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Begum Johnson

2026-05-01T08:13:39Z

EverettJat:

{{Use British English|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Begum Johnson.jpg|thumb|Begum Johnson]]
'''Frances Johnson''' (née '''Croke'''; 10 April 1725/28 – 3 February 1812), known as '''[[Begum]] Johnson''', was, according to her memorial, "The oldest British resident in Bengal, universally beloved, respected and revered".<ref name=BengalObit>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=J.|title=The Bengal Obituary: Or, a Record to Perpetuate the Memory of Departed Worth: Being a Compilation of Tablets and Monumental Inscriptions from Various Parts of the Bengal and Agra Presidencies. To which is Added Biographical Sketches and Memoirs of Such as Have Pre-eminently Distinguished Themselves in the History of British India, Since the Formation of the European Settlement to the Present Time|date=1851|publisher=Holmes and Co.|isbn=9781016681957 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-HwSiLns14C|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> She lived most of her life in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and was witness to an era which spanned the inception of British rule over Bengal in 1757 to its consolidation by the early 1800s.

She died in Calcutta in 1812. That same year, her grandson, [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]], became [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] and served in that high office for fifteen years (1812–27).<ref name=Jenkinson>Gash, N. (23 September 2004). Jenkinson, Robert Banks, second earl of Liverpool (1770–1828), prime minister. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 31 Jan. 2018, from http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-14740.</ref>

==Background and early life==
She was born Frances Croke, the second daughter of Edward Croke or Crook (1690 – 12 Feb 1769), Governor of [[Fort St. David]],<ref name=BengalObit/> in the town of [[Cuddalore]], 100 miles south of Madras (now [[Chennai]]). Her mother was Isabella Beizor (c.1710–80), a [[Luso-Indian|Portuguese Indian]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Edwards-Stuart|first1=Ivor|title=The Calcutta of Begum Johnson|date=1990|publisher=British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bacsa.org.uk/shop/bacsa-books/the-calcutta-of-begum-johnson/ | title=The Calcutta of Begum Johnson }}</ref> one of a long-established community.

Her sister Sophia married [[Alexander Wynch]],<ref name=HenryLove>{{cite book|last1=Love|first1=Henry Davison|title=Vestiges of Old Madras|page=319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl9T4uJcBFAC&q=Alexander+Wynch,+Governor+of+Fort+George,+Madras&pg=PA319|accessdate=31 January 2018|year=1988}}</ref> grandfather of [[Florentia Sale]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8AKI2nqPBQC&pg=PA371|accessdate=20 April 2012|publisher=Ardent Media|page=371|id=GGKEY:BDL52T227UN|year = 1971}}</ref> author of ''A Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan, 1841–42''.

Frances spent the first few years of her life in south India (the [[Madras Presidency]]) and much of her later life in Eastern India (the [[Bengal Presidency]]).

==First three marriages==
[[File:South Hill Park, rear view.jpg|thumb|South Hill Park]]
[[File:Hanslope Church - geograph.org.uk - 1596188.jpg|thumb|Hanslope Church]]
As a very young woman (allegedly aged thirteen, though this is contested),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genealogy.links.org/links-cgi/readged?/home/ben/camilla-genealogy/current+c-croke93555+2-2-0-1|title=Frances CROKE}}</ref> Frances married for the first time. Her husband was Parry Purpler Templer, nephew of the then [[List of governors of Bengal|Governor of Calcutta]], [[Thomas Broddyll]] (also spelled Bradyll). She bore two children in quick succession, but her husband and both of their children died within a couple of years of the wedding.

Frances married secondly James Altham, but he died less than a fortnight after the wedding.

Two years after the death of her second husband, Frances married again, and she was no more than 24 years old. On 24 March 1749, in Calcutta, she married thirdly [[William Watts (East India Company official)|William Watts]] (c. 1722 – 4 August 1764), who was by this point a senior member of the council in Bengal and a senior official in the [[British East India Company]]. The first two or three years of their marriage were peaceful, but the early 1750s was a period of political strife in Bengal, and the couple were caught up in the turmoil surrounding the succession of [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] on the death of his grandfather [[Alivardi Khan]]. Frances was separated from her husband, and held in captivity along with her children. The widow of Alivardi Khan treated them well, and took them to protection in the French town of [[Chandannagar]].<ref name=CalcuttaPast>{{cite book|last1=Blechynden|first1=Kathleen|title=Calcutta, Past and Present|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279766|date=1905|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279766/page/n197 147]}}</ref>

The turmoil ended with the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. In 1758, Frances's husband was given a fortune in recognition of his services, and was briefly appointed governor of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], but he chose to retire "home", as the phrase was. The family moved to England, the first time that Frances had ever set foot in that country. They bought a country estate near [[Bracknell]], Berkshire and built a typical [[English country house]]; [[South Hill Park]] is now an [[arts centre]]. They were in the process of buying [[Hanslope Park]], [[Hanslope]], Buckinghamshire, when her husband died in August 1764. The sale was completed for their son Edward, who became [[Lord of the Manor]].

==Return to India and fourth marriage==
[[File:St. John's Church exterior view WLM2016.jpg|thumb|right|300px|St. John's Church, Kolkata]]
After Watts died in 1764, Frances spent the next five years as a widow in England. Once her children were grown up and settled there, she returned to India around 1769, some ten years after having left. This decision was a truly extraordinary one. The voyage to India, via the [[Cape of Good Hope]], took several months, and there was little prospect that she would ever see any of her children again. Moreover, she was a widow in her mid-40s, and she had essentially nothing to do in India; no family to care for and certainly no job or office to hold. During those years, it was normal for British men to go to India while they were still teenagers, to make a fortune there, [[Anglo-Indian people|take Indian wives]] and adopt the Indian way of life, but it was highly unusual for Englishwomen of any age to be in India at all. The "[[Sahib#Colonial and modern use|Memsahib]]" became a cultural figure only after the opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869, a century after the Begum's decision.

It is unclear why Frances separated herself from her children and returned to India, unless she had found herself a misfit in British society and had been unable to adjust to a new environment during the ten years she spent there. Perhaps she yearned for the familiar places, climate, scenes and way of life to which she had been accustomed for the first thirty-three years of her life. Perhaps she had some relatives of Indian blood, and wanted to be with them; perhaps her relationship with her children was not entirely cordial. Whatever the reason, she set sail for India in 1769 and settled in Calcutta, the scene of what had been the best years of her life, when her husband had held high office there and made a fortune besides. She was a wealthy woman, and her fortune had even greater purchase in India than in England, so she was able to live in some state, in a large mansion with many servants.

In 1772, an Oxford graduate arrived in Calcutta, one Reverend William Johnson, who was officially an assistant chaplain to the military forces of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], but in practice supported the whole British population of the city. The wealthy widow and the forceful clergyman married in 1774; this final marriage gave her the name by which she was best known, Begum Johnson. ''[[Begum]]'' is an [[honorific]] for married women in India, used by Muslim ladies and applied, in those early days, to other non-Hindu women, designating them as respectable matrons.<ref name=CalcuttaPast/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indian-cemeteries.org/viewimage.asp?ID=24 |title=Begum Johnson's memorial at St. John's Church, Calcutta |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928080917/http://indian-cemeteries.org/viewimage.asp?ID=24 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The widow of Alivardi Khan, who supervised the captivity of Frances Johnson, would have been known by this title.

Johnson "was a man of immense energy, great assurance, and not easily discouraged by opposition." Upon landing in India, he quickly mounted a campaign to build the city's first Anglican cathedral, now [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St. Johns Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatterton|first1=Eyre|title=A History of the Church of England in India|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.236905|date=1924}}</ref> It took the chaplain many years to raise the necessary money, but the foundation stone was finally laid in 1784, and the church was consecrated in 1787.

==Separation and later life==
It may have been expected that, having persevered with his noble project for so many years, and having brought it to fruition, Johnson would now spend his remaining years in the near vicinity of the edifice, rejoicing in his work and lavishing attention on its further embellishment. That was not the case. His project completed, the reverend, who had been in India for sixteen years already, wanted to make a long visit to England, receive the honours, encomiums and ecclesiastical preferments attendant upon the completion of his noble work, perhaps spend his remaining years in his native land. However, his wife was not inclined to leave ''her'' native land for a second time, and nor was she averse to the idea of living apart from her husband. The marriage had apparently been less than idyllic, for cultural reasons: Johnson had found his wife a little too well-adjusted into Indian ways, and she likewise had found his evangelical bent and supercilious attitude towards India irksome. Frances lacked her husband's enthusiasm for evangelism, and had not exactly emptied her coffers to fulfil his dream; she now chose to spend her money in quite another way. She offered William Johnson a settlement and an annuity if he would go away to England without her, and [[Remittance man|avoid coming back]]. They agreed that they would be better off without each other, and simply parted ways, divorce (especially for a clergyman) being quite impossible in those days. [[Eyre Chatterton]], the inaugural [[Anglican Bishop of Nagpur|Bishop of Nagpur]], wrote of the Johnsons in his 1924 ''A History of the Church of England in India'':

{{Blockquote|text=In 1788 the Rev. William Johnson resigned his Chaplaincy after sixteen years in Calcutta, and returned to England. He had married in 1774, Mrs. Frances Watts, a lady who had previously buried three husbands. Her third husband had been a distinguished official. Possessed of considerable wealth, in addition to peculiar charm and ability which made her a great favourite in Calcutta, she had evidently not found Johnson indispensable to her life's happiness, so that when he left India on retirement, she decided to remain there..... In her will, she mentioned her husband by name, but left nothing to him.}}

Begum Johnson was 59 years old and never married again. Kathleen Blechynden wrote in ''Calcutta: Past and Present'' (1905):

{{Blockquote|text=It is not difficult to picture the old lady, in her hale old age, reclining among great cushions, waited on by attentive slave girls, enjoying the fragrant hookah, and telling over the oft-told tale of her experiences and adventures when under the protection of her friend the begum, whose title, so often on her lips, was turned by her friends in kindly jest into a soubriquet for herself. That the old lady was very particular about the observance of forms and ceremonies is shown by her having obtained from the Marquess of Wellesley the grant of a plot of ground, and permission that she might be buried in St. John's Churchyard, which had long been closed for interments, and also the promise that she should have a public funeral. When, in 1812, the time came for the fulfilment of these undertakings, Lord Wellesley had long vacated the Governor-Generalship, but his successor redeemed his pledge, and Begum Johnson was followed to her last resting-place by all the members of Calcutta society, headed by the Governor-General in his state coach, drawn by six horses, attended by the Body-Guard, and followed by the members of Council, and judges in their coaches.}}
[[File:Francis Johnson's Grave, St. John's Church.jpg|thumb|Frances Johnson's grave at [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St. John's Church]]]]
(The reference is to [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley]], who was [[Governor-General of Bengal]] from [[List of governors-general of India|1798-1805]].) She died in Calcutta on 3 February 1812. Her memorial in St. John's Church (no longer the cathedral) states 'The oldest British resident in Bengal, universally beloved, respected and revered'. In 1990 the [[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia]] published a book entitled ''The Calcutta of Begum Johnson'', taking her name to sum up an age.

==Descendants==
[[File:Earl of Liverpool.jpg|thumb|Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, her grandson]]
Frances married four times, and had children by at least two of those marriages, but only three of her children, all borne to [[William Watts (East India Company official)|William Watts]], survived to adulthood. All three of them left descendants notable in politics and empire-building:

*The couple's daughter [[Amelia Watts|Amelia]] married [[George III]]'s close adviser [[Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool|Charles Jenkinson]], later the first [[Earl of Liverpool]]. An early portrait by [[Joshua Reynolds]] is thought to have been of her.<ref>{{cite web|title=Philip Mould {{!}} Historical Portraits {{!}} {{!}} Item Details|url=http://www.historicalportraits.com/Gallery.asp?Page=Item&ItemID=320&Desc..|website=www.historicalportraits.com|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> She died aged 19 in 1770, shortly after giving birth to [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Robert]], who grew up to be [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].<ref name="Nineteenth-Century British Premiers p. 82">D. Leonard 2008 Nineteenth-Century British Premiers: Pitt to Rosebery. Palgrave Macmillan: p. 82.</ref><ref name=Jenkinson/>
*The couple's daughter Sophia married [[George Poyntz Ricketts]] of Midgham, Jamaica (named after [[Midgham#Poyntz family|Midgham, Berkshire]], the [[family seat]] of the Poyntz) and [[Grove Place]] in [[Nursling]], Hampshire. He became [[List of colonial governors and administrators of Tobago|governor of Tobago]] in 1793 and [[List of Governors of Barbados|of Barbados]] the following year, a post he held till his death in 1800.<ref>{{cite web|title=Summary of Individual {{!}} Legacies of British Slave-ownership|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146647767|website=www.ucl.ac.uk|accessdate=8 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> Their son [[Charles Milner Ricketts]] (1776–1867) (presumed to be named after [[Milner baronets|Sir William Milner, 2nd Baronet]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146647767|title = Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery}}</ref>) spent most of his working life in India as a respected administrator, married a sister of [[Michael Prendergast (MP)]], and on his retirement became an MP himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/ricketts-charles-milner-1776-1867|title=RICKETTS, Charles Milner (1776–1867). | History of Parliament Online|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192949/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/ricketts-charles-milner-1776-1867|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The couple's only son, Edward Watts, lived in Hanslope Park, purchased by the family in 1764, just around the time that William Watts died. On 26 March 1778, he married Florentia, daughter of Florentia Cradock and [[Alexander Wynch]], sometime [[Governor of Madras]], who had retired to [[Harley Street]], London. The families were connected to each other as Alexander Wynch's first wife had been Sophia Croke, the sister of Begum Johnson and thus Edward's aunt.<ref name=HenryLove/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=A|title=The Town and Country Magazine, Or, Universal Repository of Knowledge, Instruction, and Entertainment, Volume 10|date=1778|page=223}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/hdhs/index.html Hanslope and District Historical Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915193459/http://www.mkheritage.co.uk/hdhs/index.html |date=15 September 2020 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075540/http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/viewpic.php?gallery=41&id=207 Grave of Begum Francis Johnson, at St. John's Church complex, Calcutta]
{{Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1720s births]]
[[Category:1812 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:18th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:19th century in Kolkata]]

[[Category:English people of Bengali descent]]

National Centre for Cold-chain Development

2026-04-26T20:49:19Z

EverettJat: adding article

{{Infobox organization
| name = National Centre for Cold-chain Development
| image = NCCD Logo.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map =
| abbreviation = NCCD
| headquarters = New Delhi
| type = Autonomous PPP Body
| status = Society
| general_secretary =
| region_served = India
| formation = {{Start date|2012|02|09}}
| purpose = Nodal stakeholder body to serve as a nodal think tank to guide the development of cold-chain in India
| location = Sector-18, Gurugram
| origins = Public Private Partnership
| num_members = Government & Private
| leader_title = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name = Dr. B.N.S. Murthy (Horticulture Commissioner) {{small|(2020- )}}
| leader_title2 = Director
| leader_name2 = Rajbir Singh, Joint Secretary (DAC) {{small|(2019- )}}
| key_people =
| main_organ = Technical Committees
| num_volunteers =
| language =
| leader_title3 = Chief Operating Officer
| leader_name3 = Sh. [[Asheesh Fotedar]] {{small|(2012–2020)}}
| leader_title4 = Founding Director
| leader_name4 = Shailender Kumar {{small|(2012–2013)}}
| website = {{URL|nccd.gov.in}}
| remarks = Presided by Secretary, Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, India. Founding President - Ashish Bahuguna {{small|(2012–2015)}}
}}

The '''National Centre for Cold-chain Development''' ('''NCCD''') is an [[autonomous]] think tank body established <ref>{{cite web |title = Government Announcement, PIB|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=80224 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> by the [[Government of India]] with an agenda to positively impact and promote the development of the [[cold-chain]] sector in the country. NCCD was registered under the Society Registration Act, 1860 and given sanction by the [[Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet of India]] on 9 February 2012<ref>{{cite web | title= Cabinet Press Release | url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=80194 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> in a session chaired by the country's Prime Minister.

==History==
[[India]] is one of the [[Agriculture in India|largest producers]] of [[agricultural]] products and one of the global leaders in the pharmaceutical sector. Yet, it is known to have a fledgling cold-chain, which results in supply chain losses of food and other resources. These losses have been stated to be as high as USD 8 to 15 billion per annum from the agriculture sector alone. To address this concern, the government had earlier constituted a National Task Force on Cold-chain in 2008. This task force was discharged in 2010 on completing its mandate and in its report recommended that a dedicated institute be established to promote and coordinate various cold-chain initiatives undertaken by different government arms and the private industry. Cold chains are common in the food and pharmaceutical industries and also some chemical shipments.

The [[Government of India]] is one of the driving forces in developing the cold-chain industry and supports private participation through various subsidy schemes and grants. Investment in cold-chain in India was also opened under the automatic route for 100% [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]] participation. The existing cold-chain in India largely comprised (in 2010) of comparatively small private companies with a regional or local footprint. Most of the earlier infrastructure developed to service the cold-chain needs of the country was focused on the storage of [[potato]]. While this specific [[produce]] is not native to India and is harvested only once only during winter, the success of cold-chain intervention has made potatoes available all through the year and is now considered part of the country's staple diet.

In the previous two decades, India has been developing at a quick pace and an increasing demand for high-value foods with a shift towards [[horticultural]] crops has been documented. This, coupled with rapid [[urbanisation]] resulted in multi-fold changes to the spending and consumption pattern of India's population. The existing food [[supply chain]] systems were unable to cope with these fast-changing [[demographic]] trends and the lack of efficient and effective supply chains is understood to lead to a variety of losses in the perishable food segment. In 2012, Indian farmers produced 240 million metric tonnes of horticultural produce,<ref>{{cite web|title=Record Horticulture production 2012|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=80384 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> almost equal to its grain and cereals production. Various reports indicated that 18% to 40% of this produce was lost due to supply chain inefficiencies, concluding that a focused effort was required to promote the development of the cold-chain in the country.

The Indian government and its [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] spelt out clear intention, that cold-chain has to be supported. Amongst the core identified development areas are the base infrastructure,<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre to reduce Infrastructure gaps|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-17/news/31071367_1_horticulture-cold-chain-development-sharad-pawar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213655/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-17/news/31071367_1_horticulture-cold-chain-development-sharad-pawar|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2015|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> environmentally friendly technologies, standards, and protocols, enabling policies and specialised skills.

==Organisation==
'''NCCD''' is overseen by a Governing Council and an Executive Committee, with equal representation of public and private sectors, chaired by the Secretary (A&C, Ministry of Agriculture). The principal executive of this body was originally conceived as its [[Executive Director|Director]] who would implement the decisions of the Executive Body. The first Director of NCCD was Mr. Sanjeev Chopra, a Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture. However, in keeping with the technical domain requirements, the governing bodies initially decided to invite an established [[Thought leader|leader]] from the private sector as a chief advisor to assist in incubating the body and develop a roadmap. In this initial stage, various concept level revisions were proposed regarding cold chain and the requirements to make it future ready. In these years, India's horticultural production also overtook that in food grains.

Subsequently, in 2014 the Governing Council decided that this body required to be strengthened with relevant domain expertise. It restructured the organization and added the position of Chief Executive Officer, to be filled by an industry stalwart with hands-on domain experience. The government officer nominated Director, was thereafter to provide administration support, with the professional Chief Executive Officer responsible to provide executive and technical direction. [[Pawanexh Kohli|Capt. Pawanexh Kohli]] was the first Chief Advisor and the founding Chief Executive Officer of NCCD and headed this organization for its first eight years from 2012 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title = CEO NCCD demits office|url = http://NCCD.gov.in/Objective.htmlhttps://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nccd-ceo-pawanexh-kohli-to-demit-office-a-few-days-before-term-ends-120013100090_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

In this duration, the first CEO also served, in individual capacity, as the Chief Advisor to the Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, on topics of supply chain and postharvest management in India. This structure also allowed NCCD to work closely with the government across various Agri-logistics matters, besides cold chain. This foundation allowed NCCD to establish a strong reputation in both public and private stakeholders, as an organization of credible expertise.

'''NCCD''' think tank has participation from various private & government [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholders]] ranging from Educational & Research Institutions, Regulatory authorities, [[Trade bodies]], individual Companies involved as users or providers of cold-chain, farmer Groups and Associations as well as Individuals as Associate members. NCCD comprises members from the cold-chain [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholders]] community and administered by its office secretariat staff. Each such member group also elects representation on the governing council, enabling NCCD to reflect inclusive governance and emulate a [[public-private partnership]] model. As of February 2020, Dr BNS Murthy (a government officer and the Horticulture Commissioner of India), has been nominated to the role of Chief Executive Officer.

===Technical committees===
'''NCCD''' has constituted the following technical committees <ref>{{cite web | title= NCCD Website, Standing Committees | url= http://nccd.gov.in/Committees.html | access-date= 2013-10-30 | archive-date= 2019-02-16 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190216215543/http://www.nccd.gov.in/Committees.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> which include industry leaders as its members.
:* Training, HRD and R&D Committee.
:* Committee for Strengthening Supply Chain & Logistics.
:* Application of Non-conventional Energy Sources in Cold Chain Infrastructure.
:* Technical Specification, Standards, Test Laboratory and [[Product certification|Product Certification]] Committee.

These committees contribute towards this nodal body's functioning along its road-map.<ref>{{cite web|title=NCCD Roadmap|url=http://nccd.gov.in/Roadmap.html|publisher=NCCD Website|access-date=2013-10-30|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306214615/http://nccd.gov.in/Roadmap.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Tasks===
'''NCCD''' is tasked with objectives <ref>{{cite web|title = NCCD Declared Objectives|url = http://nccd.gov.in/Objective.html|publisher = NCCD|access-date = 2013-10-30|archive-date = 2019-02-19|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190219233528/http://nccd.gov.in/Objective.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> of national importance which include,
# Serve as a [[think tank]] to the government on the subject of cold-chain. NCCD engages with its members to translate industry needs into policy recommendation.
# Provide an enabling environment for cold chain sector and facilitate private investment for cold-chain infrastructure.
# Direction setting to narrow the gap in the supply and [[value chain]] including storage, specialised transport and operational or business processes.
# Address the concerns on standards and protocols related to cold-chain testing, verification, certification and accreditation.
# Assist in developing and promoting new and energy efficient technologies and their adaption in India.
# [[Capacity building]] and training activities to reduce the gap in skilled human resources required for cold-chain sector.
# Recommend guidelines to minimise environment impact and promote sustainability in the cold-chain.
# Awareness programs on best practices for perishable product handling, indigenised for specific requirements and conditions.

In India, while almost 15% of fruits and vegetables have access to cold storage capacity, less than 5% of such goods are precooled or get transported in the cold-chain. This results in most of the fresh produce being subject to harsh climatic conditions, incurring gross loss of perishable food items. Similar lack of cold-chain in the pharmaceutical sector witnesses increased risk and loss of medical products. Lack of appropriate integrated infrastructure in this sector also increases risk to frozen foods shipments. Despite being a large food producer globally, this disallows the supply chain to support India's aspirations to better serve its domestic population and increase its share in global food trade. NCCD is intended to address all segments and the developmental aspects of [[cold-chain]].

==International Cooperation==
'''NCCD''' participates in global activities on matters of agri-logistics and food loss and waste. In 2013, Capt. [[Pawanexh Kohli]], then head of NCCD, represented India as the Guest of Honour at the International Summit on Sustainability and cold chain in France, when NCCD also signed an MoU with Cemafroid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubifrance.com/in/Posts-7047-An-Indo-French-agreement-to-reinforce-cooperation-in-the-cold-chain-expertise|title=An Indo-French agreement to reinforce cooperation in the cold chain expertise|access-date=2015-07-28|archive-date=2015-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224400/http://www.ubifrance.com/in/Posts-7047-An-Indo-French-agreement-to-reinforce-cooperation-in-the-cold-chain-expertise|url-status=dead}}</ref>

NCCD's first CEO was also invited for a debate at UK's [[House of Lords]] in 2015 and as expert to UK's Policy Commission on Cold Economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/08/12/without-cooling-most-modern-society-would-crumble-says-cold-chain-expert-pawanexh-kohli|title=Without Cooling, Most Modern Society Would Crumble}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dearman.co.uk/#!Sustainably-Meeting-the-Global-Food-Crisis/ccrp/558a742d0cf20d45521c45c1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011154/http://www.dearman.co.uk/#!Sustainably-Meeting-the-Global-Food-Crisis/ccrp/558a742d0cf20d45521c45c1|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 16, 2015|title=Sustainably Meeting the Global Food Crisis}}</ref> That same year, NCCD's CEO co-chaired Working Groups on Food Loss and Food Waste at the International Action Summit held in The Hague.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nomorefoodtowaste.nl/|title=No More Food to Waste|access-date=2015-07-28|archive-date=2017-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028110404/https://www.nomorefoodtowaste.nl/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Under the authorship of its founding CEO, NCCD published India's minimum system standards and guidelines for cold chain infrastructure. NCCD also conducted the country's first ever cold chain infrastructure assessment,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nccd.gov.in/PDF/CCSG_Final%20Report_Web.pdf|title=All India Cold-chain Infrastructure Capacity (Status & Gaps)|date=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nccd.gov.in/PDF/FAQonAICICstudy2015.pdf|title=FAQ on AICIC Study}}</ref> which thereafter formed the basis for future strategies in India. In 2016, NCCD was designated a knowledge partner of India's inter-ministerial Committee for Doubling Farmers' Income, with its CEO as a member of this historic Committee.

'''NCCD''' has undertaken projects to demonstrate the efficiency of cold chain in connecting farmers with markets across India's sub-continental distances. Such projects also documented higher incomes for farmers and lower food losses and [[carbon footprint]] of the supply chain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/cold-chain-reduces-food-loss-by-76percent-study-661025-2016-12-09|title=Cold chain reduces food loss by 76%: Study}}</ref> Another initiative by NCCD is that of bringing synergistic uses to village level refrigerated pack-houses so as to benefit social and welfare needs of rural communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiacsr.in/cooling-for-community-living/|title=Cooling for Community Living: Article}}</ref> In 2019, NCCD became the knowledge partner for the [[International Solar Alliance]] to help foster solar energy used in cold chains in its UN member countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isolaralliance.org/docs/ISA%20NCCD%20Brochure%203%20aug.pdf|title=ISA Brochure|date=August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indoasiancommodities.com/2019/08/08/international-solar-alliance-kickstarts-cold-chain-initiative-to-help-indian-farmers/|title=International Solar Alliance kickstarts cold chain initiative|date=8 August 2019}}</ref> Through NCCD, various myths about India's cold storage sector were rectified and it brought about a paradigm shift in policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/commodity-analysis/demolishing-the-myths-about-indias-cold-storage-shortage/article25418538.ece|title= Demolishing the myths about India’s cold storage shortage|publisher=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

'''NCCD''' was awarded the [[Agribusiness]] Leadership Award in India in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiagri.in/read-on.aspx?id=6632|title=NCCD bags Agriculture Leadership Award 2014}}</ref> In 2018, in recognition of the individual contributions of then CEO of NCCD, the [[University of Birmingham]] conferred him the title of honorary Professor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2018/11/cold-chain-expert-appointed-to-professorship.aspx|title=University of Birmingham appoints Indian cold chain expert to professorship|date=November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/UK-university-appoints-Indian-cold-chain-expert-as-honorary-professor/13-11-2018-164065|title=UK University Appoints Indian Cold Chain Expert As Honorary Professor|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=13 November 2018}}</ref> Through five technical committees constituted under NCCD, various domain experts within the country are also able to contribute in the works undertaken by NCCD. These include training in cold chain operations, workshops to encourage policy level interface between decision makers in government and operators, as well as knowledge dissemination through capacity building and awareness programmes. NCCD is recognized as the nodal body for cold chain development in India and for its unique construct, as an ecosystem of public and private sector stakeholders that serves to provide the country context relevant direction for its initiatives to develop cold chain for its agricultural sector.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/226019/cabinet-nod-cold-chain-centre.html Cabinet nod to cold chain centre : News]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213655/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-17/news/31071367_1_horticulture-cold-chain-development-sharad-pawar Centre to reduce gaps in infrastructure :Agriculture Minister]
* [http://www.crosstree.info/Documents/LT-Aug12-Report.pdf Cold chain draws (Indian) government attention- Industry Magazine]
* [http://www.gktoday.in/setting-up-of-a-national-centre-for-cold-chain-development-sanctioned-by-the-govt/ What is NCCD :General knowledge essay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330001210/http://www.gktoday.in/setting-up-of-a-national-centre-for-cold-chain-development-sanctioned-by-the-govt/ |date=2013-03-30 }}
* [http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=101699 India: Huge foreign investment opportunities in cold chain :Fresh Plaza news]
* [http://www.valuenotes.biz/fdi-in-multi-brand-retail-is-heating-up-the-cold-chain-sector/ FDI in multi-brand retail is Heating up the Cold :FDI discussion]
* [http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indian-cold-chain-industry-to-reach-rs-64kcr-by-17-report_819364.html Indian Cold chain industry to reach USD 11 billion by 2017 :Report]
* [http://www.investinindia.com/investmentindia/2012/02/18/india-earned-foreign-exchange-of-rs-14000-crore-from-export-of-horticulture-produce/ India earned Rs 14000 crore (USD 2690 million) from export of horticultural produce 2012 :Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222095231/http://www.investinindia.com/investmentindia/2012/02/18/india-earned-foreign-exchange-of-rs-14000-crore-from-export-of-horticulture-produce/ |date=2019-02-22 }}
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/07/16/indias-cold-chain-needs-to-get-moving/#d9b0d4c145ec Effective Cold Chains Help Productivity :Report]
* [http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/faster-movement-of-refrigerated-vans-on-anvil-113063000297_1 Faster movement of refrigerated vans on anvil :News]
* [http://nccd.gov.in/PDF/NCCDGuidelines2014-15.pdf System Standards and Guidelines for cold-chain infrastructure :Document] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728161637/http://www.nccd.gov.in/PDF/NCCDGuidelines2014-15.pdf |date=2019-07-28 }}
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/08/12/without-cooling-most-modern-society-would-crumble-says-cold-chain-expert-pawanexh-kohli/#4827d57b2f23 Without Cooling, Most Modern Society Would Crumble :Forbes article]
* [https://www.huffingtonpost.in/pawanexh-kohli/food-loss-and-coldchain_b_8898074.html How Cold-Chain Can Minimize Food Loss :Huffington Post]
* [http://nccd.gov.in/PDF/Kinnow-PILOT-Report.pdf Kinnow Cold Chain Study :Document]
* [https://www.huffingtonpost.in/pawanexh-kohli/paradigm-shifts-in-india-s-agricultural-policy_a_23229447 Paradigm Shifts In India’s Agricultural Policy :Huffington Post]
* [https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/doubling-farmers-income-by-reducing-food-loss-2 Doubling farmers’ income by reducing food loss :News]
* [http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/university-of-birmingham-appoints-cold-chain-expert-kohli-as-professor-45068 University of Birmingham appoints cold chain expert Kohli as professor :News"]
* [https://www.racplus.com/news/india-to-consider-communal-cooling-hub-potential-03-07-2019 India to consider communal cooling hub potential :Report]
* [https://krishijagran.com/news/deliberating-ways-on-boosting-eu-india-trade-in-agri-food-products/ Deliberating Ways on Boosting EU -India Trade in Agri-products :Report]
* [https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nccd-ceo-pawanexh-kohli-to-demit-office-a-few-days-before-term-ends-120013100090_1.html CEO NCCD to demit office :News]

[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Supply chain management]]
[[Category:Food processing industry in India]]
[[Category:Logistics in India]]

Pramod Nainwal

2026-04-20T08:39:34Z

EverettJat: created first info needs work

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Pramod Nainwal
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ranikhet (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ranikhet]]
| predecessor = [[Karan Mahara]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| image = Pramod Nainwal Mla.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|18 May 1971}}
| birth_place = [[Ranikhet]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children =
}}

'''Pramod Nainwal'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP's Pramod Nainwal defeats INC's Karan Mahara with 2960 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/ranikhet-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923009-2022-03-10 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=/www.indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आखिरकार भाजपा ने रानीखेत हॉटसीट पर डा. प्रमोद नैनवाल पर खेला दावं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/almora/dr-pramod-nainwal-will-contest-from-bjp-ranikhet-ranikhet-news-hld452059745 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=www.amarujala.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranikhet Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Pramod Nainwal of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ranikhet-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4853639.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=www.news18.com}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the Ranikhet Constituency. Pramod is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranikhet Assembly Seat Result: रानीखेत सीट पर बीजेपी के प्रमोद नैनवाल जीते, AAP का बुरा हाल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/almora-uttarakhand-assembly-ranikhet-seat-result-live-update-win-loss-karan-mahara-pramod-nainwal-manoj-kumar-nandan-singh-bisht-sunita-rikhari-tula-singh-tariyal-nodnc-4034317.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=hindi.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranikhet Assembly, Uttarakhand Election 2022 Final Results LIVE Updates: BJP Candidate PRAMOD NAINWAL wins 2022UttarakhandAssembly Elections from Ranikhet |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/ranikhet-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-winuttarakhand-assembly-election-2022-news-1518664 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

== Political Life and career ==
Pramod Nainwal was born in a Bhatrojkhan in [[Ranikhet]] and educated at the village school.

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||[[Ranikhet Assembly constituency|Ranikhet]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||50.05%||[[Karan Mahara]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43.90%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]||[[Ranikhet Assembly constituency|Ranikhet]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||13.85%||[[Karan Mahara]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46.23%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/almora/story-myth-related-to-ranikhet-shattered-with-pramod-nainwal-39-s-victory-6001951.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nainwal, Pramod}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Almora district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chauhan dynasty

2026-04-19T18:35:42Z

EverettJat: added post

{{Short description|Clan that ruled parts of northern India in the medieval period}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Lead too short|date=December 2025}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Formatting and Grammar |date=December 2025}}}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox noble house
| surname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| coat of arms = Vigraha Raja IV of the Chauhans of Ajmer Circa 1150-1164.jpg
| coat_of_arms_size = 250px
| coat_of_arms_caption = Gold Dinar of [[Vigraharaja IV]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = 
| parent house =
| country = {{Collapsible list
| title = States ruled by Chauhans
| hlist =
| bullets = yes
|[[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]]
| [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranastambhapura]]
| [[Dhami State|Dhami]]
| [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor]]
| [[Raghogarh State|Raghogarh]]
| [[Bundi State|Bundi]]
| [[Patna State|Patna]]
| [[Sambalpur State|Sambalpur]]
| [[Sonepur State|Sonepur]]
| [[Changbhakar]]
| [[Korea State|Korea]]
| [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula]]
| [[Kota State|Kota]]
| [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]]
| [[Vav, Gujarat|Vav]]
| [[Tulsipur State|Tulsipu]]
| [[Pratapgarh State|Partabgarh]]
}}
| founded = {{start date and age|551}}
| founder = Chahamana (mythical) [[Vasudeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Vasudeva]] (historical)
| current head = [[Digvijaya Singh]] ([[Raghogarh State|Raghogarh]]) [[Ijyaraj Singh]] ([[Kota State|Kotah]]) 
[[:simple:HH_Bhupesh_Singh|Bhupesh Singh]] ([[Bundi State|Bundi]]) [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] ([[Patna State|Patna]])
| dissolution = 1194 (main line)
| final ruler = [[Hariraja]] (main line)
| other_families =
| estate =
| titles = {{Collapsible list
| title = Traditional titles
| hlist =
| bullets = yes
| [[Maharajadhiraja]] of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]]
| [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranastambhapura]]
| [[Maharao]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]
| Maharao of [[Kota State|Kota]]
| Rana [[Dhami State|Dhami]]
| [[Raja]] of [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor]]
| Raja of [[Raghogarh State|Raghogarh]]
| Raja of [[Patna State|Patna]]
| Raja of [[Sambalpur State|Sambalpur]]
| Raja of [[Sonepur State|Sonepur]]
| Raja of [[Changbhakar]]
| Raja of [[Korea State|Korea]]
| [[Rai (title)|Rao]] of [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula]]
| Rao of [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]]
| Rao of [[Vav, Gujarat|Vav]]
| [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Tulsipur State|Tulsipu]]
| [[Taluqdar]] of [[Pratapgarh Estate|Partabgarh]]
}}
| styles =
| deposition =
| cadet branches = [[Hada (clan)|Hada Chauhan]] [[Deora (clan)|Deora Chauhan]]
}}
The '''Chauhan dynasty''' are a [[dynasty]] associated with various ruling [[Rajput]] families in the present-day Indian state of [[Rajasthan]] from seventh century onwards.<ref>
* {{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutkas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among these dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Kathiawar and Gujarat, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhan) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur), and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had then been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century."}}
*{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|language=en|page=116|quote="The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan."}}
*{{Cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajput|title=Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564050-2|page=792|language=en|quote=This is curious statement for the Chahamanas who were known to be one of the eminent Rajput family of early medieval period}}
*{{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=64|quote=By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans...}}
*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ancient Delhi |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564919-2 |page=97|quote=The Tomaras ultimately met their destruction at the hand of another Rajput clan, the Chauhans or Chahamanas. Delhi was captured from the Tomaras by the Chauhan king Vigraharaja IV (the Visala Deva of the traditional bardic histories) in the middle of twelfth century|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|author=Shail Mayaram|title=Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins |date=2003|page=22|quote=The Chauhans (Cahamanas) Rajputs had emerged in the later tenth century and established themselves as a paramount power, overthrowing the Tomar Rajputs. In 1151 the Tomar Rajput rulers (and original builders) of Delhi were overthrown by Visal Dev, the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer|isbn=0-231-12730-8|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|oclc=52203150 }}</ref>

== Subclans==
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2025|2=section}}

[[Khichi Chauhan|Khichi]], [[Hada Chauhan|Hada]], [[Songara]], [[Bhadauria]], [[Deora (clan)|Devda (Clan)]], [[Nirban]] etc. are the branches or subclans of Chauhan Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Dasharatha Sharma]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A86fAAAACAAJ |title=Early Chauhan Dynasties: A Study of Chauhan Political History, Chauhan Political Institutions and Life in the Chauhan Dominions from 800 to 1316 A. D. |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Limited) |isbn=978-81-208-0492-0|page=175-179|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Gopinath Sharma|chapter=Rajasthan|editor1=[[Mohammad Habib]] |editor2=[[K. A. Nizami]]|title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1970|publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House|page=824-835|url=https://books.google.com}}</ref>

== Origin ==
[[File:Prithvi Raj Chauhan (Edited).jpg|thumb|[[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraj III]], who fought in the [[First Battle of Tarain|first]] and [[Second Battle of Tarain]] from 1191 to 1192.|left]]
The word ''Chauhan'' is the vernacular form of the [[Sanskrit]] term ''Chahamana'' (IAST: Cāhamāna).{{meaning|date=October 2021}} Several Chauhan inscriptions name a legendary hero called Chahamana as their ancestor, but none of them state the period in which he lived.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=10}}

The earliest known ruler of the dynasty was [[Vasudeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Vasudeva]]. According to the ''[[Prabandha Kosha|Prabandha-Kosha]]'' of the 14th century Jain scholar Rajashekhara Suri, Vasudeva ascended the throne in 551 CE (608 [[Vikram Samvat]]). The historical accuracy of this statement is not certain.{{sfn|Sharma|1959|p=23}}

The earliest extant inscription that describes the origin of the Chauhans is the 1119 CE [[Sewari|Sevadi]] inscription of [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]], a ruler of the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana dynasty]]. According to this inscription, the ancestor of the Chahamanas was born from the eye of [[Indra]].{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=10-11}}

The 1170 CE [[Bijolia]] rock inscription of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] states that his ancestor [[Samantaraja]] was born at Ahichchhatrapura (possibly modern [[Nagaur]]{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=89}}) in the [[gotra]] of [[rishi|sage]] Vatsa. The 1262 CE Sundha hill inscription of the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor Chahamana]] king Chachiga-deva states that the dynasty's ancestor Chahamana was "a source of joy" to the Vatsa. The 1320 [[Mount Abu]] ([[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshwar temple]]) inscription of the Deora Chauhan ruler Lumbha states that Vatsa created the Chahamanas as a new lineage of warriors, after the [[solar dynasty]] and the [[lunar dynasty]] had ceased to exist.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=11}}

The Ajmer inscription of the Shakambhari Chahamana ruler [[Vigraharaja IV]] ({{circa|1150}}–64 CE) claims that Chahamana belonged to the solar dynasty, descending from [[Ikshavaku]] and [[Rama]]. The 12th-century ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' [[mahakavya]], composed by [[Prithviraja III]]'s court poet Jayanaka, also claims a solar dynasty origin for the ruling dynasty. According to this text, Chahamana came to earth from ''Arkamandal'' (the orbit of the sun).{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=12}}

The 15th-century ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' of Nayachandra Suri, which describes the life of the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambore branch]] ruler [[Hammir Dev Chauhan|Hammira]], gives the following account: Once [[Brahma]] was wandering in search of an auspicious place to conduct a [[yajna|ritual sacrifice]]. He ultimately chose the place where a lotus from his hand fell; this place came to be known as [[Pushkar]]a. Brahma wanted to protect his sacrificial ceremony against interference from [[danava (Hinduism)|danavas]] (miscreant beings). Therefore, he remembered [[Surya|the Sun]], and a hero came into being from the sun's [[orb (astrology)|orb]]. This hero was Chohan, the ancestor of the Hammira's dynasty.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=13}} The earliest extant recension of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' of [[Chand Bardai]], dated to 15th or 16th century, states that the first Chauhan king – [[Manik Rai|Manikya Rai]] – was born from Brahma's sacrifice.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=13}} The 16th-century ''Surjana-Charita'', composed by the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet Chandra Shekhara under patronage of the Ranthambore ruler Rao Surjana, contains a similar account. It states that Brahma created the first Chahamana from the Sun's disc during a sacrificial ceremony at Pushkara.{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=13-14}}

[[File:Drachms of the Chauhans of Ranthambhor.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Drachms]] of the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura]]. {{CE|1192–1301}}]]Despite these earlier myths, it was the [[Agnivanshi]] (or Agnikula) myth that became most popular among the Chauhans and other Rajput clans. According to this myth, some of the Rajput clans originated from [[Agni]], in a sacrificial fire pit. This legend was probably invented by the 10th-century [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] court poet Padmagupta, whose ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' mentions only the Paramaras as fire-born.{{sfn|Seth|1978|p=10-13}} The inclusion of Chauhans in the Agnivanshi myth can be traced back to the later recensions of ''Prithviraj Raso''. In this version of the legend, once [[Vashistha]] and other great sages begin a major sacrificial ceremony on Mount Abu. The ritual was interrupted by miscreant [[daitya]]s (demons). To get rid of these demons, Vashistha created progenitors of three Rajput dynasties from the sacrificial fire pit. These were Parihar ([[Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]]), Chaluk ([[Chaulukya]] or Solanki), and Parmar (Paramara). These heroes were unable to defeat the demons. So, the sages prayed again, and this time a fourth warrior appeared: Chahuvana (Chauhan). This fourth hero slayed the demons.{{sfn|Seth|1978|p=5}}{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=14-15}}
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Rao Chattar Sal of Bundi.jpg|thumb|[[Rao Raja Chattar Sal]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] supported [[Dara Shikoh]] in the [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|Mughal war of succession of 1658–1659]].|left]]
The earliest available copies of ''Prithviraj Raso'' do not mention the Agnivanshi legend.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=9}} It is possible that the 16th-century bards came up with the legend to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=17-18}} Adaptions of the ''Prithviraj Raso'' occur in several later works. The ''Hammira Raso'' (1728) by Jodharaja, a court poet of prince Chandrabhana of [[Neemrana]], states that once the [[Kshatriya]]s (warriors) became extinct. So, the great sages assembled at Mount Abu and created three heroes. When these three heroes could not defeat the demons, they created Chahuvanaji.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=15}} A slight variation occurs in the writings of Surya Malla Mishrana, the court poet of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]. In this version, the various gods create the four heroes on Vashistha's request.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=16}} According to the bardic tale of the [[Khilchipur State|Khichi]] clan of Chauhans, the Parwar (Paramara) was born from [[Shiva]]'s essence; the Solankhi (Solanki) or Chaluk Rao (Chaulukya) was born from Brahma's essence; the Pariyar (Parihar) was born from Devi's essence; and the Chahuvan (Chauhan) was born from Agni, the fire.{{sfn|Seth|1978|p=6}}

== History ==

The Chauhans were historically a powerful group in the region now known as [[Rajasthan]]. For around 400 years from the 7th century CE their strength in [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]] was a threat to the power-base of the [[Guhilot]]s in the south-west of the area, as also was the strength of their fellow Agnivanshi clans.{{sfn|Gupta|Bakshi|2008|p=95}} They suffered a set-back in 1192 when their leader, Prithviraj Chauhan, was defeated at the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] but this did not signify their demise.{{sfn|Gupta|Bakshi|2008|p=100}} The kingdom broke into the Satyapura and Devda branches after the invasion of [[Qutbu l-Din Aibak]] in 1197.<ref name="sen28">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |page=28}}</ref> The 13th and 14th centuries saw the struggle between the Chauhan Rajputs and the [[Delhi Sultanate]] to control the strategic areas of Delhi, Punjab and Gujarat.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book|first=Tanuja|last=Kothiyal|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|pages=44–45|isbn=9781107080317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ|quote=Delhi, Punjab and Gujarat were seen as strategic centres by the Sultans of Delhi. Throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, intense struggle to control these towns waged between the various sultans of Delhi and Rajput lineages like Chauhans.}}</ref>

The earliest Chauhan inscription is a copper-plate inscription found at [[Hansot]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Early_Chauh%C4%81n_Dynasties.html?id=A86fAAAACAAJ |title=Early Chauhan Dynasties |date=1959 |publisher=S.Chand & Co. |page=14}}</ref>
[[File:Map of the Cahamanas.png|center|thumb|350x350px|map of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]]]

== Dynasties and states ==

The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included:
[[File:Chahamanas before 1192.jpg|thumb|550x550px|Chahamana states before 1192]]

=== Early Medieval Period (before 1192) ===
* [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] (Chauhans of Ajmer)
* [[Chahamanas of Naddula]] (Chauhans of Nadol)
* [[Chahamanas of Jalor]] (Chauhans of [[Jalore Fort|Jalore]]); branched off from the Chahamanas of Naddula
* [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura]] (Chauhans of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]]); branched off from the Chahamanas of Shakambhari

=== Late Medieval and early Modern Period (after 1192) ===
[[File:Chauhan_dynasty_map.png|thumb|550x550px|Chahamana states after 1192 ({{legend0|#D4AF37|before 1600}}; {{legend0|#FFFF00|before 1700}}; {{legend0|#FFFFE0|after 1700}})]]

==== Rajasthan ====

* [[Sirohi State]]<ref>branched off from the Chahamanas of Naddula</ref>
* [[Bundi State]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Crump, Vivien |title=Rajasthan |author2=Toh, Irene |publisher=Everyman Guides |year=1996 |isbn=1-85715-887-3 |location=London |page=291}}</ref><ref name="Narav ane">M. S. Naravane, V. P. Malik, ''The Rajputs of Rajputana: a glimpse of medieval Rajasthan'', p. 121</ref>
* [[Kota State]]<ref name="KOTJH">{{cite web |title=About Kota |url=http://www.rajasthantravel.org.uk/kota/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908203327/http://www.rajasthantravel.org.uk/kota/ |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=2016-06-24 |work=Rajasthan Travel Guide & News |publisher=Rajasthan Travel}}</ref><ref name="Narav ane" />

==== Madhya Pradesh. ====
* [[Raghogarh State]]<ref name="IGI">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_040.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 21, p. 34.]</ref>

==== Uttar Pradesh ====
* [[Tulsipur State]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6CfODEd-4wC&dq=tulsipur+Chauhan&pg=PA126|title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh: A to G, Volume 1|year=1877|location=Lucknow|pages=126}}</ref>{{Note|The Tulsipur State was located in both parts of modern-day Uttar Pradesh and Nepal}}
* [[Pratapgarh Estate|Partabgarh]]{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=115}}

==== Gujarat ====
* [[Vav State]]{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=334, 350-351}}

==== Himachal Pradesh ====
* [[Dhami State]]<ref name="Brentnall2004p161">{{cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&pg=PA161 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |page=161 |accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref>

==== Odisha ====
* [[Sambalpur State]]<ref name=":1">{{citation |author=Raghumani Naik |title=GENEALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CHAUHAN RULERS OF PATNAGARH IN WESTERN ORISSA: A STUDY |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://1library.net/document/y9gpv4dq-genealogical-analysis-chauhan-rulers-patnagarh-western-orissa-study.html |access-date=12 March 2021 |publisher=IRJHRSS}}</ref>{{Note|The Sambalpur State was located in both parts of modern-day Odisha and Chhattisgarh}}
* [[Sonepur State]]<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Sonpur|volume=25|page=416}}</ref>
* [[Patna State]]<ref>{{citation |author=Ashok kumar Patnaik |title=The Mirror Reflection of Sambalpur State through the Courtly Chronicle called Kosalananda Kavyam |date=December 2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1773363 |access-date=12 March 2021 |publisher=Odisha History Congress}}</ref>

==== Chhattisgarh ====
* [[Sambalpur State]]<ref name=":1" />{{Note|The Sambalpur State was located in both parts of modern-day Odisha and Chhattisgarh}}
* [[Changbhakar|Changbhakar State]]
* [[Korea State]]

==== Nepal ====
* [[Tulsipur State]]<ref name=":0" />{{Note|The Tulsipur State was located in both parts of modern-day Uttar Pradesh and Nepal}}

== Rulers ==

=== Shakambhari Branch ===
{{See also|Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Ruler
!Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Chauhan dynasty|Chahamana]]
|(legendary)
|-
|2
|[[Vasudeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Vasu-deva]]
|{{circa|551 CE}} (disputed)
|-
|3
|[[Samantaraja|Samanta-raja]]
|684–709
|-
|4
|[[Naradeva|Nara-deva]]
|709–721
|-
|5
|[[Ajayaraja I|Ajaya-raja I]]
|721–734
|-
|6
|[[Vigraharaja I|Vigraha-raja I]]
|734–759
|-
|7
|[[Chandraraja I|Chandra-raja I]]
|759–771
|-
|8
|[[Gopendraraja|Gopendra-raja]]
|771–784
|-
|9
|[[Durlabharaja I|Durlabha-raja I]]
|784–809
|-
|10
|[[Govindaraja I|Govinda-raja I]] alias ''Guvaka I''
|809–836
|-
|11
|[[Chandraraja II|Chandra-raja II]]
|836–863
|-
|12
|[[Govindaraja II]] alias ''Guvaka II''
|863–890
|-
|13
|[[Chandanaraja|Chandana-raja]]
|890–917
|-
|14
|[[Vakpatiraja I|Vakpati-raja]]
|917–944
|-
|15
|[[Simharaja|Simha-raja]]
|944–971
|-
|16
|[[Vigraharaja II|Vigraha-raja II]]
|971–998
|-
|17
|[[Durlabharaja II|Durlabha-raja II]]
|998–1012
|-
|18
|[[Govindaraja III|Govinda-raja III]]
|1012–1026
|-
|19
|[[Vakpatiraja II|Vakpati-raja II]]
|1026–1040
|-
|20
|[[Viryarama]]
|1040 (few months)
|-
|21
|[[Chamundaraja (Chahamana dynasty)|Chamunda-raja]]
|1040–1065
|-
|22
|[[Durlabharaja III|Durlabha-raja III]] alias ''Duśala''
|1065–1070
|-
|23
|[[Vigraharaja III|Vigraha-raja III]] alias ''Visala''
|1070–1090
|-
|24
|[[Prithviraja I|Prithvi-raja I]]
|1090–1110
|-
|25
|[[Ajayaraja II|Ajaya-raja II]]
|1110–1135
|-
|26
|[[Arnoraja|Arno-raja]] alias ''Ana''
|1135–1150
|-
|27
|[[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagad-deva]]
|1150
|-
|28
|[[Vigraharaja IV|Vigraha-raja IV]] alias ''Visaladeva''
|1150–1164
|-
|29
|[[Aparagangeya|Apara-gangeya]]
|1164–1165
|-
|30
|[[Prithviraja II|Prithvi-raja II]]
|1165–1169
|-
|31
|[[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]
|1169–1178
|-
|32
|[[Prithviraja III]] (Rai Pithora)
|1177–1192
|-
|33
|[[Govindaraja IV|Govinda-raja IV]]
|1192
|-
|34
|[[Hariraja|Hari-raja]]
|1193–1194
|}

