the concourse level at ground level (at grade), while keeping the train platforms underground. The primary reason for this decision was due to the presence of a Rajakaluve (stormwater drain) near the northern end and make it easier for future expansion if it takes place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lalitha |first=S. |date=2024-09-06 |title=At ground level and underground, Nagawara to be unique Metro station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Sep/06/at-ground-level-and-underground-nagawara-to-be-unique-metro-station |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Blue Line ===<br /> On November 17, 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the metro station, part of the 11&amp;nbsp;km Reach 2B – Package 1 (Krishnarajapura - Kempapura) of the 37.692&amp;nbsp;km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14, 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line's Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro's Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Nagawara One ===<br /> Nagawara one is a under construction commercial complex on top of the underground station. The commercial complex is expected to be of four floors with a toal area of 27,000 square meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Station layout==<br /> '''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed''''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Bengaluru Metro: Track-Laying Work Is Expected To Complete By Second Half Of 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/bengaluru-metro-track-laying-work-is-expected-to-complete-by-second-half-of-2024-8594523.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = Nagawara track layout '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = ENDEa\ENDEa<br /> PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here<br /> *'''P#'''\PSTR(L)!~STRg\PSTR(R)!~STRf\*'''P#'''<br /> PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Kadugundanahalli metro station|Kadugundanahalli]] **<br /> HSTg\HSTf<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and one Island platform&lt;br/&gt;** '''Under Construction'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|'''M'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|Mezzanine<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=85|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}&gt;'''Platform #'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Southbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Kadugundanahalli metro station|Kadugundanahalli]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}&gt;'''Platform #'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Northbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; |Towards ← Train Terminates Here<br /> |}<br /> '''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = Nagawara track layout '''''(TBC)'''''<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|HBR Layout}} **<br /> vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa<br /> \PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Veerannapalya}} **<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and two side platforms&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''L1'''<br /> |valign=top|Mezzanine<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}&gt;'''Platform #'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Eastbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[HBR Layout metro station|HBR Layout]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}&gt;'''Platform #'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Westbound'''&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Veerannapalya metro station|Veerannapalya]]&lt;/small&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; colspan=2 align=center|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85|<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Bangalore]]<br /> *[[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br /> *[[Transport in Karnataka]]<br /> *[[List of metro systems]]<br /> *[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br /> *[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]<br /> {{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website<br /> * [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br /> {{Namma Metro|pink line=yes|blue line=yes}}<br /> __FORCETOC__<br /> <br /> [[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrikkandiyoor&diff=541183 2026-04-14T00:49:23Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up initial article from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Location map|Kerala<br /> |width = <br /> |float = right<br /> |caption = Location of Thrikkandiyoor<br /> |label = Thrikkandiyoor<br /> |lat_deg = 10.905632578243557<br /> |lon_deg = 75.92384681396777<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Thrikkandiyoor''' is a village in [[Tirur]] Block in [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]] state in [[India]]. The village is known for a Shiva Temple located at the heart of the village. Devotees of Shiva believe that the idol in the temple was installed by [[Parashurama]], the creator of Kerala. It is also believed that this is one of the 108 temples in Kerala constructed under the directions of [[Parashurama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trikandiyur Shiva Temple at Tirur |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/trikandiyur-shiva-temple-malappuram/35 |website=www.keralatourism.org |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=14 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another feature of the temple is that there is a clean pond facing the temple, and the area of pond is exactly equal to area of the temple land. The village is adjacent to [[Tirur]] Municipal Town and the Shiva temple is located about 2&amp;nbsp;km to the south of [[Tirur]] Railway Station. [[Thunchan Parambu]], the birthplace of [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchath Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]], is located in Tirur Town.<br /> <br /> ==Historical importance==<br /> <br /> Although Thrikkandiyoor is now a sleepy village with village folks living out their daily uneventful days, a few centuries ago the village and the surrounding villages were the center of great intellectual activities. The location of [[Thunchan Parambu]], the birthplace of [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan|Thunchath Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] (fl. 16th century), who is considered to be the father of Malayalam language, bears testimony to this claim. The legendary poet and grammarian [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] (1560 – 1646) was also a son of these areas.<br /> <br /> The Thrikkandiyoor village has a prominent place in the history of [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]. Many of the much admired and highly celebrated members of the school flourished in the village or in the immediate geographical areas surrounding the village. The most famous of them all was [[Nilakantha Somayaji|Kelallur Nilakantha Somayaji]] (1444 - 1545), author of several treatises on astronomy including his magnum opus ''[[Tantrasamgraha]]''. His family house has been traced to the present Etamana house occupied by distant relations after the extinction of<br /> Nilakantha's family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=George Gheverghese Joseph |title=A Passage to Infinity |date=2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |location=New Delhi |page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kim Plofker |author-link=Kim Plofker |title=Mathematics in India |title-link=Mathematics in India (book) |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jyeṣṭhadeva]] (c.1500 – c.1575), author of [[Yuktibhasa]], was a [[Nambudiri]] belonging to the Parangngottu family which still exists in the vicinity of Trikkandiyur. [[Yuktibhasa]] has a unique place in the history of mathematics in the whole of India. Firstly, it is a technical book on astronomy and mathematics composed completely in the local language, pure and simple Malayalam. Secondly, it is the first and perhaps the only book on mathematics in a local language which contains complete proofs of all the results stated therein. Thirdly, many of the results stated in the book were discovered in Europe only at least two centuries after Yuktibhasa was composed. Nilakantha Somayaji's student [[Sankara Variar]] (c.1500 - c.1560) was also a prominent member of the Kerala school who flourished in Thrikkandiyoor even though his family was employed in the service of a temple at Thrikkutaveli near [[Ottappalam]]. Variar's works include a commentary on Nilakantha Somayaji's Tantrasamgraha, a partial commentary on Bhaskara II's Lilavati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;/&gt; Another prominent member of the school who flourished in Thrikkandiyoor was [[Achyutha Pisharadi]] (1550 - 1621) who was a pupil of [[Jyeshthadeva]]. His ten or so astronomical works include one composed in 1593. Achyutha Pisharadi was also a teacher of the famous poet and grammarian [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] (1560 – 1646). He was the first known Indian astronomer to specify the conversion of planetary motion on an inclined orbit to motion on the ecliptic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kim&quot;/&gt; There were several astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala who lived and worked not far away from Thrikkandiyoor. The greatest of them all was [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] (c.1340 - c.1425) who is believed to have lived in [[Kudallur]], a village about 25&amp;nbsp;km south-east of Thrikkandiyur. [[Parameshvara Nambudiri]] (1380 – 1460), the promulgator of the [[Drig system|Drgganita]] system of astronomical computations hailed from Alathiyur, a village about 6&amp;nbsp;km from Thrikkandiyoor. P. P. Divakaran in his scholar work ''The mathematics in India'' writes:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=P. P. Divakaran |title=The Mathematics of India: Concepts, Methods, Connections |date=2018 |publisher=Springer/Hindustan Book Agency |page=258}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> :&quot;From such circumstantial evidence, historians have been able to piece together an uninterrupted transmission line of teacher to student, from Madhava, born in mid-14th century, to Achyuta (Acyuta Pis.¯arat.i) whose death around 1620 marks a natural termination point for the line. (There were a few others who carried the torch until later, down to the beginning of the 19th century, but they added little original to their legacy). As remarkable as the longevity of the line is the fact that all of them were born, and learned and taught their mathematics, in a handful of villages – Trikkandiyur, Alattiyur, Triprangode and Shukapuram – each a short walk from the other (and from the river). Such a concentration of mathematical talent over a long two centuries and a half was unprecedented, in India or elsewhere, and not to be duplicated until the great university towns of Europe took to mathematical scholarship.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala School}}<br /> {{Malappuram district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Tirur area]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Kashmir_Convocation_Complex&diff=542678 2026-04-12T21:34:27Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up new details and citations.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Auditorium complex in the University of Kashmir}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox venue<br /> | name = Kashmir University Convocation Complex<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | logo_image = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | image = University Convocation Complex, University of Kashmir.png<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = University Convocation Complex, University of Kashmir<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|34|7|46|N|74|50|15.22|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}<br /> <br /> | address = [[Hazratbal]], [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<br /> | location = Hazratbal Campus<br /> | owner = [[University of Kashmir]]<br /> | operator = Directorate of Convocation Complex<br /> | built = 1981<br /> | opened = 7 July 2007<br /> | cost = {{Indian Rupee}} 8 Crores [[Indian Rupee|INR]]<br /> | website = http://ucc.uok.edu.in<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''[[University of Kashmir]] Convocation Complex''' is a multi-purpose auditorium complex located inside the main campus of [[University of Kashmir]]. It is one of the largest auditorium facilities not only in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, but in the whole of [[North India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last = Wani|first=Arif Shafi|title=Forget SKICC, KU's Convocation Complex to be biggest in north India|newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]]|location=Srinagar|date=2007-05-14|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2007/May/14/forget-skicc-ku-s-convocation-complex-to-be-biggest-in-north-india-61.asp|access-date=2012-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Complex is spread over an area of 25,000 sq ft and conveniently accessible from two of the gates of University Campus; Sir Syed Gate and Maulana Rumi Gate. It has a seating capacity of 2500 persons.<br /> <br /> The Complex was constructed by University Construction Division with assistance from Kadiri Consultants, [[Mumbai]] and Construction Engineers, [[Srinagar]].<br /> <br /> The first director to head the Directorate of Convocation Complex was Dr. S Mufeed Ahmed of the Business School, University of Kashmir. Dr Nisar Ahmad Mir is currently Director of the Complex.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Convocation Complex, University of Kashmir |url=https://ucc.uok.edu.in/Main/Message.aspx?Type=HeadMessage |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=ucc.uok.edu.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Sensing the need for such a facility,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kashmir University to have its convocation complex |work=[[Oneindia.in]] |date=2007-03-06 |url=http://news.oneindia.in/2007/03/06/kashmir-https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Convocation_Complex&amp;action=edituniversity-to-have-its-convocation-complex-1173182285.html }}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; work on the University Convocation Complex commenced on 7 November 1981 when the foundation stone of the multi-Crore project was laid by then [[Chief Minister]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu &amp; Kashmir]], [[Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah]]. Soon after, the construction work remained suspended for several years due to technical reasons.<br /> <br /> Work on the Complex however resumed in February 2004 after a peer team from the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] while on an on-site visit suggested that the completion of the Complex be undertaken. The university's Construction Division with the help of Kadiri Consultants, Mumbai and Construction Engineers, Srinagar went on to complete the Complex and it was finally thrown open on 4 July 2007 by Lt Gen (Retd.) S K Sinha, who was then Chancellor of the University of Kashmir.<br /> <br /> == Construction ==<br /> Construction of this complex cost {{Indian Rupee}} 8 crores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070623/real1.htm#4 | title=Valley's biggest auditorium | date=2007-06-23 | access-date=17 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Noted visitors to the complex==<br /> * Former [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]]&lt;ref name=PTI&gt;{{cite news|title=Pranab to visit Jammu and Kashmir for three days|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Pranab-to-visit-Jammu-and-Kashmir-for-three-days/SP-Article1-935568.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926075606/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Pranab-to-visit-Jammu-and-Kashmir-for-three-days/SP-Article1-935568.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2012|access-date=10 April 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=25 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *Former [[President of India]], [[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bukhari|first=Shujaat|title=Building a future of hope for J&amp;K a collective endeavour|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Srinagar|date=2008-05-27|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/27/stories/2008052755041000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529161632/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/27/stories/2008052755041000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-29|access-date=2012-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Vice-President of India|Vice President of India]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmiruniversity.net/convocation/3.pdf|title=Convocation Address by Shri M Hamid Ansari|year=2009|access-date=2012-01-04|archive-date=12 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012055012/http://kashmiruniversity.net/convocation/3.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]], [[Jairam Ramesh]]&lt;ref name=himayat&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ilfsets.com/news/2011/Dec/himayat|title=Project Himayat launched in Kashmir|work=[[IL&amp;FS]]|date=2011-12-17|access-date=2012-01-04|archive-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424125523/http://www.ilfsets.com/news/2011/Dec/himayat/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Former Chairman of the Prime Minister's [[Economic Advisory Council]], [[C. Rangarajan]]&lt;ref name=himayat /&gt;<br /> *Former [[Governors of India|Governor]] of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CUs POSE CHALLENGE TO STATE UNIVERSITIES: VOHRA|newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]]|location=Srinagar|date=2010-05-27 |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/May/27/cus-pose-challenge-to-state-universities-vohra-49.asp|access-date=2012-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Former [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Omar Abdullah]]&lt;ref name=himayat /&gt;<br /> *Former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Mufti Muhammad Sayeed]]<br /> *[[Jagjit Singh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jagjit Singh enthralls ghazal lovers in Kashmir|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Jagjit-Singh-enthralls-ghazal-lovers-in-Kashmir/articleshow/8168308.cms|access-date=11 January 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=5 May 2011|agency=IANS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[A. G. Noorani|A G Noorani]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A G Noorani to release Rising Kashmir|url=http://www.merinews.com/clogArticle/a-g-noorani-to-release-rising-kashmir-130908|access-date=11 January 2012|newspaper=merinews|date=9 March 2008}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Directors of the Complex==<br /> <br /> *Prof. Sheikh Mufeed Ahmad (2007 to 2011)<br /> *Dr. Muhammad Shafi Sumbli (2011 to August 2018)<br /> *Mr. Altaf Ahmad Bhat (September 2018 - incumbent)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[University of Kashmir]]<br /> * [[Srinagar]]<br /> * [[Hazratbal]]<br /> * [[Dal Lake]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://ucc.uok.edu.in University Convocation Complex Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081028/http://ucc.uok.edu.in/ |date=26 April 2012 }}<br /> *[http://www.kashmiruniversity.net University of Kashmir Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023192747/http://www.kashmiruniversity.net/ |date=23 October 2008 }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:University and college buildings completed in 2007]]<br /> [[Category:University of Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Srinagar]]<br /> [[Category:Indoor arenas in India]]<br /> [[Category:University sports venues in India]]<br /> [[Category:2007 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mevaram_Jatav&diff=517515 2026-04-11T00:21:13Z

<p>EverettePowe35: new a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Mevaram Jatav<br /> | office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Ranvir Jatav]]<br /> | term_start = 2020<br /> | term_end = 2023<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|9|04|df=y}}<br /> | spouse = MALTI JATAV<br /> | successor = [[Keshav Desai]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mevaram Jatav''' is an Indian politician of the [[Indian National Congress]] party from Madhya Pradesh. He is a former member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mevaram Jatav |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/mevaram-jatav |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mevaram Jatav(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GOHAD (SC) : BYE ELECTION ON 03-11-2020(BHIND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5948 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jatav, Mevaram}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boy_Meets_Girl_(Tholiprema_Katha)&diff=492271 2026-04-05T06:43:01Z

<p>EverettePowe35: creating new info added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2014 Telugu movie}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Boy Meets Girl (Tholiprema Katha)<br /> | image = Boy Meets Girl (Tholiprema Katha).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Official poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = Vasanth Dayakar<br /> | writer = Vasanth Dayakar<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = <br /> | starring = [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]]&lt;br /&gt;Nikhita Anil&lt;br /&gt;[[Kanika Tiwari]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = Durga Kishore<br /> | editing = <br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br /&gt;Gururaja&lt;br /&gt;Vasanth Dayakar &lt;br /&gt;Sriram Tapaswi&lt;br /&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;br /&gt;Gururaja<br /> | studio = &lt;!-- or: | production_companies = --&gt;<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|3|28}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Boy Meets Girl (Tholiprema Katha)''''' is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Vasanth Dayakar and starring [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda|Siddharth Jonnalagadda]], Nikhita Anil (in her Telugu debut) and [[Kanika Tiwari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/boy-meets-girl-tholi-prema-katha/articleshow/32968386.cms|title=Boy Meets Girl Tholi Prema Katha|date=30 March 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126204711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/boy-meets-girl-tholi-prema-katha/articleshow/32968386.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was released on 28 March 2014 around the time of [[Ugadi]] and was a box office failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/pressmeet-boymeetsgirltolipremakatha.html|title=Boy meets Girl Toliprema Katha release on 28 March|date=24 March 2014|language=te|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126204712/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/pressmeet-boymeetsgirltolipremakatha.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/boymeetsgirl-tolipremakatha-ugadi.html|title=Boy Meets Girl Toliprema Katha for Ugadi|date=20 March 2014|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|language=te|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126204712/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/boymeetsgirl-tolipremakatha-ugadi.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srimanthudu-was-a-blast-nikkita/articleshow/48330864.cms|title=Srimanthudu was a blast: Nikkita|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Pranita|last=Jonnalagedda|date=15 January 2017|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=24 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124231436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srimanthudu-was-a-blast-nikkita/articleshow/48330864.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] as Siddhu <br /> *Nikhita Anil as Maha Lakshmi<br /> *[[Kanika Tiwari]] as Mahalakshmi<br /> *[[Vennela Kishore]]<br /> *[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as RJ Bobby Bokkala<br /> * Chanti<br /> *[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]<br /> *Madhumani<br /> *Harish<br /> *[[Shakalaka Shankar|Shankar]] as Rambabu<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Vasanth Dayakar, who previously worked for [[Bommarillu Bhaskar]] and [[Srikanth Addala]], made his directorial debut with this film.&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;/&gt; Malayali actress Nikhita Anil made her Telugu debut with this film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-03-27/Malayali-girl-with-Delhi-spin-into-Telugu-cinema/90214|title=Malayali girl with Delhi spin into Telugu cinema|work=[[The Hans India]]|first=Pranita|last=Jonnalagedda|date=27 March 2014|access-date=2022-11-26|archive-date=2022-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126204712/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-03-27/Malayali-girl-with-Delhi-spin-into-Telugu-cinema/90214|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that &quot;Director Vasanth Dayakar handles the subject well though the comedy sometimes goes haywire. The artistes live their roles, thanks also to the cinematography&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/boy-meets-girl-tholi-prema-katha/movie-review/32851609.cms|title=BOY MEETS GIRL THOLI PREMA KATHA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Rao|first=Ch Sushil|date=28 March 2014|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=4 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104001313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/boy-meets-girl-tholi-prema-katha/movie-review/32851609.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|9890106}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2014 Indian films]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomba_Singh_Haobam&diff=541658 2026-04-02T22:30:41Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up the biography more to come.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}<br /> {{Western name order|Haobam Tomba Singh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Tomba Singh<br /> | fullname = Tomba Singh Haobam<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|02|01|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Manipur]], India<br /> | height = 1.77 m<br /> | position = [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|Defensive midfielder]]<br /> | currentclub = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]<br /> | clubnumber = 6<br /> | youthyears1 = 2020<br /> | youthclubs1 = Classic FA<br /> | years1 = 2020–2021<br /> | clubs1 = [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]<br /> | caps1 = 4<br /> | goals1 = 0<br /> | years2 = 2022–2023<br /> | clubs2 = Classic FA<br /> | caps2 = 3<br /> | goals2 = 0<br /> | years3 = 2023–<br /> | clubs3 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]<br /> | caps3 = 38<br /> | goals3 = 3<br /> | nationalyears1 = 2026–<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 0<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 0<br /> | club-update = 16:12, 22 March 2026 (UTC)<br /> | nationalteam-update = <br /> }}<br /> {{Meitei name|[[Haobam]]|[[Tomba (given name)|Tomba]]|[[Singh]]}}<br /> <br /> '''Tomba Singh Haobam''' ({{langx|mni|Haobam Tomba Singh}}, born 17 February 2003) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Born in Manipur, Tomba began his career with [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] in the Indian Super League. He made his professional debut for Indian Super league side on 20 December 2020 against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]. He started and played 70 minutes as East Bengal drew the match 1–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 Dec 2020|title=ISL: Dramatic equaliser in stoppage time helps Kerala Blasters rescue point against SC East Bengal|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/news-isl-dramatic-equaliser-in-stoppage-time-helps-kerala-blasters-rescue-point-against-sc-east-bengal-2863162|access-date=2020-12-21|website=DNAIndia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 Dec 2020|title=ISL 2020-21: Jeakson Singh last-minute equaliser helps Kerala Blasters secure a draw against SC East Bengal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/hero-isl-kbfc-draw-with-sc-east-bengal-jeakson-singh-goal-1751448-2020-12-20|access-date=2020-12-20|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Inter Kashi===<br /> On 16 September 2023, Tomba signed for [[I-League]] club [[Inter Kashi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=InterKashi |number=1703030068703019300 |title=Presenting our latest additions — Beyong Kojam, Sandip Mandi, Tomba Singh Haobam, Angelo Singh Keisam and Vikash Singh Phijam! 💪}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his debut for the club on 28 October 2023 against [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]], which ended in a 2–2 draw. He came on as a substitute for [[Gyamar Nikum]] under head coach Carlos Santamarina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/21852|title=Inter Kashi vs Gokulam Kerala FC Match Report|publisher=AIFF|access-date=26 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/inter-kashi-draws-gokulam-kerala-on-i-league-debut-after-late-equaliser/article67471209.ece|title=Inter Kashi draws Gokulam Kerala on I-League debut after late equaliser|publisher=Sportstar|access-date=26 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 November 2023, he scored his first goal for the club in a 4–2 away victory against [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/21863|title=Namdhari FC vs Inter Kashi Match Report|publisher=AIFF|access-date=26 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/i-league/inter-kashi-defeat-namdhari-fc-44666|title=Inter Kashi defeat Namdhari FC in I-League|publisher=The Bridge|access-date=26 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 2023–24 season, Tomba established himself as a regular member of the squad, featuring consistently across competitions and scoring four goals.<br /> <br /> In the following [[2024–25 Inter Kashi season|season]], he made nine league appearances under head coach [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López Habas]], featuring less frequently in the side.<br /> <br /> After Inter Kashi's promotion to the [[Indian Super League]], Habas deployed Tomba in a deeper midfield role. He began the campaign with an assist in a 1–1 draw against [[FC Goa|Goa]], delivering a chipped through ball for the opening goal of the match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/debutants-inter-kashi-hold-super-cup-champions-fc-goa-to-earn-first-isl-point|title=Debutants Inter Kashi hold FC Goa to earn first ISL point|publisher=Indian Super League|access-date=26 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the season, Habas praised Tomba's performances, describing him as the best Indian midfielder in the league.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.threads.com/@footy_india_/post/DVlammRElZg/inter-kashi-head-coach-antonio-lopez-habas-feels-tomba-singh-is-the-best-indian|title=Antonio López Habas praises Tomba Singh as best Indian midfielder|publisher=Threads|access-date=26 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DVlalfDkr7h/|title=Habas on Tomba Singh performances|publisher=Instagram|access-date=26 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==International career==<br /> ===India U23===<br /> In March 2026, Tomba was named in the [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]] squad by head coach [[Naushad Moosa]] for the [[2026 Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation friendly tournament]] held in [[Yupia]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/nausad-moosa-names-india-u23-mens-squad-for-tri-nation-friendlies-in-yupia|title=Nausad Moosa names India U23 men's squad for Tri-Nation friendlies in Yupia|publisher=AIFF|access-date=26 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===Club===<br /> {{updated|22 March 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|haobam-tomba-singh/681501}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|League<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|National Cup<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|League Cup<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> |{{Nowrap|[[2020–21 SC East Bengal season|2020–21]]}}<br /> |[[Indian Super League]]<br /> |4||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–||4||0<br /> |-<br /> |Classic FA<br /> |[[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023]]<br /> |[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL]]<br /> |3||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–||3||0<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]<br /> |[[2023–24 Inter Kashi season|2023–24]]<br /> |[[I-League]]<br /> |23||3||4{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||1|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–||27||4<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024–25 Inter Kashi season|2024–25]]<br /> |I-League<br /> |9||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||2{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||1|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–||13||1<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025–26 Inter Kashi season|2025–26]]<br /> |Indian Super League<br /> |6||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–||8||0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total<br /> !38!!3!!8!!1!!2!!1!!0!!0!!48!!5<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total<br /> !45!!3!!8!!1!!2!!1!!0!!0!!55!!5<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> '''Inter Kashi'''<br /> *[[I-League]]: [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-145060-haobam-tomba-singh-profile Indian Super League profile]<br /> * {{Soccerway|haobam-tomba-singh/681501}}<br /> <br /> {{Inter Kashi FC squad}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Haobam Tomba}}<br /> [[Category:East Bengal Club players]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Super League players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:2003 births]]<br /> [[Category:Inter Kashi FC players]]<br /> <br /> {{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drive_(2019_film)&diff=475388 2026-03-29T15:51:08Z

<p>EverettePowe35: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2019 Indian film directed by Tarun Mansukhani}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Drive<br /> | image = Drive Netflix Film.jpg<br /> | caption = Official release poster<br /> | director = [[Tarun Mansukhani]]<br /> | producer = {{ubl|Hiroo Yash Johar|[[Karan Johar]]|Apoorva Mehta}}<br /> | writer = Tarun Mansukhani<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Sushant Singh Rajput]]|[[Jacqueline Fernandez]]|[[Vikramjeet Virk]]|[[Sapna Pabbi]]|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]|[[Boman Irani]]}}<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Tanishk Bagchi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Amartya Bobo Rahut]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Javed{{endash}}Mohsin]]&lt;br/&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;br&gt;QARAN<br /> | cinematography = [[Vishal Sinha]]<br /> | editing = [[Tarun Mansukhani]]<br /> | studio = [[Dharma Productions]]<br /> | distributor = [[Netflix]]<br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|2019|11|01}}<br /> | runtime = 119 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/drive-2019 | title=Drive (2019) | website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | access-date=29 October 2019 | archive-date=16 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616010414/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/drive-2019 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Drive''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Heist film|heist]] [[Action film|action-thriller]] film written and directed by [[Tarun Mansukhani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-announces-drive-with-late-sushant-singh-rajput-and-jacqueline-fernandez/articleshow/57409781.cms|title=Karan Johar announced on Monday morning news that suit and a 'Drive' with late Sushant Singh Rajput and Jacqueline Fernandez|date=1 March 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919173904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karan-johar-announces-drive-with-late-sushant-singh-rajput-and-jacqueline-fernandez/articleshow/57409781.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was produced by Hiroo Yash Johar, [[Karan Johar]], and Apoorva Mehta. The film stars [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Vikramjeet Virk]], [[Sapna Pabbi]], [[Boman Irani]], and [[Pankaj Tripathi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drive-first-look-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-start-shooting-for-karan-johar-s-film/story-n72TlGsc938nN89avF6FMM.html|title=Drive first look: Sushant Singh Rajput, Jacqueline Fernandez start shooting for Karan Johar's film|date=1 March 2017|work=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420173752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drive-first-look-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-start-shooting-for-karan-johar-s-film/story-n72TlGsc938nN89avF6FMM.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/drive-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-karan-johar-963401-2017-03-01|title=Drive first look: Sushant Singh Rajput-Jacqueline Fernandez begin shooting for KJo's film|last=Thakur|first=Charu|date=1 March 2017|work=India Today|publisher=Living Media|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211003129/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/drive-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-karan-johar/1/894430.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was released on [[Netflix]] on 1 November 2019 and marked Rajput's final film appearance before his death.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Vibha Singh, a corrupt [[bureaucrat]] in the Indian government’s Accounts Department, secretly extorts illegal commissions from clients with the help of her assistant, Hamid Ibrahim, hiding the money within Rashtrapati Bhavan. Her activities come under scrutiny when Kirit Ojha, an official linked to the Prime Minister’s office, assigns officer Irfan Ali to investigate a notorious criminal known as “King,” who has recently carried out a major jewel theft and threatens to target Rashtrapati Bhavan next. Hacker Raj Naik is recruited to decode messages linked to King’s operations.<br /> <br /> Irfan and Hamid trace leads to an illegal street racing gang led by Tara Loha, alongside her associates Bikki Kumar and Naina Sethi. A mysterious man named Samar infiltrates the group, gaining Tara’s trust and integrating himself into their circle. Meanwhile, coded messages intercepted by the authorities reveal the location of King’s hidden loot, prompting both the gang and the police to pursue it.<br /> <br /> During these events, Samar reveals himself to be King and recruits the group for a high-stakes heist targeting Rashtrapati Bhavan, aiming to steal Singh’s hidden fortune. As the plan unfolds, Irfan discovers that Raj is secretly aiding King, complicating the investigation. Despite setbacks, the heist is executed successfully, and Singh’s hidden wealth is stolen.<br /> <br /> However, during their escape, Tara betrays Samar, leading to his arrest by Irfan and Hamid. She then reveals that she herself is the true King, having used Samar as a pawn.<br /> <br /> Two months later, Tara—now living under a new identity—attempts to secure the stolen wealth in London. There, she encounters Samar again, disguised as a bank official, along with Irfan, whose true allegiance is revealed to be part of a larger scheme involving Samar. Realizing she has been outmaneuvered, Tara is forced into a final confrontation as the story concludes.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Sushant Singh Rajput]] as Samar <br /> *[[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Tara <br /> *[[Vikramjeet Virk]] as Bikki <br /> *[[Sapna Pabbi]] as Naina <br /> *[[Boman Irani]] as Irfan <br /> *[[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Hamid <br /> *[[Vibha Chibber]] as Vibha Singh <br /> *Kaustubh Kumar as Raj <br /> *Gaurav Chaudhari as Arjun <br /> *Anuj Jain as Feroz <br /> *[[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Inspector Rathore<br /> *Ramesh Khanna as Mr. Mehta<br /> *Dimple Verma as Mr. Singhania<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> A party song for the film was filmed in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/oct/12/drive-marks-start-of-bond-between-bollywood-israel-1672153.html|title='Drive' marks start of bond between Bollywood, Israel|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 October 2017 |access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919025617/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/oct/12/drive-marks-start-of-bond-between-bollywood-israel-1672153.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/wooed-by-israel-funding-bollywood-movie-filmed-in-tel-aviv/|title=Wooed by Israel funding, Bollywood movie filmed in Tel Aviv|first=Sue|last=Surkes|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919000636/https://www.timesofisrael.com/wooed-by-israel-funding-bollywood-movie-filmed-in-tel-aviv/|url-status=live |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> In January 2019, a teaser was released announcing 28 July 2019 as the film’s release date; however, the release was later postponed, and the distribution rights were subsequently sold to [[Netflix]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/no-theatre-release-for-sushant-singh-rajput-and-jacqueline-fernandez-s-drive-1601415-2019-09-20|title=No theatre release for Sushant Singh Rajput and Jacqueline Fernandez's Drive|date=20 September 2019|website=India Today|access-date=21 September 2019|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919000638/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/no-theatre-release-for-sushant-singh-rajput-and-jacqueline-fernandez-s-drive-1601415-2019-09-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film premiered on 1 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/drive-to-release-on-november-1-on-netflix/1632833|title=''Drive'' to release on November 1 on Netflix|website=Outlook India|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003070149/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/drive-to-release-on-november-1-on-netflix/1632833|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the first original film from [[Dharma Productions]] to be released on the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/drive-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandezs-action-thriller-will-now-release-on-netflix-7378601.html|title=Drive: Sushant Singh Rajput, Jacqueline Fernandez's action thriller will now release on Netflix|date=21 September 2019|website=Firstpost|access-date=21 September 2019|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921133203/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/drive-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandezs-action-thriller-will-now-release-on-netflix-7378601.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Drive<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Amartya Bobo Rahut]] and Javed-Mohsin<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 14 October 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/drive/SG7tqyDYavU_|title=Drive – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=10 October 2019|publisher=Jio Saavn|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026151142/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/drive/SG7tqyDYavU_|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | recorded = 2018–19<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = Rubber Soul Studio<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 13:56<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br /> | misc = {{External media<br /> | audio1 = {{YouTube|AJbYg6gia7s|Official Audio Jukebox}}<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> The music is composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Amartya Bobo Rahut]] and Javed-Mohsin, with lyrics written by Siddhant Kaushal, Ozil Dalal, Tanishk Bagchi, and Danish Sabri.<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | total_length = 13:56 <br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title2 = Karma<br /> | extra2 = Sukriti Kakar<br /> | music2 = [[Amartya Bobo Rahut]]<br /> | lyrics2 = Siddhant Kaushal<br /> | length2= 2:26<br /> | title1 = Makhna<br /> | extra1 = Yasser Desai, [[Asees Kaur]]<br /> | music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Ozil Dalal, Tanishk Bagchi<br /> | length1 = 3:03<br /> | title3 = Prem Pujari<br /> | extra3 = [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Akasa Singh]], Amartya Bobo Rahut, Dev Arijit<br /> | music3 = Amartya Bobo Rahut<br /> | lyrics3 = Siddhant Kaushal<br /> | length3 = 3:03<br /> | title4 = Black Car <br /> | extra4 = Suraj Chauhan, Shivi, Ariff Khan<br /> | music4 = Javed-Mohsin<br /> | lyrics4 = Danish Sabri<br /> | length4 = 2:45<br /> | title5 = Tu Jaanta Nahi <br /> | extra5 = Javed-Mohsin, Parry G, Ceazer<br /> | music5 = Javed-Mohsin<br /> | lyrics5 = Danish Sabri<br /> | length5 = 2:39<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|0||8|ref=yes}}<br /> <br /> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said, '''Drive'' gives a déjà vu of many other films in this genre and fails to impress on account of confusing and unconvincing plot.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/drive/critic-review/drive-movie-review/|title=Movie Review: Drive|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=November 2019|access-date=2019-11-01|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919021344/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/drive/critic-review/drive-movie-review/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The Free Press Journal]] rated the movie 1 and a half stars on five and reviewed, &quot;&quot;Drive&quot; is a film without logic and also without magic. It reminds you that Bollywood's newer days of unimaginative cinema are far while over.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/drive-movie-review-kjos-netflix-offering-is-neither-fast-nor-furious|title='Drive' Movie Review: KJo's Netflix offering is neither fast nor furious|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919000638/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/drive-movie-review-kjos-netflix-offering-is-neither-fast-nor-furious|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Uday Bhatia of [[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]] called the movie a lazy heist thriller.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/film-review-drive-is-straight-to-digital-for-a-reason-11572608673412.html|title=Film review: 'Drive' is straight-to-digital for a reason|first=Uday|last=Bhatia|date=1 November 2019|website=mint|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919000638/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/film-review-drive-is-straight-to-digital-for-a-reason-11572608673412.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV rated the movie 1 on 5 stars and wrote, &quot;Drive is so utterly pointless that one wonders why on earth it is on a streaming platform. That is a mystery. It will take some doing to crack. In the meantime, steer clear!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/drive-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-s-film-runs-on-empty-1-star-2125900|title=Drive Movie Review: Sushant Singh Rajput, Jacqueline Fernandez's Film Runs On Empty|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919000636/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/drive-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-s-film-runs-on-empty-1-star-2125900|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] rated the movie 1 and a half stars on five and wrote, &quot;Drive seems to have been strung up with influences from Hollywood films featuring sharp racing, sleek cars, and canny 'chors’, but has none of the smarts it is aiming at.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/drive-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-6098230/|title=Drive movie review: A sad joke|date=2 November 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919020016/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/drive-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-6098230/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jyoti Sharma Bawa of the [[Hindustan Times]] stated &quot;Drive is a lot like the name of its villain – terribly dated. You could build up men named King when they were fighting off others called Lion (or, to be precise, Loin). The film, with its gyrating blondes and street racing, is trying so hard to be the uber-cool racing-heist film but its soul is stuck in the 80s. If it has a soul, that is.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drive-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-s-fast-furious-clone-is-one-of-netflix-s-worst-mistakes-ever/story-MljqT5kY8cssoChoGdCkGO.html|title=Drive movie review: Sushant Singh Rajput's Fast &amp; Furious clone is one of Netflix's worst mistakes ever|date=1 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/drive-movie-review-sushant-singh-rajput-s-fast-furious-clone-is-one-of-netflix-s-worst-mistakes-ever/story-MljqT5kY8cssoChoGdCkGO.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prathyush Parasuraman of [[Film Companion]] stated &quot;Uncaring for craft or clarity, 'Dharma Productions’ latest film is a welcome addition to the gang of movies-that-are-so-bad-they-are-good&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/drive-netflix-2019-movie-review-bollywood-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-boman-irani-pankaj-tripathi/|title=Review: Drive on Netflix is an obviously bad film that is an ode to artifice|date=1 November 2019|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026113519/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/drive-netflix-2019-movie-review-bollywood-sushant-singh-rajput-jacqueline-fernandez-boman-irani-pankaj-tripathi/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=6593054}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama title|drive}}<br /> <br /> {{Dharma Productions}}<br /> {{Tarun Mansukhani}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian heist films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Israel]]<br /> [[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Netflix original films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s heist films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Tel Aviv]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Israel]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in London]]<br /> [[Category:Indian chase films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian auto racing films]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)&diff=464430 2026-03-29T01:31:36Z

