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Indian Institutes of Management

2026-05-08T21:12:17Z

Eurotechconseil: reworked information for accuracy and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Group of 22 management institutes in India}}
{{Redirect-multi|3|IIM|Iim|IIMs|other uses|IIM (disambiguation)|and|Iim (biblical city)|and|IIMS (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institutes of Management
| image =
| other_name = IIM or IIMs (singular)
| type = [[Business school|Public Business School]]
| established = {{start date and age|1961}}
| parent = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|251.89|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2025–26 est.)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 26, Department of Higher Education, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=Indiabudget.gov.in |pages=350 |language=en |publication-place=[[New Delhi]] |publication-date=1 Feb 2025}}</ref>
| city =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website =
| location = 22 cities in India
}}
{{location map+|India3
|AlternativeMap=|float=right|width=380
|caption=Location of the functioning (green) IIMs.
|places=
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Mumbai|Mumbai]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=19.07|long=72.80}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=23.03|long=72.58}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Bangalore]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=12.58|long=77.35}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Indore|Indore]]'''|mark=green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.42|long=75.64}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|Calcutta]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.33|long=88.20}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|Kozhikode]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=11.25|long=75.77}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|Lucknow]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=26.50|long=80.50}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|Shillong]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=25.57|long=91.88}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi|Ranchi]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.35|long=85.33}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|Rohtak]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=28.90|long=76.57}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Raipur|Raipur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=22.23|long=82.63}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirappalli]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=10.81|long=78.69}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Kashipur|Kashipur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=29.22|long=78.95}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Udaipur|Udaipur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=24.83|long=73.5}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Nagpur|Nagpur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=21.15|long=79.09}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur|Sirmaur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=30.55|long=77.3}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Amritsar|Amritsar]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=left|lat=31.6|long=74.86}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya|Bodh Gaya]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=24.69|long=84.99}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur|Sambalpur]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=21.47|long=83.97}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=17.727842|long=83.322640}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Jammu|Jammu]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right|lat=32.73|long=74.87}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Indian Institute of Management Guwahati|Guwahati]]'''|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=top|lat=26.14|long=91.73}}
}}

The '''Indian Institutes of Management''' ('''IIMs''') are [[Centrally Funded Technical Institutes|Centrally Funded]] [[Business School]]s for [[management education|management]] offering [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]], [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]], [[Doctorate|doctoral]] and [[Executive Education|executive]] programmes along with some additional courses in the field of [[Business Administration|business administration]]. The establishment of IIMs was initiated by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[prime minister of India]], based on the recommendation of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] of India.<ref name="ReviewCommittee_Report">{{cite web |url=http://www.education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |title=Report of IIM Review Committee |author1=RC Bhargava |author2=Ajit Balakrishnan |author3=Anusua Basu |author4=Ram S. Tarneja |author5=Ashok Thakur |access-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Education]], Government of India |date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173642/http://education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="TBNT_PR">{{cite web |url=http://www.liberalsindia.com/update/PressRelease9.php/ |title='Thanks but No Thanks' – IIM Ahmedabad's Pioneeri0.52ng Decision |website=www.liberalsindia.com |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415005650/http://www.liberalsindia.com/update/PressRelease9.php/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

IIMs were declared [[Institution of National Importance|institutions of national importance]] by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMs Will Be Institutes Of National Importance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iims-will-be-institutes-of-national-importance-1652370 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> after the passage of [[Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017]]. By this act, IIMs were given more autonomy in handling their day-to-day operations. The act changed the IIM governing body from the IIM council to an IIM coordination forum. IIMs were granted much leeway to decide their courses, fees and other related matters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/autonomy-on-the-way-as-iim-rules-finalised/articleshow/65380632.cms?from=mdr|title=Autonomy on the way as IIM rules finalised|last=Vishnoi|first=Anubhuti|date=2018-08-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-04-12|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/autonomy-on-the-way-as-iim-rules-finalised/articleshow/65380632.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Top IIMs — such as IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore, IIM Calcutta, IIM Indore , IIM Kozhikode and IIM Lucknow — have featured in top 100 global b-schools by FT MBA Ranking,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ghosh
| first = Sanchari
| date = 13 February 2023
| title = 6 Indian B-schools find place in FT MBA global school ranking. Check full list
| url = https://www.livemint.com/news/6-indian-b-schools-find-place-in-ft-mba-global-school-ranking-check-full-list-11676284705892.html
| work = Mint
| access-date = 27 November 2023
}}</ref> as well as achieved top 10 rankings among management schools in India, according to the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) used by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|HRD minister]] of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top MBA Colleges in India |url=https://indianlive.in/top-mba-colleges-in-india/ |website=Indian Live |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703230922/https://indianlive.in/top-mba-colleges-in-india/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The full time [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) programmes, are the flagship programs across all IIMs.<ref name="ET_IIM-C_Fees1">{{cite news|date=7 April 2008|title=IIM-C to retain first-year fees|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-07/news/27723969_1_iim-c-iim-calcutta-iim-review-committee|access-date=17 February 2012|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223431/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ToI_IIM-L_Seats1">{{cite news|date=9 January 2008|title=IIM-L to hike seats in PGP course|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-09/lucknow/27746823_1_iim-aspirants-iits-and-iims-pgp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615210748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-09/lucknow/27746823_1_iim-aspirants-iits-and-iims-pgp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="ToI_IIM-B_PGPReview1">{{cite news|date=28 October 2010|title=IIM-B to review PGP programme|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IIM-B-to-review-PGP-programme/articleshow/6831675.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615214358/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-28/bangalore/28239270_1_iim-b-board-iim-b-director-pankaj-chandra-pgp|url-status=live|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> The full time MBA degree is offered as a two-year Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP) or the one-year global MBA (EPGP, PGPX, MBAEx, PGPEX-VLM, PGP-BL & IPMX). Eight leading IIMs — IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore, IIM Calcutta, IIM Indore, IIM Mumbai, IIM Shillong, IIM Lucknow, and IIM Kozhikode — offer the one year MBA as a full-time programme that follows the global MBA norms. Some IIMs also offer a two-year part time (executive) MBA for graduates with more work experience.<ref name="BS_ExecutiveFullTimeMBA">{{cite news|author=Shikhar Mohan|date=28 April 2011|title=Don't mistake it for an Executive MBA|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/don-t-mistake-it-for-an-executive-mba-113010300043_1.html|access-date=17 February 2012|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223431/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/don-t-mistake-it-for-an-executive-mba-113010300043_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BS_PGPEX1">{{cite news|author=Vinay Umarji|date=28 April 2011|title=One-year MBA back with a bang at IIMs|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/one-year-mba-backa-bang-at-iims/433734/|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IIM Mumbai EMBA |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/pgpex/ |website=iimmumbai.ac.in |publisher=IIM Mumbai |access-date=23 January 2026 |ref=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/pgpex/}}</ref>

IIMs only offered diplomas at the end of the full time programmes However, since the passage of IIM Act 2017, all IIMs have started offering [[Master of Business Administration|Master of Business Administration (MBA)]]. Some IIMs offer the Fellow Programme in Management (FPM), a doctoral programme. The fellowship is considered to be equivalent to a [[Doctor of Business Administration|DBA]] globally.<ref name="NIC-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-me.asp |title=Management Education |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806190350/http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-me.asp |archive-date=6 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Most IIMs also offer short-term Executive MBA courses and part-time programmes. Some IIMs also offer unique programs, like [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya|IIM Bodh Gaya]], [[Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|IIM Rohtak]], [[Indian Institute of Management Indore|IIM Ranchi]] and [[Indian Institute of Management Indore|IIM Indore]]'s Five Year Integrated Programme in Management<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/five-year-integrated-programme-in-management-ipm/|title=Five Year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM) - भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore|work=भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore|access-date=2017-08-13|language=en-US|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223444/https://www.iimidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/five-year-integrated-programme-in-management-ipm/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|IIM Lucknow]]'s Working Managers' Programme of two years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiml.ac.in/?page_id=51|title=WMP : : IIML|website=www.iiml.ac.in|access-date=2017-08-13|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222639/http://www.iiml.ac.in/?page_id=51|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|IIM Rohtak]] is the only IIM which offers a Five Year Integrated Program in Law (BBA+LLB).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/en/programmes/ipl |title=Indian Institute of Management Rohtak - Integrated Programme in Management |website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in |access-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> The IIM's are some of the most competitive business schools in the world to get accepted into, with an acceptance rate of around 3%.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jun 18, 2015|title=IIM-L launches website of IIM-Sirmaur {{!}} Lucknow News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/iim-l-launches-website-of-iim-sirmaur/articleshow/47712919.cms|access-date=2021-05-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=How Many Students Get Selected in IIMs? IIM Seat Matrix 2025 |url=https://bschool.careers360.com/articles/how-many-students-get-selected-in-iim |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>