=== Naddula Branch ===
{{See also|Chahamanas of Naddula}}
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Kings
!Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Lakshmana]] alias ''Rao Lakha'' or ''Lakhan''
|950–982
|-
|2
|[[Shobhita]]
|982–986
|-
|3
|[[Baliraja]]
|986–990
|-
|4
|[[Vigrahapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Vigrahapala]]
|990–994
|-
|5
|[[Mahindu|Mahindra]] alias ''Mahindu''
|994–1015
|-
|6
|[[Ashvapala]]
|1015–1019
|-
|7
|[[Ahila]]
|1019–1024
|-
|8
|[[Anahilla]]
|1024–1055
|-
|9
|[[Balaprasada]]
|1055–1070
|-
|10
|[[Jendraraja]]
|1070–1080
|-
|11
|[[Prithvipala]]
|1080–1090
|-
|12
|[[Jojalladeva]]
|1090–1110
|-
|13
|[[Asharaja]] alias ''Ashvaraja''
|1110–1119
|-
|14
|[[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]]
|1119–1132
|-
|15
|[[Rayapala]]
|1132–1145
|-
|16
|[[Katukaraja]]
|1145–1148
|-
|17
|[[Alhanadeva]]
|1148–1163
|-
|18
|[[Kelhanadeva]]
|1163–1193
|-
|19
|[[Jayatasimha]]
|1193–1197
|}

=== Jalor ===
{{See also|Chahamanas of Naddula}}
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Kings
!Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Kirtipala|Kirti-pala]]
|1160–1182
|-
|2
|[[Samarasimha|Samara-simha]]
|1182–1204
|-
|3
|[[Udayasimha|Udaya-simha]]
|1204–1257
|-
|4
|[[Chachigadeva|Chachiga-deva]]
|1257–1282
|-
|5
|[[Samantasimha (Chahamana)|Samanta-simha]]
|1282–1305
|-
|6
|[[Kanhadadeva|Kanhada-deva]]
|1292–1311
|-
|7
|[[Viramadeva|Virama-deva]]
|till 1311
|}

=== Ranastambhapura Branch ===
{{See also|Chahamanas of Naddula}}

* Govinda-raja (1192)
* Balhana-deva
* Prahlada-deva
* Viranarayana
* Vagabhata
* Shakti-deva
* [[Hammiradeva]] (1283–1311)

=== Raghogarh Branch ===
{{See also|Raghogarh State}}
[[File:Central India Agency Map.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Map of Raghogarh within the [[Gwalior Residency]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Name
!Reign began
!Reign ended
|-
!1
|Raja Lal Singh
|1673
|1697
|-
!2
|Raja Dhiraj Singh
|1697
|1726
|-
!3
|Raja Gaj Singh
|1726
|1729
|-
!4
|Raja Vikramaditya I
|1730
|1744
|-
!5
|Raja Balabhadra Singh I
|1744
|1770
|-
!6
|Raja Balwant Singh
|1770
|1797
|-
!7
|Raja Jai Singh
|1797
|1818
|-
!8
|Raja Ajit Singh
|1818
|1856
|-
!9
|Raja Jai Mandal Singh
|1856
|1900
|-
!10
|Raja Vikramjit Singh II
|1900
|1902
|-
!11
|Raja Bahadur Singh
|1902
|1945
|-
!12
|Raja Balabhadra Singh II
|1945
|1967
|-
!13
|Raja [[Digvijaya Singh]]
|1967
|present
|}

=== Sirohi Branch ===
{{See also|Sirohi State}}

* [[Alhanadeva|Rao Alhana]]
* Rao Kirtipal – founder of Jalore in 1181, and ancestor of the [[Songara|Songara Chauhan clan]].
* Rao Samarsinha
* Rao Udaysinha
* Rao Man Singh I (1213–1228)
* Rao Devraj (1228–1250)
* Rao Vijayraj Singh (1250–1311)

; Raos of Chandrawati

* Rao Lumba (1311–1321)– founder of Sirohi in 1311
* Rao Tej Singh (1321–1336)
* Rao Kanhar Dev (1336–1343)
* Rao Samant Singh (1343–?)
* Rao Salkha (?–1374)

; Raos of Sirohi

* Rao Ranmal (1374–1392)
* Rao Sobhajit (Shivbhan) (1392–1424)
* Rao Sahasmal (Sainsmal) (1424–1451)
* Rao Lakharaj Singh (Lakha) (1451–1483)
* Rao Jagmal I (1483–1523)

* Maharao Akshayraj I (Akheraj) (1523–1533)
* Maharao Rai Singh (1533–1543)
* Maharao Dudaji (Durjan Sal) (1543–1553)
* Maharao Udai Singh I (1553–1562)
* Maharao Man Singh II (1562–1572)
* Maharao [[Rao Surtan Deora|Surtan Singh]] (Surtan Deora)(1572–1610)
* Maharao Rai Singh II (1610–1620)
* Maharao Akheraj II (1620–1673)
* Maharao Udaibhan II (1673–1676)
* Maharao Varisal Singh I (1676–1697)
* Maharao Surtan Singh II (1697) (deposed)
* Maharao Chattarsal Singh (Durjan Singh) (1697–1705)
* Maharao Umaid Singh (Maan Singh III) (1705–1749)
* Maharao Prithviraj Singh (1749–1772)
* Maharao Takhat Singh (1772–1781)
* Maharao Jagat Singh (1781–1782)
* Maharao Bairisal II (Varisal) (1782–1809)
* Maharao Udaibhan Singh (1809–1817)
* Maharao Sheo Singh (1817–1846)
* Maharao [[Umaid Singh II]] Bahadur (1862–1875)
* HH Maharao [[Kesari Singh]] Bahadur (1875–1920)
* HH Maharao [[Sarup Ram Singh]] Bahadur (1920–1946)
* HH Maharao [[Tej Ram Singh]] Bahadur (1946–1947)
* Maharani Krishna (Kunverba) (1946–1947)

* Maharao Raghubir Singh Bahadur (1947–1950)
* Maharao Abhai Singh Bahadur (1950–1998)
* 1998 – Present: Maharao Raghubir Singhji Deora (b. 1988)

=== Bundi Branch ===
{{See also|Bundi State}}

* 1554 - 1585 [[Rao Surjan Singh|Surjan Singh]]
* 1585 - 1608 Bhoj Singh
* 1608 - 1632 Ratan Singh
* 1632 - 1658 [[Rao Raja Chattar Sal|Chattar Sal Singh]]
* 1658 - 1682 Bhao Singh
* 1682 - 1696 Anirudh Singh
* 1696 - 1730 Budh Singh (b. 16.. - d. 1739)
* 1730 - 1749 Dalel Singh
* 1749 - 1770 Umaid Singh (1st time) (b. 1729 - d. 1804)
* 1770 - 1773 Ajit Singh (d. 1773)
* 1773 - 1804 Umaid Singh (2nd time) (s.a.)
* 1804 - 14 May 1821 Bishen Singh (b. 1773 - d. 1821)

* 14 May 1821 - 28 Mar 1889 [[Ram Singh Bundi|Ram Singh]] (b. 1811 - d. 1889) (from 1 Jan 1877, Sir Ram Singh)
* 28 Mar 1889 - 26 Jul 1927 [[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raghubir Singh]] (b. 1869 - d. 1927)

(from 1 Jan 1894, Sir Raghubir Singh)

* 26 Jul 1927 - 23 Apr 1945 [[Ishwari Singh]] (b. 1893 - d. 1945) (from 11 May 1937, Sir Ishwari Singh)
* 23 Apr 1945 - 15 Aug 1947 [[Bahadur Singh Bundi|Bahadur Singh]] (b. 1920 - d. 1977)

* 1947 – 1977 [[Bahadur Singh Bundi|Bahadur Singh]]
* 1977 - 2010 Ranjit Singh
* 2021 - till date [[HH Bhupesh Singh|Brigadier Bhupesh Singh]] , SC, VSM<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-03 |title=Brigadier Bhupesh Singh is the new 'King' of Bundi |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/bundi/news/brigadier-bhupesh-hada-declared-26th-maharao-of-bundi-129181825.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=Brigadier Bhupesh Singh crowned in Bundi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nsg-commander-brigadier-bhupesh-singh-hada-26th-king-bundi-1887028-2021-12-12 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Kota Branch ===
{{See also|Kota State}}

* 1607-1624 Rao Hriday Narayan singh ( Provincial Head)
* 1631 – 27 January 1648: Rao Madho Singh
* 1648 – 26 April 1658: Rao Mukund Singh
* 1658 – 23 August 1682: Rao Jagat Singh
* 1682 – February 1683: Rao Prem Singh
* 1683 – April 1696: Rao Kishor Singh I
* 1696-1697 Rao Bishin Singh
* Apr 1697– 18 June 1707: Rao Ram Singh I: (b. 16.. – d. 1707)
* 18 June 1707 – 19 June 1720: Maharao Bhim Singh I: (b. 1682 – d. 1720)
* 19 Jun 1720 – Oct 1723: Rao Arjun Singh: (d. 1723)
* Oct 1723 – 1 August 1756: Maharao Durjan Sal: (d. 1756)
* 1756 – March 1757: Maharao Ajit Singh: (b. bf. 1676 – d. 1757)
* March 1757 – 17 December 1764: Maharao Shatru/Chatar Sal Singh I: (b. bf.1718 – d. 1764)
* 17 December 1764 – 17 January 1771: Maharao Guman Singh: (b. 1724 – d. 1771)
* 17 January 1771 – 19 November 1819: Maharao Umaid Singh I: (b. 1761 – d. 1819)
* 19 November 1819 – 20 July 1828: Maharao Kishor Singh II: (b. c. 1781 – d. 1828)
* 20 July 1828 – 27 March 1866: Maharao Ram Singh II: (b. 1808 – d. 1866)
* 27 Mar 1866 – 11 June 1889: HH Maharao Raja Shatru Sal II : (b. 1837 – d. 1889)
* 11 Jun 1889 – 27 December 1940: HH Maharao Raja [[Umed Singh II]]: (b. 1873 – d. 1940) (from 23 May 1900, Sir Umed Singh II)
* 11 June 1889 – 5 December 1896: .... – Regent
* 27 December 1940 – 18 April 1948: HH Maharao Raja Sir [[Bhim Singh II]]: (b. 1909 – d. 1991)

* 18 April 1948 – 21 June 1991: Maharao Raja [[Bhim Singh II]]: (b. 1909 – d. 1991); last ruling Maharao.
* 21 June 1991 – 29 January 2022: Maharao Raja [[Brijraj Singh]]
* 29 January 2022 – Present : Maharao Raja [[Ijyaraj Singh]]
[[File:1931_Boundaries_of_States_in_Rajputana.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Map of the [[Rajputana Agency]]]]

=== Tulsipur State ===
{{See also|Tulsipur State}}

* Raja Meghraj Singh Chauhan, born 1325<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date=1964 |title=Tulsipur (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/tulsipur |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Raja Udat Singh Chauhan, born 1485
* Raja Dev Narayan Singh Chauhan, born 1575
* Raja Ram Krishna Singh Chauhan, born 1675
* .Raja Nawal Singh Chauhan, born 1730
* Raja Dalel Singh Chauhan, born 1750
* Raja Dan Bahadur Singh Chauhan, born 1775
* Raja Drigraj Singh Chauhan, born 1795
* Raja Drig Singh Chauhan, 1857 to 1859
* Rajkumar Tirtha Ram Singh, born 1842
* Sardar Saheb Har Dayal Singh, born 1862
* Sardar Saheb Jwala Singh born 1882
* Mir Saheb Dilip Singh, born 1905
* Babusaheb Prachanda Singh Thakuri born 1933
* Rajpal Jwala Pratap Singh, born 1964

=== Pratapgarh Branch ===
{{See also|Pratapgarh Estate}}

* Babu Pratap Singh (1628–1682)
* Babu Jai Singh (1682–1728)
* Babu Chhataradari Singh
* Babu Prithvipat Singh
* Babu Duniapat Singh
* Raja Bahadur Singh
* Raja Abhiman Singh
* Raja Gulab Singh
* Raja Ajit Singh (1857–1889)
* [[Raja Pratap Bahadur Singh]] (1889–1921)
* Raja [[Ajit Pratap Singh]] (1921–2000)
* Raja [[Abhay Pratap Singh]] (2000–2013)
* Raja Anil Pratap Singh (2013–Present)
[[File:United Provinces 1903.png|center|thumb|450x450px|[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]]]

=== Vav Branch ===
{{See also|Vav State}}
[[File:Palanpur Banaskantha Agency in Gujarat during British India 1819-1933 with States and Thanas.svg|thumb|350x350px|[[Palanpur Agency]]]]
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Jalam Singhji<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Vav (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/vav |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Vida Singhji
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Adhar Singhji
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Deravar Singhji
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Chandan Singhji Rao Rajeshwar
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Deravar Singhji
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Hari Singhji
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Takhat Singhji
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Rajendra Singhji
* Rao Rajeshwar Rana Saheb Gajendra Singhji

=== Dhami Branch ===
{{See also|Dhami State}}
[[File:Rajput_states_in_Himachal_Pradesh.svg|thumb|292x292px|Princely states in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Dhami State|Dhami]] in dark brown]]
* 1815 – 1868 Govardhan Singh (b. c.1802 – d. 1868)
* 1868 – 1894 Fateh Singh (b. 1855 – d. 1894)
* 1894 – Jan 1920 Hira Singh (b. 1878 – d. 1920)
* Jan 1920 – 15 Aug 1947 Dhalip Singh (b. 1908 – d. 1987)

=== Sambalpur Branch ===
{{See also|Sambalpur State}}
* [[Balarama Deva]] (1570 - 1595 )
* Hrdayanarayana Deva (1595 - 1605)
* Balabhadra Deva (1605 - 1630)
* Madhukar Deva (1630-1660)
* Baliar Deva (1650-1688)
* Ratan Singh (1688 - 1690)
* Chhatra Sai (1690 - 1725)
* Ajit Singh (1725 - 1766)
* Abhaya Singh (1766-1778)
* Balabhadra Singh (1778 - 1781)
* Jayanta Singh (1781 - 1818)
* Maharaj Sai (1820 - 1827)
* Rani Mohan Kumari (f) (1827 - 1833)<ref name="omalley">{{Cite book |last=O'malley |first=L. S. S. |author-link=L. S. S. O'Malley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbZc3TjdmxgC&pg=PA26 |title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Sambalpur |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7268-139-5 |pages=26–28 |language=en |orig-date=1909}}</ref>
* Narayan Singh (1833 - 1849)
* Rani Mukhyapan Devi (f) (1849 - 1849)<ref name="omalley" />
* [[Surendra Sai]] (in rebellion) (1809 - 1884)

=== Patna Branch ===
{{See also|Patna State}}

* [[Ramai Deva]] (1360–1380)
* Mahalinga Deva (1380–1385)
* Vatsaraja Deva (1385–1410)
* Vaijala Deva I (1410–1430)
* Bhojaraj Deva (1430–1455)
* Pratap Rudra Deva I (1455–1480)
* Bhupal Deva I (1480–1500)
* Vikramaditya Deva I (1500–1520)
* Vaijal Deva II (1520–1540)
* Bajra Hiradhara Deva (1540–1570)
* Narsingh Deva (1570–1577)
* Hamir Deva (1577–1581)
* Pratap Deva II (1581–1620)
* Vikramaditya Deva II (1620–1640)
* Mukunda Deva (1640–1670)
* Balaram Deva (1670–1678)
* Hrdesha Deva (1678–1685)
* Rai Singh Deva (1685–1762)
* Prithviraj Deva (1762–1765)
* Ramchandra Singh Deo I (1765–1820)
* Bhupal Singh Deo (1820–1848)
* Hiravajra Singh Deo (1848–1866)
* Pratap Singh Deo (1866–25 November 1878)
* Ramchandra Singh Deo II (25 November 1878-1895)
* Lal Dalganjan Singh Deo (1895–1910)
* Prithviraj Singh (1910–1924)
* [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]] (1924–1 January 1948)

* [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]] (1 January 1948 – 23 February 1975)
* [[Rajraj Singh Deo]] (23 February 1975 – April 2004)
* [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] (April 2004 – present)

[[File:Eastern States Agency in the Indian Empire.png|thumb|[[Eastern States Agency]]|center|350x350px]]
=== Sonepur Branch ===
{{See also|Sonepur State}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Date of birth
!Reign began
!Reign ended
!Date of death
|-
|Madan Gopal Singh Deo
|
|1650
| colspan="2" |1680
|-
|Lal Sai Singh Deo
|
|1680
| colspan="2" |1689
|-
|Purusottam Singh Deo
|
|1689
| colspan="2" |1709
|-
|Raj Singh Deo
|
|1709
| colspan="2" |1729
|-
|Achal Singh Deo
|
|1729
| colspan="2" |1749
|-
|Divya Singh Deo
|
|1749
| colspan="2" |1766
|-
|Jarawar Singh Deo
|
|1766
| colspan="2" |1767
|-
|Sobha Singh Deo
|
|1767
| colspan="2" |1781
|-
|Prithvi Singh Deo
|
|1781
| colspan="2" |1841
|-
|[[Niladhar Singh Deo]]
|1838
|27 July 1841
| colspan="2" |9 September 1891
|-
|[[Pratap Rudra Singh Deo]]
|22 July 1853
|9 September 1891
| colspan="2" |8 August 1902
|-
|[[Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo]]
|8 July 1874
|8 August 1902
| colspan="2" |29 April 1937
|-
|Sudhansu Shekhar Singh Deo
|23 August 1899
|29 April 1937
| colspan="2" |10 August 1963
|-
|Bir Pratap Singh Deo
|31 July 1923
|10 August 1963
|28 December 1971 (deposed)
|24 November 1972
|-
|Prithvi Bir Singh Deo
|
|24 November 1972
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Changbhakar Branch ===
{{See also|Changbhakar State}}

* 1819 - 18.. Man Singh Deo
* 1848 - 1865 Janjit Singh Deo
* 1 Dec 1865 - 1897 Balabhadra Singh Deo (b. c.1825 - d. ... )
* 1897 - 1932 Mahabir Singh Deo (b. 1879 - d. 1932)
* 1932 - 1947 Krishna Pratap Singh Deo
* 1932 - 1946 ... -Regent

=== Korea Branch ===
{{See also|Korea State}}

* .... - .... Jit Rai Deo
* .... - .... Sagar Sahi Deo
* .... - .... Afhar Sahi Deo
* .... - .... Jahan Sahi Deo
* .... - .... Sawal Sahi Deo
* .... - .... Gajraj Singh Deo
* 1795 - Jun 1828 Gharib Singh Deo (b. 1745 - d. 1828)
* Jun 1828 - 1864 Amole Singh Deo (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
* 4 Apr 1864 - 1897 Pran Singh Deo (b. 1857/59 - d. 1897)
* 1897 - 18 Nov 1909 Sheo Mangal Singh Deo (b. 1874 - d. 1909)
* 18 Nov 1909 – 15 Aug 1947 [[Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo]] (b. 1901 - d. 1954)
[[File:Central Provinces India 1903.gif|center|thumb|350x350px|[[Central Provinces]] ]]

== Family Tree ==
{{Chart top|Chahamanas of Naddula|width=100%|collapsed=no}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Lakshmana]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 950-982|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|(|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||A02|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Shobhita]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 982-986|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|A02='''[[Vigrahapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Vigrahapala]]''' (4) r. {{circa}} 990-994|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||A02|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Baliraja]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 986-990|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|A02='''[[Mahindu]]''' (5) r. {{circa}} 994-1015|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|(|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||A02|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Ashvapala]]''' (6) r. {{circa}} 1015-1019|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|A02='''[[Anahilla]]''' (8) r. {{circa}} 1024-1055|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Ahila]]''' (7) r. {{circa}} 1019-1024|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|A02='''[[Balaprasada]]''' (9) r. {{circa}} 1055-1070|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|A03='''[[Jendraraja]]''' (10) r. {{circa}} 1070-1080|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Prithvipala]]''' (11) r. {{circa}} 1080-1090|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|A02='''[[Jojalladeva]]''' (12) r. {{circa}} 1090-1110|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|A03='''[[Asharaja]]''' (13) r. {{circa}} 1110-1119|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!||||,|-|-|-|(|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||A02||A03|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]]''' (14) r. {{circa}} 1119-1132|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|A02='''[[Katukaraja]]''' (16) r. {{circa}} 1145-1148|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|A03='''[[Alhanadeva]]''' (17) r. {{circa}} 1148-1163|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||!||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||A01||||||A02|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Rayapala]]''' (15) r. {{circa}} 1132-1145|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|A02='''[[Kelhanadeva]]''' (18) r. {{circa}} 1163-1193|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Jayatasimha]]''' (19) r. {{circa}} 1193-1197|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}{{Chart top|Chahamanas of Jalor|width=100%|collapsed=no}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Kirtipala]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 1160-1182|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Samarasimha]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 1182-1204|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Udayasimha]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1204-1257|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Chachigadeva]]''' (4) r. {{circa}} 1257-1282|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Samantasimha (Chahamana)|Samantasimha]]''' (5) r. {{circa}} 1282-1305|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Kanhadadeva]]''' (6) r. {{circa}} 1291-1311|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||border=1}}

{{Tree chart|||||||||||||||||||||||A01|||||||||||||||||||||||border=1|A01='''[[Viramadeva]]''' (7) r. {{circa}} 1311|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== Coinage ==
<gallery>
File:Vigraha Raja IV of the Chauhans of Ajmer Circa 1150-1164.jpg|Coin of [[Vigraharaja IV|Vigraha Raja IV]] (1150-1164)
File:Raja Somesvara Jital.png|Coin of Somesvara Deva (1167-1179),
File:Pritviraj Chauhan coins.jpg|Coin of [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Pritviraj III]] (1179-1192)
</gallery>

== Gallery ==

=== Bundi ===
<gallery>
File:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Rao Chattar Sal of Bundi.jpg|[[Rao Raja Chattar Sal|Chattar Sal Singh]]
File:Bhao Singh - peinture - btv1b525050845.jpg|Bhao Singh
File:Maharao Ajit Singh of Bundi riding a dappled horse.jpg|Ajit Singh
File:21 Maharao Umed Singh of Bundi, Bundi, circa 1770 Christie's.jpg|Umed Singh
File:Ram Singh Bundi.png|[[Ram Singh Bundi|Ram Singh]]
File:H. H. MAHARAO RAJA SIR RAGHUBIR SINGH BAHADUR, G.C.I.E., K.C.S.I., Maharao of Bundi (page 63 crop).jpg|[[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raghubir Singh]]
File:Stamp of Bundi - 1947 - Colnect 551634 - Maharao Raja Bahadur Singhji.jpeg|[[Bahadur Singh of Bundi|Bahadur Singh]]
File:Brigadier Bhupesh Hada.jpg|[[:simple:HH_Bhupesh_Singh|Bhupesh Singh]]
</gallery>

=== Kotah ===
<gallery>
File:Maharao Madho Singh hunting wild boar.jpg|Madho Singh
File:Maharao Kishor Singh of Kota Celebrating a Religious Festival.jpg|Kishor Singh
File:Ram Singh I of Kota Hunting Rhinoceros.jpg|Ram Singh I
File:A portrait of Maharao Umed Singh I of Kotah on horseback.jpg|Umed Singh I
File:17 Procession of Maharao Ram Singh II of Kota about 1850 Victoria & Albert Museum.jpg|Ram Singh II
File:Maharao Umed Singh Ji of Kotah.jpg|[[Umed Singh II]]
File:Bhim II Bahadur Maharao of Kotah 1966-1988.jpg|[[Bhim Singh II]]
File:Maharaj ijyaraj singh.jpg|[[Ijyaraj Singh]]
</gallery>

=== Raghogarh ===
<gallery>
File:Raja Dhiraj Singh of Raghogarh (6125101254).jpg|[[Dhiraj Singh (Khichi)|Dhiraj Singh]]
File:Raja-Balbhadra-Singh-of-Raghogarh-1916-1967.jpg|Balabhadra Singh II
File:Digvijaya Singh (cropped).jpg|[[Digvijaya Singh]]
</gallery>

=== Patna ===
<gallery>
File:Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo.jpg|[[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
File:Dy CM KV Singh Deo.jpg|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
</gallery>

=== Tulsipur ===
<gallery>
File:House of Tulsipur 45th Chauhan Sirdar Hardayal Singh.jpg|Hardayal Singh
File:Thakuri Prachanda Singh.jpg|Prachanda Singh
</gallery>

=== Sirohi ===
<gallery>
File:Maharao Surtan Singh Deora of Sirohi.jpg|[[Rao Surtan Deora]]
</gallery>

=== Sambalpur ===
<gallery>
File:Veer Surendra Sai.jpg|[[Veer Surendra Sai|Surendra Sai]]
</gallery>

=== Sonepur ===
<gallery>
File:Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo.jpg|[[Bir Mitrodaya Singh Deo]]
</gallery>

=== Korea ===
<gallery>
File:Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo with cheetah kill 1948 BNHS.jpg|[[Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo]]
</gallery>

== Forts and Palaces ==
<gallery>
File:Sonagir engraving2.jpg|[[Jalore Fort]]
File:Fort of Ranthambore as visible from Ranthambore National Park.jpg|[[Ranthambore Fort]]
File:Bundi-Garh Palace-20131016.jpg|[[Taragarh Fort, Bundi]]
File:Phool Sagar Palace.jpg|[[Phool Sagar Palace]]
File:Sukh Niwas Palace, Bundi, circa 1900.jpg|[[Sukh Mahal]]
File:Garh Palace Kota - panoramio.jpg|[[Garh Palace, Kota]]
File:Jag Mandir Kota.jpg|[[Jag Mandir Palace, Kota]]
File:Umed Bhawan Palace cour interieure.jpg|[[Umed Bhawan Palace]]
File:The old palace in the fort at Sambalpur.jpg|[[Sambalpur State|Sambalpur Palace]]
File:Balangir palace.jpg|[[Balangir|Balangir palace]]
File:Koriya palace 01.jpg|[[Koriya district|Koriya palace]]
</gallery>

== Flags ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
! width="110" |Flag
!Kingdom
|- style="vertical-align:top"
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Flag of Sirohi.svg|frameless]]
|[[Sirohi state|Sirohi]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Flag of Bundi.svg|frameless]]
|[[Bundi State|Bundi]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Flag of Kotah.svg|frameless]]
|[[Kota state|Kotah]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Flag of Wao.png|frameless|200x200px]]
|[[Vav, Gujarat|Vav (Wao)]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Drapeau Dhami.png|frameless]]
| [[Dhami State|Dhami]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Sonepur State CoA.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Sonepur State|Sonepur]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Flag of the Koriya State.svg|frameless]]
|[[Korea State|Korea]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880| ref={{sfnref |''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha''| 2015}}|publisher=Government Central Press| pages=331–332, 350–351}}
* {{cite book |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: The Heritage of Rajputs |editor1-first=R. K. |editor1-last=Gupta |editor2-first=S. R. |editor2-last=Bakshi |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2008 |volume=1 |isbn=978-8-17625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHNoU2zcDnIC }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 }}
* {{cite book |first=Krishna Narain |last=Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 }}
* {{cite book |title=History of the Chāhamānas |first=R. B. |last=Singh |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ }}
{{refend}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}{{Chhetri communities}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Chahamana dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Agnivansha]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Rajasthan]]

Along East Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:30Z

EverettJat: created new details first draft

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Along East
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[West Siang district|West Siang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 31
| map_image = Along East Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Kento Jini]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 14,490 <ref name=ceoarunachal-electors>{{cite web |url=https://ceoarunachal.nic.in/componenthelper/getcomponentfile/31 |title=Electoral Data as on 27th March, 2024 |website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |date= 27 March 2024 |author= |access-date= 27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830232126/https://ceoarunachal.nic.in/componenthelper/getcomponentfile/31 |archive-date=2024-08-30}}</ref>

}}
'''Along East''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It comprises [[Along, Arunachal Pradesh|Along]] town, and a few of its surrounding villages, in [[West Siang district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Doi Ado || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Kito Sora
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Jarkar Gamlin]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Kento Jini]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along East<ref name="Along East (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Along East (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/along-east |accessdate=25 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525171154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/along-east |archivedate=25 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Along East">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Along East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0231.htm |accessdate=25 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525171200/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0231.htm |archivedate=25 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kento Jini]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,380 |percentage=63.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarkar Gamlin]] |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=4,222 |percentage=36.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,158 |percentage=27.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,642 |percentage=80.35% |change= {{increase}}80.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,490 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along East<ref name="In Arunachal, BJP candidate elected unopposed">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=In Arunachal, BJP candidate elected unopposed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/in-arunachal-bjp-candidate-elected-unopposed/article26645809.ece |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520105727/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/in-arunachal-bjp-candidate-elected-unopposed/article26645809.ece |archive-date=20 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Kento Jini]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,322 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarkar Gamlin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,409 |percentage=44.54% |change={{decrease}}8.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tummar Bagra |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,477 |percentage=35.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yomto Jini |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,947 |percentage=19.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=932 |percentage=9.41% |change= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,900 |percentage=79.94% |change= {{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,384 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarkar Gamlin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,175 |percentage=53.07% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yomto Jini |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=4,576 |percentage=46.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=599 |percentage=6.14% |change= {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,751 |percentage=73.60% |change= {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,249 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kito Sora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,604 |percentage=53.38% |change={{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yomto Jini |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,938 |percentage=45.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tujo Bagra |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=666 |percentage=7.72% |change= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,625 |percentage=69.18% |change= {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,012 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kito Sora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,009 |percentage=41.07% |change={{increase}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gumli Lollen |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,457 |percentage=33.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doi Ado |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,860 |percentage=25.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=552 |percentage=7.53% |change= {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,326 |percentage=72.53% |change= {{decrease}}5.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,319 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Doi Ado |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,815 |percentage=37.33% |change={{decrease}}16.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gumli Lollen |party=Independent politician |votes=2,462 |percentage=32.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dagmo Jini |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,463 |percentage=19.40% |change={{decrease}}26.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kido Ingo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=801 |percentage=10.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=353 |percentage=4.68% |change= {{decrease}}3.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,541 |percentage=77.82% |change= {{increase}}15.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,834 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Along East<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Doi Ado |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,296 |percentage=53.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Togum Lollen |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,811 |percentage=46.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=485 |percentage=7.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,107 |percentage=62.14% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,018 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Siang district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.21|95|display=title}}

[[Category:West Siang district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Mewla–Maharajpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:51:07Z

EverettJat: adding new post

{{Short description|Former Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Mewla–Maharajpur
|state = [[Haryana]]
|constituency_no = 52
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|district = [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
|established = 1977
|abolished = 2009
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Mewla–Maharajpur''' is a former constituency of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]], in Faridabad, Haryana.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
Source:<ref>{{citation |title=Mewla Maharajpur Assembly Constituency Election Result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mewlamaharajpur-haryana-assembly-constituency }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Gajraj Bahadur Nagar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan=3|[[Mahender Pratap]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|[[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| [[Mahender Pratap]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mewla–Maharajpur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Pratap |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,11,478 |percentage=64.56% |change={{increase}}46.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=48,370 |percentage=28.01% |change={{decrease}}11.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Raj |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=4,609 |percentage=2.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,606 |percentage=2.67% |change={{decrease}}36.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil |party=Independent politician |votes=1,301 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyanender |party=Independent politician |votes=956 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=63,108 |percentage=36.55% |change= {{increase}}36.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,72,676 |percentage=51.30% |change= {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,36,587 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}25.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mewla–Maharajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,912 |percentage=39.29% |change={{decrease}}7.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Pratap |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=50,751 |percentage=39.17% |change={{increase}}30.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J.P. Nagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,118 |percentage=17.84% |change={{decrease}}10.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harinder |party=Independent politician |votes=884 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=851 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radhey Sham |party=Independent politician |votes=703 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=161 |percentage=0.12% |change= {{decrease}}18.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,29,574 |percentage=51.14% |change= {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,53,382 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mewla–Maharajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=66,300 |percentage=46.97% |change={{increase}}26.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Pratap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,883 |percentage=28.25% |change={{decrease}}22.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Liyakat Ali |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,637 |percentage=8.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharamvir Bhadana S/O Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes=11,569 |percentage=8.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinay Gupta |party=Samata Party |votes=2,931 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,855 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,417 |percentage=18.71% |change= {{decrease}}10.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,41,158 |percentage=52.22% |change= {{decrease}}6.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,78,786 |ref = |change= {{increase}}55.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mewla–Maharajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Pratap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,775 |percentage=50.56% |change={{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajraj Bahadur |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=22,341 |percentage=21.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,049 |percentage=20.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeevan Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=4,792 |percentage=4.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Pal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=830 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,434 |percentage=28.74% |change= {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,406 |percentage=58.66% |change= {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,142 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mewla–Maharajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Mahinder Pratap Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,448 |percentage=42.72% |change={{increase}}16.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajraj Bhadur Nagar |party=Independent politician |votes=17,692 |percentage=20.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lala Narain Prasad (Chandi Wale) |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=10,356 |percentage=11.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiwan Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=8,748 |percentage=9.98% |change={{decrease}}52.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranvir Singh Chandila |party=Independent politician |votes=6,675 |percentage=7.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hambbir Singh Bhandana |party=Independent politician |votes=2,084 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,220 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Braham Pal |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=664 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. D. Kapil |party=Independent politician |votes=641 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avtar Singh Bhadana |party=Independent politician |votes=622 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,756 |percentage=22.53% |change= {{decrease}}13.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,669 |percentage=60.16% |change= {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,907 |ref = |change= {{increase}}45.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}19.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mewla–Maharajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Pratap Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=39,008 |percentage=62.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajraj Bahadur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,217 |percentage=25.94% |change={{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Braham Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,752 |percentage=4.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tej Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,218 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ho Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=842 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=532 |percentage=0.85% |change={{decrease}}34.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,791 |percentage=36.45% |change= {{increase}}34.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,524 |percentage=62.71% |change= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,364 |ref = |change= {{increase}}50.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}27.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mewla–Maharajpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gajraj Bahadur Nagar]] |party=Janata Party |votes=13,846 |percentage=34.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Pratap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,074 |percentage=32.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Vir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,144 |percentage=15.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narain Das |party=Independent politician |votes=5,658 |percentage=14.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Dev Kapil |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Teja |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=772 |percentage=1.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,715 |percentage=59.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,534 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coord|28.52|77.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mewla-Maharajpur Assembly constituency}}

Pangi Valley

2026-04-13T12:36:08Z

EverettJat: created the page initial version.

{{Other uses|Pangi (disambiguation){{!}}Pangi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pangi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| perrow = 2/3
| image_style = object-fit:cover; margin:1px;
| image1 = Pangi_valley_from_kumar-june_20_2023.jpg
| alt1 = View of the valley
| image2 = Chandrabhaga_river.jpg
| alt2 = Chandrabhaga River
| image3 = Pasture_in_pangi_valley.jpg
| alt3 = A meadow in Pangi Valley
| image4 = Shiva_peak.jpg
| alt4 = Shiva Peak
| image5 = Sach_pass,pangi.jpg
| alt5 = Sach Pass
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: View of the valley, Chandrabhaga River, Sach Pass, Shiva Peak, A meadow in the valley

| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.084014|N|76.406980|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chamba district|Chamba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = Government of Himachal Pradesh

| leader_title1 = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name1 = [[Janak Raj (politician)|Janak Raj]]

| leader_title2 = [[Parliament of India|Member of parliament]]
| leader_name2 = [[Kangana Ranaut]]

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1601
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18,868
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = pangwal
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2=local
| demographics1_info2=[[Pangwali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 176323
| registration_plate = HP 45
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pangi''' is a [[tehsil]] of [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. According to [[2011 census of India]]
Pangi valley has a total population of 18,868. It is an administrative subdivision of the Chamba district situated in the northern extreme of the state. Sandwiched between two mighty mountain ranges, the [[zanskar range]] in the North and the [[Pir Panjal Range]] in the South it is an isolated valley.<ref>Editor-Director, 2013. Faunal Diversity of Pangi Valley, Chamba District, (Himachal Pradesh), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 3 : 1-120,Plates I-XVI (Published by the Director, Zool Surv. India, Kolkata)https://archive.org/details/dli.zoological.ess.022/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> In southern side it shares boundaries with Lahaul and Spiti and in eastern side with Jammu and Kashmir. [[Chenab River|Chandrabhaga]] cuts across the terrain in a deep narrow gorge before entering [[Paddar]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. With its deep river gorges and barren mountain peaks, it offers a wide range of scenery and vegetation.<ref>Editor-Director, 2013. Faunal Diversity of Pangi Valley, Chamba District, (Himachal Pradesh), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 3: p. 3.</ref>
Till recently, this valley was the remotest [[Tribal]] area of Himachal Pradesh where road access to the rest of the state was established only in the mid-1990s. So forbidding was this snowy range regarded in former times of the [[Princely state|Princely regime]], that every State official proceeding to Pangi on duty was granted a special allowance, under the head of ‘‘funeral expenses”, as his return, alive or dead, was not taken at all to be a matter of certainty or even of high expectation.<ref>THAKUR SEN NEGI IAS, State Editor, District Gazetteers, HIMACHAL PRADESH https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08235/page/5/mode/2up?view=theater</ref><ref>Editor-Director, 2013. Faunal Diversity of Pangi Valley, Chamba District, (Himachal Pradesh), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 3: pp. 3-4</ref><ref>Dr.J. Hutchison,GAZETTEER OF THE CHAMBA STATE PART A-1904 p.3 https://archive.org/details/ChambaState/page/3/mode/2up?view=theater</ref>

==History==
The history of Pangi can be inferred from some inscriptions, legends, and traditions. There are a few scattered pieces of evidence that, when gathered, reveal the pages of Pangi's history. Before the rule of the princely states, there must have been a period of local governance, as is evident from the [[Caste system in India|Caste system]]. There are also some legends that suggest the Pangwal tribal people migrated here from neighboring areas.<ref>अमर सिंह रणपतिया,पांगी p.22 https://archive.org/details/2010-haacl-pangi-lok-sanskriti-evam-kalayen/page/1/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> It is possible that occasionally, owing to political influence, part of central Asian trade deviated from its original course and followed the less accessible valley of ''Cinab'',but under ordinary circumstances it must always have returned to its natural channels.<ref>J.Ph.Vogal,Antiquities of Chamba state part-1 p.17 https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/43280.pdf</ref>

Earliest known evidence of human settlements comes from the stone inscriptions at ''Luj''<ref>J.Ph.Vogal,Antiquities of Chamba state part-1 p.202 https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/43280.pdf</ref> and ''salhi''.<ref>J.Ph.Vogal,Antiquities of Chamba state part-1 p.216</ref> [[File:Luj village stone inscription.png|thumb|left|Luj village stone inscription]]The [[Epigraphy|inscription]] at ''Luj'' was erected by some local ''Rana'' of that time. It contains a verified description of the year when King ''Jasht Varman'' of Chamba ascended the throne. The inscription clearly states that this stone was erected during the first year of King Jasht Varman's reign. The establishment year is noted as [[Hindu calendar|samvat]] 8, which corresponds to the year 1105 AD. From this year onward, the chronology of the Chamba kings became accurate. The inscription suggests that At that time, the kingdom of Chamba extended up to the village of Luj in Pangi.<ref>अमर सिंह रणपतिया,पांगी pp.22-23</ref>

[[File:Rana family at Salhi (Pangi).png|thumb|right|Rana family at Salhi.]]The inscription at ''salhi'' reveals that the stone was established in the 27th year of King Lalit Varman's reign by a ''rana'' named ''Rajanaka Ludarpal''. The year of establishment is given as Shastra Samvat 46, which was in use in the Chamba kingdom at that time. Upon calculating the timeline, King Lalit Varman's reign is determined to have started in 1143 CE, and his 27th year corresponds to 1170 CE. On that stone, Pangi was referred to as "पंगति", while in the local language, people called it "पैंगइ".<ref>अमर सिंह रणपतिया,पांगी p.23</ref> These stone inscriptions suggest that local ranas ruled the area under the suzerainty of the kings of Chamba. The descendants of these ranas still live humble peasant lives in the area.<ref>J.Ph.Vogal,Antiquities of Chamba state part-1 p.118</ref>

[[File:Portrait of Raja Prithvi Singh of Chamba, Bhuri Singh Museum.png|thumb|right|Portrait of Raja Prithvi Singh of Chamba (r. mid-17th century), who regained control of Pangi Valley, consolidated the Chamba kingdom, and improved the administration of Pangi.]]Next king to take complete control of Pangi valley was Prithvi Singh.Prithvi singh's father was dethroned by Jagat Singh of Nurpur. Prithvi Singh asked and obtained help in money and troops from the rajas of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] and Suket, to enable him to recover his kingdom. Passing through [[Kullu district|kullu]], he crossed the [[Rohtang Pass]] into [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul]] and advanced into Pangi. He visited [[Mindhal mata temple|Mindhala temple]] and presented an inscription on a copper plate to the temple. Thereafter he crossed the Chanaini Pass and moved through Churah, and regained his throne at Chamba, expelling the Nurpur officials from the state.<ref>THAKUR SEN NEGI IAS, State Editor, District Gazetteers, HIMACHAL PRADESH p.126</ref><ref>अमर सिंह रणपतिया,पांगी p.24 https://archive.org/details/2010-haacl-pangi-lok-sanskriti-evam-kalayen/page/1/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> Prithvi Singh divided Pangi ''ilaqa'' into three ''parganas'' with their chief places at ''Sach'',''Killar'' and ''Dharwas''.He also ordered the construction of State ''Kothis'' at these places and appointed state representatives at these ''Kothis''.<ref>अमर सिंह रणपतिया,पांगी p.24 https://archive.org/details/2010-haacl-pangi-lok-sanskriti-evam-kalayen/page/1/mode/2up?view=theater</ref><ref>J.Ph.Vogal,Antiquities of Chamba state part-1 p.16</ref>[[File:Gondla Fort Lahaul D32 13430.jpg|thumb|258x258px|Gondhla Fort in Lahaul Valley (c. 1700). Similar ''kothis'' built by local thakurs in Pangi have been heavily damaged or destroyed by erosion.]] A little farther down near the village of Phindru before the temple of ''Sidh baba'' the path has been partly hewn out of the solid rock. This was probably done in the reign of Prithvi Singh, as appears from rock-inscription containing the name of him and dated ''sastra'' 18 corresponding to A.D. 1642–3.<ref>J.Ph.Vogal,Antiquities of Chamba state part-1 p.24</ref> The temple of ''Malasni Devi'' at ''Porthi'' village also bears an inscription of Prithvi Singh dated ''Sastra-Samvat 27'' (A.D.1651).

Chatar Singh, Prithvi Singh's successor, also visited Pangi to extend his influence over the region. He led his army lower down the Chandrabhaga Valley, invading Paddar. There, he removed the local Ranas and appointed his own officials. He also founded a town on the plain, naming it Chatargarh. This town was later renamed Gulabgarh when the Dogra forces invaded it in 1836.<ref>THAKUR SEN NEGI IAS, State Editor, District Gazetteers, HIMACHAL PRADESH p.130</ref>

Other royal inscriptions in Pangi include two fountain stones at ''Porthi'' which were constructed in the reign of ''Ugar Singh'' in ''Sastra Samvat 1'' (A.D.1725).
The state ''Kothi'' at ''Sach'' also has an inscription in Takri recording the foundation of building by ''Raja'' Ugar singh in ''Samvat 1'' (A.D.1725).<ref>J.Ph.Vogal,Antiquities of Chamba state part-1 p.16</ref>

[[File:Pangi Valley from Tibet Road - DPLA - f5fdc8e66f300c7ff1cf828a90d10fda.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Foot and mule road through Pangi Valley, with the chaini peaks visible in the background (c. 1860–1870).]]

After the defeat of [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] in Punjab the area opened up to the [[British Empire|British]]. In 1864, major Blair Reid who was British superintendent to chamba state convinced the Raja to transfer the management of forests of chamba state including the forests of Pangi to the British Government. This was formalized through a lease agreement dated 10 September 1864 for a duration of 99 years, with provisions for revision every 20 years. Under the terms of the lease, the British Government agreed to pay the state an annual amount of Rs. 22,000. As a result, the [[forest]]s of the valley were placed under the direct control of the [[Indian Forest Service|Imperial Forest Department]].The British extensively felled trees from the forests in the region, employing large-scale [[logging]] practices. The [[Lumber|timber]] was floated downriver to the plains, where it was extracted and utilized for various purposes, including the construction of railway infrastructure and other projects.<ref>Dr.J. Hutchison,GAZETTEER OF THE CHAMBA STATE PART A-1904 p.110</ref> There was a famine in the valley in 1878–79 due to the early arrival of winter and the destruction of crops. Grain had to be imported from ''[[Churah Assembly constituency|curah]]''. Potatoes were introduced to the valley in 1878 by R.T. Burney, then superintendent of Chamba State.<ref>Dr.J. Hutchison,GAZETTEER OF THE CHAMBA STATE PART A-1904 p.204</ref>

Owing to its geographical isolation, seasonal inaccessibility, economic underdevelopment, and distinct cultural characteristics, the Pangwalas were recognized as a [[List of Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] in 1966, and Pangi tehsil was subsequently notified as a [[Scheduled Areas|Scheduled Area]] under the Scheduled Areas (Himachal Pradesh) Order, 1975.

Pangi Valley experienced a catastrophic [[avalanche]] disaster during the first and second weeks of March 1979. Unseasonal snowfall of 4.5–6 meters was received, burying villages and destroying crops. A total of 232 people were killed, and 523 were reported missing in Lahaul and Pangi areas.<ref>Disastrous weather events 1967-1979 https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/dwe_1967-79.pdf</ref>

==Geography==

The Pangi Valley is characterized by extremely difficult and rugged terrain with harsh climatic conditions. The landlocked Pangi is squeezed between two sub-systems of the Himalayas, the [[Zanskar]] Range and the [[Pir Panjal Range]], resulting in a predominantly mountainous landscape dotted with numerous valleys. The valley's altitudinal range varies from approximately 2,000 meters at ''Sansari Nallah'' to over 6,000 meters, encompassing the lofty peaks near the Zanskar Range. Several peaks within this valley remain unclimbed to date.
Pangi features several beautiful sub-valleys, including the Sural Valley, Hudan Valley, Saichu Valley, and Parmar Valley, many of which provide routes leading to the Zanskar Range.
[[File:Roads_in_pangi.jpg|thumb|right|Roads in Pangi Valley]]
From a [[Biogeography|biogeographical]] perspective, the Pangi region lies in the transition zone between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Transhimalaya|Trans-Himalayas]]. This is reflected in the region's [[fauna]]l composition, which exhibits a blend of elements from both zones. This unique combination makes the Pangi Valley one of the most faunistically diverse areas in the western Himalayas and a priority region for conservation.
<ref>Editor-Director, 2013. Faunal Diversity of Pangi Valley, Chamba District, (Himachal Pradesh), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 3 : 1-120,Plates I-XVI (Published by the Director, Zool Surv. India, Kolkata) p.4 https://archive.org/details/dli.zoological.ess.022/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater</ref>

The river Chandrabhaga flows through the entire length of the valley, covering a distance of nearly 85 kilometers from ''Karru Nallah'' to ''Sansari Nallah''. The river originates from the mountains of the Baralacha Pass. The Chandrabhaga divides the Pangi Valley into two unequal parts: the larger right bank, which gradually rises to the [[Zanskar Range|Zanskar range]], and the narrow left flank, which ascends steeply towards the [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal range]].
The main [[Tributary|tributaries]] of the Chandrabhaga in the Pangi Valley are ''Karru Nallah'' and ''Saichu Nallah''. The ''Saichu Nallah'' joins the Chandrabhaga from the right near the settlement of ''Cherry Bungalow''. The ''Saichu Nallah'' is further fed by several tributaries, the chief among which are ''Twan'', ''Saichu'', and ''Chasak'', which converge at Saichu village. Several small streams originating from the Zanskar Range feed the river on its right bank.
The waters of the Chandrabhaga are grey in color during summer due to the melting snow from its numerous sources.
<ref>Editor-Director, 2013. Faunal Diversity of Pangi Valley, Chamba District, (Himachal Pradesh), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 3: pp. 4-5</ref>

== Climate ==
By virtue of its geographic location beyond the reach of the tropical [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] rains, the agro-climatic conditions of the Pangi Valley fall under the cold and dry zone. The overall climate of the valley is [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], typical of the inner Himalayas. It is characterized by cool summers with little rainfall and severe winters. Summers are cool and pleasant, with daytime temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 20 °C (50 °F to 68 °F). The nights remain cold, often dropping below 10 °C (50 °F). This season is the most suitable for travel and trekking, as most roads and high passes remain open. The valley becomes accessible via Sach Pass and other routes during this period. Heavy snowfall, strong winds, and frequent [[avalanche]]s during winters confine people to their homes.
Winters are severe, with temperatures frequently dropping below −20 °C (−4 °F), particularly in the upper regions. Snowfall begins in higher altitudes after mid-October and reaches lower elevations by mid-December. Most areas receive heavy snowfall, ranging between 3,00 and 4,70 cm, from December to March, while the lofty peaks remain under perpetual snow cover. During this time, most streams freeze, and the valley becomes completely isolated due to heavy snow blocking all access routes.
The aerial route remains the only way to reach Pangi during winter. The state government maintains a helicopter service for emergency situations. The weather begins to improve in April, and by June–July, daytime temperatures in the valley reach a comfortable 28 degrees Celsius. However, the side valleys of Pangi, such as Sural, Hudan, and Saichu, remain significantly colder, often experiencing foggy and chilly afternoons even during the summer months.<ref>Editor-Director, 2013. Faunal Diversity of Pangi Valley, Chamba District, (Himachal Pradesh), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 3: pp.6</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
Being located in the transition zone between the Himalayas and the Trans-Himalayas, the Pangi Valley exhibits a unique mix of floral and faunal elements from both regions. It is also one of the most faunistically diverse areas in the western Himalayas.
Due to its remoteness and low population density (approximately 9 people per square kilometer), the anthropogenic pressure on the environment is relatively low, and the forest cover remains largely intact in most parts of the region. As a result, the Pangi Valley represents a potentially ideal sanctuary for a variety of wild animal species.<ref>Editor-Director, 2013. Faunal Diversity of Pangi Valley, Chamba District, (Himachal Pradesh), Himalayan Ecosystem Series, 3: pp.107</ref>

The [[Chenab River|Chandrabhaga]] Valley is dominated by [[Deodar forests|deodar]] forests with some [[Pinus wallichiana|blue pine]] or kail and fir stands at higher elevations. Particularly on the left bank, the deodar forests have large patches of scrub and some grasses. [[Understory|Undergrowth]] is rare in the coniferous forests, but in depressions, moist and open slopes, other [[broadleaved]] species do occur.
[[File:Broadleaved forest in Pangi Valley..jpg|thumb|right|alt=Broadleaved forest in Pangi Valley|Broadleaved forest in Pangi Valley.]]