<p>EverettePowe35: general cleaned up citations based on references additionally and improved wording for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Concept that refers to what are commonly called prophets}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Baháʼí sidebar}}<br /> <br /> The '''Manifestation of God''' ({{langx|fa|مظهر ظهور|maẓhar ẓohūr}}) is a concept in the [[Baháʼí Faith]] that refers to what are commonly called [[prophet]]s. The Manifestations of God are appearances of the Divine Spirit or Holy Spirit in a series of personages, and as such, they perfectly reflect the attributes of the divine into the human world for the progress and advancement of human morals and civilization through the agency of that same Spirit.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Juan |last=Cole |author-link=Juan Cole |year=1982 |title=The Concept of Manifestation in the Baháʼí Writings |url=http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation |location=[[Ottawa]] |journal=Baháʼí Studies |volume=monograph 9 |pages=1–38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316121143/http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation |archive-date=16 March 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Baha'i Faith, it is believed that the Manifestations of God are the only channel for humanity to know about [[God]] because contact with the Spirit is what transforms the heart and mind, creating a living relationship between the soul and God. They act as perfect mirrors reflecting the attributes of God into the physical world.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher118&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1 = Hatcher, W.S. |author2=Martin, J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IZmkG1ASirgC |publisher = Harper &amp; Row |location = San Francisco |isbn = 0-87743-264-3 |page = 118 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baháʼí teachings]] hold that the motive force in all human development is due to the coming of the Manifestations of God.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher115&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author = Hatcher, W.S. |author2=Martin, J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Harper &amp; Row |location = San Francisco |isbn = 0-87743-264-3 | page = 115}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Manifestations of God are directly linked with the Baháʼí concepts of [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|progressive revelation]] and [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion|unity of religion]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Cole |first=Juan |author-link=Juan Cole |title=BAHAISM i. The Faith |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i |volume=III/4 |pages=438–446 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |date=30 December 2012 |orig-year=15 December 1988 |doi=10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6391 |doi-access=free |issn=2330-4804 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112620/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i |archive-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Station==<br /> [[File:Ringstone.svg|200px|thumb|left|The [[Baháʼí symbols#Ringstone symbol|Ringstone symbol]] represents humanity's connection to God through the Manifestation of God]]<br /> <br /> The Baháʼí concept of the intermediary between [[God]] and [[human]]ity is expressed in the term Manifestation of God.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt; Baháʼís believe in a [[God in the Baháʼí Faith|single, imperishable God]], the creator of all things, including all the creatures and forces in the universe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | year = 1988 | title = The Baháʼí Faith | encyclopedia = Britannica Book of the Year | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 0-85229-486-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/1988britannicabo0000daum }}&lt;/ref&gt; Though inaccessible directly, God is nevertheless seen as conscious of his creation, with a mind, will and purpose. Baháʼís believe that God expresses this will at all times and in many ways, including through a series of [[Prophet|divine messengers]] referred to as Manifestations of God.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eor&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | last = Hutter | first = Manfred | editor = Lindsay Jones | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Religion | title = Bahā'īs | edition = 2nd | year = 2005 | publisher = Macmillan Reference USA | volume = 2 | location = Detroit, MI | pages = 737–740 | isbn = 0-02-865733-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In expressing God's intent, these Manifestations are seen to establish [[religion]] in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Manifestations of God are not seen as [[incarnation]]s of God as God cannot be divided and does not descend to the condition of his creatures, but they are also not seen as ordinary mortals. Instead, the Baháʼí concept of a Manifestation of God emphasizes the simultaneously existing qualities of humanity and divinity. In the station of divinity, they show forth the will, [[knowledge]], and attributes of [[God]]; in the station of humanity, they show the physical qualities of common man.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot; /&gt; A common Baháʼí analogy used to explain the relationship between the Manifestation of God and God is that of a perfect [[mirror]]. In the analogy, God is likened to the [[Sun]] – the source of physical life on [[earth]]. The spirit and attributes of God are likened to the rays of the Sun, and the Manifestations of God are likened to perfect mirrors reflecting the rays of the Sun.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher118&quot;/&gt; Thus, the Manifestations of God act as pure mirrors that reflect the attributes of God onto this material world.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Manifestations of God are seen to represent a level of existence which is an intermediary between God and [[humans]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt; [[Baháʼu'lláh]], the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, explained that at one extreme the Manifestations of God are [[Humility|humble]] servants of God and at the other extreme they claim to speak with the voice of God, and manifest his attributes to humanity. They may at times emphasize their humanity, and at other times proclaim their divinity. These stations are complementary rather than mutually exclusive.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Manifestations of God are believed to possess capacities that do not exist in humans, and this difference is not a difference in degree but a difference in kind. The Manifestations of God are not seen to be simply great thinkers or [[philosophers]] who have a better understanding than others, but that, by their nature, they are inherently superior to the average human.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher120&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1 = Hatcher, W.S. |author2 = Martin, J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Harper &amp; Row |location = San Francisco, CA |isbn = 0-87743-264-3 |page = 120}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, the Manifestations of God are special beings, having a unique relationship to God as they have been sent by God from the spiritual world as an instrument of divine [[revelation]]. They are understood to have existed in the spiritual world prior to their physical [[birth]] in this life. They are also seen to have [[innate]], divinely revealed knowledge and absolute knowledge of the physical world.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher120&quot; /&gt; According to [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], the son and successor of the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, the Manifestations of God must be distinguished above any other person in every aspect and qualification, in order that they can effectively train and educate people.&lt;ref name=&quot;fwu&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |year=1972 |title=Foundations of World Unity |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois |isbn=0-87743-018-7 |url = https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/c/FWU/ | page = 111}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his book ''The Messiah of Shiraz'', [[Denis MacEoin]] noted a possible discrepancy between the contemporary Baháʼí understanding of [[Baháʼu'lláh]]'s station as a Manifestation of God and that found in Baháʼu'lláh's own works. Specifically, he contrasted the &quot;official modern Bahāʾī doctrine reject[ing] any notion of incarnationism and stress[ing] instead his status as a locus of divine manifestation [...] comparable to a mirror with respect to the sun,&quot; to several quotes from the writings of Baháʼu'lláh, which he argued are suggestive of a more radical interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=MacEoin |first=Denis |author-link=Denis MacEoin |date=2009 |title=The Messiah of Shiraz: Studies in Early and Middle Babism |publisher=Brill |page=500 |isbn=978-90-04-17035-3 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004170353.i-740}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Purpose==<br /> {{Further|Baháʼí Faith and the unity of humanity}}<br /> The purpose of the Manifestation of God, according to Baháʼí belief, is to educate humanity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt; The Manifestations of God are seen as divine educators, who are raised up by God with the purpose of uplifting mankind and expressing his will.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt; In expressing God's intent, the Manifestations of God are seen to establish [[religion]] in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt; Each brings a book and [[Revelation|reveals]] teachings and laws according to the time and place which they appear.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot; /&gt; Baháʼu'lláh used the term ''revelation'' to describe the phenomena that occurs each time a Manifestation of God appears; he stated that the writings of the Manifestation of God represent the infallible word of God, and because the writings remain after the earthly life of the Manifestation they are a very important part of revelation.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher82&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1 = Hatcher, W.S. |author2 = Martin, J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Harper &amp; Row |location = San Francisco, CA |isbn = 0-87743-264-3 |page = 82 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The laws and precepts revealed by the Manifestation of God lie in different spheres and levels and include elements intended to help individuals develop a [[moral character|sound character]] and acquire divine attributes, as well as laws and principles designed to help improve the welfare of society and advance [[civilization]]. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá has stated that from time to time an educator will come to teach humanity, and without these teachings humanity would be overcome by such emotions and attitudes as anger, jealousy and hatred.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Baháʼí belief that the primary role of the Manifestation of God is that of an educator is stated by Baháʼu'lláh and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá:<br /> <br /> :&quot;The Prophets and Messengers of God have been sent down for the sole purpose of guiding mankind to the straight Path of Truth. The purpose underlying their revelation hath been to educate all men, that they may, at the hour of death, ascend, in the utmost purity and sanctity and with absolute detachment, to the throne of the Most High. The light which these souls radiate is responsible for the progress of the world and the advancement of its peoples. They are like unto leaven which leaveneth the world of being, and constitute the animating force through which the arts and wonders of the world are made manifest. Through them the clouds rain their bounty upon men, and the earth bringeth forth its fruits. All things must needs have a cause, a motive power, an animating principle. These souls and symbols of detachment have provided, and will continue to provide, the supreme moving impulse in the world of being.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;gleanings&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Baháʼu'lláh |author-link=Baháʼu'lláh |year=1976 |title=Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn=0-87743-187-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/gleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0/page/156 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0/page/156 156–157] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> :&quot;God sent all His Prophets into the world with one aim, to sow in the hearts of men love and goodwill, and for this great purpose, they were willing to suffer and to die. All the sacred Books were written to lead and direct man into the ways of love and unity; and yet, in spite of all this, we have the sad spectacle of war and bloodshed in our midst.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |orig-year=1912 |year=1995 |title=Paris Talks |edition=Hardcover |publisher=Baháʼí Distribution Service |isbn=1-870989-57-0 |url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PT/pt-34.html | page = 106}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Equality==<br /> {{Main|Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion}}<br /> [[File:051907 Wilmette IMG 1404 The Greatest Name.jpg|alt=Arabic script inscribed on a metal plate|thumb|250px|right|The calligraphy of the [[Greatest Name]] on a metal plate at the top of the interior of the [[Baháʼí House of Worship (Wilmette, Illinois)|Baháʼí House of Worship]] in [[Wilmette, Illinois]].]]<br /> <br /> In the Baháʼí Faith, all of the Manifestations of God are sent from [[God in the Baháʼí Faith|the same God]] and have the same [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] nature, and that there is absolute equality among them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt; The differences between the various Manifestations of God and their teachings, [[Baháʼu'lláh]] explained, are due to the varying needs and capacities of the civilization in which they appeared, and not due to any differences in their level of importance or nature.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher116&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author = Hatcher, W.S. |author2=Martin, J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Harper &amp; Row |location = San Francisco |isbn = 0-87743-264-3 | pages = 116–117}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Manifestations of God are taught to be &quot;one and the same&quot;, and in their relationship to one another have both the station of unity and the station of distinction.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot; /&gt; Baháʼu'lláh wrote in the ''[[Kitáb-i-Íqán|Book of Certitude]]'' that in respect to their station of unity &quot;if thou callest them all by one name and dost ascribe to them the same attribute, thou hast not erred from the truth.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;iqan&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Baháʼu'lláh |author-link=Baháʼu'lláh |orig-year=1862 |year=2003 |title=Kitáb-i-Íqán: The Book of Certitude |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn=1-931847-08-8 |url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-5.html#gr34 | pages = 152–177}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this sense, the Manifestations of God all fulfill the same purpose and perform the same function by mediating between God and creation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt; In this way each Manifestation of God manifested the Word of God and taught the same religion, with modifications for the particular audience's needs and culture. Baháʼu'lláh wrote that since each Manifestation of God has the same divine attributes, they can be seen as the spiritual &quot;return&quot; of all the previous Manifestations of God.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Baháʼu'lláh then states the diversity of the teachings of the Manifestations of God does not come about because of their differences, since they are one and the same, but because they each have a different mission. Baháʼu'lláh writes regarding this station of distinction, &quot;each Manifestation of God hath a distinct individuality, a definitely prescribed mission, a predestined Revelation, and specially designated limitations.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;iqan&quot; /&gt; Baháʼu'lláh wrote in the ''[[Gems of Divine Mysteries]]'' that those who perceive distinctions and differences between the Manifestations of God, will notice the underlying [[wikt:unity|unity]] of the Manifestations once they continue on their spiritual path.&lt;ref name=&quot;gdm&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Baháʼu'lláh |author-link=Baháʼu'lláh |year=2002 |title=Gems of Divine Mysteries |publisher=Baháʼí World Centre |location=Haifa, Israel |isbn=0-85398-975-3 |url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GDM/gdm-4.html | pages = 33–37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baháʼu'lláh in several passages goes so far as to say that denial of one Manifestation is equivalent to denial of all of them. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá said that a Baháʼí will choose death over denial of any of the great Prophets, whether Moses, Muhammad or Christ.&lt;ref name=&quot;abl&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |orig-year=1911 |year=1982 |title=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in London |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=London, UK |isbn=0-900125-50-0 | pages = 56–57 |url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/ABL/abl-16.html#pg56}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Baháʼí belief in the oneness of the Manifestations of God does not mean, however, that the same individual soul is born again at different times and in different physical bodies. In the Baháʼí Faith, the various Manifestations of God were all different personalities and had separate individual realities. Instead, their equality is due to that Manifestation of God manifested and revealed the qualities of God to the same degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher116&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious perennialism==<br /> {{See also|Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)}}<br /> Baháʼu'lláh taught that Manifestations have always been sent by God, and always will, as part of the single [[progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|progressive religion]] from God bringing more teachings through time to help humanity progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-10.html | title = The Changeless Faith of God | access-date = 2006-11-12 | year = 2006 | author = bahai.org | publisher = bahai.org | archive-date = 6 December 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061206041041/http://www.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-10.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Baháʼí view the succession of Manifestations of God had no beginning and will have no end.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher128&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author = Hatcher, W.S. |author2=Martin, J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Harper &amp; Row |location = San Francisco |isbn = 0-87743-264-3 | pages = 128–129}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shoghi Effendi]], the head of the Baháʼí Faith in the first half of the 20th century, stated that Manifestations will continue to come about every thousand years, extending &quot;over many ages into the unborn reaches of time.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;dnd&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Shoghi |last=Effendi |author-link=Shoghi Effendi |year=1970 |title=Dawn of a New Day |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=India |url= https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/DND/dnd-257.html | page = 202}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sab&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |year=1978 |title=Selections From the Writings of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |edition=Hardcover |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn=0-85398-081-0 |url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAB/sab-34.html | pages = 66–67}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While Manifestations of God are explained to have always come to humanity and will continue to do so, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá explained that there are distinct cycles within this process. The cycles consist of hundreds of thousands of years and are characterized by three periods. The first period involves the coming of a series of Manifestations of God who prepare humanity for a universal [[theophany]]; the second period involves the appearance of the Manifestation of God that brings the universal theophany and his dispensation; finally the third period includes the Manifestations of God that come after. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá stated that in the current cycle, the first period was started by [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] and extended to the time of the [[Báb]]. Baháʼu'lláh is seen as the universal Manifestation of God, and the current cycle will continue for another 500,000 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Baháʼís do not claim that the Baháʼí revelation is the final stage in God's direction in the course of human spiritual evolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt; The Baháʼí writings contain assurances that at least after 1000 years of Baháʼu'lláh's coming, [[Baháʼí prophecies#Future Manifestation of God|another Manifestation of God]] will appear to advance human civilization.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher128&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Michael D. |last=McMullen |year=2000 |title=The Baha'i: The Religious Construction of a Global Identity |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=Atlanta, Georgia |isbn=0-8135-2836-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bahaireligiousco0000mcmu/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/bahaireligiousco0000mcmu/page/7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |year=1978 |title=Selections From the Writings of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |edition=Hardcover |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn=0-85398-081-0|url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAB/sab-34-printable.html |page=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ʻAbdu'l-Bahá writes in the ''Tablet of the Universe'' (''&quot;Lawh-i-Aflákiyyih&quot;'') that there are infinite Manifestations of God in the [[Baháʼí cosmology|infinite worlds of God]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hatcher |first=John S. |title=Close Connections: The Bridge Between Spiritual and Physical Reality |year=2005 |place=Wilmette, Illinois |isbn=1-931847-15-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxJCt1Kj--8C |pages=150–151 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Minor prophets==<br /> In the Baháʼí definition, there is a distinction between minor prophets and the Manifestations of God, the major prophets. This distinction is also referred to as lesser/greater, dependent/independent, follower/universal, and other similar phrases. The Manifestations of God or the major prophets are compared to the sun, which produces its own heat and light, and the minor prophets are likened to the moon, which receives its light from the sun.<br /> <br /> The Manifestations of God are described as prophets endowed with constancy. The term endowed with constancy refers to prophets to whom a book was revealed (in which the book contained legislation) and with whom lasting [[Covenant (religion)|covenants]] with God were made, abrogating past covenants. For example, Baháʼu'lláh describes [[Moses]] as a Manifestation of God and his brother [[Aaron]] a minor prophet; Moses spoke on behalf of God, and Aaron spoke on behalf of Moses ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 4:14–17).&lt;ref&gt;{{bibleverse|Exodus|4:14–17|HE}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The distinction can also be described as the difference between inspiration and [[revelation]]. Revelation is seen to be the direct and infallible perception of God's word and is only accessible to the Manifestations of God who transmit it to humanity. On the other hand, inspiration is seen to be the indirect and relative perception of spiritual truths that each person may have access to. Baháʼu'lláh stated that at times, God chooses ordinary people to act as ''prophets'' and thus inspires them to play certain roles in human affairs; these people however remain ordinary people whose powers of inspiration have been further developed by God.&lt;ref name=&quot;hatcher122&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author = Hatcher, W.S. |author2=Martin, J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Harper &amp; Row |location = San Francisco |isbn = 0-87743-264-3 | page = 122}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other possible divine teachers==<br /> {{see also|Baháʼí Faith and Native Americans}}<br /> It is implied, though not specifically stated, that the [[Americas|American continents]] have had their share of divine revelations, which somewhat have been lost to time except in oral traditions. A quote exists by 'Abdu'l-Bahá:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|In ancient times the people of America were, through their northern regions, close to Asia, that is, separated from Asia by a strait. For this reason, it hath been said that crossing had occurred. There are other signs which indicate communication. As to places whose people were not informed of the appearance of Prophets, such people are excused. In the Qur'án it hath been revealed: &quot;We will not chastise them if they had not been sent a Messenger&quot; (Q. 17:15). Undoubtedly in those regions, the Call of God must have been raised in ancient times, but it hath been forgotten now.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buck&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Buck |first=Christopher |year=1996 |title=Native Messengers of God in Canada? A Test Case for Bahá'í Universalism |url=https://bahai-library.com/buck_native_messengers |journal=[[The Baháʼí Studies Review]] |publisher=Association for Baháʼí Studies English-Speaking Europe |location=[[London]] |pages=97–133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410064225/https://bahai-library.com/buck_native_messengers |archive-date=10 April 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Academics are researching Native Messengers and some have connected the signs of a Prophet with the [[Great Peacemaker]] of the [[Haudenosaunee]]. As such, some Baháʼí's revere the Peacemaker as a Manifestation of God.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buck&quot;/&gt; However, as the Great Peacemaker was never named specifically in the Writings, he cannot be officially listed as a Manifestation of God within the Baháʼí Faith.<br /> <br /> In regards to the Asiatic prophets, Shoghi Effendi wrote:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The only reason there is not more mention of the Asiatic Prophets is because Their names seem to be lost in the mists of ancient history. Buddha is mentioned, and Zoroaster, in our Scriptures – both non-Jewish Prophets or non Semitic Prophets. We are taught there always have been Manifestations of God, but we do not have any record of Their names.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Shoghi Effendi |editor-last=Hornby |editor-first=Helen |year=1983 |title=Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File |url=http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance_2&amp;chapter=4#n1696 |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |location=[[New Delhi, India]] |isbn=81-85091-46-3 |page=503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407093846/https://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance_2&amp;chapter=4 |archive-date=7 April 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}[[Joseph Smith]], the Prophet of the [[Latter Day Saint movement|Mormon religion]] founded around the same time as the Baha'i, is not officially recognised as a Manifestation of God or as a minor prophet, but is thought to have spoken of the coming of [[Baháʼu'lláh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baha'i and Joseph Smith |url=https://mormonperfection.com/bahai.htm |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=mormonperfection.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Known messengers ==<br /> There is no definitive list of Manifestations of God, but [[Baháʼu'lláh]] and [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]] referred to several personages as Manifestations; they include: [[Zoroaster]], [[Vāsudeva|Krishna]], [[Gautama Buddha]], all the [[Prophets in Judaism|Jewish prophets]], [[Adam]], [[Noah]], [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], [[Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith|Muhammad]], the [[Báb]], and ultimately Baháʼu'lláh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=BAHAISM i. The Faith |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i |access-date=13 January 2021 |last=Cole |first=Juan |date=30 December 2012 |author-link=Juan Cole |orig-year=15 December 1988 |volume=III/4 |pages=438–446 |doi=10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6391 |issn=2330-4804 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112620/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i |archive-date=23 January 2013 |doi-access=free |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSmith2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Manifestations of God |encyclopedia=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |location=[[Oxford]] |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/231 |last=Smith |first=Peter |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/231 231] |isbn=1-85168-184-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, religious history is interpreted in the Baháʼí Faith as a series of periods or &quot;dispensations&quot;, where each ''Manifestation'' brings a somewhat broader and more advanced [[revelation]], suited for the time and place in which it was expressed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iranica2&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, the other prophets of the [[Old Testament]] such as [[Jeremiah]], [[David]], [[Solomon]], [[Ezekiel]], and [[Isaiah]] are described as minor prophets as they came in the shadow of the dispensation of Moses to develop and consolidate the process he set in motion.&lt;ref name=&quot;manifestation2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cole |first=Juan |author-link=Juan Cole |year=1982 |title=The Concept of Manifestation in the Baháʼí Writings |url=http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation |url-status=live |journal=Baháʼí Studies |location=[[Ottawa]] |volume=monograph 9 |pages=1–38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316121143/http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation |archive-date=16 March 2015 |access-date=13 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is, however, no definite list of who is or is not a minor prophet in the Baháʼí understanding.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+Table of the known messengers of God in Baháʼí Faith<br /> !Name<br /> !Main article<br /> !Also venerated in<br /> |-<br /> |[[Adam|Ádam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;PSEncyclo2000&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Adam |encyclopedia=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |place=[[London]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhy9DwAAQBAJ |access-date=2021-06-26 |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |isbn=978-1-78074-480-3 |oclc=890982216 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/some-answered-questions/7#001171118 |title=Some Answered Questions |publisher=Baháʼí World Centre |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-87743-374-3 |edition=newly revised. |location=Haifa, Israel |author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |orig-year=1908}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |[[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Druze#Beliefs|Druze Faith]], [[Mandaeism]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[Enoch|Edrís]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Keven |date=1997 |editor-last=McLean |editor-first=Jack |title=Hermes Trismegistus and Apollonius of Tyana in the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh |url=https://bahai-library.com/brown_hermes_apollonius |journal=Studies in the Bábí and Baháʼí Religions |series=Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Bahá'í Theology |location=[[Los Angeles]] |publisher=Kalimat Press |volume=8 |pages=153–187 |isbn=0-933770-96-0 |via=Bahá'í Library Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, [[Judaism]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[Noah|Núh]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=May |first=Dann J |title=The Baháʼí Principle of Religious Unity and the Challenge of Radical Pluralism |date=December 1993 |pages=102 |publisher=University of North Texas, Denton, Texas |url=https://iii.library.unt.edu/record=b1785599~S12 |contribution=Web Published |contribution-url=https://bahai-library.com/may_principle_religious_unity |access-date=2010-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Noah#Baháʼí Faith|Noah in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Druze Faith, Mandaeism, [[Yazidism]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Krishna]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Manifestations of God |encyclopedia=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=Oneworld Publications |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhy9DwAAQBAJ |last=Smith |first=Peter |page=231 |isbn=1-85168-184-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Esslemont, J. E. |url=https://www.bahai.org/library/other-literature/publications-individual-authors/bahaullah-new-era/2#185131703 |title=Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era |publisher=US Baháʼí Publishing Trust |year=1980 |isbn=0-87743-160-4 |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |page=2 |author-link=John Esslemont}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |[[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], Islam (only [[Ahmadiyya]])<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hud (prophet)|Húd]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Islam<br /> |-<br /> |[[Saleh (prophet)|Sálih]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Saleh (prophet)#In the Baháʼí Faith|Saleh in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Islam<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zoroaster]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh2&quot;&gt;[[Moojan Momen|Momen, Moojan]] (1995). ''[https://bahai-library.com/momen_prophetology_archetypes Baha'u'llah's Prophetology: Archetypal patterns in the lives of the founders of the world religions]''. Baháʼí Studies Review, 5.1.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Zoroaster#In the Bahá'í Faith|Zoroaster in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |[[Zoroastrianism]], [[Manichaeism]], [[Mithraism]], Islam (only Ahmadiyya)<br /> |-<br /> |[[Abraham|Ibráhím]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Abraham#Baháʼí Faith|Abraham in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Druze Faith <br /> |-<br /> |[[Lot (biblical person)|Lúta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ishmael|Ismá‘íl]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Ishmael#Bahá'í Faith|Ishmael in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Isaac|Isháq]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jacob|Yaqúb]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Joseph (Genesis)|Yusúf]]&lt;ref&gt;Stokes, Jim. ''[https://bahai-library.com/stokes_joseph_babi_bahai The Story of Joseph in the Babi and Baha'i Faiths]'' in World Order, '''29:2''', pp. 25–42, 1997–98 Winter.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Joseph (Genesis)#Baha'i tradition|Joseph in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Job (biblical figure)|Ayyúb]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Job (biblical figure)#Baháʼí|Job in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Druze Faith <br /> |-<br /> |[[Shuaib|Shu'ayb]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Islam, Druze Faith <br /> |-<br /> |[[Aaron|Harún]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dunbar |first=Hooper C. |title=A Companion to the Study of the Kitáb-i-Íqán |publisher=George Ronald |year=1998 |isbn=0-85398-430-1 |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |pages=112}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Aaron#Baháʼí Faith|Aaron in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism, [[Samaritanism]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[Moses|Musá]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Moses#Baháʼí Faith|Moses in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Druze Faith <br /> |-<br /> |[[Joshua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Prophet of the [[Sabaeans]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sabaeans&quot;&gt;Research Department of the Universal House of Justice. ''[https://bahai-library.com/uhj_sabaeans_american_religions The Sabaeans and African-based Religions in the Americas]'', in Lights of Irfan, 13, pp. 415–420. Wilmette, IL: Haj Mehdi Armand Colloquium, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[David]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Solomon|Sulaymān]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Solomon#Baháʼí Faith|Solomon in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Elijah|Élyás]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Elijah#In Baháʼí faith|Elijah in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Druze Faith <br /> |-<br /> |[[Jonah|Yúnus]]&lt;ref&gt;'Abdu'l-Bahá. ''[https://bahai-library.com/abdul-baha_tablet_jonah_whale Tablet about Jonah and the Whale]''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Buddha|Búdá]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://bahaiteachings.org/buddhism-and-the-bahai-faith Buddhism and the Baháʼí Faith]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |[[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Isaiah|Íshiya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jeremiah|Ermíya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ezekiel|Za'l Kifl]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)|Zakariyá]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Cynthia C. Shawamreh |date=December 1998 |title=Comparison of the Suriy-i-Haykal and the Prophecies of Zechariah |url=http://bahai-library.com/students/temple.zechariah.html |publisher=Wilmette Institute |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004134242/http://bahai-library.com/students/temple.zechariah.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Joel (prophet)|Yu'íl]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Joel (prophet)#In the Baháʼí Faith|Joel in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Daniel (biblical figure)|Danyál]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Daniel_(biblical_figure)#Baháʼí|Daniel in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Judaism<br /> |-<br /> |[[Confucius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dann J. May5&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |[[Confucianism]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[John the Baptist|Yúna]]&lt;ref&gt;McLean, Jack (2013). ''[https://bahai-library.com/mclean_john_baptist John the Baptist and Baha'i Prophetic Categories: An Atypical Paradigm]''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[John the Baptist#Baháʼí view|John in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Mandaeism, Druze Faith <br /> |-<br /> |[[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]&lt;ref&gt;Stockman, Robert. ''[https://bahai-library.com/stockman_jesus_bahai_writings Jesus Christ in the Bahá'í Writings]'', in Baháʼí Studies Review, 2:1, Association for Baha'i Studies English-Speaking Europe, London, 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith|Jesus in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Christianity, Islam, Druze Faith, Manichaeism <br /> |-<br /> |[[Muhammad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMAQAQAAIAAJ |title=Islam and the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=George Ronald |year=2000 |isbn=0-85398-446-8 |location=Oxford, UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith]]<br /> |Islam, Druze Faith<br /> |-<br /> |[[Báb]]<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |[[Bábism]], [[Azalism]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Baháʼu'lláh]]<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |{{Centre|–}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Abrahamic Religions]]<br /> * [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion]]<br /> * [[Buddhahood]]<br /> * [[Culture hero]]<br /> * [[Dashavatara]]<br /> * [[List of founders of religious traditions]]<br /> * [[Messiah]]<br /> * [[Manifestation of God]]<br /> * [[Perennial philosophy]]<br /> * [[Saoshyant]]<br /> * [[Sidrat al-Muntaha]]<br /> * [[Son of Heaven]]<br /> * [[Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |author=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá<br /> |author-link=ʻAbdu'l-Bahá<br /> |year=1981<br /> |title=Some Answered Questions<br /> |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust<br /> |location=Wilmette, Illinois<br /> |isbn=0-87743-190-6<br /> |url = https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/<br /> |orig-year=1904-06<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |author=Baháʼu'lláh<br /> |author-link=Baháʼu'lláh<br /> |year=1976<br /> |title=Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh<br /> |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust<br /> |location=Wilmette, Illinois<br /> |isbn=0-87743-187-6<br /> |url=https://archive.org/details/gleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0<br /> |url-access=registration<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |author=Baháʼu'lláh<br /> |author-link = Baháʼu'lláh<br /> |orig-year=1862<br /> |year=2003<br /> |title = Kitáb-i-Íqán: The Book of Certitude<br /> |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust<br /> |location=Wilmette, Illinois<br /> |isbn=1-931847-08-8<br /> |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |first=Shoghi<br /> |last=Effendi<br /> |author-link=Shoghi Effendi<br /> |year=1981<br /> |title= The Dispensation of Baháʼu'lláh<br /> |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust<br /> |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA<br /> |isbn=0-900125-46-2<br /> |url = https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-37.html<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |author= Esslemont, J.E.<br /> |year= 1980<br /> |title= Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era<br /> |edition= 5th<br /> |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust<br /> |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA<br /> |isbn = 0-87743-160-4<br /> |url = https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/je/BNE/<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |author1=Hatcher, W.S.<br /> |author2=Martin, J.D.<br /> |year= 1998<br /> |title=The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion<br /> |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust<br /> |location=Wilmette, Illinois<br /> |isbn = 0-87743-264-3<br /> |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IZmkG1ASirgC<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |first=Wendi<br /> |last=Momen<br /> |year=1989<br /> |title=A Basic Baháʼí Dictionary<br /> |publisher=George Ronald<br /> |location=Oxford, England<br /> |isbn= 0-85398-231-7<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |first=Peter<br /> |last=Smith<br /> |year=1988<br /> |title=The Baháʼí Religion, A Short Introduction to its History and Teachings<br /> |publisher=George Ronald<br /> |location=Oxford, England<br /> |isbn= 0-85398-277-5<br /> }}<br /> *{{cite book<br /> |first=Peter<br /> |last=Smith<br /> |year=1999<br /> |title = A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith<br /> |publisher=Oneworld Publications<br /> |location=Oxford, England<br /> |isbn=1-85168-184-1<br /> |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ<br /> }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Manifestation Of God}}<br /> [[Category:Baháʼí belief and doctrine]]<br /> [[Category:Prophets]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=With_Our_King_and_Queen_Through_India&diff=545810 2026-03-26T07:54:11Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up a article w/ refs.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1912 film}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=May 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = With Our King and Queen Through India<br /> | image = The Delhi Durbar 1911.webm<br /> | caption = ''With Our King and Queen Through India'', fragment<br /> | director = <br /> | producer = [[Charles Urban]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = <br /> | music = <br /> | cinematography = [[Joseph De Frenes]]&lt;br&gt; [[Albuin Mariner]]&lt;br&gt; [[Alfred Gosden]]&lt;br&gt; [[Hiram Horton]]<br /> | editing = <br /> | distributor = [[Natural Color Kinematograph Company]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|1912|02|02|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 150 minutes<br /> | country = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]<br /> | language = [[Silent film|Silent]]&lt;br&gt;[[English language|English]] intertitles<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''With Our King and Queen Through India''''' (1912) is a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[documentary film]]. The film is [[silent film|silent]] and made in the [[Kinemacolor]] [[additive color]] process.<br /> <br /> The film records the 12 December 1911 celebrations in [[India]] which marked the [[coronation]] of [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck]] and their proclamation as Emperor and Empress of India. The film is often referred to as '''''[[Delhi Durbar|The Delhi Durbar]]''''' or '''''The Durbar at Delhi'''''. Although it is commonly referred to as a single film, it is more accurate to think of it as a set of films documenting the royal visit to India in December 1911, with the Durbar ceremony as the centrepiece. Different showings of ''With Our King and Queen Through India'' would be made up of different sets of the films, so that the show (a more accurate concept) was exhibited in several different lengths.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Delhi Durbar&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://charlesurban.com/documents_durbar.html |title=The Delhi Durbar |publisher=charlesurban.com |accessdate=8 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today only two reels survive, one showing a review of troops after the main ceremony and the other a procession in Calcutta from the end of the royal tour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://charlesurban.com/films_twenty.html |title=Twenty Famous Films: 1. With Our King and Queen Through India (1912) |publisher=charlesurban.com |accessdate=14 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film showcased the use of [[Kinemacolor]], which had been launched by [[Charles Urban]] in 1908 as the first successful natural colour motion picture process. It was produced by Urban's [[Natural Color Kinematograph Company]] and he took five camera operators with him: Joseph De Frenes, Albuin Mariner, Alfred Gosden, Hiram Horton and an unidentified fifth (possibly John Mackenzie).&lt;ref name=&quot;McKernan100&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=McKernan|first=Luke|title=Charles Urban: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897-1925|year=2013|publisher=University of Exeter Press|isbn=978-0-85989-882-9|page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Charles Urban and camera team.jpg|thumb|right|Charles Urban (centre) and camera team at Delhi in 1911]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Kinemacolor filmstrip for With Our King and Queen Through India (1912).jpg|thumb|right|Frames from lost sequence of ''With Our King and Queen Through India'' showing the state entry into Delhi. Kinemacolor films appear black-and-white - the colour effect occurs in projection]]<br /> <br /> British filmmakers had previously filmed the Delhi Durbar marking the coronation of [[King Edward VII]] in 1903 (which Edward did not attend).&lt;ref name=&quot;Aitken&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Aitken|first=Ian|title=The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-59642-8|page=400}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release and reception==<br /> The films were premiered at the [[Scala Theatre]], London on 2 February 1912, with an accompaniment provided by a live orchestra of forty-eight pieces, a chorus of twenty-four, a twenty-piece fife and drum corps, and three bagpipes. The music echoed that played at the actual ceremonies in Delhi. The stage set featured a mock-up of the Taj Mahal, and there were elaborate lighting effects. Live commentary was provided by the Scala's stage manager [[St John Hamund]].&lt;ref name=&quot;McKernan104&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=McKernan|first=Luke|title=Charles Urban: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897-1925|year=2013|publisher=University of Exeter Press|isbn=978-0-85989-882-9|page=104}}&lt;/ref&gt; An article in the American periodical ''[[Munsey's Magazine]]'' praised the music, describing the band as &quot;one of the best I have heard in London&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Stage|journal=[[Munsey's Magazine]]|year=1912|volume=48|pages=156–157|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2870652}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The full show was made up of several sections, according to the 1912 Kinemacolor catalogue:&lt;ref name=&quot;The Delhi Durbar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> # Royal Visit to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (2–4 December 1911)<br /> # Scenes in [[New Delhi|Delhi]], the New Capital of India<br /> # Arrival of the Ruling Chiefs at [[Kingsway Camp|Kingsway]] Station, Delhi<br /> # Preparing for the Durbar - the Chiefs' Camps<br /> # The Royal Horse Artillery Firing a Salute<br /> # Arrival of Their Imperial Majesties at [[Salimgarh Fort|Selimgarh]] Station<br /> # Arrival at the Reception Tent, [[Red Fort|Delhi Fort]] (7 December 1911)<br /> # The State Entry into Delhi (7 December 1911)<br /> # The Royal Procession passing from the Ridge to the King's Camp (Delhi, 7 December 1911)<br /> # King Edward Memorial Ceremony (Delhi, 8 December 1911)<br /> # Presentation of Colors (11 December 1911)<br /> # The Delhi Polo Tournament (7 to 11 December 1911)<br /> # THE CORONATION DURBAR AT DELHI (12 December 1911) <br /> # The State Garden Party at Delhi Fort (13 December 1911)<br /> # The Royal Review of 50,000 Troops (Delhi, 14 December) [film survives]<br /> # Point to Point Races (Delhi, December, 13th, 1911)<br /> # State Departure of Their Imperial Majesties (Delhi, 16 December 1911)<br /> # The King's Camp and the Chiefs' Receptions<br /> # Preparations for the [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] Pageant<br /> # Arrival and Reception of Their Imperial Majesties at [[Prinsep Ghat|Princep's Ghat]] Calcutta (30 December 1911)<br /> # The Pageant Procession [film survives]<br /> # Their Imperial Majesties' Departure from Calcutta (8 January 1912)<br /> <br /> When the film was released, there had been several short black-and-white films of the Delhi Durbar made already by other companies. ''With Our King and Queen Through India'' made a huge impact worldwide because of its colour, length and multi-media spectacle. It had a great appeal for middle class audiences that had previously avoided film shows because of their low social status, and it was exhibited before royalty. [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] saw it at the Scala on 11 May 1912, accompanied by [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]] and [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)|Empress Maria of Russia]]. The Empress wrote to her son [[Nicholas II of Russia]] about the show. She attended a lunch with Georgie and May and later watched a Kinemacolor film of their journey to India. She described the Kinemacolor process as a detailed way to view the event, including that it provided a realistic appearance of the footage.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKernan108&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=McKernan|first=Luke|title=Charles Urban: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897-1925|year=2013|publisher=University of Exeter Press|isbn=978-0-85989-882-9|page=108}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The films were also shown at Buckingham Palace on 12 December 1912.<br /> <br /> One of the surviving sequences from the film, The Pageant Procession, has been released on the DVD set ''Kinemacolor and Other Magic''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://cinestore.cinetecadibologna.it/bookshop/dettaglio/119 Kinemacolor e altre magie / Kinemacolor and Other Magic] (Cineteca Bologna, 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of early color feature films]]<br /> * [[List of incomplete or partially lost films]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0243880}}<br /> * [http://charlesurban.com/documents_durbar.html Description of complete show with colour illustrations from 1912 Kinemacolor catalogue]<br /> * {{YouTube|dQ5VaqVGAQI|Clip from surviving footage (2:12)}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:With Our King and Queen Through India}}<br /> [[Category:1912 films]]<br /> [[Category:1912 documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:1912 lost films]]<br /> [[Category:1912 British films]]<br /> [[Category:1910s color films]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br /> [[Category:British documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:British silent feature films]]<br /> [[Category:Documentary films about British royalty]]<br /> [[Category:Documentary films about India]]<br /> [[Category:Early color films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:George V]]<br /> [[Category:Lost British silent films]]<br /> [[Category:Silent documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:Silent films in color]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shock_(2006_film)&diff=474652 2026-03-23T16:12:51Z

<p>EverettePowe35: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Shock<br /> | image = Shock telugu.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | writer = '''Screenplay''':&lt;br/&gt;[[Harish Shankar]]&lt;br/&gt;'''Story''' &amp; '''Dialogues''':&lt;br/&gt;[[Kona Venkat]]<br /> | starring = [[Ravi Teja]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Jyothika]]<br /> | director = [[Harish Shankar]]<br /> | producer = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2006|02|09|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 147 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | cinematography = [[Sarvesh Murari]]<br /> | editing = Bhanodaya<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Ajay–Atul]]&lt;br/&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Amar Mohile]]<br /> | studio = RGV Film Factory<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Shock''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Harish Shankar]] in his directoral debut and produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Jyothika]], while [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Subbaraju]], and [[Ravi Kale]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Ajay–Atul]] with editing by Bhanodaya. It released on 9 February 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shock.html|title=Shock - Telugu cinema Review - Ravi Teja, Jyothika|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032245/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-shock.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gripping-but-no-shock-value/article3176977.ece|title=Gripping, but no shock value|date=11 February 2006|access-date=25 January 2022|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120103728/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gripping-but-no-shock-value/article3176977.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/shock/telugu/shock-movie-reviews-1992-2.html|title=Shock review: Shock (Telugu) Movie Review|website=Movies.fullhyderabad.com|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032427/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/shock/telugu/shock-movie-reviews-1992-2.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, the film was dubbed in Hindi as ''Mera Insaaf''. The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' (2011) starring [[Darshan Thoogudeepa Srinivas|Darshan]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Sekhar and Madhu are a happily married couple who work for an advertising company. Nagesh and Divakar are notorious encounter specialists. They shoot Sekhar, mistaking him to be a Maoist. After realising their mistake, they frame him as a Maoist by planting evidence. Sekhar's lawyer, Dharma Reddy, cheats him and makes sure that he is sentenced to eight-year imprisonment. Madhu meets Geeta, an investigative journalist and unite to get clues about Sekhar's innocence. Nagesh and Diwakar force Madhu to commit suicide. Sekhar is devastated upon learning of his wife's death. How Sekhar, with the help of Geeta, seeks revenge against Nagesh and Divakar and proves his innocence forms the rest of the story.<br /> <br /> == Cast == <br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Ravi Teja]] as Chandrasekhar a.k.a. Sekhar<br /> *[[Jyothika]] as Madhurima a.k.a. Madhu, Sekhar's wife<br /> *[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Geeta, an investigative journalist<br /> *[[Subbaraju]] as Nagesh, an encounter specialist<br /> *[[Ravi Kale]] as Divakar, an encounter specialist<br /> *[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Lawyer Dharma Reddy<br /> *[[Brahmanandam]] as Sekhar and Madhu's boss<br /> *[[Nagendra Babu]] as CBI Officer Surendra Kumar<br /> *Deepthi Nallamothu as Sekhar and Madhu's friend<br /> *[[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Sekhar's friend<br /> *[[Krishnudu]] as Sekhar's friend<br /> *[[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Gopi, a house broker<br /> *[[Vizag Prasad]] as Madhu's father<br /> *[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Sekhar and Madhu's neighbor<br /> *[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Police Commissioner G. Gopal Rao<br /> *[[Raghu Babu]] as Jailer<br /> *[[Raja Ravindra]] as Labbipet Tilak<br /> *Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Sekhar's office peon<br /> *[[Ramjagan]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Ram Gopal Varma was to produce a film starring Ravi Teja directed by [[Prawaal Raman]] of ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' fame in Telugu. Ravi Teja wanted a Telugu person as the director, and Harish Shankar was brought on board.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/harishshankar.html |title=Harish Shankar interview – Telugu film director |website=Idlebrain.com |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511065345/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/harishshankar.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Shock<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Ajay–Atul]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 2006<br /> | recorded = 2006<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 26:38<br /> | language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]<br /> | label = [[Aditya Music]]<br /> | producer = Ajay–Atul<br /> | prev_title = [[Restaurant (2006 film)|Restaurant]]<br /> | prev_year = 2006<br /> | next_title = Zabardast<br /> | next_year = 2007<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The songs were composed by [[Ajay–Atul]] and released on [[Aditya Music]].<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline = Track-List<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 26:38<br /> | title1 = Ni Vente Nene<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]<br /> | length1 = 4:40<br /> | title2 = Cycle Ekkki<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Kandikonda]]<br /> | extra2 = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], [[Shweta Pandit]]<br /> | length2 = 4:54<br /> | title3 = Premante<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Kona Venkat]]<br /> | extra3 = Shweta Pandit<br /> | length3 = 4:26<br /> | title4 = Kummese Dammunte<br /> | lyrics4 = Pothula Ravikiran<br /> | extra4 = [[Ajay–Atul|Ajay]], Kousalya<br /> | length4 = 5:26<br /> | title5 =Madhuram Madhuram<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Veturi]]<br /> | extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | length5 = 4:42<br /> | title6 =Shock<br /> | note6 = [[Instrumental]]<br /> | length6 = 2:30<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0843379}}<br /> <br /> {{Harish Shankar}}<br /> <br /> {{Ram Gopal Varma}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2006 films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Harish Shankar]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ajay–Atul]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2006 action films]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penguin_(film)&diff=525126 2026-03-20T23:25:59Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Made new entry - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2020 film by Eashvar Karthic}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Penguin film poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Official release poster<br /> | director = [[Eashvar Karthic]]<br /> | producer = {{ubl|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]|Kaarthekeyen Santhanam|Sudhan Sundaram|Jayaram}}<br /> | writer = Eashvar Karthic<br /> | starring = [[Keerthy Suresh]]<br /> | music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Karthik Palani]]<br /> | editing = [[Anil Krish]]<br /> | studio = [[Stone Bench|Stone Bench Creations]]&lt;br /&gt;Passion Studios<br /> | distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|6|19}}<br /> | runtime = 132 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PENGUIN [Tamil] |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/penguin-vod-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627122759/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/penguin-vod-1 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Penguin''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Eashvar Karthic]] in his directorial debut. The film was produced by Kaarthekeyen Santhanam, Sudhan Sundaram and Jayaram, under [[Stone Bench|Stone Bench Films]], backed by [[Karthik Subbaraj]], and Passion Studios respectively. It stars [[Keerthy Suresh]] as a pregnant woman on the journey of solving the mystery of her first child's disappearance.<br /> <br /> The project was announced in August 2019. Eashvar Karthic wrote the script within 18 days, and shooting was completed within 36 days between September and November 2019 at [[Kodaikanal]]. The film features cinematography by [[Karthik Palani]] and editing was done by [[Anil Krish]]; the film has music scored by [[Santhosh Narayanan]].<br /> <br /> ''Penguin'' was released directly through [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 19 June 2020, after a theatrical release failed to happen due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]. The film received mixed reviews from critics, praising the performance of Keerthy and the cinematography whereas the inconsistent writing received criticism.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> A sinister-looking stranger in a Charlie Chaplin mask holds a bloody bag while walking into a lake. Rhythm, a young woman who resides in [[Kodaikanal]], married to her husband Gautham, is seven months pregnant. While at the hospital for a follow-up appointment, Rhythm recalls her past.<br /> <br /> Six years earlier, Rhythm was married to another man named Raghu and together, they had a son named Ajay. One day while Rhythm is reading a story about a missing penguin and its mother, Raghu tells Rhythm that her friend Bhavana's father has died. Raghu and Rhythm go to Bhavana's house with Ajay. There they run into Rhythm's other friend Abi, and her husband Kathir. Rhythm and Raghu go into the house where they see Bhavana unresponsive, in a dazed state. Rhythm tries to reassure Bhavana, but Bhavana does not respond. Raghu tells Rhythm to give Bhavana her space and the two leave the house. They then realize that Ajay has gone missing and Raghu blames her for Ajay's disappearance. They search everywhere in the house and eventually, Kathir finds Ajay outside the house.<br /> <br /> Back to the present, a nurse tells Rhythm that she is next to see the doctor. While waiting, she plays peek a boo with a little girl but when she closes her eyes, the girl is nowhere to be found. She eventually finds out that the girl's mom picked her up. But as she sees a big hoard of insects on the ceiling she has a gory flashback and passes out. During the appointment, it is revealed that Rhythm is deathly scared of bugs and the doctor also tells Rhythm to forget the past and to avoid going to the lake. Despite the doctor's warning, Rhythm goes to the lake and her flashback continues.<br /> <br /> One day at the same spot near the lake, Rhythm was waiting to pick Ajay up from school. Ajay's friend Pavi tells Rhythm that all the kids heard a whistling sound from the forest and Ajay went into the forest following it. Pavi also mentions a man in a Charlie Chaplin mask in the forest. Rhythm is immediately worried. She calls the police and the police all go to look in the lake. Rhythm, in her grief, falls into a dazed state. Raghu, Abi, Kathir, and Bhavana all try to console her and the police continue their search but Ajay cannot be found. The police find a bouquet of human intestines with a 'Rest in Peace' card. Upon seeing the bouquet, Rhythm passes out. There were bugs swarming the bouquet and it is revealed that this is the cause of Rhythm's fear of insects. As time passes, Ajay's bloodstained clothes are found in the forest and the police determine that it is very likely that Ajay is dead. <br /> <br /> Back in the present, Rhythm is thinking about her happy times with Ajay, she sees an injured man being chased by a stranger in a Charlie Chaplin mask. The man tells her to run and `tells her that he saw the stranger with a missing child. Rhythms manages to escape, but sees the killer murder the man. The killer sees Rhythm but lets her escape. She thinks that the missing child is Ajay and calls her friend who is a police inspector. Her friend mentions that another girl named Anjana has also gone missing and it is likely that the child is not Ajay. Rhythm still goes back to the lake,drives her car fastly and on her way there, she sees a child run in front of her car and swerves and brakes her car harshly without hurting Ajay. Upon looking at him, she realizes that the child is Ajay. An ambulance and the police arrive and Ajay is taken to the hospital. DNA tests confirm that the boy is Ajay. A shocked Raghu arrives at the hospital after being informed about Ajay. The doctor informs them that Ajay has been tortured by his kidnapper and has not spoken a word. They are left alone and a flashback regarding their marriage is shown.<br /> <br /> After the couple cannot find Ajay, Rhythm becomes depressed and Raghu's toxic behavior causes them to divorce when Raghu blames Ajay's disappearance on Rhythm. They both go their separate ways.<br /> <br /> Back in the present day, Raghu apologizes for his behavior and lets Ajay go home with Rhythm. When Ajay goes to Rhythm's house, he is still very quiet and uncomfortable. One night at home, she overhears Ajay singing Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star, and sees his drawings of the kidnapper implying that the kidnapper is still following him. One day at a carnival, she sees the kidnapper when meeting up with Raghu, but fails to follow him. She also loses Ajay but Raghu manages to find him. Raghu brings her home as Gautham could not be reached. In the middle of the night, Ajay attempts to stab Rhythm' but stops when she moves. Later the kidnapper breaks into Rhythm's house and communicates with Ajay via sign language. Rhythm tries to stop the kidnapper but he overpowers her and escapes.<br /> <br /> Ajay's doctor, David, suggests that Rhythm take Ajay to a speech therapist. On the way to the therapist, Rhythm's dog Cyrus finds human remains in a dumpster. Cyrus leads Rhythm to a house that belongs to David. Suspecting David, Rhythm finds a way to make him leave the house and searches it. She discovers a secret room where she finds Anjana. Rhythm saves Anjana and Ajay from David and gets David arrested. When Rhythm questions David, it is revealed that he kills kids for their organs. David also reveals that if he had kidnapped Ajay, Ajay would have been dead. It is revealed that David sent the bouquet to divert the police from his crimes. David also says that the kidnapper is around Rhythm and that she has to look at things from a different point of view to figure out who the kidnapper is. She starts to suspect Raghu because Ajay listened to him. She reaches the hospital where she sees that Gautham has been attacked. Gautham holds a glove and reveals that the kidnapper is female and says that she took Ajay. Rhythm runs through the clues in her head and figures out who the kidnapper is but she does not know why they kidnapped Ajay. She gets in the car and drives to a house. The kidnapper shows up and pulls off her mask revealing that she is Bhavana. Rhythm asks where Ajay is and Bhavana says that she will tell Rhythm if she has a drink which Rhythm does. Bhavana says that when her world was shattered and she tried to fix it, she would see Rhythm in every shard. Then, Bhavana's past is revealed through a brief flashback.<br /> <br /> When Bhavana and Rhythm were little, everyone put Rhythm in the spotlight and Bhavana was left behind. As they got older, this behavior continued. When Rhythm was engaged, Bhavana's parents organized Rhythm's marriage because she was an orphan, forgetting that they had a daughter who was not engaged at home. And as everyone compared Bhavana to Rhythm, Bhavana started to lose her identity. So she created one of her own. When she saw how worried Rhythm was after Ajay went missing for five minutes, Bhavana decided to kidnap Ajay for one day and return him. But when she saw how upset Rhythm was, she kept Ajay locked up for one day, then a week, and just like that 6 years passed. But one day, Abi's husband Kathir follows Bhavana to an underground room where Ajay's clothes were found, and sees Bhavana slapping Ajay. Bhavana stabs Kathir and forces Ajay to stab Kathir. Kathir tells Ajay to run, and Ajay does so while Bhavana kills Kathir. Ajay runs until he runs in front of Rhythm's car, bringing the film back to the present.<br /> <br /> Bhavana says that Rhythm has a choice between saving her unborn child or Ajay. It is revealed that the drink was poisoned and that Ajay was given the same drink. Bhavana says that no matter what, she will have to make a comparison and that someone will die anyways, hoping that Rhythm will finally understand how Bhavana felt all those years. Bhavana shoots herself in the head. Rhythm runs outside, finds the underground room with Cyrus' help, and frees Ajay. In the room, she also finds Kathir's decomposing body. She and Ajay try to escape but the poison starts to affect Rhythm. Ajay speaks for the first time and calls her mom. He then runs outside and finds help.<br /> <br /> Rhythm is hospitalized, and since she only had a small dose of poison, both she and the baby are safe. Ajay returns to his normal playful self.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Keerthy Suresh]] as Rhythm aka Ritu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=15 June 2020 |title=Keerthy Suresh on finding rhythm to her character in 'Penguin' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/keerthy-suresh-interview-on-penguin/article31833071.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615174411/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/keerthy-suresh-interview-on-penguin/article31833071.ece |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Riya Manoj as Young Rhythm<br /> * [[Linga (actor)|Linga]] as Raghu&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Madhampatty Rangaraj]] as Gautham Siddharth&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Advaith Vinod as Ajay&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot; /&gt;<br /> ** Umar as young Ajay<br /> * Mathi as Dr. David<br /> * Muthazhagan as Charlie Chaplin<br /> * Nithya Kriupa as Bhavana&lt;ref name=&quot;gulf&quot; /&gt;<br /> ** Sai Jivitha as young Bhavana<br /> ** Shakthi as teenage Bhavana<br /> * Harini Rameshkrishnan as Abhi&lt;ref name=&quot;gulf&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Thejank as Kathir<br /> * Maddy as Cyrus<br /> * Murali as Bhavana's father<br /> * Aishwarya Ramani as Anjana<br /> * Uma Shankar as Bhavana's mother<br /> * Tharini Suresh as Anjana's mother<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> {{quote box<br /> | quote=&quot;I was glued by the narration of Eashvar. I'm not only playing a mother in the film, but she is also pregnant so the role was even more challenging. Though ''[[Mahanati]]'' was a proper female-centric film, it wasn't a direct Tamil film so when I was looking for the right project in Tamil, Eashvar came up with this script and I completely loved it. Only during interviews, I realised that playing a pregnant woman is a big deal&quot;.<br /> | source = Keerthy Suresh, in an interview with ''[[Firstpost]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> | width = 30%<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In August 2019, it was announced that [[Keerthy Suresh]] had signed on an untitled &quot;mystery thriller&quot; film to be produced by [[Karthik Subbaraj]] under his banner [[Stone Bench Creations|Stone Bench Films]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 August 2019 |title=Keerthy's film for Karthik Subbaraj to begin in September |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthys-film-for-karthik-subbaraj-to-begin-in-september/articleshow/70646300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthys-film-for-karthik-subbaraj-to-begin-in-september/articleshow/70646300.cms |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and directed by debutant [[Eashvar Karthic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 August 2019 |title=Karthik Subbaraj announces film with Keerthy Suresh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-subbaraj-announces-film-with-keerthy-suresh/article29053488.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200522050154/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-subbaraj-announces-film-with-keerthy-suresh/article29053488.ece |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film, which was Stone Bench's third production venture,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=Karthik Subbaraj's fourth production venture starts rolling in Nilgiris |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karthik-subbaraj-s-fourth-production-venture-starts-rolling-nilgiris-109024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200522120042/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/brother-me-mammootty-wishes-mohanlal-his-birthday-emotional-video-124998 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; was also produced by Kaarthekeyen Santhanam, Sudhan Sundaram and Jayaram under the banner Passion Studios.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=11 June 2020 |title=Penguin trailer: Hunt for a ruthless monster |url=https://telanganatoday.com/penguin-trailer-hunt-for-a-ruthless-monster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611104300/https://telanganatoday.com/penguin-trailer-hunt-for-a-ruthless-monster |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also marked as Keerthy's second female-centric film, after her performance in ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018), which received critical acclaim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 August 2019 |title=Keerthy Suresh signed for Karthik Subbaraj's next untitled production venture |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keerthy-suresh-signed-karthik-subbaraj-s-next-untitled-production-venture-107133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092735/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keerthy-suresh-signed-karthik-subbaraj-s-next-untitled-production-venture-107133 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eashvar wrote the script of the film within a span of 18 days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The film was launched as a Tamil and Telugu bilingual;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Penguin star Keerthy Suresh: Every mother will feel that I am a superhero |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/penguin-star-keerthy-suresh-mother-superhero-6460526/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514003757/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/penguin-star-keerthy-suresh-mother-superhero-6460526/ |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, the Telugu version was dropped in favor of a dubbed release.&lt;ref name=&quot;dub1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=11 June 2020 |title=Penguin trailer out: Pregnant Keerthy Suresh battles a psycho killer in the thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/penguin-trailer-out-pregnant-keerthy-suresh-battles-a-psycho-killer-in-the-thriller-1687851-2020-06-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312234752/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/penguin-trailer-out-pregnant-keerthy-suresh-battles-a-psycho-killer-in-the-thriller-1687851-2020-06-11 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dub2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2020 |title=A sneak peek into Tollywood during corona |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/a-sneak-peek-into-tollywood-during-corona-664183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304070648/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/a-sneak-peek-into-tollywood-during-corona-664183 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film's technical crew members included [[Santhosh Narayanan]] as the film's composer, [[Karthik Palani]] was chosen to handle the cinematography, whereas [[Anil Krish]] took in charge of editing the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 August 2019 |title=Karthik Subbaraj ropes in Keerthy for a thriller |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140819/karthik-subbaraj-ropes-in-keerthy-for-a-thriller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092659/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140819/karthik-subbaraj-ropes-in-keerthy-for-a-thriller.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 August 2019 |title=Karthik Subbaraj confirms film with Keerthy Suresh |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/12/karthik-subbaraj-confirms-film-with-keerthy-suresh-13598.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092523/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/12/karthik-subbaraj-confirms-film-with-keerthy-suresh-13598.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karthik Palani assisted [[Tirru]], before making his debut as the cinematographer in the film, he stated the preparation work took around three months, further adding that the fairly limited time allotted for shooting, did help in a cause, despite the unpredictable weather.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He also experimented with camera angles which he stated that no recent Tamil film has had as many wide shots.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 17 October 2019, the makers unveiled the first look of the film, revealing the title as ''Penguin''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=Keerthy Suresh next titled Penguin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-next-titled-penguin/articleshow/71626949.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200604045504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-next-titled-penguin/articleshow/71626949.cms |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first look features Keerthy playing a pregnant woman in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 October 2019 |title=Penguin first look: Keerthy Suresh plays a pregnant woman in Karthik Subbaraj's production |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/penguin-first-look-keerthy-suresh-karthik-subbaraj-miss-india-teaser-6074542/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200522115506/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/penguin-first-look-keerthy-suresh-karthik-subbaraj-miss-india-teaser-6074542/ |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Keerthy, in an interview with ''[[Scroll.in]]'', described the film as &quot;an emotional thriller, which is mostly about motherhood and the bond between mother and son. It's about the trauma she experiences when she loses her son. The whole story is set over four days, during which she tries to find her son.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Apart from Keerthy, the film features Linga and [[Madhampatty Rangaraj]] in pivotal roles in addition to several newcomers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karthi |first=E. Sudharshan |date=4 November 2019 |title=''ஏழே கேரக்டர்ஸ்... கொடைக்கானலில் 32 நாள்... பென்ச்மார்க் கீர்த்தி!''&amp;nbsp;– 'பெண்குயின்' அப்டேட்ஸ் |trans-title=`` Seven Characters ... 32 Days in Kodaikanal ... Benchmark Keerthi! &amp;nbsp;– `Penguin 'Updates |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/madhampatty-rangaraj-shares-about-his-experience-in-penguin-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610003952/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/madhampatty-rangaraj-shares-about-his-experience-in-penguin-movie |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> [[Principal photography]] began on 12 September 2019 at [[Kodaikanal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 September 2019 |title=Keerthy Suresh's next, produced by Karthik Subbaraj, goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/12/keerthy-sureshs-next-produced-by-karthik-subbaraj-goes-on-floors-14253.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092701/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/12/keerthy-sureshs-next-produced-by-karthik-subbaraj-goes-on-floors-14253.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 September 2019 |title=Keerthi Suresh's female centric film goes on floor |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140919/keerthi-sureshs-female-centric-film-goes-on-floor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092745/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140919/keerthi-sureshs-female-centric-film-goes-on-floor.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Keerthy had experienced about the film's shooting in cold destinations such as Kodaikkanal, and also about the challenges faced during early starts and long days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; During the shooting in Kodaikanal, the shooting lights fell on a beehive and disturbed the bees, which stung many crew members including Keerthy, and it was after treatment that Keerthy and the team resumed shooting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Penguin: Powerful Tale Of A Mother |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/penguin-keerthy-suresh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614074215/https://www.ritzmagazine.in/penguin-keerthy-suresh/ |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Ritz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 3 November 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;wrap&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> ''Penguin''{{'}}s original soundtrack album features only one song composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wrap&quot; /&gt; Titled &quot;Kolame&quot;, it was composed by Santhosh at his Future Tense Recording Studio located in [[Chennai]], and he composed the songs and background score of the film, during the period of the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Santhosh Nayaranan composed music for 'Penguin' during the lockdown |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-nayaranan-composed-music-for-penguin-during-the-lockdown-news-tamil-ugrkygbbcdhia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092546/https://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-nayaranan-composed-music-for-penguin-during-the-lockdown-news-tamil-ugrkygbbcdhia.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; after when the Tamil Nadu government granted permission for post-production works of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=Come May 11, post-production work in films will resume |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/come-may-11-post-production-work-in-films-will-resume/article31538901.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092758/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/come-may-11-post-production-work-in-films-will-resume/article31538901.ece |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a source report, it stated that ''Penguin''’s music album is one of the first albums to have been completely created during this ongoing period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Watch: 'Kolamey' song from Keerthy Suresh's 'Penguin' is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-kolamey-song-keerthy-sureshs-penguin-out-126677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092726/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-kolamey-song-keerthy-sureshs-penguin-out-126677 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &quot;Kolame&quot; was released as a single on 16 June 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Penguin song Kolamey composed by Santhosh Narayanan, released in three languages by Anirudh Ravichander today |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/penguin-song-kolamey-composed-by-santhosh-narayanan-released-in-three-languages-by-anirudh-ravichander-today/22843271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092708/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/penguin-song-kolamey-composed-by-santhosh-narayanan-released-in-three-languages-by-anirudh-ravichander-today/22843271 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; by composer [[Anirudh Ravichander]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=16 June 2020 |title=Kolame song out: Keerthy Suresh and team treat us to first track from Penguin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kolame-song-out-keerthy-suresh-and-team-treat-us-to-first-track-from-penguin-1689597-2020-06-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616135224/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kolame-song-out-keerthy-suresh-and-team-treat-us-to-first-track-from-penguin-1689597-2020-06-16 |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=16 June 2020 |work=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; who also released its Telugu version &quot;Praname&quot;, and Malayalam version &quot;Omale&quot;, simultaneously on the same day. Susha lent the vocals for the song in both the versions, which had lyrics written by Vivek for the Tamil and Malayalam version, while Vennelekanti wrote its Telugu version.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Penguin: Anirudh Ravichander releases first track Praname from Keerthy Suresh's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/penguin-anirudh-ravichander-releases-first-track-praname-from-keerthy-sureshs-next/articleshow/76408420.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200618052927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/penguin-anirudh-ravichander-releases-first-track-praname-from-keerthy-sureshs-next/articleshow/76408420.cms |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rhode |first=Shruti |date=17 June 2020 |title=Penguin song Kolame out! Susha adds melody and life to Keerthy Suresh's role as a mother |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/penguin-song-kolame-out-susha-adds-melody-and-life-to-keerthy-sureshs-role-as-a-mother/607619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200618053340/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/penguin-song-kolame-out-susha-adds-melody-and-life-to-keerthy-sureshs-role-as-a-mother/607619 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The soundtrack album features seven instrumental tracks, along with the song &quot;Kolame&quot; which was released by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music South]], on 10 August 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 August 2020 |title=Penguin (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Santhosh Narayanan |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/penguin-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1519775746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092526/https://music.apple.com/us/album/penguin-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1519775746 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The album also features an additional track &quot;Thaai&quot; (only for the Tamil version), which had lyrics written by Vivek and sung by Anand Aravindakshan. It was not included in the soundtrack album or film but released separately on 2 September 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 September 2020 |title=Thaai (From &quot;Penguin&quot;) (Full Song) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/thaai-from-penguin/BwtfSD9nQlo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092707/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/thaai-from-penguin/BwtfSD9nQlo |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Kolame<br /> | extra1 = Subiksha Rangarajan<br /> | length1 = 5:01<br /> | title2 = Chase<br /> | note2 = [[Instrumental]]<br /> | length2 = 0:52<br /> | title3 = Killer Found<br /> | note3 = Instrumental<br /> | length3 = 2:27<br /> | title4 = Nee Venum Theme<br /> | note4 = Instrumental<br /> | length4 = 2:26<br /> | note8 = Instrumental<br /> | title9 = Thaai<br /> | note7 = Instrumental<br /> | note6 = Instrumental<br /> | note5 = Instrumental<br /> | length9 = 5:28<br /> | title5 = Penguin Theme<br /> | length8 = 2:19<br /> | title8 = Umbrella Man<br /> | length7 = 2:58<br /> | title7 = Through the Hills<br /> | length6 = 1:18<br /> | title6 = Ruthless Monster<br /> | length5 = 1:06<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | extra9 = [[Anand Aravindakshan]]<br /> | extra2 = –<br /> | extra8 = –<br /> | extra3 = –<br /> | extra4 = –<br /> | extra5 = –<br /> | extra6 = –<br /> | extra7 = –<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Penguin'' was originally scheduled for a theatrical release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 June 2020 |title='Penguin' trailer: Keerthy Suresh stars in an intriguing case of a missing child |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/penguin-trailer-starring-keerthy-suresh/article31802060.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611121345/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/penguin-trailer-starring-keerthy-suresh/article31802060.ece |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, on 15 May 2020, the streaming service [[Amazon Prime Video]] announced that the film would be made available directly on the service from 19 June 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2020 |title=Keerthy Suresh's Penguin to digitally premiere on Amazon Prime from June 19 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/may/15/keerthy-sureshs-penguin-to-digitally-premiere-on-amazon-prime-from-june-19-18444.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092711/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/may/15/keerthy-sureshs-penguin-to-digitally-premiere-on-amazon-prime-from-june-19-18444.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; as a result of theatres being closed due to the COVID-19 lockdown. It became the second Tamil film to have a [[direct-to-streaming]] release during the lockdown, after ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'' which released that year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2020 |title='Ponmagal Vandhal' to 'Penguin': Seven films confirmed for straight-to-OTT release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/may/15/ponmagal-vandhal-to-penguin-seven-films-confirmed-for-straight-to-ott-release-2143665.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521135019/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/may/15/ponmagal-vandhal-to-penguin-seven-films-confirmed-for-straight-to-ott-release-2143665.html |archive-date=21 May 2020 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released simultaneously in Tamil with dubbed versions in Telugu and Malayalam.&lt;ref name=&quot;dub1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dub2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''Penguin'' received mixed reviews from critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Keerthy Suresh's Penguin leaked online on TamilRockers, other torrent sites |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/keerthy-sureshs-penguin-leaked-online-on-tamilrockers-other-torrent-sites/story/407421.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623123133/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/keerthy-sureshs-penguin-leaked-online-on-tamilrockers-other-torrent-sites/story/407421.html |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=21 June 2020 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; S. Srivatsan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, &quot;''Penguin'' is not a ''bad'' film but Eashvar's idea of writing suspense gets clumsier as the story progresses, the film is inconsistent for the most part, despite some brilliantly-imagined sequences.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=19 June 2020 |title='Penguin' movie review: A confusing thriller with great visuals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/penguin-movie-review/article31867265.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620101933/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/penguin-movie-review/article31867265.ece |archive-date=20 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shubra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars stating &quot;Keerthy Suresh tries to make the best of a bad job, and is quite a sight when squaring up to monsters, but the proceedings let her down.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubra |date=20 June 2002 |title=Penguin movie review: The Keerthy Suresh-starrer is quite ludicrous |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/penguin-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-6466038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620045622/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/penguin-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-6466038/ |archive-date=20 June 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars stating &quot;Eashvar Karthic provides us the answers in this emotional thriller that might be underwhelming compared to recent serial killer thrillers, but isn't a total letdown, especially for a first film. Part of its success is due to the convincing performance of Keerthy Suresh, which brings out the vulnerability and the strength in this character.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Gauthaman Bhaskaran of the ''[[News18]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stating &quot;A thriller that loses its way not long after it begins to roll.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gauthaman |date=19 June 2020 |title=Penguin Movie Review: A Thriller Merely Out to Turn Protagonist Into a Superwoman |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/penguin-movie-review-a-thriller-merely-out-to-turn-protagonist-into-a-superwoman-2677027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092746/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/penguin-movie-review-a-thriller-merely-out-to-turn-protagonist-into-a-superwoman-2677027.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramanath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated that &quot;Eashvar Karthic's 132-minute film stumbles along on the strength of its visuals and Keerthy Suresh's suitably fraught performance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=19 June 2020 |title='Penguin' review: Keerthy Suresh is impressive in a thriller that isn't |url=https://scroll.in/reel/965068/penguin-review-keerthy-suresh-is-impressive-in-a-thriller-that-isnt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092726/https://scroll.in/reel/965068/penguin-review-keerthy-suresh-is-impressive-in-a-thriller-that-isnt |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karthik Keramalu from ''[[The Quint]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated &quot;Keerthy Suresh gave a good performance but the thriller itself was lazy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' stated &quot;Even the title has no motivation, unless you consider that the penguin is a bird that cannot fly. This is a film that never takes off.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=19 June 2020 |title=Penguin, With Keerthy Suresh, On Amazon Prime: This Wannabe Moody Thriller Falls Victim To Some Seriously Bad Writing |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/penguin-with-keerthy-suresh-on-amazon-prime-this-wannabe-moody-thriller-falls-victim-to-some-seriously-bad-writing-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092752/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/penguin-with-keerthy-suresh-on-amazon-prime-this-wannabe-moody-thriller-falls-victim-to-some-seriously-bad-writing-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a positive note, Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stating &quot;''Penguin'' draws a clear line&amp;nbsp;– this is a story about a mother. Rhythm is only that. For her, and for the film, that is enough.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=19 June 2020 |title=Penguin movie review: Keerthy Suresh shoulders thrilling, though unconvincing, search for a lost child |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/penguin-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-shoulders-thrilling-though-unconvincing-search-for-a-lost-child-8500451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092735/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/penguin-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-shoulders-thrilling-though-unconvincing-search-for-a-lost-child-8500451.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stating &quot;''Penguin'' has its moments and Keerthy Suresh indeed makes the film very watchable. But it is probably time to ask if this pressure to include 'twists' isn't killing a good story only because it seems too ''simple''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=19 June 2020 |title='Penguin' review: An excellent Keerthy Suresh anchors a convoluted thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/penguin-review-excellent-keerthy-suresh-anchors-convoluted-thriller-126857 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092729/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/penguin-review-excellent-keerthy-suresh-anchors-convoluted-thriller-126857 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated &quot;Keerthy Suresh proves yet again she's an artist with a lot of potential. If not for her commendable performance, the film would’ve struggled to make an impact with its convoluted writing. She owns the film from the first frame to the last, and she delivers one of her career-best performances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=19 June 2020 |title=Penguin review: Keerthy Suresh delivers one of her career-best performances in this emotional thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/penguin-review-keerthy-suresh-delivers-one-of-her-career-best-performances-in-this-emotional-thriller/story-JqaKio2SxiEfFHMrS93G8I.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624041835/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/penguin-review-keerthy-suresh-delivers-one-of-her-career-best-performances-in-this-emotional-thriller/story-JqaKio2SxiEfFHMrS93G8I.html |archive-date=24 June 2020 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 November 2019 |title=Penguin shoot wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/penguin-shoot-wrapped-up/articleshow/71875558.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200522041728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/penguin-shoot-wrapped-up/articleshow/71875558.cms |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;gulf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=17 June 2020 |title=South Indian actress Keerthy Suresh takes on role as a mum in thriller 'Penguin' |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/south-indian-actress-keerthy-suresh-takes-on-role-as-a-mum-in-thriller-penguin-1.72085330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618175000/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/south-indian-actress-keerthy-suresh-takes-on-role-as-a-mum-in-thriller-penguin-1.72085330 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=19 June 2020 |title=Penguin Movie Review: Some chills and many cheats in this underwhelming emotional thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/penguin/movie-review/76454190.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619055053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/penguin/movie-review/76454190.cms |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2020 |title=Karthik Subbaraj and Keerthy Suresh on Penguin, its digital release, and bringing challenging characters to life |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karthik-subbaraj-and-keerthy-suresh-on-penguin-its-digital-release-and-bringing-challenging-characters-to-life-8493391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092715/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karthik-subbaraj-and-keerthy-suresh-on-penguin-its-digital-release-and-bringing-challenging-characters-to-life-8493391.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 June 2020 |title=Penguin cinematographer Kharthik Palani: No recent Tamil film has as many wide shots |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/jun/23/penguin-cinematographer-kharthik-palani-no-recent-tamil-film-has-as-many-wide-shots-19053.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092727/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/jun/23/penguin-cinematographer-kharthik-palani-no-recent-tamil-film-has-as-many-wide-shots-19053.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=18 June 2020 |title=Keerthy Suresh on 'Mahanati', 'Penguin' and her winning streak: 'Magic does happen' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/964962/keerthy-suresh-on-mahanati-penguin-and-her-winning-streak-magic-does-happen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092729/https://scroll.in/reel/964962/keerthy-suresh-on-mahanati-penguin-and-her-winning-streak-magic-does-happen |archive-date=5 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=19 June 2020 |title='Penguin' Review: Keerthy Suresh Is the Star in a Lazy Thriller |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/penguin-review-keerthy-suresh-is-the-star-in-a-lazy-thriller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623123236/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/penguin-review-keerthy-suresh-is-the-star-in-a-lazy-thriller |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |website=[[The Quint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Karthik Subbaraj}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2020 direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s pregnancy films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Eashvar Karthic]]<br /> [[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coastline_of_Tamil_Nadu&diff=470855 2026-03-19T20:29:05Z