== Institutes ==
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|+ {{sronly|List of institutes}}
!Logo
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Photo
! scope="col" | Established<ref name="MHRD">{{cite web |title=Technical Education {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-3 |website=mhrd.gov.in |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063857/http://www.mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" | Institute
! scope="col" | Abbreviation
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | State/UT
! NIRF Ranking 2025 <ref>{{cite web |title=India Rankings 2025: Management |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |date=2025 |website=[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>
!Global Accreditation
! Website
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|
| [[File:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Auditorium.jpg|100x100px]]|| 1961
| [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]]|| IIM-C || [[Kolkata]]|| [[West Bengal]]
|7
|[[Triple accreditation]]-[[AACSB]], [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]], [[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]
|https://www.iimcal.ac.in
|{{efn|Indian Institute of Management Calcutta was the first IIM to be set up, in November 1961.<ref>{{cite web |title=About IIM Calcutta |url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/about |website=www.iimcal.ac.in |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223435/https://www.iimcal.ac.in/about |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, panorama.jpg|100x100px]]|| 1961
| [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]]|| IIM-A || [[Ahmedabad]]|| [[Gujarat]]
|1
|[[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]
|https://www.iima.ac.in
|| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad was the second IIM to be set up, on 16 December 1961.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anubhai |first1=Prafull |title=The IIMA story : the DNA of an institution |year=2011 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-8184001921}}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Entrance.jpg|100x100px]] || 1973
| [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|IIM Bangalore]] || IIM-B || [[Bengaluru]] || [[Karnataka]]
|2
|[[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]
|https://www.iimb.ac.in
||
|-
|
| [[File:Academic block II of IIM Lucknow.jpg|100x100px]]|| 1984
| [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|IIM Lucknow]]|| IIM-L || [[Lucknow]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|5
|[[Double accreditation]]-[[AACSB]], [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]
|https://www.iiml.ac.in
||
|-
|[[File:IIM Indore Logo.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
| [[File:IIM Indore pano.jpg|100x100px]]|| 1996
|[[Indian Institute of Management Indore|IIM Indore]]|| IIM-I || [[Indore]]|| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|8
|[[Triple accreditation]]-[[AACSB]], [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]], [[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]||https://www.iimidr.ac.in
|
|-
|
| [[File:IIM Kozhikode Aerial View s.jpg|100x100px]]|| 1996
| [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|IIM Kozhikode]]|| IIM-K || [[Kozhikode]]|| [[Kerala]]
|3
|[[Double accreditation]]-[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]], [[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]
|https://www.iimk.ac.in
|{{efn|Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode was established in 1996 and took its first batch of students in 1997.<ref name=growth>{{cite web |title=IIMK - Growth History |url=https://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/growthhistory.php?page=2 |website=www.iimk.ac.in |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223513/https://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/growthhistory.php?page=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:Indian Institute of Management, Shillong 2012.jpg|100x100px]]|| 2007
| [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|IIM Shillong]]|| IIM-S || [[Shillong]]|| [[Meghalaya]]
|38
|[[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]
|https://www.iimshillong.ac.in
|
|-
|
| [[File:IIM_Raipur.jpg|100x100px]]|| 2010
| [[Indian Institute of Management Raipur|IIM Raipur]]|| IIM-Raipur || [[Raipur]]|| [[Chhattisgarh]]
|15
|
|https://www.iimraipur.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Raipur, was inaugurated in October 2010.<ref name=MHRD/>}}
|-
|
| [[File:IIM Ranchi academic block.jpg|100x100px]]|| 2010
| [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi|IIM Ranchi]]|| IIM-Ranchi || [[Ranchi]]|| [[Jharkhand]]
|18
|[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]
||https://www.iimranchi.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Ranchi started operations on 6 July 2010.<ref name=MHRD/>}}
|-
|
| [[File:IIM Rohtak Academic Building.jpg|100x100px]]|| 2010
| [[Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|IIM Rohtak]]|| IIM-Rohtak || [[Rohtak]]|| [[Haryana]]
|19
|[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]
||https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Rohtak was inaugurated on 30 June 2010.<ref name=RothakDate>{{cite web |url=http://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/3373/IIM-Rohtak-starts-with-50-students |title=IIM Rohtak inaugurated; Tata Motor VC Ravi Kant to Chair |website=mbauniverse.com |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907035133/http://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/3373/IIM-Rohtak-starts-with-50-students |archive-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:IIM Kashipur Amphitheatre.jpg|alt=Independence day celebration at IIM Kashipur|100x100px]]|| 2011
| [[Indian Institute of Management Kashipur|IIM Kashipur]]|| IIM-Kashipur || [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]]|| [[Uttarakhand]]
|23
|
|https://www.iimkashipur.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Kashipur on 1 July 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/04/iim-kashipur-foundation-stone-laid-kapil-sibal/ |title=IIM Kashipur Foundation Stone Laid by Kapil Sibal |website=blog.careermitra.com |access-date=24 October 2011 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831194855/http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/04/iim-kashipur-foundation-stone-laid-kapil-sibal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli (24669650467).jpg|100x100px]]|| 2011
| [[Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli|IIM Tiruchirappalli]]|| IIM-T || [[Tiruchirappalli]]|| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|16
|[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]
|https://www.iimtrichy.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli was inaugurated in January 2011.<ref name=MHRD/>}}
|-
|
| [[File:IIMU-Campus-Image.jpg|frameless|99x99px]]
| 2011
| [[Indian Institute of Management Udaipur|IIM Udaipur]]|| IIM-U || [[Udaipur]]|| [[Rajasthan]]
|21
|[[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]
||https://iimu.ac.in/
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Udaipur started operation on 30 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIM-Udaipur's first session begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/IIM-Udaipurs-first-session-begins/articleshow/9428162.cms |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 July 2011 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/IIM-Udaipurs-first-session-begins/articleshow/9428162.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:Indian Institutes of Management Amritsar, Dec 2015.jpg|100x100px]]|| 2015
| [[Indian Institute of Management Amritsar|IIM Amritsar]]|| IIM Amritsar || [[Amritsar]]|| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|64
|
|https://www.iimamritsar.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Amritsar started operation on 7 August 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Usmeet |title=IIM Amritsar gets rolling with 50 students on board |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/iim-amritsar-gets-rolling-with-50-students-on-board/story-ygX3Znn8eZyCdg2BtsdSSJ.html |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 August 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/hpbose-10th-12th-exams-2021-himachal-pradesh-board-exams-to-begin-from-may-4/story-yfOpMagJadKfudZahstjfN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|[[File:IIMBG LOGO With Space.png|frameless|77x77px]]
| [[File:Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya, 2017.jpg|100x100px]] || 2015
| [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya|IIM Bodh Gaya]] || IIM-BG || [[Bodh Gaya]] || [[Bihar]]
|31
|
|https://www.iimbg.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya was inaugurated on 31 August 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=HRD minister inaugurates academic session at IIM-Bodh Gaya |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/hrd-minister-inaugurates-academic-session-at-iim-bodh-gaya-115083100686_1.html |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=[[Business Standard India]] |date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223438/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/hrd-minister-inaugurates-academic-session-at-iim-bodh-gaya-115083100686_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|
|[[File:IIM Nagpur-1500x900.jpg|100x100px|]] ||2015
| [[Indian Institute of Management Nagpur|IIM Nagpur]]||IIM-N||[[Nagpur]]|| [[Maharashtra]]
|
|
|https://www.iimnagpur.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Nagpur, the first of the six third generation IIMs, was inaugurated on 26 July 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Anumeha |title=Maharashtra's first IIM unveiled in Nagpur by CM Devendra Fadnavis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/maharashtras-first-iim-unveiled-in-nagpur-by-cm-devendra-fadnavis/articleshow/48230411.cms |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 July 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223435/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/maharashtras-first-iim-unveiled-in-nagpur-by-cm-devendra-fadnavis/articleshow/48230411.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:IIM Sambalpur academic building.jpg|100x100px]] || 2015
| [[Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur|IIM Sambalpur]]|| IIM Sambalpur || [[Sambalpur]]|| [[Odisha]]
|34
|
|https://www.iimsambalpur.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur started operation on 23 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIM-Sambalpur takes off with 49 students |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/iim-sambalpur-takes-off-with-49-students-115092300947_1.html |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=[[Business Standard India]] |date=24 September 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|
|[[File:IIM Sirmaur.jpg|99x99px]]|| 2015
| [[Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur|IIM Sirmaur]]|| IIM Sirmaur || [[Sirmaur district]]|| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|51
|
|http://www.iimsirmaur.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur started operations on 4 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalra |first1=Shalender |title=Classes for first post graduate batch at IIM Sirmour begins |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/classes-for-first-post-graduate-batch-at-iim-sirmour-begins/story-r7C5D7mcPyTNlzeAAJFIBJ.html |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 September 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/classes-for-first-post-graduate-batch-at-iim-sirmour-begins/story-r7C5D7mcPyTNlzeAAJFIBJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|
| [[File:IIM-Visakhapatnam 1-696x463.png|frameless|99x99px]]
| 2015
| [[Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam|IIM Visakhapatnam]]|| IIM-V || [[Visakhapatnam]]|| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 29
|[[Association of MBAs|BGA]]
|https://www.iimv.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam started operation on 21 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIM-Vizag to officially start sessions at AU today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/andhra-pradesh/IIM-Vizag-to-officially-start-sessions-at-AU-today/articleshow/49043938.cms |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=The Times of India |issue=21 September 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/andhra-pradesh/IIM-Vizag-to-officially-start-sessions-at-AU-today/articleshow/49043938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|
|[[File:Indian Institutes of Management Jammu, 2018.jpg|100x100px]]|| 2016
| [[Indian Institute of Management Jammu|IIM Jammu]]|| IIM-J ||[[Jammu]]|| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|35
|[[Double accreditation]]- [[Association of MBAs|BGA]], [[European Foundation for Management Development|EFMD]]
|https://www.iimj.ac.in
| {{efn|Indian Institute of Management Jammu started operation in November 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIM Srinagar: Find alternative if Narkara site not suitable; CS to Div Com |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2017/12/16/iim-srinagar-find-alternative-if-narkara-site-not-suitable-cs-to-div-com/ |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=[[Kashmir Reader]] |date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405073151/https://kashmirreader.com/2017/12/16/iim-srinagar-find-alternative-if-narkara-site-not-suitable-cs-to-div-com/ |archive-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
|
|[[File:Indian Institute of Management Mumbai, Academic Building, Dec. 2023.jpg|100x100px]]
|1963 (converted to IIM in 2023)
|[[Indian Institute of Management Mumbai|IIM Mumbai]]
|IIM-M
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|6
|
|[http://iimmumbai.ac.in/ http://www.iimmumbai.ac.in]
|{{efn|Previously the National Institute of Industrial Engineering; became an IIM in 2023}}
|-
|[[File:IIM-Guwahati-Green1.png|frameless|77x77px]]
|[[File:Iim guwahati.jpg|frameless|100x100px]]
|2025
|[[Indian Institute of Management Guwahati|IIM Guwahati]]
|IIM-G
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|
|
|{{URL|https://www.iimg.ac.in/}}
|
|}