Depressions and moist slopes also have patches of broadleaved forests dominated by species such as [[hazelnut]], [[walnut]], [[maple]], [[elm]], [[willow]], and [[Populus|poplar]]. Further downstream near Luj, [[Pinus gerardiana|Chilgoza pine]] and [[Aesculus|horse chestnut]] trees are also present in substantial proportions. All along the lower valley are open patches with grass and [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] with scattered trees.

Most valleys on the right bank of the Chenab are east–west flowing, presenting a clear north and south face. The north-facing slopes are dominated mostly by [[birch |birch forests]] up to an elevation of approximately 3,800 meters, which are sometimes interspersed with willow and [[honeysuckle]]. Beyond this, patches of dense willow scrub exist up to approximately 4,000 meters. In the lower Seichu Valley, the northern slopes are dominated by kail and deodar, while birch dominates above approximately 3,200 meters. In the entire valley, above the birch and willows, are [[Alpine tundra|alpine meadows]] with relatively high cover of [[forb]]s and [[graminoid]]s.<ref>{{Cite web | title=A Preliminary Wildlife Survey in the Pangi region of Himachal Pradesh | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343473298 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226110143/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343473298_A_Preliminary_Wildlife_Survey_in_the_Pangi_region_of_Himachal_Pradesh | access-date=2025-08-25 | archive-date=2024-12-26}}</ref>

The valley also supports a diverse range of fauna adapted to its high-altitude environment. Herbivorous species include the [[ibex|Asiatic ibex]], [[Himalayan tahr]],
[[File:Himalayan tahr in Pangi Valley.jpg|thumb|Himalayan tahrs in Pangi Valley.]]
[[White-bellied musk deer|Himalayan musk deer]], [[Himalayan goral|grey goral]], [[Himalayan serow]], [[markhor]], hangul, and [[long-tailed marmot]]. Predatory mammals found in the valley include the elusive [[snow leopard]], [[brown bear]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[Himalayan wolf|Tibetan wolf]], and [[red fox]]. These species contribute to the rich biodiversity of the region, reflecting the unique ecological characteristics of the Pangi Valley.<ref>{{Cite web | title=A Preliminary Wildlife Survey in the Pangi region of Himachal Pradesh | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343473298 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226110143/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343473298_A_Preliminary_Wildlife_Survey_in_the_Pangi_region_of_Himachal_Pradesh | access-date=2025-08-25 | archive-date=2024-12-26}}</ref>
A few interesting patterns can be noted regarding occurrence of species. True Himalayan species such as the Himalayan tahr and serow are confined to the left bank of the
river, while the right bank is home to the more Trans-Himalayan elements such as the
ibex and the snow leopard. Other ‘Himalayan’ species such as the black bear, musk deer
and goral occurred on the right bank also, but were more confined in distribution.

==Society and culture==
The people of Pangi, like those in other [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] regions, are generally cheerful and light-hearted. Due to the area's [[geographic isolation|geographical isolation]], life remains relatively secluded and less affected by the fast-paced, competitive lifestyle common in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|plains]] and sub-Himalayan areas of India.

The Pangwal community is composed predominantly of Thakurs and Brahmins (Pandits), with Thakurs forming the majority. Other caste groups such as Dom, Kumhar, and others are present in smaller but notable numbers. Many villages in the region bear names derived from Kashmiri surnames. Examples include Bhatwas, meaning “abode of the Bhats,” and Dharwas, meaning “abode of the Dhars.”

The Pangwal community is deeply religious, with a particular devotion to [[Devi]], [[Nāga|Nag]] (serpent deities), and [[Shiva]]. They follow a unique form of Hinduism which is quite related to ancient Kashmir Shavism. They have the tradition of worshipping Shiv-Shakti. The principal temple is that of Mindhal Basini Devi, located in Mindhal, which serves as an important [[pilgrimage]] site. Other notable shrines in the valley include those dedicated to Malasan, Sitla Devi, and Det Nag, among many others.

Traditional attire for men includes woollen [[pyjamas]], shirts, a white cloth cap, and ''pulans'' (locally made [[straw]] shoes). Women typically wear a shirt with tight, dark-colored trousers, a woollen [[shawl]], and a cloth cap known locally as ''juji''. Most garments are made from [[wool]], which is well-suited to the cold climate.
[[File:Padderi_Pangwali_traditional_attire.png|thumb|Painting depicting traditional attire of Pangi region.]]
[[File:Traditional_dress_of_Padder-Pangi_region.jpg|thumb|Pangwalas of Pangi Valley in traditional dress during the British Raj era.]]

The staple [[food grain]]s of the region include [[barley]], [[rye]] (locally known as ''elo''), [[wheat]], [[buckwheat]], and millets such as ''sud'' and ''china'', which are considered lower-grade varieties. [[Meat]] is primarily consumed during the [[winter]] months.<ref>THAKUR SEN NEGI IAS, State Editor, District Gazetteers, HIMACHAL PRADESH pp.209-212 https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08235/page/5/mode/2up?view=theater</ref>

===Festivals===

The following are the chief festivals observed in the Pangi Valley:

# Bishu is celebrated on the first day of [[Baisakh]] (around mid-April). Small wheaten cakes known as ''sanj'', cooked in [[ghee]], are prepared, along with offerings of incense, [[vermilion]], flowers, rice, ghee, and [[jaggery|''gur'']] to the local [[Devi]] (goddess).
# Utrain is held on the first day of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] (January–February) in honor of ancestors. It is customary to offer food to any visitor who enters the home. Community-wide feasting is a hallmark of the occasion.
# Showrach corresponds to [[Maha Shivaratri]] and is celebrated in the month of [[Phalguna]] (February–March). Devotees observe a fast, consuming food only in the evening. Offerings made to [[Shiva]] include fried suet, ghee, and [[buttermilk]] (''chhach''). These offerings are later consumed to break the fast.
# Khaul Mela takes place on the [[Magha Purnima]]. Each hamlet selects a lead person to carry a large, lighted torch, which is ceremonially waved before the village deity. In the evening, residents celebrate with feasts and playful rituals involving small torches known as ''dinkhol''. These torches are swung around the head and thrown at [[walnut]] trees. It is believed that if a torch gets caught in the branches, the thrower will be blessed by the deities.
# Jukaru Mela is observed on the [[new moon]] of Magha or Phalguna, following Shivratri. It marks the arrival of [[spring (season)|spring]] and is celebrated with joy and reverence. As with Bishu, families prepare a ''totu'' of sattu and ghee topped with a flower. At dawn, family gods and sacred objects are worshipped, younger members pay respects to elders, and households exchange food and greetings with neighbors and friends using the traditional phrase ''shubh shagan'''. Visiting continues throughout the day to nearby and distant villages.<ref>THAKUR SEN NEGI IAS, State Editor, District Gazetteers, HIMACHAL PRADESH p.210 https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08235/page/5/mode/2up?view=theater</ref>

==Demographics==
Pangi Tehsil of Chamba district has a total population of 18,868 as per the Census 2011. Out of which 9,579 are males while 9,289 are females. The Sex Ratio of Pangi Tehsil is 970.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Municipalities of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chamba district]]
[[Category:Valleys of Himachal Pradesh]]

Sana Satish

2026-04-12T00:31:20Z

EverettJat: Creating new post

{{Short description|Indian politician and industialist}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sana Sathish Babu
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 13 December 2024
| predecessor = [[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]
| party = [[Telegu Desam Party]]
| website = [https://sanasathishbabu.in/ Personal website]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = {{hlist|Cricket administrator|Industrialist}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|08|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| education = Diploma in [[Electronics and Communication Engineering|E.C.E]] (2001)
| image =
| caption = Sathish in 2013
}}

'''Sana Sathish Babu''' (born 19 August 1972) is an Indian politician, industrialist, Sports administrator and philanthropist primarily based in [[Andhra region]]. A member of [[Telugu Desam Party]], he has been serving as a member of Rajya Sabha from [[Andhra Pradesh]] since 2024. He is the founder of the Sana Sathish Babu Foundation. In October 2025, he has been nominated as Member to BCCI Infrastructure Development Committee.

== Early life and career ==
Sathish was born in Andhra Pradesh and spent his childhood in [[Kakinada]]. He completed his diploma on [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]] in 2001. He worked for almost a decade as an employee at state electricity department after his father died. After quitting the job, he left for [[Hyderabad]] and started business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEO Telangana (Election Affidavit) |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Bye_Elecs_18_ACs_&_1%20PC/Affidavits/286_Tirupati_AC/286_018_S_Sathish_Babu.pdf |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=Chief Electoral Office Telangana |page=9}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2024 |title=TDP Leader Sana Sathish: From Humble Middle Class Beginning To Rajya Sabha, An Inspiring Journey |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/tdp-leader-sana-Sathish-from-humble-middle-class-beginning-to-rajya-sabha-an-inspiring-journey-article-116222293 |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Sathish Babu is currently serving as Honorary Secretary to the Andhra Cricket Association and has also held important positions in the [[Andhra Cricket Association]], BCCI, East Godavari District Cricket Association and others. He comes from [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu community]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapalli |first=Rahul |date=10 December 2024 |title=TDP fields controversial industrialist Sana Sathish Babu for Rajya Sabha by-elections |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/12/10/tdp-fields-controversial-industrialist-sana-sathish-babu-for-rajya-sabha-by-elections.html |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Sathish joined [[Telegu Desam Party]] and became a key member of the party’s core team. He was elected as [[Rajya Sabha]] member in 2024 bye election seat from Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=10 December 2024 |title=Andhra: TDP picks Masthan Rao, Sana Sathish for Rajya Sabha bye-elections |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-tdp-picks-masthan-rao-sana-Sathish-for-rajya-sabha-bye-elections |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Soon after, he was appointed as floor leader of Telugu Desam Party Party in [[Rajya Sabha]].

== Controversy ==
He has been implicated in ED cases by politically motivated interests{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathish, Sana}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone

2026-04-07T16:53:04Z

EverettJat: created basic post first draft...

{{Short description|Category 4 North Indian tropical cyclone in 1996}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Good article}}
{{infobox weather event
| image = 07B Nov 6 1996 0758Z.png
| caption = Satellite image of the storm prior to landfall in India on 6 November
| formed = 4 November 1996
| dissipated = 7 November 1996
}}{{infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 77
| pressure = 988
}}{{infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 115
| pressure = 927
}}{{infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1996
| fatalities = 1,077 total
| damage = 602000000
| areas = India (especially [[Andhra Pradesh]])
| refs =
}}{{infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1996 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

The '''1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone''' (also known as '''Cyclone 07B''') was a small but powerful storm that left heavy damage in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It formed on 4 November in the eastern [[Bay of Bengal]]. Moving westward, it quickly organized and developed a well-defined [[eye (cyclone)|eye]]. On 6 November, the cyclone struck about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Kakinada]], Andhra Pradesh at peak intensity. The [[India Meteorological Department]] estimated peak winds of {{convert|145|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}},{{refn|The [[India Meteorological Department]] is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the northern Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (RSMC) – Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi |access-date=24 April 2015 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmcobmission.pdf |author=RSMC New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412152908/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmcobmission.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2012 }}</ref>|group="nb"}} while the American-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) assessed peak winds of {{convert|215|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.{{refn|The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the northern Indian Ocean and other regions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|title=Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement|year=2011|access-date=30 November 2011|url=https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726103400/https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/menu/JTWC_mission.html|archive-date=26 July 2007|publisher=United States Navy, United States Airforce}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Soon after [[landfall]], the cyclone weakened and dissipated by 7 November.

Ahead of the storm, about 225,000 families evacuated, although many towns lacked proper storm shelters. When the cyclone made landfall, it produced strong winds up to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland, dropped {{convert|210|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall across a {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} region, and flooded over 250 villages along a {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} portion of the coast. About 70% of the overall damage was in [[East Godavari district]], where two villages were entirely destroyed. The storm destroyed {{convert|241802|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of crops and killed millions of cattle and chicken. Across Andhra Pradesh, the storm damaged 647,554 houses, including over 10,000 that were destroyed. Overall damage totaled {{INRConvert|21.5|b|year=1996}}, comparable to a [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|cyclone in 1977]] that also hit Andhra Pradesh. There were 1,077 confirmed deaths with many others missing, although many of the dead were washed into the sea and were unlikely to be found. After the storm, the government and local [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|Red Cross]] chapters helped residents recover from the damage, while the [[World Bank]] provided money to better prepare Andhra Pradesh for future storms.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Cyclone 07B 1996 track.png}}
On 30 October, a [[1996 Pacific typhoon season#Tropical Depression 34W|Pacific tropical depression]] crossed the [[Kra Isthmus]] into the [[Bay of Bengal]], dissipating the next day over [[Myanmar]]. A new area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]], or thunderstorms, developed over the [[Andaman Sea]] on 1 November
<ref name="atcr">{{cite report|author=Eric J. Trehubenko|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=1997|title=1996 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report |access-date=6 November 2015|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1996atcr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054837/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1996atcr.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |pages=183, 234–235|location=Hagåtña, Guam}}</ref> The system was located within the [[monsoon trough]], and a weak flow steered it slowly westward across the Bay of Bengal,<ref name="bom">{{cite periodical |pages=2, 3|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|volume=15|number=11|date=October 1996 |title=Tropical Cyclones |periodical=Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement|access-date=6 November 2015|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199611.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024409/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ntregion/statements/tropical/dtds-199611.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-17}}</ref> bringing it briefly over southwestern Myanmar. After the convection organized more, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] at 07:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 3 November. At 12:00 UTC that day, the agency initiated advisories on the system, designating it Tropical Cyclone 07B about {{convert|645|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Yangon]], Myanmar.<ref name="atcr"/> The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) – the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the basin – did not classify the system until 4 November; at 15:00 UTC, the agency designated it as a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|depression]].<ref name="imd">{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|date=January 1996|title=Report on cyclonic disturbances over north Indian Ocean during 1996|access-date=6 November 2015|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1996.pdf}}</ref>

Located beneath the axis of an upper-level [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]], the depression was able to intensify and organize more, with prominent [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] developing.<ref name="bom"/> On 5 November, the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression and later to a cyclonic storm.<ref name="imd"/> At 06:00 UTC on the same day, the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, estimating 1 minute winds of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="bt">{{cite report|author=Kenneth R. Knapp|author2=Michael C. Kruk|author3=David H. Levinson|author4=Howard J. Diamond|author5=Charles J. Neumann|year=2010|work=The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data|title=1996 Missing (1996306N15097)|publisher=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|access-date=6 November 2015|url=http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1996306N15097|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120042112/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1996306N15097|archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> It continued westward toward eastern India at a slow pace, later turning more to the west-northwest. Early on 6 November, the storm began rapidly intensifying, and the IMD upgraded the storm to a severe cyclonic storm and later a very severe cyclonic storm. At 04:00 UTC that day, an irregular [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] formed in the middle of the [[central dense overcast]], which quickly became more circular and distinct.<ref name="imd"/> At 06:00 UTC on 6 November, the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of {{convert|215|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, the equivalent of a Category 4 on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale|Saffir–Simpson scale]], and a minimum [[atmospheric pressure|barometric pressure]] of {{convert|927|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="bt"/><ref name="atcr"/> The IMD assessed a much lower intensity, estimating 3 minute winds of {{convert|145|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} based on a [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak rating]] of 4.5.<ref name="imd"/>

While approaching land, the eye contracted from a peak width of {{convert|64|to|17|km|mi|abbr=on}}. At 16:00 UTC on 6 November, the cyclone made [[landfall]] about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] along the east coast of India. The estimated landfall pressure was {{convert|978|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}. It was a smaller-than-normal cyclone, only {{convert|450|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter. The storm rapidly weakened after moving ashore, deteriorating into a deep depression early on 7 November.<ref name="imd"/> The JTWC issued their last advisory at 06:00 UTC that day,<ref name="atcr"/> and the IMD downgraded the system to a remnant low-pressure area over [[Telangana]] at 12:00 UTC.<ref name="imd"/>

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Cyclone 07B 1996.png|right|thumb|Satellite image and map of the cyclone approaching India]]
The IMD issued warnings related to the cyclone that were distributed to the public by television, telegraph, news outlets, and other government departments.<ref name="imd"/> The [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]] broadcast warnings beginning on 5 November, the day before landfall.<ref name="fao"/> Train service was disrupted throughout Andhra Pradesh, stranding thousands of travelers. India's [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] suspended operations during the storm.<ref name="dg119"/> The storm caused local [[Diwali]] festivities to be canceled.<ref name="day"/> It ultimately struck about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of where it was expected, in a region farther away from state shelters.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|agency=The New York Times|date=12 November 1996|title=Battered by Cyclone, Indians Begin to Rebuild}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> About 225,000 families evacuated due to the storm.<ref name="imd"/> However, about 30% of the towns in the region lacked a storm shelter, and the existing shelters were generally in poor shape.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=8 November 1996|title=Cyclone victims should have been warned, say Indian newspapers}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Some residents avoided the shelters due to their state of disrepair,<ref name="day"/> or stayed in their homes for fear they would be robbed.<ref name="nyt"/> In addition, storm emergency plans enacted after [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|a cyclone in 1977]] that struck Andhra Pradesh had not been used since 1986.<ref name="day"/> Roads and shelters built following a [[1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone|cyclone in 1990]] fared the storm better than older structures.<ref name="wb"/>

The powerful cyclone brought intense winds, heavy rainfall, and high waves to Andhra Pradesh in eastern India. Hurricane-force winds – at least 120 km/h (75 mi) – penetrated {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland. Peak gusts were estimated at {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, based on [[anemometer]]s that were blown away in [[Yanam]]. The highest recorded sustained wind was {{convert|111|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} by a ship at the [[Kakinada Port]], only {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the landfall location. The storm dropped heavy rainfall near the coast, peaking at {{convert|390|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Amalapuram]].<ref name="imd"/> Rainfall rates of over {{convert|210|mm|in|abbr=on}} occurred over 3 hours in a {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of land.<ref name="day">{{cite news|author=Krishna Prasad|author2=S. Sivanand|title=The Day Disaster Struck|date=27 November 1996|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|The Outlook]]|access-date=12 November 2015|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-day-disaster-struck/202570}}</ref> Along a {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} portion of the coast, {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} waves accompanied a {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[storm surge]], spreading {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland.<ref name="imd"/><ref name="atcr"/> The storm struck just three weeks after another storm killed 350 people.<ref name="dg119"/> Storm damage extended {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland.<ref name="afp119">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 November 1996|title=Cyclone victims pick up the pieces|author=Madhu Nainan}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Widespread areas of crop fields were inundated with floodwaters, washing away tons of rice, coconuts, and bananas.<ref name="dg119"/> The winds knocked down about 5 million coconut trees.<ref name="ap119"/> It was estimated that the storm destroyed {{convert|174000|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of rice paddy, along with {{convert|67802|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of other crops.<ref name="imd"/> About 13,500 livestock and 1 million chickens were killed by the storm;<ref name="rc1121"/><ref name="news">{{cite news|newspaper=The News|agency=Associated Press|date=10 November 1996|title=Tragedy revealed as water recedes|access-date=10 November 2015|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1290&dat=19961110&id=UiRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S44DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6535,2467199&hl=en}}</ref> many of them rotted on arable fields after the waters receded.<ref name="dg119"/>

Heavy rainfall and high tides flooded more than 250 villages,<ref name="atcr"/> and the cyclone affected 1,380 villages throughout Andhra Pradesh. Many canals and drains were breached by the floods. The storm washed four cargo ships ashore and sank or destroyed 6,464 boats.<ref name="imd"/> About 70% of the overall damage was in [[East Godavari district]],<ref name="rc1121">{{cite report|work=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|date=21 November 1996|title=India: Cyclone IFRC situation report no. 2|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=6 November 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-ifrc-situation-report-no-2}}</ref> where Kakinada was among the hardest hit villages.<ref name="news"/> Two nearby villages – Bhairvapada and Bulusutippa – were entirely destroyed.<ref name="imd"/><ref name="rc1121"/> The villages did not receive advanced warning, and Bhairvapada did not have a functioning cyclone shelter.<ref name="fao"/> There, 90% of the boats were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="day"/> In Amalapuram, also in East Godavari, roughly two of every three houses were destroyed.<ref name="ap119"/> The cyclone also destroyed 55 electrical towers,<ref name="wb"/> including a {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall telecommunications tower,<ref name="imd"/> as well as nearly 17,000 power lines in West Godavari.<ref name="wb"/> About {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads were damaged or washed out, including {{convert|210|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[National Highway 5 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 5]].<ref name="wb"/> Flooding also washed out several railroads,<ref name="dg119"/> while damaged water drainage systems spewed sewage onto the streets. Many hospitals in the region were washed away or flooded.<ref name="afp1110"/> Across Andhra Pradesh, the storm damaged 647,554 houses,<ref name="imd"/> with about 200,000 sustaining roof damage,<ref name="news"/> and over 10,000 that were destroyed.<ref name="atcr"/> Over 100,000 people were left homeless.<ref name="upi1110">{{cite news|agency=United Press International|date=10 November 1996|title=India offers tax break for cyclone aid}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> In the hardest hit areas, only houses made of brick and cement withstood the high winds,<ref name="dg119"/> and huts made of mud and [[Thatching|thatch]] were decimated.<ref name="news"/> Overall damage was officially estimated at [[Indian rupee|RS$]]21.5 billion (US$602 million).<ref name="imd"/>{{refn|The total was originally reported in [[Indian rupee]]. Total converted via the [[Oanda Corporation]] website.<ref name="oanda">{{cite web|publisher=Oanda Corporation|year=2015|title=Historical Exchange Rates|access-date=6 November 2015|url=http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates/|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004000103/http://www.oanda.com/currency/historical-rates/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|group="nb"|name="jpy"}} However, the World Bank indicated damage reached as high as US$1.5 billion.<ref name="wb"/> Officials likened damage to the 1977 cyclone that also struck Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="afp119"/>

After the storm, there were 1,000 fishermen missing at sea,<ref name="atcr"/> despite warnings not to leave port.<ref name="reut11">{{cite news|agency=Reuters|title=India Cyclone Death Toll May Exceed 2,000|date=11 November 1996|access-date=7 November 2015|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-death-toll-may-exceed-2000}}</ref> After being presumed lost, 162 boats returned to port four days after the storm,<ref name="farooq">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=12 November 1996|author=Omer Farooq|title=Feared Dead in Cyclone, Fishermen Return to India's South Coast}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> and additional fishermen returned over the succeeding days.<ref name="ocha2">{{cite report|work=United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs|date=15 November 1996|title=India Cyclone Information Report No.2|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=6 November 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-information-report-no2}}</ref> However, there were 569 fishermen killed or left missing due to lost boats at sea. Many of these fishermen had departed days before the storm, and those that survived had transistors in their boats.<ref name="fao"/> Lacking advanced warning, many shrimp farmers in remote villages were swept away by waves.<ref name="fao"/> Hundreds of dead bodies were discovered along the shore; after they were identified, the corpses were cremated instead of bringing the bodies into local villages.<ref name="reut11"/> Most of the fatalities on land were the result of buildings collapsing on people who stayed inside.<ref name="dg119"/> A ferry crossing the [[Godavari River]] sank amid rough waves, killing all 42 people on board.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=7 November 1996|author=Omer Farooq|title=Storm Hits India, State Executive Says Death Toll May Reach 2,000}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="atcr"/> Overall, the cyclone killed at least 978 people in Andhra Pradesh, with 1,375 people listed as missing in January 1997.<ref name="imd"/> However, the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|Red Cross]] did not expect to find all of the missing bodies, as some were likely washed into the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="rc1121"/> A later report to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|Food and Agriculture Organization]] indicated there were 1,077 confirmed deaths, with an unconfirmed death toll as high as 2,760.<ref name="fao">{{cite report|issn=0429-9337|series=FAO Fisheries Report|chapter=A Description and Analysis of the Events Occurring at Sea and on Land 6 and 7 November 1996 in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India|author=C.M. Muralidharan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26LY4Jf-zEgC&pg=PA36| title=Report of the Government of India/Government of Andhra Pradesh/FAO Workshop on Measure to Reduce the Loss of Life During Cyclones |year=2000|pages=36–38|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Following the storm's heavy damage, homeless residents resided in temporary camps.<ref name="reut11"/> Later, the Indian government set up 742 relief centers housing 177,000 people,<ref name="rc1121"/> utilizing schools and office buildings.<ref name="news"/> However, residents did not stay for extended periods of time in the shelters, as rebuilding began within three days of the storm's landfall.<ref name="wb"/> Many of the displaced people returned to their homes after the storm receded. Workers restored water service and distributed potable water to those in need.<ref name="rc1121"/> Workers used cranes to remove trees from highways.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=9 November 1996|title=Traffic resumes in cyclone-ravaged India's south}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> Roads and communication links were quickly restored,<ref name="ocha2"/> as was the power supply.<ref name="rc1113">{{cite report|work=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|date=13 November 1996|title=India: Cyclone IFRC situation report no. 1|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=7 November 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-ifrc-situation-report-no-1}}</ref> Later, damaged houses were reconstructed with tiled roofs while destroyed houses were rebuilt on [[concrete slab]]s, both to withstand stronger winds.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The Andhra Pradesh government coordinated with the [[Indian Red Cross Society]] to provide relief goods to the affected citizens, such as {{convert|75|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of rice per family.<ref name="rc1121"/> The Red Cross sent 10 trucks carrying blankets, food, and cooking supplies from [[Delhi]] to Andhra Pradesh,<ref name="rc1121"/> to be distributed by the Andhra Pradesh Red Cross.<ref name="rc1113"/> India's military enacted [[search and rescue]] missions in the days following the storm.<ref name="wb2">{{cite report|publisher=World Bank|title=India-Proposed Andhra Pradesh Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project|date=29 January 1997|access-date=13 November 2015|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/09/05/000009265_3971229184534/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf}}</ref> Six helicopters worked continuously to airlift food, water, and medicine to storm victims,<ref>{{cite news|agency=Reuters|author=Dev Varam|date=9 November 1996|title=Indian state battles to aid cyclone victims}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref><ref name="dg119"/> although residents fought over the aid in poor areas.<ref name="farooq"/> Helicopters also surveyed the storm damage, as many affected small villages were not linked by roads.<ref name="day"/> About 935 medical teams were established following the storm,<ref name="rc1121"/> and chlorinated drinking tablets were distributed to purify water,<ref name="ap119">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|author=Omer Farooq|date=9 November 1996|title=Death, Disease, Destruction from Cyclone in Southern India}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> in an attempt to prevent a [[cholera]] outbreak. Cholera spreads through stagnant contaminated water, and there were eight reports of storm victims contracting the disease.<ref name="ap119"/><ref name="dg119">{{cite news|author=Omer Farooq|newspaper=The Daily Gazette|date=9 November 1996|access-date=10 November 2015|agency=Associated Press|title=Cyclone leaves death, disease and destruction in India|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=19961109&id=DIhGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NekMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5237,2071334&hl=en}}</ref> In the months after the storm, foreign governments and international organizations donated about US$500,000.<ref name="wb"/>

The [[World Bank]] considered the cyclone as having a significant effect on [[Economy of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh's economy]].<ref name="wb"/> Andhra Pradesh's [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]] [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] estimated that the state would take as long as 30 years to recover from the storm.<ref name="afp1110">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=10 November 1996|title=Cholera outbreak grips cyclone-hit Indian state}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> The government provided Rs. 1,500 (US$420) to every family whose hut collapsed during the storm, and Rs. 100,000 (US$2,857) to the family of every person killed by the storm.<ref name="out"/><ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=8 November 1996|title=Indian cyclone may have killed 1,000, says chief minister}}{{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}</ref> However, there were also reports of people stealing bodies to receive the payment.<ref name="out"/> The federal government provided about US$12 million to the state, as well as tax deductions for monetary donations.<ref name="upi1110"/> Former [[Union Council of Ministers of India|Union Minister]] [[P. V. Rangaiah Naidu|Rangaiah Naidu]] opined that the state government overinflated the damage estimates to qualify for additional aid, in part due to the government spending annual disaster subsidies for salaries.<ref name="out">{{cite news|newspaper=The Outlook|date=27 November 1996|title=Milking A Tragedy?|access-date=12 November 2015|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/milking-a-tragedy/202571}}</ref> The World Bank credited the government's experience with disasters as saving lives, although the response to the disaster was largely in repairing damage, rather than mitigating against future storms. The storm also demonstrated the region's outdated infrastructure.

Following the heavy damage from the cyclone and other recent disasters, the World Bank enacted a plan for Andhra Pradesh in April 1997, consisting of repairing damaged infrastructure, an updated disaster plan, and technical assistance to the state government. Shelters and roads would be improved to higher standards.<ref name="wb">{{cite report|date=11 April 1997|title=Technical Annex on a Proposed Loan and Credit to India for an Andhra Pradesh Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Cyclone Recovery Project|pages=5–7, 10–11, Attachment 11|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1997/04/11/000009265_3970818103327/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> This plan ultimately cost about US$175 million and was completed in July 2003, three years longer than expected but at a lower cost due to the Indian rupee losing some of its value. Power lines were improved to withstand winds of {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, while drains were enlarged and a coastal plant system was created to lessen flooding. An additional 82 public shelters were constructed. However, the plan failed to yield a long term disaster policy for the state.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2004|title=Implementation Completion Report (ICR) Review – A.p. Emerg. Cyclone|author=Silke Heuser|access-date=13 November 2015|url=http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/InterLandingPagesByUNID/8525682E0068603785256E2900544741|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120053701/http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/InterLandingPagesByUNID/8525682E0068603785256E2900544741}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Typhoon Gay (1989)]] – powerful cyclone that took a similar track from the South China Sea into India
* [[Cyclone Jal]] – weaker storm that also crossed the entirety of the Bay of Bengal

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1996 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Very severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:1990s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]

Sri Muktsar Sahib Railway Station

2026-04-02T18:33:51Z

EverettJat: Creating details

{{short description|Train station in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sri Muktsar Sahib
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| image = Mukatsar Railway station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Bura Gujjar Rd, [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = India
| elevation = {{convert|199|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = Fazilka–Kotkapura line
| platform = 1
| tracks = 3 nos {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible = [[Wheelchair ramp]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.4787|N|74.5148|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MKS
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| opened =
| electrified = No
| former =
| passengers = 1550 per day
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2018
| pass_percent =
| map_dot_label = Sri Muktsar Sahib railway station
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_size = 280
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
}}

(Station code: '''MKS''') City's railway station is located on Bura Gujjar road, [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]] city which is the administrative headquarter of the district. Sri Muktsar Sahib railway station falls under [[Firozpur railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Sri Muktsar Sahib railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/muktsar-mks/6229|accessdate=10 September 2020|publisher=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Sri Muktsar Sahib railway station is located at an elevation of {{convert|199|m|ft}}. This station is located on the single track, {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], Kotkapura–Fazilka line.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=How to reach Muktsar |url=https://muktsar.nic.in/how-to-reach/|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=10 September 2020|website=|publisher=Sri Muktsar Sahib district official website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Muktsar Train Station|url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/MKS/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 September 2020|website=Total Train Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Muktsar Trains Schedule and station information|url=https://www.goibibo.com/trains/barnala-railway-station-mks/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 September 2020|website=[[Ibibo|goibibo]]}}</ref>

== Electrification ==
Sri Muktsar Sahib railway station is situated on single track [[Diesel multiple unit|DMU]] line.<ref name=":0" /> The electrification of the single track BG Kotkapura-Fazilka line is in the pipeline.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electrification of rly tracks in the pipeline|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/electrification-of-rly-tracks-in-the-pipeline-540428|accessdate=10 September 2020|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]] newspaper online}}</ref>

== Amenities ==
Sri Muktsar Sahib railway station has 4 booking windows and all basic amenities like drinking water, public toilets, sheltered area with adequate seating. There is one platforms at the station and one foot overbridge (FOB).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities details of Sri Muktsar Sahib railway station as on 31/03/2018|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=MKS|accessdate=10 September 2020|publisher=Rail Drishti}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]
[[Category:Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]

Bianca Desai

2026-04-02T01:09:57Z

EverettJat: created basic entry and citations...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bianca Desai
| image = Bianca Desai photo shoot.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = India
| other_names =
| occupation = Film actress
| years_active = 2008-
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Bianca Desai''' or '''Biyanka Desai''' is an Indian actress who has starred in predominantly [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/My-films-an-original-Tinu-Verma/articleshow/11564852.cms |title=My film's an original: Tinu Verma |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 January 2017 |location=India |access-date=21 July 2019 |last1=Lakshmi |first1=V. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/oct/05/biyanka-desai-sets-a-sandalwood-record-192457.html |title=Biyanka Desai sets a Sandalwood record |work=[[The New Indian Express]]|location=India |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/42504/synchronising-stars.html |title=Synchronising with stars |date=21 December 2009 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]|location=India |language=en |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072123/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/42504/synchronising-stars.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/oct/04/the-tri-lingual-star-192416.html |title=The Tri-Lingual Star}}</ref>

==Career==
Bianca Desai has been part of more than 9 films in Kannada.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sainikudu]]'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2007 || ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' || || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' || Pia || rowspan="2" | Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]'' || Menaka || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Jalsa]]'' || Bhagyamathi's friend || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Nesthama'' || Sandhya ||
|-
| ''[[Rocky (2008 film)|Rocky]]'' || Usha || rowspan="4" | [[Kannada]]||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009 || ''[[Gulama]]'' || Priyanka ||
|-
| ''Chellidaru Sampigeya'' || Soumya ||
|-
| ''[[Yogi (2009 Kannada film)|Yogi]]'' || Mala ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2010 || ''Chalaki'' || Gnana Prasunambha || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Sanchari'' || Bindu || rowspan="3" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Kiccha Huccha]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Huduga Hudugi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Koffi Bar]]'' || Srijana || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Noorondu Bagilu'' || Vardha || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Swayam Krushi (2011 film)|Swayam Krushi]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[This Weekend]]'' || Shivani || [[Hindi]]||
|-
| 2013 || ''Nimidangal'' || Srijana || Tamil ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Neron'' || Shilpa || [[English language|English]]||
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[Kannada cinema|Cinema of Karnataka]]
*[[List of Indian actresses]]
*[[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Bianca}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Raja Nanna Raja

2026-04-01T12:05:30Z

EverettJat:

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Nanna Raja
| image = Raja Nanna Raja.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[A. V. Seshagiri Rao]]
| producer = Abbaiah Naidu
| writer = [[Salim–Javed]]
| screenplay = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Aarathi]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = R. Chittibabu
| editing = P Bhakthavathsalam
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|05|27|df=yes}}
| studio = Madhu Art Films
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Raja Nanna Raja''''' ({{audio|Kn-ರಾಜ ನನ್ನ ರಾಜ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Raja is my king}}) is a 1976 [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film, written by [[Salim–Javed]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Naseeruddin Shah does not like successful people: Javed Akhtar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Naseeruddin-Shah-does-not-like-successful-people-Javed-Akhtar/articleshow/53584271.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2016}}</ref> and the screenplay was created by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. The film was directed by [[A. V. Sheshagiri Rao]], and produced by A. L. Abbaiah Naidu. The film starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Aarathi]] and [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/raja-nanna-raja/cast-crew.html|title=Raja Nanna Raja Cast & Crew, Raja Nanna Raja Kannada Movie Cast, Actor, Actress, Director – Filmibeat|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-date=26 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201126/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/movies/raja-nanna-raja/cast-crew.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The songs composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] were received extremely well and considered as evergreen hits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smashits.com/raja-nanna-raja/songs-360.html|title=Raja Nanna Raja at Smashits|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214537/http://www.smashits.com/raja-nanna-raja/songs-360.html|archive-date=26 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The film deals with the theme of reincarnation and the lead actors romance in two getups, one in the modern day and another 200 years ago. The film was a huge success at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moviemaathu.wordpress.com/2010/10/02/raja-nanna-raja/|title=Raja Nanna Raja (ರಾಜ ನನ್ನ ರಾಜ)|date=2 October 2010|publisher=}}</ref> In an episode in ''[[Weekend with Ramesh]]'' , [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] revealed that [[Ilaiyaraaja]] had worked under [[G. K. Venkatesh]] as a guitar player.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeekannadatv.com/shows/weekend-with-ramesh-season2/video/weekend-with-ramesh-season-2-episode-19-february-27-2016-full-episode.html|title=Weekend with Ramesh Season2 – Episode 19 – Watch Full Episode Online (HD) for Free – OZEE – Zee Kannada|website=www.zeekannadatv.com}}</ref>

This movie popularized the role of the suave [[antihero]] in Kannada films. The film was released on 27 May 1976<ref>{{Citation |title=Raja Nanna Raja Movie {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/raja-nanna-raja/movieshow/61285785.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref> and enjoyed a theatrical run of 25 weeks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |title=:: Welcome to Chitatara :: |website=www.chitratara.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarities have been noticed in the core plot elements of this movie and ''[[Magadheera]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2014 |title=After Gajakesari, S Krishna to Make Hebbuli |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/may/29/after-gajakesari-s-krishna-to-make-hebbuli-618808.html}}</ref> [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]], father of [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and the story writer of his movies, has admitted that Dr. Rajkumar films were also one of the responsible factors for the content he derived for his stories.<ref>https://www.indiaglitz.com/dubbing-to-kannada-vijayendra-prasad-observation-kannada-_amp-news-180113</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Raja
* [[Aarathi]] as Geetha/Ganga
* [[K. S. Ashwath]]
* [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]]
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
* [[Sampath (Kannada actor)|Sampath]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* [[M. P. Shankar]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raja Nanna Raja
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 1976
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Prasad Studio
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:26
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[G. K. Venkatesh]] composed the soundtrack and the lyrics were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. The album consists of five soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Raja Nanna Raja (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |date= 27 May 1976 |url= https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/raja-nanna-raja-original-motion/id918819320 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141206204426/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/raja-nanna-raja-original-motion/id918819320 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 December 2014 |publisher= iTunes |access-date= 9 October 2014}}</ref> The song ''Thanuvu Manavu'' had another video version which was not used in the movie but that version went on to be used in [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]'s 1989 movie ''Preyasi Preethisu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBOmiwPcBR4|title=Preyasi Preethisu – ಪ್ರೇಯಸಿ ಪ್ರೀತಿಸು-Kannada Full HD Movie - FEAT.Kashinath, Sagarika|publisher=SRS Media Vision | date=14 November 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref> The initial lyrics of the song ''Nooru Kannu Saaladu'' was ''Baare Nanna Mohini''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=FJMF7iE7SgxZq1kr&v=4yas0h3mT7E&feature=youtu.be | title="ನಾಡು ಕಂಡ ರಾಜ್ ಕುಮಾರ್" ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಸಮಾರಂಭದ ಅಪರೂಪದ ಸಂಚಿಕೆಗಳು..!! | Prof. Krishne Gowda | Ep 05 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=9 October 2023 }}</ref> G.K.Venkatesh re-used the tune of ''Nooru Kannu Saaladu'' as ''Maaghamasa Velalo'' for the 1980 Telugu movie ''[[Jathara]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=AuUsgCQFZKG9ObB-&v=EI_HMvVjGoE&feature=youtu.be | title=మాఘమాస వేళలో | వీడియో సాంగ్ | జాతర | చిరంజీవి | శ్రీధర్ | V9 వీడియోస్ | website=[[YouTube]] | date=28 August 2018 }}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:26
| title1 = Nooru Kannu Saladu
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra1 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:33
| title2 = Ninade Nenapu Dinavu
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra2 = P. B. Sreenivas
| length2 = 3:38
| title3 = Raja Nanna Raja (Title)
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra3 = Instrumental
| length3 = 2:28
| title4 = Thanuvu Manavu
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra4 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = Kalletigintha Ninna
| lyrics5 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra5 = Rajkumar, S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:22
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1369559|Raja Nanna Raja}}

{{Salim-Javed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Nanna Raja}}
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. V. Seshagiri Rao]]

Ministry of External Affairs (India)

2026-03-27T04:17:57Z

EverettJat:

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{For|list of ministers|Minister of External Affairs (India)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of External Affairs
| nativename_a =
| type = Ministry
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_size = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| logo = Ministry of External Affairs India.svg
| logo_width = 250px
| logo_caption = Ministry of External Affairs of the Republic of India
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = September 1946
| preceding1 =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Jawaharlal Nehru Bhawan [[Janpath]], [[New Delhi]]
| minister1_name = [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| minister3_name =
| minister3_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name = [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State|MoS]]
| deputyminister2_name = [[Pabitra Margherita]]
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Minister of State|MoS]]
| deputyminister3_name =
| deputyminister3_pfo =
| chief1_name = [[Vikram Misri]]
| chief1_position = [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]
| chief2_name = [[Sibi George]]
| chief2_position = Secretary (West)
| chief3_name = [[Periasamy Kumaran]]
| chief3_position = Secretary (East)
| chief4_name = Sripriya Ranganatha
| chief4_position = Secretary (CPV & OIA)
| chief5_name = Sudhakar Dalela
| chief5_position = Secretary (Economic Relations)
| chief6_name = [[Neena Malhotra]]
| chief6_position = Secretary (South)
| chief7_name = [[Randhir Jaiswal]]
| chief7_position = [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs (India)|AS-XP and Spokesperson]]
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| employees = * [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] (A): 954<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=IFS cadre strength at 954; 200 SC/ST and 263 women diplomats |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/12/ifs-cadre-strength-at-954-200-scst-and-263-women-diplomats |access-date=30 December 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* IFS (B): 4,297
| budget = {{INRConvert|22118.97|c}} (2026–27)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sumsbe.pdf|title=Budget Provisions, net of receipts and recoveries, for the year 2026-2027|website=www.indiabudget.gov.in|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
| parent_department =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mea.gov.in/|mea.gov.in}}
}}
The '''Ministry of External Affairs''' (abbreviated as '''MEA'''; [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Vidēśa Mantrālaya}}) is a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] of the [[Government of India]] tasked with India's [[Indian foreign policy|foreign policy]] and [[Foreign relations of India|relations]]. The Ministry is headed by the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], a member of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Prime Minister's Cabinet]]. The Minister is typically assisted by one or more junior ministers, known as Ministers of State (MoS) for External Affairs. The [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of the Republic of India]] is the senior-most non-elected official and the administrative head of the ministry.

The Ministry of External Affairs operates more than [[List of diplomatic missions of India|200 diplomatic missions]] around the world through which it represents the [[Government of India]] on the international stage. In addition, the Ministry is responsible for India's representation at the [[United Nations]] and other international organizations. The Ministry is also responsible for the repatriation of Indian citizens in danger abroad and in the extradition of fugitives who have fled India. The Ministry of External Affairs may also advise other ministries and state governments in their interactions with foreign entities and brief them on pertinent international developments.

The [[Committee on External Affairs|Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs]], consisting of elected members from both the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]], is tasked with this ministry's legislative oversight.

As of March 2025, the ministry has the current sanctioned strength of [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] (A) is 1,177 and General Cadre IFS (B) is 2,379, Stenographers' Cadre is 1,209, other cadre is 1,150 and local cadre is 3,119.<ref>{{cite web |title=QUESTION NO-3097 SERVICE CONDITIONS OF IFS OFFICERS ON DOMESTIC POSTINGS |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/39261/QUESTION+NO3097+SERVICE+CONDITIONS+OF+IFS+OFFICERS+ON+DOMESTIC+POSTINGS |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=MEA |access-date=30 December 2025 |date=27 March 2025}}</ref>

==History==
The Ministry was initially the '''Ministry of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations''', a holdover from the [[British Raj]]. It was renamed the Ministry of External Affairs in 1948.<ref name=AR49>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE Ministry of External Affairs 1949-50|url=http://mealib.nic.in/reports/1949-50.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] held the portfolio as an additional charge till his death in 1964 and it was only then that a separate Minister with Cabinet rank was appointed. The ministry is responsible for the administration of [[Naga hills|Naga Hills]], [[Tuensang|Tuensang Area]], [[Emigration Act, 1983|the Emigration Act of 1983]], the Reciprocity Act of 1943, the Port Haj Committee Act of 1932, the Indian Merchant Shipping Act in so far as it relates to pilgrim ships, the Indian Pilgrim Shipping Rules of 1933, the Protection of Pilgrims Act of 1887 (Bombay) and the Protection of the Mohammedan Pilgrims Act of 1896 (Bengal).

The Ministry was integrated with [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]] on 7 January 2016.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=685033681509982208|user=SushmaSwaraj|title=Hon'ble Prime Minister has kindly accepted my proposal. So MOIA will now be part of Ministry of External Affairs.|author=Sushma Swaraj|date=7 January 2016}}</ref> The government said that the decision was taken in line with government's "overall objective of minimizing government and maximizing governance" and that it will help the government address duplication as well as unnecessary delays.<ref>{{cite news |title=Government to merge overseas Indian affairs ministry with MEA - Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-to-merge-overseas-Indian-affairs-ministry-with-MEA/articleshow/50491031.cms |access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>

The Ministry is the cadre-controlling authority of the [[Indian Foreign Service]]; the service is wholly under the administration and supervision of the External Affairs Ministry.