<p>EverettePowe35: /* References */Removed grandparent category of Category:Environment of Tamil Nadu Category:Landforms of Tamil Nadu</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Coastline of the Indian state}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br /> The '''coastline of Tamil Nadu''' is located on the southeast coast of [[Indian Peninsula]], and forms a part of [[Coromandel Coast]] of [[Bay of Bengal]] through [[Pearl Fishery Coast]] of [[Indian Ocean]] and ends near [[Malabar Coast]]. It is 1076 km long and is the second longest [[coastline]] in the country after [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Info&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=882&amp;subsublinkid=111&amp;langid=1&amp;mid=1|title=Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt|publisher= Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University Chennai|access-date=22 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chennai]], the capital of the state and an important commercial and industrial center in the country is located in the northern part of the coast with [[Kanniyakumari]], forming the southern tip where [[Indian Ocean]], [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Arabian Sea]] meet. It also shares maritime border with [[Sri Lanka]] across the [[Palk strait]] in [[Gulf of Mannar]]. The coastal corridor consists of 14 districts with 15 major ports and harbors, sandy beaches, lakes and river estuaries. Tamil Nadu is the only state in India with territory on both the eastern and western coastlines.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The coastal stretch extends for {{convert|906|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Pazhaverkadu]] of [[Thiruvallur district]] to [[Ezhudesam]] of [[Kanniyakumari district]]. [[Kanniyakumari]], forms the southernmost tip of the mainland of the [[Indian subcontinent]] where [[Indian Ocean]], [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Arabian Sea]] meet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/129466/Cape-Comorin|title=Cape Comorin |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=22 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pamban Island]] forms part of [[Ramanathapuram district]] separating [[Gulf of Mannar]] and [[Palk strait]] with the [[Ram Setu]] connecting it with [[Sri Lanka]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php?dcode=27 Detailed map of Rameswaram taluka] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104258/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php?dcode=27 |date=2 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are 14 districts that share the coastline namely [[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]], [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayildathurai]], [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]], [[Tiruvarur District|Tiruvarur]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], [[Pudukottai district|Pudukottai]], [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]], [[Tuticorin district|Thoothukudi]], [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] and [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|200px|Chola conquests during [[Rajendra Chola&amp;nbsp;I]]]]<br /> <br /> The coast of Tamil Nadu was a part of ancient [[silk route]] and played an important role in [[spice trade]] with western empires. Roman and Greek traders frequented the [[ancient Tamil country]] securing trade with the seafaring [[Tamil people|Tamil]] states of the [[Pandyan Empire|Pandyan]], [[Chola Empire|Chola]] and [[Chera Empire|Chera]] dynasties and [[Economy of ancient Tamil country#Foreign trade|establishing trading settlements]] which secured trade with South Asia by the [[Greco-Roman world]] since the time of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] a few decades before the start of the [[Common Era]] and remained long after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]].&lt;ref name=Curtin1&gt;Curtin 1984: 100&lt;/ref&gt; Major ports included [[Uraiyur]], [[Korkai]], [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Poompuhar and Kaveripattinam]]. The ancient city of Poompuhar was destroyed by the sea around 300 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;Gaur A. S. and Sundaresh, ''Underwater Exploration off Poompuhar and possible causes of its Submergence'', 1998, ''Puratattva'', 28: 84-90. Available online at [http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/2065/2/Puratattva_28_84.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast'', Rao, S.R.. ''Journal of Marine Archaeology'', Vol. II, July 1991, pp. 5–20. Available online at [http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124225917/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf|date=24 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Indian town sees evidence of ancient tsunami&quot;, Associated Press report, Poompuhar,1/14/2005. Available online at [https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6826956]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola&amp;nbsp;I]] and his successors [[Rajendra Chola&amp;nbsp;I]], [[Virarajendra Chola]] and [[Kulothunga Chola&amp;nbsp;I]] the armies of the Chola Dynasty invaded [[Chola rule in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Maldives]] and some parts of [[Southeast Asia]] like [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand]]&lt;ref&gt;Between 2 Oceans (2nd Edn): A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971 by Malcolm H. Murfett, [[John Miksic]], Brian Farell, Chiang Ming Shun p.16&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Sri Vijaya]] Empire in the 11th century. [[Raja Raja Chola&amp;nbsp;I]] launched several naval campaigns that resulted in the capture of Sri Lanka, Maldives and the Malabar Coast.&lt;ref&gt;''South India'' by Stuart Butler,Jealous p.38&lt;/ref&gt; In 1025, [[Rajendra Chola]], the [[Chola]] king from [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] in [[South India]], launched naval raids on ports of [[Srivijaya]] in [[Southeast Asia]] and against the Burmese kingdom of Pegu,&lt;ref name=&quot;Munoz&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ |isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Asia: A Concise History'' by Arthur Cotterell p.190&lt;/ref&gt; and conquered parts of Srivijaya in [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] and the [[Tambralinga]] Kingdom in [[Southern Thailand]] and occupied it for some time.&lt;ref&gt;''The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World'' by Lincoln Paine p.866&lt;/ref&gt; A second invasion was led by [[Virarajendra Chola]] of the Chola dynasty who conquered [[kedah]] in [[Malaysia]] of Sri Vijaya in the late 11th century.&lt;ref&gt;''History of Asia'' by B.V. Rao p.211&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Singapore in Global History'' by Derek Thiam Soon Heng,Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied p.40&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans, by A. Kalyanaraman p.158&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;India and Malaya Through the Ages: by S. Durai Raja Singam&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sea-trade==<br /> [[File:Madras_Port_In_1996.jpg|thumb|200px|Container terminal at Chennai port]]<br /> [[File:Tiruchendur beach.JPG|thumb|200px|Seashore in Tiruchendur]]<br /> Tamil Nadu has major [[seaport]]s at [[Chennai Port|Chennai]], [[Ennore Port|Ennore]], [[Tuticorin Port|Tuticorin]] and [[Nagapattinam]]. There are 11 other minor ports.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnstat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_tamilnadu.php |title=Tamil Nadu - States and Union Territories - Know India: National Portal of India |publisher=India.gov.in |date=2009-03-31 |access-date=2010-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chennai Port]] is an artificial harbor and is India's second busiest container hub.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.joc.com/port-news/asian-ports/indian-ports-association/india%E2%80%99s-major-ports-see-rise-container-volumes_20140821.html|title=India's major ports see rise in container volumes|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111255/http://www.joc.com/port-news/asian-ports/indian-ports-association/india%E2%80%99s-major-ports-see-rise-container-volumes_20140821.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Because of its shallow waters, Sethusamudram{{mdash}}the sea separating Sri Lanka from India{{mdash}}presents a hindrance to navigation through the Palk Strait. Though trade across the India-Sri Lanka divide has been active since at least the first millennium BCE, it has been limited to small boats and dinghies. Larger oceangoing vessels coming from the West have had to navigate around Sri Lanka to reach India' eastern coast.&lt;ref name = Francis&gt;{{cite book|last=Francis Jr.|first=Peter|title=Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8248-2332-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/asiasmaritimebea00fran}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project]] is a proposed project to create a shipping route in the shallow straits between India and Sri Lanka which would provide a continuously navigable sea route around the Indian Peninsula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/setusamudram-project-will-be-made-says-centre-154690-2013-02-22 |title=Centre will go ahead with Sethusamudram project |first=Gyanant |last=Singh |date=23 February 2013 |access-date=10 October 2013|publisher=Living Media India Limited|work=India Today.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Fishing and aquaculture==<br /> The state has a fishermen population of 1.05 million and the coast consists of 3 major fishing harbors, 3 medium fishing harbors and 363 fish landing centers. The marine fishing output from the state contributes to 10-12 % of the total marine fish production in India and is estimated at 0.72 million tonnes. Aquaculture include [[shrimp]], [[sea weed]], [[mussel]], [[clam]] and [[oyster]] farming.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fisheries.tn.gov.in/marine-main.html|title=Tamil Nadu fisheries department|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141900/http://www.fisheries.tn.gov.in/marine-main.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There have been several alleged incidents of [[Sri Lankan Navy]] personnel firing on Indian fishermen fishing in the [[Palk Strait]], where India and Sri Lanka are only separated by 12 nautical miles.&lt;ref&gt;Rumley et al. 2009:166&lt;/ref&gt; Indian Government protests periodically against Sri Lankan navy for its alleged involvement in attacks on Indian fishermen.&lt;ref name=&quot;India News&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.indiavoice.info/politics/indian-fisherman-killed-in-lankan-firing-2011011318368/ |title=Indian fisherman killed in Lankan firing |publisher=IndiaVoice |date=2011-01-13 |access-date=2011-01-13 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210437/http://news.indiavoice.info/politics/indian-fisherman-killed-in-lankan-firing-2011011318368/ |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The incidents continue to happen and over 530 fishermen have been killed in the last 30 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;2nd Fisherman killed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Second-TN-fisherman-killed-by-Lankan-Navy/articleshow/7350366.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104130326/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-24/india/28376055_1_sri-lankan-navy-naval-personnel-state-fisheries-department-officials |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title= Second TN fisherman killed by Lankan Navy |date=2011-01-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Indian Ocean Earthquake2004.png|thumb|200px|alt=Map of the Indian Ocean region|Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]<br /> <br /> ==Weather patterns==<br /> The [[Bay of Bengal]] is responsible for the formation of some of the strongest and deadliest [[tropical cyclone]]s in the world. The basin is mostly affected by tropical cyclones.<br /> <br /> According to official estimates, more than 10,000 people were killed and hundreds of thousands made homeless when a [[tsunami]] triggered by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] near the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Sumatra]] struck the southern coast of [[Tamil Nadu]] on 26 December 2004. The earthquake registered 9.1–9.3 [[Moment magnitude scale|''M''&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;]], and was the largest in five decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Magnitude 9.1 earthquake hits Indonesia |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/us2004slav/ |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901204211/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/us2004slav/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Marina Beach as seen from Light house..JPG|thumb|200px|View of marina beach from the lighthouse]]<br /> <br /> ==Beaches==<br /> There are numerous beaches along the coast. [[Marina Beach]] in [[Chennai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tamilnadu.com/destinations/marina-beach.html |title=Marina Beach in Chennai, Tamilnadu |publisher=Tamilnadu.com |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111133856/http://tamilnadu.com/destinations/marina-beach.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; covering a distance of {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Beaches in Tamilnadu | url = http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/beaches/default.aspx?catid=C1&amp;subcat1id=C1S2&amp;subcat2id=&amp;sm=C1S2 | publisher = Tamilnadu Tourism Development Corporation | access-date = 8 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the longest natural urban beach in the country&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|url=http://indiatravelto.info/2011/08/marina-beach-%E2%80%93-one-of-the-popular-beaches-of-india/|title=Marina Beach – One of the popular beaches of India|publisher=IndiaTravelTo|access-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916170351/http://indiatravelto.info/2011/08/marina-beach-%E2%80%93-one-of-the-popular-beaches-of-india/|archive-date=16 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the world's second longest.&lt;ref name=&quot;ObservingOurEnviron&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&amp;dq=Chennai+World's+fourth+largest+beach&amp;pg=PA81|title=Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium ...|author=EARSeL|year=2002|isbn=90-5809-254-2|publisher=A. A. Balakema|access-date = 23 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Flora and fauna==<br /> The [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park]] is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area of India]] consisting of 21 small islands ([[islet]]s) and adjacent [[coral reef]]s in the [[Gulf of Mannar]]. It lies between [[Thoothukudi]] and [[Dhanushkodi]]. It is the core area of the [[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve#Conservation|Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve]] which includes a 10&amp;nbsp;km buffer zone around the park, including the populated coastal area.&lt;ref name=UNDP1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://data.undp.org.in/factsheets/ene/oct06/GulfofMannar.pdf |title=Conservation and Sustainable-use of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve's Coastal Biodiversity |access-date=2007-10-15 |author=UNDP |year=1994 |publisher=UNDP, Project Brief, New York |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180802/http://data.undp.org.in/factsheets/ene/oct06/GulfofMannar.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The park has a high [[Biodiversity|diversity]] of plants and animals in its [[Marine (ocean)|marine]], [[Intertidal zone|intertidal]] and near [[shore]] [[Habitat (ecology)|habitats]].&lt;ref name= GMBRT1&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gmmnp.html|title= Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park - Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. (GOMNP)|access-date= 2007-10-15|author= Shaunak B Modi|year= 2011|publisher= Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071102053914/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gmmnp.html|archive-date= 2 November 2007|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 510 (23%) of the 2,200 fin fish species in Indian waters are found in the Gulf, making it the most highly diverse fish habitat in India.{{fact|date=May 2019}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Ma'bar Coast]]<br /> * [[Pearl Fishery Coast]]<br /> * Cost of Tamilnadu <br /> * [[Coromandel Coast]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Environment of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Landforms of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Coasts of India]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visakhapatnam_Town_Hall&diff=544869 2026-03-16T03:24:04Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up a location needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Municipal building in Visakhapatnam, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Visakhapatnam Town Hall <br /> | former_names = <br /> | alternate_names = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.697413|83.298484|display=inline}}<br /> | altitude = <br /> | building_type = [[City and town halls|Town hall]]<br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | structural_system = <br /> | cost = {{INR}} 50,000 <br /> | ren_cost =<br /> | location = <br /> | address = [[Chengal Rao Peta]], [[Visakhapatnam]]&lt;br&gt;Andhra Pradesh<br /> | client = <br /> | owner = [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | current_tenants = <br /> | construction_start_date = 1893<br /> | completion_date = 1904<br /> | inauguration_date = <br /> | renovation_date = <br /> | demolished_date = <br /> | destruction_date = <br /> | height = <br /> | diameter = <br /> | other_dimensions = <br /> | floor_count = <br /> | floor_area = {{convert|5,000|sqft|m2|-2|abbr=on}}<br /> | main_contractor = <br /> | architect = <br /> | architecture_firm =<br /> | structural_engineer = <br /> | services_engineer = <br /> | civil_engineer = R.Mahadeva<br /> | other_designers = <br /> | quantity_surveyor = <br /> | awards = <br /> | references = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Town Hall Visakhapatnam''' is a [[City and town halls|municipal building]] in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The foundation of town hall is laid on 1893&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Town Hall: steeped in history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/town-hall-steeped-in-history/articleshow/48460999.cms |access-date=20 June 2025 |agency=Times News Network |publisher=Times of India |date=13 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; the construction cost of {{INR}} 50,000 borrowed from '''Raja of Bobbili''' and the town hall is handover to <br /> [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|Vizagpatam Municipality]] at 1904. and the total area of town hall is 5,000 square feet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Town Hall: steeped in history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Town-Hall-steeped-in-history/articleshow/48460999.cms|accessdate=19 April 2019 |work=Times of India|date=13 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; late 1960'scentre of theatrical, cultural and literary events so so [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|GVMC]] is Renovated this town hall.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Town Hall building, old municipal office to be restored|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/town-hall-building-old-municipal-office-to-be-restored/articleshow/67933835.cms|accessdate=19 April 2019 |work=Times of India|date=11 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Visakhapatnam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:City and town halls in India]]<br /> <br /> {{British-Empire-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sambalpur_Junction_railway_station&diff=532264 2026-03-15T17:35:40Z

<p>EverettePowe35: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Sambalpur Junction<br /> | type = [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]<br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | image = Sambalpur Rail.gif<br /> | image_caption = Sambalpur junction railway station<br /> | address = Farm Road, Khetrajpur, Sambalpur, Odisha<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|21.483|N|83.961|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|150|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | lines = [[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line]]<br /> [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]],(Sambalpur–Gopalpur line via Phulbani proposal), (Sambalpur- Raigarh via Belpahar proposal)<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = Standard (on-ground station)<br /> | platform = 6 Platforms<br /> | tracks = 7 tracks {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br /> | parking = Available (free &amp; paid)<br /> | opened = 1889<br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = SBP<br /> | zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]<br /> | division = {{rwd|Sambalpur}}<br /> }}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = <br /> | status = Functioning<br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = 140000 per day<br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | map_type = India Odisha#India<br /> | map_dot_label = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India<br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways<br /> |line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Sambalpur Road|right=Hirakud|type=[[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line|Jharsuguda–Titlagarh branch line]]<br /> |line2=East Coast Railway zone|right2=Sambalpur Road|type2=[[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line|Sambalpur–Barang branch line]]}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Sambalpur Junction railway station''' serves [[Sambalpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It is a major [[railway junction]] in Odisha and headquarters of [[Sambalpur railway division]]. This railway station is the cleanest railway station of East Coast Railway declared by Indian Railway. There are four other railway stations serving Sambalpur, viz. Sambalpur Road railway station (SBPD), Sambalpur City railway station (SBPY), Hirakud (HKG), across the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] and Maneswar railway station (MANE). Locally this station is called Khetrajpur railway station since it is located in that area of the city. Sambalpur Junction is the oldest and one of the biggest and busiest railway stations of Odisha and East Coast Railway Division.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Sambalpur - Titilagarh Railway line forms a part at the Project to develop capacity for the export of two million tons of ore annually through the Visakhapatnam Port. The Project is the result at a tripartite agreement between the U.SA., Japan and our country. The Government of U.S.A. have agreed to<br /> make a loan at 20 million dollars and the loan from Japan would be in yens for an amount equivalent at 8 million dollars All negotiations in connection with this project have been carried on by the Ministry of Finance.<br /> <br /> According to the present estimates construction of the railway line which is going to be 114 tows in length sanctioned on 24 April 1959 would cost Rs. 14.58<br /> crores. That would be the construction part of it We would require some more money for import of diesel locomotives and all that For that we hope the United States loan will be available.&lt;ref&gt;https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1750/1/lsd_02_07_06-05-1959.pdf page 15&lt;/ref&gt; The Sambalpur–Titilagarh line was opened to traffic in 1963.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} The Sambalpur- Titlagarh line was opened to traffic in April 1963. The Sambalpur–Talcher line was sanctioned in 1983 and was completed in 1998.<br /> <br /> ===Railway Organization===<br /> Sambalpur Railway station is functioning under Sambalpur Division of East Coast Railway.<br /> <br /> ===Doubling===<br /> Doubling of Sambalpur–Jharsuguda railway line is completed, and Sambalpur–Titlagarh has been also completed .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/vision_2020_blue_050411.pdf |title = Blueprint for railway electrification| publisher=Railway Board | access-date = 2012-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Electrification===<br /> Electrification of the Titlagarh–Sambalpur–Jharsuguda and Angul-Sambalpur sections were sanctioned in the [[Railway Budget]] for 2012–13.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/budget-2012/rail-budget/What-is-new-in-Railway-Budget-2012-13/articleshow/12267354.cms |title = What is new in Railway Budget 2012-13|work=The Times of India|date=14 March 2012| access-date = 2012-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Electrified double tracks are now operational between Titlagarh–Sambalpur – Jharsuguda stations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/sambalpur-junction-sbp/245|title=Sambalpur Station – 68 Train Departures ECoR/East Coast Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=afraaz|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2018-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Work of doubling and electrification between Sambalpur and Angul is in progress. In September 2015, the route has been electrified from [[Angul]] to Kerejanga and the work is expected to be completed in the upcoming 5 years.<br /> <br /> ==Amenities==<br /> Sambalpur railway station has a four-bedded dormitory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://ali-ali4u.blogspot.in/2008/07/east-coast-railway-amenities-at.html |title = East Coast Railway Amenities at Stations (as in 2008)| access-date = 13 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other amenities at the railway station include computerized reservation offices, telephone booth, cloak room, waiting room and book stall.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/sambalpur-sbp-railway-station.html |title = Sambalpur railway station (SBP) | publisher= Make my trip| access-date = 13 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Passenger movement==<br /> 11 train originate at Sambalpur and 56 trains (including weeklies and bi-weeklies) pass through this station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=SBP&amp;name=SAMBALPUR| title = Sambalpur railway station details| publisher = IndianTrains.org| access-date = 2012-11-10| archive-date = 17 July 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120717004305/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=SBP&amp;name=SAMBALPUR| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sambalpur railway station serves around 140,000 passengers every day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://railenquiry.in/stationinfo/SBP/Sambalpur |title = Sambalpur railway station (SBP) | publisher= Indian rail enquiry| access-date = 13 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Expansion and requirement of new trains==<br /> With current infrastructure attaining full utilization, there is requirement of additional 2 platforms to accommodate more space for the station, with this the station shall have 7 platforms, along with platforms 1A and 2A.<br /> There is also a need to start commuter train service between Sambalpur and Angul Section and Sambalpur- Jharsuguda- Rourkela Section of East Coast Railway and South Eastern Railway respectively.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=SBP&amp;name=SAMBALPUR Trains at Sambalpur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717004305/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=SBP&amp;name=SAMBALPUR |date=17 July 2012 }}<br /> *{{Wikivoyage inline|Sambalpur}}<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in Odisha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1963]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Sambalpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Railway junction stations in Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Sambalpur]]<br /> [[Category:Sambalpur railway division]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Sambalpur]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)&diff=448923 2026-03-13T20:20:22Z