== History ==
After India became [[History of the Republic of India|independent]] in 1947, the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] was entrusted to oversee and direct the development of the nation. India grew rapidly in the 1950s, and in the late 1950s the Commission started facing difficulties in finding suitable managers for the large number of [[Public-sector undertaking|public sector enterprises]] that were being established in India as a part of its industrial policy. To solve this problem, the Planning Commission in 1959 invited Professor George Robbins of [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] to help in setting up an All India Institute of Management Studies. Based on his recommendations, the Indian government decided to set up two elite management institutes, named ''Indian Institutes of Management''. Calcutta and [[Ahmedabad]] were chosen as the locations for the two new institutes.<ref name="IIMReviewCommitteeReport">{{cite web |url=http://www.education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |title=Report of IIM Review Committee |author1=RC Bhargava |author2=Ajit Balakrishnan |author3=Anusua Basu |author4=Ram S Tarneja |author5=Ashok Thakur |access-date=19 March 2010 |publisher=Government of India: Ministry of Human Resource Development |date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173642/http://education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The institute at Calcutta was established first, on 13 November 1961,<ref name="Director">{{cite news| title = Q&A: Shekhar Chaudhury, Director, IIM Calcutta| author = Swati Garg| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/qa-shekhar-chaudhury-director-iim-calcutta/435269/| newspaper = [[Business Standard]]| location = Calcutta| date = 12 May 2011| access-date = 17 August 2011| archive-date = 12 October 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012154515/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/qa-shekhar-chaudhury-director-iim-calcutta/435269/| url-status = live}}</ref> and was named ''[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]'' or ''IIM Calcutta''. It was set up in collaboration with the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], the government of [[West Bengal]], the [[Ford Foundation]], and Indian industry.<ref name="IIMC_about">{{cite web |url=http://www.iimcal.ac.in/about-iimc |title=About IIMC |access-date=23 February 2012 |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130183421/http://www.iimcal.ac.in/about-iimc |archive-date=30 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The institute at Ahmedabad was established in the following month and was named the ''[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]''. Like MIT Sloan in the case of IIM Calcutta, [[Harvard Business School]] played an important role in the initial stages of IIM Ahmedabad.<ref name="IIMA_about">{{cite web |url=https://www.iima.ac.in/web/about-iima |title=About IIMA |access-date=6 May 2020 |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223522/https://www.iima.ac.in/web/about-iima/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1972, a committee headed by [[Ravi J. Matthai]] took note of the success of the two established IIMs and recommended the setting up of two more IIMs. Based on the committee's recommendation, a new IIM, originally intended to cater exclusively to the needs of public sector enterprises, was established in Bangalore ([[IIM Bangalore]]) the next year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/about-institute/history |title=History | Indian Institute of Management Bangalore |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223450/https://www.iimb.ac.in/about-institute/history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IIMReviewCommitteeReport" /> In 1981, the first IIM Review Committee was convened to examine the progress of the three existing IIMs and to make recommendations. The committee noted that the three IIMs were producing around 400 PGP graduates every year and that they had reached their optimum capacity. It proposed the opening of two more IIMs to meet the rising demand for management professionals. It also recommended expanding the Fellowship programmes, similar to PhD programmes, to meet the growing demand for faculty in management schools in India. The fourth IIM, [[IIM Lucknow]], was established in 1984 based on the committee's recommendation.

Two more IIMs, the fifth and sixth, were established at [[IIM Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] and [[IIM Indore|Indore]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimk.ac.in/abtiimk/bog.php |title=Board of Governors |website=iimk.ac.in |access-date=6 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828044411/http://iimk.ac.in/abtiimk/bog.php |archive-date=28 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/institute/about-iimi.php |title=Indian Institute of Management Indore – About IIMI |website=iimidr.ac.in |access-date=17 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915052521/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/institute/about-iimi.php |archive-date=15 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[IIM Shillong]] was the seventh IIM to be established, following a 2005 decision by the Government of India;<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/25/stories/2005102506591200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216163056/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/25/stories/2005102506591200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 February 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Seventh IIM to be set up in Shillong | date=25 October 2005}}</ref> its foundation stone was laid on 1 December 2007;<ref>{{cite news|title=CAG rap on VIP helipad|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100322/jsp/northeast/story_12244613.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228132056/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100322/jsp/northeast/story_12244613.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2013|access-date=17 February 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=22 March 2010|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> and its first academic session was 2008–09.<ref name="NIC-1" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iimshillong.in/iim-shillong/iim-campus.asp |title=IIM Shillong Campus |website=iimshillong.in |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> Since 2007, fourteen new IIMs have been set up, bringing the total number of IIMs to 20, IIM-Jammu being the latest one, starting in 2016. In 2023, prestigious National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai, was converted into an IIM, making for a total of 21 IIMs. In 2025, the twenty second IIM was established in Guwahati.

The Union Cabinet, on 24 January 2017, approved the bill that became the [[Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017]], which declares IIMs as [[List of Institutes of National Importance|Institutes of National Importance]] and enables them to grant degrees and to further make other important changes to the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/24/cabinet-passes-iim-bill-2017-students-to-get-degrees-instead-of/|title=Cabinet Passes IIM Bill 2017, Students To Get Degrees Instead Of Diplomas|website=Huffington Post India|access-date=2017-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045556/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/24/cabinet-passes-iim-bill-2017-students-to-get-degrees-instead-of/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The IIM bill was passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] on 28 July 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-live-updates-monsoon-session-july-28-2017/article19376604.ece|title=IIM Bill Passed|website=The Hindu|date=28 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223505/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-live-updates-monsoon-session-july-28-2017/article19376604.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 19 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Final and real autonomy for IIMs is here|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/final-and-real-autonomy-for-iims-is-here/story-wA5AZDuzj2nIA6nxID3ojJ.html|access-date=26 December 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 December 2017|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223447/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/final-and-real-autonomy-for-iims-is-here/story-wA5AZDuzj2nIA6nxID3ojJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After receiving presidential assent, the IIM bill became an Act on 31 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=IIMs can now award degrees instead of diplomas|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iims-can-now-award-degrees-instead-of-diplomas-new-law/articleshow/62324997.cms|access-date=8 January 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=1 January 2018|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223522/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iims-can-now-award-degrees-instead-of-diplomas-new-law/articleshow/62324997.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iims-can-now-award-degrees-instead-of-diplomas-new-law/articleshow/62324997.cms|title=IIMs can now award degrees instead of diplomas|date=2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref>

In the [[2023 Union budget of India|2023 Union Budget]] grants to the IIMs were cut in half. Heads of IIMs and B-schools said this would effect the newer IIMs disproportionately.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM funding slashed by 50% in Union Budget 2023-24 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iim-funding-slashed-by-50-in-union-budget-2023-24-2330431-2023-02-04 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=India Today |date=4 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The IIMs mainly offer undergraduate/ postgraduate, postgraduate, doctoral, and executive education programs. Some programs offered by all IIMs are similar; however, some IIMs offer unique programs for specialized purposes.