==Organizational structure==
The Ministry of External Affairs is headed by the Minister of External Affairs (or simply, the Foreign Minister; in {{langx|hi|Videsh Mantri}}).The [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] is the most senior civil servant who is the head of the Department of Foreign Affairs,<ref name="External Affairs Ministry, Who">{{cite web |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/amb1/Mea_Organograms.pdf |title=Organogram of the Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=27 November 2023 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214101600/http://meaindia.nic.in/staticfile/organisation.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is supported by other [[Secretary to Government of India|secretary]] level officers.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border:2px solid black; border-collapse: collapse;"
|-
! colspan="6" style="width:100%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="width:100%;" | [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
|-
! colspan="3" style="width:50%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Minister of State for External Affairs (India)|Minister of State]]
! colspan="3" style="width:50%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Minister of State for External Affairs (India)|Minister of State]]
|-
| colspan="3" style="width:50%;" | [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
| colspan="3" style="width:50%;" | [[Pabitra Margherita]]
|-
! colspan="6" style="width:100%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="width:100%;" | [[Vikram Misri]]
|-
! style="width:16.66%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] (West)
! style="width:16.66%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] (East)
! style="width:16.66%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] (South)
! style="width:16.66%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] (Economic Relations)
! style="width:16.66%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] (Consular, Passport, Visa and Overseas Indian Affairs)
! style="width:16.66%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Special Secretary & Financial Adviser
|-
| [[Sibi George]] || ''Vacant'' (TBA) || [[Neena Malhotra]] || Sudhakar Dalela || Sripriya Ranganathan || Anurag Agarwal
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%; margin:auto; text-align:center; border:2px solid black;"
|-
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2;" | [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]]
|-
| [[Randhir Jaiswal]]
|}

===Divisions===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Division !! Scope
|-
| A & RM (Acquisition & Resource Management) Division || Manages acquisition and resources of MEA.
|-
| Administration Division || Handles administrative matters, cadre management, official language, and procedures.
|-
| AMS (Americas) Division || Handles {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]] and {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]].
|-
| BM (Bangladesh–Myanmar) Division || Covers {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]] and {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Myanmar]].
|-
| BIMSTEC and SAARC Division || Handles all matters relating to [[BIMSTEC]] (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) and the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]].
|-
| Central and West Africa Division || Covers {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]], {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]], {{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegal]], {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Ivory Coast]], and other nations.
|-
| CCCS (Centre of Contemporary China Studies) Division || Coordinates research, analysis, and policy matters related to contemporary developments in [[China]] through the Centre for Contemporary China Studies.
|-
| Central America Division || Covers {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]], {{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belize]], {{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala]], {{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduras]], {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador]], {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaragua]], {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica]], {{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama]], and Caribbean states.
|-
| CPV Division || Handles consular, [[passport]], and [[Travel visa|visa]] services.
|-
| CT (Counter Terrorism) Division || Deals with [[counter-terrorism]] and security cooperation.
|-
| Cyber Diplomacy Division || Manages cyber-policy and digital diplomacy.
|-
| D&ISA (Disarmament & International Security Affairs) Division || Focuses on [[arms control]], [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|non‑proliferation]], and international security.
|-
| DPA‑I || Handles concessional [[Line of Credit|loans]] to partner countries.
|-
| DPA‑II || Capacity development and [[South–South cooperation|South‑South cooperation]].
|-
| DPA‑III || Manages grant-assistance projects.
|-
| DPA‑IV || Cultural-heritage and restoration projects abroad.
|-
| [[Indian diaspora|Diaspora]] Engagement Division || Programmes for Global Engagement with the diaspora, PBD, SPDC, KIP, PCTD, PTDY, databases, and student/women support abroad.
|-
| East Asia Division || Covers {{flagicon|China}} [[China]], {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]], {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]], {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolia]], {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]].
|-
| East and Southern Africa Division || Covers {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenya]], {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]], {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]], {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzania]], {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda]], {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zambia]], {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwe]], {{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawi]], and others.
|-
| Economic Diplomacy Division || Handles [[trade]], [[foreign direct investment|investment]], and [[energy diplomacy]].
|-
| EP & W (Emigration Policy & Welfare) Division || [[International migration|Migration]], mobility, and welfare for Indian workers abroad.
|-
| Establishment Division || Manages establishment matters like property, accommodation, and equipment.
|-
| Eurasia Division || Handles all matters relating to {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]], {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]], {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Kyrgyzstan]], {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]], {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]], {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmenistan]], {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]], and {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan]].
|-
| Europe West Division || Covers {{flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorra]], {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]], {{flagicon|France}} [[France]], {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]], {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Ireland]], {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]], {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]], {{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]], {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]], {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]], {{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]], {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]], {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]], and {{flagicon|EU}} [[EU]].
|-
| Finance Division || Budget and expenditure of the Ministry.
|-
| GEM (Global Estate Management) Division || Manages estates and properties abroad.
|-
| G20 Division || Coordinates [[G20]] matters.
|-
| Gulf Division || Covers {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]], {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[UAE]], {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar]], {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman]], {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Bahrain]], {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait]], {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]].
|-
| Indian Ocean Region (IOR) Division || Covers {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldives]], {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Mauritius]], {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]], {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychelles]], {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Madagascar]], {{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comoros]].
|-
| Indo-Pacific Division || Oversees strategic regional [[Indo-Pacific]] issues.
|-
| Liaison Officer for Other Backward Classes of the Ministry || Liaison and monitoring of OBC policies.
|-
| Liaison Officer for Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes / Persons with Disabilities of the Ministry || Liaison and monitoring of SC/ST/PD policies.
|-
| MEA Library || Library and information management at [[Patiala House]].
|-
| MER (Multilateral Economic Relations) Division || Handles [[WTO]], [[IMF]], [[World Bank]], and multilateral economic issues.
|-
| NEST Division || Deals with new, emerging, and strategic technologies.
|-
| Northern Division || Covers {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal]] and {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]].
|-
| Northern Europe Division || Covers {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]], {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]], {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]], {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]], {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]], {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]], {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]], {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]], {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]].
|-
| OE & PGE (Overseas Employments & Protectorate General of Emigrants) || [[Indian diaspora|Oversees Indian]] employment abroad and protection.
|-
| Oceania Division || Covers {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]], {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]], {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Fiji]], {{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} [[Papua New Guinea]], {{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Solomon Islands]], {{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Vanuatu]], and other Pacific nations.
|-
| PAI (Pakistan–Afghanistan–Iran) Division || Covers {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]], {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistan]], {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]].
|-
| PP & R (Policy Planning & Research) Division || Mid-/long-term policy planning and research.
|-
| Protocol Division || Manages protocol, diplomatic privileges, and VVIP visits.
|-
| RTI (Right to Information) Cell || Implements [[Right to Information Act 2005]] in the Ministry.
|-
| SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Division || Handles [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] matters and India’s engagement.
|-
| Southern Division || Covers {{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Brunei]], {{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Cambodia]], {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]], {{flagicon|Laos}} [[Laos]], {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]], {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]], {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]], {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]], {{flagicon|Timor-Leste}} [[Timor Leste]], and {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam]].
|-
| Southern Europe Division || Covers {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]], {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]], {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]], {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]], {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]], {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]], {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]], {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]], and other nearby nations.
|-
| South America Division || Covers {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]], {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]], {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]], {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia]], {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]], {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuela]], {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]], {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia]], {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]], {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguay]], and other countries.
|-
| UNES (United Nations Economic & Social) Division || Handles India’s [[ECOSOC|UN economic, social]], and [[United Nations Sustainable Development Group|sustainable development engagement]].
|-
| UNP (United Nations Political) Division || Handles [[UN]] political, security, [[UNSC|Security Council]], and [[United Nations peacekeeping|peacekeeping matters]].
|-
| WANA (West Asia & North Africa) Division || Covers {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]], {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]], {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon]], {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]], {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Morocco]], {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisia]], {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algeria]], {{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya]], and other WANA countries.
|-
| Welfare Division || Welfare policies and programs for Ministry employees.
|-
| XPD (External Publicity & Public Diplomacy) Division || Manages media, publicity, [[website]], new media, publications, and soft power initiatives.
|}

''Source: [https://www.mea.gov.in/divisions.htm Ministry of External Affairs (India)]''

==Development Partnership Administration==
Development Partnership Administration (DPA) is an agency under the Ministry of External Affairs formed in 2013 to increase its strategic footprint and for the effective execution of projects with professionals from diverse backgrounds. India has an elaborate project portfolio in its neighbourhood, including Bhutan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, as well as Africa and Latin America. It is headed by Sujata Mehta, one of India's foremost diplomats and former Indian representative to the UN Conference on Disarmament, Geneva. Mehta is Special Secretary in the MEA.<ref name="DPA">{{cite news|title = Devyani likely to head MEA's overseas projects department|date = 20 January 2014|newspaper = The Indian Express|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/devyani-likely-to-head-meas-overseas-projects-department/}}</ref><ref name="organogram">{{cite web|title=Organogram of Ministry of External Affairs|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/Final_MEA_Organogram_17_Jan_2014_2.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> According to [[OECD]] estimates, 2019 [[official development assistance]] from India increased to US$1.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/18b00a44-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/18b00a44-en#section-d1e57967|title=India | Development Co-operation Profiles – India | OECD iLibrary}}</ref>

==Location==
The office of the Ministry is located in the South Block building which also contains the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's office]] and [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. Other offices are located in Jawaharlal Nehru Bhawan, Shastri Bhawan, Patiala House, and ISIL Building.<ref>[http://www.mea.gov.in/south-block.htm About MEA : South Block]. MEA (2014-03-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.</ref>

== Parliamentary Standing Committee ==
Parliamentary Standing [[Committee on External Affairs]] is mandated with the task of the legislative oversight of the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref name="Committee on External Affairs">{{cite web |title=Committee on External Affairs : Loksabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=11&tab=2 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

In March 2023, the committee in its ''Demand for Grants (2023–24)'' report, criticized the ministry for being "most short-staffed" and under-budgeted. The committee highlighted that The total strength of 4,888 is distributed across different cadres of the Ministry such as the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS), IFS General Cadre, IFS Group B, Stenographers Cadre, Interpreters Cadre, Legal and Treaties Cadre, among others. The cadre strength of Indian Foreign Service Officers is only 1,011, just 22.5 percent of the total strength. Out of IFS 'A' cadre, 667 are posted at the Missions abroad and 334 are manning the headquarters in Delhi, which currently has 57 divisions.<ref>{{cite news |title='Indian diplomatic service most short-staffed compared to many other countries': Parliamentary panel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/mar/21/indian-diplomatic-service-most-short-staffed-compared-to-many-other-countries-parliamentary-pane-2558234.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The committee also highlighted that the ministry “remains one amongst the least funded central ministries” as its actual annual spending has been around 0.4% of the total budgetary allocation of the government since 2020–21.<ref name="CoEA 2023">{{cite news |title=Parliamentary panel for ramping up manpower and funding for MEA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliamentary-panel-for-ramping-up-manpower-and-funding-for-mea-101679421330165.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== List of operations by the Ministry of External Affairs (India) ==

This is a list of major operations carried out by the Ministry of External Affairs (India).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Operation !! Region !! Description !! References
|-
| 1990 || [[1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait]] || {{flag|Kuwait}} || Evacuation of over 170,000 Indians during the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]] & [[Gulf War]], one of the largest civilian evacuations in history. || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=02_02_2016_013_058_002&type=P&artUrl=REAL-STORY-KUWAIT-AIRLIFT-1990-02022016013058&eid=31806 |title=Real Story: Kuwait Airlift, 1990 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629023939/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=02_02_2016_013_058_002&type=P&artUrl=REAL-STORY-KUWAIT-AIRLIFT-1990-02022016013058&eid=31806 |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[Operation Raahat]] || {{flag|Yemen}} || Evacuation of ~4,640 Indians and 960 foreign nationals during the [[Yemeni crisis|Yemen civil war]]. || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Raahat: Evacuation from Yemen |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/25084 |website=Ministry of External Affairs |date=2015-04-12 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref name=hindu-evac>{{cite news|title=India begins evacuating citizens|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-begins-evacuating-citizens/article7054994.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 March 2015|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206201430/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-begins-evacuating-citizens/article7054994.ece|archive-date=6 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[Operation Maitri]] || {{flag|Nepal}} || [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|Earthquake]] relief operation evacuating ~43,000 Indians, over 150 foreign tourist were evacuated and were provided transit visa to as many as 785 foreigners || <ref>{{Cite web |title=India extends massive relief assistance to Nepal |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/25132/Media+Briefing+on+Indian+Rescue+and+Relief+Efforts+in+Nepal+April+26+2015|website=Ministry of External Affairs |date=2015-04-27 |access-date=2025-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nepal-earthquake-rescue-operations-india-s-operation-maitri-death-toll/article1-1341152.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426092423/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nepal-earthquake-rescue-operations-india-s-operation-maitri-death-toll/article1-1341152.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2015 |title=Nepal quake: India launches 'Operation Maitri', airlifts many |work=hindustantimes.com/ |access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || [[Operation Samudra Maitri]] || {{flag|Indonesia}} || Disaster relief operation post-[[2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami|Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami]]. || <ref name="mea1">[https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30461/Operation_Samudra_Maitri_Indias_Assistance_to_Earthquake_and_Tsunami_affected_areas_in_Indonesia Operation Samudra Maitri: India's Assistance to Earthquake and Tsunami affected areas in Indonesia] Ministry of External Affairs, India 3 October 2018</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[Operation Devi Shakti]] || {{flag|Afghanistan}} || Evacuation of 800 Indian nationals and minorities after [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Taliban takeover]]. || <ref>{{cite news|last=Goyal|first=Divya |date=21 August 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/taliban-stops-72-afghan-sikhs-and-hindus-from-boarding-iaf-plane-7464332/|title=Taliban stop 72 Afghan Sikhs and Hindus from boarding IAF plane|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="toi29">{{cite web |last1=Saha |first1=Poulomi |title=Taliban want resumption of flights between India and Afghanistan, write to DGCA {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/taliban-afghanistan-india-flights-kabul-1858584-2021-09-29 |website=India Today |access-date=29 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || [[Operation Ganga]] || {{flag|Ukraine}} || Evacuation of ~25,000 Indian nationals & 147 citizens of 18 other countries were evacuated during [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia–Ukraine war]]. || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-27 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Operation Ganga: Air India's second flight carrying 250 Indian evacuees from Ukraine lands in Delhi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/operation-ganga-air-indias-second-flight-carrying-250-indian-evacuees-from-ukraine-lands-in-delhi-10412131.html |access-date=2022-02-27 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Operation Ganga a massive success: India rescues Pakistanis, Nepalis & Bangladeshis |url=https://www.newsx.com/world/operation-ganga-a-massive-success-india-rescues-pakistanis-nepalis-bangladeshis.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=[[NewsX]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Operation Kaveri]] || {{flag|Sudan}} || Evacuation of ~3,897 Indians during [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudan crisis]]. || <ref name="DH1">{{cite web |title=India launches Operation Kaveri to evacuate its nationals from Sudan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/india-launches-operation-kaveri-to-evacuate-its-nationals-from-sudan-1212522.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424204714/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/india-launches-operation-kaveri-to-evacuate-its-nationals-from-sudan-1212522.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HN1">{{cite web |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=Kallol |title=India launches Operation Kaveri to evacuate stranded citizens from war-hit Sudan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-launches-operation-kaveri-to-evacuate-stranded-citizens-from-war-hit-sudan/article66773499.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424204714/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-launches-operation-kaveri-to-evacuate-stranded-citizens-from-war-hit-sudan/article66773499.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Operation Ajay]] || {{flag|Israel}} || Evacuation of 1,400 Indian nationals during [[Gaza war|Israel–Hamas war]]. || <ref name="dh1">{{cite web |title=Operation Ajay {{!}} First flight to bring 230 Indians from war-hit Israel on Oct 13 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/operation-ajay-first-flight-to-bring-230-indians-from-war-hit-israel-on-oct-13-2724279 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022175141/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/operation-ajay-first-flight-to-bring-230-indians-from-war-hit-israel-on-oct-13-2724279 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |work=Livemint |date=2023-10-15 |title=Operation Ajay: More Indian nationals return from Israel amid conflict |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/operation-ajay-3rd-flight-carrying-197-indians-reaches-delhi-4th-flight-with-274-to-reach-soon-details-here-11697332440484.html |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021072414/https://www.livemint.com/news/operation-ajay-3rd-flight-carrying-197-indians-reaches-delhi-4th-flight-with-274-to-reach-soon-details-here-11697332440484.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || [[Operation Brahma]] || {{flag|Myanmar}} || Relief mission after [[2025 Myanmar earthquake|Myanmar earthquake]]; 625 MT aid, NDRF, IAF deployed. || <ref>{{cite news |title=Operation Brahma: India airlifts aid, deploys rescuers, medics to quake-hit Myanmar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/myanmar-earthquake-death-thailand-bangkok-india-assistance-operation-brahma-pm-modi-s-jaishankr-ndrf-2701120-2025-03-29 |work=India Today |date=29 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India Launches "Operation Brahma" To Assist Quake-Hit Myanmar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/india-launches-operation-brahma-to-assist-quake-hit-myanmar-8041092 |access-date=2025-03-29 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || [[Operation Sindhu]] || {{flag|Iran}} || Evacuation of 110 Indian students amid [[Iran–Israel War]]. || <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=India launches 'Operation Sindhu' as it evacuates Indian students stranded in Iran |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iranisrael-tensions-india-launches-operation-sindhu-as-it-evacuates-indian-students-stranded-in-iran-101750259481690.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Launches 'Operation Sindhu' To Rescue Stranded Citizens From War-Hit Iran |url=https://www.news18.com/india/india-launches-operation-sindhu-to-rescue-stranded-citizens-from-war-hit-iran-9392636.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || [[2025 Southeast Asia floods and landslides#National and international aid|Operation Sagar Bandhu]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || Operation Sagar Bandhu is India’s rapid HADR mission to aid cyclone- and flood-hit Sri Lanka after [[Cyclone Ditwah]]. || <ref>{{cite web |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu: Indian Army contingent lands in Sri Lanka for humanitarian assistance |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/operation-sagar-bandhu-indian-army-contingent-lands-in-sri-lanka-for-humanitarian-assistance/articleshow/125732549.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Raisina Dialogue]]
* [[Minister of External Affairs (India)]]
* [[Indian Council of World Affairs]]
* [[Chanakyapuri]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in India]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mea.gov.in/ Official website of the Ministry of External Affairs]
*[https://twitter.com/MEAIndia Official Twitter handle of the Ministry]

{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign affairs ministries of the World}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of External Affairs (India)| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|E]]
[[Category:Foreign affairs ministries|India]]
[[Category:Government ministries established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

Indian classical dance

2026-03-22T12:17:49Z

EverettJat: quick enhanced structure for consistency additionally and improved wording after review

{{short description|Performance arts rooted in Hindu musical theatre}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
[[File:Stamp of Armenia - 2018 - Colnect 806145 - Indian Dance Manipuri.jpeg|thumb|300px|An illustration of the ''[[Manipuri Raas Leela]]'' Dance ({{langx|mni|Jagoi Raas, Raas Jagoi}}), one of the officially recognised classical dance forms of India, depicted on a postage stamp from [[Armenia]].]]
{{Hinduism}}

'''Indian classical dance''', or '''''Shastriya Nritya''''', is an [[umbrella term]] for different regionally specific Indian classical dance traditions, rooted in predominantly [[Hindu]] [[musical theatre]] performance,<ref name="lipner206" /><ref name="holmbowker85" /><ref name="Brown2013p195">{{cite book|author=Frank Burch Brown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8g8BAAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-972103-0|pages=195–196}}, '''Quote:''' All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya, and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and the world."</ref> the theory and practice of which can be traced to the Sanskrit text ''[[Natya Shastra]]''.'''<ref name="lochtefeld467" />{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=60-68}}<ref name="khokar57">{{cite book |author=Mohan Khokar |title=Traditions of Indian classical dance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Clarion Books |pages=57–58|isbn=9780391032750 }}</ref>'''
The number of Indian classical dance styles ranges from six to eight to twelve, or more, depending on the source and scholar;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/list/6-classical-dances-of-india | title=6 Classical Dances of India | Britannica }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sarwal |first1=Amit |last2=Walker |first2=David |title=Staging a Cultural Collaboration: Louise Lightfoot and Ananda Shivaram |journal=Dance Chronicle |volume=38 |issue=3 |year=2015 |pages=305–335 |doi=10.1080/01472526.2015.1088286|s2cid=166744945 }}</ref> the main organisation for Indian arts preservation, the [[Sangeet Natak Academy]] recognizes eight: ''[[Bharatanatyam]]'', ''[[Kathak]]'', ''[[Kuchipudi]]'', ''[[Odissi]]'', ''[[Kathakali]]'', ''[[Sattriya]]'', ''[[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]]'' and ''[[Mohiniyattam]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |year=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref> Additionally, the Indian Ministry of Culture includes ''[[Chhau dance|Chhau]]'' and ''[[Gaudiya Nritya|Gaudiya Nritya]]'' in its list, recognising ten total styles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance | title=Dance | Ministry of Culture, Government of India }}</ref> Scholars such as Drid Williams add ''Chhau'', ''[[Yakshagana]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Mela]]'' to the list.{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, the other major classical Indian dances are: [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Sattriya]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Yaksagana]] and [[Bhagavata Mela]]}}<ref name="Brown2013p195" /> Each dance tradition originates and comes from a different state and/or region of India; for example, Bharatanatyam is from [[Tamil Nadu]] in the south of India, Odissi is from the east coast state of [[Odisha]], and Manipuri is from the northeastern state of [[Manipur]]. The music associated with these different dance performances consists many compositions in [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], and many other Indian-Subcontinent languages; they represent a unity of core ideas and a diversity of styles, costumes, and expression.

== Summary ==

Indian classical dancing started around 200 BCE in India, as a joyful and celebratory activity, often in devotion to Hindu deities. Many of the performances are choreographed to retell stories of the gods and other historical accounts. All styles of Indian classical dance are vibrant, expressive, and spiritual. Dance performances usually take place at festivals, universities, various cultural events, and more. The dancers who perform these styles are usually professionals who have devoted years of study and practice in their respective style of Indian classical dance. In performances, the dancers move to the beat of the song or music that is playing; in some styles, such as Kathak, bells are worn around the ankles at times for added rhythmic effect when the feet are stomped. The dancer takes the role of the character that they are portraying in the performance, the composition being specific, and become emotionally connected with the story and the audience.<ref>Aryan Singh A guide To Indias History</ref>

When dancers perform classical Indian dancing, they wear traditional clothes including [[saree]]s, [[lehenga]]s, and [[kurtas]]. Usually, women are the main performers in Indian classical dancing, though men are not absent from the tradition. The costume for women usually consists of a long, colorful, handmade gown (worn without shoes), with an intricately embroidered pattern(s) and beading on it. For accessories, there is the use of much ornate jewelry, such as necklaces, rings, earrings, nose-rings, bracelets and anklets, sometimes with bells attached which ring each time the dancer stomps their foot in rhythm. The costume also includes a head-piece or some form of scarf, depending on the style. The women usually wear considerable amounts of facial makeup, not only to be noticeable from the audience, but to fully embody their character.<ref>Aryan Singh A guide to Indias History</ref>

== Types of classical dances ==
The ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' is the foundational treatise for classical dances of India,<ref name=lochtefeld467>{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/467 467]}}, '''Quote:''' "the Natyashastra remains the ultimate authority for any dance form that claims to be 'classical' dance, rather than 'folk' dance".</ref><ref name="BajajVohra2015p6">{{cite book |author1=Tanvi Bajaj |author2=Swasti Shrimali Vohra |title=Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32572-7 |pages=6–7}}</ref> and this text is attributed to the ancient scholar [[Bharata Muni]].<ref name=khokar57 /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schramm |first=Harold |title=Musical Theatre in India |journal=Asian Music |publisher=University of Texas Press |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=1968 |pages=31–40 |doi=10.2307/834008|jstor=834008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Coorlawala |first=Uttara Asha |title=The Toronto conference on "new directions in Indian dance" |journal=Dance Chronicle |publisher=Routledge |volume=16 |issue=3 |year=1993 |pages=391–396 |doi=10.1080/01472529308569140}}</ref> Its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE,{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|pp=xxiv, 19–20}} but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.{{Sfn|Wallace Dace|1963|p=249}} The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Emmie Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=1–25}} The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of [[Tandava|Tāṇḍava]] dance ([[Shiva]]), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures – all of which are part of Indian classical dances.{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn| Kapila Vatsyayan | 2001}} Dance and performance arts, states this ancient text, are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues, and the essence of scriptures.<ref name=mog17>{{cite web |title=The Mirror of Gesture |author=Coormaraswamy and Duggirala |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1917 |page=4 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up}}; Also see chapter 36</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Guy L. Beck |title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-61117-108-2 |pages=138–139 |quote='''Quote:''' "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".}}</ref>

{{Quote box | bgcolor=#FFE0BB | align=right
| quote= '''Performance arts and culture'''
<poem>
Let Nātya (drama and dance) be the fifth [[Vedas|vedic scripture]].
Combined with an epic story,
tending to virtue, wealth, joy and spiritual freedom,
it must contain the significance of every scripture,
and forward every art.
</poem>
| source =— ''Nātyaśāstra'' 1.14–15<ref name=mog17 /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natyashastra |publisher=Sanskrit Documents |url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/natya01.pdf}}</ref>}}
While the ''Natya Shastra'' is the revered ancient text in the Hindu tradition, there are numerous other ancient and medieval Sanskrit dance-drama related texts that further discuss and expand on the classical repertoire of performance arts, such as the ''[[Abhinaya Darpana]]'', ''Abhinava Bharati'', ''Natya Darpana'', ''Bhava Prakasa'' and many others.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|pp=xxix, 131-137}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Mandakranta Bose |title=Movement and Mimesis: The Idea of Dance in the Sanskritic Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS_pCAAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-3594-8 |pages=13–32, 108–112}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=18-37}} The term "classical" ([[Sanskrit]]: "Shastriya") denotes the ancient Indian Shastra-based performing arts.

The text [[Natya Shastra]] describes religious arts as a form as ''margi'', or a "spiritual traditional path" that liberates the soul, while the folk entertainment is called ''desi'', or a "regional popular practice".{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|p=32}}{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=67, context: 60-68}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Thera Mahanama-sthavira |title=Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBxpTwfTx4QC&pg=PA40 |publisher=Jain Publishing |isbn=978-0-89581-906-2 |pages=40–41|year=1999 }}</ref>

Indian classical dances are traditionally performed as an expressive drama-dance form of religious performance art,<ref name="Brown2013p195" /> related to [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]], pan-Hindu Epics and the Vedic literature, or a folksy entertainment that includes story-telling from Sanskrit or regional language plays.{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=25-30, 67-68, 166}} As a religious art, they are either performed inside the sanctum of a Hindu temple, or near it.<ref name=lipner206>{{cite book |author=Julius Lipner |author-link=Julius J. Lipner |title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qv3fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-24061-5 |page=206}}, '''Quote:''' "It would be appropriate here to comment on Hindu classical dance. This developed in a religious context and was given high profile as part of temple worship. There are several regional and other styles as well as source texts, but the point we wish to stress is the participative nature of such dance. In form and content, the heart of dance as worship in Hinduism has always been 'expression' (abhinaya), i.e. the enacting of various themes".</ref><ref name=holmbowker85>{{cite book |author1=Jean Holm |author2=John Bowker |title=Worship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_nUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |year=1994 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-85567-111-9 |page=85}}, '''Quote:''' Hindu classical dance-forms, like Hindu music, are associated with worship. References to dance and music are found in the Vedic literature, (...)".</ref> Folksy entertainment may also be performed in temple grounds or any fairground, typically in a rural setting by traveling troupes of artists; alternatively, they have been performed inside the halls of royal courts or public squares during festivals.{{Sfn|Farley P. Richmond| Darius L. Swann| Phillip B. Zarrilli|1993|pp=3, 34-36, 47, 171-173, 215, 327-329}}

However, this is not the case for Kathak, Manipuri and Chhau as it has their own uniqueness. Kathak can be also performed on [[sahn|courtyard]]s of mosques and had [[Muslim]] elements while Manipuri had the ''[[huyen langlon]]'' genre which focuses on combat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neontommy.com/news/2014/06/kathak-dance-puts-hinduism-and-islam-same-circle.html|title = Kathak Dance Puts Hinduism and Islam in the Same Circle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/gem-of-a-journey/article5530221.ece|title = Gem of a journey|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 13 May 2016|last1 = Chowdhurie|first1 = Tapati}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esamskriti.com/essays/pdf/14-dec-manipuri-dance-a-journey.pdf|title=Manipuri Dance: A Journey|website=esamskriti.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19790815-manipuri-dance-elbowed-out-by-bharat-natyam-odissi-kathak-822668-2014-02-22|title = Manipuri dance elbowed out by Bharat Natyam, Odissi, Kathak| date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> Like Manipuri, Chhau also had elements on combat.

== Dance forms ==
The Natya Shastra mentions four ''Pravrittis'' (traditions, genres) of ancient dance-drama in vogue when it was composed – ''Avanti'' (Ujjain, central), ''Dakshinatya'' (south), ''[[Panchala|Panchali]]'' (north, west) and ''Odra-Magadhi'' (east).<ref name=kothari6>{{cite book |author1=Sunil Kothari |author2=Avinash Pasricha |title=Odissi, Indian classical dance art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Marg Publications |isbn=978-81-85026-13-8 |pages=5–6}}</ref>

Sources differ in their list of Indian classical dance forms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://living.oneindia.in/expressions/factual-expressions/indian-classical-dance.html |title=Indian Classical Dance |date=2009-04-19 |publisher=One India |access-date=2010-06-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417044206/http://living.oneindia.in/expressions/factual-expressions/indian-classical-dance.html |archive-date=2009-04-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Shovana |title=Indian classical dances: "ekam sat vipraah bahudaa vadanti" |publisher=Shubhi Publications |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxBq4xq94ZYC |page=5|isbn=9781845571696 }}</ref> [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] mentions six dances.<ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150714/dance/25710/Indian-classical-dance?anchor=toc25710 dance (performing arts) : Indian classical dance]. Retrieved 03-11-2010.</ref> The [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] has given recognition to eight Indian dances.<ref name=":0" /> The Indian government's Ministry of Culture includes nine dance forms.<ref name="moc">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/dance |title=Dance |publisher=Indiaculture.nic.in |access-date=2022-05-27 }}</ref> Scholars such as Drid Williams and others include [[Yakshagana]] and [[Bhagavata Mela]] to the nine classical Indian dances in the Sangeet Natak Akademi list.<ref name="Brown2013p195" />{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, the other major classical Indian dances are: [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Sattriya]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Yaksagana]] and [[Bhagavata Mela]]}}

The classical dance forms recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Ministry of Culture are:<ref name=":0">[https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/award-honours/ratna-awards-guidelines SNA || Awards & Honours]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaculture.nic.in/dance|title=Dance | Ministry of Culture, Government of India|website=indiaculture.nic.in}}</ref>

=== Eight classical dances recognised by the Sangeet Natak Academy and the Ministry of Culture ===
* ''[[Bharatanatyam]]'', from [[Tamil Nadu]]
* ''[[Kathak]]'', from [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* ''[[Kathakali]]'', from [[Kerala]]
* ''[[Kuchipudi]]'', from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
* ''[[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]]'', from [[Manipur]]
* ''[[Mohiniyattam]]'', from [[Kerala]]{{efn|[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] excludes Mohiniyattam from the list of the Indian classical dances.}}
* ''[[Odissi]]'', from [[Odisha]]
* ''[[Sattriya]]'', from [[Assam]]{{efn|[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] excludes Sattriya from the list of the Indian classical dances.}}
<ref name="moc"/>

=== Images ===
<gallery>
File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|{{center|''[[Bharatanatyam]]''}}
File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|{{center|''[[Kathak]]''}}
File:Kathakali BNC.jpg|{{center|''[[Kathakali]]''}}
File:Kuchipudi Performer DS.jpg|{{center|''[[Kuchipudi]]''}}
File:Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|{{center|''[[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]]''}}
File:Mohiniyattom performance.jpg|{{center|''[[Mohiniyattam]]''}}
File:Odissi Performance DS.jpg|{{center|''[[Odissi]]''}}
File:Sattriya dance of India by Shagil Kannur 4.jpg|{{center|''[[Sattriya]]''}}
</gallery>

Some famous Indian classical dancers are :

* ''Bharatanatyam'' - [[Rukmini Devi]], [[Padma Subrahmanyam]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Sheema Kermani]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], Pt. Smt. Swati Daithankar (who was awarded the 'Nritya Alankar' by [[Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal]])
* ''Kathak'' - [[Birju Maharaj]], [[Nahid Siddiqui]], [[Lacchu Maharaj]], [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]], [[Saswati Sen]], [[Manjari Chaturvedi]]
* ''Kathakali'' - [[Kalamandalam]] [[Krishnan Nair]], [[Guru Kunchu Kurup]], [[Ramankutty Nair]], [[Guru Gopinath]]
* ''Kuchipudi'' - [[Mallika Sarabhai]], [[V. Satyanarayana Sarma]], Deepa Shashindran,
* ''Manipuri'' - [[Guru Bipin Singh]], [[Darshana Jhaveri]], [[Manipuri Raas Leela|Jhaveri Sisters]], [[Manipuri Raas Leela|Devjani Chaliha]], [[Amala Shankar]]
* ''Mohiniyattam'' - [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]], [[Shobhana]], [[Sunanda Nair|Sunanda]] [[Nair]], [[Kalamandalam Radhika]], [[Thankamani]], [[Kalamandalam Hymavathy]]
* ''Odissi'' - [[Sujata Mohapatra]], [[Madhavi Mudgal]], [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]], [[Surendra Nath Jena]], [[Shobana Sahajananan]], [[Minati Mishra]]
* ''Sattriya'' - [[Jatin Goswami]], [[Indira P. P. Bora]], [[Ghanakanta Bora]], [[Sarodi Saikia]], [[Pushpa Bhuyan]],

== Shared aspects ==
All major classical Indian dance forms include in repertoire, three categories of performance in the ''Natya Shastra''. These are ''Nritta'', ''Nritya'' and ''Natya'':<ref name=meduri1>{{cite journal |last=Meduri |first=Avanthi |title=Bharatha Natyam-What Are You? |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1988 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.2307/1124019|jstor=1124019 }}</ref>

* The ''Nritta'' performance is an abstract, fast and rhythmic aspect of the dance.<ref name=koskoff955 /> The viewer is presented with pure movement, wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion, form, speed, range and pattern.<ref name=meduri1 /> This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect, no telling of the story. It is a technical performance, and aims to engage the senses (Prakriti) of the audience.<ref name="Descutner2010p45">{{cite book |author=Janet Descutner |title=Asian Dance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCYjXOtkdgC |year=2010 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-3078-1 |pages=45–46}}</ref>
* The ''Nritya'' is slower and expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, storyline particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions.<ref name=koskoff955>{{cite book |author=Ellen Koskoff |title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73MO0eiQD_EC&pg=PA955 |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-99404-0 |pages=955}}</ref> In a ''Nritya'', the dance-acting expands to include silent expression of words through gestures and body motion set to musical notes. The actor articulates a legend or a spiritual message. This part of the repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment, it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer.<ref name=meduri1 /><ref name="Descutner2010p45" />
* The ''Natya'' is a play, typically a team performance,<ref name=kjayakrishnan25>Kavitha Jayakrishnan (2011), [https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6356 Dancing Architecture: the parallel evolution of Bharatanātyam and South Indian Architecture], MA Thesis, Awarded by University of Waterloo, Canada, page 25</ref> but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story. A ''Natya'' incorporates the elements of a ''Nritya''.<ref name=meduri1 />{{Sfn|Reginald Massey|2004|pp=33-38, 83-84, 207-214}}<ref name="NettlStone1998p516">{{cite book |author1=Bruno Nettl |author2=Ruth M. Stone |author3=James Porter|display-authors=etal |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA516 |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |pages=516–521}}</ref>

All classical dances of India used similar symbolism and rules of gestures in ''abhinaya'' (acting). The roots of ''abhinaya'' are found in the ''[[Natya Shastra|Natyashastra]]'' text which defines drama in verse 6.10 as that which aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator, through the medium of actor's art of communication, that helps connect and transport the individual into a super sensual inner state of being.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=3}} A performance art, asserts ''Natyashastra'', connects the artists and the audience through ''abhinaya'' (literally, "carrying to the spectators"), that is applying body-speech-mind and scene, wherein the actors communicate to the audience, through song and music.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=3}} Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text, this is an art to engage every aspect of life, to glorify and gift a state of joyful consciousness.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=5}}

The communication through symbols is in the form of expressive gestures (mudras or hastas) and pantomime set to music. The gestures and facial expressions convey the ''ras'' (sentiment, emotional taste) and ''bhava'' (mood) of the underlying story.<ref name="BajajVohra2015p82" /> In Hindu classical dances, the artist successfully expresses the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance:
* ''Angika'' (gestures and body language),
* ''Vachika'' (song, recitation, music and rhythm),
* ''Aharya'' (stage setting, costume, make up, jewelry),
* ''Sattvika'' (artist's mental disposition and emotional connection with the story and audience, wherein the artist's inner and outer state resonates).<ref name="BajajVohra2015p82">{{cite book |author1=Tanvi Bajaj |author2=Swasti Shrimali Vohra |title=Performing Arts and Therapeutic Implications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MRcCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-32572-7 |pages=82–84}}</ref>
* ''Abhinaya'' draws out the ''[[bhava]]'' (mood, psychological states).<ref name="BajajVohra2015p82" />

== See also ==
{{Performing arts}}
* [[Culture of India]]
* [[Hindu texts]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Puranas]]
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Yajna]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Ambrose |first=Kay |title=Classical Dances and Love of India |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1984}}
* {{cite book |author=Ragini Devi |title=Dance Dialects of India |url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi |url-access=registration |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0674-0}}
* {{cite news |author=Natalia Lidova |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title=Natyashastra }}
* {{cite book |author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Drid |title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing |url=http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf |journal=Visual Anthropology |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=69–98 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.1080/08949460490274013 |s2cid=29065670 |access-date=2016-08-05 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |author=Tarla Mehta |title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0}}
* {{cite book |author=Reginald Massey |title=India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC |year=2004 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-434-9}}
* {{cite book |author=Emmie Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-03978-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1220-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts |year=1977 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc=233639306}}, [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf Table of Contents]
* {{cite book |author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Indian classical dance |year=1974 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc=2238067}}
* {{cite book |author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition |year=2008 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=286469807 |isbn=978-8187586357}}
* {{cite book |author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Dance In Indian Painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-153-9}}
* {{cite journal |author=Wallace Dace |title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory |journal=Educational Theatre Journal |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=249–254 |year=1963 |jstor=3204783 |doi=10.2307/3204783 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Farley P. Richmond |author2=Darius L. Swann |author3=Phillip B. Zarrilli |title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0981-9}}
* Revealing the Art of Natyasastra by Narayanan Chittoor Namboodiripad {{ISBN|9788121512183}}
* {{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Portal: Dance |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Government |url=http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Pages/Dance.aspx |access-date=2010-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204133637/http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Pages/Dance.aspx |archive-date=2010-12-04 }}
*Aryan Sing (2021) Guide to Indias History New Forest High School

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Dance in India}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Classical dance genres of India|!]]
[[Category:Sacred dance]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]

Kishan Maharaj

2026-03-08T22:43:06Z

EverettJat: fixed content also and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{More citations needed|date=August 2008}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person 
| image = File:Portrait of Priyaranjan Dasmunsi felicitating noted Tabla Maestro Pandit Kishan Maharaj with Life time Award at the annual concert of Shakhri Begum Memorial Trust at Science city Auditorium, Calcutta on December 9, 2006 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| honorific_prefix = Pandit
| name = Kishan Maharaj
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_name = Kishan Hari Maharaj
| birth_date = 3 September 1923
| birth_place = [[Kabir Chaura]], [[Varanasi|Benares]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|05|04|1923|09|03}}
| death_place = Khajuri, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1934-2008
| occupation = [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Classical]] [[Tabla|Tabla player]]
| parents = Hari Maharaj (father) Anjora Devi (mother)
| signature =
| awards =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = [[Tabla]]
| genre =
}}
}}

'''Pandit Kishan Maharaj''' (3 September 1923 – 4 May 2008) was an Indian [[tabla]] player who belonged to the [[Benares gharana]] of [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref name=ka>{{cite news |title=Pt Kishan Maharaj: End of an era|author= Shovana Narayan|author-link= Shovana Narayan|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080506/nation.htm#16 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=6 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237527|title=Perfect Fourths: Pt Kishan Maharaj and his subtle, thinking tabla was our last link to the quartet of greats|date=26 May 2008|publisher=Outlook}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Maharaj was born to a [[Brahmin]] family of hereditary musicians in [[Kabir Chaura]], [[Benaras]].<ref name=ka/> His father was Hari Maharaj and his mother was Anjora Devi. He was adopted by his father's older brother, [[Kanthe Maharaj]], who did not have children of his own.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simpson McDaniel |first1=Alonzo |title=The Absorption of Hydrocarbon Gases by Non-aqueous Liquids |date=1990 |publisher=the University of Wisconsin - Madison |pages=289–291}}</ref>

Maharaj's musical guidance was initiated by his father. Maharaj was six years old when his father died. Afterwards, Maharaj's musical training continued with Kanthe Maharaj and lasted for give years.

==Musical career==
[[File:Indian musicians at the first music conference after India's independence.jpg|thumb|Kishan Maharaj standing (second row, eighth from left) with other leading musicians in 1948.]]
Maharaj began performing in concerts by age 11. He moved to Bombay in 1944 to pursue a music career and initially struggled. He provided tabla accompaniment to [[Sitara Devi]] in the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Badi Maa]]'' (1945).

Within a few years, Kishan Maharaj was sharing the stage with leading classical musicians like [[Faiyaz Khan]], [[Omkarnath Thakur]], [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]], [[Vasant Rai]], [[Vilayat Khan]], [[Girija Devi]], and many others.

Celebrated as a leading tabla soloist, Maharaj also gave [[Sangat (music)|sangat]] to dancers like [[Shambhu Maharaj]], Sitara Devi, [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]], and [[Birju Maharaj]].

Maharaj also performed alongside celebrated tabla maestros like [[Samta Prasad]] (his uncle), [[Alla Rakha]], and [[Karamatullah Khan]].

His [[Taal Vadya Kacheri]] performances with [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] percussionist [[Palghat R. Raghu]] were celebrated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadkarni |first1=Mohan |title=Sitar-Sarod Jugalbandi: Synthesis Of Tradition And Experiment |url=https://mohannadkarni.org/sitar-sarod-jugalbandi/ |publisher=The Bombay Sentinel |date=February 1, 1958 |archive-date=30 August 2025 |access-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830110857/https://mohannadkarni.org/sitar-sarod-jugalbandi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Among all his compositions, his "Tala Vadya Kacheri" with the Mridangam Vidwan, "Palghat Raghu" stood out. Maharaj extensively toured and participated in several prestigious events across the world, including the [[Edinburgh Festival]] and the Commonwealth Arts festival in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1965. He has toured across the UK, [[USSR]], [[Switzerland]], [[Poland]], [[Yugoslavia]], and [[Czechoslovakia]].

==Artistry==
Maharaj had the ability to play cross-rhythms and produce complex calculations, particularly in [[tihai]] patterns. Known as an excellent accompanist, Maharaj was extremely versatile and capable of playing with any accompaniment, be it with the [[Sitar]], [[Sarod]], [[Dhrupad]], [[Dhamar (music)|Dhamar]] or even dance.

==Death==
Maharaj died on 4 May 2008 at Khajuri near Varanasi, aged 84.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tabla maestro Kishan Maharaj dead |work=Press Trust of India; [[The Hindu]] |date=2008-05-05 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200805051040.htm |access-date=2009-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104082154/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200805051040.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2012 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
Maharaj trained many disciples, several of whom have become prominent musicians. This includes:
* [[Pooran Maharaj]] (son)
* [[Kumar Bose]]

* [[Sukhvinder Singh Namdhari]]
* [[Balkrishna Iyer]]
* [[Ranesh Mishra]]
* [[Sandeep Das]]
* [[Arvind Kumar Azad]]
* [[Sanju Sahai]]
* [[Vineet Vyas]]
* [[Shubh Maharaj]] ([[Grandson]])

==Personal life==
In 1947, Maharaj married Veena Devi, the daughter of [[Anokhelal Mishra|Anokhelal Mishra's]] older brother. They have a son, [[Pooran Maharaj]], who is also a tabla player.

==Awards and recognition==
Maharaj was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1973 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Maharaj&award=All|access-date=2009-05-25}}</ref> He was married to ''Beena devi'', niece of a Tabla maestro of the [[Benaras Gharana]], [[Anokhelal Mishra|Pandit Anokhe Lal Mishra]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.varanasi.org.in/pandit-kishan-maharaj] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522201723/https://www.varanasi.org.in/pandit-kishan-maharaj |date=22 May 2025 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Kishan}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]

Masaan

2026-03-06T13:50:31Z

EverettJat: slightly rework formatting after review additionally and corrected details after review

{{short description|2015 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Masaan
| image = Masaan poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
| producer = [[Drishyam Films]] [[Phantom Films]] Macassar Productions [[Sikhya Entertainment]] Kanchan Chandnani
| writer = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
| starring = [[Richa Chadda]] [[Vicky Kaushal]] [[Shweta Tripathi]] [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]] '''Background Score:''' [[Bruno Coulais]] Passerelle
| cinematography = [[Avinash Arun]]
| editing = Nitin Baid
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| studio = [[Drishyam Films]] [[Phantom Films]] Macassar Productions [[Sikhya Entertainment]] [[Pathé]] [[Arte France Cinéma]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|5|19|[[2015 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]|2015|6|24|France|2015|7|24|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Masaan''''' ({{translation|'Crematorium'}}; also known as '''''Fly Away Solo''''' in English) is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language independent [[drama film]] starring [[Richa Chadda]] and [[Vicky Kaushal]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|title='Masaan' - Movie Review|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/masaan---movie-review/16394186|access-date=24 July 2015|issue=Mid-Day.com|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|archive-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724160051/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/masaan---movie-review/16394186|url-status=live}}</ref> It is Kaushal's debut Hindi film, and also the directorial debut of [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]. It is an Indo-French co-production by [[Drishyam Films]], Macassar Productions, [[Phantom Films]], [[Sikhya Entertainment]], Arte France Cinema and [[Pathé|Pathé Productions]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Neeraj Ghaywan's debut film Masaan chosen for Cannes gala | work = India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/neeraj-ghaywan-debut-film-masaan-chosen-for-cannes-international-film-festival-gala-248884-2015-04-16 | date = 16 April 2015 | access-date = 17 April 2015 | archive-date = 4 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161004220227/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/neeraj-ghaywan-debut-film-masaan-chosen-for-cannes-international-film-festival-gala/1/430501.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

The film was screened in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section at the [[2015 Cannes Film Festival]] winning two awards.<ref name="2015Cannes">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/article/61306.html |title=2015 Official Selection |access-date=16 April 2015 |work=Cannes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418084150/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/article/61306.html |archive-date=18 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/61347.html|title=Screenings Guide|work=Festival de Cannes|date=6 May 2015|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080922/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/61347.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Masaan' - Movie Review|url=http://post.jagran.com/masaan-movie-review-1437654733|access-date=24 July 2015|issue=Post.Jagran.com|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204100255/https://english.jagran.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> it was screened at the inaugural New York Dalit Film and Cultural Festival in 2019 along with ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018), ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018) and ''[[Fandry]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/913254/pariyerum-perumal-masaan-and-kaala-new-york-dalit-film-festival|title='Pariyerum Perumal', 'Masaan' and 'Kaala' to be screened at New York's first Dalit Film Festival|website=Scroll.in|date=14 February 2019|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002933/https://scroll.in/reel/913254/pariyerum-perumal-masaan-and-kaala-new-york-dalit-film-festival|url-status=live}}</ref> Since its release in 2015, the film has gone on to achieve [[cult status]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From ZNMD To Masaan: 25 Cult Classics From Our Time We Were Fortunate To Have Witnessed |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/cult-classics-we-were-fortunate-to-have-witnessed/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=scoopwhoop |date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713072904/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/cult-classics-we-were-fortunate-to-have-witnessed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
''Masaan'' tracks the lives of two young people in [[Varanasi]], [[India]].<ref name=variety>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/cannes-film-review-masaan-1201504265/|date=23 May 2015|title=Cannes Film Review: ''Masaan''|author=Jay Weissberg|access-date=27 July 2015|work=Variety|archive-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724175457/http://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/cannes-film-review-masaan-1201504265/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Devi Pathak ([[Richa Chadda]]), a trainer at a coaching computer center and her student, Piyush Aggarwal, are caught having sex in a hotel room by policemen who had been tipped off by the hotel staff. Inspector Mishra records the barely clad Devi on his mobile phone. Piyush locks himself in the bathroom and commits suicide by slitting his wrists. Inspector Mishra threatens to book Devi for abetting Piyush's suicide and demands a bribe of {{INRConvert|3|l|lk=on|year=2015}} from Devi's father Vidyadhar Pathak, a Sanskrit professor who now runs a book shop with an income of about Rs 10000 per month. Pathak is tempted by a betting game, where people bet on small boys to dive and collect the maximum number of coins from the [[Ganges]] riverbed within a specified time. He had previously barred Jhonta, a boy who works at his shop, from participating in the diving game but relents after Mishra's threats increase. Devi cycles through jobs at different coaching centers, facing harassment by colleagues as the news of her affair spreads. She eventually gets a temporary government job in [[Indian Railways]] but tells her father she wishes to leave Varanasi to study at Allahabad University as soon as Mishra's bribe is paid in full.

Deepak Kumar ([[Vicky Kaushal]]) is the youngest of a [[Doma (caste)|Doma]] family working in the [[Ghats in Varanasi|cremation ghats]]. He is a civil engineering student at a polytechnic college. Deepak's father doesn't want to see his sons continue the hereditary job. Deepak falls in love with Shaalu Gupta ([[Shweta Tripathi]]), a high caste Hindu girl. They start meeting each other and during a trip to [[Allahabad]] on the banks of the Ganges, they share an intimate moment. Back in Varanasi, Deepak tells her about his caste and the work he does burning corpses. Shaalu doesn't mind and says that she is ready to run away with him if her parents refuse. She asks him to focus on his exams and getting a good job.

On a pilgrimage trip with her family, Shaalu dies in a bus accident. Her body with those of other victims ends up at the same cremation ground where Deepak's family works. Deepak is devastated on seeing her dead body. He eventually overcomes his grief and is hired by Indian Railways as an engineer in Allahabad.

In a special diving competition, Pathak bets {{INRConvert|10|k|lk=off|year=2015}}, a significant portion of his remaining savings, on Jhonta. Jhonta almost drowns and is taken to a hospital by Vidyadhar, who vows to never let the boy participate in the diving competition again. As Jhonta regains consciousness, he is shown to have found Shaalu's ring, which had been thrown into the Ganga by Deepak in a fit of grief. Jhonta gives it to Vidyadhar, who sells the ring to fully pay off Inspector Mishra.

Before leaving Varanasi, Devi visits Piyush's family, where his father shouts at and slaps her away. She comes to the banks of the Ganges to immerse the gift Piyush had given her on that fateful day in the hotel. Deepak, who is by the bank, notices her crying and offers her water to drink. A boatman beckons, offering both of them a ride towards [[Triveni Sangam#Triveni Sangam in Allahabad|Sangam]]. They both board the boat and strike up a conversation.