<p>EverettePowe35: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Pakistani political party}}{{Needs more references|date=June 2025}}{{About|3=Muslim League (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{use Pakistani English|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox political party<br /> | name = Pakistan Muslim League (Q)<br /> | abbreviation = PML (Q)<br /> | native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستان مسلم لیگ(ق)}}}}}}<br /> | logo = PML-Q Logo.png<br /> | colorcode = Lime<br /> | leader = [[Shujaat Hussain]]<br /> | secretary_general = Muhammad Tariq Hassan<br /> | founders = [[Mian Muhammad Azhar]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Shujaat Hussain]]<br /> | slogan = ''Live, let live... Giving hope to the hopeless''<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|2002|07|20}}<br /> | split = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]]<br /> | youth_wing = PML(Q) Youth Wing&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/692545-pml-q-to-distribute-face-masks|title=PML-Q to distribute face masks|date=27 July 2020|access-date=2 March 2022|work=The News International (newspaper)}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | wing1_title = Minorities wing<br /> | wing1 = PML(Q) Minorities Wing<br /> | colors = {{color sample|{{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}}} Lime<br /> | ideology = {{nowrap|[[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in Pakistan|Pakistani]])&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|publisher=[[CNN]]|title=Pakistan's political parties explained|date=18 February 2008|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/15/pakistan.parties/index.html}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Moderate conservatism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1122395&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Pakistani nationalism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1122395&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Economic liberalism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1122395&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Third Way]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://strafasia.com/musharrafs-trial-travesty-of-justice/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Social liberalism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.dw.com/en/pervez-musharraf-a-soldier-on-many-fronts/a-64614760&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | position = {{nobr|[[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|title=Explainer: Pakistan's main political parties|date=6 May 2013|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/5/6/explainer-pakistans-main-political-parties}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}<br /> | national = [[Pakistan Democratic Movement|PDM]]<br /> | seats1_title = [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]]<br /> | seats1 = {{Composition bar|{{PakSen|PMLQ}}|96|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}|width=80%}}<br /> | seats2_title = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|{{nobr|National Assembly&amp;amp;nbsp;}}]]<br /> | seats2 = {{Composition bar|5|336|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}|width=80%}}<br /> | seats3_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab|Punjab Assembly]]<br /> | seats3 = {{Composition bar|10|371|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}|width=80%}}<br /> | flag = Flag of the Pakistan Muslim League.svg<br /> | symbol = '''[[Tractor]]'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Iftikhar A. |date=2024-01-10 |title=ECP sends poll symbols of 145 parties to returning officers |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1804600 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[File:CH-1979-Zusatztafel-Traktor.svg|centre|100px]]<br /> | country = Pakistan<br /> | website = {{official website|http://pmlq.com.pk/}}<br /> }}<br /> The '''Pakistan Muslim League (Q)'''{{efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستان مسلم لیگ (ق)}}}}; ''Pākistān Muslim Līg (Qāf)'', [[Acronym and initialism|Acronyms]]: '''PML(Q), PML-Q, PMLQ, &quot;Q League&quot;''' (officially registered as the Pakistan Muslim League)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://ecp.gov.pk/storage/files/2/PF%20wing/(166%20)%20Enlisted%20Political%20Parties%20with%20ECP%201-2-2024.pdf List of enlisted political parties - Election Commission of Pakistan]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}} is a [[List of political parties in Pakistan|Pakistani political party]] with a [[centre-right politics|centre-right]] political position and a [[Moderate conservatism|moderate conservative]] ideology. As of 2025, it has a representation of five seats in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] and one in the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]]. It previously served as an ally of former prime minister [[Raja Pervez Ashraf]]'s [[Cabinet of Pakistan|government]], and led a joint election campaign in 2013 alongside the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI) in [[Punjab Province (Pakistan)|Punjab]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] against its rival [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]], a fiscally conservative and centre-right force.<br /> <br /> Its leadership and members were once part of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)]] or [[Pakistan People's Party]] and [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]], presided by [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|former]] prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] and [[Imran Khan]]. After the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 general elections]] with [[2018 Pakistani general election|2018 general elections]] political differences arose that ultimately led to the creation of a faction inside the party. The dissidents, led by [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Shujaat Hussain]], called for strong and vocal support for the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|1999 military coup d'état]] staged and led by then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] General [[Pervez Musharraf]]. In 2002, dissident leaders launched the party, focused on [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s government. It later became an integral part of Musharraf's government and appointed their own prime minister, [[Shaukat Aziz]].<br /> <br /> Dissident leader [[Shujaat Hussain]] was named party president, and the party's focus turned to drawing in PML-N voters. Further advantage was taken by Musharraf, who granted opportunities to the party with a goal of exclusive support of the government and to diminish the public support of Sharif.<br /> <br /> The emergence of PML-N as the largest opposition party after the [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 elections]] led to a significant collapse of PML-Q's influence.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Today, 25 March 2011&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|last=Bukhari|first=Irfan|title=PML-Q: Musharraf's brainchild fractured, failing|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/03/25/news/national/pml-q-musharrafs-brainchild-fractured-failing/|access-date=18 March 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Today|date=25 March 2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The party suffered many setbacks thereafter when its membership began to disintegrate after forming a separate bloc with close association with the PML-N, including the [[Pakistan Muslim League (Like-Minded)|Like-Minded]] and [[Awami Muslim League (Pakistan)|Avami League blocs]] and second, the [[All Pakistan Muslim League|former president's bloc]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Today, 25 March 2011&quot; /&amp;gt; Senior members joined PML-N, while the junior leadership defected to the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Today, 25 March 2011&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2010, PML-Q joined the similar ideological faction, [[Pakistan Muslim League (F)|PML-F]], forming the Pakistan Muslim League (Pir Pagara), but this was short-lived when in May 2011 the party joined the [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] led-[[Cabinet of Pakistan|government]] to fulfill the gap left by its rival [[Pakistan Muslim League N|PML-N]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/06-pml-q-announces-merger-with-pml-f-rs-02 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |title=PML-Q announces merger with PML-F |date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918173103/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/06-pml-q-announces-merger-with-pml-f-rs-02 |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/51701/pml-q-pml-f-unite-to-form-all-pakistan-muslim-league/|work=The Express Tribune|title=Chaudhrys in new League with Pir Pagara|date=19 September 2010}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; However, the party announced its resignation from the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]], citing the failure of the Pakistan Peoples Party to resolve the energy crisis as the reason, which had direct impact on the federal government. The situation become better by giving relief in fuel prices on 15 June 2012.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://paktribune.com/news/New-life-for-govt;-MQM-%5E-PML-Q-announce-return-to-coalition-244119.html|title=New life for govt; MQM &amp;amp; PML-Q announce return to coalition|work=PakTribune|date=6 October 2011|archive-date=2 December 2017|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202153039/http://paktribune.com/news/New-life-for-govt%3B-MQM-%5E-PML-Q-announce-return-to-coalition-244119.html|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The founder of PML (Q) is [[Mian Muhammad Azhar]]. It attracted influential members such as the Chaudhary's of the Gujrat, [[Pervaiz Elahi]], and [[Chaudhary]] [[Shujaat Hussain]]. Almost 75% of its elected members are former &quot;big men&quot; of the [[Zia ul Haq]] and [[Nawaz Sharif]] governments. [[PML-N]] factions broke away in 2001 under NAB's pressure to form PML (Q). They were staunch Musharraf supporters and consider him their mentor. Although, he was sometimes mistakenly cited as a member, he was never part of the party.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<br /> <br /> ===Split from PML-N===<br /> PML (Q) started as a small group of half a dozen like-minded people in the Nawaz Sharif-led faction of PML-N, including [[Mian Muhammad Azhar|Azhar]], [[Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri|Khurshid Kasuri]], [[Abida Hussain|Syeda Abida Hussain]] and her husband [[Syed Fakhar Imam]]. Azhar remained party president initially before he joined [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]]. Musharraf asked Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Chaudhry Pervez Elahi to &quot;galvanise and reinvent the Muslim League&quot;. Several well known leaders later joined the PML (Q) while Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain was president. PML(Q) launched on 20 August 2002.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-04-05 |title=Pakistan Muslim League – Quaid |url=https://www.dawn.com/2013/04/05/pakistan-muslim-league-quaid-pml-q/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Ideology and vision ==<br /> The PML(Q) is usually associated with [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservatism]] and [[Pakistani nationalism]] and its stated priorities continue to include transforming Pakistan into a [[welfare state]]. The PML(Q) also believes in promoting [[Islamization in Pakistan|Islamizaton]] within minority rights and [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]] values, establishing a [[conservative democracy]], and maintaining a strong relationship between the civilians and [[The Establishment (Pakistan)|the military establishment]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|editor=Gholam Mujtaba |title=The Political Ecology of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWF0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;q=centrist+PML-Q&amp;amp;pg=PA85 |quote= The Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid e Azam Group), also known as PML (Q) is a centrist political party. |date=2018 |page=85 |publisher=FriesenPress|isbn=9781525534621 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (QUAID-I-AZAM) PML(Q) |url=https://pakvoter.org/pakistan-muslim-league-quaid-i-azam-pmlq/ |access-date=26 January 2003}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==2002 general elections==<br /> During the 20 October [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 legislative elections]], the party won 25.7% votes and 126 out of 342 members.{{Cn|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==United PML==<br /> {{Further information|Pakistan Muslim League#Third phase (1977–1985)}}<br /> In May 2004, various PML factions and other political parties merged with PML-Q to form a united [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML), thus leaving out only the [[Nawaz Sharif|Nawaz Sharf]]-led [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|faction]]. They included former President [[Farooq Leghari]]'s [[Millat Party]], Jahan Zaib Awan, [[National Peoples Party (Pakistan)|National Peoples Party]], [[Arbab Ghulam Rahim]]'s [[Sindh Democratic Alliance]], [[Hamid Nasir Chattha]]'s [[Pakistan Muslim League (J)|PML (Junejo)]], [[Pir Pagara]]'s [[Pakistan Muslim League (F)|PML (Functional)]], [[Manzoor Wattoo]]'s [[Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah)|PML (Jinnah)]], and [[Ijaz-ul-Haq]]'s [[Pakistan Muslim League (Z)|PML (Zia)]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|first=Ashraf|last=Mumtaz|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/05/20/nat1.htm|title=Parties to inform EC about merger with PML|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=20 May 2004}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Later on, the [[Pir of Pagaro VII|Pir Pagara]] led faction called the PML-Functional again parted ways with the united PML, which reduced the number of parties called Pakistan Muslim League to three: PML-Q, PML-N and PML-F.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=29 July 2004 |title=Pagaro parts ways with PML |newspaper=Daily Times |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-7-2004_pg1_6 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227145310/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-7-2004_pg1_6 |archive-date=27 December 2004}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==2008 general elections==<br /> The Pakistan Muslim League (Q) contested the [[2008 Pakistani general election|February 2008 legislative election]] with other allied parties including [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London|Muttahida Qaumi Movement]], Pakistan Muslim League (F), and National Peoples Party.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/87046-mqm-pml-q-pml-f-npp-finalise-friendly-election-adjustments|title=MQM, PML-Q, PML-F, NPP finalise 'friendly election adjustments'|work=The News International|date=26 December 2007|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608100948/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/87046-mqm-pml-q-pml-f-npp-finalise-friendly-election-adjustments|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was believed that the party wanted former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Chief Minister]] [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]] to become prime minister. The PML (Q) lost major parliamentarians in the 2008 election, gaining only 49 elected seats, defeated by the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and the PML (N).{{Cn|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==2013 general elections==<br /> PML (Q) contested the 2013 election in alliance with PPP. The party won only two seats in national assembly, along with eight seats in Punjab assembly and four seats in Balochistan assembly. In Sindh and KPK assemblies, they were shut out, cadging only 3.11% of popular vote, relegating it from number two to number six in terms of votes.{{Cn|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==2018 general elections==<br /> PML (Q) contested the 2018 election. The party won five seats in national assembly, along with ten seats in Punjab assembly, and one seat in KPK assembly.{{Cn|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Electoral history==<br /> ===National Assembly elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !'''Election'''!! Presiding chair of the party !!'''Votes'''!!'''%'''!!'''Seats'''<br /> !+/–!!Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Pakistani general election|2002]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]||7,500,797|| 25.66% ||{{Composition bar|105|342|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}}105||{{Color|green|Coalition Government}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[2008 Pakistani general election|2008]]|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 7,962,473 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 22.97% || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Composition bar|54|342|hex=lime}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{decrease}} 51 ||{{Color|red|Opposition (till 25 June 2012)}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Color|green|Coalition Partner (from 25 June 2012)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Pakistani general election|2013]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| 1,409,905 || 3.11% ||{{Composition bar|2|342|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 52||{{color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[2018 Pakistani general election|2018]]|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1,017,408 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2.97% || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Composition bar|5|342|hex=lime}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{increase}} 3||{{Color|green|Coalition Partner (till 11 April 2022)}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Color|red|Opposition (from 11 April 2022)}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * PML(Q) later formed a coalition with ruling PPP in 2012.<br /> * In 2018, PML(Q) formed a coalition with ruling [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/346862-pti-allies-can-form-govt-without-support-of-other-parties|title=PTI, allies can form govt without support of other parties|work=The News|date=27 July 2018|access-date=16 February 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Senate elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !'''Election'''!! Presiding chair of the party !!'''Votes'''!!'''%'''!!'''Seats'''<br /> !+/–!!Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 Pakistani Senate election|2006]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]||-||-||{{Composition bar|20|100|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}}20||{{Color|green|Coalition Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Pakistani Senate election|2009]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] ||-|| - ||{{Composition bar|21|100|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{Increase}} 1 ||{{Color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Pakistani Senate election|2012]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| - || - ||{{Composition bar|4|100|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 17||{{color|green|Coalition Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 Pakistani Senate election|2021]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| - || - ||{{Composition bar|1|100|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}} 1||{{Color|green|Coalition Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * No member of PML(Q) was elected as Senator in [[2015 Pakistani Senate election|2015]] and [[2018 Pakistani Senate election|2018]].<br /> <br /> ===Punjab Assembly elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !'''Election'''!! Presiding chair of the party !!'''Votes'''!!'''%'''!!'''Seats'''<br /> !+/–!!Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Punjab provincial election|2002]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]||6,144,813|| 33.33% ||{{Composition bar|129|297|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}}129||{{Color|green|Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Punjab provincial election|2008]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] || 5,837,922 || 28.21% ||{{Composition bar|79|371|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 50||{{Color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Punjab provincial election|2013]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| 1,377,130 || 4.94% ||{{Composition bar|8|371|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 71||{{color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Punjab provincial election|2018]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| 392,419 || 1.19% ||{{Composition bar|10|371|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}} 2||{{Color|green|Coalition Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Sindh Assembly Elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !'''Election'''!! Presiding chair of the party !!'''Votes'''!!'''%'''!!'''Seats'''<br /> !+/–!!Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Pakistani general election|2002]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]||543,590|| 9% ||{{Composition bar|11|130|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}}11||{{Color|green|Coalition Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Pakistani general election|2008]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] || 1,098,754 || 12.91% ||{{Composition bar|9|130|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 2||{{Color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Sindh provincial election|2013]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| 1,377,130 || 4.94% ||{{Composition bar|1|130|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 8||{{color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Pakistani general election|2018]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| - || - ||{{Composition bar|0|130|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 1||{{color|red|-}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Balochistan Assembly elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !'''Election'''!! Presiding chair of the party !!'''Votes'''!!'''%'''!!'''Seats'''<br /> !+/–!!Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Pakistani general election|2002]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]||219,026|| 19.30% ||{{Composition bar|11|51|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}}11||{{Color|green|Government}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Pakistani general election|2008]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] || 437,719|| 33.05% ||{{Composition bar|16|50|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}} 5||{{Color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Pakistani general election|2013]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| 53,297 || 4.15% ||{{Composition bar|5|50|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 11||{{color|red|Opposition*}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Pakistani general election|2018]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| - || - ||{{Composition bar|0|51|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 5||{{color|red|-}}<br /> |}<br /> * In March 2018, Abdul Quddus Bizenjo of PML(Q) was elected as Chief Minister after a successful no-confidence motion against then-CM Sana Ullah Zehri of PML(N).<br /> <br /> ===Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !'''Election'''!! Presiding chair of the party !!'''Votes'''!!'''%'''!!'''Seats'''<br /> !+/–!!Result<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Pakistani general election|2002]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]||435,444|| 14.49% ||{{Composition bar|7|124|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{increase}}6||{{Color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Pakistani general election|2008]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] || 440,518 || 12.9% ||{{Composition bar|6|124|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 1||{{Color|red|Opposition}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Pakistani general election|2013]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| - || - ||{{Composition bar|0|124|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 5||-<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Pakistani general election|2018]]||[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]|| - || - ||{{Composition bar|1|145|hex=lime}}<br /> |{{Increase}} 1||{{color|blue|Non-aligned}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> =='Like-minded group' break away==<br /> {{main|Pakistan Muslim League (Like-Minded)}}<br /> A rift within party leadership emerged with a faction calling themselves the 'Like-minded' bloc, who opposed the Chaudhry's of [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]] leadership bid.<br /> <br /> The new faction announced that [[Hamid Nasir Chattha]] would be the chairman, Salim Saifullah the president, and [[Humayun Akhtar Khan]] the secretary general. Other prominent leaders to join this parallel set-up includes (former foreign ministers) [[Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri]] (appointed as chairman of the steering committee) former information and organising secretary PML-Q Azeem Chaudhary, former member National Assembly [[Asiya Azeem]], [[Gohar Ayub Khan]] and [[Kashmala Tariq]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/12-split+in+pml-q+ranks--bi-09|title=Split in PML-Q ranks over party leadership|date=5 July 2009|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709153409/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/12-split%2Bin%2Bpml-q%2Branks--bi-09|archive-date=9 July 2009|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.geo.tv/8-20-2009/47955.htm|title=PML-Q (like-minded) chooses Salim as president|date=20 August 2009|work=GEO.tv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008171305/http://www.geo.tv/8-20-2009/47955.htm|archive-date=8 October 2012|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2010, the mainstream PML-Q was further affected by the resignation of [[Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq]], and the revival of his [[Pakistan Muslim League (Z)]] party.<br /> <br /> ==Alliances==<br /> Party President Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]] consistently supported [[Musharraf]]. They were faithful to the general in even the most adverse circumstances.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|first=Ayaz|last=Amir|url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/20030926.htm|title=The problem of spine in Pakistani politics|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=26 September 2003}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Shujaat Hussain's father [[Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi]] was initially a supporter of President [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]], but when [[Amir Mohammad Khan]] favoured some of his local opponents, he parted ways with Ayub's [[Convention Muslim League]]. He opposed [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and later joined Zia's government. He was killed allegedly by [[Murtaza Bhutto|Al-Zulfikar organisation]] for his support to General Zia. After Zahoor's death, Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain continued to support Zia and his Zia-ul-Haq's. Mr. Syed Kabir Ali Wasti senior vice president and chairman media committee of PMLQ was back bone of PMLQand remained very active in politics to make PMLQ sweep 2002 elections.As Syed Kabir Ali Wasti was formerly president of Pakistan Muslim League Qasim group and was close aide to Malik Qasim of Pakistan Muslim League-Qasim group. He supported former prime minister Benazir Bhutto but later Joined Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-i-Azam and became Senior Vice President of the party during the government of Gen Pervez Musharraf.<br /> <br /> However, he developed differences with the PML-Q and remained inactive in politics for some time and later supported Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf. [[Islamization in Pakistan|Islamization policies]]. Once the establishment parted ways with Nawaz Sharif in 1999, Hussain and Zahoor came to the rescue of stability and saw their new party PML (Q) win the general elections of 2002. Both the Chaudhry brothers were accused of financial scandals, including the Cooperative Scandal, sugar scandal and bank loan defaults, but none of them were ever proven or even pursued by the government. Nowadays, the Q-league has been reduced to a minor party as their vote-bank has been devoured by both Pakistan Peoples Party and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|first=Adnan|last=Adil|url=https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/in-his-prime/|title=In His Prime|work=Newsline|date=July 2004}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Party leadership==<br /> As of 2024, [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] is president of PML-Q. He was elected unopposed until 2026.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|date=17 January 2021|title=Ch Shujaat Hussain elected PML-Q president unopposed|work=The News International (newspaper)|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/775581-ch-shujaat-elected-pml-q-president-unopposed|access-date=18 October 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Prominent leaders of PMLQ are as below:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Name<br /> !Office/Designation<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shujaat Hussain]]<br /> |[[Party chair|President]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Iftikhar A. |date=2023-05-05 |title=ECP declares Shujaat PML-Q president |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1751012 |access-date=2023-09-12 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ayesha Gulalai]]<br /> |President PML [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=PML-Q to contest election independently: Chaudhry Sarwar |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/485404-pml-q-to-contest-election-as-independent-party-chaudhry-muhammad-sarwar |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=geo.tv |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tariq Bashir Cheema]]<br /> |[[Secretary General]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chaudhry Salik Hussain]]<br /> |Senior Vice-President<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Electoral history==<br /> ===National Assembly elections===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+[[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]<br /> !'''Election'''<br /> !Party leader<br /> !'''Votes'''<br /> !'''%'''<br /> !'''Seats'''<br /> !+/–<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Pakistani general election|2002]]<br /> |[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Shujaat Hussain]]<br /> |7,500,797<br /> |25.7%<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|142|342|hex=#7FFF00}}<br /> |{{increase}} 142<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Pakistani general election|2008]]<br /> |[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Shujaat Hussain]]<br /> |8,007,218<br /> |23.12%<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|60|341|hex=#7FFF00}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 78<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Pakistani general election|2013]]<br /> |[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Shujaat Hussain]]<br /> |1,409,905<br /> |3.11%<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|2|342|hex=#7FFF00}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 58<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Pakistani general election|2018]]<br /> |[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Shujaat Hussain]]<br /> |1,017,408<br /> |2.97%<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|5|342|hex=#7FFF00}}<br /> |{{increase}} 3<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Pakistani general election|2024]]<br /> |[[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain|Shujaat Hussain]]<br /> |1,317,408<br /> |2.12%<br /> |{{Infobox political party/seats|6|342|hex=#7FFF00}}<br /> |{{increase}} 0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Islamic political parties]]<br /> * [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]<br /> * [[Awami Muslim League (Pakistan)|Awami Muslim League]]<br /> * [[All Pakistan Muslim League]]<br /> * [[Pakistan Muslim League (F)|Pakistan Muslim League (Functional)]]<br /> * [[Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite news|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20130428-pakistan-muslim-league-q-musharraf-backers-ppp-ally|title=The Pakistan Muslim League-Q - from Musharraf backers to PPP ally|publisher=Radio France Internationale|date=28 April 2013}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official website|https://pakistanmuslimleague.pk/}} of Pakistan Muslim League <br /> * {{Official website|http://pmlq.com.pk/}}<br /> <br /> {{Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}<br /> {{Pakistani political parties}}<br /> {{Pakistan topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q)| ]]<br /> [[Category:2002 establishments in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist parties in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 2002]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic political parties in Pakistan]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rekha&diff=446401 2026-03-13T03:43:29Z