===Postgraduate Management Program===

==== Two-year MBA (Post Graduate Program) ====
All IIMs offer a two-year full-time Post Graduate Program in Management (PGP), equivalent to a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/programmes/post_graduate/pgp |title=Post Graduate Program in Management |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223456/https://www.iimb.ac.in/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/543045/distinguishing-mba-pgdm.html |title=Distinguishing MBA from PGDM |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223453/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/543045/distinguishing-mba-pgdm.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/pgdm-or-mba-dilemma-continues/article1702196.ece |title=PGDM or MBA, dilemma continues |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 April 2011 |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223525/https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/PGDM-or-MBA-dilemma-continues/article14690285.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The program is considered the flagship program of IIMs, and awards the Master of Business Administration (MBA) to successful candidates. Since 2018, all the IIMs have started granting MBA degrees for this flagship program.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/degree-or-diploma-iims-free-to-choose-says-hrd/articleshow/63628468.cms?from=mdr|title=Degree or diploma? IIMs free to choose, says HRD|date=2018-04-05|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-04-12|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223530/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/degree-or-diploma-iims-free-to-choose-says-hrd/articleshow/63628468.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

This program is usually structured into six trimesters spread across two years, starting in June and running until April of the second year. The first-year coursework generally consists of core courses in various management disciplines, while in the second year, students are allowed to select courses from an exhaustive list of electives. The PGP is a general, fully integrated management program with no specialization, and typically includes courses in:
** accounting,
** behavioral science,
** finance,
** economics,
** human resource management (HRM),
** management sciences and information technology,
** marketing,
** business operations,
** business mathematics,
** public policy,
** statistics and decision analysis,
** strategy, and
** general management.
The 2-year MBA programs offered by IIMs at:
** Bangalore,
** Ahmedabad,
** Calcutta,
** Udaipur,
** Lucknow and
** Indore
are often termed as Master's in Management (MIM) internationally and are often placed around top 100 Master's in Management programs across the world since inception.

==== One-year full time MBA ====
To compete on the global stage, the premier IIMs found the necessity to start MBA programs that would be ranked globally at par with the MBA programs of Harvard (Harvard Business School of Harvard University) and Wharton (The Wharton School of Business of the University of Pennsylvania). Within a decade of their inception, the one-year MBA programs have catapulted the position of the top IIMs to within the top 50 global MBA list. Since 2006, IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore, IIM Calcutta, IIM Lucknow, IIM Indore, IIM Kozhikode, IIM Shillong and IIM Udaipur have started offering the one-year, full-time postgraduate programs for professionals having approximately 5 years or more of work experience, which are a unique addition to the bucket of flagship programs which adds experienced professionals who add valued experience to the system of full-time MBA.

The one-year program was necessitated because the normal 2-year program is primarily aimed at new graduates or graduates with less than 4–5 years of work experience. The 1-year programs are general, fully integrated management programs with no specialization, and typically include the same courses as offered in a typical 2-year MBA program. These intensive programs typically require 75 credits or around 750 hours of classroom teaching along with projects and other coursework as in a normal 2-year MBA program. The flagship 1-year MBA programs offered by IIMs at Bangalore, Ahmedabad and Calcutta are often termed as Global MBAs internationally and have been ranked within the top 50 Global MBA programs across the world since their inception.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/rigour-of-a-global-2-year-mba-in-one-year-113011600095_1.html|website=Business Standard|title=Rigour of a global 2-year MBA in one year|date=January 16, 2013|author=Shikhar Mohan|access-date=20 April 2014|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223510/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/rigour-of-a-global-2-year-mba-in-one-year-113011600095_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Designed as a regular MBA program, which focuses on using the prior work experience of the students, the one-year Executive [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] is named differently by different IIMs. It is called Post Graduate Program for Executives at IIM Calcutta and IIM Shillong (PGPEX for short), and at IIM Ahmedabad and IIM Udaipur (PGPX for short). It is called an Executive Post Graduate Program (EPGP) at IIM Bangalore and IIM Indore, and International Program in Management for Executives (IPMX) at IIM Lucknow. All these programs admit only candidates with 5 or more years of professional experience and usually use a combination of GMAT score, essays, and personal interviews as entry criteria, similar to other globally reputed MBA programs. The median GMAT score of the batches at IIM Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Calcutta, Indore and IIM Udaipur is usually above 700 and compares with the best in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/postgraduate/epgp/admission/information |title=Admission Information |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223500/https://www.iimb.ac.in/index.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Other specialty full time MBA programmes ====
Other than these general variants, many IIMs offer specialty programmes built which focus on different areas, e.g. Post Graduate Programme in Sustainable Management (PGP-SM) at IIM Lucknow,<ref name="iiml.ac.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.iiml.ac.in/programme/post-graduate-programmes/pgp-sm|title=PGP-SM - IIM Lucknow|access-date=21 July 2019|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223456/http://www.iiml.ac.in/programme/post-graduate-programmes/pgp-sm|url-status=live}}</ref> Post Graduate Programme in Human Resource Management (PGPHRM) at IIM Ranchi<ref name="iimranchi.ac.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimranchi.ac.in/?page_id=1014|title=PGDHRM - IIM Ranchi|access-date=9 June 2013|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223504/https://iimranchi.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> and many more.

=== Five-year Integrated Management Programme (Undergraduate/Postgraduate Education) ===

Five IIMs, IIM Indore and IIM Rohtak, IIM Jammu, IIM Bodh Gaya and IIM Ranchi also offer five-year integrated programs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/five-year-integrated-programme-in-management-ipm/|title=Five Year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM)|website=भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-12|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223444/https://www.iimidr.ac.in/academic-programmes/five-year-integrated-programme-in-management-ipm/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/programmes/ipm/about-ipm|title=About IPM|website=www.iimrohtak.ac.in|access-date=2019-04-12|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223529/https://www.iimrohtak.ac.in/index.php/programmes/ipm/about-ipm|url-status=live}}</ref> Students join this program after high school (class XII). The program is called IPM (Integrated Programme in Management) at both the institutes. The course structures are similar though not same at both the institutes. For three years, students focus on "statistics, economics and humanities", joining the post-graduate cohort in years 4 and 5. IIM Indore established its program in 2011 and IIM Rohtak in 2019. They were followed by IIM Ranchi, IIM Jammu and IIM Bodhgaya in 2021. IIM Indore awards program graduates both [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] (Foundations of Management) and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]. IIM Rohtak awards the [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]]/[[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] to five-year graduates and [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] to students who opt-out after three years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Fellow Programme in Management ([[Doctor of Business Administration|DBA]]) ===
IIMs offer a Fellow Programme in Management (FPM) as a full-time [[Doctor of Business Administration|DBA]] Programme . This programme is aimed at preparing students for careers in teaching or research in different disciplines of management, as well as for careers outside academics that demand a high degree of investigative and analytical ability. A student who completes this programme at any IIM, where (s)he is registered as a doctoral scholar, is awarded the title of ''Fellow Member'' (e.g. ''Fellow Member of the Indian Institutes of Management''). This Fellow Programme is equivalent to the [[Doctor of Business Administration|DBA]] degree. Students receiving such a fellowship every year, across all IIMs, work in close association with one another in specific research areas of their choice.

=== Executive Management Programme ===
Many IIMs offer Executive MBA programme targeted at working professionals. These are often short-term or part-time programmes and are known by various names such as ''Master of Management Studies'' (MMS), ''Management Development Programme'' (MDP), ''Advanced Masters Program in Management of Global Enterprises'' (AMPM), and ''Executive General Management Programme'' (EGMP). The certificate programmes at IIMs are not considered equivalent to an Executive MBA offered by the IIMs . Only the diploma-level programmes are considered equivalent, depending on whether it is full-time or part-time. Many IIMs—such as IIM Indore, IIMC, IIMB, IIMK, IIM Kashipur, and IIM Rohtak—have partnered with third-party companies to enable these courses to be provided under a distributed model.

=== Other programmes ===
Some IIMs offer specialised programmes targeted at various management segments. IIM Ahmedabad offers a six-month, full-time programme called the ''Armed Forces Programme'' (AFP) aimed at military personnel. IIM Ahmedabad and IIM Bangalore offer full-time programmes in [[public administration]] and [[public policy]] are called the ''Post Graduate Programme in Public Management and Policy'' (PGP-PMP) and ''Post Graduate Programme in Public Policy Management'' (PGPPM), respectively for [[civil servants]] of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] cadre. IIM Bangalore offers a two-year, part-time programme called the ''Post-Graduate Programme in Software Enterprise Management'' (PGPSEM),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/2021/|title=Distinctive Features of PGSEM - Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|access-date=28 March 2013|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223557/https://www.iimb.ac.in/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref> an executive general-management education programme designed for the specific needs of professionals working in the software and information technology industry. IIM Indore offers a 5-year ''Integrated Programme in Management'' (IPM) that leads to a combined undergraduate-cum-graduate diploma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/ipm.php|title=Five Year Integrated Programme in Management (IPM) IIM Indore| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100753/http://www.iimidr.ac.in/iimi/pages/programmes_main/ipm.php|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> IIM Ranchi is the first and only IIM to offer a full-time ''Post Graduate Diploma in Human Resource Management'' (PGDHRM) programme.<ref name="iimranchi.ac.in"/> IIM Bangalore offers a two-year Mahatma Gandhi National Fellowship to "promote skill development in district economies".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahatma Gandhi National Fellowship |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/mgnf |website=Indian Institute of Management Bangalore |date=2 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223519/https://www.iimb.ac.in/mgnf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Admission process ==
Different programmes of IIMs follow different admission processes. Admission for residents of India to the two-year PGP programmes at all IIMs is based on the [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT). CAT scores are often used as the primary short-listing criteria for admissions. International/overseas applicants have the option to apply using [[Graduate Management Admission Test|GMAT]] scores in lieu of CAT scores.<ref name="IIMA Website">{{cite web|title=How to apply|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/programmes/pgp/how-to-apply/admission-procedure.html|website=IIM Ahmedabad|access-date=22 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106125206/http://iimahd.ernet.in/programmes/pgp/how-to-apply/admission-procedure.html|archive-date=6 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> GMAT scores are a prerequisite short-listing criteria used for admission to the one-year full-time programme for experienced executives.<ref name="IIMA PGPX Website">{{cite web|title=Eligibility|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/programmes/pgpx/how-to-apply/eligibility-criteria.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105141856/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/programmes/pgpx/how-to-apply/eligibility-criteria.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2011|website=IIM Ahmedabad|access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="IIML IPMX Website">{{cite web|title=Eligibility|url=http://www.iiml.ac.in/post_graduate_program_ipmx_eligibility.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717121219/http://www.iiml.ac.in/post_graduate_program_ipmx_eligibility.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2010|website=IIM Lucknow|access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> Test requirements for doctoral programmes vary. Some IIMs require candidates to make a presentation of a broad research idea or take a Research Aptitude Test (RAT) followed by a round of interviews while all are compelled to accept scores on standardised tests such as the CAT, [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]], [[GMAT]], and [[Graduate Record Examinations|GRE]]. The overall profiles of candidates, including past academic and professional accomplishments, are considered for all programmes, along with valid standard test scores. Some programmes require essays and academic or professional recommendations. The final round of admission evaluations involves an [[interview]], before which some IIMs conduct other evaluation processes like written assessment tests and group discussions.