== Themes ==
Masaan, a film about characters locked in the cycle of pain and salvation, depicts the existential problem expressed in the above phrase. While Varun Grover's screenplay has a poetic-realism feel to it, the film's mise-en-scene and other filmic aspects as sound, cinematography, and even casting choices assist to accentuate the film's key themes. 'Masaan,' a story about characters afflicted by various disasters, thematically explores concerns about suffering, agony, and redemption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Parth |date=12 May 2020 |title=How Neeraj Ghaywan's 'Masaan' amplifies its themes through Visual Storytelling |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/masaan-2015-analysis/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=High On Films |language=en-us |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819192303/https://www.highonfilms.com/masaan-2015-analysis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The title, which means crematorium, and the setting hint to the film's themes of entropy, destruction, and resurrection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=24 July 2015 |title=Critically acclaimed 'Masaan' sees a limited release |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/36epInYO3bHT2okkFpUADJ/Critically-acclaimed-Masaan-sees-a-limited-release.html |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727071043/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/36epInYO3bHT2okkFpUADJ/Critically-acclaimed-Masaan-sees-a-limited-release.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Masaan is set in Varanasi, historic centre of spirituality and redemption, which is portrayed as a storehouse of antiquated values and a boiling pot of unsatisfied ambitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Straight from the ghat « Rajeev Masand – movies that matter : from bollywood, hollywood and everywhere else |url=https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/reviews/our-films/straight-from-the-ghat/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405113515/http://rajeevmasand.com/admin/reviews/our-films/straight-from-the-ghat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Two paths are intertwined, one in sorrow and the other in optimism. Devi (Richa Chadha) has an appropriate relationship with her lover, which leads to blackmail and harassment from a police officer (Bhagwan Tiwari) as well as the quiet fury of her father Pathak (Sanjay Mishra). Even as Devi retreats into a catatonic shell, Pathak takes tiny and major risks to maintain his honour, aided by the energetic Jhonta (Nikhil Sahni), a child who works for him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title=Film review: The understated and compelling 'Masaan' finds life and hope in the city of corpses |url=http://scroll.in/article/743244/film-review-the-understated-and-compelling-masaan-finds-life-and-hope-in-the-city-of-corpses |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=24 July 2015 |language=en-US |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628101436/https://scroll.in/article/743244/film-review-the-understated-and-compelling-masaan-finds-life-and-hope-in-the-city-of-corpses |url-status=live }}</ref>

Meanwhile, Deepak (Vicky Kaushal) has begun his trek out of the Varanasi cremation grounds, a caste-ordained purgatory where his Dom family has been sweeping embers over remains for years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pramit |date=24 July 2019 |title=5 Years Of 'Masaan': An Exploration Of the Tragedies Inflicted By Life |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/5117/5-years-of-masaan-an-exploration-of-the-tragedies-inflicted-by-society-and-circumstance |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819135246/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/5117/5-years-of-masaan-an-exploration-of-the-tragedies-inflicted-by-society-and-circumstance |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Richa Chadda]] as Devi Pathak
* [[Vicky Kaushal]] as Deepak Kumar
* [[Shweta Tripathi]] as Shaalu Gupta
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Vidyadhar Pathak
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Sadhya
* [[Rohit Saraf]] as Parul
* Bhagwan Tiwari as Inspector Mishra
* Nikhil Sahni as Jhonta
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Dom Raja<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/masaan-fly-away-solo-neeraj-ghaywan-varanasi-richa-chadha-dom-community-caste-gender-vyapam/story/1/5129.html|title=Masaan: A world where love rules, not money|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218150500/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/masaan-fly-away-solo-neeraj-ghaywan-varanasi-richa-chadha-dom-community-caste-gender-vyapam/story/1/5129.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shree Dhar Dubey as KK
* [[Satyakam Anand|Satya Kam Anand]] as Vikram Mallah
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as a Poet
* [[Niharica Raizada]] in a special appearance

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Masaan: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = [[Zee Music Company]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|06|07}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/masaan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1119984984 |title=Masaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075535/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/masaan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1119984984 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:07
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|kI3Zq6fJ5eM|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The music for Masaan's songs was composed by [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]] and the lyrics were written by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]. The album received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicaloud.com/2015/07/08/masaan-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/|title=Masaan - Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack)|work=Music Aloud|date=8 July 2015|access-date=8 July 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709072823/http://www.musicaloud.com/2015/07/08/masaan-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film contains various examples of Urdu & Hindi poetry at different junctures including works by [[Akbar Allahabadi]], [[Bashir Badr|Basheer Badr]], [[Brij Narayan Chakbast]], [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Uday Prakash]] and [[Dushyant Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakhani |first1=Somya |title=Secret Love: How Hindi poetry has become 'cool' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/secret-love-hindi-kavita-youtube-channel-hindi-literature-3024758/ |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=11 September 2016 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417090820/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/secret-love-hindi-kavita-youtube-channel-hindi-literature-3024758/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Explaining this as a conscious tribute, the film's lyricist [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] explained that he wanted to show Shaalu (played by [[Shweta Tripathi]]) as a person whose hobby is to read Hindi poetry and [[Urdu poetry|shaayari]], as this is a common hobby of [[Millennials|millennial]] and [[Generation X|generation x]] youngsters in Northern India, especially when in love, but this aspect is rarely shown in Hindi films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindi Kavita - Kuch ban jaate hain - Uday Prakash: Varun Grover in Hindi Studio with Manish Gupta |publisher=Hindi Kavita |date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pal |first1=Sanchari |title=Meet the NRI Who Returned To India To Make Millions Fall in Love with Hindi Poetry |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/68222/manish-gupta-youtube-hindi-poetry/ |website=www.thebetterindia.com |date=14 September 2016 |publisher=The Better India |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417091019/https://www.thebetterindia.com/68222/manish-gupta-youtube-hindi-poetry/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Grover |first1=Varun |title=How the magic of Dushyant Kumar's poetry inspired this Bollywood lyricist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/how-the-magic-of-dushyant-kumars-poetry-inspired-this-bollywood-lyricist/ |access-date=17 April 2019 |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417091020/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/how-the-magic-of-dushyant-kumars-poetry-inspired-this-bollywood-lyricist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song ("Tu Kisi Rail Si") is based on the work of the poet [[Dushyant Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/sing-along-here-are-the-lyrics-to-masaans-mann-kasturi-and-tu-kisi-rail-si-2362770.html|title=Sing along: Varun Grover decodes the lyrics to Masaan|work=FirstPost|date=25 July 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728173403/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/sing-along-here-are-the-lyrics-to-masaans-mann-kasturi-and-tu-kisi-rail-si-2362770.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Masaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/music/song-mann-kasturi/15033440|title=Masaan tracklist|work=Hungama|date=8 July 2015|access-date=8 July 2015|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605114437/http://www.hungama.com/music/song-mann-kasturi/15033440|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Tu Kisi Rail Si
| lyrics1 = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (Adapted from a poem by Dushyant Kumar)
| extra1 = [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| length1 = 03:50
| title2 = Mann Kasturi
| lyrics2 = Sanjeev Sharma, Varun Grover
| extra2 = [[Amit Kilam]]
| length2 = 07:13
| title3 = Bhor
| lyrics3 = Sanjeev Sharma
| extra3 = Amit Kilam, Rahul Ram and Himanshu Joshi
| title4 = "Tumhari Nazrein Katam"
| length4 = 05:48
| lyrics4 = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length3 = 07:00
}}

==Reception==

===Critical response===
''Masaan'' received overwhelming critical acclaim from the mainstream media. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10.<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=fly_away_solo |type=movie |title=Fly Away Solo
|access-date=3 March 2022 }}</ref>

Calling it "a very engaging debut" by Neeraj Ghaywan, Allan Hunter in ''[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]'' wrote, "[[Vicky Kaushal]] brings a gauche charm to Deepak and [[Richa Chadda]] invests the long suffering Devi with a weary, unwavering determination to move forward. Cinematographer Avinash Arun Dhaware captures some fantastic images of Banares that convey the bustling spirit of the city from the brightly lit street markets to the flurry of sparks that dot the night sky from the funeral pyres."<ref name=screen>{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/masaan-review/5088466.article|date=20 May 2015|title='Masaan': Review|author=Allan Hunter|access-date=27 July 2015|work=Screen Daily|archive-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722203135/http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/masaan-review/5088466.article|url-status=live}}</ref> Deborah Young writing in ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' described the film as "a classically poignant drama of star-crossed love" and "part of the new generation of indie films whose clear intent is to set ablaze a hidebound society’s constrictions on personal liberty."<ref name=hollywood>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/masaan-cannes-review-797795|date=24 May 2015|title=Masaan': Cannes Review|author=Deborah Young|access-date=27 July 2015|work=The Hollywood Reporter|archive-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804141943/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/masaan-cannes-review-797795|url-status=live}}</ref> Jay Weissberg in his review for the ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine, however, found it "a heartfelt yet overambitious tale of class and gender inequality" with the director failing to find "ways to overcome script and editing weaknesses, resulting in a disappointing drama."<ref name=variety/>

Senior journalist [[Shekhar Gupta]] wrote in his ''National Interest'' column that ''Masaan'' left a deep impression on him, "get[ting] the pulse of small-town India as no other I have seen."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daily.in/arts/masaan-neeraj-ghaywan-richa-chadha-middle-india-youth-small-towns-dil-dhadakne-do-bunty-aur-babli/story/1/5180.html|date=24 July 2015|title=Masaan: Rise of the new middle India|author=Shekhar Gupta|access-date=27 July 2015|work=Daily O}}</ref> The director has woven [[Ganges|Ganga]] intimately into Varun Grover's tight screenplay, Gayatri Gauri wrote in ''[[Firstpost|First Post]]'' adding "Several crucial moments swirl around the Ganga, beautifully shot without succumbing to visual exotica, and after you leave the cinema, they linger in your memory, like the flames dying slowly in the cremation grounds where so much of ''Masaan'' unfurls."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/masaan-review-poignant-tender-beautiful-cannes-winner-portrait-small-town-india-2358906.html|date=23 July 2015|title=Masaan review: Poignant, tender and beautiful, this Cannes winner is a portrait of small-town India|author=Gayatri Gauri|access-date=27 July 2015|work=First Post|archive-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725231040/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/masaan-review-poignant-tender-beautiful-cannes-winner-portrait-small-town-india-2358906.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta wrote in ''[[The Indian Express]]'', "''Masaan'' is imbued with a sense of place and time, poetry and lyricism, and it captures the essence of Banaras, constant-yet-changeable, with felicity and feel. It also announces the arrival of new talents in its writer and director: Grover’s story is eminently worth telling, and Ghaywan tells it beautifully."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/masaan-movie-review/#sthash.Eg4SqFlq.dpuf|date=19 July 2015|title=Masaan review: There is a tussle between what has always been, and what can be|author=Shubhra Gupta|access-date=27 July 2015|work=First Post|archive-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727111150/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/masaan-movie-review/#sthash.Eg4SqFlq.dpuf|url-status=live}}</ref> "Ghaywan, in his very first film, creates a deeply affecting world that devastates and uplifts at the same time, and that becomes a part of your world long after the film is over," wrote Nikhil Taneja reviewing the film for ''[[The Huffington Post]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nikhil-taneja-/masaan-review-a-fine-film_b_7869922.html|date=25 July 2015|title=Masaan Review: A Fine Film Packed With Fantastic Performances|author=Nikhil Taneja|access-date=27 July 2015|work=The Huffington Post|archive-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806222453/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nikhil-taneja-/masaan-review-a-fine-film_b_7869922.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Controversy==
The film released for streaming on [[Hotstar]] was found to be heavily censored, which caused a controversy involving the streaming platform and the producers of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dua|first=Mansi|date=7 April 2016|title=Do Not Watch Masaan on Hotstar, Warns Anurag Kashyap|url=https://www.thequint.com/social-buzz/2016/04/07/do-not-watch-masaan-on-hotstar-warns-anurag-kashyap|access-date=22 July 2020|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=14 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714220641/http://www.thequint.com/social-buzz/2016/04/07/do-not-watch-masaan-on-hotstar-warns-anurag-kashyap|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=War of words within Team 'Masaan' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/War-of-words-within-Team-Masaan/articleshow/51752453.cms|access-date=22 July 2020|website=The Times of India|date=28 January 2017 |language=en|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710050247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/War-of-words-within-Team-Masaan/articleshow/51752453.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| width="85%" class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! width="30%" | Award Ceremony / Film Festival
! width="15%" | Date
! width="35%" | Category / Section
! width="15%" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[2015 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |13 – 24 May 2015
| align="center" |[[FIPRESCI Prize]] ([[Un Certain Regard]])
| rowspan="3" align="center" |[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-son-saul-masaan-take-797339 |title=Cannes: 'Son of Saul,' 'Masaan' Take Fipresci Prizes |date=23 May 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |author1=Rebecca Ford |author2=Rhonda Richards |work=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524003354/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-son-saul-masaan-take-797339 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-2015-regard-winners-announced-797333 |title=Cannes: 'Rams' Wins Un Certain Regard Prize |author=Rebeccas Ford |date=23 May 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524061225/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-2015-regard-winners-announced-797333 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |Prix de l'Avenir ([[Un Certain Regard]])
|-
| align="center" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| align="center" |1 January 2016
| align="center" |[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Debut Director|Most Promising Debut Director]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-11th-renault-sony-guild-awards/ |title=Winners of 11th Renault Sony Guild Awards |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 December 2015 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416120549/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-11th-renault-sony-guild-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[22nd Screen Awards]]
| align="center" |8 January 2016
| align="center" |[[Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Most Promising Newcomer - Male]]
| align="center" |[[Vicky Kaushal]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815 |title=Screen Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110051251/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[61st Filmfare Awards]]
| align="center" |15 January 2016
| align="center" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
| align="center" |[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |title=Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[Filmfare]] |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165017/http://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" align="center" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="5" align="center" |20 February 2016
| align="center" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Debutant Male]]
| align="center" |[[Vicky Kaushal]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-complete-winners-list-who-won-what-2185941 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2016 Complete Winners List: Who won what? |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408183205/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-complete-winners-list-who-won-what-2185941 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[Zee Cine Award for Most Promising Director|Best Debutant Director]]
| align="center" |[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
|-
| align="center" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in Supporting Role]]
| align="center" |[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
|-
| align="center" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actress in Supporting Role]]
| align="center" |[[Shweta Tripathi]]
|-
| align="center" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| align="center" |Nitin Baid
|-
| align="center" |[[63rd National Film Awards]]
| align="center" |3 May 2016
| align="center" |[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
| align="center" |[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51582021.cms |title=63rd National Film Awards: Complete list of winners |date=28 March 2016 |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064326/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51582021.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="3" align="center" |19 December 2016
| align="center" |Editor's Choice Performer of the Year (Female)
| align="center" |[[Richa Chadda]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |title=Stardust Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125200252/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |Best Screenplay
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
|-
| align="center" |Best Lyricist
|-
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|fly_away_solo}}

{{Anurag Kashyap}}{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:French drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Ghalib]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Pathé films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:2015 French films]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films directed by Neeraj Ghaywan]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Police Line

2026-03-04T09:44:02Z

EverettJat: created the stub with sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|2016 Marathi-language film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Police Line
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Raju Parsekar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer = Rupali Dipak Pawar Vaishali Nitin Pawar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Santosh Juvekar]]
*[[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjiv]]
*Jayant Savarkar
*Satish Pulekar
*[[Pradeep Patwardhan]]
}}
| cinematography = Nilesh Dhamale
| editing = Satish Patil
| music = Pravin Kunwar Abhishek Shinde
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|02|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Police Line''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by Raju Parsekar and produced by Rupali Dipak Pawar and Vaishali Nitin Pawar. The film stars [[Santosh Juvekar]], [[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjiv]], Jayant Savarkar, Satish Pulekar, [[Pradeep Patwardhan]] and Nisha Parulekar. Music by Pravin Kunwar and Abhishek Shinde.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2016 |title=Cop's life inspires a movie, Police Line |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cops-life-inspires-a-movie-police-line/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213144309/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cops-life-inspires-a-movie-police-line/ |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=English}}</ref> The film was released on 5 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2016 |title=पोलिस लाईन |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-PRE-marathi-movie-police-line-release-on-05th-feb-5235183-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213152742/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-PRE-marathi-movie-police-line-release-on-05th-feb-5235183-NOR.html |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Police officer Karad is posted to a new area, where he is visited by a gang of goons who bully him. When his senior appears there, the thugs run away and Karad is reprimanded by him.

== Cast ==
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Bala
* [[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjiv]] as Divya Deshmukh
* Jayant Savarkar
* Satish Pulekar
* [[Pradeep Patwardhan]]
* Nisha Parulekar
* Pramod Pawar
* Vijay Kadam
* Jaywant Wadkar
* [[Manasi Naik]]
== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Police Line
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Pravin Kunwar Abhishek Shinde
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title='पोलीस लाईन' एक पूर्ण सत्य |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/police-line-ek-purna-satya-movie-music-launch-1186848/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213160929/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/police-line-ek-purna-satya-movie-music-launch-1186848/lite/ |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi}}</ref>
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 8:34
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2015
| year = 2017
| next_title =
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|7P0SMjVNHWE| Police Line – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 8:34
| title1 = Akhha Cinema Pahun Ghe
| extra1 = Bharati Madhavi, Pravin Kunwar
| length1 = 3:51
| title2 = Theme Song
| extra2 = [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| length2 = 4:43
}}

== Critical response ==
Police Line film received mixed reviews from critics. Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' wrote "Police Line would have worked far better if it had been conceived more as film and less as a petition for the betterment of the police force".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2016 |title=FILM REVIEW: POLICE LINE |url=https://punemirror.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-police-line/cid5088055.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213161741/https://punemirror.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-police-line/cid5088055.htm |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[Pune Mirror]] |language=English}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' wrote "Overall, the intention of presenting the life of the police has been achieved in this movie. But if these shortcomings were removed, this movie would have been more successful".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2016 |title=पोलीस लाईन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/police-line-ek-purna-satya/amp_moviereview/50872401.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213162247/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/police-line-ek-purna-satya/amp_moviereview/50872401.cms |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi}}</ref> A Reviewer of ''[[Lokmat]]'' wrote "This is a positive film about the police; But if its setting was more powerful, this film would have been more memorable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2016 |title=खाकी वर्दीतल्या 'माणसा'ची व्यथा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/entertainment/sadness-man-khaki-uniform/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213163258/https://www.lokmat.com/entertainment/sadness-man-khaki-uniform/ |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6421120}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/policeline}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Rahul R Singh

2026-03-03T19:55:01Z

EverettJat: created some biography needs work.

{{Short description|Indian army officer}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Rahul R. Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[AVSM]]&ensp;[[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| image = File:Lt_Gen_Rahul_R_Singh.png
| caption =
| allegiance = [[India]]
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 
| rank = [[Lieutenant General]]
| unit = [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
| commands = [[Director General|DG]] OLSM [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]] [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|DCOAS CD&S]]
| awards = {{ubl|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]}}
}}

'''Rahul R. Singh''' is a senior officer of the [[Indian Army]] who currently serves as the [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Capability Development & Sustenance)]].<ref name=HT20250704>{{cite web |title=Masterly stroke: Army deputy chief on India's decision to stop Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/masterly-stroke-army-deputy-chief-on-indias-decision-to-stop-operation-sindoor-101751622083988.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 July 2025 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rahul R. Singh is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy]] , Khadakwasla, and the [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun. He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington; the [[College of Defence Management]], Secunderabad; and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], New Delhi.<ref name=TOI20230601>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Rahul Singh Assumes charge As Kharga Corps GOC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/lt-gen-rahul-singh-assumescharge-as-kharga-corps-goc/articleshow/100665207.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=1 June 2023 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref>

==Military career==
Rahul R. Singh is an officer of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]. During his career, he has held a number of command, staff, and instructional appointments.

He has served as an instructor at the [[National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla, and as the Team Leader of the Indian Army Training Team in [[Ethiopia]]. He has also been a staff officer with the [[United Nations]] Mission in [[Angola]].<ref name=TOI20230601 />

At Army Headquarters, he held the appointment of Director General, Operational Logistics and Strategic Movement (DG OLSM), overseeing strategic mobility and logistic planning for the Indian Army.<ref name=Tribune>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Rahul Singh takes over as Kharga Corps commander |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/lt-gen-rahul-singh-takes-over-as-kharga-corps-commander-517123 |publisher=The Tribune |date=31 May 2023 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=TOI20230601 /> In May 2023, he took over as the [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of the [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]], also known as Kharga Corps, one of the Indian Army's strike formations based at [[Ambala]].<ref name=ThePrint20230531>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Rahul R Singh takes charge of Indian Army's Kharga Corps |url=https://theprint.in/india/lt-gen-rahul-r-singh-takes-charge-of-indian-armys-kharga-corps/1605106/ |publisher=ThePrint (PTI) |date=31 May 2023 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=TOI20230601 />

On 1 November 2024, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Capability Development & Sustenance) at Army Headquarters, responsible for modernization, equipment sustainment, and defence capability planning.<ref name=HT20250704 />

===Public statements and recent role===
As Deputy Chief (Capability Development & Sustenance), Lt Gen Singh has publicly emphasized lessons from recent operational experiences and the need to strengthen indigenous production of advanced systems such as drones and EW equipment.<ref name=ForceIndia>{{cite web |title=DCAS Lt Gen. Rahul R Singh Talks Op Sindoor and Future of Warfare |url=https://forceindia.net/blog/dcas-lt-gen-rahul-singh-op-sindoor-and-future-of-warfare |publisher=Force India |date=4 July 2025 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=IndExp>{{cite web |title=China gave Pakistan live inputs on Indian deployment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistan-military-hardware-china-indian-army-operation-sindoor-10105847/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=5 July 2025 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref>

His remarks on [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]] and related security issues have been widely cited in national media. Subsequently, multiple agencies including PTI and PIB issued fact-checks debunking false or manipulated social media clips misattributing statements to him.<ref name=TheWire>{{cite web |title=Five Key Revelations from Army's Deputy Chief on Operation Sindoor |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/security/five-key-revelations-lt-gen-rahul-singh-operation-sindoor |publisher=The Wire |date=4 July 2025 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=PIBFact>{{cite web |title=Fact Check: Claim about Lt Gen Rahul R Singh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/fact-check-did-lt-gen-rahul-r-singh-admit-defeat-to-pakistans-electronic-warfare-and-chinas-c4-technology/3904308/ |publisher=Financial Express (PIB fact-check summary) |date=6 July 2025 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=PTIFC>{{cite web |title=PTI Fact Check: Deepfake video falsely claims Lt Gen Rahul R Singh admitted loss of S-400 system |url=https://www.ptinews.com/fact-detail/pti-fact-check-deepfake-video-falsely-claims-lt-gen-rahul-r-singh-admitted-loss-of-s-400-system-during-operation-sindoor-details-inside/2709463 |publisher=PTI |date=8 July 2025 |accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref>

==Honours and decorations==
The general officer has been awarded the [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]] and the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] for his service towards the army.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rahul R}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:College of Defence Management alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Alluri (film)

2026-03-03T09:15:58Z

EverettJat: created a stub w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alluri
| image = Alluri Telugu film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Pradeep Varma
| writer = Pradeep Varma
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Sree Vishnu]] [[Kayadu Lohar]] [[Tanikella Bharani]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
| narrator = N/A
| cinematography = [[Raj Thota]]
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| music = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|9|23}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹5 crores
| gross = ₹7.72 crores
}}

'''''Alluri''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime film|crime]] [[drama film]] directed by Pradeep Varma and starring [[Sree Vishnu]] (in the titular role) and [[Kayadu Lohar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2022/sep/20/alluri-changed-me-as-a-person-sree-vishnu-34875.html|title=Alluri changed me as a person|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|date=20 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sree-vishnu-pradeep-varmas-lucky-medias-alluri-first-look-released/articleshow/92589233.cms|title=Sree Vishnu, Pradeep Varma's, Lucky Media's 'Alluri' first look released|date=1 July 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film follows the son of a retired police constable, who learns about the life of another police officer, Alluri Sita Ramaraju.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

== Plot ==
The film starts with Iqbal, a police aspirant tired of attempting the police exams. His father Naseeruddin is a retired constable and tells him about a police officer named Alluri Sita Ramaraju at the Kothavalasa police station.

'''Past''': On his first day of joining the force, Ramaraju rejected his bribe share, angering his corrupt superior. Later, he became a friendly cop to Kothavalasa. On one of his cases, Ramaraju arrests a criminal and submits him to court, despite pressure from the superintendent. After that incident, the angered superintendent transfers Ramaraju to Dharakonda, a notorious [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite]] area. There, Iqbal learns that Ramaraju told the Naxalites how the police have reformed and took their help to build a police station in Dharakonda.

Then, Naseeruddin tells Iqbal that Ramaraju was transferred to [[Vizag]] as a Circle Inspector. There, his parents made him marry Sandhya, a native of Vizag. He tussles with Shiva Shankar, the MP of Vizag, by dealing a case of [[eve teasing]] by his son. Meanwhile, he learns about a notorious [[History-sheeter|rowdy sheeter]] named Kali, who controls the [[Poorna Market]] in Vizag and is Shiva Shankar's right-hand man. When Ramaraju arrests Kali, his higher officer acquits Kali and asks Ramaraju to meet Shiva Shankar. There, Ramaraju challenges Shiva Shankar to change him soon.

One day, a girl files a case against Shiva Shankar's son and his friends that they are selling drugs in her college. Ramaraju encourages her, makes her file the complaint, and arrests Shiva Shankar's son. However, the superintendent will not file the complaint and releases him. Enraged, Ramaraju attempts to attack the superintendent, who then complains to the [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]]. The DIG has a good impression of Ramaraju, who advises him to control his anger while stopping corruption, but Ramaraju slaps the superintendent in front of the DIG. The DIG suspends the superintendent for two weeks on the insistence of Ramaraju as a disciplinary action.

Ramaraju takes Sandhya to celebrate their honeymoon. After they came back to Vizag, in the airport, his constables received Ramaraju in an emergency at a hospital. There, Ramaraju saw the girl who gave him the complaint against Shiva Shankar's son. The constable describes to Ramaraju that Kali, Shiva Shankar's son, and his friend raped the girl in front of her father. Then, the girl's father scolds Ramaraju for arresting Shiva Shankar's son. Enraged at Shiva Shankar's son, his friend, and Kali, Ramaraju takes the girl to the market, which is controlled by Kali, and keeps the girl on a pillar where the flag is hosted. Ramaraju keeps a sharp coconut-peeling spear in the girl's hand; thrashes Kali's men to death; and kills Kali, Shiva Shankar's son, and his friend by stabbing their throats to the spear, and the girl dies. When Ramaraju comes in police uniform, everyone says that the girl came from the hospital and killed the three people.

'''Present''': When Iqbal returned to his house, he asks to meet Ramaraju. Then, Naseeruddin reveals that Ramaraju passed away in a terrorist attack. Naseeruddin advises Iqbal to meet the DIG (now the commissioner of [[Hyderabad]]) to learn what happened.

'''Past''': After that incident, Ramaraju was transferred to the traffic police. One day, the commissioner calls Ramaraju to his guest house. There, he assigns him a duty to find out the terrorist activities in the Mir Ali Bagh and sends him to Hyderabad. There, Naseeruddin meets Ramaraju for the first time and becomes inspired by his attitude. Then, Ramaraju orders them to be friendly cops with the locals and encourages them to do public service in the field.

One day, Ramaraju receives a missing complaint from a girl through Naseeruddin. However, Ramaraju convinces the girl's parents to receive a complaint. In the investigation, Ramaraju finds that she was kidnapped to a hotel with a car whose number plate is fake. Then he finds out that there is another floor between the 12th and 13th floors in that hotel. When he and his assistant went into that floor, they observed the missing female student's handbag on the floor, which they saw in the lift's CCTV footage.

Ramaraju gets threatening calls to stop the investigation, scaring Sandhya. But one day, when Sandhya and Ramaraju's mother were getting vegetables from the market, Ramaraju's mother met with an accident in the same car where the female student was kidnapped. Then, Ramaraju finds the car through his sources, leading him to a garage where the men kidnapped the girl. He thrashes them down and takes them into custody. Then, the gang reveals that they are organizing female trafficking on the secret floor of the hotel. Being a journalism student, the girl attempted to gather information regarding the secret floor, but they found and killed her. Ramaraju rescues the girls whom they kidnapped earlier and gave them to their families.

One day, a mechanic came to the police station complaining about a boy named Ali, who is very suspicious in his garage. When Naseeruddin and another constable went to the garage to get Ali to the police station for the inquiry, a group of terrorists killed one of the constables and took Ali with them. Naseeruddin informs Ramaraju that he knew that Ali is a terrorist gang leader. Then, Ramaraju and his team search and arrest them in a mosque.

Later, Ramaraju and Sandhya were attacked by a sharpshooter, later arrested by the commissioner, who reveals that a former Naxalite avenges Ramaraju for his past activities on Dharakonda, and that is why he tries to kill him to rise the movement. This incident makes Sandhya face [[PTSD]], and she leaves for Vizag.

But one day, Ali and his terrorist group hijack a school, where so many celebrity children, including the commissioner's daughters, are studying. Ali demands the release of the terrorists whom Ramaraju and his team arrested. The higher officials think to involve the NSG commandos in a commando operation, but Ramaraju convinces the commissioner to conduct the operation by themselves; the commissioner eventually accepts. Then, Ramaraju selects the top cadets from the department; attacks and kills the terrorists one by one without getting captured in the CCTV camera; and made Ali believe that their men are in the same place. However, Ali gets doubtful and threatens Ramaraju to surrender by captivating the commissioner's daughter in the conference room of the school. When Ramaraju goes into the conference room, Ali's henchman hits him on his head with a trophy and makes him unconscious.

Then, Ramaraju's cadets hear the sound of two shots as a signal from Ramaraju. They rescue the staff and students, including the commissioner's daughter and principal outside. Sandhya is watching the news on TV about this, but unfortunately, Ramaraju is killed.

During the commissioner's speech describing the greatness of Ramaraju, the school principal comes with a [[CD]] and plays it. The CD shows how Ramaraju became martyred. Ali and his henchman thrash Ramaraju after tying him to a pillar in front of the principal and commissioner's daughter. Then they force Ramaraju to say [[jihad]], which he refuses to do. Enraged, Ali makes his henchman [[castrate]] Ramaraju, and Ali points his gun at the commissioner's daughter. However, Ramaraju manages to untie his knots and kills Ali and his henchman using Ali's henchman's gun by saying "Jai Hind" and dies. Watching the video, everyone salutes Ramaraju in the hall, including his parents and Sandhya.

'''Present''': Finally, the film ends with Iqbal asking for Ramaraju's photo, and when the commissioner shows it, Iqbal salutes the photo and decides to pursue his ambition.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Sree Vishnu]] as CI Alluri Sitarama Raju
* [[Kayadu Lohar]] as Alluri Sandhya, Ramaraju's wife
* [[Ravi Varma Adduri]] as Kaali, a notorious rowdy sheeter who controls a market in Vizag
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as DIG (later Commissioner)
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Naseeruddin, a retired constable and Iqbal's father
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as SP
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as CI when Ramaraju is SI
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as MP Shiva Shankar
* Pramodini Pammi as Mrs. Alluri, Ramaraju's mother
* [[Vadlamani Srinivas]] as Mr. Alluri, Ramaraju's father
* [[Vasu Inturi]] as Shankar, a journalist in Dharakonda
* Vennela Rama Rao as Ramaraju's assistant
* Jayavani
{{Colend}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "However, despite solid performances, the film goes downhill after the interval with more conflicts to resolve, routine setting in; and its overarching timeline is its nemesis".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/alluri/movie-review/94406125.cms|title=Alluri Movie Review|date=23 September 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]'' said that "On the whole, Alluri does engage only in a few scenes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/alluri-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Review: Alluri – Strictly for few scenes|date=24 September 2022|work=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/alluri-movie-review-236435.html|title=Review|language=te|date=23 September 2022|work=[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21287752}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2022 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]

M. C. Chakrabarti

2026-02-19T23:23:28Z

EverettJat: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian statistician (died 1972)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = M. C. Chakrabarti
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date text|31 January 1915}}
|birth_place = [[British India]]
|death_place = [[Bombay]]
|death_date = {{death date text|22 June 1972}}
|field = Statistics
|work_institutions = [[University of Mumbai]]
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students = [[Damaraju Raghavarao]], [[B. V. Shah]], [[M. N. Vartak]]<ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=135679}}</ref>
|known_for = [[Design of experiments]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|prizes =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Mukunda Chandra Chakrabarti''' (31 January 1915 – 22 June 1972) was an Indian statistician. He was the founding head of the department of statistics at the [[University of Mumbai]] from 1948 until he died in 1972.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xkoMtO8d6zIC&pg=PP9|title= Dedicated to MC Chakrabarti, Book (Papers) – Statistical Inference and Design of Experiments | first1=Ulhas J. | last1=Dixit | first2=Meena R. | last2=Satam | isbn=978-81-7319-281-4 | year=1999 | publisher=Narosa Publishing House}}</ref> The department of mathematics at University of Mumbai was established later in 1963 under the guidance of Professor [[S. S. Shrikhande]].

Chakrabarti was known for his work in [[design of experiments]]. He guided a number of students for their Ph.D.s in statistics at the University of Mumbai. He was also associated with the [[University of Pune]] where his notes on [[design of experiments]] were taught and he used to come as external examiner for the practical examination.<ref>{{cite web|title=1953-1960|url=http://stats.unipune.ernet.in/hist3.html|publisher=[[University of Pune]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021143334/http://stats.unipune.ernet.in/hist3.html|archive-date=21 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarti, M. C.}}
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian statisticians]]
{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Maithili-Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi

2026-02-17T06:05:00Z

EverettJat: adding a info

{{Short description|Cultural academy in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Maithili-Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| formation = 2008
| type = Language and cultural academy
| purpose = Promotion of Maithili and Bhojpuri language, literature and culture
| headquarters = Aapurti Bhawan, Aram Bagh Lane, Paharganj, New Delhi
| region_served = Delhi
| parent_organization = Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi
| language = Maithili, Bhojpuri
}}

'''Maithili-Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi''' is an autonomous cultural institution under the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. The academy is dedicated to the promotion, preservation, and development of the Maithili and Bhojpuri languages, along with their literature, folk traditions, and cultural heritage, particularly among speakers residing in Delhi.

== History ==
The Maithili-Bhojpuri Academy was established in 2008 by the Government of Delhi. The decision to establish the academy was taken by the Delhi Cabinet in early 2008, recognising the significant population of Maithili and Bhojpuri speakers in the National Capital Territory and the need for institutional support to preserve and promote these languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maithili-Bhojpuri academy to be set up in Delhi: Cabinet |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/07/maithili-bhojpuri-academy-to-be-set-up-in-delhi-cabinet-1199779398.html |work=Oneindia |date=7 January 2008}}</ref>

The first official notification constituting the academy was issued on 3 April 2008, and the inaugural meeting of its governing body was held on 21 April 2008. Since its establishment, the academy has functioned as an autonomous organisation receiving financial assistance from the Government of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maithili-Bhojpuri Academy |url=https://mbacademy.delhi.gov.in/hi/mbacademy/maaithailai-bhaojapaurai-akaadamai |publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
The objectives of the academy include:
* Promotion and development of the Maithili and Bhojpuri languages
* Encouragement of literary creation, research, and scholarship
* Preservation of folk traditions, performing arts, and cultural heritage
* Publication of books, journals, and other literary works
* Organisation of seminars, workshops, and cultural programmes<ref>{{cite web |title=Objectives of the Academy |url=https://mbacademy.delhi.gov.in/hi/mbacademy/maaithailai-bhaojapaurai-akaadamai |publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref>

== Activities ==
The Maithili-Bhojpuri Academy regularly organises cultural and literary programmes such as poetry recitals, theatre performances, folk music and dance events, and academic seminars. Between 2008 and 2013, the academy conducted a range of programmes highlighting classical and contemporary Maithili and Bhojpuri literature and theatre, including performances of traditional Bhojpuri plays such as ''Bidesia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Activities organised by the Academy |url=https://mbacademy.delhi.gov.in/hi/mbacademy/akaadamai-davaaraa-kaie-gae-kaarayakaramaon-2008-2013-kaa-vaisatarta-vaivarana |publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref>

The academy also undertakes publication activities and publishes books and literary journals in Maithili and Bhojpuri to support writers, researchers, and emerging literary voices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://mbacademy.delhi.gov.in/hi/mbacademy/parakaasana |publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The academy functions as an autonomous organisation funded by the Government of Delhi. Its headquarters is located at Aapurti Bhawan, Aram Bagh Lane, Paharganj, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administration |url=https://mbacademy.delhi.gov.in/hi/mbacademy/parasaasana |publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref>

== Educational initiatives ==
The academy has supported initiatives aimed at strengthening the presence of regional languages in formal education. In collaboration with the Government of Delhi, steps were taken to allow Maithili to be offered as an optional subject for students in Classes 8 to 12 in Delhi government schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=Class 8–12 students can now pick Maithili, Bhojpuri as optional languages |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/class-8-12-students-can-now-pick-maithili-bhojpuri-as-optional-languages-sisodia-363577 |work=Millennium Post}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bhojpuri language]]
* [[Maithili language]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Maithili language]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri language]]
[[Category:Government of Delhi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2008]]

Sherly Vasu

2026-02-16T13:46:09Z

EverettJat: Creating info

{{Short description|Indian medical academic (1956–2025)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sherly Vasu
| honorific_suffix = Dr
| image = 
| image_upright =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1956|07|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thodupuzha]], Idukki, Kerala, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|9|4|1956|7|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Medical academic Forensic pathlogist [[Autopsy]] surgeon
| years_active = 1982–2025
| era =
| known_for = [[Forensic science]]
| notable_works = ''Postmortem Table''
| spouse = K. Balakrishnan
| children = 2 children
| parents = 
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Vanita Ratnam Award]] [[The New Indian Express|TNIE]] Devi Award
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sherly Vasu''', also spelt as '''Shirly Vasu''', (1956–2025) was an Indian medical academic, forensic pathologist and the first woman forensic surgeon from the south Indian state of [[Kerala]]. She is reported to have performed around 15,000 autopsies during her career and was known for her contributions in solving a number of cases, [[Soumya murder case]] being one among them. She was the head of the department of forensics at [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]] , former HOD and Principal at [[Government Medical College, Thrissur|Government Medical College Thrissur]] and was serving as the head of forensic department at KMCT Medical College, Kozhikode when she succumbed to cardiac arrest on September 4, 2025. She authored a book, ''Postmortem Table'', which details her professional experiences.

== Biography ==
Sherly Vasu, born in 1956,<ref name="Dr Sherly Vasu - Author Profile">{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2025 |title=Dr Sherly Vasu - Author Profile |url=https://dcbookstore.com/authors/dr-shirley-vasu |website=DC Books Online Store}}</ref> graduated in medicine from [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]] in 1979 and secured a post graduate degree in [[Forensic medicine]] from [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]] in 1981.<ref name="Forensic expert Dr. Shirley Vasu passed away; A surgeon who made a breakthrough in many cases">{{Cite web |title=Forensic expert Dr. Shirley Vasu passed away; A surgeon who made a breakthrough in many cases |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2025/09/04/forensic-expert-dr-sherly-vasu-passes-away-at-kozhikode.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref> Subsequently, she joined the same medical college as a member of faculty of department of forensic medicine, thus becoming the first female forensic pathologist from Kerala, and later, was made the head of the department in 2001.<ref name="Post-mortems: Dr Shirley Vasu dey detect crime through deadi body">{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2024 |title=Post-mortems: Dr Shirley Vasu dey detect crime through deadi body |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cyvym60v702o |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> In between, she had a short term of service at [[Pariyaram Medical College]] from 1997 to 1999 after which she returned to Kozhikode Medical College.<ref name="Prominent forensic surgeon Dr. Shirley Vasu passed away">{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2025 |title=Prominent forensic surgeon Dr. Shirley Vasu passed away |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/dr-sherly-vasu-passes-away-1.10888910 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> In 2010, she moved to the [[Government Medical College, Thrissur]] from where she superannuated in 2016 after a stint of two years as the Principal of the college.<ref name="MSR Clause - College Principals">{{Cite web |title=MSR Clause - College Principals |url=https://gmctcr.kerala.gov.in/content?cid=7&title=College+Principals |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=gmctcr.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> After superannuation from government service, she joined KMCT Medical College, Kozhikode and was serving as the Professor and Head of the department when she suffered a collapse and died on September 4, 2025.<ref name="Prominent forensic expert Dr. Shirley Vasu is no more">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/h2nQqHRe6mY |title=Prominent forensic expert Dr. Shirley Vasu is no more |language=en-GB |access-date=2025-09-04 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> She is survived by her husband, K. Balakrishnan, who is a medical doctor and their two children, Nandana and Nithin.<ref name="From pits to postmortem table: How Dr Shirley Vasu exposed hidden crimes, saved the innocent">{{Cite web |title=From pits to postmortem table: How Dr Shirley Vasu exposed hidden crimes, saved the innocent |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/09/05/from-pits-postmortem-table-shirley-vasu-exposed-hidden-crimes-innocent.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=From pits to postmortem table: How Dr Shirley Vasu exposed hidden crimes, saved the innocent |language=en}}</ref>

Sherly Vasu, who is reported to have performed around 15,000 autopsies during her career,<ref name="From the Autopsy Table">{{Cite web |last=KK |first=Shahina |date=August 19, 2012 |title=From the Autopsy Table |url=https://openthemagazine.com/essays/true-life/from-the-autopsy-table/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}</ref> contributed in solving many criminal cases such as the notorious [[Soumya murder case]].<ref name="Encounter with the inner truth">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=June 3, 2012 |title=Encounter with the inner truth |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2012/May/03/encounter-with-the-inner-truth-364254.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She was the forensic specialist who examined the mortal remains of Safiya, the 14 year old victim in the 'Safiya murder case' which gathered public attention in 2006.<ref name="Safiya Murder Case: Examination of Witnesses Complete">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Safiya Murder Case: Examination of Witnesses Complete |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/May/07/safiya-murder-case-examination-of-witnesses-complete-757148.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
She published her memoir in May 2025 under the title ''Postmortem Table'', in which many of her professional experiences have been recounted.<ref name="Postmortem Table">{{Cite book |last=Vasu |first=DR. Sherly |title=Postmortem Table |publisher=DC Books |year=2025 |isbn=9788126420933 |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Postmortem Table {{!}} Dr. Sherly Vasu">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpgoYG6jPVs |title=Postmortem Table {{!}} Dr. Sherly Vasu |date=September 17, 2023 |last=Rahul MR |access-date=2025-09-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Shirley Vasu's 'Postmortem Table'; The search for life through autopsy">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shirley Vasu's 'Postmortem Table'; The search for life through autopsy |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2025/09/04/dr-sherley-vasu-postmortem-table-book.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=ഡോ. ഷേർളി വാസുവിന്റെ ‘പോസ്റ്റുമോർട്ടം ടേബിൾ’; ഓട്ടോപ്സിയിലൂടെയുള്ള ജീവിതാന്വേഷണം |language=ml}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
In 1995, the [[World Health Organization]] awarded Sherly Vasu a fellowship which gave her the opportunity to get training in [[forensic pathology]] at [[University of London]] and [[Scotland Yard|Scotland Yard Police]].<ref name="Dr. Shirly Vasu Professor & HOD KMCT Medical College">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shirly Vasu Professor & HOD KMCT Medical College |url=https://www.kmctmedicalcollege.org/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.kmctmedicalcollege.org |language=en}}</ref> She received the Justice Fatima Beevi Award for excellence in science, one of the [[Vanita Ratnam Award]]s of the [[Government of Kerala]] in 2016.<ref name="Vanita Ratna Awards to be presented today in Thiruvananthapuram">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Vanita Ratna Awards to be presented today in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/Mar/08/vanita-ratna-awards-to-be-presented-today-in-thiruvananthapuram-1578951.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She received one more award in 2016, the ''Devi Award'' of [[The New Indian Express]].<ref name="TNIE honours women achievers with Devi Awards">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=July 25, 2016 |title=TNIE honours women achievers with Devi Awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Jul/24/tnie-honours-women-achievers-with-devi-awards-943676.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Books and publications ==
=== Books ===
* {{Cite web |last=Vasu |first=Dr. Sherly |date=September 4, 2025 |title=Postmortem Table |url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-Dr-SHIRLEY-VASU/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3ADr%2BSHIRLEY%2BVASU |access-date=September 4, 2025 |website=Amazon |publisher=DC Books |language=ml |publication-date=2016 |isbn=9788126420933}}

=== Journal articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Noone |first=Padmini |last2=Vasu |first2=Shirly |year=2015 |title=Age as a Predictive Tool of Aortic value Dimensions- An Autopsy Based Observational study |url=https://www.kmctmedicalcollege.org/faculty_dr-shirly-vasu.html?t= |journal=World Journal of Pathology |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Badiadka Kishor |last2=Vasu |first2=Shirly |year=2010 |title=Victim profile and influencing factors in traumatic deaths on railways tracks in Calicut, Kerala |url=https://www.kmctmedicalcollege.org/faculty_dr-shirly-vasu.html?t= |journal=Medico – Legal Update |volume=10 |issue=2 |issn=}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Noone |first=Padmini |last2=Majid |first2=M |last3=Vasu |first3=Shirly |title=Autopsy Findings in a Case of Tuberous Sclerosis |url=https://www.kmctmedicalcollege.org/faculty_dr-shirly-vasu.html?t= |journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine |language=en |publication-date=2009}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Badiadka |first=Kishor Kumar |last2=Vasu |first2=Shirly |last3=D ‘Souza |first3=Deepak Herald |year=1990 |title=Artificial Penile Nodules as a Tool for Identification: A case report |url=https://www.kmctmedicalcollege.org/faculty_dr-shirly-vasu.html?t= |journal=Journal of South Indi |volume=2 |issue=1}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[P. V. Guharaj]]
* [[Tirath Das Dogra]]
* [[Madhusudan Gupta]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|Medicine|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mssPORs6MnI |title=Dr. Sherly Vasu about Govindachamy |date=July 26, 2025 |last=Marunadan Malayali |type=AV Media |language=ml |access-date=2025-09-04 |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mne2KoGRY70 |title=Dr. Sherly Vasu talks about Saumya's postmortem {{!}} Manorama News |date=June 1, 2016 |last=Manorama News |language=ml |access-date=2025-09-04 |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFXWfEGYlXg |title=Dr. Sherly Vasu talks about Safiya murder case {{!}} Manorama News |date=June 9, 2016 |last=Manorama News |access-date=2025-09-04 |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5htxGXIaUTM |title=Crimes and Truths of the Postmortem Table {{!}} Dr. Sherly Vasu {{!}} Dr. B. Umadathan {{!}} KLF 2019 |date=January 20, 2019 |last=DC Books |access-date=2025-09-04 |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8o0Ah89pYo |title=Dr Shirley Vasu on Post-mortem examination methods {{!}} Manorama News |date=May 20, 2016 |last=Manorama News |access-date=2025-09-04 |via=YouTube}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eUh1C6blto |title=Expert Evidence in Medical Neligence - Chaired by Dr.Sherly Vasu and Co Charied by Adv. T.B Mini |date=March 7, 2017 |last=esSENSE Global |access-date=2025-09-04 |via=YouTube}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=Dr. Shirly Vasu, Professor & HOD - KMCT Medical College |url=https://www.kmctmedicalcollege.org/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.kmctmedicalcollege.org |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Book by author Dr Sherly Vasu - Storytel India |url=https://www.storytel.com/in/authors/dr-sherly-vasu-303414 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.storytel.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Deccan Chronicle |first= |date=October 2, 2016 |title=Soumya murder case: Summons to Dr Sherly on tiff with Dr Unmesh {{!}} Soumya murder case: Summons to Dr Sherly on tiff with Dr Unmesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/021016/soumya-murder-case-summons-to-dr-sherly-on-tiff-with-dr-unmesh.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasu, Sherly}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Forensic pathologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Indian women surgeons]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]

Varanasi Vishnu Namboothiri

2026-02-12T03:22:37Z

EverettJat: Creating new info

{{Short description|Indian Maddalam exponent (1937–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Varanasi Vishnu Namboothiri
| caption =
| image_size =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = Kathakali music
| instrument = [[Maddalam]]
| years_active = 1952-2002
}}
| alias =
| alma_mater = [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]
| citizenship = India
| occupation = instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1937|1|20}}
| birth_place = [[Mavelikkara]], [[British India]]
| birth_name =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|1|28|1937|1|20}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Pathanamthitta district]], India
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Vadya Award, [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Gurupooja award
| website =
| spouse = Saraswati Antharjanam
| parents = Narayanan Namboodiri, Draupati Antharjanam
| children = 2
}}
'''Varanasi Vishnu Namboothiri''' is a [[Maddalam]] exponent from [[Kerala]], India, best known for playing Maddalam for [[Kathakali]] performances. He received several noted awards including Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Gurupooja Award and Kerala Kalamandalam Award.

==Biography==
Vishnu Namboothiri was born on 20 January 1937, in [[Mavelikkara]] in present-day [[Alappuzha district]] to Varanasi Illam Narayanan Namboothiri and Draupadi Antarjan.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=വാരണ‍ാസി വിഷ്ണു നമ്പൂതിരി അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/01/28/varanasi-vishnu-namboothiri-passes-away.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> He is the brother of famous Kathakali [[chenda]] artist [[Varanasi Madhavan Namboothiri]].<ref name="Manorama"/> They were known as the ''Varanasi Brothers''.<ref name="Manorama"/>

He started practicing Maddalam during his high school years.<ref name="Madhyamam">{{cite news |last1=ഡെസ്ക് |first1=വെബ് |title=വാദ്യകുലപതി വാരണാസി വിഷ്ണു നമ്പൂതിരി നിര്യാതനായി {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/obit-varanasi-vishnu-namboothiri-kerala-news/662698 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=28 January 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> Karuvatta Kumarapanikkar and Vennimala Ramavaryar introduced Vishnu Namboothiri to play Maddalam.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Maddalam maestro Varanasi Vishnu Namboothiri is dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/varanasi-vishnu-namboothiri-passes-away/article30675627.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 January 2020 |language=en-IN|accessdate=6 May 2023}}</ref> He received his expert Maddalam training from [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] under Kalamandalam Appukutty Pothuval and Kalamandalam Nambisankutty and from Unnai Warrier Memorial Kalanilayam under Chalakudy Narayanan Nambisan.<ref name="Hindu"/>

Vishnu Namboothiri is well known for playing Maddalam for Kathakali and has performed with renowned Kathakali artists such as [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]], [[Chengannur Raman Pillai]], [[Mankulam Vishnu Namboothiri]], [[Kudamalur Karunakaran Nair]], [[Guru Gopinath]], [[Champakulam Pachu Pillai]] and [[Kurichi Kunjan Panicker]].<ref name="Hindu"/> He made his debut in 1952 at the Mavelikkara Mannur Math Palace Shiva Temple.<ref name="Madhyamam"/> He stopped his performances in 2002 with the death of his brother.<ref name="Manorama"/> But later, in 2012, at the time of ''Lavanasura Vadham'' Kathakali in Mavelikkara Kandiyoor temple, he again played Maddalam at the insistence of the audience.<ref name="Manorama"/>

He is a former board member of Kerala Kalamandalam and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]].<ref name="Manorama"/> He was ''Mel Santhi'' (head priest) of Mavelikkara Mannur Math Palace [[Lord Shiva]] temple.<ref name="Manorama"/>

===Personal life and death===
He and his wife Payyannur Koroth Velliyott Illam Saraswati Antharjanam have two children.<ref name="Manorama"/> He died at a private hospital in [[Thiruvalla]] on 2020 January 28.<ref name="Manorama"/> The funeral was held in the courtyard of his house with official honors from Kerala government.<ref name="Manorama"/>

==Awards and honors==
*Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (2015)<ref name="Manorama"/>
*Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Gurupooja Award (2007)<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurupooja, Awards, Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Akademi, Culture Department |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/gurupooja/454 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en}}</ref>
*Kerala Kalamandalam Vadya Award (2009)<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalamandalam fellowship for Narayanan Nambeeshan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/nov/06/kalamandalam-fellowship-for-narayanan-nambeeshan-101553.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
*Kalamandalam Hyderali Memorial Award<ref>{{cite news |title=Bags Kalamandalam Hyderali award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/jan/06/bags-kalamandalam-hyderali-award-216953.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*Travancore Devaswom Board's Kalaratnam<ref name="Manorama"/>
*Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham has been awarded him the title ''Asthana Vidwan'' (Head Scholar)<ref name="Manorama"/>
*Chennithala Chellappan Pillai Memorial Award<ref name="Madhyamam"/>
*Kalamandalam Padmashree Krishnan Nair Memorial Award<ref name="Madhyamam"/>
*Kalamandalam Appukutty Pothuval Memorial Award<ref name="Madhyamam"/>
*Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Pothuval Memorial Kalasagar Award<ref name="Madhyamam"/>
*Kannur Neelakanthar Memorial Kathakali Award<ref name="Madhyamam"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu Namboothiri, Varanasi}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]

Kunchan Nambiar

2026-02-07T23:46:20Z

EverettJat: content fix

{{Short description|Malayalam poet (1705–1770)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|image = File:Kunchan Nambiar Smrithi Mantapam Ambalappuzha alappuzha statue.jpg
| caption = Kunchan Nambiar statue in Ambalappuzha
|imagesize =
| name = Kunjan Nambiar
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1705|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1770
| death_place = [[Ambalappuzha]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = Poet
| yearsactive =
|
| spouse =
| homepage =
| children =
|}}
'''Kunchan Nambiar''' was a prominent [[Malayalam]] poet of the 18th century (1705-1770). Apart from being a prolific poet, Nambiar is also famous as the originator of the dance art form of [[Thulall|Thullall]], most of his works were written for use in Thullal performances. Social criticism wrapped in humour is the hallmark of his works. Nambiar is one of the foremost comedians in Malayalam, and he belongs to the [[Nambiar (Ambalavasi caste)|Ambalavasi]] community.<ref name="Kunchan Nambiar - Veethi profile" />

[[File:Kalakkathu Bhavanam - House of Kunchan Nambiar.jpg|thumb|right|Kalakkathu Veedu]]
Nambiar was born at <ref name="Kunchan Smarakam Fort Palakkad - Kunchan Nambiar Smarakam Fort Palghat Kerala India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerala-tourism.org/forts-of-kerala/kunchan-smarakam-fort.html |title=Kunchan Smarakam Fort Palakkad - Kunchan Nambiar Smarakam Fort Palghat Kerala India |date=2019-03-02 |website=www.kerala-tourism.org |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> ''Kalakkathu Veedu'' at [[Killikkurussimangalam]] in [[Palakkad district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]];.<ref name="Major poets of Malayalam Literature">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |title=Major poets of Malayalam Literature |date=2019-03-02 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> He spent his early childhood at [[Killikkurussimangalam]], his boyhood at Kudamaloor and youth at [[Ambalappuzha]], and learnt [[Kalaripayattu]] and [[Sanskrit]] from such masters as Mathoor Panickar, Dronaballi Naicker and Nannikod Unni Ravi Kurup, before moving to the court of [[Marthanda Varma]] of [[Travancore]] in 1748; later, he served at the court of his successor [[Dharma Raja]].<ref name="Kunchan Nambiar (1705-1770)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/lit21.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323102704/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/lit21.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-03-23 |title=prd-Kunchan Nambiar (1705-1770) |date=2006-03-23 |publisher=Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> By the time he reached the royal court, he had already established himself as a poet.{{Refn|group=note|[[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] propounded a theory that Kunchan Nambiar and [[Sanskrit]] poet, Rama Pānivāda, were the same person ("Pānivāda" means "Nambiar" in [[Sanskrit]]), but the argument has not been popularly accepted.<ref name="കുഞ്ചന്‍ നമ്പ്യാര്‍ - മലയാളത്തിന്‍റെ ഹാസ്യസാമ്രാട്ട്">{{Cite web |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-articles/kunjan-nambiar/2017/may/05/261431 |title=കുഞ്ചന്‍ നമ്പ്യാര്‍ - മലയാളത്തിന്‍റെ ഹാസ്യസാമ്രാട്ട് |date=2019-03-02 |website=Madhyamam |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref>}} The later part of his life, it is believed that Nambiar returned to Ambalapuzha where he died in 1770, at the age of 65, reportedly due to [[rabies]]

==Career==
{{quote box|align = right|width=22em|Many of Nambiar's verses have transformed into proverbs in Malayalam.
1. ചെറുപ്പ കാലങ്ങളിലുള്ള SHIലം മറക്കുമോ മാനുഷനുള്ള കാലം (''cheruppa kālangalil ulla sheelam marakkumo maanushanulla kālam'')
:Translation: How can a man forget habits that he acquired at his young age?
:Closest English equivalent: Old habits die hard
2. ദീപസ്തംഭം മഹാശ്ചര്യം, നമുക്കും കിട്ടണം പണം (''dīpastaṃM bhaṃ mahāścaryaṃ namukkuṃ kiṭṭaṇaṃ paṇaṃM'')
:Translation: Your ''Deepa-Stambham'' (A multi-layered oil lamp) is magnificent, and we too want our share of money.
:Closest English equivalent: When it is a question of money, everyone is of the same religion.
3. മുല്ലപ്പൂമ്പൊടി ഏറ്റു കിടക്കും കല്ലിനും ഉണ്ടാം ഒരു സൗരഭ്യം (''mullappūmpoṭi ēṯṯu kiṭakkuṃ kallinuṃ uṇṭāṃ oru saurabhyaṃ'')
:Translation: The stone where the pollen of the jasmine flower falls acquires its fragrance.
}}
[[File:Mizhavu of Kunchan Nambiar.jpg|thumb|right|Mizhavu used by Kunchan Nambiar at Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna temple]]
Kunchan Nambiar is considered by many as the master of Malayalam satirist poetry<ref name="Kunchan Nambiar memorial in Ambalappuzha gets facelift - Times of India">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Kunchan-Nambiar-memorial-in-Ambalappuzha-gets-facelift/articleshow/22128335.cms |title=Kunchan Nambiar memorial in Ambalappuzha gets facelift - Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> and is credited with the popularisation of a performing art known as [[Ottan Thullal]].<ref name="Ottanthullal - Dance Forms in Kerala">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kerala.me/specialities/dances/ottanthullal |title=Ottamthullal - Dance Forms in Kerala |date=2019-03-02 |website=kerala.me |language=en-US |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> The word, ''thullal'', means 'dance/jumping', but under this name Nambiar developed a new style of verse narration, interspersed with occasional background music and dance-like swaying movements. Popular belief is that Nambiar devised this art form for avenging the ridicule he had to suffer from a [[Chakyar Koothu]] performer who chastised Nambiar when he dozed off while accompanying the koothu performance on [[Mizhavu]].<ref name="Kunchan Nambiar - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/kunchan_nambiar-profile-2254-25.htm |title=Kunchan Nambiar - Veethi profile |date=2019-03-02 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> He used pure Malayalam<ref name="Thullal and Aattakkatha">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |title=Thullal and Aattakkatha |date=2019-03-02 |website=keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> as opposed to the stylised and [[Sanskrit]]ized Malayalam language of Chakyar Koothu, and adopted many elements from [[Padayani]] and [[Kolam Thullal|Kolam Tullal]] as well as some of the other local folk arts. There are three kinds of Tullal distinguished on the basis of the performer's costume and the style of rendering, viz., ''Ottan'', ''Seethankan'' and ''Parayan''. [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] [[Metre (poetry)|metres]] are used throughout although there is a quatrain in a [[Sanskrit]] metre. Kunchan Nambiar is known to have written 64 thullal stories.<ref name="The dramatic language of Ottanthullal">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/The-dramatic-language-of-Ottanthullal/article16083266.ece |title=The dramatic language of Ottanthullal |last=Srikanth |first=Rupa |date=2016-10-27 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> He also developed new metres (for example; ''Vaytari metres'') based on the vocal notation for various talas. The language is predominantly [[Malayalam]] with a large admixture of colloquial and dialectal forms.<ref>Biographicon, 'Kalakkaththu Kunchan Nambiar'</ref>

== Honours ==
The Government of Kerala observes Nambiar's birthday, 5 May, as ''Kunchan Day''.<ref name="Kunjan Nambiar Memorial Society, Ambalappuzha & Killikurissi Mangalam">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |title=Kunjan Nambiar Memorial Society, Ambalappuzha & Killikurissi Mangalam |date=2019-03-02 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> A society, ''Kunjan Nambiar Memorial Society'', has been established by the government overseas the management of various memorials which include ''Kunchan Nambiar Smarakam'', Nambiar's house in Killikkurussimangalam,<ref name="The Kunchan Nambiar Smarakam, Killikkurissimangalam, Palakkad">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/kunchan-nambiar-smarakam-lakkidi/119 |title=The Kunchan Nambiar Smarakam, Killikkurissimangalam, Palakkad |date=2019-03-02 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> ''Kunchan Memorial Library'', ''Kunchan Memorial Arts Society'', and ''Kunchan Memorial Society''.<ref name="Kunjan Nambiar Memorial Society, Ambalappuzha & Killikurissi Mangalam" /> ''Kunchan Smarakam Fort'' is a fort built by the state government in honour of the poet and the monument houses an institution which promotes teaching of satirist art forms.<ref name="Kunchan Smarakam Fort Palakkad - Kunchan Nambiar Smarakam Fort Palghat Kerala India" />

Kunchan Nambiar's body of work is composed of at least 21 Otttan, 11 Seethankan and 9 Parayan compositions.<ref name="Kunchan Nambiar (1705-1770)" /> The most important of Nambiar's Thullals are: ''Syamanthakam'', ''Ghoshayathra'', ''Kiratham'', ''Santhanagopalam'', ''Patracharitham'', ''Karthaveeryarjunavijayam'', ''Bakavadham'', ''Kalyana Saugandhikam'', ''Hariniswayamvaram'', ''Thripuradahanam'' and ''Sabha Pravesham''. Nambiar was critical of the social evils he saw around him and incorporated his satirical views in his compositions even when the main story is from the [[Hindu]] [[Purana]]s; he would introduce digressions and use such occasions to comment on society.<ref name="Kunchan Nambiar (1705-1770)" />

== Extracts from Kunchan Nambiar's poems/writings ==
[[File:Ambalappuzha Temple.JPG|thumb|235px|[[Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple]], the place where Nambiar is believed to have performed [[Ottan Thullal]] for the first time. ]]
*[[Ravana]] is speaking to [[Narada]] about his own prowess (Kartavirya Arjuna Vijayam):
<blockquote>
The kingdom of the Gandhara ruler 
Has turned into a mere desert. 
The land of the Sinhala King 
Is now filled with lions and leopards. 
The lord of the Chera people 
Feeds himself on cheap vegetables. 
The Chola King has nothing to eat 
Except the maize of low quality 
The kings of the Kuru house 
Have nothing but jackfruit seeds. 
The lord of the land of Kashmir 
Is busy eating cucumbers. 
The ruler of the Champeya land 
Eats only tubers and broken rice. 
The Konkan prince is about to die 
Thinking of his wives' breasts. 
</blockquote>

*Another passage from the same work:
<blockquote>
Tributes must be paid from time to time; 
Half the yield should be given to me. 
The whole of pepper yield should be handed over 
Coconut, arecanut, mango, jackfruit: 
All the trees should be confiscated. 
There will be no place in my country 
For the pomp of local barons. 
Double the seed crop should be given 
To me by houseowner. 
The Tamil Brahmins (Pattars) staying here 
Should also give one fourth to me. 
The Nayars who stay at home 
Should take their bows and spears 
And stay at the residence of Ravana 
And do whatever chores are assigned. 
Nayars who drink toddy 
Would be beaten up, beware! 
</blockquote>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kunchan Nambiar}}
*[http://www.jaimalayalam.com/malaindex.htm Two poems by Nambiar (scroll down to "Poetry Section #1")]
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323102704/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/lit21.htm |date=23 March 2006 |title=Kerala Government site on Kunchan Nambiar }}
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1DQR7x_OW8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/I1DQR7x_OW8| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=Kunchan Nambiar Biography |last=Terms UP Malayalam |website=[[YouTube]]|date=2015-11-17 |access-date=2019-03-02}}{{cbignore}}

{{Triumvirates of Malayalam poetry}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambiar, Kalakkuthu Kunchan}}
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:1705 births]]
[[Category:1770 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad district]]

The Story of the Hamadryad

2026-02-07T15:31:59Z

EverettJat: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|Arakanese folktale about a snake bridegroom}}
'''The Story of the [[King cobra|Hamadryad]]''' ([[Arakanese language|Arakan]]: ''Ngan-daw-shay Watthu'') is a folktale from the [[Arakanese people]], collected by researcher San Shwe Bu and published in the ''[[Journal of the Burma Research Society]]''.