<p>EverettePowe35: page fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress (born 1954)}}<br /> {{for-multi|the South Indian actress|Rekha Harris|other uses}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Rekha <br /> | image = Rekha 2023.jpg<br /> | alt = Rekha is looking at the camera.<br /> | caption = Rekha in 2023<br /> | birth_name = Bhanurekha Ganesan<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|10|10}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India<br /> | education = Sacred Heart Convent, Chennai<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = 1958–present<br /> | works = [[Rekha filmography|Full list]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Mukesh Agarwal|1990|1990|reason=died}}<br /> | father = [[Gemini Ganesan]]<br /> | mother = [[Pushpavalli]]<br /> | family = [[List of South Indian film families#Gemini Ganesan family|Ganesan family]]<br /> | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Rekha|Full list]]<br /> | honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2010)<br /> | signature = Rekha signature.svg<br /> | module = {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | constituency = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] <br /> | term_start = 27 April 2012<br /> | term_end = 26 April 2018<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhanurekha Ganesan''' ({{IPA|te|ˈbʱaːnuɾeːkʰa ɡaɳeːʃan|pron}}; born 10 October 1954), better known by her [[mononymous]] stage name '''Rekha''', is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in [[Hindi film]]s. Acknowledged as one of the finest actresses in [[Indian cinema]],{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|page=614}} she has starred in [[Rekha filmography|more than 200 films]] and is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Rekha|several accolades]], including one [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] and three [[Filmfare Awards]]. She has often played strong and complicated female characters, from fictional to literary, in both mainstream and independent films. Though her career has gone through certain periods of decline, Rekha has gained a reputation for reinventing herself numerous times and has been credited for her ability to sustain her status. In 2010, the [[Government of India]] honoured her with [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour.<br /> <br /> The daughter of actors [[Pushpavalli]] and [[Gemini Ganesan]], Rekha started her career as a child actress in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films ''[[Inti Guttu (1958 film)|Inti Guttu]]'' (1958) and ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' (1966). Her first film as a lead happened with the Kannada movie ''[[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999]]'' (1969). Her Hindi debut with ''[[Sawan Bhadon]]'' (1970) established her as a rising star, but despite the success of several of her early films, she was often panned in the press for her looks and weight. Motivated by criticism, she started working on her appearance and put effort into improving her acting technique and command of the Hindi language, resulting in a well-publicised transformation. Early recognition in 1978 for her performances in ''[[Ghar (1978 film)|Ghar]]'' and ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' marked the beginning of the most successful period of her career, and she was one of Hindi cinema's leading stars through most of the 1980s and early 1990s.<br /> <br /> For her performance in the comedy ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980), Rekha received her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]. She followed it with roles in ''[[Baseraa]]'' (1981), ''[[Ek Hi Bhool]]'' (1981), ''[[Jeevan Dhaara]]'' (1982) and ''[[Agar Tum Na Hote]]'' (1983). While mostly prolific in popular Hindi cinema, during this time she ventured into [[parallel cinema]], a movement of neo-realist [[arthouse]] films. These films included dramas such as ''[[Kalyug (1981 film)|Kalyug]]'' (1981), ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' (1982) and ''[[Utsav]]'' (1984), and her portrayal of a classical courtesan in ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981) won her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]]. After a short setback in the mid-1980s, she was among the actresses who led a new trend of women-centred revenge films, starting with ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'' (1988), for which she won a second Best Actress award at Filmfare.<br /> <br /> Rekha's work was much less prolific in subsequent decades. Her roles in early 1990s mostly met with lukewarm reviews. In 1996, she played against [[Typecasting|type]] in the role of an underworld don in the action thriller ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996), for which she won a third Filmfare Award in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] category, and further appeared in ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'' (1996) and ''[[Aastha: In the Prison of Spring]]'' (1997) to critical acclaim but some public scrutiny. During the 2000s, she was praised for her supporting roles in the 2001 dramas ''[[Zubeidaa]]'' and ''[[Lajja (film)|Lajja]]'', and started playing mother roles, among which was her role in the science fiction ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003) and its superhero sequel ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006), both commercial successes. The lattermost emerged as her highest-grossing release.<br /> <br /> Apart from acting, Rekha served as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 2012 to 2018. Her private life and public image have been the subject of frequent media interest and discussion. Starting in the 1970s, her pairing opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in a number of successful films was accompanied by enduring speculation about a love affair between the two, culminating in their starring film ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'' (1981), which was reflective of media projections. Her only marriage to the Delhi-based industrialist and television manufacturer Mukesh Agarwal in March 1990 ended seven months later when he died by suicide. Rekha's public image has often been tied to her perceived sex appeal. She is often reluctant to give interviews or discuss her life, which has resulted in her being labelled a recluse.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and work==<br /> [[File:Rekha as an infant.png|thumb|upright|left|Rekha as a child, 1950s.|alt=A picture featuring Rekha as an infant in the 1950s.]] <br /> Rekha was born Bhanurekha Ganesan in [[Chennai|Madras]] (present-day Chennai) on 10 October 1954 to South Indian actors [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Pushpavalli]], when the couple were unmarried.&lt;ref name=&quot;Who is Rekha&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-rekha-478965 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |title=Who is Rekha? |date=10 October 2012 |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212233621/https://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-rekha-478965 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/every-day-is-a-celebration-not-specifically-b-day-rekha/story-KCaf5U0AeRyvN0MOqGMYPJ.html |title=Every day is a celebration, not specifically b'day: Rekha |date=10 October 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423085206/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/every-day-is-a-celebration-not-specifically-b-day-rekha/story-KCaf5U0AeRyvN0MOqGMYPJ.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganesan was already married to T. R. &quot;Bobjima&quot; Alamelu and had four children: the [[Illinois]]-based radiation oncologist Revathi Swaminathan, the gynecologist [[Kamala Selvaraj]], ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'s}} journalist Narayani Ganesan, and the medical doctor Jaya Shreedhar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101219/spectrum/book6.htm |title=Revisiting a romantic |last=Quraishi |first=Humra |date=19 December 2010 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=14 April 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002229/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101219/spectrum/book6.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sisters&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/10look.htm |title=Rare sight: Rekha and her five sisters! |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=10 March 2005 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908083143/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/10look.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had two more children with actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]—Vijaya Chamundeswari, a fitness expert, and Sathish Kumaar.&lt;ref name=&quot;sisters&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/in-pics-the-gemini-ganesan-rekha-family-tree-823544.html |title=In pics: The Gemini Ganesan-Rekha family tree |date=27 February 2015 |website=[[News18]] |access-date=14 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415011141/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/in-pics-the-gemini-ganesan-rekha-family-tree-823544.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Usman|2016|pp=31–34}} Meanwhile, Pushpavalli had two children (Babuji and Rama) from her earlier marriage to the lawyer I. V. Rangachari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=புஷ்பவல்லி |trans-title=Pushpavalli |language=ta |date=4 December 1948 |page=4 |magazine=Pesum Padam}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganesan and Pushpavalli had another daughter, Radha (born 1955).&lt;ref name=&quot;Drama in real life&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2013-12-22/Drama-in-real-life/80115 |title=Drama in real life |last=Kalyanam |first=Rajeswari |date=22 December 2013 |work=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415044800/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2013-12-22/Drama-in-real-life/80115 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=32}} Nagaprasad and the actress [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] are her cousins, while [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] and his wife Suryaprabha are her uncle and aunt, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/memories-of-the-southern-devadas/article28387949.ece |title=Memories of the Southern Devadas |last=Lata |first=S. Suchitra |date=5 December 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413111330/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/memories-of-the-southern-devadas/article28387949.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Born to a [[Tamils|Tamil]] father and a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] mother, Rekha is fluent in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://i.imgur.com/FXHfWqo.png |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=I'm Old-Fashioned About Love |date=8 March 1987 |access-date=3 April 2013 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515231534/https://i.imgur.com/FXHfWqo.png | format=PNG |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has mentioned that &quot;at home we used to talk in English&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video |people=Rekha |time=09:19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=301bnXZqGWY&amp;t=559s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/301bnXZqGWY |archive-date=9 March 2024 |url-status=live |title=Bollywood Actress Rekha Beautiful Telugu Speech {{pipe}} ANR National Awards |location=India |publisher=News Buzz}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; and that she thinks in English.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141109/entertainment-bollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-hold-no-grudges-against-anyone%E2%80%99 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |title=I hold no grudges against anyone |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=9 November 2014 |access-date=30 December 2017 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828022754/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141109/entertainment-bollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-hold-no-grudges-against-anyone%E2%80%99 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is also fluent in Hindi.<br /> <br /> Rekha did not reveal her family background until mid-1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/31sli9.htm |title=When Rekha was called Bhanu |date=31 July 2008 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910193618/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/31sli9.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZFTAAAAYAAJ |title=Mutual Need |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=January 1983 |magazine=Film World |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=11 |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011224/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Film_World/EZFTAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; During her unstable childhood, her relationship with her father Ganesan was estranged. Ganesan did not want to recognize her as his daughter and give her a living.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=37}}&lt;ref name=&quot;childhood&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Chopra, Sonia |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14539551&amp;page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012015851/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14539551&amp;page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2007 |website=[[Sify]] |title=Rekha's journey: The 'ageless' diva over the years |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=19 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; He rarely met both of his children with Pushpavalli, who subsequently married K. Prakash, a cinematographer from Madras, and she legally changed her name to K. Pushpavalli. She gave birth to two more children, Dhanalakshmi (who later married the actor [[Tej Sapru]]) and the dancer Seshu (died 21 May 1991).{{sfn|Usman|2016|pp=33, 180}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Seshu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/december97/cover1a.htm |title=Family Men |date=December 1997 |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohamed |work=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980705063355/http://www.filmfare.com/site/december97/cover1a.htm |archive-date=5 July 1998 |access-date=23 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to her mother's hectic acting schedule at the time, Rekha would often stay with her grandmother. Asked in an interview by [[Simi Garewal]] about her father, Rekha believed he was never even aware of her existence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt; She recalled that her mother often spoke about him and added that despite never having lived with him, she felt his presence all through.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot;&gt;{{cite episode |last=Garewal |first=Simi |author-link=Simi Garewal |date=3 June 2004 |title=Rendezvous with Simi Garewal and Rekha |series=Rendezvous with Simi Garewal |medium=television production |publisher=[[STAR World]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=34}} Even so, the relationship started to improve five years after Pushpavalli died in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seshu&quot; /&gt; He told a ''[[Cine Blitz]]'' interviewer of his happiness about this and stated, &quot;Rekha and I have such a good rapport. We are really close.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=Hot from Madras: Gemini's exclusive |date=December 1992 |volume=18 |issue=12 |magazine=[[Cine Blitz]] |location=Madras, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died in 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/gemini-ganesh-king-of-romance-passes-away/article27335936.ece |title=Gemini Ganesh, 'King of Romance', passes away |date=23 March 2005 |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423092025/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/gemini-ganesh-king-of-romance-passes-away/article27335936.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- {{Quote<br /> | quote = &quot;Our love for our mother was almost like an obsession, the reason being that she was never in the house. Most of the time she was away for shooting. The day she stayed at home was like a festival. All of use wanted to sit on her lap. I resented her for the overpowering effect she had on us and for not being around when we needed her. But I was in awe of her all the same.&quot;<br /> | source = Rekha on her childhood, 1987{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=34}}<br /> }} --&gt;<br /> <br /> Rekha was one year old when she played a small role in the Telugu-language drama ''[[Inti Guttu (1958 film)|Inti Guttu]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/191119/sridevi-brought-me-here.html |title='Sridevi brought me here' |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=19 November 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415080851/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/191119/sridevi-brought-me-here.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Directed by [[Vedantam Raghavayya]], the film was released in late 1958 and became a commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-intiguttu/article7429947.ece |title=Intiguttu (1958) |date=16 July 2015 |work=The Hindu |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329120449/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-intiguttu/article7429947.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was enrolled at a [[kindergarten]] when she was at the age of three and next joined the Sacred Heart Convent School, Church Park, Chennai,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Centre |first1=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2228 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; during her adolescence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rekha defends herself&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12061/page/n329/mode/2up?q= |title=Story: Rekha defends herself |date=8–9 December 1990 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |volume=111 |issue=44–51 |last=Ahmed |first=Rauf |editor-last=Nandy |editor-first=Pritish |editor-link=Pritish Nandy |pages=9–15 |access-date=15 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=35}} She also met Narayani, Ganesan and Aramelu's second daughter,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/A-daughters-tribute/article15506075.ece |title=100 years of Gemini Ganesan: A daughter's tribute |date=1 January 2011 |work=The Hindu |last=Bhasakaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Bhaskaran |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060041/https://www.thehindu.com/books/A-daughters-tribute/article15506075.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/metoo-political-power-holds-sway-over-some-voices |title=#MeToo: Why have no politicians been named? |last=Quraishi |first=Humra |date=30 October 2018 |work=[[National Herald]] |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415060031/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/metoo-political-power-holds-sway-over-some-voices |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; at the school when the latter was around nine or ten years old.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=35}} Always an awkward and lonely girl, she admitted that she experienced [[childhood obesity]]. In a 1990 interview to ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'', she called herself as &quot;the fattest girl in the school&quot;. In this period, she developed a love for dances and sports, although never participated in them due to her weight.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rekha defends herself&quot; /&gt; Because of this, she was bullied by many of her schoolmates, who called her ''lotta'' (Tamil for &quot;metal pot&quot;).{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=35}} Rekha, describing herself as a &quot;firm believer&quot; in God and destiny, used to spend her time at the school's [[chapel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rekha defends herself&quot; /&gt; Another brief screen role came with the release of ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' (1966)—a political satire which was popular among the audience&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/11/28/stories/2008112851140100.htm |title=Tale of a celluloid poet |date=28 November 2008 |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202034341/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/11/28/stories/2008112851140100.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;—co-starring Pushpavalli and sister Radha.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=34}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rangula-ratnam-1967/article24468586.ece |title=Rangula Ratnam (1967) |date=20 July 2018 |work=The Hindu |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415092013/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rangula-ratnam-1967/article24468586.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to her biographer [[Yasser Usman]], Rekha was asked by Pushpavalli to start an acting career when their family faced financial troubles in 1968, as the latter was sure that it would help them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt;{{sfnm|1a1=Ganti|1y=2004|1p=134|2a1=Usman|2y=2016|2p=36}} Although never interested in acting, Rekha (who initially aspired to be a flight attendant)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/thebuzz/dec2000/12_8_2000c.htm |title=Bhanu Rekha: Flying High! |date=12 August 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011004192134/http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/thebuzz/dec2000/12_8_2000c.htm |archive-date=4 October 2001 |work=Filmfare |access-date=20 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; obeyed her mother and, at the age of 13 or 14—while she was in ninth grade— dropped out from school to start a full-time career in acting;{{sfnm|1a1=Ganti|1y=2004|1p=134|2a1=Usman|2y=2016|2p=36}}{{efn|Tejaswini Ganti, in her book ''Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema'' (2004), wrote that Rekha dropped out from her school when she was 13 years old.{{sfn|Ganti|2004|p=134}} Talking to ''Bombay: The City Magazine'' in 1986, Rekha said that it happened while she was 14.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=35}} However, she seemingly contradicted herself after she supported Ganti's statement in her 2004 televised interview with the actress and television presenter [[Simi Garewal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt;}} she later regretted not having completed her education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970118181920/http://www.gmagazine.com/html/rekha.html |archive-date=18 January 1997 |url=http://www.gmagazine.com:80/html/rekha.html |title=&quot;My acting talent is my most overrated virtue!&quot; |date=1997 |last=Iyengar |first=Niranjan |author-link=Niranjan Iyengar |work=[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]] |access-date=21 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Being a protective sister, she did not allow her younger sister Radha to join her line of work, because she wanted Radha to finish her education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Film career==<br /> {{see also|Rekha filmography}}<br /> <br /> ===Early roles (1968–1970)===<br /> {{quote box<br /> | quote = &quot;Bombay was like a jungle, and I had walked in unarmed. It was one of the most frightening phases of my life... I was totally ignorant of the ways of this new world. Guys did try and take advantage of my vulnerability... Every single day I cried, because I had to eat what I didn't like, wear crazy clothes with sequins and stuff poking into my body. Costume jewellery would give me an absolute terrible allergy. Hair spray wouldn't go off for days even despite all my washing. I was pushed, literally dragged from one studio to another. A terrible thing to do to a 13-year-old child.&quot;<br /> | source =&amp;nbsp;—Rekha on her first visit to Bombay, 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt;<br /> | align = right<br /> | width = 30%<br /> }}<br /> In late 1968, the [[Nairobi]]-based businessman Kuljeet Pal visited [[Gemini Studios]] in search of a newcomer for his new project ''[[Do Shikaari|Anjana Safar]]'' (an adaption of [[H. Rider Haggard]]'s 1885 novel ''[[King Solomon's Mines]]''). He spotted Rekha at the studio and cast her as the film's second female lead after [[Vanisri]]. Pal went to Pushpavalli's house to give Rekha a screen test, dictating a number of sentences in Hindi, which were rewrote by Rekha in [[Latin script]], and then told her to memorize it. A few moments later, Rekha recited the sentences completely and Pal was impressed of her native Hindi-speaker-like voice. He gave her a five-year contract to star in four films from him and his brother Shatrujeet Pal each.{{sfn|Usman|2016|pp=41–42}}<br /> <br /> Rekha moved to [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai) in 1969 and rented a room at the Hotel Ajanta in the city's neighbourhood [[Juhu]], with Pal paying off the fee.{{sfn|Usman|2016|pp=43–44}} Also that year, she announced her debut to public and the media, and the successful [[Kannada]] film ''[[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999]]'' with [[Dr. Rajkumar]], where she features as a lead for the first time, was released.&lt;ref name=&quot;childhood&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Limelight: Star performer |date=September 1996 |volume=IV |issue=5 |work=Rashtriya Sahara |page=165 |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011224/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Rashtriya_Sahara/GSFuAAAAMAAJ?hl |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Anjana Safar'', directed by [[Raja Nawathe]], she played Sunita, a woman forced by her father to travel to Africa in search of a hidden treasure. She was paid {{INRConvert|25|k}} for her work.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=44}}<br /> <br /> Since her mother fell ill at the time, Rekha was accompanied by her aunt to the shooting, which started in August that year at [[Mehboob Studio]]. A controversy arose around a kissing scene featuring Rekha and male lead [[Biswajit Chatterjee]], of which she was not notified as Nawathe wanted to maintain her natural reaction.{{sfn|Usman|2016|pp=44–50}} In later years, Rekha complained at having been tricked into the scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jun122005/enter165418200569.asp |date=12 June 2005 |title=Rekha: timeless beauty |access-date=5 June 2008 |author=Raaj, Shaheen |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520220700/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jun122005/enter165418200569.asp |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film ran into censorship problems and would not be released until 1979, when it was retitled ''Do Shikaari''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinesh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=Rediff.com |author=Raheja, Dinesh |author-link=Dinesh Raheja |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/may/17dinesh.htm |date=17 May 2003 |access-date=20 September 2011 |title=Rekha: The divine diva |archive-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924222746/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/may/17dinesh.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The kissing scene made it to the cover of the Asian edition of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine in April 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Raju |first1=Audinarayan |last2=Puri |first2=G. N. |editor-last=Shashi |editor-first=S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdohlIUDakUC&amp;q=Rekha+Life+magazine+kissing |title=She misses her kiss |date=5 April 1970 |volume=XVII |issue=14 |page=4 |magazine=[[Sainik Samachar]] |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011224/https://books.google.com/books?id=DdohlIUDakUC&amp;q=Rekha+Life+magazine+kissing |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/QEZ/7 |title=&quot;Mummy won't like it.&quot; |date=17 December 1971 |pages=9–11 |magazine=Filmfare |volume=20 |issue=26 |last=K. |first=A. A. |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011227/https://indiancine.ma/documents/QEZ/7 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This prompted the American journalist James Shephard to travel to India to interview Rekha, which she saw as an opportunity to boost her career and express her complaint.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=52}} ''Do Shikaari'' underperformed at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&amp;catName=MTk3OQ== |title=Box Office 1979 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216230645/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&amp;catName=MTk3OQ== |archive-date=16 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Soon after her move to Bombay in 1969, Rekha was signed by the producer and director Mohan Sehgal for his film, ''[[Sawan Bhadon]]'', and the filming started on 11 October. He cast her as Chanda, a village girl who does not receive approval from her parents to marry her lover ([[Navin Nischol]]). Although her hair was already long and thick, Sehgal forced her to wear a [[wig]]. Hence, it did not fit on her hair and her hairdressers had to shave her hair to almost bald. She was not fluent in Hindi at the time and most of the film's crew mocked her for having South Indian background.{{sfn|Usman|2016|pp=56–59}} Marking her Hindi debut, ''Sawan Bhadon'' was released in September 1970 and became a commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010518/f1970.html |title=1970 Files |date=18 May 2001 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030824055816/http://www.screenindia.com/20010518/f1970.html |archive-date=24 August 2003 |access-date=21 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&amp;catName=MTk3MA== |title=Box Office 1970 |website=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010033/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=176&amp;catName=MTk3MA== |archive-date=2 January 2010 |access-date=21 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Film reviewers scorned her looks, but complimented her confidence and comic timing in the film.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=61}} [[Manoj Das]] believed that &quot;embarrassment&quot; was shown on Nischol's face in every scenes with Rekha,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UW4YAQAAIAAJ |title=Currents and Counters |date=1 August 1970 |pages=19–20 |last=Das |first=Manoj |author-link=Manoj Das |volume=22 |issue=27–52 |magazine=Thought |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011226/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Thought/UW4YAQAAIAAJ?hl |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Film World'' magazine noted the film's success was a breakthrough for her career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Film World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOdOQRACrrkC |title=Where is Rajesh Khanna? |date=1971 |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |pages=26–28 |volume=7 |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011226/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Film_World/YOdOQRACrrkC |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Amma Kosam'', a Telugu drama from the director [[Kolli Pratyagatma]], was released in the end of the year, and she dedicated it to her mother.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/nov/18/want-to-return-to-tollywood-rekha-2063254.html |title=Want to return to Tollywood: Rekha |date=18 November 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503142329/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/nov/18/want-to-return-to-tollywood-rekha-2063254.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-412013 |title=అమ్మ సినిమాలు |language=Telugu |trans-title=Amma cinema |date=14 May 2017 |work=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421092334/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-412013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Career fluctuations in the 1970s (1971–1977)===<br /> Rekha subsequently got several offers but nothing of substance, as her roles were mostly just of a glamour girl.{{sfn|Ganti|2004|p=134}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lokapally |first1=Vijay |author-link1=Vijay Lokapally |title=Anokhi Ada (1973) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Anokhi-Ada-1973/article14639467.ece |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=15 September 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027202839/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Anokhi-Ada-1973/article14639467.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was highly prolific during the decade, working on average in ten films a year, most of which were deemed potboilers and failed to propel her career forward in terms of roles and appreciation.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=97}} She appeared in several commercially successful films at the time, including ''[[Raampur Ka Lakshman]]'' (1972), ''[[Kahani Kismat Ki]]'' (1973), and ''[[Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye]]'' (1974), yet she was not regarded for her acting abilities and—according to the author [[Tejaswini Ganti]]—&quot;the industry was surprised by her success as her dark complexion, plump figure, and garish clothing contradicted the norms of beauty prevalent in the film industry and in society.&quot;{{sfn|Ganti|2004|p=134}}&lt;ref name=&quot;childhood&quot;/&gt; In 1975, she appeared in the war film ''[[Aakraman]]'' as [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s wife Sheetal, a role [[Qurratulain Hyder]] thought was cliché and labelled &quot;a clothes-horse&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1=Hyder |first1=Qurratulain |author-link1=Qurratulain Hyder |title=Film Review: Aakraman |magazine=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=15 June 1975 |page=39 |volume=XCVI |issue=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Randhir Kapoor]]'s ''[[Dharam Karam]]'' is a drama about a [[hoodlum]], and ''Link'' magazine noted that Rekha's part in it is the most pathetic of the entire cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ur0xAQAAIAAJ |title=The Arts |volume=18 |issue=27–29 |date=15–29 February 1976 |magazine=Link |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011227/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Link/Ur0xAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The mafia film ''[[Dharmatma]]'' was her only financial success of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/godfather-offer-no-one-can-refuse/articleshow/6042312.cms |title='Godfather' offer no one can refuse |date=13 June 2010 |work=The Times of India |last=Dubey |first=Bharati |agency=Times News Network |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423071155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/godfather-offer-no-one-can-refuse/articleshow/6042312.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=181&amp;catName=MTk3NQ== |title=Box Office 1975 |website=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010253/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=181&amp;catName=MTk3NQ== |archive-date=2 January 2010 |access-date=22 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Directed by and starring [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], the film saw her in the part of Anu, Khan's childhood sweetheart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dharmatma-1975/article4316386.ece |title=Dharmatma (1975) |last=Kohli |first=Suresh |date=17 January 2013 |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413120315/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/dharmatma-1975/article4316386.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additional films include ''[[Kabeela]]'', about her appearance in which critic Gautam Kundu wrote that she &quot;manages to be as undistinguished as the script will allow, which is plenty&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Gautam |title=Watch it through half-shut eyes |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99442/page/n75/mode/2up |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Sunday |date=9 January 1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rekha recalls that the way she was perceived at that time motivated her to change her appearance and improve her choice of roles: &quot;I was called the [ugly duckling] of Hindi films because of my dark complexion and South Indian features. I used to feel deeply hurt when people compared me with the leading heroines of the time and said I was no match for them. I was determined to make it big on sheer merit.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee, Promita&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |author=Mukherjee, Promita |title=The diva rules |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080803/jsp/graphiti/story_9633760.jsp |date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125637/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080803/jsp/graphiti/story_9633760.jsp |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=27 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The mid-1970s marked the beginning of her physical transformation. She started paying attention to her make-up, dress sense, and worked to improve her acting technique and perfect her Hindi-language skills for three months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.zeenext.com:80/cinema/whatsnew/rekha.html |title=Madame X: Beautiful, mysterious Rekha |date=2000 |website=[[Zee Next]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000929085055/http://entertainment.zeenext.com/cinema/whatsnew/rekha.html |archive-date=29 September 2000 |access-date=28 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; To lose weight, she followed a nutritious diet, led a regular, disciplined life, and practised yoga, later recording albums to promote physical fitness. According to [[Khalid Mohamed]], &quot;The audience was floored when there was a swift change in her screen personality, as well as her style of acting.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=Filmfare |author=Mohamed, Khalid |date=June 2002 |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2002/flashback.html |title=Love, anger, the works! |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225180021/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2002/flashback.html |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rekha began choosing her film roles with more care.&lt;ref name=&quot;ever-grogeous&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=82}}<br /> <br /> Rekha's first performance-oriented role came in 1976 when she played [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s ambitious and greedy wife in ''[[Do Anjaane]]'';&lt;ref name=&quot;ever-grogeous&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Ever gorgeous |date=6 October 2010 |access-date=27 February 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/10/16/stories/2010101650330700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629033342/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/10/16/stories/2010101650330700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |author=Das Gupta, Ranjan |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; it would be her first of many appearances with the actor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt; (They appeared together in ''[[Namak Haraam]]'' (1973), but Rekha was paired opposite [[Rajesh Khanna]]). Her role is Rekha Roy, the wife of Bachchan's character who becomes an established actress. Shooting took place in [[Calcutta]] (present-day Kolkata) and was finished within a month; Rekha and the other cast and crew would stayed at the [[Grand Hotel (Kolkata)|Grand Hotel]].{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=85}} An adaptation of [[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]'s novel ''Ratrir Yatri'', the film—directed by [[Dulal Guha]] and scripted by [[Nabendu Ghosh]]—was popular among the audience and critics.&lt;ref name=&quot;childhood&quot;/&gt; ''Film World'' wrote that she has proved herself as a leading actress in Hindi cinema as filmmakers had started taking more notice of her and become more keen to cast her in their films.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=86}} She remarked that it was difficult to stand in front of Bachchan, speaking of how she felt [[paranoid]] after she knew that he would star opposite her in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt; She stated that he contributed to &quot;dramatic changes&quot; in her life and was a big influence in her adulthood, and described him &quot;[someone] I'd never seen before&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=90}}<br /> <br /> 1977 was the third year when Rekha was consecutively gained one commercial success; the action crime ''[[Khoon Pasina]]'' emerged as the sixth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1977 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=183&amp;catName=MTk3Nw== |website=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010118/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=183&amp;catName=MTk3Nw== |archive-date=2 January 2010 |access-date=25 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same year, she starred in the comedy-drama ''[[Aap Ki Khatir (1977 film)|Aap Ki Khatir]]'', opposite [[Vinod Khanna]] and [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]. Her role as the poor girl won her awards from a number of film journalists' associations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Film World Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhTAAAAYAAJ |magazine=Film World |volume=XV |issue=10 |last=Ramachandran |first=T.M. |title=The temptress... |date=October 1978 |page=26 |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011227/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Film_World/xXhTAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a retrospective review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', the sport journalist and film critic [[Vijay Lokapally]] presumed that Rekha's role was challenging for her and appreciated her chemistry with Khanna; a ''Link'' reviewer praised its social themes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lokapally |first1=Vijay |title=Aap Ki Khatir (1977) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aap-ki-khatir-1977/article17435998.ece |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=10 March 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011227/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aap-ki-khatir-1977/article17435998.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3RDAAAAYAAJ |title=Letters |date=August–September 1977 |magazine=Link |volume=29 |issue=2–7 |page=31 |access-date=25 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011228/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Link/u3RDAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Film World'' awarded her with the Best Actress trophy for her work in ''[[Immaan Dharam]]'', an action film that received mixed critical reviews.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=94}} It features her as Durga, a Tamilian labourer who falls for the thief Mohan Kumar-Saxena ([[Shashi Kapoor]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Film World Awards&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-immaan-dharam-1977/article6913098.ece |title=Immaan Dharam (1977) |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |date=19 February 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=25 April 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801054543/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-immaan-dharam-1977/article6913098.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cine Blitz'' praised Rekha for proving her talent in acting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slIqAAAAYAAJ |title=Buck Up Rekha |date=1979 |volume=5 |issue=2 |magazine=Cine Blitz |page=120 |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022025715/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Cine_Blitz/slIqAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Turning point, stardom, and parallel cinema (1978–1984) ===<br /> Rekha's turning point came in 1978, with her portrayal of a rape victim in the social drama ''[[Ghar (1978 film)|Ghar]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/1975-1996-this-time-that-year/ |title=1975-1996: This time, that year |date=26 December 1997 |last=Chheda |first=Subhash |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418204745/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/1975-1996-this-time-that-year/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She plays Aarti, a newly married woman who gets gravely traumatized after being gang-raped. The film follows her character's struggle and traumatised with the help of her husband ([[Vinod Mehra]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune78&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Dhawan, M. L. |title=Such films are made with ''Junoon'' |date=28 October 2001 |access-date=19 September 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011028/spectrum/main7.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103045319/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011028/spectrum/main7.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was considered her first notable milestone,{{sfn|Ganti|2004|p=134}} and her performance was acclaimed by both critics and audiences.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rekha defends herself&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Ziya Us |title=Ghar (1978) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ghar-1978/article6129847.ece |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=19 June 2014 |language=en-IN |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128161156/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ghar-1978/article6129847.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dinesh Raheja]] elaborated, &quot;''Ghar'' heralded the arrival of a mature Rekha. Her archetypal jubilance was replaced by her very realistic portrayal...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dinesh&quot;/&gt; She received her first nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] at the [[Filmfare Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;childhood&quot;/&gt; In that same year, her another release, ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'', emerged as the biggest hit of that year, as well as one of the biggest hits of the decade, and Rekha was set as one of the most successful actresses of these times.&lt;ref name=&quot;top actresses&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=Box Office India |title=Top Actress |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |access-date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227120846/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film opened to a positive critical reception,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Sandeep |title=Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/muqaddar-ka-sikandar-1978/article8591212.ece |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=12 May 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031054255/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/muqaddar-ka-sikandar-1978/article8591212.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Rekha's brief role as a ''[[tawaif]]'' named Zohrabai earned her a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] nomination at the Filmfare.&lt;ref name=&quot;childhood&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010713/f1978.html |title=1978 Files |date=13 July 2001 |work=Screen |last=Motwani |first=Monica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031030152748/http://www.screenindia.com/20010713/f1978.html |archive-date=30 October 2003 |access-date=26 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; M. L. Dhawan of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' noted her &quot;smouldering intensity&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune78&quot; /&gt; Rekha recalled this phase as a period of self-discovery.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=104}} Other films that year include ''[[Karmayogi (1978 film)|Karmayogi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Malhotra |first1=Aps |title=Karmayogi (1978) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/karmayogi-1978/article6811948.ece |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=22 January 2015 |language=en-IN |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022025733/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/karmayogi-1978/article6811948.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following ''Do Anjaane'', speculation about a love affair with her co-star Amitabh Bachchan generated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rendezvous&quot; /&gt; Filmmakers at the time saw this as an opportunity to publicise their films by exploiting their alleged affair on-screen, as done in ''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]'' and ''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]''—both 1979 releases and highly popular with audiences.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=111}} In ''Mr. Natwarlal'', an action romance set in [[Calcutta]], Rekha portrays the simple, village woman Shanoo to good reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010713/f1978.html |title=1979 Files |date=13 July 2001 |work=Screen |last=Motwani |first=Monica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031030152748/http://www.screenindia.com/20010713/f1978.html |archive-date=30 October 2003 |access-date=27 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lokapally |first1=Vijay |title=Mr. Natwarlal (1979) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mr-natwarlal-1979/article8418624.ece |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=31 March 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101141543/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mr-natwarlal-1979/article8418624.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Suhaag'', like ''Muqaddar Ka Sikandar'', featured her as a courtesan and became the year's highest-grossing picture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1979|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&amp;catName=MTk3OQ==|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=20 November 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020102901/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=185&amp;catName=MTk3OQ==|archive-date=20 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The next two years were even more successful.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=106}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11intro.htm |title=Forever Rekha! |date=11 August 2003 |website=Rediff.com |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427033315/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/11intro.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1980, Rekha starred in the comedy ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. In a role written specially for her, she played Manju Dayal, a young vivacious woman who visits her recently married sister and tries to bring joy to the wide family, much to the dissatisfaction of the matriarch of the household.{{sfn|Ray|2005|p=250}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Its-a-womans-world/article16192162.ece |title=It's a woman's world |date=10 July 2010 |last=Basu |first=Kankana |work=The Hindu |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427032304/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Its-a-womans-world/article16192162.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rekha said she easily identified with the bubbly nature of her character, calling it &quot;quite a bit me&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite episode |title=Rekha on Rekha |medium=television production |network=[[BBC]] |series=Asian Magazine |date=September 1986 |last=Gould |first=Krishan}}&lt;!-- |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lkrwk0YJoq4 --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ''Khubsoorat'', and Rekha's performance in it, were well received by reviewers, and the film was a financial success.&lt;ref name=&quot;ever-grogeous&quot;/&gt; At the Filmfare Awards, the film was named [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and Rekha won her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] award.&lt;ref name=&quot;childhood&quot;/&gt; ''The Tribune'' lauded Rekha's &quot;spunky performance&quot; for giving the film &quot;its natural zing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=When substance was more important |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011202/spectrum/main6.htm |newspaper=The Tribune |date=2 December 2001 |access-date=19 September 2011 |author=Dhawan, M. L. |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026110444/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011202/spectrum/main6.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Maang Bharo Sajana]]'' and ''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]'', both directed by [[T. Rama Rao]], and [[Saawan Kumar Tak]]'s ''[[Saajan Ki Saheli]]'', brought her further critical attention that year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010817/f19.html |title=1980 Files |date=17 August 2001 |work=Screen |last=Motwani |first=Monica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031029055318/http://www.screenindia.com/20010817/f19.html |archive-date=29 October 2003 |access-date=27 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Box Office 1980 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=186&amp;catName=MTk4MA== |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225656/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=186&amp;catName=MTk4MA== |archive-date=15 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rekha's alleged love affair speculation with Amitabh Bachchan culminated when they starred together in [[Yash Chopra]]'s romantic drama ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Affair with Bachchan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Big B's big affairs |url=http://www.hindustantimes.in/news/specials/amitabh/affairs.htm |work=Hindustan Times |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=10 October 2007 |location=New Delhi, India |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008202530/http://www.hindustantimes.in/news/specials/amitabh/affairs.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the most scandalous of their films together as it reflected the rumours by the press: Rekha played Bachchan's lover, while Bachchan's real-life wife [[Jaya Bachchan]] played his wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silsila&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Sunil |title=Silsila: Pretty nothingness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19810915-film-review-silsila-starring-amitabh-bachchan-rekha-jaya-bachchan-shashi-kapoor-sanjeev-kumar-773234-2013-11-07 |access-date=12 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 September 1981 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102074042/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19810915-film-review-silsila-starring-amitabh-bachchan-rekha-jaya-bachchan-shashi-kapoor-sanjeev-kumar-773234-2013-11-07 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was filmed secretly during 1980–1981, with Chopra not allowing the media to visit the shooting.{{sfnm|1a1=Dwyer|1y=2019b|1p=122|2a1=Usman|2y=2016|2p=131}} ''Silsila'' was regarded by many journalists as &quot;a casting coup&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010817/f19.html |title=1981 Files |last=Motwani |first=Monica |work=Screen |date=17 August 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031029055318/http://www.screenindia.com/20010817/f19.html |archive-date=29 October 2003 |access-date=27 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/8D4CBC28B2A8155765256940004E87CC?OpenDocument |title=The rest is history |last=Lahiri |first=Monijit |date=21 November 1999 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=27 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and this was the last collaboration between Rekha and Bachchan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Affair with Bachchan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/E3BCBAE474F6E14265256940006200BB?OpenDocument |title=Lingering memories |date=11 July 1997 |work=The Hindu |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |access-date=27 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film premiered in July 1981 to critical and commercial failure, and Chopra attributed this to the casting, feeling the audience's attention was strictly focused on the speculation rather than the plot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Affair with Bachchan&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=136}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-romance-continues%E2%80%A6/article14693178.ece |title=The romance continues... |last=Chhibber |first=Mini Anthikad |date=23 April 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427121357/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-romance-continues%E2%80%A6/article14693178.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[India Today]]''{{'s}} Sunil Sethi saw that Rekha was &quot;as synthetic as [Amitabh Bachchan's] tiresome chauvinism&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silsila&quot; /&gt; Other films starring her that year include [[Ramesh Talwar]]'s ''[[Baseraa]]'' and T. Rama Rao's ''[[Ek Hi Bhool]]'' (a remake of the 1981 Tamil film ''[[Mouna Geethangal]]'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19840215-k.-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood-802749-1984-02-15 |title=K. Bhagyaraj: Box-office baron |date=15 February 1984 |work=India Today |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200828164724/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19840215-k.-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood-802749-1984-02-15 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; both box-office successes.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=157}} She received another Filmfare Best Actress nomination for ''[[Jeevan Dhaara]]'' (1982), in which she played a young unmarried woman who is the sole breadwinner of her extended family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOAEAQAAIAAJ |title=Herstory: When Peasant Women Arose |date=1980 |pages=48–49 |issue=5–12 |volume=2 |magazine=[[Manushi]] |access-date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022025715/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Manushi/SOAEAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During this period, Rekha was willing to expand her range beyond what she was given in mainstream films and started working in [[parallel cinema]], a movement of Indian neo-realist [[art films]]. These films include ''[[Kalyug (1981 film)|Kalyug]]'' (1981), ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981), ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' (1982), ''[[Utsav]]'' (1984) and ''[[Ijaazat]]'' (1987).{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=158}} ''Umrao Jaan'', a film adaptation of [[Mirza Hadi Ruswa]]'s [[Urdu language|Urdu]] novel ''[[Umrao Jaan Ada]]'' (1905), saw Rekha in the title role of the poet and [[hooker with a heart of gold|courtesan with a heart of gold]] from [[Lucknow]] in the 1840s.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=148}} Made on a lavish production cost,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19800415-umrao-jaan-attempts-to-recapture-aristocratic-grandeur-of-awadh-806570-2014-02-01 |title=Umrao Jaan: Aristocracy for sale |date=15 April 1980 |work=India Today |last=Subramaniam |first=Chitra |author-link=Chitra Subramaniam |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031081328/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19800415-umrao-jaan-attempts-to-recapture-aristocratic-grandeur-of-awadh-806570-2014-02-01 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the film follows Umrao's life story from her childhood as a girl named Amiran who is kidnapped and sold in a brothel to her position years later as a popular courtesan who seeks happiness amid love affairs and other tribulations.{{sfn|Garga|1996|p=266}} In preparation for the part, Rekha, who at the beginning of her career did not speak Hindi, took the task of learning the finer nuances of the Urdu language.&lt;ref name=&quot;47years&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=An enigma called Rekha |author=Verma, Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/10rek.htm |date=10 October 2001 |access-date=5 June 2008 |website=Rediff.com |archive-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724012954/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/10rek.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rekha was widely applauded for her performance, which has since been cited as one of her best work.{{sfn|Ray|2005|p=148}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/no-comparison-aishwarya/article3066587.ece |title=No comparison: Aishwarya |date=27 October 2006 |work=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427065641/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/no-comparison-aishwarya/article3066587.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Balu Bharatan of ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' wrote of her &quot;unexplored reserves of histronic strength&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11968/page/n279/mode/2up?q=Rekha |title=Umrao Jaan: A quartet of National Awards |date=9 May 1982 |last=Bharatan |first=Balu |magazine=The Illustrated Weekly of India |pages=17, 19 |volume=103 |issue=1–24 |access-date=27 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] and earned another Filmfare Award nomination, with ''[[Filmfare]]'' later considering this one of the most iconic performances of Bollywood history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm29thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=29NFA.pdf |title=29th National Film Awards |website=iffi.nic.in |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=7 August 2011 |page=12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170327/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm29thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=29NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The year of blockbusters and potboilers |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020203/spectrum/main5.htm |newspaper=The Tribune |date=3 February 2002 |access-date=19 September 2011 |author=Dhawan, M. L. |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103045257/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020203/spectrum/main5.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She later claimed that the film was a turning point.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mukherjee, Promita&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Among her work in art films, [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''Kalyug'' is a modern-day adaptation of the Indian mythological epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', depicted as an archetypal conflict between rival business houses.{{sfn|Garga|1996|p=248}} Rekha's role Supriya is based on [[Draupadi]].{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=158}} Benegal cast her in the role after seeing her work in ''Khubsoorat'' and took further note of her being &quot;very keen, very serious about her profession&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;link&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Khubsoorat |journal=Link |page=36 |year=1988 |publisher=United India Periodicals |author=Narayanan, Edatata |volume=30 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critic and author [[Vijay Nair (author)|Vijay Nair]] described her performance as &quot;a masterful interpretation of the modern Draupadi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/08/23/stories/2009082350180500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828041902/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/08/23/stories/2009082350180500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2009 |date=23 August 2009 |access-date=25 September 2011 |title=Where are the actors? |author=Nair, Vijay |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Madhu Trehan]] complimented her for playing &quot;flawlessly&quot; the part of &quot;a woman of intelligence, strength and a barely suppressed yearning for her young brother-in-law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Trehan |first1=Madhu |author-link1=Madhu Trehan |title=Kalyug: Intrigues of the rich |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19810515-film-review-kalyug-starring-shashi-kapoor-rekha-kulbhushan-kharbanda-raj-babbar-805938-2014-02-26 |access-date=12 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 May 1981 |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101101258/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19810515-film-review-kalyug-starring-shashi-kapoor-rekha-kulbhushan-kharbanda-raj-babbar-805938-2014-02-26 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1982 [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age film]] ''Vijeta'' saw her as Neelima who struggles through her marital problems and tries to support her adolescent son, who, undecided about his future plans, eventually decides to join the Indian Air Force. She has since described the role as one of her favourite.&lt;ref name=&quot;ever-grogeous&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Girish Karnad]]'s erotic drama ''Utsav'', based on [[Śūdraka]]'s [[Sanskrit]] play ''[[Mṛcchakatika]]'' from the fourth century, she portrays the courtesan [[Vasantasena]] and, for her performance, was acknowledged as the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress (Hindi)]] by the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Bengal Film Journalists' Association]].{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=159}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/198952.htm |title=1989: 52nd Annual BFJA Awards |website=[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108062601/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/198952.htm |archive-date=8 January 2010 |access-date=3 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film attracted wide coverage for its sensuality and Rekha's intimate scenes; she took this as a way to compete with female newcomers at the time. ''Utsav'' polarized both the audience and film reviewers with its script and direction; her work and costumes, however, were well received.{{sfn|Usman|2016|pp=160–161}} A review in ''[[Asiaweek]]'' noted Rekha &quot;dressed in little more than glittering jewellery&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1ELAQAAMAAJ |title=Utsav |last=Rao |first=C. B. |magazine=[[Asiaweek]] |via=Google |language=en |volume=40 |issue=40–45 |date=October–November 1985 |page=11 |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011416/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Asiaweek/F1ELAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2003, [[Maithili Rao]] wrote, &quot;Rekha—forever the first choice for the courtesan's role, be it ancient Hindu India or 19th-century Muslim Lucknow—is all statuesque sensuality...&quot;{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|pages=105–106}} In Gulzar's drama ''Ijaazat'', Rekha and [[Naseeruddin Shah]] star as a divorced couple who meet unexpectedly for the first time after years of separation at a railway station, and recall together their life as a married couple and the conflicts which brought about their eventual split.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Ananya |title=Monday Masala, Ijaazat: One night in a railway waiting room |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/ijaazat-review-gulzar-naseeruddin-shah-rekha-1666407-2020-04-13 |access-date=12 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511170306/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/ijaazat-review-gulzar-naseeruddin-shah-rekha-1666407-2020-04-13 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Setback and resurgence (1985–1989) ===<br /> <br /> Apart from parallel cinema, Rekha took on other increasingly adventurous roles. She was among the early actresses to play lead roles in heroine-oriented revenge films, the first of which was ''[[Khoon Bhari Maang]]'' in 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Hindi films: On screen, it is no longer men alone who is spilling blood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880715-hindi-films-on-screen-it-is-no-longer-men-alone-who-is-spilling-blood-797492-1988-07-15 |access-date=13 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 July 1988 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130203826/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19880715-hindi-films-on-screen-it-is-no-longer-men-alone-who-is-spilling-blood-797492-1988-07-15 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Made by Rakesh Roshan specifically with Rekha in mind, the film featured her in the role Aarti Saxena, a wealthy, unassuming widow who narrowly survives an attempted murder by her scheming second husband and—presumed to be dead—returns to seek revenge under a concealed identity. She won her second [[Filmfare Award]] for her performance in the film. Rekha went on to describe ''Khoon Bhari Maang'' as &quot;the first and only film I concentrated and understood all throughout.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video |people=Rekha |time=09:45 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5kbz3TpHvM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/M5kbz3TpHvM |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Rekha on Rekha |medium=Television production |location=India |publisher=BBC}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; M.L. Dhawan from ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', while documenting the famous Hindi films of 1988, remarked that ''Khoon Bhari Maang'' was &quot;a crowning glory for Rekha, who rose like a phoenix ... and bedazzled the audience with her daredevilry.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Year of offbeat films |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020818/spectrum/main5.htm |newspaper=[[Sunday Tribune]] |date=18 August 2002 |access-date=18 September 2011 |author=Dhawan, M.L. |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309114228/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020818/spectrum/main5.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''{{'}}s ''Encyclopædia of Hindi Cinema'' listed her role in the film as one of Hindi cinema's memorable female characters, noting it for changing &quot;the perception of the ever-forgiving wife, turning her into an avenging angel.&quot;{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|page=401}} In a similar list by ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' magazine, the role was included as one of &quot;ten memorable roles that made the Hindi film heroine proud.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]; Woman Special |title=Role Model |date=9 March 2001 |author=Motwani, Monica |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010309/review.htm |publisher=Indian Express Limited |access-date=20 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023103134/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010309/review.htm |archive-date=23 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In later interviews, Rekha has mentioned that receiving the Filmfare Award for this role was a surprise and a turning point that gave her reassurance and validation after taking a small break and getting eclipsed by younger stars. &quot;All that applause from the film fraternity inspired me and made me realize that I am still wanted. I felt even more charged to give my best and knew right then, that this was my calling, what I was born to do, to make a difference in people's lives, through my performances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=&quot;The one question I am often asked is 'why are you still single'&quot; – Rekha |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=4 June 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/slideshows/slideshow-all-that-will-happen-on-kbc-this-holi/2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607011918/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/slideshow/2011/06/03/903/index2.html |archive-date=7 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Career fluctuations and short revival (1990–1999)===<br /> The 1990s saw a drop in Rekha's success. Few of her films were successful and many of her roles were condemned by reviewers. Critics still noted, however, that unlike most of the actresses of her generation, like [[Hema Malini]] and [[Raakhee]], who succumbed to playing character parts, typically of mothers and aunts, Rekha was still playing leading roles at a time when younger female stars rose to fame.&lt;ref name=&quot;47years&quot;/&gt; The first year of the decade saw four releases featuring Rekha, including ''[[Mera Pati Sirf Mera Hai]]'' and ''[[Amiri Garibi]]'', all of which went unnoticed. Still recovering from the recent suicide of her husband and struggling with the ensuing press antagonism towards her, Rekha retained considerable success with her starring role as Namrata Singh, a young woman who joins the police force to avenge her husband's death in [[K. C. Bokadia]]'s ''[[Phool Bane Angaray]]'' (1991). The film was a box-office hit and Rekha received a Best Actress nomination at Filmfare for her work, in reference to which Subhash K. Jha remarked, &quot;Khaki never seemed sexier&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |title=12 Best cops acts in Bollywood |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 August 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7078 |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |access-date=25 April 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420022044/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7078 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=Vinayak |last=Chakravorty |author-link=Vinayak Chakravorty |title=B-town cops: A good buzz |journal=India Today |date=10 August 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-actors-cops-singham-returns-ajay-devgn-rani-mukerji-mardaani-203509-2014-08-10 |access-date=25 April 2015 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722095316/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-actors-cops-singham-returns-ajay-devgn-rani-mukerji-mardaani/1/376439.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Indian Express'' wrote that she &quot;rides horses, wields swords and does justice to the title in being ''phool'' (a flower) and becoming ''angaarey'' (burning coal)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Krishnaswmy |first1=N. |title=The Arts - Reviews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBlAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=PA7 |access-date=27 October 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Express Group]] |date=30 August 1991 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The public's acceptance of ''Phool Bane Angaray'' and ''Khoon Bhari Maang'' prompted several filmmakers to come with similar offers to Rekha, and she played such roles—labeled &quot;avenging angels&quot;—in several of her proceeding projects to a much less consequential effect. These included her next film ''Insaaf Ki Devi'' (1992), and later films such as ''[[Ab Insaf Hoga]]'' (1995) and ''[[Udaan (1997 film)|Udaan]]'' (1997), all of which were major duds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Rekha returns as the avenging angel in Insaaf Ki Devi |journal=India Today |date=29 February 1992 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19920229-rekha-returns-as-the-avenging-angel-in-insaaf-ki-devi-767550-2013-06-20 |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722095312/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rekha-returns-as-the-avenging-angel-in-insaaf-ki-devi/1/308567.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She followed with a dual role of twin sisters in [[Shakti Samanta]]'s ''[[Geetanjali (1993 film)|Geetanjali]]'' opposite [[Jeetendra]] and the title role in the box-office disaster ''[[Madam X (1994 film)|Madam X]]'', in which she starred as a young woman hired by the police to impersonate a female underworld don.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Shikha |title=''Hum hai maut ki woh express, duniya jise kehte hai Madam X'' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hum-hai-maut-ki-woh-express-duniya-jise-kehte-hai-madam-x-1752198 |access-date=7 May 2020 |work=DNA India |date=14 October 2012 |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228124356/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hum-hai-maut-ki-woh-express-duniya-jise-kehte-hai-madam-x-1752198 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Halfway through the decade, Rekha managed to halt her decline when she accepted several highly-controversial films, including ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'' and ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996). ''Kama Sutra'', a foreign production directed by [[Mira Nair]], was an erotic drama, and many felt her role of a [[Kama Sutra]] teacher in the film would damage her career.&lt;ref name=DVD&gt;{{cite video |people=Rekha |date=23 August 1984 |title=Utsav |medium=DVD |publisher=Odyssey Quest&lt;!-- |access-date=8 May 2009--&gt; |time=biographies |id=Unknown ID: ODX20324RD}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was undeterred by the criticism. [[Todd McCarthy]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' described her as &quot;exquisitely composed&quot; in the part.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Todd |author-link1=Todd McCarthy |title=Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love |url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/kama-sutra-a-tale-of-love-1200447209/ |access-date=13 May 2020 |work=Variety |date=21 October 1996 |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921140342/https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/kama-sutra-a-tale-of-love-1200447209/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi'', an action film directed by Umesh Mehra, was a major financial success, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |website=Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202 |title=Box Office 1996 |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-date=31 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731203414/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It featured Rekha in her first negative role as Madam Maya, a vicious gangster woman running a secret business of illegal wrestling matches in the US, who, during the course of the film, romances the much younger [[Akshay Kumar]]. &lt;!-- The film generated controversy due to several scenes involving Kumar and Rekha, including a steamy bath scene and a sequence in which the two &quot;mudwrestled with extreme abandon&quot; during one of the songs.--&gt;Her portrayal earned her several awards, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and the [[Star Screen Award for Best Villain]]. In spite of the positive response to her performance from both fans and critics, she maintained on more than one occasion that she did not like herself in the film, noting that her work was not up to her own, personal standards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=[[Filmfare]] |date=12 April 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |title=Rekha: Line of Beauty |author=Choudhary, Anuradha |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/rekha-line-of-beauty-676.html |quote=Like my performance in Khiladiyon Ke Khiladi was not up to my standards but you guys loved it and even gave me the Filmfare Award for it. |archive-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807051736/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/rekha-line-of-beauty-676.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.com/screen/apr10/cover1.htm |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |title=A woman of a million miracles |date=10 April 1999 |quote=My performance was appreciated by both my fans and my critics. I thought I looked jet-lagged and tired in the film. The people thought otherwise. They thought I looked ravishing. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427073424/http://expressindia.com/screen/apr10/cover1.htm |archive-date=27 April 1999 |access-date=16 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another controversial film at that time was ''[[Aastha: In the Prison of Spring]]'' (1997), where [[Basu Bhattacharya]], making the last film of his career, cast her as a housewife who moonlights as a prostitute. Once again, she faced some scrutiny by sectors of the press and the audience for the nature of the part and for some of the explicit love scenes in the film. She later reacted: &quot;...people had a lot to say about my role... I don't have problems playing anything. I've reached a stage where I could do justice to any role that came my way. It could be role of a mother, a sister-in-law; negative, positive, sensational or anything.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;at53&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=At 53, Rekha is still Bollywood's style diva |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |quote=Rekha, who can be arguably termed India's Greta Garbo... |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/At-53-Rekha-is-still-Bollywood-s-style-diva/Article1-251974.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216051120/http://www.hindustantimes.com/At-53-Rekha-is-still-Bollywood-s-style-diva/Article1-251974.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |date=10 October 2007 |access-date=22 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her performance earned her positive reviews and a [[Star Screen Award]] nomination,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=And the nominees for 1997 are... |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/17821/ |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 January 1998 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011419/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/and-the-nominees-for-1997-are/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; with ''[[India Today]]'' referring to her work as &quot;her finest performance in years&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nominees for screen videocon awards |url=http://expressindia.com/screen/jan16/cover1.htm#2 |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=Screen |publisher=Express Group |date=16 January 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980513075724/http://expressindia.com/screen/jan16/cover1.htm#2 |archive-date=13 May 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Basu Bhattacharya's Aastha, starring Rekha, Om Puri |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19970131-film-review-of-basu-bhattacharya-aastha-starring-rekha-om-puri-831761-1997-01-31 |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=India Today |date=31 January 1997 |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120130045/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19970131-film-review-of-basu-bhattacharya-aastha-starring-rekha-om-puri-831761-1997-01-31 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She next acted in ''[[Qila (film)|Qila]]'' (1998) and ''[[Mother (1999 film)|Mother]]'' (1999).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A Shaky Fort |url=http://expressindia.com/screen/apr24/reviews1.htm |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=Screen |date=24 April 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980430113916/http://expressindia.com/screen/apr24/reviews1.htm |archive-date=30 April 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |author-link1=Anupama Chopra |title=Movie: Mother |url=http://www.india-today.com/moviemasala/archives/reviews/mother.html |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=India today |date=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010508205249/http://www.india-today.com/moviemasala/archives/reviews/mother.html |archive-date=8 May 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A MATHER TO REMEMBER |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/may08/cover2.htm |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=Screen |publisher=Indian Express Limited |date=8 May 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980523100108/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/may08/cover2.htm#mot |archive-date=23 May 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Recognition for character roles (2000–2006)===<br /> In the 2000s, Rekha appeared in relatively few movies. She started the decade with ''[[Bulandi (2000 film)|Bulandi]]'', directed by [[T. Rama Rao]]. The other was Khalid Muhammad's Zubeidaa, co starring Karisma Kapoor and Manoj Vajapayee playing the first wife Maharani Mandira Devi of the King.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Budhwar |first1=Amrita |title=BOO...LANDEE |url=http://www.india-today.com/moviemasala/archives/reviews/bulandi.html |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010508201621/http://www.india-today.com/moviemasala/archives/reviews/bulandi.html |archive-date=8 May 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:REKHA.jpg|thumb|left|Rekha in 2010|alt=A picture featuring Rekha as an infant in 2010.]]<br /> In 2001, Rekha appeared in [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s feminist drama ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]'', an ensemble piece inspired by a true incident of a woman being raped in Bawanipur two years before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |author=Ghosh, Debapriya |date=2 September 2001 |archive-date=5 December 2001 |access-date=7 January 2012 |url=http://www.the-week.com/21sep02/enter.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011205005628/http://www.the-week.com/21sep02/enter.htm |title=Hunted women}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film follows the journey of a runaway wife ([[Manisha Koirala]]) and unfolds her story in three main chapters, each one presenting the story of a woman at whose place she stops. Rekha was the protagonist of the final chapter, around which the film's inspiration revolves, playing Ramdulari, an oppressed [[Dalit]] village woman and social activist who becomes a victim of gangrape. Speaking of the film, Rekha commented, &quot;I am Lajja and Lajja is me&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 August 2001 |title=Movie on anguish of women |access-date=12 December 2011 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/08/30/stories/14302181.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716025138/http://hindu.com/2001/08/30/stories/14302181.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012 |author=Kannan, K. |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Highly praised for her portrayal, she received several nominations for her work, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Filmfare Award]] and the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|International Indian Film Academy Award]] (IIFA) for Best Supporting Actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/globalising-indian-cinema/article27840302.ece |title='Globalising' Indian cinema |date=6 April 2002 |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |access-date=16 April 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416012516/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/globalising-indian-cinema/article27840302.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taran Adarsh]] wrote that &quot;it is Rekha who walks away with the glory, delivering one of the finest performances the Indian screen has seen in the recent times.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran |title=Lajja review |url=http://indiafm.com/movies/review/6794/index.html |date=29 August 2001 |publisher=[[indiaFM]] |access-date=4 December 2007 |archive-date=18 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118140940/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6794/index.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Improbable theme with commercial props |author=Kaushik, Divya |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010923/spectrum/main5.htm |date=23 September 2001 |access-date=12 December 2011 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |archive-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913043514/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010923/spectrum/main5.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |author-link1=Dinesh Raheja |title=Lajja — Unabashedly Loud |url=http://movies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewlajja.shtml |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109022226/http://movies.thenewspapertoday.com/reviews/reviewlajja.shtml |archive-date=9 November 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!--.In that same year she acted alongside [[Karisma Kapoor]] in [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Zubeidaa]]''. Based on the true story of actress [[Zubeida Begum]], the mother of journalist and writer [[Khalid Mohamed]], the film follows her story as she becomes the second wife of Maharaja of Udaipur. Rekha played the first wife of Maharaja, princess Mandira Devi. Benegal, with whom Rekha had previously worked in ''Kalyug'', said he had her in mind for the part when the script was conducted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010211/spectrum/scene.htm |title=Classy Benegal |date=11 February 2001 |access-date=25 December 2011 |author=Maheshwari, Belu}}&lt;/ref&gt; She next starred alongside [[Preity Zinta]] in [[Kundan Shah]]'s ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'', playing the role of Sarita, a betrayed woman who takes under her custody her husband's illegitimate daughter after his death.<br /> <br /> In [[Ramgopal Varma]]'s horror film ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]'', she played a psychic clairvoyant.--&gt;<br /> In [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s science-fiction film ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'', Rekha played Sonia Mehra, a single mother to a [[Developmental disability|developmentally disabled]] young man, played by [[Hrithik Roshan]]. The movie was a financial and critical success and became the most popular film of the year; it won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]], among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&amp;catName=MjAwMw== |title=Box Office 2003 |website=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525225820/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&amp;catName=MjAwMw== |archive-date=25 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rekha received another Best Supporting Actress nomination at the Filmfare for her performance, which [[Khalid Mohamed]] described as &quot;astutely restrained&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |author=Mohamed, Khalid |title=Now~ that's entertainment |date=10 August 2003 |access-date=10 December 2011 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/columns/2003/aug/60818.htm |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011419/https://www.mid-day.com/columns/2003/aug/60818.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2005, Rekha guest starred in an item number in connection with the song &quot;Kaisi Paheli Zindagani&quot;, in [[Pradeep Sarkar]]'s &quot;[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]&quot;. In ''[[Bachke Rehna Re Baba]]'' (2005), Rekha played a con woman who, along with her niece, uses one scheme to rob men of their property. The film was a major critical failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Some cheer, some oomph, some yawn, some action... |author=Us Salam, Ziya |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/06/19/stories/2005061907910200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318152844/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/06/19/stories/2005061907910200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2007 |date=19 June 2001 |access-date=10 December 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Mid-Day]]'' remarked, &quot;why Rekha chose to sign this film is a wonder,&quot; noting that she is &quot;riddled with bad dialogue, terrible cakey makeup and tawdry styling&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |title=Film review: Bachke Rehna Re Baba |date=19 June 2005 |access-date=10 December 2011 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2005/jun/111936.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was followed in 2006 by ''[[Kudiyon Ka Hai Zamana]]'', a poorly received sex comedy about four female friends and their personal troubles. In a scathing review, Indu Mirani noted that &quot;Rekha hams like she was never going to do another film.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Mirani, Indu |title=Lopsided worldview |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_lopsided-worldview_1072868 |date=5 January 2007 |access-date=10 December 2011 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011418/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lopsided-worldview-1072868 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2007 article by ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', critic Deepa Gahlot directed an advice to Rekha: &quot;Please pick movies with care, one more like ''Bach Ke Rehna Re Baba'' and ''Kudiyon Ka Hai Zamana'' and the diva status is under serious threat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Gahlot, Deepa |title=We say so |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_we-say-so_1073075 |date=6 January 2007 |access-date=10 December 2011 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011419/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-we-say-so-1073075 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, she reprised the role of Sonia Mehra in ''[[Krrish]]'', [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s sequel to ''Koi... Mil Gaya''. In this superhero feature, the story moves 20 years forward and focuses on the character of Sonia's grandson Krishna (played again by Hrithik Roshan), whom she has brought up single-handedly after the death of her son Rohit, and who turns out to have supernatural powers. ''Krrish'' became the second-highest grossing picture of the year and, like its prequel, was declared a blockbuster.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&amp;catName=MjAwNg== |title=Box Office 2006 |website=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132118/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&amp;catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It received mostly positive notices from critics, and Rekha's work earned her another Filmfare nomination in the supporting category. Ronnie Scheib from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' noted her for bringing &quot;depth to her role as the nurturing grandmother&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117931032?refcatid=31 |date=7 July 2006 |access-date=9 December 2011 |title=Krrish |author=Scheib, Ronnie |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011419/https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/krrish-1200514939/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Occasional work; hiatus (2007–present) ===<br /> [[File:Rekha in 2019.jpg|thumb|Rekha in 2019]]<br /> In 2007, she once again portrayed a courtesan in [[Goutam Ghose]]'s ''[[Yatra (2007 film)|Yatra]]''. Unlike the initial success she experienced in playing such roles in the early stages of her career, this time the film failed to do well. In 2010, Rekha was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the 4th highest civilian award given by the [[Government of India]].<br /> <br /> Rekha starred in the 2010 film ''[[Sadiyaan]]'' alongside [[Hema Malini]] and [[Rishi Kapoor]]. The film marked the debut of [[Shatrughan Sinha]]'s son [[Luv Sinha]]. The film failed to do well at the box office.<br /> <br /> In 2014, Rekha was working on [[Abhishek Kapoor]]'s ''[[Fitoor]]'', but left the film for unknown reasons and later [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] was signed as her replacement. In 2014 she also worked in ''[[Super Nani]]'' released on Diwali (24 October). Super Nani was a family drama, in which the grandmother (Rekha) is unappreciated by her children and husband, [[Randhir Kapoor]]. Her grandson, [[Sharman Joshi]] convinces her to change. The grandmother 'transforms' herself into a glamorous model.<br /> <br /> In 2015, she appeared in R. Balki's [[Shamitabh]], playing herself.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life and off-screen work==<br /> In 1990, Rekha married [[Delhi]]-based industrialist Mukesh Aggarwal. Aggarwal was a self-made entrepreneur and owner of the kitchenware brand Hotline.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=}} He is believed to have had a long-standing struggle with depression and according to Rekha's biographers, she only found out about his mental health after marriage. He was introduced to Rekha through a mutual friend and fashion designer Bina Ramani who termed him Rekha's 'crazy fan'.{{sfn|Usman|2016|p=}} Their marriage took place on 4 March 1990, and a few months later—while she was in London—he died by suicide, after several previous attempts, leaving a note, &quot;Don't blame anyone&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=[[Asiaweek]] |publisher=Asiaweek Ltd. |year=1990 |volume=16 |title=Fatal Attraction}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was pilloried by the press at that time, a period which one journalist termed as &quot;the deepest trough in her life.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ |title=The hundred luminaries of Hindi cinema |publisher=India Book House Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-7508-007-2 |page=113 |author1=Dinesh Raheja |author2=Jitendra Kothari |access-date=3 December 2011 |author1-link=Dinesh Raheja |archive-date=8 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608182118/http://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bhawana Somaaya]] observed the period speaking of &quot;a strong anti-wave against the actress — some called her a witch, some a murderess,&quot; but added that soon &quot;Rekha came out of the eclipse once again unblemished!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Somaaya |first=Bhawana |author-link=Bhawana Somaaya |title=Salaam Bollywood : the pain and the passion |publisher=Spantech &amp; Lancer Spectech USA Distributed in India by English Editions Publishers &amp; Distributors |location=South Godston Hartford, WI Mumbai |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-897829-54-7 |page=196}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was rumoured to have been married to actor [[Vinod Mehra]] in 1973, but in a 2004 television interview with [[Simi Garewal]] she denied ever being married to Mehra, referring to him as a &quot;well-wisher&quot; and a close friend. Rekha currently lives in her [[Bandra]] home in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Simi&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Rekha's personal life via Simi Garewal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-03/news-interviews/27147083_1_rekha-silence-private-life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418230827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-03/news-interviews/27147083_1_rekha-silence-private-life |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2012 |access-date=19 July 2007 |first1=Ruchika |last1=Mehta |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 June 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=[[Rediff]] |agency=rediff.com Entertainment Bureau |title=Rekha on Rekha |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/07rekha.htm |access-date=4 June 2011 |date=7 June 2004 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301145230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/07rekha.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was also famously rumoured to have been in a relationship with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], who was married, after they first acted together in ''[[Do Anjaane]]''. The last film they starred in together was ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/amitabh-rekha-untold-love-story-affair-1061436-2017-10-10 |title=Amitabh-Rekha's untold love story: 10 lesser-known things about their relationship |date=10 October 2017 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001211308/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/amitabh-rekha-untold-love-story-affair-1061436-2017-10-10 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/happy-birthday-rekha-amitabh-bachchan-affair-controvesies-1061431-2017-10-10 |title=Happy Birthday Rekha: Sindoor to rumoured affair with Amitabh Bachchan, 5 shocking controversies from her life |date=10 October 2017 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022025716/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/happy-birthday-rekha-amitabh-bachchan-affair-controvesies-1061431-2017-10-10 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rekha-s-biography-reveals-shocking-details-about-her-relationship-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-jaya-bachchan-2252221 |title=Rekha's biography reveals shocking details about her relationship with Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan! |date=5 September 2016 |website=DNA India |language=en |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810024959/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rekha-s-biography-reveals-shocking-details-about-her-relationship-with-amitabh-bachchan-and-jaya-bachchan-2252221 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Critics noted Rekha for having worked hard to perfect her Hindi and acting, and media reporters often discussed how she had transformed herself from a &quot;plump&quot; duckling to a &quot;swan&quot; in the early 1970s. Rekha's credits to this transformation were [[yoga]], a nutritious diet, and a regular, disciplined life. In 1983, her diet and yoga practice were published in a book called &quot;Rekha's Mind and Body Temple&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;at55&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=9 October 2009 |title=At 55, Rekha still an engima, an icon |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29625/at-55-rekha-still-engima.html |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=27 February 2011 |archive-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628185521/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29625/at-55-rekha-still-engima.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rekha has no children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lady superstar Rekha regrets not having children. Here is what she said |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/lady-superstar-rekha-regrets-not-having-children-here-is-what-she-said-pa08p2 |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=[[Asianet News]] |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503043515/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/lady-superstar-rekha-regrets-not-having-children-here-is-what-she-said-pa08p2 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is a self-proclaimed [[Lacto-ovo vegetarianism|eggetarian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rekha: Love Is In My DNA |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rekha-love-is-in-my-dna-677186 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Ms. Rekha Ganeshan, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 07, 2010.jpg|thumb|Rekha receiving [[Padma Shri]] by the then [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]] in 2010.]]<br /> In 2012, Rekha was nominated as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the bicameral [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RSnom&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sachin Tendulkar, Rekha nominated to Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sachin-tendulkar-rekha-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/12883036.cms |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI |date=27 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rekha keeps first day at Rajya Sabha short |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rekha-keeps-first-day-at-Rajya-Sabha-short/articleshow/13147170.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021115203/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/india/31710640_1_rekha-rajya-sabha-oath-today |url-status=live |archive-date=21 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was appointed to the position by [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]] on the recommendation of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] for her contribution in the field of art (in accordance with article 80 of the [[Constitution of India]] which allows the President to nominate 12 members to the House for their expertise in specific fields).&lt;ref name=&quot;RSnom&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian actress Rekha takes parliament oath |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18068759 |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=BBC News |date=15 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her tenure started on 27 April 2012 and ended on the same day in 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;DCterm&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Suares |first1=Coreena |title=Rekha, Sachin Tendulkar no role models when in Parliament |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/270418/rekha-sachin-tendulkar-are-no-role-models-when-in-parliament.html |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=27 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; She took part in the Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution committee, but, like with other nominated members, her six-year term concluded amidst criticism for her low attendance as well as minimal participation&lt;!-- marked by a lack of bills introduced or questions raised --&gt; in the House.&lt;ref name=&quot;DCterm&quot;/&gt; This concern had been previously raised with respect to Rekha and other nominated members during their incumbency, but several elected members came to their defense, asserting that the active presence of those nominated to the House was not obligatory and that they could contribute in other ways through their position.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Parsai |first1=Gargi |title=Sachin, Rekha absence raised in Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/P.-Rajeeve-of-CPI-M-raises-question-over-absence-of-Sachin-Tendulkar-and-Rekha-from-Rajya-Sabha/article60344074.ece |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=8 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Were Rekha and Sachin arm-twisted into accepting Rajya Sabha membership? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rekha-sachin-tendulkar-rajya-sabha-absent-nominated-mp-parliament-968843-2017-03-31 |access-date=12 November 2023 |work=India Today |date=31 March 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Image and artistry==<br /> {{quote box<br /> | quote = &quot;There has never been anyone quite like Rekha. Tempestuous woman. Troublemaker extraordinary. A woman once known, never quite forgotten. And an accomplished actress who can often startle you with a truly great performance.&quot;<br /> | source =&amp;nbsp;—''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' on Rekha, 1986&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Karpan |first1=Robin |last2=Karpan |first2=Arlene |title=Bombay is India's Hollywood |work=Regina Leader-Post |date=15 March 1986 |page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | align = left<br /> | width = 30%<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Rekha04.jpg|thumb|right|Rekha in 2013]]<br /> Rekha's status in the film industry has been discussed in light of her change over the years, screen persona, and performances. Writing for ''The Tribune'', Mukesh Khosla was impressed with her transformation from &quot;the giggling village belle in ''Saawan Bhadon'' to one of country's reigning actresses&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Khosla, Mukesh |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/spectrum/tv.htm |title=Celebrating womanhood |date=10 March 2002 |access-date=25 December 2011 |archive-date=30 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130011508/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/spectrum/tv.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://imsports.rediff.com/millenni/rauf2.htm |title=The Millennium Special |access-date=4 December 2007 |author=Ahmed, Rauf |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808094603/http://imsports.rediff.com/millenni/rauf2.htm |archive-date=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' described her physical change and loss of weight as &quot;one of cinema's and perhaps<br /> real life's most dramatic transformations,&quot; arguing that &quot;Rekha morphed from an overweight, dark ordinary girl into a glamorous and beautiful enigma&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HT11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=70's Seductresses |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/slideshows/70s/70-4.htm |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109183809/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/slideshows/70s/70-4.htm |archive-date=9 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to critic Omar Qureshi, &quot;the term diva (in India) was coined for Rekha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;at55&quot;/&gt; [[Mira Nair]], who directed Rekha in ''Kama Sutra'' (1997), likens her to a &quot;[[Jamini Roy]] painting&quot; and says, &quot;Like [[Marilyn Monroe]] is shorthand for sex, Rekha is shorthand for charisma&quot;. Filmmaker [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] labels her the &quot;last of the great stars&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Respected for her acting prowess, Rekha has been described by critics as one of Hindi cinema's finest actresses. ''[[Filmfare]]'' described her acting style, writing that in terms of &quot;style, sexiness or sheer onscreen presence, she's unparalleled&quot; and arguing that she is &quot;a fierce, raw, flinty performer with unbridled honesty. Her acting isn't gimmicky.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=[[Filmfare]] |date=14 April 2010 |access-date=20 September 2011 |title=Women we love Part 3/7 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/women-we-love-part-37-689.html |archive-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325055906/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/women-we-love-part-37-689.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critic [[Khalid Mohamed]] commends her technical control: &quot;She knows how to give and to what degree. She has all that it takes to be a director. There is a kind of vulnerability in her control. She explores when she is acting.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The enigma called Rekha |author=Ramchandani, Vinita |date=20 December 1998 |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]&lt;!-- |access-date=1 December 2011--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shyam Benegal]], who directed her in two movies, believes she is &quot;a director's actress&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chopra, Anupama |journal=India Today |date=5 May 2003 |access-date=1 January 2012 |title=Temptress. Enchantress. Empress. Rekha |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20030505/profile.html |archive-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181637/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20030505/profile.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; M.L. Dhawan from ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' wrote, &quot;Rekha's flowering as an actress post ''Ghar'' and ''Khubsoorat'' climaxed in [...] ''Umrao Jaan''. As a tragic courtesan she gave a performance of quality artistry, adopting a much-admired huskiness and despondency of tone. Rekha communicated much with a delicately raised eyebrow&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Dhawan, M.L. |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/spectrum/main6.htm |title=Queens of hearts |date=9 December 2007 |access-date=22 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024034014/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/spectrum/main6.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, ''Filmfare'' included two of her performances—from ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980) and ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981)—in their list of &quot;80 Iconic Performances&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=4 December 2011 |title=80 Iconic Performances |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407062344/https://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html |archive-date=7 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Filmfare - 80 Iconic Performances 8/10 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=Filmfare |date=8 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104033800/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html |archive-date=4 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her work in the latter was included on ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'}}s list of &quot;25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Prasad |first=Shishir |author2=Ramnath, N.S |author3=Mitter, Sohini |date=27 April 2013 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |journal=[[Forbes India]] |publisher=Network 18 |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |access-date=19 April 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028052937/http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, [[Rediff]] listed her as the ninth-greatest Indian actress of all time, noting, &quot;It's hard not to be bowled over by Rekha's longevity, or her ability to reinvent herself... the actress took on a man's job and did it stunningly well, holding her own against all the top actors and being remembered despite them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Readers Choice: The Greatest Actresses of all time |work=Rediff.com |author=Sen, Raja |access-date=20 September 2011 |date=29 June 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-greatest-actresses-of-all-time/20110629.htm |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926020746/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-greatest-actresses-of-all-time/20110629.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, [[Rajeev Masand]] listed her in a similar list by ''[[India Today]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Masand |first1=Rajeev |author1-link=Rajeev Masand |title=The eyes have it: Hindi cinema's best actresses |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-eyes-have-it-hindi-cinemas-best-actresses-2320786-2023-01-12 |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=India Today |date=12 January 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite appreciation toward achievements in her professional career, Rekha's public image has often been interwoven in the media with speculations about her personal life and relationships. Known for her tendency to shun publicity, Rekha has gained a reputation for being mysterious and reclusive, which drew media comparisons to [[Greta Garbo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;at55&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;at53&quot;/&gt; ''Hindustan Times'' argues that Rekha has shrouded &quot;her life in an intriguing Garbo-like mystery&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;HT11&quot;/&gt; According to [[Rediff]], &quot;Rekha's reclusive nature has gone a long way towards building an aura of mystery around her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ravishing Rekha |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/10slide5.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=10 October 2008 |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112014841/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/10slide5.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rekha rarely gives interviews, and she mostly avoids parties and events. Asked once about her mysterious image, she denied several times trying to live up to this image, asserting it is press-created: &quot;What mystery? The media is the one that creates this image. It's just that I am basically shy by nature, an introvert and fiercely private.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=189003 |date=8 June 2011 |access-date=22 September 2011 |title=Rekha: A Timeless Enigma, Full of Grace |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022025731/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-189003 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Film journalist [[Anupama Chopra]], who visited Rekha in 2003, wrote that while tabloids had portrayed her as &quot;a reclusive woman twisted bitter by lecherous men and loneliness&quot;, in reality Rekha was &quot;none of these&quot;, describing her as &quot;chatty and curious, excited and energetic, cheerful and almost illegally optimistic&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday2003&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> She was named the reigning Queen of Indian Cinema at the [[2012 IIFA Awards]] held in Singapore, where she was given the &quot;Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema&quot; award, the function's Lifetime Achievement Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news-in-images/rekha-wins-lifetime-achievement-award-2012-06-10-1.462273 |title=Rekha wins Lifetime Achievement Award |date=10 June 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808035257/http://www.emirates247.com/news-in-images/rekha-wins-lifetime-achievement-award-2012-06-10-1.462273 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1999, the columnist-turned-author [[Mohan Deep]] published the first biography about her, titled ''[[Eurekha!: The Intimate Life Story of Rekha]]'' (1999).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000227/spectrum/main4.htm |title=Tale of two authors, three books |last=Gangadhar |first=V. |date=27 February 2000 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=23 April 2021 |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101011624/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000227/spectrum/main4.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another biography was released by the journalist [[Yasser Usman]] in 2016 under the title of ''[[Rekha: The Untold Story]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/815942/rekha-was-honest-about-everything-and-bollywood-tried-to-tame-her-biographer-yasser-usman |title='Rekha was honest about everything and Bollywood tried to tame her': biographer Yasser Usman |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=8 September 2016 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217084335/https://scroll.in/reel/815942/rekha-was-honest-about-everything-and-bollywood-tried-to-tame-her-biographer-yasser-usman |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Bollywood}}<br /> * [[Rekha filmography]]<br /> * [[List of Indian film actresses]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin|2}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Deep |first1=Mohan |author-link1=Mohan Deep |title=[[Eurekha!|Eurekha!: The Intimate Life Story of Rekha]] |publisher=Shivani Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-90107-90-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Bumiller |first1=Elisabeth |author-link=Elisabeth Bumiller |title=May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons |url=https://archive.org/details/mayyoubemotherof00bumi |url-access=registration |date=1 June 1991 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-015671-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mayyoubemotherof00bumi/page/n205 185]}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Diptakirti |title=Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-799-8 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420025038/https://books.google.com/books?id=gq-CBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Rohit K. |last2=Datta |first2=Sangeeta |author-link1=Rohit K. Dasgupta |title=100 Essential Indian Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YT9xDwAAQBAJ |date=2018 |publisher=[[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-7799-1 |language=en}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema |title-link=Yash Chopra (book) |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Dwyer |date=25 July 2019 |orig-date=2002 |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |isbn=978-1-83902-131-2 |ref={{sfnref|Dwyer|2019b}}}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Dwyer |first1=Rachel |title=100 Bollywood Films |date=25 July 2019 |orig-date=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/100bollywoodfilm00dwye |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-81-7436-433-3 |language=en |ref={{sfnref|Dwyer|2019a}}}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Gahlot |first1=Deepa |author-link1=Deepa Gahlot |title=Sheroes: 25 Daring Women of Bollywood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9_YjgEACAAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Westland Publication |isbn=978-93-85152-74-0 |pages=29–34 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420025009/https://books.google.com/books?id=u9_YjgEACAAJ |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |author-link=Tejaswini Ganti |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIVlw5AzQTgC&amp;pg=PA133 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-28853-8 |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010235326/https://books.google.com/books?id=DIVlw5AzQTgC&amp;pg=PA133 |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Garga |first=Bhagwan Das |author-link=Bhagwan Das Garga |date=1996 |title=So Many Cinemas: The Motion Picture in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Eminence Designs |isbn=978-81-90060-21-9 |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022025717/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/So_Many_Cinemas/wXRZAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Gulzar |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |author-link1=Gulzar |author-link2=Govind Nihalani |author-link3=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |title-link=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |date=26 February 2003 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |language=en}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=K. Jha |first1=Subhash |last2=Bachchan |first2=Amitabh |author-link1=Subhash K. Jha |author-link2=Amitabh Bachchan |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas |date=2005 |publisher=Lustre Press |isbn=978-81-7436-378-7 |language=en}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja |language=en}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Bibekananda |title=Conscience of The Race |date=2005 |publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publication Division]] |isbn=978-81-230-2661-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/CONSCIENCEOFTHERACEINDIASOFFBEATCINEMA/page/n179/mode/2up |language=en}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Thoraval |first1=Yves |title=The Cinemas of India |date=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemasofindia0000thor |language=en}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Usman |first1=Yasser |author-link=Yasser Usman |title=Rekha: The Untold Story |title-link=Rekha: The Untold Story |date=24 August 2016 |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]] |isbn=978-81-93284-18-6 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/may/17dinesh.htm |title=Rekha: The divine diva |author=Raheja, Dinesh |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=17 May 2003 |access-date=27 February 2011}}<br /> *{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/10rek.htm |title=An enigma called Rekha |work=Rediff.com |author=Verma, Sukanya |access-date=20 July 2007 |date=10 October 2001}}<br /> *{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-One-and-only-Rekha/articleshow/14075446.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105144516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-06-25/news-interviews/27323730_1_rekha-ultimate-diva-pleats |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=The One and only... Rekha |author=Joshi, Meera |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=20 July 2001}}<br /> *{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2009/oct/181009-enigma-at-55-woman-bollywood-rekha-play-mumbai.htm |title=Enigma at 55 |author=Raheja, Dinesh |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=18 October 2009 |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308143746/http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2009/oct/181009-enigma-at-55-woman-bollywood-rekha-play-mumbai.htm |archive-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}<br /> *{{cite news |date=9 October 2009 |title=At 55, Rekha still an engima, an icon |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29625/at-55-rekha-still-engima.html |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=27 February 2011}}<br /> *{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Ever gorgeous |date=6 October 2010 |access-date=27 February 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/10/16/stories/2010101650330700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629033342/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/10/16/stories/2010101650330700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |author=Das Gupta, Ranjan |location=Chennai, India}}<br /> *{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]; Spectrum |title=Queen bee – The legend of Rekha |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050424/spectrum/main1.htm |date=24 April 2004 |access-date=8 September 2011 |author=Gangadhar, V.}}<br /> *{{cite web |url=http://www.rekhathediva.com |title=Rekha: The Journey of a Woman |author=Sharma, Amit |date=10 October 2006 |access-date=10 October 2007}}<br /> *{{cite news |last1=Usman |first1=Yasser |title=Rekha at 70: Bollywood's timeless icon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c99vj1n7297o |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=BBC |date=10 October 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Sister project links|d=Q465826|c=Category:Rekha|q=Rekha|b=no|wikt=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|name=Rekha|id=0004334}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|rekha}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}{{ANR National Award}}{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}<br /> {{FilmfareBestActressAward}}<br /> {{FilmfareBestSupportingActressAward}}<br /> {{ScreenAwardBestActorNegativeRole}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rekha}}<br /> [[Category:1954 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Screen Awards winners]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Vilas_Paswan&diff=461544 2026-03-12T14:41:42Z