=== Entrance exam ===
{{Main|Common Admission Test}}

The Common Admission Test (CAT) is a management aptitude test conducted by the IIMs primarily as an evaluation tool for admission to their two-year PGP programmes. It is widely considered one of the most competitive exams in the world,<ref name="CAT_1">{{cite web |title=CAT Common Admission Test (IIMs) – Most Popular MBA Entrance Exam in India |url=http://www.successcds.net/mbaentranceexam/CAT/Common-Admission-Test.htm |website=successcds.net |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223527/https://www.successcds.net/mbaentranceexam/CAT/Common-Admission-Test.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> with a success rate of around one in two hundred.<ref name="CAT_2">{{cite web|title=Chances of IIM seat get slimmer |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2008/aug/07iim.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=17 February 2012 |last1=Mumbai |first1=Kalpana Pathak in }}</ref> Even with the recent addition of new colleges, in 2013 the acceptance rate at IIMs was 1.714%, one of the lowest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the world toughest business School to get into ? - It is not Harvard |url=http://studyn.us/2014/06/18/worlds-toughest-business-school-get-harvard/ |website=studyn.us |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909135000/http://studyn.us/2014/06/18/worlds-toughest-business-school-get-harvard/ |archive-date=9 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Originally conducted as a paper-and-pencil test given on a particular date all over India, in 2009 CAT began being given as a [[computer-based assessment]] operated by [[Prometric]].<ref name="CAT_3">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1050650.ece |title= Business Line : Today's Paper / ECONOMY : CAT to go online from this year |newspaper= [[Business Line]] |access-date= 30 November 2011 |archive-date= 2 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223601/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/cat-to-go-online-from-this-year/article1050650.ece |url-status= live }}</ref> In 2014, [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]] received a 5-year contract to conduct the test. The online test is now given over a period of a few weeks.

In August 2011, the six newer IIMs (Raipur, Rohtak, Ranchi, Udaipur, Trichy and Kashipur) announced that in the coming year they will replace the group-discussion round with a common written analysis test to evaluate communication and comprehension skill. The seven older IIMs did not announce plans to change the admission process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/08/09234233/New-IIMs-set-to-break-traditio.html |title=New IIMs set to break tradition, scrap group discussion round - Home - livemint.com |first=Prashant K. |last=Nanda |location=New Delhi |website=livemint.com |access-date=10 August 2011 |date=9 August 2011 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223534/https://www.livemint.com/2011/08/09234233/new-iims-set-to-break-traditio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The admissions for the two-year full-time programme is done by shortlisting based on CAT scores in conjunction with candidate profile suitability. This is followed by evaluation of essays and a panel-interview round. The quality of prior work experience and future leadership potential is a critical factor in the selections.<ref name="IIMA PGPX Website2">{{cite web|title=FAQs|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/programmes/pgpx/how-to-apply/faq.html#faq04|website=IIM Ahmedabad|access-date=17 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213190527/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/programmes/pgpx/how-to-apply/faq.html#faq04|archive-date=13 February 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="IIMB EPGP Website">{{cite web|title=Admission Information|url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/postgraduate/epgp/admission/information|website=IIM Bangalore|access-date=17 February 2012|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223500/https://www.iimb.ac.in/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IIM PGPEX Website">{{cite web|title=Eligibiliy and Selection Criteria|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/programs/pgpex/admissions/eligibility-criteria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728191722/https://www.iimcal.ac.in/programs/pgpex/admissions/eligibility-criteria|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2021|website=IIM Calcutta|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref>

=== Reservation policy ===
IIMs also follow a [[Reservation in India|quota]] system, as per the provisions of the [[Indian constitution]]. As per the provisions, 15% of the seats are reserved for students of [[Scheduled Castes]], and 7.5% for [[Scheduled Tribes]]. Since 2008, the [[Other Backward Classes]] have also been given 27% reservation and Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) have up to 10% reservation, after the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the validity of relevant government regulation. The provisions are being implemented in a phased manner due to resource constraints. All aspirants have to take the [[Common Admission Test]] which consists of an objective-type exam, a group-discussion round, and personal interviews, with the cut-off for reserved-category candidates being possibly lower than for general-category candidates. Once admitted to a programme, a reserved category student has to meet all the criteria for completing the programme as a general-category student. Regular counselling sessions, extra classes, and tutorials, by senior students, for needy students are a regular feature of the IIMs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbauniverse.com/article.php?id=3613|title=IIM student & alumnus to answer queries on Live Expert Chat|publisher=mbauniverse.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923161108/http://www.mbauniverse.com/article.php?id=3613|archive-date=23 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IIM USA|url=http://www.iimusa.org/|website=iimusa.org|access-date=17 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225175553/http://www.iimusa.org/|archive-date=25 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> IIMs provide financial support to needy and deserving students in the form of scholarships.<ref>{{cite web|title=IIM Society|url=https://sites.google.com/a/iim-alumni.org/www/home|website=iim-alumni.org|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref>

== Courses and Fees ==

=== Post-graduate program fees ===
In 2004, IIM fees were adjusted by the HRE to {{INRConvert|30|k|year=2004}} annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2004/02/06/stories/2004020602320100.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : Govt slashes IIM course fees to Rs 30,000|last=ndgks|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=2018-09-17|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223533/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article28848486.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/02/stories/2004010210901200.htm|title=HRD Ministry to rationalise IIMs' fees|access-date=2018-09-17|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223622/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2004/01/02/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-01-02|url-status=live}}</ref>

However as of 2023 the total fees for the 2-year program, ranged from {{INRConvert|20|l|year=2023}} to {{INRConvert|30|l|year=2023}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-06 |title=IIM-Mumbai to levy Rs 10.2 lakh, fees at lower end of the spectrum |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/iim-mumbai-to-levy-rs-10-2-lakh-fees-at-lower-end-of-the-spectrum/articleshow/103410927.cms |access-date=2023-11-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Inflation in India<ref>{{cite web |title=Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) – India |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?locations=IN |website=The World Bank |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223539/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?locations=IN |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Historic inflation India - CPI inflation |url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx |website=inflation.eu |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223546/https://www.inflation.eu/en/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> has been cited as one of the reasons for the fee hikes at IIMs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Sreeradha D |last2=Shinde |first2=Ranjit Shinde |title=Fees in top B-schools to rise by Rs 46K-3.2 lakh, depending on the institute |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-04-09/news/72186338_1_19-lakh-management-development-institute-indian-institute |date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919081715/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-04-09/news/72186338_1_19-lakh-management-development-institute-indian-institute |archive-date=19 September 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inflation forces IIM to hike fees |url=http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2014/11/inflation-forces-iim-to-hike-fees/ |date=20 November 2014 |website=Digital Learning |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223551/https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2014/11/inflation-forces-iim-to-hike-fees/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The fees of the college is influenced by the age and performance of the institute. For example IIM C, the oldest IIM in the country had a total course fees of {{INRConvert|27|l|year=2023}} for the academic year 2022-24.<ref name=":2" /> While IIM Jammu, the youngest IIM had a total course fees of {{INRConvert|17.15|l|year=2023}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBA (2023-2025) Fee Structure {{!}} Official Website of IIM Jammu{{!}} Indian Institute of Management Jammu |url=https://www.iimj.ac.in/programs/post-graduate-program-pgp/fee-structure-and-financing |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.iimj.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Executive program fees ===
The IIMs also have several executive programs for working executives and professionals. The full-time executive program at IIM Udaipur launched in 2019 had a fees of {{INRConvert|15.8|l}} while the data analytics program was {{INRConvert|21|l}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/iims-roll-out-specific-post-graduate-programmes-in-business-data-analytics-119100700538_1.html|title=IIMs roll out specific post-graduate programmes in business, data analytics|last=Umarji|first=Vinay|date=2019-10-07|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017104918/https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/iims-roll-out-specific-post-graduate-programmes-in-business-data-analytics-119100700538_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year IIM Lucknow's 6-month data analytics program costs {{INRConvert|2.49|l}} while its analytics program for finance professionals costed {{INRConvert|1.43|l}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mileseducation.com/analytics/|title=Miles Education Analytics {{!}} IIM Analytics course at IIM Lucknow, Noida. Join the IIM Lucknow Business Analytics Program|website=www.mileseducation.com|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017104921/https://www.mileseducation.com/analytics/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mileseducation.com/finance/iim-lucknow-analytics|title=Miles Education {{!}} The only IIM executive program for working professionals in finance and accounting|website=www.mileseducation.com|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017104943/https://www.mileseducation.com/finance/iim-lucknow-analytics|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/wiley-launches-wileynxt-executive-education-program-in-collaboration-with-iim-lucknow/|title=Wiley launches WileyNXT Executive Education Program in collaboration with IIM-Lucknow|last=Admin|first=India Education Diary Bureau|date=2019-10-04|website=India Education Diary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223554/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/wiley-launches-wileynxt-executive-education-program-in-collaboration-with-iim-lucknow/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Profit Margin of the IIMs===