The tale is related to the international cycle of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'', wherein a heroine marries a husband in animal form who reveals he is man underneath. In this case, the heroine marries a husband in animal shape that becomes human, while another girl marries a real animal and dies. Variants of the narrative are located in India and [[Southeast Asia]].

== Summary ==
An old widow has three beautiful daughters who she hopes to marry to grandees and princes, and always does the heavy chores at home herself, like fetching firewood and catching fish. One day, she takes a wicker basket to the river to catch some fish, but none appears, save for a snake that slithers into the basket. The widow takes the basket home with her to kill the snake later, and leaves it in a corner. Meanwhile, the snake slithers off to a jar of condiment.

Some days later, the widow goes to fetch condiment for her food and the snake coils around her arm. The widow offers her three daughters to the animal, but it only reacts to the youngest one, releasing the woman's arm. The youngest daughter lives goes with the snake to a room, which takes off the snakeskin to become a human youth, since he is in fact a ''[[Nat (deity)|nat]]'', then returns to his snake form in the morning. This goes on for many nights, until, one day, the elder sisters question her how she can live with a reptile as a husband, and the girl answers he is not snake at all, but a handsome youth underneath it. The elder sisters convince her to burn the snakeskin one night, which she does; despite some physical pain, the nat husband is content with assuming a definite human form.

Some time later, he creates a palace for his wife with his powers, and decides to sail on a journey to learn a trade. After he prepares his provisions for the voyage, he warns his wife, pregnant at this time, not to leave his palace, then departs. While he is away, her elder sisters, jealous of her fortune, plot to get rid of her: they try to convince her to catch fish with them, then to break firewood - which she refuses - and to play with them on a swing over a river - which she agrees to do. The girl goes to the swing and her elder sisters shove her into the river. Fortunately for her, a couple of big storks sight her and rescue her to their nest atop a tree.

Meanwhile, thinking their cadette is dead, the sisters take over the palace. Back to the girl, she gives birth to a son, who the storks consider as their child, and she rocks the baby with a song. Months pass, the human nat docks the ship in the harbour, when he hears his wife's voice. Tracking it to the nearby tree, he reaches the storks' nest and finds her. The giant storks are reluctant to part with the mother and child they protected in their nest, but the nat husband offers to give them a pile of fish as reward for saving his family. He hides his wife and son in a box and takes to his palace, then pretends to fall for his sisters-in-law's lies that his wife died. During some days, the nat gives meals in secret to his wife in his room, and a raven appears at the window to sing some mocking verses to him and the two elder sisters. After the raven's mocking, the nat decides to shame the women: he gathers people for a rich feast, and bids his sisters-in-law relate to the guests the sorry story about their sister's death, all the while, the nat opens the chest and takes his wife and son to the dining room, to the guests' astonishment and the sisters-in-law's shame. The nat and his family live happily together.

Meanwhile, in the same village where the widow lived with her three daughters, another old woman learns of the girl's fortunate marriage with a snake, and decides to find her daughter a similar animal, hoping she will experience fortune and riches. The woman finds a [[boa constrictor]] and places it in the same room as her daughter. That same night, the animal wakes up and begins to devour her little by little. The girl cries for her mother's help, but the woman dismisses them as just her "husband" decorating her with jewels. The next morning, the woman enters her daughter's room and finds the snake swallowed her during the night.<ref>{{cite journal |first=San |last=Shwe Bu |date=1923 |title=Folk tales of Arakan IV: Ngan-daw-shay wuttu, or The Story of the Hamadryad |journal=[[Journal of the Burma Research Society]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=280–286 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/journal-burma-research-society-6}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
===Tale type===
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as AaTh 433C, "The Serpent Husband and The Jealous Girl", a subtype of type AaTh 433, "The Prince as Serpent".<ref>[[Antti Aarne|Aarne, Antti]]; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p.&nbsp;148.</ref> In this tale type, a girl marries a snake who gives her jewels and ornaments and becomes human after the burning of his snakeskin; another girl tries to imitate with a ''real'' snake, with disastrous and fatal results.<ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p.&nbsp;148.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Mazharul |author-link=Mazharul Islam (poet) |title=Folklore, the Pulse of the People: In the Context of Indic Folklore |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |date=1985 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFG3NjdeBMoC&dq=%22Serpent+Husband+and+the+Jealous+Girl+%22&pg=PA98}}</ref>

However, in his own revision of the folk type index, published in 2004, German folklorist [[Hans-Jörg Uther]] subsumed types AaTh 433 ("The Prince as Serpent"), AaTh 433A ("A Serpent Carries a Princess to Its Castle") and AaTh 433C under a new type: ATU 433B, "[[King Lindworm]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uther |first1=Hans-Jörg |title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |date=2004 |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |isbn=978-951-41-0963-8 |pages=259–261 }}</ref>

===Motifs===
Professor Stuart Blackburn stated that some [[Southeast Asia]]n variants contain the motif of the fruit tree owned by the snake, whose fruits either the sisters or their mother want.<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iwywCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Snake+husband%22&pg=PA223 Himalayan Tribal Tales: Oral Tradition and Culture in the Apatani Valley]''. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library Volume 16/2. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. p. 223. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17133-6}}.</ref> More specifically, it is found in central Arunachal Pradesh, and among the Kucong and [[Nu people|Nusu people]] of Yunnan.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Blackburn |date=2007 |title=Oral Stories and Culture Areas: From Northeast India to Southwest China |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=426 |doi=10.1080/00856400701714054|s2cid=145351133 }}</ref>

Type 433C also contains the [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|motif J2415.7]], "A snake for the real daughter. Stepdaughter, married to a snake, appears decorated with jewels. Stepmother desires a snake be procured for her daughter. She is swallowed instead".<ref>Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. ''The Oral Tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 287.</ref><ref>Goswami, Praphulladatta. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nV4tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22J+2415.7%22 Ballads and Tales of Assam: A Study of the Folklore of Assam]''. Assam: [[University of Gauhati]], 1960. p. 213.</ref>

According to Reginald Dennis Burton, in [[Upper Burma]], the word ''Ngan'' or ''Ngan-bok'' refers to the [[king cobra]], and ''Ngan-daw-gya'' (among other names) refers to the [[banded krait]] species.<ref>Dennis, Reginald Burton (R.B.D.). "Twenty Burmese songs: translation and notes". In: ''Journal of the Burma Research Society'' 33 (1950): 190 (note nr. 1).</ref>

== Variants ==
=== Distribution ===
In his 1961 revision of the tale type index, American folklorist [[Stith Thompson]] indicated 5 variants of the type, found only in India.<ref>[[Antti Aarne|Aarne, Antti]]; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p.&nbsp;148.</ref> Hence, Thompson and Warren Roberts's work ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'' links this tale type "exclusively" to [[South Asia]].<ref>Islam, Mazharul. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KFG3NjdeBMoC&dq=%22Serpent+Husband+and+the+Jealous+Girl+%22&pg=PA98 Folklore, the Pulse of the People: In the Context of Indic Folklore]''. Concept Publishing Company, 1985. p. 165-166.</ref> In addition, according to professor Stuart Blackburn, this is the "Asian" version of the snake-husband story, and variants of the narrative (girl marries snake and is fortunate; jealous girl marries another snake and dies) are reported in India (in [[Nagaland]] and Assam), [[Southeast Asia]], [[China]], and among [[Tibeto-Burman language|Tibeto-Burman speakers]] in central [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and the extended [[eastern Himalayas]] (e.g., the Apatani, [[Nyishi people]], [[Tagin people]], [[Garo people]] and [[Lisu people]]).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Blackburn |date=2007 |title=Oral Stories and Culture Areas: From Northeast India to Southwest China |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=426 |doi=10.1080/00856400701714054 |s2cid=145351133 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=S.H. |chapter=Comparisons, Local Culture And Identity |title=Tribal Cultures in the Eastern Himalayas |volume=2: Himalayan Tribal Tales |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |date=2008 |page=223 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004171336.i-298.38}}</ref> Taiwanese scholarship also locates variants of subtype 433C in [[Cambodia]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lu |first=Yi-Lu |title=民間故事中的姊妹情結—兼論蛇郎君類型的「紅龜粿」意象 |trans-title=Sister-Sister Complex in Folktales —Discussion on the Image of “Red Turtle Cake” in The Snake Husband Story |journal=Tamkang Journal of Chinese Literature |date=2018 |issue=12 |volume=39 |language=ZH |page=105 |doi=10.6187/tkujcl.201812_(39).0004 |url=https://tkujcl.tacx.tku.edu.tw/uploads/papers/tw/39-4.%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E6%83%85%E7%B5%90%EF%BC%8D%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%BC%E8%AB%96%E8%9B%87%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8C%E7%B4%85%E9%BE%9C%E7%B2%BF%E3%80%8D%E6%84%8F%E8%B1%A1%EF%BC%88%E9%B9%BF%E6%86%B6%E9%B9%BF%EF%BC%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%90%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%EF%BC%89.pdf}}</ref>

=== Burma ===
In another article, San Shwe Bu stated that the "story of the Hamadryad", beside the Arakan people, was also "familiar" to the Burmese.<ref>{{cite journal |first=San |last=Shwe Bu |date=1923 |title=Sources of "Folk Tales of Arakan" |journal=[[Journal of the Burma Research Society]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=164 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/journal-burma-research-society-6}}</ref>

==== The Snake Prince (Arakan) ====
Bernard Houghton published in the journal ''[[Indian Antiquary]]'' a tale from the [[Arakanese people]] that he translated from a [[Burma|Burmese]] manuscript furnished by a Maung Tha Bwin, Myôôk of [[Sandoway]]. In this tale, titled ''The Snake Prince'', a man named Sakkaru, from fairy-land (Tâwatinsa), is reborn in the human realm in the form of a [[hamadryad]] (a spirit that lives in a tree), by orders of King Sakrâ ([[Indra]]). In the human realm, a washerwoman is washing her clothes in the river and sees a serpent (the hamadryad) atop a fig tree. She wants some of the figs, and offers one of her daughters, named Dwê Pyû, to the snake, in exchange for some figs. The serpent wags its tail and knocks down many figs. The washerwoman gets the figs and in jest exhorts the snake to follow her home to get his bride Dwê Pyû. The snake decides to follow the woman home. The next morning, the washerwoman is hungry and sticks her hand in a pot to grab some rice to cook, when the snake coils around her arm. It dawns on the woman that the snake is there to get his bride, so she convinces the snake to let her go, while she summons her daughter Dwê Pyû to meet the snake husband. The girl reluctantly agrees to live with the snake as husband and wife. One day, King Sakrâ summons Sakkaru (the snake) to a council in his realm, so Sakkaru leaves behind the snakeskin on his bed and goes to Tâwatinsa. His human wife, Dwê Pyû, sees the snakeskin and, believing her snake husband is dead, cries to her mother. The mother tells her daughter to burn the snakeskin as a sort of funeral rite, so they throw the snakeskin in the fireplace. Sakkaru returns to the human realm and complains that he felt some burning sensation. The washerwoman and Dwê Pyû realize who he is and rejoice, while the washerwoman's other daughter, named Shwê Kyên, begins to curse her sister's good luck. That night, fairy Samâ-Dêva visits Sakkaru and gives him a magic wand, and warns him that no drop of snake's blood can touch his skin, lest he becomes a snake again, and that, after receiving the wand, Sakkaru is to wander through other countries. The next day, Sakkaru departs on a ship, leaving behind a pregnant wife. Seizing this opportunity, Shwê Kyên tries to get rid of her sister (who is pregnant at the time) by shoving her into the river, but she is saved by a great eagle and taken to a silk-cotton tree. On returning from his trip, Sakkaru sees this wife with a son atop the tree and barters with the eagle, who is his brother: he will deliver a heap of fish to the bird and it will send mother and son down the tree. Seeing that her plans failed, Shwê Kyên asks her father, the washerwoman's husband, to bring her a snake from the jungle, hoping to experience the same luck as her sister. Her father captures a large [[boa constrictor]] and gives to Shwê Kyên. That night, the girl begins to scream that the boa is devouring her; her father dismisses any danger, but Dwê Pyû begs her husband, the Snake Prince Sakkaru, to save her sister. Sakkaru warns his wife that any drop of snake's blood will turn him back to a snake. He goes to Shwê Kyên's room and kills the boa-constrictor, but a drop of its blood touches his skin and he becomes a snake again, with a snake's mind. Sakkaru, back to serpentine form, tells his wife to take care of their son. Despite Dwê Pyû's pleas for him to stay with them, he slithers back to the forest.<ref>Houghton, Bernard. "[https://archive.org/details/indianantiquary1893vol.22_465_a/page/n118/mode/1u Folkltales of Arakan: I - The Snake Prince]". In: ''Indian Antiquary'' Vol. 22. 1893. pp. 98-102.</ref>

==== The Tree-Snake Prince ====
Author John Nisbet published a Burmese tale with the title ''The Tree-Snake Prince'', which he sourced as an "abbreviated form of an Arakanese legend". In this tale, Sakaru is identified as a ''[[Nat (deity)|Nat]]'' (deity, spirit) who lives in Tawadeingtha, a spirit-land. To atone for evil deeds, he is sent to Earth for three months by [[Thagyamin|Thagyá Min]] in the form of a snake, to be a guardian spirit living in a wild [[fig-tree]]. Nearby, lives a human family: a fisherman, his wife and two daughters, Shwe Kyin and Dwe Pyu. The mother goes with her daughters to wash clothes at the river, and, on the road back, stops to rest by a fig tree, atop of which she sees the animal. In jest she asks for the serpent to throw her some figs, and she will marry it to Dwe Pyu if it can throw her some figs. The snake complies, shakes the tree and many fruits fall from it. She takes the fruits with her and mockingly suggests the snake comes for a visit, but on the road, Dwe Pyu chides her to let the animal follow them, and the woman bribes a stump and an anthill to lie to the snake. After they depart, the snake goes after them to the fisherman's house and hides in a rice pot. The next day, the fisherman's wife goes to fetch some rice and the snake coils around her arm. Remembering her promise to the snake, she allows Dwe Pyu to go with the snake. The girl goes to live with the snake, but fears for her life. Some time later, the deities are convening in Tawadeingtha, and the Sakaru, shedding its skin, joins its divine companions in human form, leaving behind the snakeskin. Dwe Pyu wakes up one night and finds only the snakeskin. Thinking her animal husband is dead, she and her mother burn the shed skin, and Sakaru, at a distance, senses a burning within his body, then materializes right in front of Dwe Pyu. The girl recognizes him as hs husband, to her great joy, and her sister's jealousy. Later, a "[[Samadeva]] spirit" appears to Sakaru, gifts him a magic wand, warning him that he should not let a drop of snake's blood fall on his body, then Sakaru is to travel to other lands. The next day, he uses the wand to summon a ship to travel alone, and leaves a pregnant Dwe Pyu alone with her sister. While Sakaru is away, Shwe Kyin shoves her younger sister down a river, despite her pleas, and traces a plan to have Sakaru for herself. Meanwhile, a [[fish eagle]] rescues Dwe Pyu and takes her to a "lofty tree", where she gives birth to her son. Some time later, Sakaru is returning from his voyage and finds his wife atop the lofty tree, and thanks the eagle for rescuing his family. Sakaru decides to shame his sister-in-law: he hides his wife and his son in a chest, then goes home, feigns ignorance about her misdeeds, and tells her he brought gifts in a chest. Shwe Kyin goes to open the chest and out spring her sister and her nephew. Ashamed, she leaves Dwe Pyu to her devices and returns home to ask her father to find her a similar tree-snake husband, believing she will have the same luck as her younger sister. Her father brings her a large tree-python. She spends the night with the python and it devours her. Dwe Pyu learns about this and begs her husband to save her sister, despite her previous actions. Sakaru warns her to not let any drop of snake's blood fall on him, lest he becomes a snake. Sakaru kills the python with his sword, but a drop of its blood falls on him, turning him back into a snake. Dwe Pyu cries for her husband, and Sakaru alternates moments of human conscience and animal instinct, opting to wait in the forest whenever his animal mind takes over. Eventually, Thagyá Min's deadline is lifted and he turns back to human shape to live with his wife and son.<ref>Nisbet, John (1853-1914). ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002317694&view=1up&seq=381&skin=2021&q1=%22snake%20prince%22 Burma Under British Rule--and Before]''. Westminster: A. Constable & co., ltd., 1901. pp. 357 (source), 358-363 (text).</ref>

==== The Snake Prince (Burma) ====
[[Burma|Burmese]] scholar [[Maung Htin Aung]] published a Burmese tale titled ''The Snake Prince''. In this tale, a poor widow goes to the river bank to collect figs to earn money. One day, she notices a snake on the tree and asks the reptile if it wants to marry one of her daughters, in exchange for the figs. The snake drops all figs at the marriage proposal with the widow's youngest daughter, Mistress Youngest. The widow gets the figs and runs all the way home. The snake follows her and coils around the woman's body. The woman pleads to release her as she renews her proposals. The snake uncoils itself at the mention of the third daughter. The widow asks her daughters to comply with the snake, but only the youngest accepts. She and the snake marry, and they sleep at night, the maiden on her bed, the snake on a basket nearby. The maiden tells her mother that she has been having strange dreams about a handsome man that comes at night to their bed. That night, her mother spies the snake taking off his snakeskin and becoming a man. She seizes the opportunity to take the skin and burn it. The prince complains about his body burning, but his wife throws a pot of water on him. The tale continues with two variations on the follow-up: a good ending, and a tragic one. In the tragic ending, the heroine's elder sisters become jealous of her good fortune, and ask their mother to bring them a snake to marry. The Snake Prince, now human, warns them that, now that he is human, his snake companions may not recognize him, and that not every snake will become a prince. The elder sisters still insist to marry a serpent and their mother brings from the forest a huge python and gives it to her elder daughter. That night, the large python, feeling hungry, slithers out of the basket and begins to devour the girl. She begins to scream that she is being devoured, but her mother thinks she is being facetious about being decorated by her husband, but in the morning sees that her daughter was devoured. She begs her son-in-law, the Snake Prince, to save her daughter, but the Snake Prince warns that no drop of the snake's blood may touch his skin. The mother continues to beg him, and he kills the snake and opens its belly, rescuing a still alive girl. However, the snake's blood splatters on his hand and he becomes a snake again. He then slithers back to the forest.<ref>Aung Maung Htin. ''Burmese Folk-Tales''. Oxford University Press. 1948. pp. 124-130.</ref><ref>Abbott, Gerry; Han, Khin Thant. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6WODwAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+snake+prince%22&pg=PA143 The folk-tales of Burma: an introduction]''. Handbuch der Orientalistik., Dritte Abteilung,, Südostasien; 11. Bd.. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2000. pp. 141-148. {{ISBN|9789004118126}}.</ref> In a review, scholar Kristina Lindell noted that the Burmese tale had "the same idea" as the Kammu tales she collected: girl marries snake and becomes prosperous; another girl finds snake to marry and dies.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lindell |first=Kristina |date=2001 |title=Review of The Folk-Tales of Burma: An Introduction, by G. Abbot & M. T. Han |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=60 |issue=1 |page=180 |doi=10.2307/1178716|jstor=1178716 }}</ref> According to researchers Gerry Abbott and Khin Thant Han, the tale is "widely known" in Burma, with either ending (the tragic one or the happy one).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=Gerry |first2=Khin Thant |last2=Han |title=The Folk-Tales of Burma |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |date=2000 |page=129 |doi=10.1163/9789004392052_012}}</ref>

==== Ma Htwe Lay and the Snake Prince ====
In a Burmese tale titled ''Ma Htwe Lay and the Snake Prince'', an old woman with three daughters goes to a [[Ficus glomerata|fig tree]] (''tha phan'') to fetch fruits for her family. One day, however, she goes to the tree and cannot find any figs on the ground, and the next day also. She suddenly hears a sound up the tree and sees a snake there. She offers marrying one of her daughters to the snake if the animal tosses some fruits to her: on hearing the proposal to the woman's elder daughters, it tosses her a single fruit, but when it hears the youngest, the reptile shakes the tree to give her all of the fruits. The woman takes the fruits with her and goes back home; on the way, a tree stump and a cowboy see her with the figs and ask to be given one. Back to the snake, it follows the woman home and sees the tree stump on the path, which, in fear, points to the woman's house, where the snakes slithers to and hides itself in a rice pot. When the woman goes to get some rice to cook, the snake coils around her hand. The woman then repeats the marriage offer to one of her daughters, and the snake releases her hand at the mention of the youngest daughter. Soon, the woman consults with her three daughters to see who will marry the snake: the elder two refuse, save for Ma Htwe Lay (which means 'youngest daughter'). The girl and the snake settle into their married life. At night, the snake sleeps in a bamboo basket, and Ma Htwe Lay has dreams about a handsome prince coming to her side at night. Her mother promises to investigate into her dreams, and decides to spy on her room at night: she discovers a prince comes out of the bamboo basket to sleep by Ma Htwe Lay's side. The woman then creeps into the room, takes the snakeskin and burns it to keep her son-in-law human forever. The prince, whom the village calls "Snake Prince", remains human, and builds a life together with Ma Htwe Lay, even having a child with her. However, Snake Prince reveals his wife a secret: the blood of a snake cannot touch his skin. Some time later, the elder daughters pester their mother to find her husbands, and the woman brings home a snake she finds in the forest. That same night, the second snake wakes up and begins to swallow the eldest daughter. She complains to her mother that she is being slowly devoured, but the woman dismisses it as teasing. The next morning, the woman finds the snake with the swollen belly and realizes her daughter is inside it. The woman then pleads for the Snake Prince to save her. Despite some reluctance on his part, even divulging his secret, his mother-in-law insists and he takes a knife in the kitchen. The snake's belly is cut open and the elder daughter is rescued, barely alive. However, the snake's blood splashes on the Snake Prince and he turns back into a snake. Ma Htwe Lay laments the fact; the Snake Prince tells her he can never return to the human world, and slithers off to the forest. Ma Htwe Lay follows her husband into the forest. However, as her husband has become a snake, it tries to bite her, but hesitates when Ma Htwe Lay shows the reptile their son. The snake makes its way back to the forest, Ma Htwe Lay behind it, and they disappear from sight.<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture & beyond: Myanmar |first=Meiji |last=Soe |date=2014 |publisher=Sarpay Beikman, Printing and Publishing Enterprise |pages=136–140}}</ref>

=== Southeast Asia ===
==== Vietnam ====
===== How a girl married a python =====
In a [[Vietnam]]ese tale titled "Как девица питона в мужья взяла" ("How a girl married a python"), an old widow lives in a poor hut with two beautiful daughters. One day, she takes a bamboo basket with her to get fishes in the river. She takes a path to return home when a menacing python blocks the way. The old woman begs for her life, since she has two young daughters to care for. The python's curiosity is piqued and it makes a deal with the old woman: one of her daughters as the python's bride in exchange for her life. The old woman goes home and asks which of her daughters will take a python for a husband; the elder sister declines, but the youngest accepts and leaves with the snake to its lair. She spends the night in the cave, but in the morning a handsome youth wakes her up and tells her he is the snake. They cut up some bamboos to make a house for them near the river and live happily. One day, the elder sister goes looking for the younger one and sees the house by the river, the girl cooking by the fire and a handsome youth beside her. She realizes the youth is the snake and fumes silently. Seeing her sister's good luck, an idea brews in her mind: she goes to the woods to look for a python husband. She finds one that agrees to marry her and takes the girl to its lair. Unfortunately for the girl, this python devours her. Back to the old widow, she senses something wrong with her daughter and asks her son-in-law for help. The youth searches the woods for the girl and finds the python; he kills the python and revives his wife's elder sister.<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=k7VREAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%22&pg=PA79 Сказки и предания Вьетнама]". Составитель: Юлия Минина. Moskva: Издательский дом Высшей школы экономики, 2021. pp. 77-80 (text), 227-228 (notes to tale nr. 6). {{ISBN|978-5-7598-2539-5}}.</ref>

==== Indonesia ====
===== The tale of the python-snake =====
Author J. A. T. Schwarz collected a [[Tontemboan language|Tomtenboan]] tale titled ''Sislsiléii an doro' i Tumotongko' kaapa Kumĕkĕsan'', translated into Dutch as ''Verhaal van de Python-Slang'' (English: "The tale of the python-snake"). In this tale, a python-snake slithers to a widow's house in the village and asks to be adopted by her. The widow agrees, and the snake makes a request: go to the king and propose on his behalf to one of the king's five daughters. The widow goes to the palace and explains the python-snake's request. The king asks his five daughters which will go marry the snake: the elder princesses refuse, save for the youngest princess, who agrees to marry the animal. The king then says that whoever marries one of his daughters shall become king after him, and the python-snake assumes the throne. The youngest princess later discovers the python-snake is in fact man underneath the snakeskin, and comments about it to the other princesses. The eldest princess, then, decides to have the same luck as her cadette: she sends for servants to find her a python-snake suitor in the forest, and goes with the snake to her room. The next day, they discover that the snake devoured her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=J. A. T. |title=Tontemboansche Teksten |date=1907a |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |volume=1 |location='s Gravenhage |language=nl |pages=26–28 |url=https://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet01schwgoog/page/n47/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=J. A. T. |title=Tontemboansche Teksten |date=1907b |publisher=E. J. Brill |volume=2 |location=Leiden |language=nl |pages=44–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/tontemboanschet02schwgoog/page/44/mode/1up}}</ref>

==== Thailand ====
===== The Black Crow =====
In a tale collected from a informant named Phon Homdee, in Ban Nai village, [[Central Thailand]], and translated as ''The Black Crow'', a rich man with no family wishes to marry and have children, so he consults with an astrologer to divine his future. The astrologer points to a girl in a village, and prophesizes their son will "travel in the air". The astrologer's prediction comes true and the man's son is born: a black crow that can shapeshift. The man, in return, has promised to look after the astrologer, but, since a crow was born to him, he failed to keep his promise. Thus, the jealous astrologer gives another prophecy: the crow son will bring them misfortune. Following the astrologer's words, the man abandons the crow son on a raft. The crow's raft docks in an isle, where an old couple live and grow crops of sugar cane and watermelons. Hungry, the crow eats the watermelons for some days, to the old couple's dismay. They capture the crow, but he begins to talk and asks to live with them. Some time later, the crow, while in flight, spies on the three daughters of a millionaire, and tells his adoptive parents he wishes to marry the middle daughter. The old woman goes to talk to the millionaire, who refuses twice, but agrees on the third time, requesting a pile of silver and a lump of gold. On the wedding day, the crow brings watermelons filled with gold and silver, and marries the middle daughter. During the night, he takes off the crowskin to become human, and wears it again in the morning, until one day he abandons the crow disguise when he has to bathe. Later, the millionaire's wife and the unmarried daughters (the eldest and the youngest) go to pluck some wild mangoes from a very tall [[mango tree]]. The daughter promises to marry the man that can fetch her and her mother the mangoes. Suddenly, a ''luam'' snake ([[Boidae|boa]]) comes out of the forest and offers his help, interested in marrying the woman's daughter. He climbs up the tree and shakes a branch to give them a loadful of mangoes. The woman and her daughters go back home with the fruits, the ''luam'' snake trailing behind them. The story then explains that this snake can also shapeshift between human and serpentine forms, and marries the youngest daughter. Realizing her younger daughters are now married, the woman decides to find a husband for her elder, and brings a real ''luam'' snake back home with her, and locks the animal in her elder's room. That same night, the snake wakes up and begins to swallow the elder daughter little by little; the elder daughter complains she is being devoured, but her mother dismisses it as a husband's caresses. After the snake eats, it escapes the room to lie under the woman's fence. The next morning, the woman's sons-in-law, the crow and the ''luam'' snake, come out of the house in their animal shapes, and wonder why their brother-in-law is locked in its room. A random crow flies in and sings to the woman about a snake by the fence. The woman comments on the bird's strange song, and goes to check on her elder daughter, but finds no one in the room. She then goes outside and finds the real snake under the fence. The tale ends.<ref>ATTAGARA, KINGKEO. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-rrWAAAAMAAJ&q=snake THE FOLK RELIGION OF BAN NAI, A HAMLET IN CENTRAL THAILAND]. Indiana University, 1967. pp. 343-347. {{OCLC|911506953}}.</ref>

==== Kammu people ====
Scholars Kristina Lindell, {{interlanguage link|Jan-Öjvind Swahn|sv|Jan-Öjvind Swahn}} and Damrong Tayanin collected a tale from a [[Kammu people|Kammu]] storyteller named Mr. Cendii. In his tale, titled ''Miss Sənlooy'' or ''Miss Snlòoy'', an old woman has seven daughters, Miss Sənlooy being the youngest. The family makes a dam in a stream so they can fish in it. One day, however, the dam bursts, and the old woman promises to marry one of his daughters to anyone who can build a dam for them. A python snake offers to make the dam, and demands Miss Sənlooy as his wife. Despite some reluctance, the girl is forced to go with the python. They move out to the python's house. Later, he takes off the snakeskin and goes to bathe in the river as a human being. Miss Sənlooy does not recognize him as her husband, and he has to show some of his scales under his arms. They live in happiness and with many riches. One of her mother's neighbours decides to have her daughter experience the same fortune as Miss Sənlooy, so she fetches a python from the forest, carries it home with her and hopes it marries her daughter. After some days, the neighbour locks the python with her daughter. As the serpent wakes up, it is hungry, and coils around the girl to devour her. The girl cries in despair for her parents to save her, but her parents do nothing. The next day, they find their daughter has been swallowed whole.<ref>Kelsey, W. M. (1981). [Review of Folk Tales from Kammu, II: A Story-Teller's Tales, by K. Lindell, J.-Ö. Swahn, & D. Tayanin]. In: ''Asian Folklore Studies'', 40(1): 118, 119. https://doi.org/10.2307/1178149</ref><ref>Lindell, Kristina; Swahn, Jan-Öjvind Swahn; Tayanin, Damrong. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PTxtAAAAMAAJ&q=dam Folk Tales from Kammu]'' Volume. II: A Story-Teller's Tales. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 40. London, Malmö: Curzon Press. pp. 79-82.</ref>

Lindell, Swahn and Tayanin collected a similar tale from a Kammu teller named Léɛŋ. In this tale, titled ''A Real, Genuine Python'', an old woman, seeing the fortune of another old woman (whose snake son-in-law turned into a dragon or human male), decides to find one for her daughter, so she goes to the forest with a basket. A large snake falls into the basket to be brought to the old woman's house, and is locked up in the old woman's daughter's room. The snake wakes up and begins to swallow the girl slowly: first her knees, then her waist, next her chest. The girl complains to her mother she is being devoured, but her mother dismisses her complaints, until the girl is swallowed whole by the snake, who slithers away to the forest. The next morning, the old woman cannot find her daughter nor the snake, and asks the village for help. After a while, a crow gives them the whereabouts of the snake: near the stem of a banana plant. The old woman and the villagers go to the snake and force it to vomit the girl, still alive, then they kill the snake.<ref>Lindell, Kristina; Swahn, Jan-Öjvind Swahn; Tayanin, Damrong. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FygCyeb_908C&dq=%22a+real%2C+genuine+python%22+kammu&pg=PA86 Folk Tales from Kammu]'' Volume VI: A Teller's Last Tales. Psychology Press, 1998. pp. 86-88. {{ISBN|9780700706242}}.</ref> The three scholars noted that the story is the "second part", a continuation of a first half where a girl marries a python who turns into a 'dragon' (a human male) that provides fortune and good luck for his human wife and her mother.<ref>Lindell, Kristina; Swahn, Jan-Öjvind Swahn; Tayanin, Damrong. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FygCyeb_908C&dq=%22a+real%2C+genuine+python%22+kammu&pg=PA86 Folk Tales from Kammu]'' Volume VI: A Teller's Last Tales. Psychology Press, 1998. p. 86 (foonote nr. 1). {{ISBN|9780700706242}}.</ref>

==== Ködu language ====
French linguist {{ill|Jacques Dournes|vi|Jacques Dournes}} collected a similar tale in the "[[Koho language#Subgroups and dialects|Ködu language]]" (which Dournes indicated is an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]]). In this tale, a man is shooting birds atop a [[banyan tree]], when a large python appears and demands the man surrenders it one of his daughters. The man returns home and explains the situations to his daughters: the eldest, Nga, refuses, while the youngest, Ngi, agrees to go with the python. Ngi is taken to meet her fiancée by the banyan tree, and the python is now a half-human, half-snake being. After her father leaves, the python metamorphoses into a whole human being, and the tree becomes a palace. Later, Ngi wants to visit her family, and her husband accompanies her in his serpent disguise. In his father-in-law's house, he takes off his snakeskin to sleep by Ngi's bedside as a human being, and a shining light irradiates from the couple's room. The elder sister, Nga, wants to experience the same fortune, so she finds a snake in the forest and brings it home in a calabash to rear it until it grows large enough. It happens thus, and the snake actually devours Nga whole, for it was a real animal, and slithers off. Ngi's husband goes after the snake to rescue his sister-in-law, and finds the animal in the bottom of a river. He drags the serpent to the shore and cuts open its belly to release Nga. After the rescue, the human python advises Nga not to leave the house. Despite the warning, Nga leaves to watch some cock fighting and, just as she is walking through the fields, she becomes a [[termite mound]]. As for her sister Ngi, she becomes the ancestress of the Kon Tac clan, whose members are forbidden to eat fruits from the banyan tree.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dournes |first=Jacques |date=1977 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/clo/631?lang=fr |title=Un Amour de serpent: Analyse de contes à travers quatre ethnies indochinoises |journal=Cahiers de Littérature orale |volume=2 |pages=118–119 (French translation) |language=FR}}</ref>

Jacques Dournes collected another tale from the "Ködu language": a couple has two daughters, the youngest named Pôt and the most beautiful. A human suitor, Bông, wants to marry her and wears an animal disguise to court her: he appears to her as a "serpent-dragon". Pôt agrees to a marriage between them and her parents move them out to a separate house. Alone in their new home, Bông takes off the snake disguise and reveals himself as a human being to Pôt. Her parents are content with this development and prepares a marriage party for them; their rice fields also grow. Pôt's elder sister, seeing her cadette's good fortune, decides to find herself a snake husband and brings home a small python in a calabash. She feeds the little animal until it grows large enough. Being a real animal, the python devours the elder sister and slithers off to the bottom of a river. Bông divines his sister-in-law's location and goes to rescue her. Down in the water, Bông tricks the python and places a "wedding necklace" on it, strangling the animal with it, then drags the python to land and cuts off its belly to release his sister-in-law, still alive. After saving her, Bông warns her not to approach the python's bones. Seven days later, the woman visits the resting place of the python, now a skeleton, and steps on a bone. She dies at once.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dournes |first=Jacques |date=1977 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/clo/631?lang=fr |title=Un Amour de serpent: Analyse de contes à travers quatre ethnies indochinoises |journal=Cahiers de Littérature orale |volume=2 |page=119 (French translation) |language=FR}}</ref>

=== China ===
==== Two Sisters and the Boa ====
In a tale from the [[Kucong people]], collected in [[Yunnan]] and published in 1982, then translated as ''Two Girls and the Boa'', a ''binbai'' ('old woman') buries her husband, and has to take care of her two daughters, the elder nineteen, the younger seventeen. One day, she is returning from the mountains and goes to rest under a mango tree bearing delicious fruit. Suddenly, she hears a rustling sound up the tree, and, thinking there is someone up there, she jokingly asks the person on the [[Crown (botany)|tree crown]] to throw some mangoes for her, and they can choose one of her daughters for wife. The mysterious person agrees, and shakes the branches for some to fall on her. She eats the mangoes and looks up to thank her mysterious helper: a large [[Boa (genus)|boa]] coiled on the tree. On seeing the animal, she hurries back home. Later that night, she goes outside to lock the chicken in the coop, when she finds the same boa inside the chicken coop. The boa begins to talk and demands one of her daughters, just as she promised earlier. The old woman goes back home and asks her daughters which is willing to go with the boa and become its bride: the elder refuses, but the youngest decides to sacrifice herself for their sake. She marries the boa and later goes with him to a cave in the mountains. Inside the cave, she gropes the darkness, until she reaches a large and splendid palace, filled with gold, jewels and silk. Then, she turns to the boa, and sees a young man at her side. The young man explains he is the king of the snakes of the region and, one day, when he was "on tour through the snake tribes", saw the girl and her sister, and decided to marry either of them. Feeling calmer, the girl lives with the young man a luxurious life, until one day, she decides to return home to pay her family a visit. Once there, she tells her elder sister and her mother about her marital life, and goes back home. The elder sister, feeling jealous, decides to look in the jungle for a boa to marry, in hopes of having the same good fortune. She returns home with a boa in a basket and goes to her room. Suddenly, the boa begins to devour her little by little, until there is only a lock of hair visible. The binbai, sensing something wrong, enters her daughter's room with a torch and discovers that the boa devoured her. She casts the torch on the boa, which explodes in many pieces, and takes her daughter's bones to bury them. Lastly, she ventures into the jungle looking for her younger daughter and her snake husband.<ref>Tale, Kucong, Zagezalai, and Yang Chengrong. “Two Sisters and the Boa”. In: ''Merveilles & Contes'' 3, no. 1 (1989): 111–14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41389995.</ref><ref>"Two Sisters and the Boa". In: Kun, Xu, et al. ''South of the Clouds: Tales from Yunnan''. University of Washington Press, 2017. pp. 153-157.</ref>

==== Yu Duo and her Snake Husband ====
In a tale from the [[Thai Lue]] people, collected in [[Yunnan]] with the title ''Yu Duo and her Snake Husband'', a poor girl named Yu Duo is taken in by the family of a man named Xi Ti as their slave. Yu Duo never saw the man himself, but Xi Ti's wife and daughter mistreat the girl. Yu Duo is hardworking, and has to perform double the tasks for the family, since Xi Ti's daughter, Xiang Han, is fat and lazy. In time, she is also forced to climb the mountain and gather firewood for them. One day, Yu Duo is still in the mountain fetching firewood, but exherts herself and stops to rest under a mango tree. She looks up at the tree crown and sees delicious fruits she wants to eat, thus she declares she will marry whomever gets her the fruits. Suddenly, a voice hisses from up the tree: a large and heavy snake. The girl is scared at first, but the snake assuages it is different from other animals. Yu Duo trusts the snake and it fulfills her request, and they marry. The girl brings the snake home with her, to Xi Ti's wife and daughter's horror, who convince Xi Ti to banish Yu Duo from home. Despite lacking a house, the snake husband comforts its wife, and they being to live together in a straw hut. One night, the snake reveals to her he was a human named She Lang, Prince of Magic Snake, who one day was cursed into a serpentine form by a witch, but Yu Duo can help him to regain his former shape: they must not eat nothing for five days, then they must journey across seven mountains and bathe in a certain river. Yu Duo agrees to this penance, and both journey to the river. The snake tells Yu Duo to bathe downstream, while he bathes upstream, and the girl must not touch anything that she sees drifting down the river. They enter the river at separate points, and Yu Duo spots a silver belt, then silver and golden bowls floating down the river. She remembers her husband's words, but accidentally touches one of the golden bowls and her arm shrinks. She cries for help and a youth appears to help her: it is her husband in human form, now released from the snake shape. She Lang draws out her arm out of her shoulder and restores her. When they go back to their straw hut, their humble house has become a golden building. They live in happiness and wealth. Meanwhile, back to Xi Ti's family, his wife and daughter become jealous of Yu Duo's fortune, and the woman orders Xiang Han to replicate her success. Thus, Xiang Han fetches a large snake in the mountains and brings it home. Hoping that snake will grant them riches, the woman orders her daughter to sleep with the snake in her room. That same night, the snake begins to slowly devour Xiang Han, who cries for her mother's help, but the woman simply dismisses her complaints and believes the snake is caressing her. After the girl is swallowed, the woman goes to check on her daughter the next morning and finds only the snake in her bed.<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales and Legends of the Dai People: The Thai Lue in Yunnan, China |first1=John |last1=Hoskin |first2=Geoffrey |last2=Walton |location=Bangkok, Thailand |publisher=D. D. Books |date=1992 |pages=75–80}}</ref>

=== Other regions ===
==== Asia ====
In a variant from the [[Dhimal language]], collected from an informant in Sāno Bāhraghare, in Āṭhiyābārī, with the title ''The Snake Husband'', an old man has five daughters. They all go to a ''kase'' tree to pluck ''kase'' fruits. Suddenly, a snake appears and threatens the man in giving one of his daughters as wife. The man asks his five daughters which will go with the snake, but only the youngest agrees to do so. The youngest goes with the snake and they reach a large and expensive house. The eldest daughter asks her father to arrange a snake husband for her also. He brings a snake for her and it bites her to death.<ref>King, John T. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_iawCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Snake+husband%22&pg=PA431 A Grammar of Dhimal]''. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Volume 8. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. Leiden: Brill, 2009. pp. 427-433. {{ISBN|9789047429173}}.</ref>

In a tale from the [[Hmong people]] titled ''The Prince Snake and the Three Sisters'', a king orders his three daughters to take care of a snake: the elder two refuse, but the youngest agrees and takes it as her pet. One day, the snake announces it will go to the river and will dive in the water; some coloured bubbles will foam at the surface, but the red one are the only ones she can touch. The princess waits for the snake, all the while yellow, green and red bubbles emerge. After some time, a man comes out of the water; he was the snake, now turned into a man. The princess's elder sisters become jealous of her good fortune and ask her how she found the snake prince. The third princess tells them to venture into the forest and touch the first snake they find, and the snake will turn into a prince. The elder sisters follow her instructions, touch a snake in the forest and die.<ref>Trueba, Henry T.; Jacobs, Lila; Kirton, Elizabeth. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FhKMEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22hmong+people%22+%2B+%22snake%22+%2B+%22daughter%22&pg=PT18 Cultural Conflict and Adaptation: The Case of Hmong Children in American Society]''. London: Routledge, 2022 [1990]. pp. xvi-xvii. {{ISBN|9781003331360}}. {{doi|10.4324/9781003331360}}</ref>

In a tale from the [[Dusun Brunei]] translated as ''Tuan Pute and the python'' (Dusun: ''Tuan pute na lanut ndolon''), a girl named Dayang Bongsu finds a water-melon and wraps a cloth around it. As the weeks pass, the girl finds a little snake on the fruit, brings it home and puts it in a box. The little snake begins to grow until it turns into a human youth, which is given the name "Yawang Bincuan, Son-of-Snakes". Yawang Bincuan then marries Dayang Bongsu. Later, her elder sister, Tuan Pute, decides to find herself a snake husband in the jungle, by looking under the [[nibong palm]]. She finds one and brings it home. She makes a wedding meal for themselves and retires with the animal to their room. Then, the snake begins to slowly devour Tuan Pute, first, by her feet, and going up to her knees, waist, breasts and throat. The girl tries to cry for her mother's help, but the woman dismisses her daughter's complaints by saying it is a husband's common behaviour. The girl is finally silenced after she is wholly devoured, and the snake escapes from the house my making a hole in the wall.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kershaw |first=Eva Maria |date=1994 |title=Dusun Folktales: Eighty-eight Folktales in the Dusun Language of Brunei with English translations |series=Southeast Asia Paper No. 39 |publisher=Centre for Southeast Asian Studies School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawai’i at Manoa |page=174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uR-BAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Dusun+Folktales%22+water-melon}}</ref>

Dournes published a tale from the [[Bahnar language]], first collected by Paul Guilleminet. In this tale, titled ''hamɔ :n bih klan ɔɛi kə bia luiˀ'' (French: ''Conte d’un serpent python qui épousa damoiselle Luiˀ''; English: "Tale of a Python that marries Miss Lui"), a lord goes to carve a crossbow in a mountainous forest, but loses the head of his axe. He hears a snake hissing and announces he will be its brother-in-law, then its uncle, and lastly he will marry one of his daughters to person hissing. The snake appears to him with the axe part and asks for Luiˀ, the youngest daughter, as its bride. The lord returns home and asks his three daughters which will accept the snake's proposal: the elder two, K'Kruah and Püon, refuse, save for Luiˀ, if only to please her father. The snake is invited to the lord's home and is put to a test to see if he can act in a human manner before them: a dish of cooked eggs and another with raw eggs, and rice beer. The snake acts "like a Bahnar" (in the original text); his behaviour pleases the lord and it marries Luiˀ. Later, Luiˀ and the snake bridegroom go for a bath in a river, Luiˀ going downstream while the snake takes off his snakeskin to become a human man and throws it in the stream. Luiˀ finds the discarded snakeskin and brings it upstream, where she meets her bridegroom in human form, whom she does not recognize. The snake, in human form, clarifies the situation, and they live happily. Meanwhile, another lord in the same village wants his daughter to experience the same fortune, and procures a snake in the forest as a potential son-in-law. The second lord meets a snake who explains it can never be human, because he is an animal, but it is brought to the lord's house despite its warning. The snake is put to the same test of raw eggs and rice beer and acts on instinct, like the animal it is, then is moved out to the lord's daughter's room. In the same night, it begins to devour the girl little by little; the girl tries to call her father for help, but the man dismisses her concerns as simply her husband playing with her. The snake devours the girl entirely, then slithers to the ocean. The second lord enters his daughter's room and, seeing she has vanished with the snake, mourns for her with funeral rites.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dournes |first=Jacques |date=1977 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/clo/631?lang=fr |title=Un Amour de serpent: Analyse de contes à travers quatre ethnies indochinoises |journal=Cahiers de Littérature orale |volume=2 |pages=121–122 (French translation), 135 (title) |language=FR}}</ref>

In a [[Pwo Karen languages|Pwo Karen]] tale translated as ''The Witch and the Python'', a man has seven lovely, but unmarried daughters. One day, he goes to gather firewood, and finds a tree bearing delicious fruits. The man sights a youth on the tree and asks him to throw him some fruits. The youth is given a basket and fills it for the man. When they are ready to part ways, the man, in gratitude, offers to introduce him as a prospective husband for one of his daughters. The youth agrees to come with him, but only in the form of a snake. He changes into a golden python, hides at the bottom of the fruit basket, and is brought home with the man to be shown to the seven maidens. After he comes home, the man invites each of his daughters to fetch berries from the basket and find the python underneath the fruits. The six eldest daughters refuse their father's choice of husband, but the youngest, named Youngest Daughter, trusts her father's decision and agrees to marry the python. After the ceremony, the snake explains he will sleep by the [[bo tree]] instead of on their bed. Some time later, the python suggests Youngest Daughter, his wife, go to the river to bathe in the downstream portion. She takes some herbs with her to wash her hair with. Meanwhile, the python goes upstream and doffs his snakeskin to appear as a human of dazzling countenance. As the discarded snakeskin is washed away in the river, Youngest Daughter, from her position, mistakes it for her husband and tries to save it, hurting her hand in the process. The python husband, now in human form, appears to her, thanking her for her good deed and healing her wound. Later, they pay a visit to his father-in-law, who tells his youngest daughter her elder sisters are filled with envy for her good marriage. The human python then uses a knife to flake off some golden scales from his legs that fill bags of gold, as a gift for his sisters-in-law. Stories of the fortunate and prosperous marriage to the snake reach the ears of a greedy witch, who wishes to have her own daughter experience the same luck, so she goes to the forest to find a snake, places it in a basket along with some berries, and brings it home to her daughter. The witch introduces the snake as her daughter's future husband and they are wedded that same night. When they retire to their quarters, the snake begins to devour the girl little by little: first her feet, then her knees, third her waist. The girl cries that she is being devoured, but the witch dismisses her complaints as a husband's caresses, thinking only of the bags of gold she would gain. The next time the witch goes to check on her daughter, she finds only the python, large now that it devoured her daughter.<ref>{{cite book |title=Oldest Brother's Story: Tales of the Pwo Karen |first=Elizabeth |last=Hinton |publisher=Silkworm Books |date=1999 |pages=21–23 |isbn=978-974-7100-91-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JFuAAAAMAAJ&q=python}}</ref>

In a tale from the [[Dai people]] titled ''Nanmozong'' ("The Story of the Great Boa"), a widow gives birth to a beautiful girl. One day, mother and daughter walk in the mountains and find a tree bearing delicious mango fruits. The old woman declares that she will marry her daughter to whomever can help them to get the fruits. Suddenly, a [[great boa]] appears and shakes the tree to provide them the requested fruits. Mother and daughter fetch the fruits and return home, abandoning the boa near the tree. The reptile trails after them and reaches the old woman's house, where it slithers to her chicken coop. The next morning, the old woman's daughter spots the snake and informs her mother. The duo invite the boa to rest by their fire pot. During the night, when the boa tries to warm some water, it transforms into a Dai youth, who proclaims his love for the old woman's daughter. The girl's elder sister, upon seeing her cadette's luck, decides to look for a snake husband for herself. Thus, she goes up the mountains, takes a real snake back home with her, which devours her during the night.<ref>{{cite book |author=Li Ziquan |chapter=Dai traditions concerning tattoos |title=The Tai World: A Digest of Articles from the Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter |editor1=Andrew Walker |editor2=Nicholas Tapp |publisher=Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University |date=2001 |page=14}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Champavati]]
* [[The Origin of the Sirenia (Cambodian folktale)|The Origin of the Sirenia]]
* [[The Dragon-Prince and the Stepmother]]
* [[Princess Himal and Nagaray]]
* [[The Snake Prince]]
* [[The Ruby Prince (Punjabi folktale)]]
* [[The King of the Snakes]]
* [[King Iguana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Animal as Bridegroom}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamadryad, the story of the}}
[[Category:Burmese folklore]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fictional snakes]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic snakes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about sisters]]
[[Category:Male characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]

Ramankary

2026-02-04T02:50:29Z

EverettJat: basic expand details to improve readability and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramankary
| other_name =
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| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|25|30|N|76|27|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689595
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0477
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-04,[[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-66
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ramankary''' is a village in the [[Kuttanad]] region of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alappuzha.nic.in/panchayat.htm |title=Official Web site of Alappuzha District, Kerala, India-http://www.alappuzha.nic.in - BLOCK PANCHAYATS/GRAMA PANCHAYATS/WARDS |access-date=2010-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203193621/http://www.alappuzha.nic.in/panchayat.htm |archive-date=2010-02-03 }}</ref> It is located 9 km away from [[Changanacherry]] town and 17 km from [[Alappuzha]] city. It is one of the villages in Alappuzha on the bank of the [[Manimala River]] with picturesque vast paddy fields.