<p>EverettePowe35: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1946–2020)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Ram Vilas Paswan<br /> | image = Ram Vilas Paswan (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_size = 220px<br /> | caption = Paswan in 2017<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1946|07|05|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Khagaria]], [[Bihar Province|Bihar]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2020|10|08|1946|07|05|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India<br /> | office = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]<br /> | primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]<br /> | term_start = 26 May 2014<br /> | term_end = 8 October 2020<br /> | predecessor = [[Sharad Pawar]]<br /> | successor = [[Piyush Goyal]]<br /> | office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | term_start1 = 28 June 2019<br /> | term_end1 = 8 October 2020<br /> | constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]<br /> | term_start2 = 8 July 2010&lt;ref name= rajyasabha&gt;{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha members|url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], New Delhi and Rajya Sabha|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=29 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070559/http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | term_end2 = 16 May 2014<br /> | constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]<br /> | predecessor2 = <br /> | successor2 = <br /> | office3 = [[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Union Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]&lt;ref name= rajyasabha /&gt;<br /> | term_start3 = 23 May 2004<br /> | term_end3 = 22 May 2009<br /> | primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Sunder Lal Patwa]]<br /> | successor3 = [[M. K. Alagiri]]<br /> | office4 = [[Minister of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Mines]]&lt;ref name= rajyasabha /&gt;<br /> | term_start4 = 1 September 2001<br /> | term_end4 = 29 April 2002<br /> | primeminister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br /> | predecessor4 = Sunder Lal Patwa<br /> | successor4 = [[Uma Bharti]]<br /> | office5 = [[Minister of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Union Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]&lt;ref name= rajyasabha /&gt;<br /> | primeminister5 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee<br /> | term_start5 = 13 October 1999<br /> | term_end5 = 1 September 2001<br /> | predecessor5 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee<br /> | successor5 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]<br /> | office6 = [[Leader of the House (Lok Sabha)|Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start6 = 4 June 1996<br /> | term_end6 = 4 December 1997<br /> | primeminister6 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]<br /> | predecessor6 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee<br /> | successor6 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee<br /> | office7 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/railway-ministers.html |title=List of Minister of Railways of India on Indian Railways Fan Club website |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club |access-date=9 April 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529082342/http://www.irfca.org/docs/railway-ministers.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | primeminister7 = H. D. Deve Gowda&lt;br /&gt;Inder Kumar Gujral<br /> | term_start7 = 1 June 1996<br /> | term_end7 = 19 March 1998<br /> | predecessor7 = [[C. K. Jaffer Sheriff]]<br /> | successor7 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br /> | office8 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Minister of Labour]]<br /> | primeminister8 = [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]<br /> | term_start8 = 5 December 1989<br /> | term_end8 = 10 November 1990<br /> | predecessor8 = [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]<br /> | successor8 = [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]]<br /> | office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start9 = 16 May 2014<br /> | term_end9 = 23 May 2019<br /> | constituency9 = [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur, Bihar]]<br /> | predecessor9 = [[Ram Sundar Das]]<br /> | successor9 = [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]<br /> | term_start10 = 10 May 1996<br /> | term_end10 = 16 May 2009<br /> | constituency10 = [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur, Bihar]]<br /> | predecessor10 = Ram Sundar Das<br /> | successor10 = Ram Sundar Das<br /> | term_start11 = 22 June 1991<br /> | term_end11 = 12 May 1996<br /> | constituency11 = [[Rosera (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rosera, Bihar]]<br /> | predecessor11 = [[Dasai Chowdhary]]<br /> | successor11 = [[Pitambar Paswan]]<br /> | term_start12 = 28 November 1989<br /> | term_end12 = 21 June 1991<br /> | constituency12 = [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur, Bihar]]<br /> | predecessor12 = [[Ram Ratan Ram]]<br /> | successor12 = Ram Sundar Das<br /> | term_start13 = 22 March 1977<br /> | term_end13 = 28 December 1984<br /> | constituency13 = [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur, Bihar]]<br /> | predecessor13 = [[Ramshekhar Prasad Singh]]<br /> | successor13 = Ram Ratan Ram<br /> | office14 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency14 = [[Alauli Assembly constituency|Alauli]]<br /> | term_start14 = {{start date|1969}}<br /> | term_end14 = {{end date|1972}}<br /> | predecessor14 = Mishri Sada<br /> | successor14 = Mishri Sada<br /> | party = [[Lok Janshakti Party]]<br /> | otherparty = {{ubl|[[Janata Dal]]|[[Janata Party]]}}<br /> | awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2021; posthumously)<br /> | spouse = {{plainlist|<br /> * {{marriage|Rajkumari Devi|1969|1981|end=divorce}}<br /> * {{marriage|Reena Sharma|1983|2020}}}}<br /> | children = 4 (including [[Chirag Paswan]])<br /> | residence = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Patna University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A]], [[LL.B]])<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = 30 May<br /> | year = 2019<br /> | source = https://web.archive.org/web/20060619230245/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=296<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ram Vilas Paswan''' (5 July 1946{{spnd}}8 October 2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-vilas-paswan-dalit-face-at-the-centre-dies-after-long-innings/articleshow/78563578.cms | title=Ram Vilas Paswan, Dalit face at the Centre, dies after long innings | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=9 October 2020 | access-date=9 October 2020 | archive-date=15 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215021817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-vilas-paswan-dalit-face-at-the-centre-dies-after-long-innings/articleshow/78563578.cms | url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|date=8 October 2020|title=Ram Vilas Paswan, union minister, passes away at 74|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/ram-vilas-paswan-union-minister-passes-away-11602170143859.html|access-date=8 October 2020|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210312171808/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/ram-vilas-paswan-union-minister-passes-away-11602170143859.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an [[Indian politician]] from [[Bihar]] and the Cabinet Minister of [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] in the [[First Modi ministry|first]] and [[Second Modi ministry|second]] Modi ministries. Paswan was also the president of the [[Lok Janshakti Party]], nine-times [[Lok Sabha]] member and two-time [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-elections-ram-vilas-paswan-remained-a-facilitator-never-the-face-280760-2015-07-05|title=Bihar elections: Ram Vilas Paswan remained a facilitator, never the face|first1=Amitabh|last1=Srivastava|date=5 July 2015|work=India Today|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008202254/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-elections-ram-vilas-paswan-remained-a-facilitator-never-the-face-280760-2015-07-05/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He started his political career as a member of [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] and was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]. Paswan joined [[Lok Dal]] upon its formation in 1974, and became its general secretary. He opposed the [[Indian Emergency|emergency]], and was arrested during this period. He was first elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in [[1977 Indian general election|1977]], as a [[Janata Party]] member from [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]] constituency, and was elected again in the [[1980 Indian general election|1980]], [[1989 Indian general election|1989]], [[1991 Indian general election|1991]] (from [[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|Rosera]]), [[1996 Indian general election|1996]], [[1998 Indian general election|1998]], [[1999 Indian general election|1999]], [[2004 Indian general election|2004]] and [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ram Vilas Paswan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ram Vilas Paswan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/ram-vilas-paswan|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012015524/https://www.business-standard.com/topic/ram-vilas-paswan|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2000, Paswan formed the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] (LJP) as its president. Subsequently, in 2004, he joined the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]] government and remained a Union Minister in [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] and [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Ministry of Steel]]. He was posthumously awarded India's third highest civilian award the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125161945/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128190946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Known for holding cabinet positions under 7 governments, Paswan was known as the weatherman of Indian politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ashok |title=Ram Vilas Paswan, the 'Weatherman' of Indian Politics, Leaves Behind a Void Near Impossible to Fill |url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/ram-vilas-paswan-the-weatherman-of-indian-politics-leaves-behind-a-void-near-impossible-to-fill-2945515.html |access-date=8 June 2023 |work=News18 |date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317044353/https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/ram-vilas-paswan-the-weatherman-of-indian-politics-leaves-behind-a-void-near-impossible-to-fill-2945515.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024, he is the [[List of longest-serving members of the Union Council of Ministers|longest-serving]] Union minister who was not a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Paswan was born in a [[Dusadh]] family on 5 July 1946 in Shaharbanni, [[Khagaria district]] of [[Bihar]] to Jamun Paswan and Siya Devi.&lt;ref name=&quot;LSProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Current Lok Sabha Members Biographical Sketch |url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=296 |access-date=27 August 2020 |date=19 June 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060619230245/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=296|archive-date = 19 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Santosh |title='Ram Vilas Dalit face wherever you go, Jitan Ram Manjhi can be Mahadalit face' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/ram-vilas-dalit-face-wherever-you-go-manjhi-can-be-mahadalit-face/ |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 July 2015 |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020122557/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/ram-vilas-dalit-face-wherever-you-go-manjhi-can-be-mahadalit-face/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Paswan held [[Bachelor of Laws]] and [[Master of Arts]] degrees from Kosi College, Khagaria and [[Patna University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/profile/cabinet/20050601/ramvilaspaswan.asp |title=PIB :: Profiles |work=pib.nic.in |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-date=31 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031212807/http://pib.nic.in/profile/cabinet/20050601/ramvilaspaswan.asp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He had been selected as a [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DSP]] in [[Bihar Police]] in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|number=713721656754057217|title=1969 मे मेरा DSP मे और MLA दोनो मे एक साथ चयन हुआ।तब मेरे एक मित्र नेपूछा कि बताओ Govt बनना है या Servant ?बस तभी मैंने राजनीति ज्वाइन कर ली|user=irvpaswan|date=26 March 2016|access-date=16 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Amitabh |title=Ram Vilas Paswan: The Weather God |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/ram-vilas-paswan-the-weather-god-1543528-2019-06-06 |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=6 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024201750/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/ram-vilas-paswan-the-weather-god-1543528-2019-06-06 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> [[File:Shri Ram Vilas Paswan in his office after taking over the charge as the Union Minister of Chemicals &amp; Fertilizers in New Delhi on May 24, 2004.jpg|thumb|Ram Vilas Paswan in his office after taking charge as the Union Minister of Chemicals &amp; Fertilizers in New Delhi on 24 May 2004|left]]<br /> <br /> Paswan was elected to the Bihar state legislative assembly in 1969&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-vilas-paswan-a-kingmaker-who-outlasted-many-kings/articleshow/78560919.cms | title=Ram Vilas Paswan: A kingmaker who outlasted many kings | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=9 October 2020 | access-date=9 October 2020 | archive-date=23 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223160658/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-vilas-paswan-a-kingmaker-who-outlasted-many-kings/articleshow/78560919.cms | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; as a member of the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] (''&quot;United Socialist Party&quot;'') from [[Alauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alauli]], a reserved constituency. He lost 1972 Vidhan Sabha election from Alauli to Shri Mishri Sada of Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1972 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612205930/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1974, as an ardent follower of [[Raj Narain]] and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] Paswan became the general secretary of the [[Lok Dal]]. He was personally close to the prominent leaders of anti-emergency like [[Raj Narain]], [[Karpoori Thakur]] and [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Avinash|date=10 September 2015|title=Bihar Assembly Elections 2015: Know your leader Profile - Ram Vilas Paswan|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bihar-ram-vilas-paswan-political-journey-1864995.html|access-date=8 October 2020|website=One India|language=en|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014084709/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bihar-ram-vilas-paswan-political-journey-1864995.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1975, when [[Indian Emergency|emergency]] was proclaimed in India, Paswan was arrested and spent the entire period in jail. On being released in 1977, he became a member of the [[Janata Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/jpnarayan/total_revolution.htm|title=Total Revolution|publisher=archive|access-date=2 December 2006|archive-date=2 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002053443/http://www.mkgandhi.org/jpnarayan/total_revolution.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and won election to [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] for the first time on its ticket from [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]] with a record margin (later broken) of 424,000 and 89.3% votes which is perhaps an all-time record for general election in India. Former PM Narasimha Rao got a higher percentage of vote in a 1991 bye-poll. When Janata Party split in 1979, he joined Charan Singh's faction. Paswan was re-elected to the 7th [[Lok Sabha]] in 1980 from Hajipur constituency as Janata Party (Socialist) candidate. In 1983, he established the Dalit Sena, an organisation for [[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]] emancipation and welfare. The Dalit Sena was later headed by his brother [[Ram Chandra Paswan]]. Later it was renamed as [[Scheduled Caste]] sena in a vein similar to the Scheduled Caste federation established by [[Bhim Rao Ambedkar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/bihar-has-ram-vilas-lost-his-revolutionary-zeal-and-love-for-dalits |title=Bihar: Has Paswan lost his revolutionary zeal and love for Dalits? |first=Soroor |last=Ahmed |date=11 September 2018 |work=National Herald |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117014338/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/bihar-has-ram-vilas-lost-his-revolutionary-zeal-and-love-for-dalits |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Paswan lost 1984 Lok Sabha election from Hajipur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=1984 India General (8th Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301110522/http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Paswan was elected to the 9th Lok Sabha in 1989 and was appointed Union Minister of Labour and Welfare in the [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ram Vilas Paswan {{!}} Indian politician|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ram-Vilas-Paswan|access-date=8 October 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918072529/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ram-Vilas-Paswan|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was elected to Lok Sabha from [[Rosera (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in 1991, the only time between 1977 and 2014 when he did not contest from Hajipur. In 1996, he won again from Hajipur, and he even led the ruling alliance or proposition in the Lok Sabha as the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]. This was also the year when Paswan first became the Union Railway Minister. He continued to hold that post till 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Sobhana K.|date=8 October 2020|title=Ram Vilas Paswan obituary {{!}} Dalit leader who wore many a hat|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-vilas-paswan-obituary-dalit-leader-who-wore-many-a-hat/article32807109.ece|access-date=8 October 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009061438/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-vilas-paswan-obituary-dalit-leader-who-wore-many-a-hat/article32807109.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thereafter, Paswan was the Union [[telecommunication|Communications]] Minister from October 1999 to September 2001 when he was shifted to the Coal Ministry, the portfolio he held till April 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 March 2009|title=Ram Vilas Paswan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/ram-vilas-paswan-42748-2009-03-26|access-date=8 October 2020|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012204528/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/ram-vilas-paswan-42748-2009-03-26|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2000, Paswan broke from the [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal]], to form the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] (LJP). He resigned as minister and left the ruling NDA in 2002 after developing differences with BJP. Following the [[2004 Lok Sabha elections]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;/&gt; Paswan joined the United Progressive Alliance government and was made the Union Minister in [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] and [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Ministry of Steel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Ram Vilas Paswan - New Cabinet Minister Who Has Worked Under 6 PMs |url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/pm-modi-cabinet-ram-vilas-paswan-new-cabinet-minister-who-has-worked-under-6-pms-2045662 |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=NDTV |date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi visiting the Bihar Museum, in Patna.jpg|thumb|Ramvilas Paswan (extreme left), with [[Nitish Kumar]] (centre) and [[Narendra Modi]], inspecting the inaugural Bihar Museum.]]<br /> In the February 2005 Bihar State elections, Paswan's party LJP along with the Indian National Congress contested the election. The result was that no particular party or alliance could form a government by itself. However, Paswan consistently refused to support either Lalu Prasad Yadav, whom he accused of being extremely corrupt, or the right-wing [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] thereby creating a stalemate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Madhav|first=Sanjay Kumar &amp; Neel|date=18 August 2020|title=In Bihar, a balancing act: on poll alliances|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-bihar-a-balancing-act-on-poll-alliances/article32379523.ece|access-date=8 October 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001161700/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-bihar-a-balancing-act-on-poll-alliances/article32379523.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This stalemate was broken when Nitish Kumar succeeded in persuading 12 members of Paswan's party to defect; to prevent the formation of a government supported by LJP defectors, the Governor of Bihar, [[Buta Singh]] dissolved the state legislature and called for fresh elections, keeping Bihar under [[President's Rule]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=T. R |date=24 May 2005 |title=Bihar Assembly dissolved Nitish pre-empted; NDA cries foul |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050524/main1.htm |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=Tribune |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201141823/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050524/main1.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the November 2005 Bihar state elections, Paswan's third-alliance was utterly devastated; the Laloo Yadav-Congress alliance reduced to a minority and the NDA formed the new government.&lt;ref name=&quot;zeenews.india.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 October 2020|title=Ram Vilas Paswan: Stalwart of socialist movement and Bihar's foremost Dalit leader|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ram-vilas-paswan-stalwart-of-socialist-movement-and-bihars-foremost-dalit-leader-2315838.html|access-date=8 October 2020|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011194227/https://zeenews.india.com/india/ram-vilas-paswan-stalwart-of-socialist-movement-and-bihars-foremost-dalit-leader-2315838.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Paswan has declared that the Bihar state elections have no influence on the [[Government of India|Central Government]], which will continue with both him and Laloo Yadav as ministers.<br /> Paswan has served as a Union Minister under five different Prime Ministers and continuously held a cabinet berth in all the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]] formed since 1996 (as of 2015). He was also part of all the national coalitions (the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]], the National Democratic Alliance and the United Progressive Alliance), which have formed the Indian Government from 1996 to 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php<br /> | title=Details of Member: Shri Ram Vilas Paswan<br /> | publisher=archive<br /> | access-date=12 February 2009<br /> | archive-date=12 February 2009<br /> | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212143215/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php<br /> | url-status=live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===2009 Indian general election===<br /> For the [[2009 Indian general election]] Paswan forged an alliance with Lalu Prasad Yadav and his [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], while dumping their erstwhile coalition partner and leader of the United Progressive Alliance, the [[Indian National Congress]] from the new alliance. The duo was later joined by [[Mulayam Singh]]'s [[Samajwadi Party]] and were declared the Fourth Front.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Poornima|date=8 October 2020|title=Obituary {{!}} Ram Vilas Paswan (1946-2020): A man for all seasons|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/obituary-ram-vilas-paswan-1946-2020-a-man-for-all-seasons/article32806759.ece|work=Business Line|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011124406/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/obituary-ram-vilas-paswan-1946-2020-a-man-for-all-seasons/article32806759.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paswan lost the elections from [[Hajipur]] to the [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal]]'s Ram Sundar Das, a former [[chief minister]] of [[Bihar]] for the first time in 33 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ram Vilas Paswan&quot;/&gt; His party the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] was not able to win any seats in the [[15th Lok Sabha]], while his coalition partner Yadav and his party too failed to perform well and were reduced to 4 seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;zeenews.india.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> ===2010 assembly election===<br /> [[File: 2010Ljp.jpg|thumb|right|Paswan sitting with [[Lok Janshakti Party|L.J.P.]] candidate [[Kapildev Prasad Singh|Kapildev Singh]] from [[Asthawan Assembly constituency|Asthawan]] in [[Nalanda]] during 2010 Bihar elections]]<br /> Before the assembly elections to be held in 2010, Paswan was elected to the Rajya Sabha from the assembly, Ram Vilas Paswan and [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu]] fought the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010 Bihar election]] together and also claimed to form the government in Bihar with two-thirds majority. They termed the [[Nitish Kumar|Nitish]] [[Bhartiya Janata Party|B.J.P.]] government that has been running for 5 years as ineffective and accused [[Nitish Kumar|Nitish]] of taking [[Bihar]] into trouble. The work of taking has been done due to which [[Bihar]] has lagged further behind. Accusing the [[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A.]], he said that 30 percent of the voters in Bihar are fake and the [[Government of Bihar|government]] is also behind this.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/30-per-cent-voter-cards-fake-in-bihar-paswan/articleshow/6626768.cms|title= 30 percent voters fake in Bihar- Paswan|newspaper= The times of India|date= 25 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu's]] party [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] and Ram Vilas had fought this election together in alliance, in which [[Lok Janshakti Party|L.J.P.]] fielded its candidates on 75 seats, while only 3 candidates could win, and could not even save the deposit on many seats. This performance of the party was less than the last election of [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Bihar election]]. The condition of the alliance was such that only 22 candidates could win for RJD. Seeing such poor performance of the party, Paswan and Lalu's Dalit, Muslim and backward politics took a new dimension.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/paswan-rudy-win-rajya-sabha-seats-from-bihar-mallya-from-karnataka/articleshow/6058036.cms|title= Paswan-rudy wins Rajyasabha election from Bihar|newspaper= The times of India|date= 17 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/rjd-chief-lalu-prasad-and-ljp-chief-ram-vilas-paswan-in-a-joint-press-meet-on-thursday-reiterated-that-their-alliance-would-get-about-two-third-majority-in-the-state-election-in-bihar-to-form-a-new-government-their-government-would-hold-probe-into-all-alleged-scams-detected-so-far-during-the-nitish-government-/articleshow/6949022.cms|title= Ramvilas paswan and Rjd chief Lalu joint press conference|newspaper= The times of India|date= 18 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/bihar-elections-2010/election-updates/story/20100927-the-clash-of-2010-744139-2010-09-17|title= The clash of 2010|newspaper= India Today|date= 18 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/Bihar-Election-results-Live-Update-53215-2010-11-24|title= JDU Bjp alliance come back with two third majority|newspaper= Aaj Tak|date= 24 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2014 Indian general election===<br /> Paswan was elected as member of [[16th Lok Sabha]] after the [[2014 Indian general election]] from [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]] constituency when he contested in alliance with BJP, while his son Chirag Paswan won from [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]] constituency also in Bihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = LJP chief Ram Vilas Paswan, son Chirag Paswan win | work = Daily News &amp; Analysis | url = https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ljp-chief-ram-vilas-paswan-son-chirag-paswan-win-1989065 | date = 16 May 2014 | access-date = 18 May 2014 | archive-date = 18 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140518064043/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ljp-chief-ram-vilas-paswan-son-chirag-paswan-win-1989065 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Paswan was again given charge of the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] in May 2014, which continued in [[Second Modi ministry]] in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shrewd-politician-bjps-dalit-face-ram-vilas-paswan-to-head-ministry-of-consumer-affairs-in-modi-2-0-cabinet-2165097.html|title=Shrewd Politician, BJP's Dalit Face Ram Vilas Paswan to Head Ministry of Consumer Affairs in Modi 2.0 Cabinet|website=News18|date=31 May 2019|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531092754/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shrewd-politician-bjps-dalit-face-ram-vilas-paswan-to-head-ministry-of-consumer-affairs-in-modi-2-0-cabinet-2165097.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602015648/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was elected to Rajya Sabha in 2019 with the help of BJP though his own party had only 2 MLAs in the state assembly.<br /> <br /> ==Elections==<br /> <br /> {| class= wikitable width=60%<br /> |-<br /> ! From<br /> ! To<br /> ! Position<br /> ! Constituency<br /> |-<br /> | 1969<br /> | 1972<br /> | [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|5th Bihar Assembly]] <br /> | [[Alauli Assembly constituency|Alauli]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1977<br /> | 1980<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[6th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1980<br /> | 1984<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[7th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1989<br /> | 1991<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[9th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1991<br /> | 1996<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (4th term) in [[10th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|Rosera]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1996<br /> | 1998<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (5th term) in [[11th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1998<br /> | 1999<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (6th term) in [[12th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1999<br /> | 2004<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (7th term) in [[13th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> | 2009<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (8th term) in [[14th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> | 2014<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | 2019<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (9th term) in [[16th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | 2020<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]<br /> |}<br /> ===Lok Sabha===<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! %<br /> ! Opponent<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Opponent Party&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;Opponent Votes&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! %<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;Result&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! Margin<br /> ! %<br /> |-<br /> ! [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> | 455,652<br /> | 50.31<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Sanjeev Prasad Toni&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 230,152<br /> | 25.41<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 225,500<br /> | 24.9<br /> |-<br /> ! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> | 208,761<br /> | 37.61<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Ram Sundar Das&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}<br /> | 246,715<br /> | 44.44<br /> | {{no2|Lost}}<br /> | -37,954<br /> | -6.83<br /> |-<br /> ! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> | 477,495<br /> | 61.72<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Chhedi Paswan&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | 239,694<br /> | 30.98<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 237,801<br /> | 30.74<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | 434,609<br /> | 55.75<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Ramai Ram&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> | 329,105<br /> | 42.21<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 105,504<br /> | 13.54<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}<br /> | 486,350<br /> | 60.58<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;small&gt;Ram Sundar Das&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}<br /> | 308,789<br /> | 38.46<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 177,561<br /> | 22.12<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> | 387,781<br /> | 51.59<br /> | {{Party name with color|Samata Party|shortname=SAP}}<br /> | 341,550<br /> | 45.44<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 46,231<br /> | 6.15<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> | [[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|Rosera]]<br /> | 373,710<br /> | 62.3<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Ashok Kumar&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 113,226<br /> | 18.88<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 260,484<br /> | 43.42<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]<br /> | 615,219<br /> | 84.08<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Mahabir Paswan&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> | 110,681<br /> | 15.13<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 504,538<br /> | 68.95<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Lok Dal}}<br /> | 263,509<br /> | 44.89<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Ram Ratan Ram&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 314,725<br /> | 53.61<br /> | {{no2|Lost}}<br /> | -51,216<br /> | -8.72<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}<br /> | 266,428<br /> | 57.77<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Medni Paswan&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> | 120,589<br /> | 26.15<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 145,839<br /> | 31.62<br /> |-<br /> ! [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> | 469,007<br /> | 89.3<br /> | &lt;small&gt;Baleshwar Ram&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 44,462<br /> | 8.47<br /> | {{yes2|Won}}<br /> | 424,545<br /> | 80.83<br /> |}<br /> ===Rajya Sabha===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Position<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;Constituency&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ! From<br /> ! To<br /> ! Tenure<br /> |-<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1st Term)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bihar]]<br /> | &lt;small&gt;8 July&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2010<br /> | &lt;small&gt;16 May&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2014<br /> | '''{{ayd|2010|7|8|2014|5|16}}'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(2nd Term)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | &lt;small&gt;29 June&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2019<br /> | &lt;small&gt;8 October&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;2020<br /> | '''{{ayd|2019|6|29|2020|10|8}}'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Paswan married Rajkumari Devi in the 1960s. In 2014, he disclosed that he had divorced her in 1981, after his [[Lok Sabha]] nomination papers were challenged.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Madan |title=Ram Vilas Paswan discloses divorce with first wife |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Ram-Vilas-Paswan-discloses-divorce-with-first-wife/articleshow/34083143.cms |access-date=18 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=23 April 2014 |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205125250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Ram-Vilas-Paswan-discloses-divorce-with-first-wife/articleshow/34083143.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ram Vilas Paswan says he divorced first wife Rajkumari Devi in 1981|url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/ram-vilas-paswan-says-he-divorced-first-wife-rajkumari-devi-in-1981/|work=IANS|date=22 April 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423192150/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/ram-vilas-paswan-says-he-divorced-first-wife-rajkumari-devi-in-1981/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paswan had two daughters from first wife, Usha and Asha.&lt;ref name=&quot;bp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Piyush|date=14 September 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/will-fight-against-dad-in-ls-polls-ram-vilas-daughter/articleshow/65800978.cms|title=Will fight against dad in Lok Sabha polls: Ram Vilas daughter|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915060900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/will-fight-against-dad-in-ls-polls-ram-vilas-daughter/articleshow/65800978.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1983, he married Reena Sharma, an air hostess.&lt;ref name=&quot;LSProfile&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110214/jsp/bihar/story_13578229.jsp|title=Bihar – Political way to nurture love|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602064559/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110214/jsp/bihar/story_13578229.jsp|archive-date=2 June 2014|work=The Telegraph|date=14 February 2011|access-date=27 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Abhay |date=14 February 2011 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/137817/when-bihar-netas-were-bitten.html |title=When Bihar netas were bitten by love bug |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025150132/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/137817/when-bihar-netas-were-bitten.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; They had a son and a daughter. His son [[Chirag Paswan|Chirag Kumar Paswan]] is an actor-turned-politician.&lt;ref name=&quot;bp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Suruchi |title=Arranged marriage for Chirag Paswan? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Arranged-marriage-for-Chirag-Paswan/articleshow/10629658.cms |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=7 November 2011 |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316231445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Arranged-marriage-for-Chirag-Paswan/articleshow/10629658.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was often called a dynast. He brought his brothers [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]] and [[Ram Chandra Paswan]] into politics. Of the six seats that the LJP won in 2019, three were from his family – son Chirag, and brothers Pashupati Kumar Paras and Ram Chandra Paswan. Ram Chandra's son [[Prince Raj]] succeeded his father upon his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nair&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Paswan died on 8 October 2020, and his death was confirmed by his son, Chirag Paswan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 October 2020|title=Union Minister and LJP patriarch Ram Vilas Paswan passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-vilas-paswan-dead-ljp-6716310/|access-date=8 October 2020|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011072835/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-vilas-paswan-dead-ljp-6716310/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Manish |last2=Sanyal |first2=Anindita |title=Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan Dies Days After Heart Surgery |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-minister-ram-vilas-paswan-dies-in-hospital-son-chirag-tweets-you-will-always-be-with-me-2307266 |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=NDTV. |date=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=iChiragPaswan|number=1314221533653467137|title=पापा....अब आप इस दुनिया में नहीं हैं लेकिन मुझे पता है आप जहां भी हैं हमेशा मेरे साथ हैं। Miss you Papa...|date=8 October 2020|access-date=11 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paswan had undergone [[Cardiac surgery|heart surgery]] and was hospitalised for a few weeks prior to his death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ram Vilas Paswan, Union Consumer Affairs Minister, Dies Days After Heart Surgery at Delhi Hospital |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ram-vilas-paswan-dies-live-updates-union-consumer-affairs-minister-demise-at-74-days-after-undergoing-heart-surgery-at-delhi-hosp-2944599.html |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=News18 |date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009194607/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ram-vilas-paswan-dies-live-updates-union-consumer-affairs-minister-demise-at-74-days-after-undergoing-heart-surgery-at-delhi-hosp-2944599.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Paswan was cremated in Patna on 10 October 2020. His body was brought to Janardan Ghat in the Digha locality from his residence in Shri Krishna Puri, about 3&amp;nbsp;km away, for the last rites.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=10 October 2020 |title=Ram Vilas Paswan, a man for all seasons in Indian politics, cremated in Patna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-vilas-paswan-a-man-for-all-seasons-in-indian-politics-cremated-in-patna/articleshow/78591199.cms |access-date=10 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-vilas-paswan-a-man-for-all-seasons-in-indian-politics-cremated-in-patna/articleshow/78591199.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Politicians campaing in Mumbai - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Paswan together with [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] (center) and [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]] (left) at a party rally in [[Mumbai]] during the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]].]]<br /> Prime Minister Narendra Modi went to Paswan's Delhi residence to pay homage to him. Also, senior leader and former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Mulayam Singh Yadav paid tribute to him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ram Vilas Paswan का निधन, कभी दारोगा की नौकरी छोड़ थामा था राजनीति का दामन, जानिए पूरी कहानी... |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bihar-election-chunav-2020/bihar-election-2020-when-ram-vilas-paswan-became-mla-quit-joining-daroga-know-full-story-of-ljp-leader-political-history-skt |work=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi |date=8 October 2020 |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522063529/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bihar-election-chunav-2020/bihar-election-2020-when-ram-vilas-paswan-became-mla-quit-joining-daroga-know-full-story-of-ljp-leader-political-history-skt |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Twitter}}<br /> * [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=296&amp;lastls=16 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br /> * [https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/india/chirag-paswan-son-of-reena-sharma-she-was-ram-vilas-paswan-s-second-wife-371809.html Paswan Second Marriage Year 1983]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050228050740/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_771260,001600690000.htm Profile on HindustanTimes.com dated June 2004]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080417002042/http://164.100.24.209/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=296 Homepage on Lok Sabha website]<br /> * [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020505/edit.htm#5 Paswan Profile on TribuneIndia]<br /> * [http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2008/03/ram-vilas-paswan-and-muslims.html Paswan and Indian Muslims]<br /> * [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-vilas-paswan-passes-away/article32805992.ece Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan passes away]<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title=Political offices<br /> |list1= <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-par|in-lwr}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Ramshekhar Prasad Singh]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for Hajipur |years=1977 – 1984}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Ram Ratan Ram]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=Ram Ratan Ram}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for Hajipur |years=1989 – 1991}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Ram Sundar Das]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Dasai Chowdhary]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for [[Rosera (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rosera]] |years=1991 – 1996}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Pitambar Paswan]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=Ram Sundar Das}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for Hajipur |years=1996 – 2009}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=Ram Sundar Das}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=Ram Sundar Das}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament&lt;br /&gt;for Hajipur |years=2014 – 2019}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-off}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]|years=1 June 1996 – 19 March 1998}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Nitish Kumar]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]|years=13 October 1999 – 1 September 2001}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Pramod Mahajan]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=Sunder Lal Patwa }}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]|years=1 September 2001 – 29 April 2002}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Uma Bharti]] }}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before= Sunder Lal Patwa }}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]|years=23 May 2004 – 22 May 2009}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[M. K. Alagiri]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[K. V. Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]|years=26 May 2014 – 8 October 2020}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Piyush Goyal]]}}<br /> {{s-break}}<br /> {{s-ppo}}<br /> {{s-bef|before= Vacant}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Lok Jan Shakti Party]] in the Lok Sabha|years=2014 – 2019}}<br /> {{s-aft|after= Chirag Paswan}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |list =<br /> {{Indian federal ministries }}<br /> {{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}<br /> {{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}<br /> {{Second Manmohan Singh Cabinet}}<br /> {{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}<br /> {{Ministry of Communications (India)}}<br /> {{Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)}}<br /> {{16th LS members from Bihar}}<br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Paswan, Ram Vilas}}<br /> [[Category:1946 births]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:People from Khagaria district]]<br /> [[Category:Samyukta Socialist Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 1969–1972]]<br /> [[Category:Leaders of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit activists]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]<br /> [[Category:Railway ministers of India]]<br /> [[Category:Labour ministers of India]]<br /> [[Category:Steel ministers of India]]<br /> [[Category:Coal ministers of India]]<br /> [[Category:Mining ministers of India]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guneet_Monga&diff=454892 2026-03-05T13:04:08Z

<p>EverettePowe35: quick update content per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film producer (born 1983)}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Guneet Monga<br /> | image = Gunnet Monga.jpg<br /> | caption = Monga in 2018<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|11|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | occupation = Film producer,&lt;br /&gt; CEO of [[Sikhya Entertainment]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Guneet Monga''' (born 21 November 1983) is an Indian film producer. She is the producer of the 2023 [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-[[Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film|winning documentary short film]] ''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]''. Monga is the founder of [[Sikhya Entertainment]] a boutique film production house that produced notable films like ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 1]]'', [[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2]], ''[[Peddlers (film)|Peddlers]]'', ''[[The Lunchbox (film)|The Lunchbox]]'', ''[[Masaan]]'', ''[[Zubaan]]'' and ''[[Pagglait]]''.&lt;ref name=mint/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, Monga was amongst the first producers from India to be inducted in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SRK, Aditya Chopra invited to join Oscar Academy's Class of 2018 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/srk-aditya-chopra-invited-to-join-oscar-academy-s-class-of-2018-610856 |website=The Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; She served as an executive producer on ''[[Period. End of Sentence.]]'' which won the 2019 [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film]]. Monga was voted as one of the top 12 women achievers in the global entertainment industry by ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' and among the top 50 Indians changing India by ''[[India Today]]''. In 2023, Guneet won her second Academy Award for the Netflix documentary short, [[The Elephant Whisperers]].<br /> <br /> In 2021, Guneet Monga was conferred with the ''[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]'' by the French Government.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Guneet Monga was born in Delhi and received her primary education at [[Bluebells School International]] and received a degree in mass communications from Madhubala Institute of Mass Communication and Electronic Media affiliated with [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], Delhi in 2004.&lt;ref name=mint&gt;{{cite news |title=Guneet Monga: Sealing the deal|author=Nandini Ramnath |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP9mOVFYoF0RJOSX4vCveP/Guneet-Monga--Sealing-the-deal.html |publisher=Mint (newspaper) |date=26 October 2012 |accessdate=26 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 2003, Monga interned with a [[production coordinator]] in Delhi, and after receiving her mass communications she started career as production coordinator for international productions, most notably [[Vic Sarin]]'s [[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]].<br /> <br /> Monga was fascinated about film after watching her mother's friend, Anureeta Saigal, work on production for international films. She interned with Saigal and decided that this was what she wanted to do for the rest of her life. She convinced a neighbor to lend her INR 75 lacs (about US$188,000 in 2007) to make movies.[https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/guneet-monga/]<br /> <br /> She shifted to Mumbai in 2006, when she started working in cricket film, ''[[Say Salaam India]]'' (2007). This was followed by ''[[Rang Rasiya]]'' (2008) and ''[[Dasvidaniya]]'' (2008) and later in 2009, during the making of ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'' (2010), produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]], she met director-producer, [[Anurag Kashyap]], and subsequently in late 2009 she joined [[Anurag Kashyap Films]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mint&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Monga's first major international film was the [[82nd Academy Awards|2010]] [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film]]-nominated short, ''Kavi'' (2009), about [[bonded labour]] in India, directed by Gregg Helvey, and which won the [[Student Academy Awards#36th Annual Student Film Awards.C2.A0.E2.80.93+ June 13.2C 2009|Student Academy Award – Narrative]] in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Student Film Award Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/saa/winners/winners.pdf |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |accessdate=26 May 2013 |archive-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229173821/http://www.oscars.org/awards/saa/winners/winners.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, in 2008 she started her own production company, Sikhya Entertainment and also a [[line production]] company.&lt;ref name=mint/&gt; With [[Anurag Kashyap]], she went on to work on film like ''Gangs of Wasseypur'', Part I &amp; II (2012) and ''That Girl in Yellow Boots'' (2011),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tP9mOVFYoF0RJOSX4vCveP/Guneet-Monga--Sealing-the-deal.html |title=Guneet Monga &amp;#124; Sealing the deal |publisher=Livemint |date=26 October 2012 |accessdate=6 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; besides, ''Trishna'' (2011), ''Shaitan'' (2011), ''Michael'' (2011), and ''Aiyya''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.torinofilmlab.it/person.php?id=686 |title=TorinoFilmLab &amp;#124; Network &amp;#124; Guneet Monga |publisher=Torinofilmlab.it |accessdate=6 May 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514042346/http://www.torinofilmlab.it/person.php?id=686 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She also raised nearly {{INRConvert|10|m}} for ''[[Peddlers (film)|Peddlers]]'' (2012) made of a budget of Rs 2 cr., by posting the film's script on Facebook.&lt;ref name=today/&gt; ''Peddlers'' was selected at the [[Critics' Week]], won rave reviews and opened new markets for Indian Cinema.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br /> <br /> She produced ''[[Monsoon Shootout]]'' as a co-production between India, Netherland and UK and ''[[The Lunchbox (film)|The Lunchbox]]'', a project shown at Film Bazaar (2011), Cinemart (2012), Berlinale Co-Production Market (2012) and [[TorinoFilmLab]] (2012) as a co-production between India, France, Germany &amp; USA.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br /> <br /> In May 2013, when ''[[The Lunchbox (film)|The Lunchbox (Dabba)]]'' and ''[[Monsoon Shootout]]'' both were selected for the [[Critics' Week]] and a midnight screening at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dearcinema.com/article/why-guneet-monga-is-the-most-successful-indie-producer-at-29/2055 |title=What makes Guneet Monga the most successful Indie producer at 29 |publisher=DearCinema.com|date=11 May 2013 |accessdate=11 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; respectively, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' called her &quot;most prolific producers of a new wave of cinema&quot; while ''The Hollywood Reporter'''s &quot;2012 Women in Entertainment special&quot;, placed her amongst &quot;12 international players to watch&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cannes: India's New Wave Producer Guneet Monga 2:00 AM PDT |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-indias-new-wave-producer-524945 |date=22 May 2013 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |accessdate=26 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[India Today]]'' has credited her for giving a facelift to independent cinema, and bridging &quot;the gap between Indian films and foreign buyers and distributors.&quot;&lt;ref name=today&gt;{{cite web |title=Parallel Queen: Guneet Monga, has managed to bridge the gap between Indian films and foreign buyers and distributors|author=Prachi Rege|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20121224-guneet-monga-helped-give-independent-cinema-a-facelift-761047-1999-11-29 |date=14 December 2012 |publisher=India Today |access-date=26 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * ''[[Say Salaam India]]'' (2007)<br /> * ''[[Rang Rasiya]]'' (2008)<br /> * ''[[Dasvidaniya]]'' (2008) <br /> * ''[[Kavi (film)|Kavi]]'' (2009)<br /> * ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'' (2010)<br /> * ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]'' (2011)<br /> * ''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]'' (2011)<br /> * ''[[Trishna (2011 film)|Trishna]]'' (2011)<br /> * ''[[Michael (2011 Indian film)|Michael]]'' (2011)<br /> * ''[[Peddlers (film)|Peddlers]]'' (2012)<br /> * ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 1]]'' (2012)<br /> * ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2]]'' (2012)<br /> * ''[[Aiyyaa]]'' (2012)<br /> * ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[The Lunchbox (film)|The Lunchbox]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[Monsoon Shootout]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[Mickey Virus]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[White Lies (2013 Indian film)|White Lies]]'' (2014) <br /> * ''[[Vakratunda Mahakaaya]]'' (2015)<br /> * ''[[Masaan]]'' (2015)<br /> * ''[[Zubaan]]'' (2016)<br /> * ''[[Haraamkhor]]'' (2017)<br /> * ''[[Period. End of Sentence.]]'' (2018)<br /> * ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2019) (Tamil)<br /> * ''[[Pagglait]]'' (2021)<br /> * ''[[1232 KMS]]'' (2021) (executive producer)<br /> * ''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]'' (2022) (Tamil)<br /> * ''[[Kathal (film)|Kathal]]'' (2023)<br /> * ''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]'' (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magaz&lt;!----&gt;ine article |last1=Debruge |first1=Peter |title=''Kill'' Review: A Train, Two Commandos and 40 Thieves Add Up to One Bloody Action Bonanza |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/kill-review-1235745857/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=6 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Anuja (film)|Anuja]]'' (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;anuja:variety&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/priyanka-chopra-jonas-anuja-oscar-shortlist-1236269607/ |title= Priyanka Chopra Jonas Joins Oscar-Shortlisted 'Anuja' as Executive Producer (EXCLUSIVE) |author= Naman Ramachandran |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date= 8 January 2025 |access-date= 9 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Colend}}<br /> ; As an actress<br /> * ''[[Love, Wrinkle-free]]'' (2012)<br /> ==Awards==<br /> * [[95th Academy Awards|2022]] [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film]]: ''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]'': Producer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1944105}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619193655/http://www.akfpl.com/about-guneet-monga.html Guneet Monga, Profile] at [[Anurag Kashyap Films]] (archived 19 June 2013)<br /> * [https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/guneet-monga/ With money borrowed from a neighbour, Guneet Monga went on to co-own a production company with Anurag Kashyap]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Monga, Guneet}}<br /> [[Category:1983 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Businesswomen from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Producers who won the Best Documentary Short Subject Academy Award]]<br /> [[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Academy Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University alumni]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_taluks_in_Bengaluru_Urban_district&diff=513247 2026-03-04T11:30:58Z