The following data<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iima.ac.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/IIMA%20Annual%20Report%202022%20English%20Email%20Version_0.pdf|title=60th Annual Report 2021-2022|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|website=www.iima.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127080751/https://www.iima.ac.in/sites/default/files/2023-03/IIMA%20Annual%20Report%202022%20English%20Email%20Version_0.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/annual_report_he/AR_IIM_Bangalore_2021_22.pdf|title=47th Annual Report 2021-2022|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|website=www.education.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101648/https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/annual_report_he/AR_IIM_Bangalore_2021_22.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/annual-reports-0 | title=Annual Reports | IIM Calcutta }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiml.ac.in/sites/default/files/2022-12/IIM_Lucknow_21-22_English_221222.pdf|title=Annual Report 2021-2022|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|website=iiml.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706134114/https://iiml.ac.in/sites/default/files/2022-12/IIM_Lucknow_21-22_English_221222.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report2021-22.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101651/https://www.iimidr.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report2021-22.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iimk.ac.in/uploads/userfiles/ANNUAL%20REPORTS%20-%202021-22(1).pdf|title=Annual Report 2021-2022|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|website=iimk.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218161717/https://iimk.ac.in/uploads/userfiles/ANNUAL%20REPORTS%20-%202021-22(1).pdf|archive-date=18 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8890.pdf|title=Data Submitted by Institution for India Rankings 2023 - Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|publisher=Ministry of Education|website=www.nirfindia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108152359/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8890.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8903.pdf|title=Data Submitted by Institution for India Rankings 2023 - Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|publisher=Ministry of Education|website=www.nirfindia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109002215/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8903.pdf|archive-date=9 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8972.pdf | title=Data Submitted by Institution for India Rankings '2023' | website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8959.pdf|title=Data Submitted by Institution for India Rankings 2023 - Indian Institute of Management Lucknow|publisher=Ministry of Education|website=www.nirfindia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108191950/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8959.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8918.pdf|title=Data Submitted by Institution for India Rankings 2023 - Indian Institute of Management Indore|publisher=Ministry of Education|website=www.nirfindia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108130306/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8918.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8909.pdf|title=Data Submitted by Institution for India Rankings 2023 - Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|publisher=Ministry of Education|website=www.nirfindia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108171246/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Management/IR-M-S-8909.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> pertains to the older six IIMs (Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Kolkatta, Lucknow, Indore, Kozhikode):
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Profit Margin of older six IIMs
|-
! 2021-22 (in lakh Indian rupee)
! IIM Ahmedabad
! IIM Bengaluru
! IIM Kolkatta
! IIM Lucknow
! IIM Indore
! IIM Kozhikode

|-
| Revenue || 30,217
|| 26,194
|| 22,442
|| 20,007
|| 22,151
|| 25,056

|-
| Academic Receipts
|| 25,875
|| 22,899
|| 14,209
|| 17,698
|| 17,442
|| 24,275

|-
| "Academic Receipts" as % of Total Revenue
|| 86
|| 87 || 63 || 88 || 79 || 97
|-
| Profit ("Excess of Income over Expenditure")
|| 4,725
|| 8,241
|| 5,564
|| 7,281
|| 8,061
|| 9,354

|-
| Profit Margin
|| 15.6%
|| 31.5% || 24.8% || 36.4% || 36.4% || 37.3%
|-
| Total Number of PG Students for the year
|| 874 || 1,057 || 1,069 || 1,129 || 1,145 || 1,172
|-
| Income per student, if 'Profit' is distributed among PG students
|| 5.4 || 7.8 || 5.2 || 6.5 || 7.0 || 8.0
|}

As IIMs are considered as not-for-profit institutions, IIMs do not pay any 'corporate tax' to the [[Income Tax Department]], Government of India. In 2023, the corporate tax in India was approximately 25% in the 2020s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.incometax.gov.in/iec/foportal/help/company/return-applicable | title=Domestic Company for AY 2023-24 | date=4 July 2025 }}</ref>

In 2023, the fee charged by the older six IIMs (ABCLIK) were in the range of approximately 21 - 26 lakhs for the two year full-time PG programme/ MBA. The fee charged by these IIMs were 22-26 times India's annual per capita income (Rs. 96,522 in 2022-23, at constant prices).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1945144 | title=Per Capita Income }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://iced.niti.gov.in/economy-and-demography/key-economic-indicators/socio-economic | title=India Climate & Energy Dashboard }}</ref> Globally, this places IIMs amongst any of the institutions that charge the highest fee from its citizens, with reference to the annual per capita income of the nation.

In 2016, a constitution bench of the Supreme Court of India mentioned that “''Education is... ...a noble ‘occupation’... those who establish and are managing the educational institutions are not expected to indulge in profiteering or commercialise this noble activity.''” The Supreme Court also mentioned that “''... the occupation of education cannot be treated at par with other economic activities.''”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/judgment/judis/43584.pdf|title=Civil Appeal No. 4060 of 2009|publisher=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101648/https://main.sci.gov.in/judgment/judis/43584.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Ethos in Management]]
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
* [[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institutes of Technology]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Indian Institutes of Management}}
* [https://www.education.gov.in/en/iims IIM, Ministry of Education, Government of India]
* [https://iimcat.ac.in/ Common Admission Test]

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institutes Of Management}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management| ]]
[[Category:Business schools in India]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1961]]
[[Category:Government universities and colleges in India]]

Varsham (2004 film)

2026-05-06T20:57:26Z

Eurotechconseil: adding first pg added tags

{{Short description|2004 Telugu film by Sobhan}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varsham
| image = Varsham 2004 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sobhan]]
| screenplay = [[M.S. Raju]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
}}
| story = [[Veeru Potla]]
| producer = M.S. Raju
| starring = [[Prabhas]] [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| studio = [[Sumanth Art Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|01|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Varsham''''' ({{translation|Rain}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic action film]] directed by [[Sobhan]] and produced by [[M.S. Raju]] under [[Sumanth Art Productions]] banner. The film stars [[Prabhas]] and [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] in the lead roles while, [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]], and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] appear in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], while the cinematography was handled by [[S. Gopal Reddy]].

Varsham emerged as a box office blockbuster, marking a [[breakthrough role]] for Prabhas and establishing Trisha in [[Telugu cinema]]. The film itself is loosely inspired from 1988 Indian [[Hindi]]-language ''[[Tezaab]]''. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Singamagan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-27-news-tamil-me1kB0cbabg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429010955/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-27-news-tamil-me1kB0cbabg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2012 |title=Friday Fury – April 27 |website=[[Sify]] |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> The film's success led to remakes in Tamil as ''[[Mazhai]]'' (2005) and again in Hindi as [[Baaghi (2016 film)|''Baaghi'']] (2016).<ref name="re-release">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=12 November 2022 |title=Trisha's elated at the re-release of her Telugu debut Varsham, says films are forever and thanks fans |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/trishas-elated-at-the-re-release-of-her-telugu-debut-varsham-says-films-are-forever-and-thanks-fans/4ecc601a33719 |work=[[HT Media|OTT Play]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Venkat, an unemployed youngster, meets Sailaja, a middle-class girl, on a train en route to [[Warangal]]. They are immediately attracted to each other after dancing in the pouring rain. At the same time, Sailaja catches the eye of Bhadranna, a dangerous and ruthless politician who also falls in love with her. Venkat and Sailaja keep encountering each other, the weather turning to rain immediately, as they gradually fall more in love.

Ranga Rao, Sailaja's father, is a selfish man with bad habits. When Bhadranna approaches him with a marriage proposal,he instantly agrees. However, a film producer named Seenayya also approaches Ranga Rao, offering Sailaja an opportunity to act in movies. Seeing this as a more lucrative option than marrying her off to Bhadranna, Ranga Rao creates misunderstandings between Sailaja and Venkat, resulting in their breakup. He then convinces Sailaja to pursue acting and leaves the city with her, while Venkat moves to [[Vizag]] to stay with his uncle.