==Geography==
The villages bordering Ramankary include Veliyanadu on the north, [[Mampuzhakkary]] on the east, Manalady on west and Vezhapra on south.

==History==
There is no recorded history on the origin of this land. But the oral history among local people, transferred from generation to generation is a blend of myths and legends. There is reference to Kuttanad in the epic Mahabharata of ancient India. During their exile, the five Pandava princes are said to have traveled through this land. In those days, Kuttanad was part of a dense forest, later destroyed by a forest fire which is also mentioned in the epic. Thus came the place name Chuttanad or the burnt place. In course of time Chuttanad became Kuttanad. One can still see 'kari' or coal if we dig deep into the soil of Kuttanad, pointing to the fact that the place was once a forest, destroyed by wild fire. Ramankary is one of the places latter renamed to end with 'kari' which refers the Malayalam word for charcoal .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuttanad.info/about.html |title=Kuttanad |access-date=2010-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919072542/http://www.kuttanad.info/about.html |archive-date=2009-09-19 }}</ref>

During the reign of Chera dynasty that ruled over ancient Kerala, Kuttanad attained an important place in history. One of the powerful kings in the dynasty: Cheran Chenguttavan is said to have ruled his vast kingdom from Kuttanad, when it was also a famous centre of Buddhism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuttanad.info/about.html |title=Kuttanad |access-date=2010-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919072542/http://www.kuttanad.info/about.html |archive-date=2009-09-19 }}</ref>

Ramankary also has a Dharmashasta (Ayyappa) temple.

==Administration==

===Wards===
Ramankary Grama Panchayat comes under Veliyanad Block Panchayat and it is divided into 13 wards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alappuzha.nic.in/panchayat.htm |title=Official Web site of Alappuzha District, Kerala, India-http://www.alappuzha.nic.in - BLOCK PANCHAYATS/GRAMA PANCHAYATS/WARDS |access-date=2010-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203193621/http://www.alappuzha.nic.in/panchayat.htm |archive-date=2010-02-03 }}</ref>
* Manalady
* Ramankary North
* Ramankary Town
* Mampuzhakkary West
* Mampuzhakkary Centre
* Mampuzhakkary South
* Oorukkary North
* Puthukkary
* Oorukkary
* Vezhapra East
* Vezhapra Centre
* Vezhapra West

==Demography==
The Ramankary village has population of 10755 of which 5187 are males while 5568 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Ramankary village population of children with age 0-6 is 1077 which makes up 10.01% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Ramankary village is 1073 which is lower than Kerala state average of 1084. Child Sex Ratio for the Ramankary as per census is 958, lower than Kerala average of 964. Ramankary village has higher literacy rate compared to Kerala. In 2011, literacy rate of Ramankary village was 98.02% compared to 94.00% of Kerala. In Ramankary Male literacy stands at 98.25% while female literacy rate was 97.80%. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 14.80% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.11% of total population in Ramankary village.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web|title=Ramankary Population.|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628243-ramankary-kerala.html|website=census2011.co.in|publisher=Census Organization of India|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses||2,611|| ||
|-
| Population||10,755||5,187||5,568
|-
| Child (0-6)||1,077||550||527
|-
| Schedule Caste||1,592||756||836
|-
| Schedule Tribe||12||3||9
|-
| Literacy|| 98.02% || 98.25% ||97.80%
|}

==Points of interest==
* Dharmashastha Temple<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/oct/18/vn-vasudevan-nampoothiri-is-new-sabarimala-melsanthi-1887161.html |title=VN Vasudevan Nampoothiri is new Sabarimala melsanthi |website=newindianexpress.com |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>
* District Educational Office of [[Kuttanadu]] Educational District<ref>{{cite web |url=https://education.kerala.gov.in/deo-offices-2/ |website=education.kerala.gov.in |title=Office of the District Educational Officer |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>
* First Class Judicial Magistrates Court<ref>{{cite web |url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/courts |website=districts.ecourts.gov.in |publisher=Government of Kerala |title=Courts in Alappuzha District |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>
* Govt. Lower Primary School<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Polling Stations |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/POLLINGSTATION/AC106.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>
* NSS Higher Secondary School<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=04 |website=dhsekerala.gov.in |title=List of Schools in Alappuzha |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>
* St Joseph's Church<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=1995 |website=syromalabarchurch.in |title=St. Joseph's Church, Ramankary |publisher=SMCIM |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>

== Notable people ==



* [[Nagavally R S Kurup]] - Writer, film director
* [[Venu Nagavalli]] - Film actor/director

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alappuzha district}}
{{Central Travancore}}

[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]

Dehlon

2026-01-31T20:05:01Z

EverettJat: refined article additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dehlon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.7418079|N|75.8444165|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]

| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 0161
| iso_code = IN-PB
| registration_plate = PB-10
| website = {{URL|ludhiana.nic.in}}
}}
'''Dehlon''' is a sub tehsil located in the Ludhiana, of [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/33540-dehlon-punjab.html | title=Dehlon | work=census2011.co.in | access-date=2016-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=37198 | title=Dehlon | work=censusindia.gov.in | access-date=2016-08-05}}</ref>

==Administration==
The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per constitution of India and [[Panchayati raj (India)]].
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses||1026|| ||
|-
| Population || 5190||2741||2449
|-
| 21212132132 || 5MNC190||274CKVJ1||244DKJC9
|-
|}

==Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil==
{{Main|Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/227-ludhiana-east-ludhiana-punjab.html Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil]

{{Ludhiana district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana East tehsil]]

Y. C. Simhadri

2026-01-29T01:09:34Z

EverettJat: rework layout per sources for consistency

{{Short description|Indian academic and administrator (1941–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University
| order = 21st
| image = Prof. Y.C. Simhadri VC-BHU.png
| appointer = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| termstart = 31 August 1998
| termend = 20 February 2002
| birth_date = 1941
| death_date = 22 May 2021
| preceded = [[List of vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University|Hari Gautam]]
| succeeded = [[Patcha Ramachandra Rao]]
| name = Yedla C. Simhadri
| caption = Prof. Simhadri in 2017
}}
'''Yedla C. Simhadri''' (1941 – 22 May 2021<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/former-andhra-university-vc-prof-simhadri-dies-of-covid-19 Former Andhra University VC Prof Simhadri dies of Covid-19]</ref>) was an Indian academic and administrator. He served as the vice-chancellor of several Indian [[University|universities]] including [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Patna University]], [[Andhra University]], and [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/aboutus/history.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803041920/http://www.bhu.ac.in/aboutus/history.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2013|title=Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi|website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
Simhadri obtained a [[Master's degree]] in [[Social work]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]] from Andhra University. Later he was awarded scholarships by [[Indiana State University]] in the [[United States|US]] for a [[Master's degree]] in [[criminology]] and [[Sociology]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2J43vJgkKwC&q=Development+Of+Emerging+World+Youth&pg=PP2|title=Development Of Emerging World Youth|date=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-131-1|language=en}}</ref> He completed his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Sociology from [[Case Western Reserve University]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=Simhadri|first=Y. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5rDZN5ZR6cC&q=Professor+Yedla+C+Simhadri+sociology&pg=PA353|title=Youth in the Contemporary World|date=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-117-5|language=en}}</ref> He obtained his [[Doctorate|post-doctoral research degree]] from the [[Commonwealth Institute]], [[London]]. He also obtained a degree in [[Youth work|Youth Work]] from [[West Germany]].<ref name="auto1"/>

== Academic career ==
In the 1980s, Simhadri worked as a Professor of Sociology at Andhra University. He was a visiting professor at a number of universities in India and abroad. He published over half a dozen books and over 50 articles.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simhadri|first=Y. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Th_aAAAAMAAJ&q=Professor+Yedla+C+Simhadri+sociology|title=Global Youth, Peace, and Development: The Role of Science and Technology in Contemporary Society|date=1991|publisher=Ajanta Publications|isbn=978-81-202-0290-0|language=en}}</ref> He also worked for the [[United Nations]], [[UNESCO]], and [[United Nations University]].<ref name="auto"/>

He became the [[Chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]] (VC) of Andhra University in 1991 and served there for the next four years.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-22|title=Former vice-chancellor of Andhra University Y.C. Simhadri dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-vice-chancellor-of-andhra-university-yc-simhadri-dead/article34620632.ece|access-date=2022-01-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was appointed the VC of Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1997 when the university was suffering from violence within the campus. He stayed in BHU until 2002<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi|url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/aboutus/history.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803041920/http://www.bhu.ac.in/aboutus/history.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2013|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.bhu.ac.in}}</ref> and contributed towards making the university campus safer and conducive to academic activities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बीएचयू के पूर्व कुलपति प्रो.वाईसी सिम्हाद्री का निधन, कड़े प्रशासक के रूप में किए जाएंगे याद|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/former-vice-chancellor-of-bhu-prof-yc-simhadri-death-will-be-remembered-as-a-strict-administrator|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

Later in that decade, he served as the Vice-Chancellor of Patna University<ref>{{Cite web|last=Secretariat|first=President's|title=Prof. Y.C. Simhadri, former Vice-Chancellor of Patna University...|date=26 February 2020 |url=https://dpl.presidentofindia.nic.in/handle/123456789/9555?viewItem=browse}}</ref> twice - from 2006 to 2008 and 2014–2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Welcome To Patna U N I V E R S I T Y |url=https://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/030119_pu_vsb.php|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.patnauniversity.ac.in|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093135/https://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/030119_pu_vsb.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simhadri, Y. C.}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the Acharya Nagarjuna University]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Patna University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Indiana State University alumni]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Andhra University]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Ruknuddin Ibrahim

2026-01-12T09:56:47Z

EverettJat: created basic data with sources.

{{Short description|Sultan of Delhi in 1296}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Sultan]]
| succession = Acting [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| reign = 19 July 1296 – November 1296
| coronation = 21 October 1296
| predecessor = [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji]]
| regent = [[Malika-i-Jahan (wife of Jalal-ud-Din Khalji)|Malika-i-Jahan]]
| successor = [[Alauddin Khalji]]
| death_date = {{circa|1297}}
| death_place = [[Hansi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| house = [[Khalji Dynasty]]
| father = [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji]]
| mother = Malika-i-Jahan
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Rukn ud-din Ibrahim''' '''Qadr Khan''' (died {{Circa|1297}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&dq=%22qadr+khan%22+%22death%22+%22khalji%22&pg=PA140 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |language=en}}</ref> commonly known as '''Ruknuddin Ibrahim''', was the acting [[Sultan]] of the [[Khalji dynasty]] throughout the latter half of 1296.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |date=2019-03-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-00729-9 |language=en |chapter=The Khalji Dynasty}}</ref>

== Background ==
Rukn ud-din Ibrahim Qadr Khan was born to [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji]] (1220–1296), a member of the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] tribe and founder of the Khalji dynasty of Delhi, and his wife, [[Malika-i-Jahan (wife of Jalal-ud-Din Khalji)|Malika-i-Jahan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/thesultanateofdelhibylalsrivastava/page/n213/mode/2up?q=%22ruknuddin+ibrahim%22 |title=THE SULTANATE OF DELHI BY LAL SRIVASTAVA |pages=215 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Sultan of Delhi ==
Upon the death of his father, his mother decided that it would be risky to allow the throne to be vacant while the intended successor was absent, hence ascending the young Ruknuddin to the throne, instead of Jalal-ud-Din's elder son—[[Arkali Khan]]—who was then the [[governor]] of [[Multan]]. Nonetheless, Ruknuddin wouldn't harbor any power amid his brief [[reign]], with his mother instead acting as a [[regent]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=Shripad Dattatraya |url=https://archive.org/details/encounterwithisl0000unse/mode/2up?q=%22kader+khan%22 |title=Encounter with Islam |publisher=Bombay : Shri Bhagawan Vedavyasa Itihas Samshodhana Mandira (BHISHMA) |others=Internet Archive |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-900113-3-4 |location=Mumbai, India |pages=116}}</ref> His [[coronation]] took place on October 21, 1296.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&dq=%22october+21%22+%22ruknuddin%22&pg=SL1-PA34 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |date=2009-05-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7 |pages=A34 |language=en}}</ref>

The reception of his ascension was poor, and many believed that [[Alauddin Khalji]] was a more fit ruler. As tensions grew, Ruknuddin and his mother fled the city in the "dead of night," leaving Alauddin to rule.<ref name=":2" />

== Captivity and death ==
Ruknuddin died around 1297, sometime subsequent to the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan|fall of Multan]], while in [[captivity]] in [[Hansi]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sultans of the Khalji dynasty|Jalal-ud-din]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]

Kerala Legislature International Book Festival

2026-01-12T03:42:51Z

EverettJat: adding basic stub added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Kerala Legislature International Book Festival (KLIBF)
|logo =
|image = Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026 IMG 20260111 103248054.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|alt = Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026
|caption = Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026
|status = active
|location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
|years_active = 2023 - present
|Patrons =
|dates =
|genre = [[Literary festival]]
|website = {{url|https://klibf.niyamasabha.org}}
}}
'''Kerala Legislature International Book Festival (KLIBF)''' is an annual literary and cultural festival organised by the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] at its complex in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-16 |title=Kerala Legislature International Book Festival from January 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-legislature-international-book-festival-from-january-7/article70403352.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The fouth edition of the book festival will be held from 7 to 13 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-09-14 |title=Fourteenth session of the 15th Kerala Assembly to begin on September 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fourteenth-session-of-the-15th-kerala-assembly-to-begin-on-september-15/article70048950.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The festival brings together publishers, authors, scholars, and readers for a week-long celebration of books, ideas, and public discourse, with free entry for the general public. It has emerged as a signature event of the Assembly, highlighting the role of reading in strengthening democratic values and informed citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KLIBF-4 {{!}} 2026 |url=https://klibf.niyamasabha.org/about |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=klibf.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

== History ==
The KLIBF was conceived as a cultural initiative of the Kerala Legislative Assembly to promote reading, critical thinking, and dialogue between citizens and institutions. Early editions of the festival established the legislative complex as a public cultural space by hosting book stalls, seminars, and interactive sessions alongside guided visits to the Assembly hall and museum. By the time of its third editions, the festival had gained national and international attention, drawing large numbers of visitors and participants from within India and abroad.

== Editions ==

=== Third edition (2025) ===
The third edition of the KLIBF was held from 8 to 13 January 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-01-04 |title=Cultural treat awaits all at Kerala legislature International Book Festival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Jan/04/cultural-treat-awaits-all-at-kerala-legislature-international-book-festival |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-12-19 |title=Kerala Legislative Assembly International Book Fair to begin on January 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-legislative-assembly-international-book-fair-to-begin-on-january-7/article69005575.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and was a success and a marked improvement on the previous two editions. Over the seven days of the festival, around three lakh visitors attended the event, which featured 166 publishers and nearly 266 stalls. The programme included talks, debates, meet-the-author sessions, and book launches held across multiple venues in the Kerala Legislative Assembly complex.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-03 |title=Book fest to unite leading figures across fields |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/book-fest-to-unite-leading-figures-across-fields/articleshow/116894243.cms |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-01-13 |title=Book fair by Kerala Assembly is unique and a form of dissent: Prakash Raj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/book-fair-by-kerala-assembly-is-unique-and-a-form-of-dissent-prakash-raj/article69097032.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Fourth edition (2026) ===
The fourth edition of the Kerala Legislature International Book Festival from 7 to 13 January 2026 on the premises of the Kerala Legislative Assembly in Thiruvananthapuram was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=B |first=Parvana K. |date=2026-01-08 |title=Assembly call for ‘addiction’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thiruvananthapuram/2026/Jan/08/assembly-call-for-addiction-2 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2026-01-08 |title=Kerala Assembly Lit Fest begins with solidarity for Nicolás Maduro |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-assembly-lit-fest-begins-with-solidarity-for-nicol%C3%A1s-maduro |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Entry to the seven-day festival is free, with visitors also given opportunities to tour the Assembly hall and the Legislative Museum. More than 200 publishers and over 250 stalls are expected to participate, and the programme will feature book launches, book discussions, panel dialogues, author interactions, interviews, and lectures across six venues, alongside a specially designed Students Corner with children's activities such as puppet and magic shows.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-01-07 |title=Kerala Legislative Assembly all set to host International Book Fest |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2026/Jan/07/kerala-legislative-assembly-all-set-to-host-international-book-fest |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Legislature International Book Festival From January 7 to 13 |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/deshabhimani-english-/kerala-news/kerala-legislature-international-book-festival-klibf-4-january-2026-60375 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-12-17 |title=Kerala Legislature International Book Fest to begin on January 7 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Dec/17/kerala-legislature-international-book-fest-to-begin-on-january-7 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Theyyam will be staged from January 8 to 12 as a main highlight.<ref name=":1" />
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026 IMG 20260111 103324261.jpg|Entrance
Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026 IMG 20260111 103725086.jpg|Book Stalls
Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026 IMG 20260111 142219366.jpg|Events
Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026 at Kerala Legislative Assembly, Thiruvananthapuram (70805).jpg|Decorations
Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026 at Kerala Legislative Assembly, Thiruvananthapuram (79957).jpg|Book Stall
Kerala Legislature International Book Festival 2026 IMG 20260111 172359578.jpg| Main Stage
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|https://klibf.niyamasabha.org/}}

[[Category:Literary festivals in India]]

N. M. Mohan

2026-01-07T13:20:09Z

EverettJat: adding new article

{{short description|Indian comics writer, editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox comics creator
| image = N.M. Mohan.jpg
| image_size = 150
| caption =
| alt =
| bodyclass =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 31 October 1949
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|12|12|1949|10|31}}
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| area = Comics writer Comic magazine designer
| cartoonist =
| write =
| art =
| pencil =
| ink =
| edit =
| publish =
| letter =
| color =
| alias =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| notable works = [[Mayavi]] Luttappi
| collaborators = Pradeep Sathe M. Mohandas
| awards =
| website =
| nonUS =
}}

'''N.M. Mohan''' (1949–2012) was an Indian [[Comic book creator|comics writer]], editor, magazine and advertisement designer, visualiser and architectural consultant.<ref>Jacob, Thomas. "Mohippicha Oreyoru Mohan". Malayala Manorama [Kottayam] 13 December 2012: 10. Print.</ref> He is one of the pioneers of comic magazine publication in [[Malayalam]] and creator of a number of popular comics characters in [[Kerala]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/journalist-nm-mohan-dead/article4194324.ece |title=Today's Paper / NATIONAL : Journalist N.M. Mohan dead |newspaper=The Hindu |date= 12 December 2012|accessdate=2012-12-14}}</ref> He served as the editor of the Malayalam comics ''[[Poompatta (comic magazine)|Poompatta]]'' and ''[[Baalarama|Balarama]]''.<ref name="autogenerated1">"NM Mohan Antharichu". Malayala Manorama [Kottayam] 13 December 2012: 1. Print [http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13018936&programId=1073753760&BV_ID].</ref>

In collaboration with several artists and comics creators, most notably Pradeep Sathe, he prepared [[Mayavi]], Luttappi and many other fictional characters, introducing simple, naturalistic themes and played a major role in rise of both ''Poompatta'' and ''Balarama'' comics.

Mohan was born to N.G. Bhaskaran Nair, a businessman from [[Palai|Pala]], in 1949. He studied at [[St. Thomas College, Pala|St. Thomas College]], Pala and NSS College, [[Changanassery]]. He was married to Latha, daughter of [[Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair]]. He lived at Palamundakkal House, Cherunarakam Road, Nattasserry, Kottayam.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Mohan started his career in the general interest magazine ''Chithrakarthika'' (published from Trivandrum by Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair). He later shifted to ''Poompatta'', one of the pioneering comic magazines in Malayalam, and served as the Editor-in-Charge of ''Balarama'' from 1983 to 2012. He played major role in the publication of several of its sister publications such as ''Balarama Digest'', Malayalam ''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]'', ''Magic Pot'' and ''Tell Me Why''.<ref name="thehindu1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Mohan died on 12 December 2012 following a heart attack.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, N. M.}}
[[Category:Indian comics writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]

Narasapur–Nagarsol Express (via Warangal)

2025-12-31T11:06:38Z

EverettJat:

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Nagarsol Narsapur SUPERFAST Express (via Warangal)
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Narasapuram}}
| stops = 20
| end = [[Nagarsol]]
| distance = {{convert|1085|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 19 hours 45 mins
| frequency = Five days in a week
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class & General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12787 / 12788
| speed = {{convert|54|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Nagarsol-Narsapur) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

12787 / 88 '''Narasapuram–Nagarsol SUPERFAST Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Narasapuram}} and [[Nagarsol]] in India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/work-on-doubling-of-tracks-between-parbhani-mirkhel-affects-11-trains/articleshow/58813473.cms | title=Work on doubling of tracks between Parbhani, Mirkhel affects 11 trains | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 May 2017 | access-date=22 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Service ==
It operates as train number 12787 from Narasapuram to Nagarsol and as train number 12788 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] & [[Maharashtra]]. The train covers the distance of {{cvt|1085|km}} in 19 hours 45 mins approximately at a speed of ({{cvt|54|km/h}}).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/travel-in-comfort-n-style/article8270564.ece | title= Travel in comfort 'n' style | date=23 February 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=22 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Coaches==

The 12787 / 88 Narasapuram–Nagarsol superfast Express has one AC First Class, one AC 2-tier, two AC 3-tier, 13 sleeper class, two general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It doesn't carry a [[pantry car]].

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Routeing==
The 12787/ 88 Narasapuram Nagarsol superfast Express runs from Narasapuram via {{stnlnk|Bhimavaram Town}}, {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Warangal}}, {{stnlnk|Kazipet Junction}}, {{stnlnk|charlapalli}}, {{stnlnk|Nizamabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}, {{stnlnk|Parbhani Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jalna}}, {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar}} to Nagarsol.

==Traction==
As this route is completely electrified it is hauled by WAP 7 of lalaguda or wap 4 of vijayawada shed this train permanently bypasses secunderabad to avoid reversal and joins nizamabad line via dayanand nagar line

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/narasapur-nagarsol-via-warangal-express-17213/15057/2077/1715 17213 Narasapuram Nagarsol Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/nagarsol-narsapur-via-warangal-express-17214/15061/1715/2077 17214 Nagarsol Narasapuram Express] at India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasapur-Nagarsol Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

Mangalfera

2025-12-29T04:33:40Z

EverettJat: adding new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mangalfera
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = Ratibhai Punatar<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| writer = [[Vaju Kotak]] (story), Ramchandra Thakur (screenplay)<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| based_on = ''[[Shaadi (1941 film)|Shaadi]]'' (1941)<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nirupa Roy]]
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]]
* Shanti Madhok
* Manhar Desai
}}
| cinematography = H. S. Kwatra<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| editing = B. C. Vyas
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| studio = Ajit Pictures<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1949}}
| runtime = 139 minutes<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mangalfera''''' is 1949 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] social drama film directed by Ratibhai Punatar. It starred [[Nirupa Roy]] and Manhar Desai in lead roles and was a remake of the 1941 Hindi film ''[[Shaadi (1941 film)|Shaadi]]''.

==Plot==
In their childhood, Shobha and Mangal's fathers, in order to ensure their friendship, decide to engage them at a young age. However, as Shobha grows up, her wealthy and arrogant father breaks his promise and insists on marrying her off to a rich groom. Nirupa runs away from home and, while wandering, comes across a poor disabled man working as a porter outside a small railway station. She is shocked to discover him as Mangal whom she was engaged to in her childhood. She marries him.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" /><ref name=":0" />

Suddenly, this poor couple is buried under snow during a blizzard, but they emerge unharmed and, miraculously, Mangal is completely healed of his disability. He becomes healthy as well as rich. His friends take him to a [[tawaif]] Mena who seduced him. As a result, Mangal abandons his wife Shobha. Sobha attempts suicide.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" /><ref name=":0" />

Like Shobha, her sister Chandrika has also been abandoned by her father. Two comedians work tirelessly to marry her. Dulari has made a vow to fix Shobha's marriage life. With good intentions, Chandrika tries to seduce Mangal again. Mangal realizes that he is trapped in marrying a disabled lady. Thus he returns to Shobha.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" /><ref name=":0" />

==Cast==
The cast is as follows:<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Shobha
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Chandrika
* Sarita Devi
* Shanti Madhok as Mena, a [[tawaif]]
* Manhar Desai as Mangal
* Babu Raje
* Chhagan Romeo
* Bhagwandas
* Ibrahim
* Maruti
* Kamlakant
* [[Barkat Virani]]
* Haridas
* Popat

==Production==
The film was a remake of [[Ranjit Studios]]' 1941 film ''[[Shaadi (1941 film)|Shaadi]]''. It was directed by Ratibhai Punatar and the assistant director was A. D. Vyas. The art was directed by S. A. Wahab while costumes were designed by Bhupatrai Oza. Make-up was done by D. S. Gokhale. The film was developed at Ranjit's laboratory.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=314}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
There are following songs in the film:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Dave|first=Ashok |title=ફિલ્મ ઈન્ડિયા : મંગળ ફેરા|url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/chitralok/film-india---ashokddave |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |date=2018-06-22|language=gu}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Mangalfera
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1949
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{URL|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkLyuj7RZk0&list=OLAK5uy_miIQMyG-8Zo8WQL_hS1Taja3n7vR6XYKQ&index=2|2=YouTube}}}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
|all_music= [[Avinash Vyas]]
|all_lyrics= [[Avinash Vyas]]

| title1 = Taalio Na Taale, Gori Garbe Ghumi Gay Re
| extra1 = [[Geeta Dutt]], Chorus
| length1 = 3:23

| title2 = Sanam Mari Kasam Tari, Ughadi Rakhje Bari
| extra2 = Chunilal Pardeshi
| length2 = 3:18

| title3 = Rakhna Ramakda Mara Rame Ramta Rakhya Re
| extra3 = Geeta Dutt, A. R. Oza
| length3 = 3:34

| title4 = Gozari Dhartini.. Aa Pagthare Kya Javu Mare?
| extra4 = [[Geeta Dutt]]
| length4 =

| title5 = Mara Manda Kera Mor, Jagine Jou To
| extra5 = Geeta Dutt, A. R. Oza
| length5 = 3:14

| title6 = Diwana Tamari Diwani Bani Chhu
| extra6 = Zohrajan Ambalewali
| length6 = 3:13

| title7 = Tara Nayan Kera Baan, Ho Balam, Kaadhe Mora Pran
| extra7 = Zohrajan Ambalewali
| length7 =

| title8 = Ame Mumbai Na Rahevasi, Charni Road Par
| extra8 = Geeta Dutt, A. R. Oza, Chunilal Pardeshi
| length8 = 3:20

| title9 = Bhulu Bhutkar Toye, Kal Jevo Yaad Aave Che
| extra9 = Geeta Dutt
| length9 = 3:17

}}"Rakhna Ramakada" became hit and earned Vyas a royalty of about 20,000 rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gajjar |first=Nilesh |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મોની ગઈકાલ : ભાગ – ૭ |url=https://www.newzviewz.com/gujarati/news-detail/yesterday-s-gujarati-movies-part-7 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.newzviewz.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Saurabh |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો : રાખનાં રમકડાં અને પંખીડાંનું પીંજરું |url=https://sandesh.com/supplement/gujarati-movies-ash-toys-and-birdcage |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Sandesh |language=gu}}</ref> Geeta Dutt's "Taalio Na Taale" and "Gozari Dhartini.." became popular too.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parmar |first=Jignesh |date=2023-11-22 |title=ગીતા દત્ત - માતૃભાષા પહેલા ગુજરાતીમાં પ્રસિદ્ધી પામેલા ગાયિકા |url=https://jalsomusic.com/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4-%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Jalso |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Reception==
The film was moderately successful on box office.<ref name=":0" /> The film confirmed the status of Punatar as a leading Gujarati film director succeeding his previous 1948 hit film ''[[Gunsundari (1948 film)|Gunsundari]]''.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>

Ashok Dave of ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'' criticises the plot and 'quality' of the film. He criticises performance of Roy and Desai but praises comic performances of Chhagan Romeo. He attributes success of the film to its music of Avinash Vyas and songs sung by Geeta Dutt.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:1940s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1949 drama films]]
[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]

Religious conversion

2025-12-18T21:46:29Z

EverettJat: cleaned up references and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Adoption of religious beliefs}}
{{Other uses of|conversion||Conversion (disambiguation)}}
{{about|voluntary acceptance of a religion|forced conversion|Forced conversion|renunciation of a religion|Apostasy}}
{{conversion}}

'''Religious conversion''' is the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular [[religious denomination]] to the exclusion of others. Thus "religious conversion" would describe the abandoning of adherence to one denomination and affiliating with another. This might be from one to another denomination within the same religion, for example, from [[Protestant Christianity]] to [[Roman Catholicism]] or from [[Shia Islam|Shi'a Islam]] to [[Sunni Islam]].<ref>Stark, Rodney and Roger Finke. "Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion." University of California Press, 2000. p.114. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22202-1}}</ref> In some cases, religious conversion "marks a transformation of religious identity and is symbolized by special rituals".<ref>{{cite journal | title = When There Is No Conversion: Spiritualists and Personal Religious Change | journal = Anthropologica | first = Deirdre | last = Meintel | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 149–162 }}</ref>

People convert to a different religion for various reasons, including active conversion by free choice due to a change in beliefs,<ref>Falkenberg, Steve. "Psychological Explanations of ''Religious'' Socialization." Religious Conversion. Eastern Kentucky University. August 31, 2009.</ref> [[secondary conversion]], [[deathbed conversion]], conversion for convenience, [[marital conversion]], and [[forced conversion]]. Religious conversion can also be driven by practical considerations. Historically, people have converted to evade taxes, to escape military service or to gain political representation.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mikdashi |first=Maya |title=Chapter 3 Regulating Conversion: Sovereignty, Bureaucracy, and the Banality of Religion |date=2022-05-03 |work=Sextarianism: Sovereignty, Secularism, and the State in Lebanon |pages=83–116 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503631564-005/html |access-date=2025-02-26 |publisher=Stanford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781503631564-005 |isbn=978-1-5036-3156-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Proselytism]] is the act of attempting to convert by persuasion another individual from a different religion or belief system. [[Apostasy|Apostate]] is a term used by members of a religion or denomination to refer to someone who has left that religion or denomination.

== Religion and proselytization ==
The religions of the world are divided into two groups: those that actively seek new followers (missionary religions) and those that do not (non-missionary religions). This classification dates back to a lecture given by [[Max Müller]] in 1873,<ref>''[[iarchive:onmissionslectur00ml|On Missions]]'' (1874), pp. 35–41.</ref> and is based on whether or not a religion seeks to gain new converts. The three main religions classified as missionary religions are [[Buddhism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]], while the non-missionary religions include [[Judaism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and [[Hinduism]]. Other religions, such as Primal Religions, [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]], may also be considered non-missionary religions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rambo |first1=Lewis R. |url= |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion |last2=Farhadian |first2=Charles E. |date=2014-03-06 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971354-7 |pages=429 |language=en}}</ref>

==Abrahamic religions==
===Baháʼí Faith===
{{Further|Baháʼí Faith}}{{More citations needed section|date=March 2022}}
In sharing their faith with others, Baháʼís are cautioned to "obtain a hearing" – meaning to make sure the person they are proposing to teach is open to hearing what they have to say. "[[Baháʼí teaching plans#Pioneering|Baháʼí pioneers]]", rather than attempting to supplant the cultural underpinnings of the people in their adopted communities, are encouraged to integrate into the society and apply Baháʼí principles in living and working with their neighbors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoghi Effendi |title=The Advent of Divine Justice |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |year=1990 |location=Wilmette, Illinois |pages=30–37}}</ref>

Baháʼís recognize the divine origins of all revealed religion, and believe that these religions occurred sequentially as part of a divine plan (see [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|Progressive revelation]]), with each new revelation superseding and fulfilling that of its predecessors. Baháʼís regard their own faith as the most recent (but not the last), and believe its teachings – which are centered around the principle of the oneness of humanity – are most suited to meeting the needs of a global community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoghi Effendi |title=The Advent of Divine Justice |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust |year=1990 |location=Wilmette, Illinois |pages=30–37}}</ref>

In most countries conversion is a simple matter of filling out a card stating a declaration of belief. This includes acknowledgement of [[Bahá'u'llah]] – the Founder of the Faith – as the Messenger of God for this age, awareness and acceptance of his teachings, and intention to be obedient to the institutions and laws he established.

Conversion to the Baháʼí Faith carries with it an explicit belief in the common foundation of all revealed religion, a commitment to the unity of mankind, and active service to the community at large, especially in areas that will foster unity and concord. Since the Baháʼí Faith has no clergy, converts are encouraged to be active in all aspects of community life. Even a recent convert may be elected to serve on a local [[Spiritual Assembly]] – the guiding Baháʼí institution at the community level.<ref>{{cite book |last = Smith |first = P. |year = 1999 |title = A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher = Oneworld Publications |location = Oxford, UK |isbn = 1-85168-184-1 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Momen |first = M. |year = 1997 |title = A Short Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith |publisher = One World Publications |location = Oxford, UK |isbn = 1-85168-209-0 |url = https://archive.org/details/bahaifaith00mooj }}</ref>

===Christianity===
{{Main|Conversion to Christianity|Christianization|List of converts to Christianity}}
[[File:The Conversion of Saint Paul-Caravaggio (c. 1600-1).jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The Conversion of Saint Paul (Caravaggio)|The Conversion of Saint Paul]]'', a 1600 painting by Italian artist [[Caravaggio]] (1571–1610)]]
Within Christianity conversion refers variously to three different phenomena: a person becoming Christian who was previously not Christian; a Christian moving from one Christian denomination to another; a particular spiritual development, sometimes called the "second conversion", or "the conversion of the baptised".<ref>{{cite web |work=Catechism of the Catholic Church |title=The sacrament of penance and reconciliation |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c2a4.htm |access-date=24 Mar 2016 |publisher=The Holy See |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328130510/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c2a4.htm |archive-date=Mar 28, 2016 }}</ref>

Conversion to Christianity is the religious conversion of a previously non-Christian person to some form of Christianity. Some Christian sects require full conversion for new members regardless of any history in other Christian sects, or from certain other sects. The exact requirements vary between different churches and [[Christian denominations|denominations]]. [[Baptism]] is traditionally seen as a sacrament of admission to Christianity.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Britannica|title=Baptism, Christianity}}</ref> Christian baptism has some parallels with Jewish immersion by ''[[mikvah]]''.

In the [[New Testament]], [[Jesus]] commanded his disciples in the [[Great Commission]] to "go and make disciples of all nations".<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|28:19}}, {{bibleverse|Mark|16:15}}</ref> [[Evangelization]] – sharing the Gospel message or "Good News" in deed and word, is an expectation of Christians.<ref>"Evangelization." Evangelization. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2016.</ref>

Conversions to Christianity have been widespread. Even Christian communities not known for proselytization, such as the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], are known to have accepted converts among [[Muslims]], [[Yazidis]], and [[Jews]] in the nineteenth century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamed-Troyansky |first=Vladimir|date=2021|title=Becoming Armenian: Religious Conversions in the Late Imperial South Caucasus|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=63|issue=1|pages=242–272 |doi=10.1017/S0010417520000432|doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Comparison between Protestant denominations====
While Calvinism is [[Monergism|monergistic]],<ref>Paul ChulHong Kang, ''Justification: The Imputation of Christ's Righteousness from Reformation Theology to the American Great Awakening and the Korean Revivals'' ([[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]], 2006), 70, note 171. Calvin generally defends Augustine’s “monergistic view”.</ref> like Lutherism,<ref>http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Monergism and Paul ChulHong Kang, ''Justification: The Imputation of Christ's Righteousness from Reformation Theology to the American Great Awakening and the Korean Revivals'' ([[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]], 2006), 65.</ref> its monergism is through the inner calling of the Holy Spirit, which is [[Irresistible grace|irresistible]] according to the tradition. Lutherism, on the other hand, is monergistic through the [[means of grace]], and holds the Word to be [[Irresistible grace#Lutheran|resistible]]. The Arminian view on salvation, unlike the other two, is [[Synergism|synergistic]],<ref>Roger E. Olson, ''Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities'' (InterVarsity Press, 2009), 18. “Arminian synergism” refers to “evangelical synergism, which affirms the prevenience of grace”.</ref> and considers salvation resistible due to the common grace of free will.

==== Latter Day Saint movement ====
{{Overly detailed|section|date=June 2025}}
{{Main|Baptism in Mormonism}}
Much of the theology of Latter Day Saint baptism was established during the early [[Latter Day Saint movement]] founded by [[Joseph Smith|Joseph Smith, Jr]]. According to this theology, baptism must be by [[Immersion baptism|immersion]], for the remission of [[sin]]s (meaning that through baptism, past sins are forgiven), and occurs after one has shown faith and repentance. Mormon baptism does not purport to remit any sins other than personal ones, as adherents do not believe in [[original sin]].<ref>(2010, September 15). The Original Sin – What Do Mormons Believe?. Whatdomormonsbelieve. https://www.whatdomormonsbelieve.com/15/09/2010/the-original-sin/

Archived Link: https://archive.today/20220314005237/https://www.whatdomormonsbelieve.com/15/09/2010/the-original-sin/</ref> Latter Day Saints baptisms also occur only after an "[[age of accountability]]" which is defined as the age of eight years.<ref>See {{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|68|25|27}}</ref> The theology thus rejects [[infant baptism]].<ref>See {{lds|Moroni|moro|8|4|23}}</ref>

In addition, Latter Day Saint theology requires that baptism may only be performed with one who has been called and ordained by God with [[priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|priesthood]] authority.<ref>See, e.g., {{citation |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/baptism-baptize?lang=eng |title= Guide to the Scriptures: Baptism, Baptize: Proper authority |work= churchofjesuschrist.org |publisher= LDS Church }}</ref> Because the churches of the Latter Day Saint movement operate under a lay priesthood, children raised in a Mormon family are usually baptized by a father or close male friend or family member who has achieved the office of [[Priest (Latter Day Saints)|priest]], which is conferred upon worthy male members at least 16 years old in the LDS Church.<ref>See, e.g., {{citation |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/priest |title= Gospel Topics: Priest |work= churchofjesuschrist.org |publisher= LDS Church }}</ref>

Baptism is seen as symbolic both of [[Jesus]]' death, burial and [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]]<ref>See, e.g., {{citation |contribution-url= http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/baptism |contribution= Baptism |title= KJV (LDS): LDS Bible Dictionary |publisher= LDS Church }}</ref> and is also symbolic of the baptized individual putting off of the natural or sinful man and becoming spiritually reborn as a disciple of Jesus.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Membership into a Latter Day Saint church is granted only by baptism whether or not a person has been raised in the church. Latter Day Saint churches do not recognize baptisms of other faiths as valid because they believe baptisms must be performed under the church's unique authority. Thus, all who come into one of the Latter Day Saint faiths as converts are baptized, even if they have previously received baptism in another faith.

When performing a Baptism, Latter Day Saints say the following prayer before performing the ordinance:

{{Blockquote|Having been commissioned of Jesus Christ, I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.<ref>See {{lds|3 Nephi|3-ne|11|25}}</ref>}}

Baptisms inside and outside the temples are usually done in a [[baptistry]], although they can be performed in any body of water in which the person may be completely immersed. The person administering the baptism must recite the prayer exactly, and immerse every part, limb, hair and clothing of the person being baptized. If there are any mistakes, or if any part of the person being baptized is not fully immersed, the baptism must be redone. In addition to the baptizer, two members of the church witness the baptism to ensure that it is performed properly.<ref name="Performing Priesthood Ordinances">{{citation |contribution-url= http://www.lds.org/manual/duties-and-blessings-of-the-priesthood-basic-manual-for-priesthood-holders-part-b/priesthood-and-church-government/lesson-5-performing-priesthood-ordinances |contribution= Performing Priesthood Ordinances |title= Duties and Blessings of the Priesthood: Basic Manual for Priesthood Holders, Part B |year= 2000 |publisher= LDS Church |pages= 41–48 }}</ref>

Following baptism, [[Latter Day Saint]]s receive the [[Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)|Gift of the Holy Ghost]] by the [[laying on of hands]] of a [[Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Melchizedek Priesthood]] holder.<ref name="Performing Priesthood Ordinances" />

Latter Day Saints hold that one may be [[Baptism for the dead|baptized after death]] through the vicarious act of a living individual. Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] with a valid temple recommend (beginning in the year they turn twelve, and after being ordained to the Aaronic Priesthood for men and boys) have the opportunity to practice baptism for the dead as a missionary ritual. However, individuals for whom such baptisms are performed are not counted in figures regarding church membership statistics, such as total membership in the church, or the number of convert baptisms in a given year. Other churches of the Latter Day Saint movement also perform baptisms for the dead. This doctrine, in combination with others regarding the time between an individual's death and resurrection, also explains what happens to the righteous non-believer and the unevangelized by providing a post-mortem means of repentance and salvation.

===Islam===
{{Main|Conversion to Islam|Dawah|Islamic missionary activity}}
{{Further|Al-Baqara 256|Conversion to Islam in prisons|List of converts to Islam}}
[[File:Al Shahada.svg|thumb|The ''Shahada'', or Islamic creed.]]
Converting to [[Islam]] requires one to declare the ''[[Shahada|shahādah]]'', the Muslim profession of faith ("There is no deity worthy of worship but [[God in Islam|Allah]](Arabic word for the God); and [[Muhammad]] is the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|messenger]] of Allah").<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor-last=Bennett |editor-first=Clinton |editor-link=Clinton Bennett |year=2015 |orig-date=2013 |chapter=Glossary |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHweBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA330 |title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies |location=[[New York City|New York]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |edition=1st |pages=330 |isbn=9781441138125 |oclc=777652885 |quote=''[[Aqidah]]'' – translates as "creed". Technically, the ''[[Shahadah]]'' ([[Five pillars of Islam|first pillar]]) is the only obligatory statement of [[Iman (Islam)|faith in Islam]]; however, over time a list of six items evolved, the essentials of faith (''Iman Mufassal''), namely: belief in God, in God's angels, scriptures, messengers, day of judgment, and God's power.}}</ref> According to [[Clinton Bennett]], British–American scholar of [[Religious studies]], one's declaration of the Muslim profession of faith does not imply faith in God alone, since the conversion to Islam includes other distinct Islamic beliefs as well as part of the [[Aqidah|Muslim creed]] (''ʿaqīdah''):<ref name="Bennett 2015"/>

{{Blockquote|Technically, the ''[[Shahadah]]'' ([[Five pillars of Islam|first pillar]]) is the only obligatory statement of [[Iman (Islam)|faith in Islam]]; however, over time a list of six items evolved, the essentials of faith (''Iman Mufassal''), namely: belief in God, in God's angels, scriptures, messengers, day of judgment, and God's divine decree (Al-Qadr).<ref name="Bennett 2015"/>}}

In the Islamic religion, it is believed that [[Fitra|everyone is Muslim at birth]].<ref name="Reeves 2004">{{cite book |author-last=Kueny |author-first=Kathryn |editor-last=Reeves |editor-first=John C. |date=2004 |chapter=Abraham's Test: Islamic Male Circumcision as Anti/Ante-Covenantal Practice |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&pg=PA161 |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=161–173 |series=[[Society of Biblical Literature|Symposium Series (Society of Biblical Literature)]] |volume=24 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |issn=1569-3627}}</ref> Due to this, those who convert are typically referred to as reverts. In Islam, the practice of [[Khitan (circumcision)|Islamic circumcision]] is considered a ''[[sunnah]]'' custom, not a requirement for conversion and there is a valid difference of opinion on whether it is [[fard]] (obligatory) or not.<ref name="Reeves 2004" /><ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Wensinck |author-first=A. J. |year=2012 |orig-date=1986 |title=K̲h̲itān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20 |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=B. |editor4-last=Heinrichs |editor4-first=W. P. |editor4-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=5 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4296 |isbn=978-90-04-07819-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Aldeeb 1995">{{cite journal |author-last=Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh |author-first=Sami A. |author-link=Sami Aldeeb |date=1994 |title=To Mutilate in the Name of Jehovah or Allah: Legitimization of Male and Female Circumcision |journal=Medicine and Law |volume=13 |issue=7–8 |pages=575–622 |publisher=[[World Association for Medical Law]] |pmid=7731348}}; {{cite journal |author-last=Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh |author-first=Sami A. |date=1995 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=twls |title=Islamic Law and the Issue of Male and Female Circumcision |journal=Third World Legal Studies |volume=13 |pages=73–101 |publisher=[[Valparaiso University School of Law]] |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112162823/https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=twls |archive-date=12 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of [[Ulama|clerical opinions]] holds that circumcision is not required upon entering the Muslim faith.<ref name="Reeves 2004" /><ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam" /><ref name="Aldeeb 1995" /> In the [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī]] [[Islamic schools and branches#Sunnī Islam|branch of Islam]], the [[Shafiʽi school|Shāfiʿī]] and [[Hanbali|Ḥanbalī]] schools regard male circumcision obligatory for Muslims, while the [[Maliki|Mālikī]] and [[Hanafi|Ḥanafī]] schools regard it as non-binding and only a recommendation.<ref name="Reeves 2004" /><ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam" /><ref name="Aldeeb 1995" />

===Judaism===
{{Main|Conversion to Judaism|Gerim|List of converts to Judaism}}
[[File:Scali Farm Alon More 137.jpg|thumb|The traditional normative conversion process to Judaism (''gijur'') of one, two or more years is finalized with [[Ritual washing in Judaism#Full-body immersion|ritual immersion]] in a natural collection of water, e.g. a river, a lake, or a [[mikveh]].]]
Conversion to Judaism is the religious conversion of [[gentile|non-Jews]] to become [[Gerim|members of the Jewish religion and Jewish ethnoreligious community]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The procedure and requirements for conversion depend on the sponsoring [[Jewish denominations|denomination]]. A conversion in accordance with the process of a denomination is not a guarantee of recognition by another denomination.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Converting to Judaism|date=July 12, 2011|newspaper=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref> A formal conversion is also sometimes undertaken by individuals whose Jewish ancestry is questioned, even if they were raised Jewish, but may not actually be [[Who is a Jew?|considered Jews]] according to [[halakha|traditional Jewish law]].<ref>{{cite news|title=So You Want to Convert to Judaism? It's Not That Easy|first=Uriel|last=Heilman|date=October 6, 2014|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/1.619493|access-date=November 18, 2016|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>

As late as the 6th century, the Eastern [[Byzantine Empire|Roman empire]] and [[Umar|Caliph Umar ibn Khattab]] were issuing decrees against conversion to [[Judaism]], implying that this was still occurring.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook|website=legacy.fordham.edu}}</ref>

=== Spiritism ===
There are no rituals or dogmas, nor any sort of procedures in conversion to [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]. The doctrine is first considered as science, then philosophy and lastly as a religion. [[Allan Kardec]]'s [[Spiritist Codification|codification]] of Spiritism occurred between the years 1857 and 1868. Currently there are 25 to 60 million people{{specify|date=October 2018|reason=That's a VERY large range.}}{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} studying Spiritism in various countries, mainly in Brazil, through its [[Spiritist Codification|essential books]], which include ''[[The Spirits Book]]'', ''[[The Book on Mediums]]'', ''[[The Gospel According to Spiritism]]'', ''[[Heaven and Hell (Allan Kardec)|Heaven and Hell]]'' and ''[[The Genesis According to Spiritism]]''.