<p>EverettePowe35: new place</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Taluks of the Bengaluru Urban district}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> The [[India]]n [[city]] of [[Bengaluru]] is in [[Bengaluru Urban district]] which has five [[taluks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Details {{!}} District Bengaluru Urban, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/map-details/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is in the state of [[Bangalore Urban district|Karnataka]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talukas in Bangalore District, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/district/242-bangalore-karnataka.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://e-krishiuasb.karnataka.gov.in/ItemDetails.aspx?DepID=14&amp;cropID=0&amp;SubDepID=20&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *[[Bengaluru]]<br /> *[[Anekal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Villages &amp; Towns in Anekal Taluka of Bangalore, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5545-anekal-bangalore-karnataka.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Bengaluru North ([[Yelahanka]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Villages &amp; Towns in Bangalore North Taluka of Bangalore, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5542-bangalore-north-bangalore-karnataka.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Bengaluru South ([[Kengeri]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Villages &amp; Towns in Bangalore South Taluka of Bangalore, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5543-bangalore-south-bangalore-karnataka.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Bengaluru East ([[Krishnaraja Pura]])<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Taluks Of Bangalore}}<br /> [[Category:Geography of Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Taluks of Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}<br /> {{Kar-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kottur,_Theni&diff=510670 2026-03-04T04:10:32Z

<p>EverettePowe35: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction<br /> |type = Village<br /> |native_name = Kottur, Theni District<br /> |other_name = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> |nickname = <br /> |iucn_category = &lt;!-- for protected areas only --&gt;<br /> |image_map = TN Districts Teni.gif<br /> |skyline_caption = <br /> |base_map =<br /> |map_caption = <br /> |area_total = <br /> |area_magnitude = <br /> |area_rank = <br /> |area_total_cite = <br /> |area_metro = <br /> |area_metro_cite = <br /> |altitude = <br /> |altitude_cite = <br /> |destinatione_1 = <br /> |direction_1 = <br /> |distance_1 = <br /> |mode_1 = <br /> |destinatione_2 = <br /> |direction_2 = <br /> |distance_2 = <br /> |mode_2 = <br /> |destinatione_3 = <br /> |direction_3 = <br /> |distance_3 = <br /> |mode_3 = <br /> |capital = &lt;!-- for states/territories/regions only --&gt;<br /> |region = <br /> |division = <br /> |population_total = 6000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2011 Census of India|date=16 April 2011|author=|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tamilnadu.html|publisher= Indian government|pages=|format=Excel}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |population_rank = <br /> |population_as_of = 2011<br /> |population_density = <br /> |population_density_cite = <br /> |population_metro = <br /> |population_metro_rank = <br /> |population_metro_as_of = <br /> |population_metro_cite =<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |leader_title1 = <br /> |leader_name1 = <br /> |leader_title2 = <br /> |leader_name2 = <br /> |leader_title3 = <br /> |leader_name3 = <br /> |established_title = <br /> |established_date = <br /> |legislature_type = <br /> |legislature_strength = <br /> |parliament_const = <br /> |assembly_const = <br /> |planning_agency = <br /> |civic_agency = <br /> |corp_zone = <br /> |corp_ward = <br /> |jurisdiction_title_1 = <br /> |jurisdiction_name_1 = <br /> |jurisdiction_title_2 = <br /> |jurisdiction_name_2 = <br /> |jurisdiction_title_3 = <br /> |jurisdiction_name_3 = <br /> |coordinates = {{coord|10|04|N|77|45|E}}<br /> |blank_title_1 =<br /> |blank_value_1 =<br /> |blank_title_2 = <br /> |blank_value_2 = <br /> |abbreviation = &lt;!-- ISO 3166-2 --&gt;<br /> |postal_code = 626534<br /> |registration_plate = TN-60<br /> |website = <br /> |website_caption = <br /> |portal = <br /> |footnotes = <br /> |seal = <br /> |seal_size = <br /> |seal_caption = <br /> |coord_title = &lt;!-- yes/no --&gt;<br /> |autocat = &lt;!-- yes/no --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kottur,Theni District''' is a village of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[South India]]. <br /> &lt;ref name=envis&gt;{{cite web<br /> |author= National Environmental Information System (India)<br /> |title= Environment Profile for Theni district <br /> |url=http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/DtProfiles/theni.pdf<br /> |accessdate= 2008-09-14<br /> |publisher= ENVIS<br /> |pages=1–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://villages.ws/india/tamil_nadu/theni/kottur_theni_0232232.htm Kottur]<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Theni district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Theni district]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alibaba_Aur_40_Chor_(1966_film)&diff=459150 2026-03-04T03:54:07Z

<p>EverettePowe35: refined section per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1966 Hindi adventure fantasy film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Alibaba Aur 400009 Chor<br /> | image = 1966 Alibaba And 40 Thieves Indian film poster.jpg<br /> <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[Homi Wadia]]<br /> | producer = Homi Wadia<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Tabish Sultanpuri<br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | starring = [[Sanjeev Kumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[L. Vijaylakshmi]]&lt;br /&gt;Kamal Mehra&lt;br /&gt;[[B. M. Vyas|B.M. Vyas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[S. N. Tripathi|S.N. Tripathi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Veena (actress)|Veena]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tabassum (actress)|Tabassum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Indira Billi|Indira]]&lt;br /&gt;[[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | music = [[Usha Khanna]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1966}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Alibaba Aur 40 Chor''''' (''Alibaba And 40 Thieves'') is 1966 [[Hindi]] [[adventure film|adventure]] [[fantasy film]] produced and directed by [[Homi Wadia]] and starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]] in the lead role. The film is based on [[Ali Baba|Ali Baba's]] story from ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thedailyeye.info/true-review/alibabas-galore/65af1b4310e7ba97 Movie review]''The Daily Eye'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312130553/https://thedailyeye.info/true-review/alibabas-galore/65af1b4310e7ba97 |date=12 March 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Ali Baba finds a cave of treasures belonging to a gang of bandits. When the bandits realize there have been intruders, they seek revenge. Ali Baba must try to outwit who are trying leader of the 40 thieves who are trying to find and kill him.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> * [[Sanjeev Kumar]] as [[Ali Baba]]<br /> * [[L. Vijayalakshmi|L. Vijayalaxmi]] as Princess Marjina<br /> * [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as Baba Mustafa<br /> * [[Indira Billi|Indira]] as Mir Qasim's wife, Ali Baba's sister-in-law <br /> * [[Tabassum]] as Gulbadan<br /> * Kamal Mehra as Aflatoon<br /> * [[S. N. Tripathi]] as Mir Qasim<br /> * [[B. M. Vyas]] as Daku Sardar<br /> * Amarnath<br /> * [[Veena (actress)|Veena]] as Razia, Ali Baba's elder sister<br /> * Bhagawan Sinha<br /> * Raj Rani<br /> * Ramlal<br /> * [[Yunus Parvez]]<br /> * &lt;small&gt;Prince&lt;/small&gt; Arjun <br /> * Madhumati as Dancer<br /> * [[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Qawaali Dancer<br /> * Aruna <br /> * Sukale<br /> * Bismilla <br /> * Mithoo Miya <br /> * Samson<br /> * Korega <br /> * Yadav<br /> * [[Tun Tun]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> [[Usha Khanna]] composed the film's music while lyricists [[Asad Bhopali]], [[Prem Dhawan]] and [[Javed Anwar]] penned the songs.<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_music = Usha Khanna<br /> <br /> | title1 = Aaja Bahon Men Dil Ki Rahon Men<br /> | extra1 = [[Suman Kalyanpur]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]<br /> | length1 = 5:36<br /> <br /> | title2 = Alibaba Alibaba<br /> | extra2 = [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> | length2 = 3:24<br /> <br /> | title3 = Dekhiye Zara Pyar Se<br /> | extra3 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> | length3 =3:34<br /> <br /> | title4 =Jab Aap Salamat Hain<br /> | extra4 = Asha Bhosle, [[Usha Mangeshkar]]<br /> | length4 = 6:18<br /> <br /> | title5 = Main maasoom, dil maasom Kya Ho Jaye kya maaloom<br /> | extra5 = Asha Bhosle<br /> | length5 = 3:23<br /> <br /> | title6 = Saadgi Men Shokhi<br /> | extra6 = [[Krishna Kalle]]<br /> | length6 = 3:22<br /> <br /> | title7 = Banaye Ja Bigade Ja<br /> | extra7 = [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> | length7 = 4:58<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt3704456}}<br /> {{Ali Baba}}<br /> {{Homi Wadia}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1966 films]]<br /> [[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1966 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Homi Wadia]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Ali Baba]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orissa_(film)&diff=523131 2026-03-03T20:44:18Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Made pg - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Orissa<br /> | image = Orissa-2013.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[M. Padmakumar]]<br /> | producer = Madhavan Chettikkal Edappal<br /> | writer = [[G.S Anil]]<br /> | starring = [[Unni Mukundan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nedumudi Venu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sanika Nambiar]]&lt;br&gt;Swasika<br /> | music = [[Ratheesh Vegha]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Vinod Illambally]]<br /> | editing =<br /> | distributor = Heera Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|5|17}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget =<br /> }}<br /> '''''Orissa''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[M. Padmakumar]]. The film stars [[Unni Mukundan]] and Sanika Nambiar as the leads, with [[Kanika (actress)|Kaniha]] and [[Tanu Roy|Tanusree Ghosh]] in supporting roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Love-in-the-Land-of-Jagannath/2013/05/14/article1588633.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722163814/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Love-in-the-Land-of-Jagannath/2013/05/14/article1588633.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2013|title=Love in the Land of Jagannath|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced under the banner of Heera Films, ''Orissa'' is the story of a girl called Suneyi — played by Sanika Nambiar — her trials and tribulations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130503/jsp/odisha/story_16851012.jsp#.UY1KBLWSKVU|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616155041/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130503/jsp/odisha/story_16851012.jsp%23.UY1KBLWSKVU|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|title=From Kerala with reel love - Malayalam film Orissa to be screened in state in July|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/trigger-for-romance/article4720651.ece|title=Trigger for romance|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 May 2013|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film released on 17 May 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/four-malayalam-films-to-release-on-may-17-news-malayalam-nfqm3Uhgbaa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627201222/http://www.sify.com/movies/four-malayalam-films-to-release-on-may-17-news-malayalam-nfqm3Uhgbaa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-27|title=Four Malayalam films to release on May 17!|website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The film was based on a [[Malayali]] constable Christhudas loving an [[Odia people|Odia]] girl Suneyi.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Unni Mukundan]] as Christhudas<br /> * Sanika Nambiar as Suneyi<br /> * [[Nedumudi Venu]]<br /> * [[Kanika (actress)|Kaniha]] as Chandrabhaga<br /> * [[Tanu Roy|Tanushree Ghosh]] as Meerabhai<br /> * [[Sudheesh]]<br /> * [[Swasika]]<br /> * [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]]<br /> * [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Christhudas's Mother<br /> * [[Nigel Akkara]] as Kamadeva Pradhan&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20130616154950/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-06/news-interviews/36162140_1_nigel-akkara-malayalam-film-muktodhara Interview: Nigel Akkara]. ''[[Times of India]]''. 2013-01-06.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ganja Karuppu]]<br /> * Sanjeev Chakraborty<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The soundtrack of this film was composed by [[Ratheesh Vegha]]. The music is owned by Manorama Music.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Song !! Length !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s) !! Picturization<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Meghame&quot; || || [[Haricharan]] || Prakash Marar || <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Parayumo&quot; || || [[Rahul Nambiar]] &amp; [[Thulasi Yatheendran]] || Alankkode Leelakrishnan || <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pidayuka&quot; || || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Prakash Marar &amp; Alankkode Leelakrishnan || <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Janmandarangalil&quot; || || Pradeep Chandrakumar&lt;ref name=singer&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/283088/140422|title=Latest Malayalam News And Live Updates - Breaking News - Madhyamam|website=www.madhyamam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Alankkode Leelakrishnan || <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Jhum Thana&quot; || || Ganga || Shankar || <br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Oriya Keerthanam&quot; || || Pradeep Chandrakumar|| || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Playback singer [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] was mistakenly awarded the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer]] for the song &quot;Janmandarangalil&quot; which was actually sung by Pradeep Chandrakumar. Music director Ratheesh Vegha has revealed that although Karthik was chosen to sing the song, his rendition did not reach perfection and was replaced by Pradeep Chandrakumar who was to sing the track for this song. Pradeep's version was only included in the film and audio CD which was however credited to Karthik for commercial purposes.&lt;ref name=singer/&gt; Similarly, the song Jhum Thana, although sung by Ganga has been credited officially on streaming platforms to [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]].<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film is produced by Chettikal Madhavan Edappal, and directed by [[M. Padmakumar]] who has previously directed movies like [[Vaasthavam]], [[Shikar - The Hunt]], [[Ithu Pathiramanal]] etc.<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> This movie received average response from the critics and eventually ended up as a box office disaster.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|3223602}}<br /> <br /> {{M. Padmakumar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by M. Padmakumar]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avunu_(film)&diff=451404 2026-03-03T17:41:15Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Page updated with relevant improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2012 film by Ravi Babu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name =Avunu<br /> | image = First look of Avunu.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[Ravi Babu]]<br /> | producer = Ravi Babu <br /> | writer = Ravi Babu<br /> | screenplay =<br /> | story =<br /> | narrator =[[Yami Gautam]]<br /> | starring = [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] &lt;br&gt; [[Harshvardhan Rane]]<br /> | music = [[Shekar Chandra]]<br /> | cinematography = N. Sudhakar Reddy<br /> | editing =<br /> | studio = [[Flying Frogs]] <br /> | distributor = [[Suresh Productions]] &lt;br&gt; [[PVP cinema]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|09|21}} <br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''''' Avunu ''''' ({{translation|''Yes''}}) is a 2012 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror thriller film]] written, produced and directed by [[Ravi Babu]] and presented by [[Suresh Productions]]. [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] and [[Harshvardhan Rane]] star in the film. The score is by Shekar Chandra and cinematography by N. Sudhakar Reddy. The film was made on a budget of {{INR}} 45 lakhs. It is loosely based on the 1982 American [[Supernatural horror|supernatural]] [[horror film]] ''[[The Entity]]'' and was dubbed in Hindi as ''Aatma Ka Ghar''.{{cn|date=November 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> Long time lovers Mohini ([[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]) and Harsha ([[Harshvardhan Rane]]) get married and move into a new community where Harsha had bought a house. Harsha's parents come to stay with them for a few days and also to make sure that the marriage is not consummated before a certain auspicious time. Unknown to the inhabitants of the house a voyeuristic spirit lived there and it takes a certain fascination for Mohini. Unknown to Mohini the spirit follows her around everywhere and finds pleasure in watching her change clothes and taking a shower.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, their neighbours have a son named Vicky who can see spirits and have conversations with them. On a couple of visits to Harsha's house, Vicky has a conversation with the spirit. The adults dismiss his ability to be the overly imaginative mind of a child at work.<br /> <br /> When the auspicious day arrives, Harsha's parents leave. Mohini starts packing for the honeymoon in [[Paris]] and the randy spirit in a fit of lust attacks Mohini and tries to assault her sexually. Terrified at being attacked by an invisible entity Mohini runs out of her house and seeks sanctuary in the neighbour's house. A visiting relative of the neighbors, an elderly pious woman instills courage in Mohini and takes her back to her house. The spirit kills the old lady brutally. Harsha comes home to a terrified Mohini who wanted to leave the house right away. But circumstances force Mohini and Harsha to stay in the house one more night before they left the house forever. That night proves deadly for both of them. The spirit enters Harsha and tries to assault Mohini. Trying to defend herself, she injures Harsha. Then we see her narrating the story to the police while the spirit Raju ([[Ravi Babu]]) is still beside her. The movie ends with Raju still following Mohini in the hospital.<br /> <br /> ==Cast== <br /> * [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Mohini<br /> * [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as Harsha<br /> * [[Ravi Babu]] as Captain Raju<br /> * [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as C.I. D. Janardhan<br /> * Gayatri Bhargavi as Swapna<br /> * [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Swapna's mother-in-law<br /> * [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Ranga<br /> * Rajeshwari as Ranga's wife<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ===Development===<br /> The story is based on a true incident that happened to [[Yami Gautam]] when she was in her Mumbai apartment. She told the incident to Ravi Babu during the shooting of ''[[Nuvvila]]'' (2011), in which she and Ravi Babu stayed in the same hotel. Ravi Babu, who felt scared, decided to move out of the hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yami-gautam-inspires-a-movie/articleshow/16310932.cms|title=Yami Gautam inspires a movie|date=15 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Filming===<br /> Most of the film was Shot at Outer Ring Road of Hyderabad &amp; near Gandipet. Ravi Babu shot the film on a budget of approximately {{INR}} 45 Lakhs. The movie was then picked up by D Suresh Babu for approximately {{INR}} 3.50 Crores after he became convinced about the film's potential. Prasad V Potluri later became associated with the film by picking up a stake from D. Suresh Babu.{{cn|date=November 2024}}<br /> <br /> ''Avunu'' was shot under 50 working days. Post-production took us 3 months including computer graphics work. PVP is planning to release Tamil version at a later point of time. The film was made as a Telugu{{endash}}Tamil bilingual although the Tamil version was never released.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/int1/ravibabu-avunu.html|title = Ravi Babu about Avunu interview - Telugu film director}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ''[[DNA India]]'' gave a review stating &quot;What keeps Avunu intact is the fact that it encompasses and presents everything within two hours to the audience, who are hooked and wondering what's about to unfold. Unlike Ram Gopal Varma's films, which uses darkness, cinematographer Sudhakar Reddy captures the excitement in bright light. Sekhar Chandra substantiates the tense mood of the film with a fitting background score. Avunu is a thrilling experiment worth watching&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-avunu-telugu-is-a-thrilling-experiment_1744024|title=Review: Avunu (Telugu) is a thrilling experiment - Entertainment - DNA&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave a review of rating 3/5 stating &quot;Telugu film lovers are driven by drama and intensity in this genre. Ravi Babu is a kind of director who directs films within his sensibilities. Avunu is such a kind of thriller where the fear factor and drama aren’t Indianized. If you like film of horror/thriller genre, you may watch it for its sensibilities and different filmmaking techniques.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-avunu-ravibabu.html|title=Avunu review - Telugu cinema - Harsha Vardhan Rane &amp; Poorna|website=www.idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[NDTV]]'' gave a review stating &quot;Filmmaker Ravi Babu always presents something new in his films and true to his earlier works, the director has tried to adopt a unique storyline for this horror film too. Overall, definitely worth a watch for all horror movie lovers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&amp;ID=270776&amp;subcatg=&amp;keyword=regional&amp;nid=270776 |title=Avunu movie review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929001845/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&amp;ID=270776&amp;subcatg=&amp;keyword=regional&amp;nid=270776 |date=29 September 2012|archive-date=29 September 2012|work=NDTV movies}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a review stating &quot;It doesn’t come with a horror certification, so watch it whether you have a weak or strong heart.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3922517.ece |title=The Hindu : Arts / Cinema : House of horror&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023233235/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3922517.ece |archive-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave a review of rating 3/5 stating &quot;''Avunu'' is cinema one doesn't get to see often. It is well written and crafted even though it takes its inspiration from Hollywood movies. Ravi Babu scores with this film. If you like the supernatural horror genre, go watch Avunu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-avunu/20120924.htm|title=Review: Avunu is well-written and crafted|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Sequel==<br /> Main article:<br /> ''[[Avunu 2]]''<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * ''[[Avunu 2]]''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|3402542}}<br /> {{Ravi Babu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s supernatural horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about elephants]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ravi Babu]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mowgli_(2025_film)&diff=518581 2026-03-03T09:08:41Z

<p>EverettePowe35: new new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Sandeep Raj}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mowgli<br /> | image = Mowgli (2025 film).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Sandeep Raj]]<br /> | producer = {{plain list|<br /> * T. G. Vishwa Prasad<br /> * Krithi Prasad<br /> }}<br /> | writer = [[Sandeep Raj]]<br /> | starring = {{plain list|<br /> * Roshan Kanakala<br /> * Sakkshi Mhadolkar<br /> * [[Bandi Saroj Kumar]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[Kaala Bhairava]]<br /> | cinematography = Rama Maruti M.<br /> | editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan<br /> | studio = People Media Factory<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|12|13}}<br /> | runtime = 160 minutes<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | country = India<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Mowgli''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action film|action]] film written and directed by [[Sandeep Raj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-12-10 |title=Director Sandeep Raj interview: Roshan Kanakala came in like a blank slate and transformed into ‘Mowgli’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sandeep-raj-interview-for-his-new-telugu-film-mowgli-starring-roshan-kanakala/article70375159.ece |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars Roshan Karthik Kanakala, Sakkshi Mhadolkar and [[Bandi Saroj Kumar]] in important roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-12 |title=Mowgli teaser: A young love story is thwarted by a sadistic cop |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/12/mowgli-teaser-a-young-love-story-is-thwarted-by-a-sadistic-cop |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was released on 13 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-14 |title=Mowgli OTT release: Where to watch Roshan Kanakala, Sakshi Mhadolkar's Telugu movie online after its theatrical run |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mowgli-ott-release-where-to-watch-roshan-kanakala-sakshi-mhadolkars-telugu-movie-online-after-its-theatrical-run/articleshow/125958254.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * Roshan Karthik Kanakala as Murali Krishna &quot;Kittu&quot; alias &quot;Mowgli&quot;<br /> * Sakkshi Mhadolkar as Varsha alias Jasmine<br /> * [[Bandi Saroj Kumar]] as Christopher Nolan<br /> * [[Krishna Bhagavan]] as John, Prabhas Bunty's father<br /> * [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Prabhas Bunty<br /> * Ramana Bhargava as Ranga Babai<br /> * Vara Kodali<br /> * Mounika Reddy as Varsha's friend<br /> * Aaryan Ajay as Director of a film (cameo appearance)<br /> * [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Raju, Varsha's father (special appearance)<br /> * [[Riya Suman]] as Mallika Nayak (special appearance)<br /> * [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Jayakrishna alias Kittu (cameo appearance)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> The background score and songs were composed by [[Kaala Bhairava]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-25 |title=‘Sayyare’ from Roshan Kanakala starrer Mowgli is a dreamy love song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/25/sayyare-from-roshan-kanakala-starrer-mowgli-is-a-dreamy-love-song |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | total_length = <br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Sayyare<br /> | extra1 = [[Kaala Bhairava]], Aishwarya Daruri<br /> | length1 = 5:57<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | title2 = Vanavaasam<br /> | extra2 = Kaala Bhairava, Sony Komanduri<br /> | length2 = 4:52<br /> | lyrics2 = Kalyan Chakravarthy<br /> | title3 = Veeranjaneya<br /> | extra3 = Angat Bhushan<br /> | length3 = 5:33<br /> | lyrics3 = Amith<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release and reception==<br /> ''Mowgli'' was initially scheduled to release on 12 December 2025,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2025-12-10 |title=Mowgli Movie: సింహం గర్జిస్తుంది.. 'మోగ్లీ' సినిమా న్యూ రిలీజ్ డేట్ వచ్చేసింది.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/roshan-kanakala-and-sandeep-raj-mowgli-movie-new-release-date-announced-1696534.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; but was released on 13 December 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-10 |title=Sandeep Raj's Mowgli RELEASE DATE Announced, Here's When Film Will Hit Screens In India And US |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sandeep-rajs-mowgli-release-date-announced-heres-when-film-will-hit-screens-in-india-and-us-article-153271107 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-12-12 |title=Director Sandeep Raj says 'Akhanda 2' delay 'disturbed him a lot' as 'Mowgli' changed release plans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-sandeep-raj-says-akhanda-2-delay-disturbed-him-a-lot-as-mowgli-changed-release-plans/articleshow/125925231.cms |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Srivathsan Nadadhur of [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] appreciated Saroj Kumar's performance while being critical towards overall writing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-12-13 |title=‘Mowgli’ movie review: Sandeep Raj’s action romance offers little to cheer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mowgli-movie-review-sandeep-rajs-action-romance-stars-roshan-kanakala-and-bandi-saroj-kumar/article70391528.ece |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[OTTPlay]]'' too echoed the same and rated it 2 out of 5.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mowgli Review: Bandi Saroj Kumar stands tall in an otherwise dull and weak film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/mowgli-review-bandi-saroj-kumar-stands-tall-in-an-otherwise-dull-and-weak-film/4e3ae100d9500 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; BH Harsh of [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']] too gave the same rating and wrote that, &quot;''Mowgli'' goes for intense payoff moments without building the stakes prior to it. This is precisely why the film’s attempts to channel the mythological symbols fall flat&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-12-13 |title=Mowgli Movie Review: Efforts don’t match up with ambition in this disappointing action-romance |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Dec/13/mowgli-movie-review-efforts-dont-match-up-with-ambition-in-this-disappointing-action-romance |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|33343597|Mowgli}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 romance films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 action films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Kaala Bhairava]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakkarai_Devan&diff=461482 2026-03-03T04:56:48Z

<p>EverettePowe35: improved content to improve readability for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Sakkarai Devan<br /> | image = Sakkarai Devan.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = J. Panneer<br /> | screenplay = [[Liaquat Ali Khan (director)|Liaquat Ali Khan]]<br /> | story = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]<br /> | producer = [[Ibrahim Rowther|A. S. Ibrahim Rawuthar]]<br /> | starring = [[Vijayakanth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]<br /> | cinematography = Rajarajan<br /> | editing = G. Jayachandran<br /> | music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> | studio = I. V. Cini Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993|7|10|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = 154 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Sakkarai Devan''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama]] film, directed by J. Panneer (in his directorial debut) and produced by [[Ibrahim Rowther|A. S. Ibrahim Rowther]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] and [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]. It was released on 10 July 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{More plot|date=February 2023}}<br /> Sakkarai Devan makes and sells [[jaggery]]. On a visit to a neighbouring village, he falls in love with Sarasu, on whom the village landlord Vairaperumal had already cast his eye. Sarasu's widowed brother Vaiyapuri is arrested following an altercation with Vairaperumal over his sister. Dhanam, an orphan, given refuge by Sakkarai, realising her love is one-sided, marries Vaiyapuri. Sakkarai's popularity with the villagers and his attempts to unite them against Vairaperumal invite the latter's ire.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Vijayakanth]] as Sakkarai Devan<br /> *[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Sarasu<br /> *[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Dhanam<br /> *[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Sarasu's grandfather<br /> *[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Vaiyapuri<br /> *Mohan Natarajan as Vairaperumal<br /> *[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Ponnambalam<br /> *[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Appu<br /> *[[Gandhimathi]] as Sakkarai Devan's mother<br /> *[[Senthil]]<br /> *[[Vadivelu]]<br /> *[[C. K. Saraswathi]]<br /> *Baby Monisha as Revathi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The story of ''Sakkarai Devan'' was written by [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]. He revealed when he visited sugarcane plants in Alanganallur, it reminded him of sugarcane plants owned by his grandfather which prompted him to write a screenplay based on this backdrop.&lt;ref name=&quot;selvaraj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=செல்வராஜ் |first=ஆர். |author-link=R. Selvaraj (screenwriter) |date=12 July 2017 |title=கடல் தொடாத நதி – 28 – கரும்பு ஆலையும் சக்கரை தேவனும் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/132736-cinema-history-of-annakili-rselvaraj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309141446/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/132736-cinema-history-of-annakili-rselvaraj |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[R. V. Udayakumar]] was supposed to direct the film but due to some reasons he left.&lt;ref name=&quot;selvaraj&quot; /&gt; He was replaced by J. Panneer, who earlier assisted [[Aabavanan]], making his directorial debut.&lt;ref name=&quot;nst&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=1 April 2024 |title=கேப்டன் விஜயகாந்த் தமிழ் சினிமா உலகில் அறிமுகப்படுத்திய 30 இயக்குனர்கள்!.. அட எல்லாமே ஹிட்டு!.. |url=https://cinereporters.com/30-directors-who-captain-vijayakanth-introduced-to-the-world-of-tamil-cinema/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=Ta |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517085252/https://cinereporters.com/30-directors-who-captain-vijayakanth-introduced-to-the-world-of-tamil-cinema/#goog_rewarded |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Selvaraj felt the film felt short of the taste they created after Udayakumar left the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;selvaraj&quot; /&gt; [[Balaji Sakthivel]] worked as an assistant director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 May 2019 |title=விஜயகாந்த் - இப்ராஹிம் ராவுத்தர் கதையை படமாக்க முயற்சித்தேன்! - பாலாஜி சக்திவேல் பகிர்ந்த சர்ப்ரைஸ் தகவல் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/director-balaji-sakthivel-tried-movie-captain-vijayakanth-ibrahim-rowther |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229100515/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/director-balaji-sakthivel-tried-movie-captain-vijayakanth-ibrahim-rowther |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=Ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 July 1993 |title=Sakkarai Devan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sakkarai-devan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1579539812 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210045557/https://music.apple.com/us/album/sakkarai-devan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1579539812 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sakkarai Thevan – Tamil Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/sakkarai-thevan-tamil-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041110/https://mossymart.com/product/sakkarai-thevan-tamil-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Mossymart}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Love Love&quot; is set to the raga [[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=140}} &quot;Manjal Poosum&quot; is set to [[Shivaranjani#Carnatic scale|Sivaranjani]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=142}} and &quot;Nalla Velli&quot; is set to [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=146}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singers !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;L.o.v.e Love Love&quot; || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]] || 04:50<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Manjal Poosum&quot; || Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki || 04:58<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Nalla Velli&quot; || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 04:54<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Pattathu Yaanai&quot; || T. S. Raghavendra, Krishnamoorthy || 05:54<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thanner Kudam&quot; || [[S. Janaki]] || 04:43<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thanner Kudam – short version&quot; || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]] || 02:19<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, &quot;Despite the story being an oft-repeated one, Panneer's narration is fairly neat and his handling of the subject confident&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;IE review&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=23 July 1993 |title=Evil in the village |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zX9lAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=fZ4NAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1318%2C1003886 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517054853/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zX9lAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=fZ4NAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1318%2C1003886 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote &quot;''Sakkarai Devan'' should go down well with Vijayakanth's fans&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nst&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=31 July 1993 |title=Village tale backed by powerful script |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nms0AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=2hMEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5037%2C4324996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210045557/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nms0AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=2hMEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5037%2C4324996 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=15 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> The song &quot;Manjal Poosum&quot; was also used in ''[[Vaazhai]]'' (2024).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=ராஜா |first=எஸ். |date=15 December 2024 |title=ராஜா... ராஜாதிராஜன் இந்த ராஜா..! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=22518&amp;id1=3&amp;issue=20241215 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250117165838/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=22518&amp;id1=3&amp;issue=20241215 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1993 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:1993 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anbe_Un_Vasam&diff=486391 2026-03-03T04:38:18Z

<p>EverettePowe35: new basic post w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2003 Tamil film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Anbe Un Vasam<br /> | image = Anbe Un Vasam.jpg<br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | director = [[R. Balu]]<br /> | producer = Azhagan Thamizhmani<br /> | writer = R. Balu<br /> | starring = {{ubl|Ashwin|[[Rathi Arumugam]]|Yogan}}<br /> | music = [[Dhina]]<br /> | cinematography = Abdul Rahman<br /> | editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]<br /> | distributor =<br /> | studio = Annai Vannamathi Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|12|05}}<br /> | runtime = 125 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Anbe Un Vasam''''' ({{translation|Dear, your residence}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[R. Balu]]. The film stars newcomer Ashwin, [[Rathi Arumugam]] and newcomer Yogan, with [[Karunas]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Meera Krishnan]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]], [[Madhan Bob]], and [[Manobala]], among others, playing supporting roles. It was released on 5 December 2003.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Ashwin (Ashwin), who is from [[Ooty]], moves to [[Chennai]] to join college in the final year. After a not-so-pleasant initial meeting, Ashwin slowly falls in love with his college mate Bharathi ([[Rathi Arumugam]]). She later understands his true love and reciprocates. After completing their studies, they meet in a temple. Ashwin fears that they might get separated and asks Bharathi to marry him right away at the registrar office, but Bharathi, who is a practical girl, has other plans. She wants Ashwin to find a job, and then she would marry him with the consent of her family. Ashwin cannot trust her since he had witnessed many lovers getting separated during their college year. An offended Bharathi scolds him for his lack of trust in her and runs away in hurt and anger. Ashwin goes back to Ooty, while Bharathi and her family relocate to [[Coimbatore]].<br /> <br /> Two years later, at the alumni reunion, Ashwin meets his old friends and Bharathi along with Ashok (Yogan), a family friend. Ashok tells Ashwin that he will soon marry Bharathi. Later that evening, Bharathi said to Ashwin that she was not aware of it. She then swears that she will definitely marry him and apologizes to him for running away that day. When she came home, her parents reveal that they have found a groom for her: Ashok. She convinces her parents about their marriage. Thereafter, Ashwin finds a government job in [[Coonoor]]. Ashwin and Bharathi then desperately try to contact each other; thus, Bharathi decides to go to his workplace. When she arrives at Coonoor, heavy rain was occurring over the hills, and it triggered [[landslide]]s that swept aside everything in its path. Ashwin's office collapsed in front of Bharathi; in shock, she passed out. Many hours later, the rescue personnel found Bharathi and Ashwin. Ashwin survived, whereas Bharathi died of her wounds.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *Ashwin as Ashwin<br /> *[[Rathi Arumugam]] as Bharathi<br /> *Yogan as Ashok<br /> *[[Karunas]] as JK<br /> *[[Raghuvaran]] as V. Rathinavel Pandian<br /> *[[Meera Krishnan]] as Jaishree, Bharathi's mother<br /> *[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] as Ashwin's mother<br /> *[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as MP<br /> *[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as College Chairman<br /> *[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Professor Kalivaradhan<br /> *[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Professor<br /> *[[Madhan Bob]] as Professor<br /> *[[Manobala]] as Professor<br /> *[[Hemalatha]] as Hema, Ashwin's sister<br /> *Vinayak Raj as Mathi, Bharathi's brother<br /> *[[Vaiyapuri]] as Hussain<br /> *[[Kottachi]] as Student<br /> *[[Loose Mohan]]<br /> *[[K. Sivasankar]]<br /> *[[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]]<br /> *Shobana as Shoba<br /> *Poochi Senthil as Napoleon<br /> *Saathappan Nandakumar<br /> *Prem Menon<br /> *Valli Rajan<br /> *Sorna<br /> *Rajmohan<br /> *Sarath Chandra<br /> *[[Kovai Senthil]]<br /> *[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] in a guest appearance<br /> *[[Chaams]] as College Student (uncredited)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> [[R. Balu]] who directed romantic films such as ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]'' (1997) and ''[[Unnudan]]'' (1998) launched the new face Ashwin as the hero in ''Anbe Un Vasam''. Before coming to films, Ashwin had learnt filmy dance and stunt apart from taking up the acting course from Film Institute. [[Rathi Arumugam]] signed to play the female lead role while the producer's son was introduced as a second hero. [[Dhina]] was signed on to compose the film's soundtrack and Abdul Rahman's was chosen to handle the camera. Two songs were picturised in [[Mauritius]] and the film producer stated, &quot;We were given full police protection from Mauritius Government and also The Film Development Corporation of Mauritius were very helpful&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Movie: Anbe Un Vasam |url=http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/previews/anbe_un_vasam.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113548/http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/previews/anbe_un_vasam.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=kollywood.allindiansite.com |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian cinema showcase&amp;nbsp;- Knock Knock I am looking to marry! |url=http://idlebrain.com/movie/showcase/knockknock.html |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=S R |first=Ashok Kumar |date=2004-04-27 |title=Passport to ... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/passport-to/article28662710.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228045407/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/passport-to/article28662710.ece |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The filming was also held at Ooty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/anbeunvasam.asp|date=10 November 2003|website=Chennai Online|title=Anbe Unn Vasam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119214630/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/anbeunvasam.asp|archive-date=19 November 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Dhina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Anbe Un Vasam (2003)&amp;nbsp;- Dhina |url=http://mio.to/album/Anbe+Un+Vasam+(2003) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913070905/http://mio.to/album/Anbe+Un+Vasam+(2003) |archive-date=13 September 2018 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=MusicIndiaOnline |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aasarai Vaithai&quot; || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:27<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Color Varadhu&quot; || [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Srividya || Kadhal Mathi || 4:36<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ore Oru Paarvaiyaal&quot; || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] || [[Pa. Vijay]] || 5:01<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thirumugam&quot; || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] || [[Piraisoodan]] || 3:19<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yenga Pora&quot; || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Pop Shalini]] || Kanmani Subbu || 4:16<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yengaavathu&quot; || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] || 4:54<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> A reviewer criticized the film's plot holes and the poor acting of Ashwin and he added that the only saving grace of the film was Rathi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=அன்பே உன் வசம் |trans-title=Anbe Un Vasam |url=http://www.tamilcinema.com:80/cinenews/review/2003/anbeunvasam.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116011632/http://www.tamilcinema.com/cinenews/review/2003/anbeunvasam.asp |archive-date=16 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2019 |website=tamilcinema.com |publisher= |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' wrote &quot;R.Balu who had earlier done Kaalemaellam Kadhal Vazhka, [..] his attempt has misfired with a bad script, no newness in presentation and lacklustre performance from the hero.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ane Un Vasam |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13328064&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113224242/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13328064&amp;ctid=5&amp;cid=2429 |archive-date=13 January 2004 |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt13801674}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ooops_a_Desi&diff=523021 2026-03-02T09:26:56Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Made a info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2013 film by Jenner Jose}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Ooops a Desi<br /> | image = <br /> <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = English<br /> | director = Jenner Jose<br /> | producer = Jenner Entertainment<br /> | story = Jenner Jose<br /> | based_on = <br /> | screenplay = Jenner<br /> | starring = Buali Shah&lt;br&gt;Adnan Khalid&lt;br&gt;Pragathi Yadhati&lt;br&gt;Gideon Samson&lt;br&gt;Anil Sachdeva&lt;br&gt;<br /> Manohar Pinnamraju&lt;br&gt;Siddharth Gupta&lt;br&gt;Javed Khalid&lt;br&gt;Sonia Gadhok<br /> | cinematography = Sri Ponnapati<br /> | editing = Jenner Jose<br /> | studio = Jenner Entertainment LLC<br /> | distributor = Artistic Crab Entertainment<br /> | released = {{Film date|2013|8|23||df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 2 hours<br /> | country = India, USA<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]; English<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ooops a Desi'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Ooops a Desi – the movie Official Trailer | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HzW-_o8q8 |accessdate=21 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[List of Bollywood films of 2013|2013]] Hindi fast-paced [[drama thriller]] [[film]] directed by Jenner Jose. The film premiered at Times Square (US) followed by theatrical release on 23 August 2013 at major multiplexes across India. Movie received a very positive critical reception. The lack of marketing was its drawback. The film features Buali Shah, Pragathi Yadhati, Adnan Khalid and Gideon Samson as main characters.<br /> <br /> ==Box office==<br /> The film opened to very good response in many metro multiplex theatres (limited release) and collected Rs. 4.2 crores on its first weekend and the total box office collections was 32 crores. The movie was made on a very small minimal budget with very limited crew, so it was in the profit territory by the first weekend itself.<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> Ooops a Desi is about Indians (Desi) living in the US on an invalid immigration status. The movie opens to a busy downtown street in New York City. The passing pedestrians notice something very alarming. It's a Desi (Indian) holding a sign, which states &quot;BOMB here!!!&quot;. The narrative shifts to the story that occurred before this incident. Xavier, the man with the bomb sign, and Dev do odd jobs because of their illegal immigration status. They have their own troubled past that is preventing them from returning to India. The roller-coaster begins when AJ, their roommate, is mysteriously abducted to which Sonia is a witness. Because of their illegal status, Dev and Xavier along with Sonia have no option but to take matters in their own hands.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *Buali Shah as Xavier<br /> *Adnan Khalid as Dev<br /> *[[Pragathi Yadhati]] as Sonia<br /> *Gideon Samson as AJ<br /> *Anil Sachdeva as Bhushan<br /> *Manohar Pinnamraju as Swami<br /> *Siddhartha Gupta as Nilesh<br /> *Javed Khalid as Patiala<br /> *Sonia Gadhok as Aarthi<br /> * Srikanth Reddy Ponnapati (Sri ponnapati)<br /> * Michael J. Citak as Gangster<br /> * A.J. Rosen as Photographer<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> *Music Directors: Gugy, Gaurav H. Singh, Hardik Dave, Divyajeet Sahoo, Saurabh Malhotra, Bharat Hans, Deepak Agrawal<br /> *Singers: Gufy, Hardik Dave, Bharat Hans, Suryaveer Hooja<br /> *Lyrics: Deepak Agrawal, Leeladhar Dhote, Divyajeet Sahoo, Gaurav H. Singh, Hardik Dave<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/Ooops-a-Desi/articleshow/20793949.cms Ooops a desi Article]<br /> [https://www.fox61.com/article/news/local/outreach/awareness-months/bollywood-movie-debuts-in-connecticut/520-6a733c7b-a0e4-4168-a53d-522710880c12 Ooops a desi Premiere]<br /> [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ooops-a-desi/ Ooops a Desi on Bollywood Hungama]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.ooopsadesi.com Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621115111/http://www.ooopsadesi.com/ |date=21 June 2013 }}<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/OoopsaDesithemovie ''Ooops a Desi''] at [[Facebook]]<br /> * {{BH movie|ooops-a-desi&lt;!-- id# 597982 --&gt;}}<br /> * [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jenner-jose-debuts-with-a-film-on-americas-illegal-indian-immigrants/articleshow/22003720.cms Jenner Jose News]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 drama films]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandalam_Municipality&diff=458454 2026-03-01T01:47:09Z

<p>EverettePowe35: quick refine information also and corrected details after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Municipality in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{For|the town by the same name|Pandalam}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Pandalam Municipality<br /> | native_name = പന്തളം നഗരസഭ &lt;br&gt; पंदलम नगरपालिका<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | coa_pic =Emblem of India.svg<br /> | coa_res = <br /> | coa_alt =<br /> | coa-pic =<br /> | coa-res =<br /> | house_type = [[Municipality]]<br /> | foundation = 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The newly formed Pandalam municipality is witnessing triangular contests in all its 33 wards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/civic-bodies-witness-triangular-fight/article7804825.ece|accessdate=7 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pandalam grama panchayat has been upgraded to a municipality|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/its-hazy-in-pathanamthitta/article7763839.ece|accessdate=7 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=28 new municipalities on anvil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kannur-to-become-corporation-28-new-municipalities-on-anvil/articleshow/45891777.cms|access-date=7 April 2017|work=[[Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader1_type = Chairperson <br /> | leader1 = Susheela Santhosh (BJP)<br /> | leader2_type = Vice Chairman <br /> | leader2 = Sumesh Kumar (BJP)<br /> | leader3_type = Opposition Leader<br /> | leader3 = Krishna Kumari MR (CPM)<br /> | seats = 33<br /> | structure1 = <br /> | structure1_res = <br /> |political_groups1 = {{legend|#ED8F13|NDA: 20 seats}} <br /> {{legend|#D40F22|LDF: 9 seats}}<br /> {{legend|#808080|OTH: 4 seats}}<br /> | session_room = <br /> | session_res = 250px<br /> | meeting_place = <br /> | website = <br /> | motto = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Municipality of Pandalam''' also known as '''Pandalam Municipality (PM)''' is the civic body that governs [[Pandalam]], the world famous pilgrim town known as the live place of [[Lord Ayyappa]] &amp; and it's connection with famous [[Sabarimala Temple]]. Pandalam is known as the pilgrim capital of Ayyappa devotees.In every year lakhs of Ayyappa devotees come here to visit Pandalam Ayyappa Temple &amp; Pandalam Palace where Ayyappa lived.Famous Sabarimala Ayyappa Thiruvabharana Procession starts from here.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Annual plans of Pandalam Municipality cleared|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/annual-plans-of-21-local-bodies-cleared/article17446095.ece#|accessdate=7 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 March 2017|location=Pandalam}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pathanamthitta tops in Plan fund utilisation, Pandalam Municipality in the 14th place|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pathanamthitta-tops-in-plan-fund-utilisation/article17781913.ece|accessdate=7 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 April 2017|location=Pathanamthitta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandalam Town is situated in [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]].It is surrounded by other local bodies including [[Kulanada]] panchayath, [[Thumpamon]] panchayath, [[Pandalam Thekkekara]] panchayath (Thattayil) and [[Alappuzha]] district on one side.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pandalam Municipalities and six grama panchayats has turned almost dry in the summer heat|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/water-scarcity-grips-pathanamthitta/article17396224.ece|accessdate=7 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is the first ever municipality in Southern Kerala where [[BJP]] got power.<br /> <br /> ==Legislative==<br /> Pandalam Municipality formed on 2015, November.<br /> As of 2017, the Pandalam Municipality's legislature, consists of 33 members.In 2020 elections BJP won single majority by winning 18 out of 33 seats by threw away CPM &amp; Congress . After formation of new local government in Municipality 2 independent councilors come and join support BJP . That leads BJP to a tally of 20 seats.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Municipal governance in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala}}<br /> {{Municipalities of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Municipalities of Kerala]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{kerala-geo-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahi_Eidgah_Mosque&diff=534278 2026-02-23T00:27:33Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up the info w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Historical mosque in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox mosque<br /> | name = Shahi Eidgah Mosque<br /> | native_name = شاہی عیدگاہ مسجد<br /> | image = The Idgah, Mathura 1949 (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | caption = The Shahi Eidgah in 1949<br /> | location = [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27|30|30|N|77|41|00|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | religious_affiliation = Islam<br /> | rite = [[Sunni]]<br /> | province = <br /> | consecration_year = <br /> | status = Active<br /> | leadership = <br /> | architect = <br /> | founded_by = Aurangzeb<br /> | groundbreaking = 1670<br /> | year_completed = 1670<br /> | construction_cost = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | dome_quantity = 3<br /> | dome_height_outer = <br /> | minaret_quantity = <br /> | minaret_height = <br /> | materials = Red sandstone<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shahi Eidgah Mosque''' is a 17th-century mosque in [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, built under the orders of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1670. It stands adjacent to the [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]], a site revered as the birthplace of the Hindu deity [[Krishna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Non-Locals Asked for Aadhaar Cards, Denied Entry at Mathura’s Shahi Eidgah Mosque |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/non-locals-asked-for-aadhaar-card-denied-entry-at-mathuras-shahi-eidgah-mosque |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en|date=1 October 2025|last=Aswani|first=Tarushi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Namita |date=2025-07-04 |title=Krishna Janmabhoomi case: Allahabad HC rejects plea to declare Shahi Idgah Mosque as 'disputed structure' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/04/krishna-janmabhoomi-case-allahabad-hc-rejects-plea-to-declare-shahi-idgah-mosque-as-disputed-structure |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=Allahabad HC Adjourns Krishna Janmabhoomi–Shahi Eidgah Mosque Case |url=https://clarionindia.net/allahabad-hc-adjourns-krishna-janmabhoomi-shahi-eidgah-mosque-case/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Clarion India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> The Shahi [[Eidgah]] is a three-domed structure exemplifying Mughal architectural style, characterised by its open prayer area suitable for large gatherings during [[Eid prayers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=2023-12-19 |title=Why has a survey been approved at the Shahi Idgah? {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-has-a-survey-been-approved-at-the-shahi-idgah-explained/article67651898.ece |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Jama Mosque, Mathura]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mughal architecture]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jilloo&diff=446500 2026-02-20T01:15:23Z