In Vizag, Sailaja becomes a successful actress, while Venkat starts working as a demolition expert at a quarry under his uncle’s guidance. Meanwhile, Bhadranna is cheated out of money by Ranga Rao and discovers Sailaja’s whereabouts. He kidnaps her and tries to force her into marrying him. As Sailaja's film shooting gets interrupted, a worried Seenayya seeks Venkat’s help on Ranga Rao’s advice, believing that Venkat still loves Sailaja. Venkat agrees and confronts Bhadranna, leading to a fierce fight between them as Venkat tries to rescue Sailaja.

As the confrontation unfolds, Sailaja realizes her misunderstandings about Venkat and apologizes. They reconcile, rekindling their love. That night, Bhadranna, furious at his failure, kills his own brother Kaasi for not bringing Sailaja to him. Determined to destroy Venkat and forcibly marry Sailaja, Bhadranna returns from [[Hyderabad]]. During a festival, he stabs Venkat. A fierce battle ensues, and Venkat ultimately defeats Bhadranna. As Venkat and Sailaja embrace, a burning statue of Ravana collapses on Bhadranna, killing him. The film ends with Venkat and Sailaja happily reuniting, getting their happily ever after.

==Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhas]] as Venkat
*[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] as Bhadranna
*[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Kola Sailaja "Sailu"
*[[Ramya Krishna]] as Raja Lakshmi, Venkat's mother
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Dhanraj, Venkat's father
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Sivayya, Bhadranna's uncle
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Venkat's uncle
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Swarnakka, Bhadranna's aunt
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Lakshmi, Venkat's aunt
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Janaki, Bhadranna's mother
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Peddiraju, Bhadranna's father
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Kola Ranga Rao, Sailu's father
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Bharathi, Sailu's mother
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Venkat's friend
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Jagan
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Ajay, Venkat's friend
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Kaasi
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Salim, Venkat's friend
*[[Suma Kanakala|Suma]] as Swapna, Venkat's sister
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Srinivas, Venkat's brother-in-law
*[[Pavala Syamala]] as Mutyalu, Sailu's grandmother
*[[K. Viswanath]] as Ramachandraiah, Sailu's grandfather
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Director
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Producer Seenayya
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Priest Narayana
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Priest Hanumantha
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Home Minister
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Bus Passenger from marriage
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Bus Passenger from marriage
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu, Bhadranna's henchman
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Gaali Gannaarao
*[[Narsing Yadav]] as Bus Driver
*[[Rajitha]] as Bus Passenger from marriage
*[[Vamshi Paidipally]] as Bus Passenger
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Varsham
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{date|df=y|2003|12|18}}
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 30:18
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad
| prev_title = [[Ice (2003 film)|Ice]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Venky]]
| next_year = 2004
}}

Music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and all lyrics were penned by [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry|Sirivennela Seetaaraama Saastry]]. Music was released on [[Aditya Music]]. Soundtrack album was released on 18 December 2003 through Aditya Music at the film's audio launch event at Annapurna Studios, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Cinema Functions – Varsham – Prabhas, Trisha – MS Raju – Devi Sri Prasad – Sobhan |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-varsham.html |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref> NaChaKi of ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "DeviSri Prasad comes up with songs that can be elevated by visuals, but also can stand by themselves. Most numbers are mass-oriented and he uses his orchestra deftly to create the moods for the songs. Particular mention of the lyrics is surely necessary for this album. Seetarama Sastry penned all the lyrics and adds another 'single-card' to his credit. What is worth mentioning is his rendition of mass-oriented songs in a freely flowing, catchy manner using simple words and some words that are getting extinct, so to say!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugufilmserver.com/varsham_audio.shtml|title=Varsham|website=Telugucinema|access-date=1 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031225161844/http://www.telugufilmserver.com/varsham_audio.shtml|archive-date=25 December 2003|last=NaChaKi}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:18
| title1 = Nuvvosthanante
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], Raqeeb Alam
| length1 = 5:33
| title2 = Mellaga
| extra2 = [[S. P. B. Charan]], Sumangali
| length2 = 5:21
| title3 = Nachave Nizam Pori
| extra3 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Suneeta Rao]]
| length3 = 4:12
| title4 = Langa Voni
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Singer Usha|Usha]]
| length4 = 3:54
| title5 = Neeti Mullai
| extra5 = [[Sagar_(singer)|Sagar]], Sumangali
| length5 = 1:22
| title6 = Kopama
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length6 = 4:52
| title7 = Joole Joole
| extra7 = [[Mallikarjun]], Kalpana
| length7 = 5:04
}}

== Release ==
=== Reception ===
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote, "It's a love story with good technical values. You may definitely watch this film".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jeevi |date=14 January 2004 |title=Movie review - Varsham |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-varsham.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112005621/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-varsham.html |archive-date=12 November 2011 |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "The major drawback of ''Varsham'' is the second half, which has an overdose of violence and narration is marred by two dream songs. The director Shobhan loses grip on the story after the fast paced first half. Still ''Varsham'' is worth a look".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.sify.com/movies/varsham-review-telugu-pclvzoigbhbgb.html |title=Varsham |date=20 January 2004 |work=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112030716/https://m.sify.com/movies/varsham-review-telugu-pclvzoigbhbgb.html |archive-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film celebrated a 50-day run in 125 centers<ref>{{cite web |title=Telugu Cinema 50 days function - Varsham at Bheemavaram - Prabhas, Krishnam raju, MS Raju |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/50days-varsham.html |website=idlebrain.com |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115173430/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/50days-varsham.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and the film celebrated its [[Silver_jubilee#South_Asian_film_terminology|silver jubilee]] (175 days) celebration with [[Chiranjeevi]] attending as the chief guest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Telugu Cinema - function - silver jubilee function - Varsham - Prabhas, Trisha |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/175days-varsham.html |website=idlebrain.com |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053043/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/175days-varsham.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Re-release ===
This movie was re-released on 11 November 2022 with a [[4K resolution|4K]] resolution.<ref name="re-release"/>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Awards
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]] (for song ''"Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana "'')
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2004 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2004.html |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=APFTVDC |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011114154/https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2004.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|[[Prabhu Deva]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]]
|Madhusudan Reddy
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[52nd Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]]
|''Varsham'' ([[M. S. Raju]])
|{{won}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_filmfare_award_2004.asp |title=Filmfare 2004 Awards for South Indian Films |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131092110/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_filmfare_award_2004.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]]
|[[Prabhas]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]]
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu|Best Villain]]
|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]] (for song ''"Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana"'')
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[S. Gopal Reddy]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[CineMAA Awards]]
|Best Film
|''Varsham'' ([[M. S. Raju]])
|{{won}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2006 |title=CineMAA Awards 2004 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html |url-status=live |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102234032/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html}}</ref>
|-
|Sensational Hero
|[[Prabhas]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Best Actress]]
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Best Villain]]
|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Choreographer
|[[Prabhu Deva]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[S. Gopal Reddy]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[Santosham Best Film Award|Best Film]]
|''Varsham'' ([[M. S. Raju]])
|{{won}}
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Telugu Cinema function - Santosham Film Awards 2004 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2005.html |url-status=live |access-date= |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=20 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320121508/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2005.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Best Young Performer]]
|[[Prabhas]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]] (for song ''"Nuvvosthanante"'')
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Best Cinematographer Award|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[S. Gopal Reddy]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Choreographer
|[[Prabhu Deva]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]]
|[[M. S. Raju]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Santosham Best Dialogue Award|Best Dialogue]]
|[[Paruchuri Brothers]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0439869}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]]
| years=2004
| before=''[[Okkadu]]''
| after=''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''}}
{{s-end}}
{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}{{M. S. Raju}}

[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Warangal]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sobhan]]
[[Category:Films set in Warangal]]

Rana Naidu

2026-05-06T01:52:11Z

Eurotechconseil: Started Post

{{Short description|2023 Indian action crime drama series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rana Naidu.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Action film|Action]] [[Crime drama]]
| creator = [[Karan Anshuman]]
| based_on = ''[[Ray Donovan]]''
| writer = Karmanya Ahuja Anany Mody [[B. V. S. Ravi]] Vaibhav Vishal Karan Anshuman '''Dialogues:''' Vaibhav Vishal
| screenplay = B. V. S. Ravi
| story = Ananya Mody
| director = [[Suparn Verma]] [[Karan Anshuman]]
| starring = [[Venkatesh Daggubati]] [[Rana Daggubati]] [[Suchitra Pillai]] [[Rajni Basumatary]] [[Gaurav Chopra]] [[Surveen Chawla]]
| music = [[Sangeet-Siddharth]]
| composer = John Stewart Eduri
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 18
| executive_producer = Mohit Shah Pearl Gill
| producer = Sunder Aaron Sumit Shukla
| cinematography = [[Jaya Krishna Gummadi]] (Season 1) John Schmidt (Season 2)
| editor = Ninad Khanolkar Manan Ashwin Mehta
| runtime = 39–50 minutes
| company = Locomotive Global Inc.
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|10}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Rana Naidu''''' is an Indian [[Action fiction|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|crime drama]] television series on [[Netflix]] directed by [[Karan Anshuman]] and [[Suparn Verma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix Announces 'Rana Naidu' Starring Superstars Rana Daggubati}}</ref> It is the Netflix’s first Telugu original series. Adapted from the popular American Showtime series ''[[Ray Donovan]].''