[[Chico Xavier]] wrote over 490 additional books, which expand on the [[Kardecist spiritism|spiritualist doctrine]].

As explained in the first of the 1,019 questions and answers in ''The Spirits Book'':
<blockquote>1. What is God? Answer: "God is the Supreme Intelligence-First Cause of all things."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.allankardec.com/Allan_Kardec/Le_livre_des_esprits/lesp_us.pdf|title=The Spirits Book|access-date=2018-10-23|archive-date=2018-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105431/http://www.allankardec.com/Allan_Kardec/Le_livre_des_esprits/lesp_us.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>

The consensus in Spiritism is that God, the Great Creator, is above everything, including all human things such as rituals, dogmas, denominations or any other thing.

=={{anchor|Conversion to Dharmic religions}}Dharmic religions==

=== Buddhism ===
{{See also|List of converts to Buddhism}}
Persons newly adhering to Buddhism traditionally "[[Refuge (Buddhism)|Taking Three Refuge]]" (express [[faith in Buddhism|faith]] in the [[Three Jewels]] – [[Buddhahood|Buddha]], [[Buddhist paths to liberation|Dhamma]], and [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]) before a [[Bhikkhu|monk]], [[Bhikkhunī|nun]], or similar representative, with often the sangha, the community of practitioners, also in ritual attendance.

Throughout the [[timeline of Buddhism]], conversions of entire countries and regions to Buddhism were frequent, as Buddhism spread throughout Asia. For example, in the 11th century in [[Burma]], king [[Anoratha]] converted his entire country to [[Theravada Buddhism]]. At the end of the 12th century, [[Jayavarman VII]] set the stage for conversion of the [[Khmer people]] to Theravada Buddhism. Mass conversions of areas and communities to Buddhism occur up to the present day, for example, in the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]] in India there have been [[Dalit Buddhist movement#Organized mass conversions|organized mass conversions]].

Exceptions to encouraging conversion may occur in some Buddhist movements. In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], for example, the [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|current Dalai Lama]] discourages active attempts to win converts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cephas-library.com/na/buddhism_dalai_lama_against_prosylitizing.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209125201/http://www.cephas-library.com/na/buddhism_dalai_lama_against_prosylitizing.html|url-status=dead|title=Dalai Lama opposed to practice of conversion|archivedate=February 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>Dawei, Bei (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140219190818/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/2759/1/BuddhismConference1.pdf Conversion to Tibetan Buddhism: Some Reflections], in: Ura, Dasho, Karma: Chophel, Dendup, Buddhism Without Borders, Proceedings of the International Conference of Global Buddhism, Bhumtang, Bhutan, May 211-23, 2012, The Center for Buthane Studies, pp, 53–75</ref>

===Hinduism===
{{See also|List of converts to Hinduism|Shuddhi (Hinduism)}}
[[File:Bodhinatha-samaya-diksha.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|A yajna initiation to Hinduism ceremony in progress]]
Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning [[Hindu views on monotheism|monotheism]], [[polytheism]], [[panentheism]], [[Hindu views on Pantheism|pantheism]], [[pandeism]], [[monism]], and [[Atheism in Hinduism|atheism]] among others. Hinduism has no traditional ecclesiastical order, no centralized religious authorities, no universally accepted governing body, no binding holy book nor any mandatory prayer attendance requirements.<ref name="sitachak">{{Citation | last = Chakravarti| first = Sitansu| title = Hinduism, a way of life| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ.| year = 1991| page = 71| isbn = 978-81-208-0899-7}}</ref><ref>[[Julius J. Lipner]], Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}</ref><ref>MK Gandhi, [http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf The Essence of Hinduism], Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</ref> In its diffuse and open structure, numerous schools and sects of Hinduism have developed and spun off in India with help from its [[sannyasa|ascetic]] scholars, since the [[Vedic period|Vedic age]]. The six [[Āstika and nāstika|Astika]] and two Nastika schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], in its history, did not develop a missionary or proselytization methodology, and they co-existed with each other. Most Hindu sub-schools and sects do not actively seek converts.<ref name="cookson">{{citation | year=2003 | title = Encyclopedia of religious freedom | author1=Catharine Cookson | publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-0-415-94181-5 | page=180 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0PrjC1Ar7gC&q=seek&pg=PA180}}</ref> Individuals have had a choice to enter, leave or change their god(s), spiritual convictions, accept or discard any rituals and practices, and pursue spiritual knowledge and liberation ([[moksha]]) in different ways.<ref>Bhavasar and Kiem, Spirituality and Health, in Hindu Spirituality, Editor: Ewert Cousins (1989), {{ISBN|0-8245-0755-X}}</ref><ref name="gf">Gavin Flood, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill, {{ISBN|978-90-04-17893-9}}</ref> However, various schools of Hinduism do have some core common beliefs, such as the belief that all living beings have [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul), a belief in [[karma]] theory, spirituality, [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) as the greatest dharma or virtue, and others.<ref name="subramuni"/>

Religious conversion to Hinduism has a long history outside India. Merchants and traders of India, particularly from Indian peninsula, carried their religious ideas, which led to religious conversions to Hinduism in Indonesia, Champa, Cambodia and Burma.<ref>[[Jan Gonda]], The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in {{Google books|X7YfAAAAIAAJ|Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions}}, pages 1–47</ref><ref>Richadiana Kartakusama (2006), Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective (Editors: Truman Simanjuntak et al.), Yayasan Obor Indonesia, {{ISBN|979-2624996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Java's Hinduism {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Revivial}}|first=Thomas|last=Reuter|publisher=Hinduism Today|date=September 2004|url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2004/10-12/52-53_revivial.shtml|access-date=2008-03-16|archive-date=2020-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174130/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=1308|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some sects of Hindus, particularly of the [[Bhakti]] schools began seeking or accepting converts in early to mid 20th century. For example, groups like the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] accept those who have a desire to follow their sects of Hinduism and have their own religious conversion procedure.<ref>See, for example: [https://archive.org/stream/IskconLawBook#page/n0/mode/2up ISKCON Law Book], International Society for Krishna Consciousness, GBC Press</ref>

Since 1800 CE, religious conversion from and to [[Hinduism]] has been a controversial subject within Hinduism. Some have suggested that the concept of missionary conversion, either way, is contrary to the precepts of Hinduism.<ref name="arvindsharma">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|author-link=Arvind Sharma|title=Hinduism as a Missionary Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3J7qJA7L4xwC&pg=PA31|date=22 April 2011|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|location=[[Albany, New York]]|isbn=978-1-4384-3211-3|pages=31–53}}</ref> Religious leaders of some of Hinduism sects such as [[Brahmo Samaj]] have seen Hinduism as a non-missionary religion yet welcomed new members, while other leaders of Hinduism's diverse schools have stated that with the arrival of missionary Islam and Christianity in India, the view that "there is no such thing as proselytism in Hinduism" must be re-examined.<ref name=arvindsharma/><ref>Gauri Viswanathan (1998), Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691058993}}</ref>

In recent decades, mainstream Hinduism schools have attempted to systematize ways to accept religious converts, with an increase in inter-religious mixed marriages.<ref name=subramuni/> The steps involved in becoming a Hindu have variously included a period where the interested person gets an informal ''ardha-Hindu'' name and studies ancient literature on spiritual path and practices (English translations of [[Upanishads]], [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]], [[Itihasa]], ethics in [[Sutra]], Hindu festivals, [[yoga]]).<ref name="subramuni"/> If after a period of study, the individual still wants to convert, a ''[[Namakarana]] Samskara'' ceremony is held, where the individual adopts a traditional Hindu name. The initiation ceremony may also include ''[[Yajna]]'' (i.e., fire ritual with Sanskrit hymns) under guidance of a local Hindu priest.<ref name="subramuni">SS Subramuniyaswami (2000), How to become a Hindu, 2nd Edition, Himalayan Academy, {{ISBN|0945497822}}</ref> Some of these places are ''mathas'' and ''asramas'' (hermitage, monastery), where one or more ''gurus'' (spiritual guide) conduct the conversion and offer spiritual discussions.<ref name=subramuni/> Some schools encourage the new convert to learn and participate in community activities such as festivals ([[Diwali]] etc.), read and discuss ancient literature, learn and engage in rites of passages (ceremonies of birth, first feeding, first learning day, age of majority, wedding, cremation and others).<ref name="subramuni"/>

===Jainism===
[[Jainism]] accepts anyone who wants to embrace the religion. There is no specific ritual for becoming a Jain. One does not need to ask any authorities for admission. One becomes a Jain on one's own by observing the five vows (''vratas'')<ref name=pshah>Pravin Shah, [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism] Jainism Literature Center, Harvard University Archives (2009)</ref> The five main vows as mentioned in the ancient [[Jain texts]] like [[Tattvarthasutra]] are:{{sfn|Jain|2011|p=93}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=67}}
# ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsa]]'' - Not to injure any living being by actions and thoughts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-08 |title=What is Ahimsa? |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/what-is-ahimsa/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Yoga Journal}}</ref>
# ''[[Satya]]'' - Not to lie or speak words that hurt others.
# ''[[Asteya]]'' - Not to take anything if not given.{{sfn|Jain|2011|p=99}}
# ''[[Brahmacharya]]'' - Chastity for householders / [[Celibacy]] in action, words and thoughts for monks and nuns.
# ''[[Aparigraha]]'' ([[Non-possession]]) - non-attachment to possessions.{{sfn|Jain|2011|p=100}}

Following the five vows is the main requirement in Jainism. All other aspects such as visiting temples are secondary. [[Jain monasticism|Jain monks and nuns]] are required to observe these five vows strictly.<ref name=pshah />


===Sikhism===
[[Sikhism]] is not known to openly proselytize conversions, however it is open and accepting to anyone wanting to take on the Sikh faith.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/00137/sikhism.htm |title=ThinkQuest – Sikhism |access-date=2011-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130073424/http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/00137/sikhism.htm |archive-date=2011-11-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikhism.about.com/od/glossary/g/Sikhism.htm|title=Sikhism (Sikhi) the Sikh Faith and Religion in America|access-date=2011-07-27|archive-date=2011-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907071508/http://sikhism.about.com/od/glossary/g/Sikhism.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Other religions and sects ==
In the second half of the 20th century, the rapid growth of [[new religious movements]] (NRMs) led some psychologists and other scholars to propose that these groups were using "[[brainwashing]]" or "[[Brainwashing|mind control]]" techniques to gain converts. This theory was publicized by the popular news media but disputed by other scholars, including some [[Sociology of religion|sociologists of religion]].<ref name="BromleyEncy">{{cite book |chapter=Brainwashing |last=Bromley |first= David G. |year=1998 |pages= 61–62 |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Society |editor1=William H. Swatos Jr. |publisher=AltaMira |location= Walnut Creek, CA |isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1}}</ref><ref>Barker, Eileen: ''New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction''. London: Her Majesty's Stationery office, 1989.</ref><ref name="Wright">{{cite journal |author= Wright, Stewart A. |year=1997 |title=Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any 'Good News' for Minority Faiths? |journal=Review of Religious Research |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=101–115 |doi=10.2307/3512176 |publisher= Review of Religious Research, Vol. 39, No. 2 |jstor=3512176}}</ref><ref name="BarkerAReview">{{cite journal |author= Barker, Eileen |year=1986 |title=Religious Movements: Cult and Anti-Cult Since Jonestown |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=12 |pages=329–346 |doi=10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.001553}}</ref>

In the 1960s sociologist [[John Lofland (sociologist)|John Lofland]] lived with [[Unification Church]] [[missionary]] [[Young Oon Kim]] and a small group of American church members in [[California]] and studied their activities in trying to promote their beliefs and win converts to their church. Lofland noted that most of their efforts were ineffective and that most of the people who joined did so because of personal relationships – often family relationships – with existing members.<ref>[http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/conversion.htm Conversion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121122133/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/conversion.htm |date=2012-01-21 }}, [http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Unification.htm Unification Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113080905/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Unification.htm |date=2012-01-13 }}, ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society'', Hartford Institute for Religion Research, [[Hartford Seminary]]</ref> Lofland summarised his findings in 1964 in a doctoral thesis entitled "The World Savers: A Field Study of Cult Processes", and in 1966 in book form (published by [[Prentice-Hall]]) as ''[[Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization, and Maintenance of Faith]]''. It is considered{{by whom|date=July 2021}} to be one of the most important and widely cited studies of the process of religious conversion, and one of the first modern sociological studies of a new religious movement.<ref>''Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations'', Volume 5 of Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America, W. Michael Ashcraft, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006
{{ISBN|0-275-98717-5}}</ref><ref>''Exploring New Religions'',
Issues in contemporary religion, George D. Chryssides, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2001
{{ISBN|0-8264-5959-5}}</ref>

The [[Church of Scientology]] attempts to gain converts by offering "free stress tests".<ref>The [[Foster Report]]. Chapter 5, "The Practices of Scientology;" section (a), "Recruitment;" pages 75–76.</ref> It has also used the celebrity status of some of its members (most notably that of the American actor [[Tom Cruise]]) to attract converts.<ref>"Artists Find Inspiration, Education at Church of Scientology & Celebrity Centre Nashville." ''The Tennessee Tribune'', Jan 20 – Jan 26, 2011. Vol. 22, Iss. 3, pg. 14A</ref><ref>{{cite web | first = Dana | last = Goodyear | title = Château Scientology | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/01/14/080114fa_fact_goodyear?printable=true | work = Letter from California | publisher = [[The New Yorker]] | date = 2008-01-14 | access-date = 2008-01-10 }}</ref> The Church of Scientology requires that all converts sign a legal [[waiver]] which covers their relationship with the Church of Scientology before engaging in Scientology services.<ref>{{cite news|last = Friedman |first = Roger|title = Will Scientology Celebs Sign 'Spiritual' Contract?|publisher = FOX News|date=3 September 2003|url= https://www.foxnews.com/story/will-scientology-celebs-sign-spiritual-contract|access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref>

Research in the United States and in the Netherlands has shown a [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient|positive correlation]] between areas lacking mainstream churches and the percentage of people who are members of a new religious movement. This applies also for the presence of [[New Age]] centres.<ref>Schepens, T. (Dutch) ''Religieuze bewegingen in Nederland'' volume 29, ''Sekten Ontkerkelijking en religieuze vitaliteit: nieuwe religieuze bewegingen en New Age-centra in Nederland'' (1994) [[Vrije Universiteit|VU]] uitgeverij {{ISBN|90-5383-341-2}}</ref><ref>Stark, R & W.S. Bainbridge ''The future of religion: secularization, revival and cult formation'' (1985) Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California press</ref>

On the other end of the proselytising scale are religions that do not accept any converts. Often these are relatively small, close-knit minority religions that are ethnically based such as the [[Yazidi]]s, [[Druze]], and [[Mandaeans]]. The Parsis, a [[Zoroastrianism]] group based in India, classically does not accept converts, but this issue became controversial in the 20th century due to a rapid decline in membership.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherine |first1=Ariane |title=Zoroastrianism needs to adapt its archaic laws – or die {{!}} Ariane Sherine |url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2013/dec/08/zorastrianism-adapt-archaic-laws-die-parsi |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=8 December 2013}}</ref> [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese traditional religion]] lacks clear criteria for membership, and hence for conversion. However, [[Taoism]] does have its own religious conversion ceremony which seems{{original research inline|date=July 2021}} to be adopted and modified from [[Chinese Buddhist]] refuge-taking ceremonies. The [[Shakers]] and some Indian [[Eunuch (court official)#India|eunuch]] brotherhoods do not allow procreation, so that every member is a convert.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== Fostering conversion ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}
Different factors and circumstances may operate and interact to persuade individuals of groups to convert and adopt a new set of religious doctrines and habits.

[[Religious enthusiasm]] for proselytism can play a role. For example, the [[New Testament]] chronicles the personal activities of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] and their followers in inspired [[preaching]], [[miracle]]-working and the subsequent gathering of followers. Freshly-converted [[Hiberno-Scottish mission|Irish]] and Anglo-Saxon priests [[Anglo-Saxon mission|spread their new-found faith]] among pagan British and Germanic peoples. Missions of the 19th century spread against a background of North Atlantic [[Christian revival|revivalism]] with its [[emotion]]alism and mass-meeting [[crowd]] psychological behaviours.

[[Messianism]] may prepare groups for the coming of a [[Messiah]] or of a [[savior (disambiguation)|saviour]]. Thus the 1st-century [[Levant]], steeped in expectations of overturning [[Judea (Roman province)|the political situation]], provided fertile ground for [[Jewish Christians|nascent Christianity]] and other Jewish messianic sects, such as the [[Zealots]].

Some religious traditions, rather than stressing emotion in the conversion process, emphasise the importance of [[philosophy|philosophical thought]] as a pathway to adopting a new religion. [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]] [[Areopagus sermon|in Athens]] fits here, as do some of the [[Indic religions]] (such as [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]). The historical [[God-fearer]]s may represent a philosophical bridge between Hellenism and [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic faith]].

A religious creed which can capture the ear and support of secular power can become a [[social prestige|prestige]] movement, encouraging the mass of a people to follow its tenets. Christianity grew after becoming the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|state religion in Armenia]], in the [[Roman Empire]], and in [[Ethiopian Church|Ethiopia]]. [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] expanded when it gained [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|official sanction in Kievan Rus']].

Some people convert under the influence of other social conditions. Early Christianity attracted followers by offering [[Christian communism|community material support]] and enhanced status for disadvantaged groups such as women and slaves.<ref>{{bibleverse|Galatians|3:28}}</ref> [[Spread of Islam|Islam allegedly spread]] in North Africa through just administration, and in the Balkans by integrating new believers with improved tax conditions and social prestige. [[Colony|Colonial]] missions since the 19th century have attracted people to an implied nexus of material well-being, [[civilisation]], and European-style religion.

Force can – at least apparently – coerce people into adopting different ideas. [[Islamic religious police|Religious police]] in (for example) [[Guidance Patrol|Iran]] and [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|Saudi Arabia]] answer for the correct religious expression of those in their purview. The [[Inquisition]] in France and in Iberia worked to convert [[heresy|heretics]] – with [[Conversos|varying success]]. [[Francia|Frankish]] armies spread [[Latin Church|Roman Catholicism]] eastwards in the Middle Ages. Religious wars and suppression shaped the histories of the [[Northern Crusades|Baltic tribes]], the [[Hussites]] and the [[Huguenots]].

On the other hand, [[Religious persecution|persecution]] can drive religious faith and practice underground and strengthen the resolve of oppressed adherents – as in the cases of the [[Waldenses]] or the [[Baháʼí Faith]].

==International law==
The [[United Nations]] [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] defines religious conversion as a [[human rights|human right]]: "Everyone has the right to [[freedom of thought]], conscience and [[freedom of religion|religion]]; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief" (Article 18). Despite this UN-declared human right, some groups forbid or restrict religious conversion (see below).

Based on the declaration the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] (UNCHR) drafted the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], a legally binding treaty. It states that "Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice" (Article 18.1). "No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice" (Article 18.2).

The [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights|UNCHR]] issued a General Comment on this Article in 1993: "The Committee observes that the freedom to 'have or to adopt' a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, ''including the right to replace one's current religion or belief with another'' or to adopt atheistic views ... Article 18.2 bars coercion that would impair the right to have or adopt a religion or belief, including the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers to adhere to their religious beliefs and congregations, to recant their religion or belief ''or to convert''." (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4, General Comment No. 22.; emphasis added)

Some countries distinguish voluntary, motivated conversion from organized proselytism, attempting to restrict the latter. The boundary between them is not easily defined: what one person considers legitimate evangelizing, or witness-bearing, another may consider intrusive and improper. Illustrating the problems that can arise from such subjective viewpoints is this extract from an article by C. Davis, published in [[Cleveland State University]]'s ''Journal of Law and Health'': "According to the [[Union of American Hebrew Congregations]], [[Jews for Jesus]] and [[Hebrew Christians]] constitute two of the most dangerous cults, and its members are appropriate candidates for [[deprogramming]]. Anti-cult evangelicals ... protest that 'aggressiveness and proselytizing ... are basic to authentic Christianity,' and that Jews for Jesus and [[Campus Crusade for Christ]] are not to be labeled as cults. Furthermore, certain [[Hassidic]] groups who physically attacked a meeting of the Hebrew Christian 'cult' have themselves been labeled a 'cult' and equated with the followers of [[Reverend Moon]], by none other than the President of the Central Conference of American Rabbis."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/cult_art.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980512053611/http://religioustolerance.org/cult_art.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 12, 1998|title=Joining a Cult: Religious Choice or Psychological Aberration?|website=www.religioustolerance.org}}</ref>

Since the collapse of the former [[Soviet Union]] the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] has enjoyed a revival. However, it takes exception to what it considers illegitimate proselytizing by the [[Roman Catholic Church]], the [[Salvation Army]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and other religious movements in what it refers to as its ''canonical territory''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Greece has a long history of conflict, mostly with Jehovah's Witnesses, but also with some [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]], over its laws on proselytism. This situation stems from a law passed in the 1930s by the dictator [[Ioannis Metaxas]]. A Jehovah's Witness, [[Minos Kokkinakis]], won the equivalent of $14,400 in damages from the Greek state after being arrested for trying to preach his faith from door to door. In another case, ''Larissis v. Greece'', a member of the Pentecostal church also won a case in the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice and reforms after airmen were given criminal convictions for their religious activities |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/impact-convention-human-rights/-/justice-and-reforms-after-airmen-were-given-criminal-convictions-for-their-religious-activities |website=Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Apostasy]], or renunciation of religion
* [[Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons]]{{Importance inline}}
* [[Forced conversion of minority girls in Pakistan]]
* [[Inquisition]]
* [[Islamic Missionary Activity]]
* [[Kakure Kirishitan]]
* [[List of converts to Buddhism]]
* [[List of converts to Catholicism]]
* [[List of converts to Christianity]]
* [[List of converts to Hinduism]]
* [[List of converts to Islam]]
* [[List of converts to Judaism]]
* [[List of converts to Sikhism]]
* [[Love Jihad]], a conspiracy theory that Muslims feign love to convert others
* [[Missionary]]
* [[Missionary (LDS Church)]]
* [[Moral conversion]] based on the ''internalist'' view of morality
* [[Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults]]
* [[Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism]]
* ''[[The Rage Against God]]'', 2010 book by Peter Hitchens
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Eileen Barker|Barker, Eileen]] ''[[The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing?]]'' (1984)
* Barrett, D. V. ''The New Believers: A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions'' (2001) UK, Cassell & Co {{ISBN|0-304-35592-5}}
* Buckser, A. S. and S. D. Glazier. eds. ''The Anthropology of Religious Conversion'' Rowman and Littlefield, 2003
* Cooper, Richard S. "The Assessment and Collection of Kharaj Tax in Medieval Egypt" ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 96, No. 3. (Jul–Sep., 1976), pp. 365–382.
* Curtin, Phillip D. ''Cross-Cultural Trade in World History''. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
* Das, Bhagwan. ''[[The Psychology of Conversion]]''. Theosophical Publishing House, 1917.
* Hoiberg, Dale, and Indu Ramachandran. ''Students' Britannica India''. Popular Prakashan, 2000.
* Idris, Gaefar, ''Sheikh''. ''The Process of Islamization''. Plainfield, Ind.: Muslim Students' Association of the U.S. and Canada, 1977. vi, 20 p. Without ISBN
* James, William, [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/621 The varieties of religious experience: a study in human nature]. Being the Gifford lectures on natural religion delivered at Edinburgh in 1901–1902; Longmans, Green & Co, New York (1902)
* Morris, Harold C., and Lin M. Morris. "Power and purpose: Correlates to conversion." Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, Vol 15(4), Nov–Dec 1978, 15–22.
* Rambo, Lewis R. ''Understanding Religious Conversion''. Yale University Press, 1993.
* Rambo, Lewis R., & Farhadian, Charles. ''Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion''. Oxford University Press, 2014.
* Ramstedt, Martin. ''Hinduism in Modern Indonesia: A Minority Religion Between Local, National, and Global Interests''. Routledge, 2004.
* Rawat, Ajay S. ''StudentMan and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai''. Indus Publishing, 1993.
* {{Citation
|last=Vasu
|first=Srisa Chandra
|author-link= Srisa Chandra Vasu
|year=1919
|title=The Catechism Of Hindu Dharma
|place=New York
|publisher= Kessinger Publishing, LLC
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Jain
|first1=Vijay K.
|title=Tattvârthsûtra
|year=2011
|publisher=Vikalp Printers
|location=(Uttarakhand) India
|isbn=978-81-903639-2-1
|edition=1st
|url=https://archive.org/details/AcharyaUmasvamisTattvarthsutra
|quote=Non-Copyright}}
* {{citation
|last=Sangave
|first=Vilas Adinath
|title=Aspects of Jaina religion
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhvGRoyAqMC
|edition=3rd
|year=2001
|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith
|isbn=81-263-0626-2}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|convert}}
* {{wikiquote-inline|religious conversion}}
* [https://www.berfrois.com/2011/10/craig-harline-conversion/ "Conversion: A Family Affair"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128105509/https://www.berfrois.com/2011/10/craig-harline-conversion/ |date=2023-01-28 }}, Craig Harline, ''[http://www.berfrois.com/ Berfrois]'', 4 October 2011

{{Lists of converts}}
{{Religion topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Religious conversion}}
[[Category:Religious conversion| ]]

Kutraleeshwaran

2025-11-25T06:31:11Z

EverettJat: adding first info added tags!

{{short description|Indian swimmer}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kutraleeshwaran
| image = Kutral.jpg
| occupation = President and Managing Partner
| organization = Heading venture capital arm of a multi asset investment fund
| spouse = Brindha Ananthan
| awards = [[Guinness World Record]] [[Arjuna Award]]
| birth_date = 8 Nov 1981
| birth_place = [[Erode, Tamil Nadu]], India
| native_name = குற்றாலீஸ்வரன்
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_names = Kutral
}}
'''Kutraleeshwaran Ramesh''' (born 8 November 1981), popularly known as '''Kutraleeshwaran''' or '''Kutral''', is an Indian swimmer and the founder of '''Kutraleeshwaran Sports Foundation''' which aims to help Indian sportspersons who are suffering financially.

A winner of the prestigious Arjuna award for sportspersons from Indian government, he also entered the Guinness Book of World records when he was just 13 years old, by swimming across six channels in a single calendar year, a feat which was never achieved by anyone else till date.

Currently, he runs a foundation named Kutraleeshwaran Sports Foundation to help Indian sportspersons who are suffering financially to spend for their sporting activities.

==Personal life==

Kutral was born in [[Erode]], Tamil Nadu. He is the second born child to Ramesh, an advocate at the [[Madras High Court]] and his wife Sivakami, a homemaker. His family moved to Chennai when he was one month old. He married Brindha Ananthan.

==Swimming==
He began to swim at the age of 4 to 5, when he was let to swim in a big well in his native village, aided by a dry bottle guard, which was used as a swimming ring. His enthusiasm and interest in swimming amazed his parents, who enrolled him for swimming classes during his summer vacation. Seeing Kutral learn all four strokes in around a week, his coach was impressed. He advised Kutral's parents to continue the coaching post the vacations, which his parents adhered to, seeding his swimming career much early in his life.

His first major participation in a swimming event was at the age of seven, in a district-level swimming contest known as the "Ribbon Meet" conducted in Chennai. It was called a ribbon meet, because the top six of the eight district-level finalists won ribbons as prizes. In that contest, he won sixth position and a ribbon. He took part in many district and state-level contests. At the age of ten (in 1991), he took part in 5 km swimming competition in the sea. Despite being the youngest participant, he placed fourth.

=== Crossing the Palk Strait===

In 1994, his next swimming expedition was to surpass [[Mihir Sen]]'s record of completing five channels in a calendar year, a record that was unbroken for over 30 years. He first swam across the [[Palk Strait]] (Ram Setu), which lies between Tamil Nadu, India and Sri Lanka in April 1994 at the age of 12.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19940515-12-year-old-kutraleeshwaran-swims-across-palk-strait-in-16-hours-809156-1994-05-14|title=12-year-old Kutraleeshwaran swims across Palk Strait in 16 hours|date=15 May 1994 }}</ref>

===Swimming across the English Channel===

After completing Palk strait, he went on to cross the English Channel on 15 August 1994. Notably, 15 August is the Independence day of India and he started swimming at 6AM UK time on this day in UK and reached French shore on the same evening.

===Four more channels to Guinness===

He swam across the Rottnest Channel in Australia, the Straits of Messina at Italy, and the Zannone Circeo at Italy. Finally, he crossed the Ten Degree Channel on 30 December 1994. Thus, he swam across the six channels, all during the calendar year 1994, and his feat was included in the Guinness Book of World Records.

===International competitions===
After setting the stage and proving his mettle as a marathon swimmer by swimming across various straits, he started taking part in swimming competitions all over the world.

Between 1995 and 1998, he was the only participant from Asia of the 25 swimmers selected from across the world for the World Series in Swimming. He represented India in more than six competitions around the world and won medals for India, which includes a first prize in Switzerland.

==Financial support from the government==
The Tamil Nadu State government sponsored and provided holistic support for his entire Guinness record contributing swims (1994). The Indian Government sponsored one of his International competitions (1995). Notably, he managed these feats in parallel with his elementary and higher secondary education.

==Arjuna Award==

He was awarded the Arjuna Award by the Indian Government for bringing laurels to the country and for the Guinness record in 1996. Being recipient of this award at 14 years, he became (and is still) the youngest person to have received this award.

[[File:Kutraleeswaran receiving Arjuna Award.jpg|thumb|Kutraleeshwaran receiving Arjuna Award from the President of India]]

Among other recipients of the award in the same year was the famous cricketer '''Javagal Srinath'''.

==Early retirement from swimming==

In the early and middle 1990s, when he was into full time swimming, private corporate sponsors for athletes were non-existent and managing the mounting expenses involved in participating in international events in individual capacity was challenging. Further, the situation in India for sportspersons (other than cricketers) was not as encouraging. It was very common to come across news on ex-athletes (including many champions) suffering in extreme poverty, doing daily wages for sustenance etc., which discouraged him to take up sports as the major career option. Therefore, he made a conscious decision to retire early from professional swimming in 1998 to take up education as his prime area of concentration.

==Education and career==

Kutral did his schooling in DAV, Gopalapuram, Chennai. The school was supportive to him as he pursued his passion of swimming and conducted extra classes for him when he missed classes owing to his involvement in sports.

He obtained a bachelor's degree in engineering from the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]]. He then went on to pursue his masters MS (Microelectonics) from the University of Texas in Dallas, Texas, USA. He then took up a career with Intel as a design engineer, which he later resigned from.

He pursued MBA from IIM, Bangalore, which he again had to quit midway after around two months, as he was admitted for MBA from Sloan Institute of Management in Massachusetts, USA. He completed his MBA and moved in as an Investment Banker with Barclays and later switched to Citibank where he became Vice President, Corporate & Investment Bank. Despite his success, he left Citi abruptly to join the venture capital business at FlowCapital.

Currently, he lives in Texas, USA where he heads the Venture Capital arm of a multi asset investment fund.

==Sports foundation==

Further, he launched a foundation named 'Kutraleeshwaran sports foundation' with the mission statement of "Establish sports as truly rewarding opportunity, for athletes, corporates, foundations, government, public and India". In his own words cited below, he expressed heartfelt ecstasy at establishing the foundation<blockquote>''"As a former athlete who had to give up sports owing to the lack of financial support, this small aspirational step towards changing the status quo, is extremely close to my heart."''</blockquote>The objective of the foundation is to provide financial support to aspiring sportspersons on one side and give some financial support to yesteryear sport champions from India who are needful of financial support. The ultimate objective is to encourage the number of people who take up sports as a career option, by providing them better assurance financially and better support morally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/former-swimmer-kutraleeshwaran-plans-to-nurture-sporting-talent/article36175645.ece|title = Why Kutraleeshwaran gave up swimming, and how he's giving back now|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 30 August 2021|last1 = Ramanujam|first1 = Srinivasa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/videos/sports/kutraleeswaran-speech-15017|title = Kutraleeswaran Speech | இதுதான் சரியான தருணம்.. உதயநிதி முன்னிலையில் குற்றாலீஸ்வரன் பேச்சு|date = 30 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:English Channel swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian male swimmers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swimmers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Matak Autonomous Council

2025-09-16T14:13:15Z

EverettJat: refined layout further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Administrative division of India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Matak Autonomous Council
| house_type = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]
| body =
| houses =
| coa_pic = Matak Autonomous Council logo.png
| leader1_type = Chief Executive Member
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| meeting_place = Chring Gaon
| website =
}}
'''The Matak Autonomous Council''' is an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous administrative division of India]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]], for development and protection of ethnic [[Moamoria|Matak people]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Notification | newspaper=The Assam Gazette | url=https://legislative.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/legislative_medhassu_in_oid_3/menu/document/the_matak_autonomous_council_act_2020.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813010700/https://legislative.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/legislative_medhassu_in_oid_3/menu/document/the_matak_autonomous_council_act_2020.pdf | archive-date=2022-08-13}}</ref> It was formed in 2020.<ref name="wire">{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/government/assam-assembly-passes-bills-to-create-three-separate-autonomous-councils|title=Assam Assembly Passes Bills To Create Three Separate Autonomous Councils|newspaper=The wire|date=4 September 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>

==Description==
The Matak people are indigenous people living primarily in the [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]] and [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]] districts of Assam. According to the unofficial estimates, there are about seven hundred thousand Matak people in Assam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/990118/assams-small-ethnic-groups-dumped-bjp-over-caa-the-party-wooed-them-back-not-just-for-elections|title=Assam's small ethnic groups dumped BJP over CAA. The party wooed them back – not just for elections|newspaper=Scroll|author=Arunabh Saikia|date=24 March 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> The Matak Autonomous Council Bill 2020 was tabled in [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] on 24 March 2020 and it was passed in September 2020 without any objection from the opposition parties.<ref name="wire"/>

==Administration==
The Matak Autonomous Council consists of 25 members. 22 of these members are elected directly and three members are nominated by the Governor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/formation-of-3-autonomous-councils-dispur-in-dilemma-507773|title=Formation of 3 autonomous councils: Dispur in dilemma|newspaper=Sentinelassam|date=20 October 2020|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>

In January 2021, the Assam State Government said it would constitute interim councils for Matak Autonomous Council as elections to the autonomous council could not be completed before the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-government-to-form-four-interim-councils-soon|title=Assam Government To Form Four Interim Councils Soon|newspaper=Sentinelassam|date=9 January 2021|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Moamoria|Matak]]
*[[Moran Autonomous Council]]
* [[Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}

[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:Local government in Assam]]

Barrackpore I

2025-08-09T20:44:35Z

EverettJat: refine references after review

{{other uses|Barrackpore (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barrackpore I
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Barrackpore-I in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.909981|N|88.446007|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 95.44
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 194,333
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 151,719 (85.91%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743145 (Kanchrapara)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 033
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Naihati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naihati]], [[Jagatdal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatdal]], [[Bijpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijpur]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Barrackpore I''' (also spelled Barrackpur I) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Barrackpore subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[Jetia]], a census town in Barrackpore I block, is located at {{coord|22.909981|N|88.446007|E|format=dms}}.

Barrackpore I CD Block is bounded by [[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]] CD Block in Nadia district in the north, [[Amdanga]] CD Block in the east, [[Barrackpore II]] CD Block in the south and [[Balagarh (community development block)|Balagarh]] and [[Chinsurah-Mogra (community development block)|Chinsurah-Mogra]] CD Blocks in Hooghly district, across the [[Hooghly River]], in the west. The Barrackpore industrial belt includes municipalities such as [[Kanchrapara]], [[Halisahar]], [[Naihati]], [[Bhatpara]], [[Garulia]] and [[Barrackpore|North Barracpore]] is also in the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery# | title = North 24 Parganas District | work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks | publisher = North 24 Parganas district administration | access-date = 10 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211214/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery | archive-date = 9 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hooghly.gov.in/map.htm| title = Hooghly District| work = Map| publisher = Hooghly district administration| access-date = 10 March 2016| archive-date = 16 May 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160516062503/http://www.hooghly.gov.in/map.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Barrackpore I CD Block is part of the North Hooghly Flat, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It is a raised [[alluvium]] area along the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], which forms the western boundary of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

Barrackpore I CD Block has an area of 95.44 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 120 gram sansads (village councils), 39 [[mouza]]s and 38 inhabited villages, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas. [[Naihati#Police station|Naihati]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Panpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Barrackpore I block/ panchayat samiti are: [[Jetia]], Kowgachi I, [[Palashi, North 24 Parganas|Majhipara–Palashi]], [[Panpur|Panpur–Keutia]], Kampa–Chakla, Kowgachi II, Mamudpur and Shibdaspur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = North Twentfour Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Barrackpur I CD Block had a total population of 194,333, of which 94,278 were rural and 100,055 were urban. There were 99,434 (51%) males and 94,899 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 17,724. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 55,962 (28.80%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 7,405 (3.81%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Barrackpore I block has a total population of 157,018 out of which 81,158 were males and 75,860 were females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |access-date=2010-10-25 |work=North Twenty Four Parganas District (11) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

There are several [[census towns]] in Barrackpore I CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Palladaha]] (5,994), [[Palashi, North 24 Parganas|Palashi]] (6,748), [[Nagdaha, India|Nagdaha]] (8,192), [[Jetia]] (6,349), [[Balibhara]] (8,529), [[Dogachhia, West Bengal|Dogachhia]] (5,705), [[Garshyamnagar]] (7,611), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (10,819), [[Kaugachhi]] (17,001), [[Paltapara]] (6,408) and [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (5,219).<ref name=census2011/>

Outgrowths (2011 census figures in brackets): Scotribati (Ward No. 25) (2,099), Chakla (Ward No. 26) (3,668), Nanna (Ward No. 27) (3,464) and [[Panpur]] (Ward No. 36) (2,257).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages in Barrackpore I CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kanpa (4,451), Mamudpur (15,190), Rambati (4,919), Keutia (4,919) and Hansia (4,107).<ref name=census2011/>

North 24 Parganas district is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees from East Pakistan]] (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km2 in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km2 in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Intro P 6| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, “High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in the district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=250
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 0,0,-24.31,16.43
|y2 = 31.4,31.7,22.7,12.0
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.84,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Barrackpore I CD Block
|y2Title=North 24 Parganas district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}

The decadal growth of population in Barrackpore I CD Block in 2001-2011 was 16.43%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 52 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Barrackpore I CD Block in 1991-2001 was -24.31%. Decadal growth of population during 1991-2001 was 25.92% in Kanchrapara municipality, 62.25% in Naihati municipality and 45.07% in Bhatpara municipality.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 2019-01-21 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951-61, 34.5% in 1961-71, 31.4% in 1971-81, 31.7% in 1981-91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 45 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals. et al.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension | title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension | first = Abhinandan | last = Mishra | publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 29 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180429223205/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html | title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border| publisher = Aljazeera | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Barrackpore I CD Block was 151,719 (85.91% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 81,306 (89.98% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 70,413 (81.64% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 8.35%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of North 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Barrackpur I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|14.46}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|blue|0.58}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.58}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 154,292 and formed 84.38% of the population in Barrackpur I CD Block. Muslims numbered 26,443 and formed 14.46% of the population. Others numbered 2,110 and formed 1.16% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 1981 Hindus numbered 133,647 and formed 79.18% of the population and Muslims numbered 33,444 and formed 20.56% of the population in Barrackpur I CD Block. In 1981 Hindus numbered 113,755 and formed 76.76% of the population and Muslims numbered 34,003 and formed 22.94% of the population in Barrackpur II CD Block. In 1991 Hindus numbered 39,880 and formed 86.10% of the population and Muslims numbered 61,462 and formed 13.27% of the population in Barrackpur I and Barrackpur II CD Blocks taken together. (In 1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station.) In 2001, Hindus numbered 134,100 (85.39%) and Muslims 21,212 (13.51%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District | work = Handbook 2004 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | archive-date = 20 July 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{See also|North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Barrackpur I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 90.26 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 6.51 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 1.76 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.47 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 90.26% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 6.51% [[Hindi]] and 1.76% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
18.46% of households in Barrackpore I CD Block lived [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2001, against an average of 29.28% in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Barrackpore I CD Block'''
|value1 = 6.07
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 14.23
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 4.43
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 75.27
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Barrackpore I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 3,867 and formed 6.07% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 9,062 and formed 14.23%, household industry workers numbered 2,822 and formed 4.43% and other workers numbered 47,948 and formed 75.27%. Total workers numbered 63,699 and formed 34.84% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 119,146 and formed 65.16% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 84, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2011}}</ref>

In more than 30 percent of the villages in North 24 Parganas, agriculture or household industry is no longer the major source of livelihood for the main workers there. The CD Blocks in the district can be classified as belonging to three categories: border areas, Sundarbans area and other rural areas. The percentage of other workers in the other rural areas category is considerably higher than those in the border areas and Sundarbans area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 27-28| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 38 inhabited villages in Barrackpore I CD Block, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 11 villages (28.95%) have post offices. 36 villages (94.74%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 16 villages (42.11%) have a pucca approach road and 16 villages (42.11%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (7.89%) have agricultural credit societies and 1 village (2.63% ) has a bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nort 24 Parganas district, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 103-104, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The North 24 Parganas district [[Human Development Report]] opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. With a high urbanisation of 54.3% in 2001, the land use pattern in the district is changing quite fast and the area under cultivation is declining. However, agriculture is still the major source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 66, 195| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

From 1977 on wards major [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2010-11, persons engaged in agriculture in Barrackpore I CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 812 (4.51%), patta (document) holders 1,296 (7.19%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 895 (4.97%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 6,310 (35.01%) and agricultural labourers 8,709 (48.32%).<ref name=handbook2010-2011>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 (arranged in order of use) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
Barrackpore I CD Block had 73 fertiliser depots, 35 seed stores and 55 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2010-11.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, Barrackpore I CD Block produced 5,042 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 2,013 hectares, 6,562 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2,247 hectares and 3,794 tonnes of jute from 222 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, the total area irrigated in Barrackpore I CD Block was 304 hectares, all of which were irrigated by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Pisciculture===
In 2010-11, the net area under effective pisciculture in Barrackpore I CD Block was 1,806.30 hectares. 12,554 persons were engaged in the profession. Approximate annual production was 54,189 quintals.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Banking===
In 2010-11, Barrackpore I CD Block had offices of 11 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

==Transport==
Both the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|SH 1]] (between Shyambazar and Barrackpore it is also known as [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]]) and the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]] pass through the adjoining urban area. Some local roads pass through the CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barrackpur I CD Block, Page 364, also showing the adjoining urban area | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2010-11, Barrackpore I CD Block had 67 primary schools with 6,449 students, 3 middle schools with 365 students, 11 high schools with 6,210 students and 3 higher secondary schools with 3,686 students. Barrackpore I CD Block had 4 professional/ technical institutions with 150 students and 267 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,051 students.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

As per the 2011 census, in Barrackpore I CD Block, amongst the 38 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 19 villages had more than 1 primary school, 15 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 13 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 717, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, Barrackpore I CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 1 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], with total 15 beds and 2 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 34 family welfare subcentres. 118 patients were treated indoors and 47,283 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in North 24 Parganas district]]

Fatesinh Chauhan

2025-08-02T00:24:19Z

EverettJat: added pg!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Fatesinh Chauhan''' (born 1963)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fatesinh Vakhatsinh Chauhan(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KALOL-PANCHMAHALS(PANCHMAHALS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6114 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Kalol Assembly constituency in [[Panchmahal district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Gujarat kalol Election Results, Gujarat Elections 2022 Vote Counting LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-kalol-constituency-127.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chauhan is from [[Kalol, Gandhinagar|Kalol]], Panchmahal district, Gujarat. He is the son of Vakhatsinh Chauhan. He studied Class 10 at Nutan High School, Gundi, [[Goghamba|Ghoghamba]] and passed the examination in 1980. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chauhan won from [[Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winning candidates of BJP, Congress - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-full-list-of-winning-candidates-from-bjp-congress-aap-15361691.htm |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He polled 141,686 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Prabhatsinh Chauhan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 115,679 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06127.htm?ac=127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205170620/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06127.htm?ac=127 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalol Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Fatesinh Vakhatsinh Chauhan Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/kalol-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-2-6562909.html |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalol Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Kalol constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/kalol-127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202222047/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/kalol-127 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Fatesinh}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Panchmahal district]]

Chandranagar

2025-03-04T01:58:51Z

EverettJat: further cleanup references based on references and corrected details per standard format

'''Chandranagar''' may refer to the following places:
* [[Chandranagar, Palakkad]] district, Kerala
* [[Chandranagar, Dahanu]], Maharashtra
* Chandranagar, Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh
* Chandranagar, Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra
* Chandranagar, Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Chandranagar Rural Municipality]], Sarlahi District, Nepal
* [[Chandernagore]], West Bengal; now known as Chandannagar

{{geodis}}

Padikasu Nathar Temple

2024-04-28T22:54:37Z

EverettJat: created a location initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Padikasu Nathar Temple
| image = Azhagaputhur1.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|55|48.92|N|79|25|46.26|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Alagaputhur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Padikasu Nathar ([[Shiva]])
Soundaranayagi ([[Parvathi]])

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Cholas|Thanjavur Cholas]]
| website =
}}

'''Padikasu Nathar Temple''' (also called '''Swarnapureeswarar Temple''') is a [[Hindu temple]] located at [[Azhagaputhur]], a village in the [[Thanjavur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. [[Shiva]] is worshiped as Padikasunathar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Soundaranayagi. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0162.pdf
|title=Campantar Tevaram -2
|work=Projectmadurai.org
|accessdate=16 July 2011
}}</ref> The 8th century ''Saiva'' saint poet [[Sundarar]] has sung praise about the temple in his works.

The temple is associated with [[Pugazh Thunai Nayanar|Pugalthunai Nayanar]], one of the 63 [[Nayanmars]], whose birth place was Alagaputhur. There are various inscriptions associated with the temple indicating contributions from [[Cholas]]. The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to Thanjavur Nayaks during the 16th century.

The temple is built in [[Dravidian architecture]] with a three-storied ''[[gopuram]]'', the gateway tower. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Padikasunathar and Soundaranayagi being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls and two precincts. The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 6:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., and two yearly festivals on its calendar.

== Legend ==
[[File:Alagaputturpadikkasunathartemple2.jpg|thumb|left|250x250px|[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]] of the presiding deity]]
Praises of the temple have been sung in the ''[[Thevaram]]''. Alagaputhur is the birthplace of [[Pugazh Thunai Nayanar|
Pugalthunai Nayanar]], one of the 63 [[Nayanmars]].<ref name="Sridhar">{{cite book|title=Kumbakonam Azhaikkirathu|isbn=9788183682244|page=37|publisher=New Horizon Media|year=2007|last=Sharma|first=Sridhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0HOpzd4-cwC&q=kumbakonam+azhaikkirathu}}</ref> As per legend, Pugazh Thunai was a poor farmer, but a staunch devotee of Shiva, used to bring pots of water for the ablution of the presiding deity of the temple. During a year, there was heavy
famine in the region and people were suffering. Pugazh Thunai still continued his service of offering water. On account of his old age and senility, he feel sick and fell over the image of the presiding deity. He prayed to Shiva to relieve the people off the suffering. Shiva was pleased by his devotion and started offering a coin (called ''padikasu'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) daily on account of which both the saint and the region were relieved. He continued his service and Shiva considered him one among the 63 nayanmars on account of his unflinching devotion.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==History==
The temple finds mention in historical records as a Maadakoil built by [[Kochengat Chola]]. An inscription on the northern wall of the central shrine (ARE 283 of 1908) that the temple was built by Pullai Sattan Karivelar Gandaradittan alias Mummadi-Solvarayyar and offered lands to the temple. An inscription (ARE 283 of 1908) dated to the 22nd regnal year of [[Rajaraja I]] indicates a gift of land to the temple by Tirupattur Mahadevar. Another inscription (ARE 283 of 1908) from the 28th regnal year indicates gift of lamps to the temple. The record (ARE 289 of 1908) of building the shrine of Suryadevar and a gift of land was made during the fourth regnal year of [[Rajendra I]]. The temple was reconstructed using stone during the period of Rajaraja, but was seemingly rebuilt during the start of 20th century.<ref name=ASI>{{cite book|title=Middle Chola temples Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/62202.pdf|pages=94–96|isbn=978-9060236079}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Padikasu Nathar Temple is located in the village of Alagaputhur which is situated at a distance of 6 kilometres from [[Kumbakonam]] on the way to [[Tiruvarur]] in [[Thanjavur district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Volume 9, Issue 2 of Census of India, 1961 | publisher=Manager of Publications | author=India. Office of the Registrar General | year=1966 | pages=34}}</ref> There are shrines to Shiva, [[Vishnu]] and [[Murugan]].<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=116–7}}</ref> The idol of Shiva is a ''swayambhumurthy''. There are images of Surya and Chandra close to entrance tower indicating the legend that both of them worshiped Shiva at this place. The temple has two precincts and all the shrines are enclosed in concentric granite walls. The temple is approached through a three tiered gateway tower on the eastern side. The sanctum is located axial to the gateway tower and the flagstaff located ahead of the entrance tower. The presiding deity in the form of [[lingam]] is housed in the sanctum. The shrine of the consort is located in a south facing shrine close to the sanctum. The image of Sundarar and Paravai Nachiyar is housed in the hall leading to the sanctum.<ref name=R/>
{{wide image|Padikasunathar pano1.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of Padikasu Nathar temple.}}

==Worship and festivals==
[[File:Azhagaputhur5.JPG|250px|thumb|Shrines inside the temple]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 p.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Mahalingeswarar and Pirguchuntaragujambigai. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The most prominent festival of the temple, Maasimagam, is celebrated for ten days during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Maasi'' (February - March).<ref name="R"/><ref name="dinamalar"/> The festival deity of Padikasunathar and his consort [[Parikrama|circumambulate the temple]] and the streets in the village in different vehicles. The other festivals in the temple are Nayanmar Guru Puja and Asesha Ayilya<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Padikasu Nathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=346|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

==In literature==
It is one of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saints [[Tirunavukkarasar]] and [[Campantar|Thirugnana Sambandar]]. The temple is revered in the verses of ''Tevaram'', the 7th century saivite canonical work by the three saint poets namely, [[Appar]], [[Sampantar]] and [[Sundarar]]. Appar has glorified the temple in five, Sundarar in one and Sambandar in six verses.<ref name=R/> There are nine holes in front of the presiding deity in the sanctum indicating that the planets come in the form of [[Vayu]]. Unlike other temples where [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] face east, but in this temple, they face each other. It is believed that the temple priests are heirs of Pugazhthunai Nayanar. As a worship practice, devotees places two coins at the pedestal of the presiding deity and take one back as a talisman.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Padikasu Nathar Temple}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Maadakkoil]]

Minicoy Island

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#REDIRECT [[Minicoy]]

Chandra Tal

2024-04-10T20:59:16Z

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#REDIRECT [[Chandra Taal]]

Baahubali: Music from the Motion Picture

2024-04-08T07:46:41Z

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#REDIRECT [[Baahubali (franchise)#Music]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Film scores]]
[[Category:Baahubali (franchise)]]