<p>EverettePowe35: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Jilloo<br /> | image = Jilloo actress.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Jilloo in the film ''Rupa''<br /> | birth_name = Zuleka Ebrahain<br /> | birth_date = 1905<br /> | birth_place = [[Bombay]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2004|1905|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = Jilloobai, Jillo, Jillobai, Jillo Bai, Jilloo Bai, Zillu, Zilloo, Zilloobai, Miss Jillo, Miss Jilloo, Miss Tilloo<br /> | occupation = Actress, singer<br /> | years_active = 1924–1960<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = ''[[Alam Ara]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Mother India]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''<br /> }}<br /> '''Jilloo''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Hindi film|Hindi-language film]] [[actress]] born in 1905 in [[Bombay]], India, as Zuleka Ebrahain. She acted in numerous Hindi films, including ''[[Mother India]]'' and ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'', the two biggest commercial and critical successes of the 1950s. She portrayed the role of the mother-in-law of Radha, the protagonist of ''Mother India'', and the mother of Anarkali, in ''Mughal-e-Azam''. She also acted in several other films, including ''[[Madhosh (1951 film)|Madhosh]]'' and ''[[Alam Ara]]'', India's first talkie film. As a young actress, she was credited as '''Jilloobai''', '''Jillo''', '''Jilloo''', '''Zillu''', '''Zilloo''' or '''Zilloobai'''. Later in her career she became known for portraying the role of mother in various movies earning her the name '''Jilloo Maa''' (mother in Hindi).,<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> *1960: ''[[Mughal-E-Azam]]'' – Anarkali's mother <br /> *1957: ''[[Mother India]]'' – Sundar Chachi<br /> *1951: ''[[Madhosh (1951 film)|Madhosh]]'' – Soni's mother<br /> *1951: ''[[Sanam (1951 film)|Sanam]]'' – Jogin's mother<br /> *1950: ''[[Magroor (1950 film)|Magroor]]'' – Manohar's mother<br /> *1950: ''Sabak''<br /> *1945: ''[[Tadbir]]''<br /> *1945: ''Naseeb''<br /> *1945: ''Phool''<br /> *1945: ''Vikramaditya''<br /> *1944: ''[[Gaali]]''<br /> *1931: ''[[Alam Ara]]''<br /> *1924: ''Chandragupta Aur Chanakya''<br /> *1924: ''Raziya Begum''<br /> *1924: ''Shah Jehan''<br /> *1924: ''Veer Durgadas''<br /> *1947: &quot;Jugnu&quot; - Dilip Kumar's mother<br /> *1939: &quot;pukar&quot;<br /> *<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|0422717}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|1402789}} (Jilloo Maa)<br /> * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/37931957642/ Rare Pictures of Jillo Bai]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jilloo}}<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:1905 births]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]<br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-1900s-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanuman_(1998_film)&diff=501998 2026-02-19T16:46:58Z

<p>EverettePowe35: New...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Hanuman<br /> | image = Hanuman (1998 film).jpg<br /> | caption = French theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Frédéric Fougea]]<br /> | producer = Nathalie Auffret<br /> | writer = Frédéric Fougea&lt;br /&gt;[[Michel Fessler]]<br /> | starring = [[Robert Cavanah]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]<br /> | music = [[Laurent Ferlet]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Bernard Lutic]]<br /> | editing = Yann Dedet&lt;br /&gt;Frédérique Lebel<br /> | studio = [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]]<br /> | distributor = [[Gaumont Buena Vista International]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|1998|10|28|France|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 84 minutes<br /> | country = France&lt;br /&gt;India<br /> | language = English<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Hanuman''''' is a 1998 French-Indian film directed by [[Frédéric Fougea]]. The film stars Scottish actor [[Robert Cavanah]] and Indian actress [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] in the lead roles. The film was dubbed in Danish as ''Hanuman og abernes tempel'' with [[Henrik Koefoed]], [[Vibeke Hastrup]], and [[Søren Sætter-Lassen]] providing the voices of Tom, Anja, and Ashok, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;DK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinemazone.dk/review.asp?id=529|title=Hanuman og abernes tempel - CinemaZone.dk - et filmmagasin i bredformat|website=www.cinemazone.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was alternatively titled as ''The Monkey Who Knew Too Much''. It was the on-screen debut for [[Nithya Menen]] as a child artist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b806ee210 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505102535/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b806ee210 | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 May 2019 | title=Hanuman (1998) | publisher=BFI | accessdate=4 September 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Robert Cavanah]] as Tom<br /> * [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Anja<br /> **Nidhi Dharamaraj as Young Anja<br /> * Nathalie Auffret as Alice<br /> * Khalid Tyabji as The Hermit<br /> * [[Jaaved Jaaferi]] as Ashok<br /> * [[Yatin Karyekar]] as the Superintendent<br /> * Ramesh Pandit as Ravi<br /> * Jim Adhi Limas as Louis<br /> * [[Tom Alter]] as Tom's father<br /> * Sidney Kean as Roberto<br /> * Govind Rao as Anja's father<br /> * [[Nithya Menen|Nitiya Sukumaran]] as Moona<br /> * Robin Arthur Corner Jr. as Young Tom<br /> * Hans Kaushik as Young Sadhou<br /> }}<br /> The film also features [[bonnet macaque]]s named Hanu, Jeela and Long Tooth.<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> Carla Meyer of ''[[San Francisco Chronicle|SF Gate]]'' praised the performances of Cavanah and the monkeys and wrote that &quot;By the last third, &quot;''Hanuman''&quot; has become a pretty predictable good-versus- evil story. But the picture's great beauty, and the obvious care that it took to make it, override the triteness&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-CLIPS-Also-opening-this-week-2875654.php|title=FILM CLIPS / Also opening this week|first1=Bob|last1=Graham|first2=Carla|last2=Meyer|date=September 21, 2001|website=SFGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dennis Harvey of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' similarly wrote that &quot; Fougea’s deft orchestration of two trained and 50 wild monkeys — who make antic, appealing camera subjects — nicely suspends disbelief, while his brisk pacing makes the somewhat formulaic script go down easily&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Harvey |first=Dennis |url=https://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/hanuman-2-1200459466/ |title=Review: 'Hanuman' |work=Variety |date=18 October 1999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221928/http://variety.com/1999/film/reviews/hanuman-2-1200459466/ |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the contrary, Jesper Vestergard of ''CinemaZone'' criticized the film and wrote that &quot;The film's expression never manages to land a place where it can satisfy neither children nor adults, and the magical element of history with the monkey god never comes to its own&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;DK&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br /> ! Work<br /> !Result<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cinequest Film &amp; Creativity Festival|Cinequest Film Festival]] <br /> | Audience Favorite Choice Award - Honorable Mention<br /> | [[Frédéric Fougea]]<br /> | ''Hanuman''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links == <br /> * {{IMDb title|0165807}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1998 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about monkeys]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:English-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:English-language French films]]<br /> [[Category:1998 English-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Gaumont (company) films]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shivling_(mountain)&diff=472311 2026-02-14T06:01:42Z

<p>EverettePowe35: brief added formatting also</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mountain in Uttarakhand, India}}<br /> {{For|the general concept of Shivling|Shivling}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox mountain<br /> | name = Shivling<br /> | photo = Shivling from Nandanvan, Mountain peaks of Himalayas Uttarakhand India.jpg<br /> | photo_caption = Shivling (left) as seen from Nandanvan campsite<br /> | elevation_m = 6543<br /> | elevation_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;aaj_1985&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|journal=[[American Alpine Journal]]|first=H. Adams|last=Carter|title=Classification of the Himalaya|year=1985|page=140}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | prominence_m = 850<br /> | prominence_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;DEM&quot;&gt;Corrected version of [[SRTM]] data, available at [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org Viewfinder Panoramas]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | location = [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<br /> | range = [[Gangotri Group]], [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] [[Himalayas]]<br /> | map = India |relief=1<br /> | map_caption = Location in northern India<br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | label_position = right<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|30|52|49.48|N|79|03|48.49|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;aaj_1985&quot;/&gt;<br /> | topo = <br /> | first_ascent = 3 June 1974 by Hukam Singh, Laxman Singh, Ang Tharkey, Pemba Tharkey, Pasang Sherpa&lt;ref name=&quot;him_alpine_style&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Andy|last1=Fanshawe|first2=Stephen|last2=Venables|title=Himalaya Alpine-Style|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|year=1995|isbn=0-340-64931-3|pages=99–102}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | easiest_route = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shivling''' is a mountain in the [[Gangotri Group]] of peaks in the western [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] [[Himalaya]], near the snout of the [[Gangotri Glacier]], one of the biggest glaciers in the Himalayas, and [[Tapovan]], a meadow, both being also popular pilgrimage sites in Hinduism. It lies in the northern [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]], {{Convert|6|km|mi|0}} south of the [[Hindu]] holy site of [[Gaumukh]] (the source of the [[Bhagirathi River]]). Its name refers to its status as a sacred symbol – [[Shiva Linga]]. It was called &quot;[[Matterhorn]] Peak&quot; by early European visitors because of its similarity in appearance to that [[Alps|Alpine]] peak. While not of locally great elevation, it is a dramatic rock peak, and the most visually striking peak as seen from Gaumukh; that and the difficulty of the climb make it a famed prize for [[mountaineering|mountaineers]].<br /> <br /> ==The mountain and its setting==<br /> Shivling forms the western gateway for the lower Gangotri Glacier, opposite the triple-peaked Bhagirathi massif. It lies on a spur projecting out from the main ridge that forms the southwest side of the Gangotri Glacier basin; this ridge contains other well-known peaks such as [[Bhagirathi]], [[Thalay Sagar]] and [[Meru Peak|Meru]].<br /> [[File:Mount Shivling.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Mount Shivling, as seen from Nandanvan camp site during sunrise.]]<br /> It was also called Mahadeo Ka Linga or (Mahadev Ka Linga)<br /> Appearing as a single pyramid when seen from Gaumukh, Shivling is actually a twin-summited mountain, with the northeast summit being slightly higher than the southwest summit, {{Convert|6501|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Between Gaumukh and Shivling lies the [[Tapovan]] meadow, a popular [[pilgrimage]] site due to its inspiring view of the mountain.<br /> <br /> Shivling is well-defended on all sides by steep rock faces; only the west flank has a moderate enough slope for snow accumulation.&lt;ref name=&quot;world_mountaineering&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Ed|last=Douglas|section=Shivling|title=World Mountaineering|editor=Audrey Salkeld|publisher=Bulfinch Press|year=1998|isbn=0-8212-2502-2|pages=258–261}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Climbing history==<br /> [[File:Shivling 26.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Shivling]]<br /> After [[United Kingdom|British]] exploration of the Gangotri Glacier in 1933, a [[Germany|German]] expedition led by R. Schwarzgruber climbed nearby peaks and did a reconnaissance of Shivling in 1938. They reported &quot;no feasible route&quot; on the mountain due to its steepness and the threat of falling [[serac]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;world_mountaineering&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Shivling was first climbed on 3 June 1974 via the west ridge, by a team from the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]], led by Hukam Singh. The ridge is the lowest-angle feature on the mountain, but still involves serious [[mixed climbing]], and is threatened by the [[serac]] barrier noted by the Germans. The ridge leads to the [[mountain pass|col]] between the two summits; a steep snow/ice ridge then leads to the main summit.&lt;ref name=&quot;him_alpine_style&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Since the first ascent, at least ten other routes have been climbed on the peak, ascending all major ridges and most major faces of the mountain. All routes are extremely serious undertakings.&lt;ref name=&quot;world_mountaineering&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The North Pillar route was climbed in 1993 by [[Hans Kammerlander]] and [[Christoph Hainz]].<br /> <br /> In 2004 Shirshendu Mukherjee became the youngest person in the world to have climbed the mountain at the age of 19 as a part of an Indian expedition.<br /> <br /> In 2005, Basanta Singha Roy and Debashis Biswas, both climbers from Mountaineers Association of Krishnanagar (MAK), West Bengal, India, were the first successful summiters from India, as a part of a civilian effort i.e. climbed by the help of a Sherpa guide with an expedition style.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mak.org.in/Expeditions.html#16 Mountaineers’ Association of Krishnanagar]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Mt.Shiv linga-IMG 2536.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Mt. Shivling]]<br /> <br /> On 25 May 2012, [[Valery Rozov]] made the first BASE jump from the summit of Shivling at an altitude of {{convert|6420|m|ft}} wearing a [[wingsuit]].&lt;ref name=Wired2012&gt;{{cite web |title=Man BASE Jumps 21K Feet From 'Matterhorn of the Himalayas' |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/valery-rozov-base-jump/ |date=2012-06-07 |publisher=Wired |access-date=2020-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2024, an Indian-led expedition consisting of Indian mountaineers Kanak Puri, Rialch Rajat and Vivek Anand, along with German-Swiss alpinist and physician Christian Crott, attempted another ascent via the West Face under the leadership of Sunny Sharma (White Magic) and Sherpas Pasang, Ang Kami, and Lenthup Bhutia in expedition style. Due to increased icefall and avalanches (the biggest one very close to CII), the summit team withdrew from Camp II at 5,800 m after five days. The plan for a second summit attempt had to be abandoned due to unusual low pressure over northern India, which brought heavy rain and snowfall, particularly over Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geography of Uttarkashi district]]<br /> [[Category:Mountains of Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Six-thousanders of the Himalayas]]<br /> [[Category:Pyramidal peaks]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jal_Sahelis&diff=505365 2026-02-10T16:48:34Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> '''Jal Sahelis''' (translated as ''friends of water''&lt;ref name=&quot;js4&quot;/&gt;) are group of women from [[Bundelkhand]] who are engaged in reviving dry [[Body of water|water bodies]]. The women in the group are [[Literacy|illiterate]] or semi literate. Their hard efforts resulted in development of villages in the region in many ways.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> Jal Sahelis was formed in 2005 with group of women from Madhogarh village in Jalaun Tehsil of the Bundelkhand region.&lt;ref name=&quot;js8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title='Water women' quench thirst of central India's parched villages |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20190827090652-1yyzq/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=news.trust.org |date=27 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;js1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Jal Sahelis: How women across Bundelkhand are reviving water harvesting techniques |url=https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/jal-sahelis-how-women-across-bundelkhand-are-reviving-water-harvesting-techniques-6548851.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=Firstpost |date=1 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a group of around 1000 women engaged in improving 200 villages.&lt;ref name=&quot;js3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Sadhika |title=Women Who Fought Drought: The Story of Jal Sahelis in Parched Bundelkhand |url=https://www.thequint.com/climate-change/women-who-fought-drought-the-story-of-jal-sahelis-in-parched-bundelkhand-3#read-more |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=TheQuint |date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;js2&quot; /&gt; Their efforts are spread over 7 districts in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;js15&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Not all heroes wear capes, some fight amongst us {{!}} India Water Portal |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/not-all-heroes-wear-capes-some-fight-amongst-us |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=indiawaterportal.org |date=4 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;js10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Empowering Jal Sahelis – women water warriors of rural India |url=https://welthungerhilfeindia.org/initiative/empowering-jal-sahelis-women-water-warriors-of-rural-india/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=Welthungerhilfe}}&lt;/ref&gt; The women in the group are aged in the group of 18 years to 70 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;js2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Taniya |title=How India's women 'water warriors' turned arid villages into plentiful oases |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/2022/03/22/how-indias-women-water-warriors-turned-arid-villages-into-plentiful-oases/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=The National |date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> To resolve water crises they conduct meetings with local [[wikt:panchayat|panchayat]] bodies. The women in the area earlier had to walk long distances for a pot of water and the area also lost agriculture productivity due to water shortages.&lt;ref name=&quot;js14&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=How Bundelkhand Women Are Trying To Revive Disappeared Water Bodies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-bundelkhand-women-are-trying-to-revive-disappeared-water-bodies-3113587 |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;js11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=In UP, Women-Led Collectives Are Taking On Bundelkhand's Water Problem |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-up-women-led-collectives-are-taking-on-bundelkhands-water-problem-1713541 |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=17 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;js9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=In Parched Bundelkhand, Army of 735 'Water' Women Breathe Life into 150 Villages! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/185184/bundelkhand-village-army-of-women-water-conservation-inspiring-india/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=The Better India |date=6 June 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around 100 villages in four districts of Uttar Pradesh could resolve water issues due to their efforts.&lt;ref name=&quot;js4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=An oasis of hope in parched Bundelkhand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/17/an-oasisof-hopein-parched-bundelkhand-2251115.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=17 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, they released a manifesto for political parties on environmental conservation.&lt;ref name=&quot;js7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bundelkhand &quot;Jal Sahelis&quot; release 'public manifesto' for 2022 UP polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bundelkhand-jal-sahelis-release-public-manifesto-for-2022-up-polls-101640431885735.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;js12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=UP Panchayat Election 2021: 'Jal Sahelis' of Jhansi Enter Fray to Solve Water Scarcity Issue |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/up-panchayat-election-2021-jal-sahelis-of-jhansi-enter-fray-to-solve-water-scarcity-issue-3641684.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=News18 |date=15 April 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Efforts ==<br /> <br /> Their efforts led to improvements in socio-economic development, in agriculture productivity, construction of a [[check dam]],&lt;ref name=&quot;js1&quot; /&gt; digging wells, constructing reservoirs, installing and repairing handpumps, creating soak pits,&lt;ref name=&quot;js2&quot; /&gt; digging ponds,&lt;ref name=&quot;js13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=News On AIR - News Services Division, All India Radio News |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Madhya-Pradesh%26%2339%3Bs-Jal-Saheli-created-great-example-of-collective-initiatives&amp;id=401297 |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=newsonair.gov.in |date=3 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; lake building,&lt;ref name=&quot;js5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ankita |title=Jal Sahelis: Reviving Parched Areas In Bundelkhand, Solving Water Woes |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/uplifting/providing-water-in-parched-bundelkhand-26209 |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=thelogicalindian.com |date=18 January 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; alleviation of caste-related fights over water.&lt;ref name=&quot;js3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Award ==<br /> <br /> * The [[United Nations Development Programme]] awarded the group with the ''Water Champion Award''.&lt;ref name=&quot;js6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Social organisation recognised on World Water Day |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/social-organisation-recognised-on-world-water-day-101648062231799.html |access-date=30 June 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=24 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Water scarcity in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Categories --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Bundelkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Water]]<br /> [[Category:Environmentalism in India]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Dilip&diff=527646 2026-02-10T02:39:46Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Made a post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Dilip<br /> | image = R. Dilip (Tamil actor).jpg<br /> | caption = Dilip in 2005<br /> | birth_date = 26 October 1955<br /> | birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|7|27|1955|10|26|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]&lt;ref name=sg&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.supergoodmovies.com/45051/sandalwood/actor-dilip-dead-news-details|work=Super Good Movies|access-date=13 April 2024|title=Actor Dilip dead|date=26 May 2012|url-status= usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630134056/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/45051/sandalwood/actor-dilip-dead-news-details|archive-date=30 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | othername = Dilip<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | yearsactive = 1980–2001<br /> | spouse = Hema (m.1989)<br /> | children = 2<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''R. Dilip''' (1955 {{endash}} 27 July 2012) &lt;ref&gt;[https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/r-dilip Profile], nettv4u.com. Accessed 12 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian actor who starred in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] films.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Dilip starred with [[Kamal Haasan]] in ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]'' and the false identity he took in the film became his stage name.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/tamil-cinema-news/analysis-of-dilip-character-in-varumayin-niram-sivappu-movie|title=மறக்க முடியாத துணைக் கதாபாத்திரங்கள் 38 {{!}} தடுமாற்றத்தால் சறுக்கிவிழும் இளைஞனாக 'திலீப்'|trans-title=38 Unforgettable Supporting Characters {{!}} 'Dileep' as a young man who stumbles due to a mistake|work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]|language=ta|first=சுரேஷ்|last=கண்ணன்|date=15 May 2024|access-date=31 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dilip later worked in many more films such as ''[[Njan Ekananu]]'' (1982), ''[[Selvi (film)|Selvi]]'' (1985), ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]'' (1986), ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]'' (1989), ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' (1993) and ''[[Sigamani Ramamani]]'' (2001). He appeared in more than fifty films in all the Malayalam, Tamil, and Kannada film industries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/r-dilip|title = Kollywood Movie Actor R Dilip Biography|access-date=12 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Partial filmography ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * 1980 - ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]''<br /> * 1981 - ''[[Aakali Rajyam]]'' (Telugu)<br /> * 1981 - ''[[Rail Payanangalil]]''<br /> * 1981 - ''Madhumalar''<br /> * 1981 - ''[[Kilinjalgal]]''<br /> * 1982 - ''Amma''<br /> * 1982 - ''Nalanthana''<br /> * 1982 - ''[[Ninaivellam Nithya]]''<br /> * 1982 - ''Thunai''<br /> * 1982 - ''[[Om Shakti]]''<br /> * 1982 - ''Thottal Sudum''<br /> * 1982 - ''Nirandharam''<br /> * 1982 - ''[[Njan Ekananu]]'' (Malayalam)<br /> * 1983 - ''[[Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey]]''<br /> * 1983 - ''Soorapuli''<br /> * 1983 - ''Yamirukka Bayamen''<br /> * 1983 - ''Andha Silanatkal''<br /> * 1984 - ''[[Oorukku upadesam|Oorukku Upadesam]]''<br /> * 1984 - ''Thandikapatta Nyayangal''<br /> * 1984 - ''Indina Ramayana'' (Kannada)<br /> * 1985 - ''[[Selvi (film)|Selvi]]''<br /> * 1985 - ''[[Padikkadha Pannaiyar]]''<br /> * 1985 - ''Chithirame Chithirame''<br /> * 1986 - ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''<br /> * 1987 - ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]''<br /> * 1987 - ''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]'' (Telugu)<br /> * 1988 - ''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]''<br /> * 1988 - ''[[Ennai Vittu Pogaathe]]''<br /> * 1988 - ''Palaivanathil Pattampoochi''<br /> * 1988 - ''Aadadhe Aadharam'' (Telugu)<br /> * 1988 - ''[[Mappillai Sir]]''<br /> * 1988 - ''Ennai Vittu Pogathe''<br /> * 1988 - ''[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]''<br /> * 1989 - ''[[Pillaikkaga]]'' <br /> * 1989 - ''[[Shondham 16]]''<br /> * 1989 - ''Sakalakala Sammandhi''<br /> * 1989 - ''Orey Thai Orey Kulam''<br /> * 1989 - ''Thaaya Tharama''<br /> * 1989 - ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]''<br /> * 1989 - ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' <br /> * 1990 - ''[[Engal Swamy Ayyappan]]''<br /> * 1990 - ''Mappillai Singam''<br /> * 1990 - ''Pengal Veettin Kangal''<br /> * 1990 - ''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]''<br /> * 1990 - ''Pudhu Varisu''<br /> * 1990 - ''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]'' (Kannada)<br /> * 1991 - ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]''<br /> * 1991 - ''Nattai Thirudathe''<br /> * 1993 - ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]''<br /> * 1993 - ''Konjum Kili''<br /> * 1994 - ''Thuguve Krishnana'' (Kannada)<br /> * 1996 - ''Thavarina Tottilu'' (Kannada)<br /> *2001 - ''[[Sigamani Ramamani]]''<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Death==<br /> Dilip was suffering from a health ailment for the last few years of his life. He suffered a major heart arrest and died on 25 May 2012. He was survived by his wife, his daughter Bhavya and son Mourya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3456757.ece |title=Cities / Chennai : Actor Dileep passes away |work=The Hindu |date= 26 May 2012|accessdate=2012-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=7705638|R.Dilip}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dilip}}<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:1955 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:2012 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]<br /> <br /> {{India-film-actor-stub}}</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abul_Maal_Abdul_Muhith&diff=474744 2026-01-30T20:15:07Z

<p>EverettePowe35: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bangladesh politician, economist (1934–2022)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=April 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Abul Maal Abdul Muhith<br /> | native_name = আবুল মাল আব্দুল মুহিত<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | image = Finance Minister Abul Mal Abdul Muhith speaks at M.F. Husain solo graphic exhibition in Dhaka 2018-01-24 (PID-0046005).jpg<br /> | caption = Abdul Muhith in 2018<br /> | office = [[Minister of Finance (Bangladesh)|Minister of Finance]]<br /> | primeminister = [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br /> | term_start = 6 January 2009<br /> | term_end = 7 January 2019<br /> | successor = [[Mustafa Kamal (politician)|Mustafa Kamal]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Mirza Azizul Islam]] (acting)<br /> | president1 = [[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Saifur Rahman (Bangladeshi politician)|Saifur Rahman]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]<br /> | term_start1 = 27 March 1982<br /> | term_end1 = 31 January 1984<br /> | office2 = [[Member of Parliament]]<br /> | term_start2 = 6 January 2009<br /> | term_end2 = 7 January 2019<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Saifur Rahman (Bangladeshi politician)|Saifur Rahman]]<br /> | successor2 = [[AK Abdul Momen]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Sylhet-1]]<br /> | party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1934|01|25|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Sylhet]], [[Assam Province]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2022|4|30|1934|01|25|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh<br /> | nationality = Bangladeshi<br /> | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[University of Dhaka]]|[[University of Oxford]]|[[Harvard University]]}}<br /> | father = [[Abu Ahmad Abdul Hafiz]]<br /> | mother = [[Syeda Shahar Banu]]<br /> | relatives = {{ubl|[[AK Abdul Momen]] (brother)|[[Shahla Khatun]] (sister)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4?fbclid=IwAR229XHpxG81HFIXrg63NvZbNoFt2NDBYYFD8luTiPRjy6cEozODc8XPUm4 |script-title=bn:একাত্তরে ঢাকা মেডিকেল এবং একটি প্রসবের ইতিবৃত্ত |date=2021-07-28 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[Minister Abdul Hamid|Abdul Hamid]] (granduncle)}}<br /> | resting_place = [[Sylhet]]<br /> | signature = AMA Muhith signature.jpg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Abul Maal Abdul Muhith''' (25 January 1934 – 30 April 2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-04-30 |title=Former finance minister AMA Muhith no more |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/abul-maal-abdul-muhith-no-more-3015461 |access-date=2022-05-01 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; was a Bangladeshi economist, writer, civil servant, secretary, diplomat and politician. He served as the [[Minister of Finance (Bangladesh)|finance minister]] of the [[government of Bangladesh]] from January 2009 until January 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pressinform.portal.gov.bd/site/page/773a8ddf-c411-4654-9ba9-d821147e1a40 |url-status=dead |script-title=bn:মন্ত্রিগণের জীবনবৃত্তান্ত |trans-title=Cabinet Biographies |date=12 March 2015 |website=Press Information Department, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313165211/http://pressinform.portal.gov.bd/site/page/773a8ddf-c411-4654-9ba9-d821147e1a40 |archive-date=2015-03-13 |access-date=2018-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Abdul Muhith was born on 25 January 1934, to a [[Bengali Muslim]] political family in [[Sylhet]]. His father, [[Abu Ahmad Abdul Hafiz]], a judge by profession, was one of the founders of the Sylhet branch of the [[All-India Muslim League]] and took part in the [[Pakistan Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sylhetsadar.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/5a02709b-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC |script-title=bn:সংরক্ষণাগারভুক্ত অনুলিপি |language=bn |access-date=31 December 2018 |work=[[Sylhet Sadar Upazila]] |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030203/http://sylhetsadar.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/5a02709b-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC}}&lt;/ref&gt; His mother, [[Syeda Shahar Banu]], was one of the leading women of the [[Bengali language movement]]. He was the third child in a family of fourteen children. His younger brother is [[AK Abdul Momen]], former [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|minister of foreign affairs]] for Bangladesh, and his sister is [[Shahla Khatun]], a physician and [[National Professor]] of Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=prothomalo&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/article/1066685/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E2%80%99 |script-title=bn:জীবনটা নিয়ে আমি সন্তুষ্ট |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn |date=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/government-affairs/2019/01/07/momen-economic-diplomacy-will-be-my-focus |title=Momen: Economic diplomacy will be my focus |date=2019-01-07 |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=2020-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Abdul Muhith passed the matriculation exam from [[Sylhet Government Pilot High School]] in 1949.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} He secured first place in his Intermediate examination in 1951 from [[Murari Chand College]]. He stood first class first in B.A. (Hons.) in English literature in 1953 from the [[University of Dhaka]] and passed his master's with credit from the same university in 1955. While in service to the government, he studied at the [[University of Oxford]] during 1957–1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Muhith's life entwined with Bangladesh |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/city/muhiths-life-entwined-bangladesh-575071 |work=The Daily Star |date=20 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed his [[Master of Public Administration]] degree at [[Harvard University]] in 1964.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=66&amp;Itemid=1 |title=A Brief Lifesketch of Finance Minister |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of The People's Republic of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131048/https://mof.gov.bd/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=66&amp;Itemid=1 |archive-date=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/2017/04/06/muhith-wants-retire/ |title=Muhith wants to retire |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=2018-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early career==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=September 2023}}<br /> Abdul Muhith served as the general secretary of the central committee of the Pakistan Civil Service Association during 1960–1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abul Maal A Muhith|url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/a/abul-maal-muhith|website=World Bank Live|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He joined the Pakistan Embassy in the United States as an economic counselor in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ex-finance minister AMA Muhith dies|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/169421/ex-finance-minister-ama-muhith-dies|website=New Age {{!}} The Most Popular Outspoken English Daily in Bangladesh|access-date=2026-01-30|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220528050926/https://www.newagebd.net/article/169421/ex-finance-minister-ama-muhith-dies|archive-date=2022-05-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1966, he was honoured with the Tamgha e Khidmat award by the Pakistan government. During his service as the chief and deputy secretary of Pakistan Planning Commission, he made a report on the discrimination between East and West Pakistan and that was the first submitted report on that issue in [[Pakistan National Congress]]. He was the first diplomat of Washington Embassy who showed his consent in favour of Bangladesh giving up the side of Pakistan during the Independence War of 1971. He was appointed the secretary of planning in 1972 and secretary of the External Resource Department of the Finance and Planning Ministry in 1977.<br /> <br /> ==Retirement and return==<br /> Abdul Muhith went for self-retirement in 1981 from his service and then he started his second innings of his career as the specialist of economics and development in [[Ford Foundation]] and in the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD). He became finance and planning minister in 1982–83. Next, he worked as the specialist of different institutions of World Bank and the United Nations. He has been a recognised figure in the [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund]], IDB and in different organisations of United Nations. He was the visiting fellow of [[Princeton University]] in 1984 and 1985.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br /> <br /> Abdul Muhith took oath as the Finance Minister of Bangladesh government on 6 January 2009 and in August 2009 he inaugurated the building of the Benapole Customs and Immigration Check Post.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Padmanabhan, Mohan |author-link=Mohan Padmanabhan |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2009/08/10/75648.html |title=Petrapole, Benapole Customs points to get facelift soon |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911235020/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2009/08/10/75648.html |archive-date=11 September 2012 |access-date=2009-08-14 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Abdul Muhith retired from the government and from his role as a [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member for the [[Sylhet-1]] constituency at the elections of December 2018. His younger brother [[AK Abdul Momen]] succeeded him as the constituency representative.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Abdul Muhith was married to designer Syeda Sabia. They had three children.&lt;ref name=prothomalo/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 5 March 2022, Abdul Muhith was taken to Green Life Hospital in [[Dhaka]] due to illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ex-finance minister AMA Muhith hospitalised |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ex-finance-minister-ama-muhith-hospitalised-380449 |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=The Business Standard |date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died on 30 April 2022 at United Hospital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-04-30 |title=Ex-finance minister AMA Muhith passes away |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ex-finance-minister-ama-muhith-passes-away-411930 |access-date=2022-04-29 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His funeral (1st namaz-e-janaza) was held on the premises of Gulshan Azad Masjid in the capital of Dhaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=jagonews24.com |title=First namaz-e-janaza of Muhith held at Gulshan |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/61597 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=jagonews24.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Criticism==<br /> {{criticism section|date=September 2023}}<br /> Abdul Muhith faced criticism for his handling of the [[2011 Bangladesh share market scam|2011 share market crash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Muhith must resign for stock crash |url=http://thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=171348 |access-date=2011-10-18 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=24 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=resign2&gt;{{cite news |title=I won't resign: Muhith |url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&amp;id=198890&amp;hb=top |access-date=2011-10-18 |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=20 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321154116/http://bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&amp;id=198890&amp;hb=top |archive-date=2012-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; He admitted to mistakes in his decisions related to the stock market and to mistakes of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission (Bangladesh)|Security and Exchange Commission]].&lt;ref name=mistake&gt;{{cite news |title=Stock crash: Muhith admits mistakes |url=http://theindependentbd.com/paper-edition/frontpage/129-frontpage/30382-stock-crashmuhith-admits-mistakes.html |access-date=2011-10-18 |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=22 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331144247/http://theindependentbd.com/paper-edition/frontpage/129-frontpage/30382-stock-crashmuhith-admits-mistakes.html |archive-date=2012-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the opposition leaders and protesting investors called for his resignation, he refused and defended his position.&lt;ref name=resign2 /&gt; He appointed a probe committee to investigate the allegations against the Security Exchange Commission, but refused to publicly disclose the names of those accused by this committee.<br /> <br /> Abdul Muhith faced criticism after commenting that the Tk 4,000 crore embezzled in the Hallmark money scam was a &quot;meager amount&quot;. He later apologized for his statement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Juberee |first=Abdullah |date=7 September 2012 |title=Hallmark remarks Muhith offers apology |url=http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-09-07&amp;nid=22892 |work=New Age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116150045/http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-09-07&amp;nid=22892 |archive-date=2012-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Abdul Muhith was criticised for describing Nobel laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]]'s comments as &quot;totally rubbish&quot; and also for saying Yunus had no integrity over the [[Grameen Bank]] issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Muhith terms Yunus's remarks totally rubbish |url=http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=0160134f4214329e47c0dadcb73f646f&amp;nttl=2012090241098 |work=banglanews24.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927093938/http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=0160134f4214329e47c0dadcb73f646f&amp;nttl=2012090241098 |archive-date=2013-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2015, Abdul Muhith faced widespread criticisms for his remarks against the movement of public university teachers of Bangladesh seeking a separate pay scale. He later apologized for his remarks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Private university students in Dhaka protest VAT on tuition fees|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/09/12/private-university-students-continue-vat-protests|work=bdnews24.com|date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913145209/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/09/12/private-university-students-continue-vat-protests|archive-date=2015-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time, he justified the imposition of VAT on private university education by stating that private university students receive 1000 taka pocket money per day. During this time, he made remarks that private university students receives 1000 taka pocket money per day. This caused much uproar among the private university students. Abdul Muhith defended this decision.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Universities, not students to pay VAT: Muhith |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/shout/education/vat-pvt-universities-won’t-be-withdrawn-muhith-140890 |work=The Daily Star |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=2016-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Abdul Muhith |first1=Abul Maal |title=Bangladesh, emergence of a nation |year=1978 |publisher=Bangladesh Books International |oclc=5680759}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Abdul Muhith |first1=Abul Maal |author-mask=1 |title=Thoughts on development administration |year=1981 |publisher=Sabia Muhith |oclc=11969817}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Abdul Muhith |first1=Abul Maal |author-mask=1 |title=American response to Bangladesh liberation war |year=1996 |publisher=The University Press Limited |isbn=978-984-05-1361-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Abdul Muhith |first1=Abul Maal |author-mask=1 |title=Bangladesh in the twenty-first century: towards an industrial society |year=1999 |publisher=The University Press Limited |isbn=978-984-05-1446-5}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Abdul Muhith |first1=Abul Maal |author-mask=1 |title=Issues of governance in Bangladesh |year=2001 |publisher=Mowla Brothers |oclc=47630531}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Abdul Muhith |first1=Abul Maal |author-mask=1 |title=State language movement in East Bengal: 1947 - 1956 |year=2008 |publisher=The University Press Limited |isbn=978-984-05-1795-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Abdul Muhith |first1=Abul Maal |author-mask=1 |title=History of Bangladesh: a subcontinental civilisation |year=2016 |publisher=The University Press Limited |isbn=978-984-8815-24-3}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/book-reviews/quest-knowing-and-understanding-bangladesh-1286011 |title=Quest for knowing and understanding Bangladesh |work=The Daily Star |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-22 |author=Alam, Shahid}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{commons}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Muhith, Abul Maal}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2022 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Sylhet]]<br /> [[Category:Murari Chand College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Diplomats for Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Diplomats for Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi economists]]<br /> [[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:Awami League politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of finance of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]<br /> [[Category:Honorary Fellows of Bangla Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Sylhet Government Pilot High School alumni]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niranjan_Prasad&diff=522136 2026-01-24T17:36:59Z

<p>EverettePowe35: Made info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description |Indian flutist}}<br /> <br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{notability|music|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{cite check|date=May 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Niranjan Prasad<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = Pt Niranjan Prasad.jpg<br /> | caption = Pandit Niranjan Prasad<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|11|11}}{{Dubious|date=April 2025}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|03|31|1941|11|11}}<br /> | instrument = [[Flute]], [[Bansuri]]<br /> | genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]<br /> | occupation = [[Flutist]], [[Musician]], [[Music Director]], [[Professor]]<br /> | years_active = 1959–2013{{Dubious|date=April 2025}}<br /> | label = <br /> }}<br /> [[File:Along with his Guru &amp; father Late Pt. Niranjan Prasad.png|thumb|Prasad with his son Saurabh Banaudha]]<br /> '''Niranjan Prasad''' (11 November 1941 – 31 March 2013) was an Indian flutist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niranjan Prasad - niranjansmriti.in |url=http://www.niranjandhara.in/about/niranjan-prasad/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.niranjandhara.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Prasad was a disciple of [[bansuri]] and [[shehnai]] player [[Bholanath Prasanna]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Account of Niranjan Prasad being the disciple of Pt Bhola Nath Prasanna |url=https://www.facebook.com/HCMAEOFFICIAL/posts/hcmae_artist_of_the_day-legendary-bansuri-maestro-pandit-bholanath-prasannapandi/978258074328747/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and belonged to the Banaras gharana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flute Recital by Pandit Niranjan Prasad |url=http://ncaa.gov.in/repository/search/displaySearchRecordPreview/ICCR-1206-AC/Flute%20Recital%20by%20Pandit%20Niranjan%20Prasad |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=National Cultural Audiovisual Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disciple Sh. Raj Kishore speaks about guru Pt. Niranjan Prasad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhiwale-the-pied-piper-of-chhatarpur/story-FOEQp2lB3RjOAIZBUzU4QK.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prasad played the flute in Indian films and as part of various orchestral organizations. From 1974 he was associated with National Orchestra [[All India Radio|A.I.R.]] New Delhi and A.I.R. [[Lucknow]]. He retired in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pt Bhola Nath Prasanna and Pt Niranjan Prasad play raag Puriya Kalyan on Flute - Jio Savnn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/raga-puriya-kalyan-ekatala-teentala/QCMMAgxDWXc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death anniv of Pandit Niranjan Prasad on Mar 31&quot; ''Hindustan Times'' 26 Mar 201 &quot;World-renowned flautist Pandit Niranjan Prasad would be remembered on his first death anniversary in the state capital on March 31&quot;[http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608140626/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx |date=8 June 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the founder of Dr. Ambedkar Sangeet Academy (Lucknow) and Ex-Professor N. R. Sangeet Vidhalaya (Allahabad). The music museum of Baghdad has a flute gifted by him to the institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niranjan Smriti 2018 in memory of Pt Niranjan Prasad |url=https://www.delhievents.com/2018/10/music-dance-niranjan-smriti-2018-flute-kathak-bharatanatyam-india-habitat-centre.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His work was featured in the Bollywood Movies ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'', ''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]'', ''[[Dharkan]]'' and ''[[Prem Parvat]]''.<br /> <br /> He was an empaneled artist of ICCR.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pt. Niranjan Prasad in ICCR Artist List |url=http://iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Referencelist2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219204321/http://iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Referencelist2012.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=iccr.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the first anniversary of Prasad's death in 2014, &quot;Niranjan Smriti&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Niranjan Smriti, 2014, Lucknow|url=http://www.buzzintown.com/lucknow/events/niranjan-smriti-cultural-evening-memory-renowned/id--890592.html|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407213123/http://www.buzzintown.com/lucknow/events/niranjan-smriti-cultural-evening-memory-renowned/id--890592.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; a tribute was organized at the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in Lucknow. His book on music, &quot;Sadhna Ke Phool&quot;, was released at the event. [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]], an Indian dancer, performed with her group. Other performances included flute recitals by Shri Saurabh Banaudha (Prasad's son) and Shri Rajshekhar Dalbehera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/niranjan-smriti |newspaper=Amar Ujala |title=धूमधाम से मनाई गई 'निरजंन स्मृति' |date=1 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Referencelist2012.pdf Empaneled Artist at ICCR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219204321/http://iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Referencelist2012.pdf |date=19 February 2018 }}<br /> *[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/anup-brings-suhana-mausam-to-city/story-E5vDNqqVRqH5AaYe01nKEP.html Pandit Niranjan Prasad's flute recital in the Lucknow Mahotsav of 2006]<br /> *[https://plus.google.com/109954891420013060121/posts/LfvmkwQLCiJ Pandit Niranjan Prasad, Flute Maestro passes away]<br /> *[http://www.niranjandhara.in/ Niranjan Dhara NGO ( Dr Ambedkar Sangeet Natak Akademi) founded by Pt Niranjan Prasad]<br /> *[https://tennews.in/niranjan-smiriti-concludes-new-delhi/ Annual Musical Program held in memory of Pandit Niranjan Prasad - Niranjan Smriti 2017]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Niranjan}}<br /> [[Category:Indian flautists]]<br /> [[Category:1941 births]]<br /> [[Category:2013 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Prayagraj]]</div>

EverettePowe35 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vina_Vidai_Vettai_Juniors&diff=544648 2026-01-24T02:25:52Z

<p>EverettePowe35: put up a page added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | native_name = வினா விடை வேட்டை ஜூனியர்ஸ்<br /> | alt_name = Question, Answer, Hunt Juniors<br /> | image = Vina Vidai Vettai Juniors.jpg<br /> | genre = [[Talk show]]<br /> | creator =<br /> | based_on = <br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = <br /> | creative_director = <br /> | director = <br /> | presenter = [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | num_seasons = 2<br /> | num_episodes = 12<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | producer = <br /> | company = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | opentheme = <br /> | location = <br /> | music = <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = <br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode<br /> | channel = [[Puthuyugam TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|3|16}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|6|15}} <br /> }}<br /> {{Contains special characters|Tamil}}<br /> <br /> '''Vina Vidai Vettai Juniors''' ({{langx|ta|வினா விடை வேட்டை ஜூனியர்ஸ்}}) ({{Translation}} Question, Answer, Hunt) is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language quiz show. It was broadcast on [[Puthuyugam TV]] from 16 March 2014 to 15 June 2014. It tests knowledge of Indian culture, sports, [[politics]], history, and current affairs. Actress [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] hosted the show.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Vina-Vidai-Vettai-next-season-with-juniors/articleshow/31786493.cms|title='Vina Vidai Vettai' next season with juniors|work=The Times of India |date=10 March 2014 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vina-vidai-vettai-next-season-with-juniors-195406.html|title=கஸ்தூரியின் வினா – விடை - வேட்டை|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first season saw the top 16 colleges make it to the main show, [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] and [[PSG College of Arts and Science]] as the title winner and runner, followed by [[Anna University]], [[College of Engineering, Guindy|Guindy]] in the third place in Vina Vidai Vettai Juniors. The winner and the runner-up were awarded cash prizes of Rs. 1,00,000 and Rs. 50,000, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/kasthuri_actor-news-article_vina-vidai-vettai-puthu-yugam-tv-shows|title=Vina Vidai Vettai (Every Sunday at 11.00am to 12.00pm)|publisher=movies.sulekha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Quiz team S. Srinidhi, [X Standard], G.K. Sriram [X], and R. Balaji [IX] were awarded for the school and a cash prize of Rs.1 lakh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://jayendragoldenjubilee.com/2014/06/26/pudhu-yugam-t-v-channel-quiz-champions/|title=Pudhu Yugam T.V. Channel Quiz Champions|date=26 June 2014 |publisher=jayendragoldenjubilee.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Television star Vijay Adhiraj hosted the second season of Vina Vidai Vettai Juniors. Hariharan S, Siddharth Pillai, and Ashwin of Chettinad Vidyashram, R.A Puram, Chennai, won the quiz. The winners took home the winner's trophy, a team cash prize of 75,000 ₹, and one Atlas cycle each.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.puthuyugam.tv/= Puthuyugam TV official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020154847/https://puthuyugam.tv/= |date=20 October 2025 }} <br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/user/PuthuYugamTV/ Puthuyugam TV on YouTube]<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/VinaVidaiVettai Vina Vidai Vettai Facebook page]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Puthuyugam TV television series]]<br /> [[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language talk shows]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language quiz shows]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:2014 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>

EverettePowe35