On 19 April 2023, the show was renewed for a second season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/rana-naidu-season-2-renewed-rana-daggubati-and-venkatesh-daggubati-to-return-in-the-action-thriller-series/articleshow/99611441.cms?from=mdr|title='Rana Naidu' Season 2 Renewed: Rana Daggubati and Venkatesh Daggubati to Return in the Action Thriller series|work=The Economic Times|date=19 April 2023}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh Daggubati]] as Naga Naidu; Rana, Tej, Jaffa, and Arjun Naidu's father
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as Rana Naidu, Naga's son
* [[Sushant Singh]] as Tej Naidu, Rana and Jaffa's elder brother
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Pawan "Jaffa" Naidu, Rana and Tej's younger brother
* [[Surveen Chawla]] as Naina Naidu, Rana's wife
* [[Ishitta Arun]] as Anna, a nurse and Tej's love interest
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as OB Mahajan, Rana's boss and politician
* [[Gaurav Chopra]] as Prince Reddy, an actor; OB and Rana's associate
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Surya Rao Naidu/Surya Mohammed Khan, Naga's older brother and former boss; Tej, Rana, and Jaffa's uncle
* [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Tara, Naga's love interest
* [[Rajni Basumatary]] as Nyla, Naga's former love interest and Arjun's mother
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya Menon]] as Srini, Rana's right-hand man
* [[Flora Saini]] as Kavya, OB's sister-in-law and mistress
* [[Priya Banerjee]] as Mandira Sharma, Bollywood actress and Farzad's girlfriend
* [[Nishigandha Wad]] as Vandana Mahajan, OB's wife
* [[Ashwin Mushran]] as Farzad Soonawala, Prince Reddy's producer; OB and Rana's associate
* Tenzin Dalha as Arjun Naidu, Rana, Tej, and Jaffa's half-brother
* [[Mukul Chadda]] as CBI officer Ejaz Shaikh
* Bodhisattva Sharma as Rehan
* Afrah Sayed as Nitya Naidu, Rana and Naina's daughter; Naga's granddaughter
* Madhav Dhingra as Anirudh "Ani" Naidu, Rana and Naina's son; Naga's grandson
* Heeba Shah as Anjali
* Lauren Robinson as Lara, Rana's investigative assistant
* Supriya Aysola as Padma Naidu, Surya's wife
* Saurav Khurana as Cricketer Zayed Mirza
* Milind Pathak as [[Vijayawada]] Maharaja
* [[Siya Malasi]] as Chandni
* Abhishek Bhalerao as Inspector Malvade
* Anuj Khurana as Aman Khanna / Prince Vithal
* Janu Kumar as Pamma
* Zessica Harison
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as Rauf Mirza
* [[Dino Morea]] as Inspector Naveen Joshi
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Alia Oberoi
* [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Viraj Oberoi, Alia and Chirag's father
* [[Tanuj Virwani]] as Chirag Oberoi, Alia's brother
* Aditi Shetty as Tasneem, Jaffa's love interest
* [[Himanshu Malhotra]] as Paritosh, Alia's husband
* Astad Kale as Inspector Tope
}}

== Episodes ==
=== Season 1 (2023) ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|+ ''Rana Naidu'' (season 1) episodes
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | No.
overall
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | No. in
season
! scope="col" style="width:20%;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Directed by
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Written by
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Original release date
! scope="col" style="width:25%;" | Summary
|-
| 1 || 1 || "He's back" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Rana Naidu works as a fixer for Bollywood celebrities, cleaning up their scandals. When his father Naga is unexpectedly released from prison after 15 years, Rana's carefully built world begins to unravel.
|-
| 2 || 2 || "Teen Karod" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Rana handles a blackmail case involving superstar Prince Reddy, while also trying to protect his daughter from bullying. Naga struggles to reconnect with his family after his long absence.
|-
| 3 || 3 || "Koi mar gaya kya?" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Naga takes Jaffa and Arjun on a trip to re-establish an old connection while Rana plots to kill two birds with one stone. OB hosts a Diwali party but his sins catch up with him.
|-
| 4 || 4 || "Baap bete ke rishte" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Rana helps Toofan get custody of Rehaan but soon finds himself in a tough spot when things take a turn for the worse. Meanwhile, Naga shows up at Prince's screening.
|-
| 5 || 5 || "Kitna gurda, kitna goo" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Rana attempts to shut down the CBI investigation. OB is prepped for a risky surgery. Jaffa hosts a housewarming party but it goes out of control.
|-
| 6 || 6 || "Bheje ku light, gote ku tight" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Rana goes to Hyderabad to strike a deal with a ghost from the past. Meanwhile, the CBI mounts pressure on Naga.
|-
| 7 || 7 || "Nitya" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Rana, Tej, and Jaffa toast the birth anniversary of their sister but its riddled with interruptions. India's most wanted man takes a road trip to Mumbai.
|-
| 8 || 8 || "Tu kya kiya?" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Ani wants to go to an awards show with Prince. Meanwhile, Rana's plan with Surya is put into action. Naga has a rendezvous.
|-
| 9 || 9 || "Maharaj" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Rana is called to handle a crisis at Tej's studio. Srini is sent to keep an eye on Naina and the kids. The police question Naga about a recent murder.
|-
| 10 || 10 || "Game Over g*ndu" || TBA || TBA || March 10, 2023 || Rana and Srini go all in for the hunt. Rana tries to flush out Surya but his plan backfires. Naga's actions come full circle.
|}

=== Season 2 (2025) ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%;"
|+ ''Rana Naidu'' (season 2) episodes
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | No.
overall
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | No. in
season
! scope="col" style="width:20%;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Directed by
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Written by
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" | Original release date
! scope="col" style="width:25%;" | Summary
|-
| 11 || 1 || "One Last Job" || TBA || TBA || June 13, 2025 || Rana Naidu attempts to retire from his life as a fixer and focus on his family, but his son Ani is kidnapped by the gangster Rauf. Forced back into the criminal underworld, Rana seeks help from his estranged father, Naga. Together, they plan Ani's rescue with the assistance of powerful ally Viraj Oberoi.
|-
| 12 || 2 || "Bada Kutta" || TBA || TBA || June 13, 2025 || While Rana confronts Rauf in prison, his wife Naina grows emotionally distant and confides in a new acquaintance, Naveen. Meanwhile, Rana tries to balance Ani's safety with keeping his criminal dealings away from his children.
|-
| 13 || 3 || "Well Played Mr. Naidu" || TBA || TBA || June 13, 2025 || Rauf begins blackmailing Rana to bend him to his will. Ani's birthday celebration turns tense as Rana and Naina's marital strain deepens, and family tensions threaten to boil over.
|-
| 14 || 4 || "Kacchaa Limbu" || TBA || TBA || June 13, 2025 || Naga and Tej execute a dangerous heist at Oberoi Studios, seeking leverage against Viraj. Elsewhere, Naina's closeness with Naveen unsettles Rana. Rana struggles to protect both his family and his brother Jaffa, who is preparing for his marriage to Tasneem.
|-
| 15 || 5 || "It Will Never Be Okay" || TBA || TBA || June 13, 2025 || After Tej is brutally attacked in prison, Rana makes desperate attempts to free him. At the same time, Nitya becomes trapped in a violent shootout, escalating Rana's fear that his family will never be safe from the consequences of his life.
|-
| 16 || 6 || "Double Dholki" || TBA || TBA || June 13, 2025 || Owing Viraj Oberoi a debt, Rana is coerced into covering up the murder of Paritosh. Anjali manipulates Naga into carrying out a dangerous mission, while Naina's relationship with Naveen continues to test her loyalty to Rana.
|-
| 17 || 7 || "Sumdi Mein Lomdi" || TBA || TBA || June 13, 2025 || Naveen seizes an opportunity to frame Rana for a crime, hoping to drive a wedge between him and Naina. During the wedding festivities of Jaffa and Tasneem, Rauf launches a deadly ambush, leaving Tej critically injured and Tasneem wounded.
|-
| 18 || 8 || "One Last Job Again" || TBA || TBA || June 13, 2025 || The Naidu family reels from the wedding attack as Tej fights for his life. Rana finally confronts Rauf and kills him. Before dying, Rauf reveals that OB Mahajan betrayed Rana by leaking Nitya's whereabouts. Rana confronts OB with a gun, forcing him to face his guilt. Later, at Tej's funeral, police arrest Rana for Rauf's murder. As Rana is taken away, Naga vows to break him out, setting up the continuation of the story.
|}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The series was officially announced on 21 September 2021 by Netflix media press release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-22 |title=Venkatesh and Rana Daggubati in Netflix web series 'Rana Naidu', adaptation of American crime drama 'Ray Donovan' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/venkatesh-and-rana-daggubati-in-netflix-web-series-rana-naidu-adaptation-of-american-crime-drama-ray-donovan/article36603034.ece |access-date=2022-10-22 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022050939/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/venkatesh-and-rana-daggubati-in-netflix-web-series-rana-naidu-adaptation-of-american-crime-drama-ray-donovan/article36603034.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced from October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=Venkatesh & Rana Daggubati's Telugu Netflix Series 'Rana Naidu' Go On Floors |url=https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/venkatesh-rana-daggubatis-telugu-netflix-series-rana-naidu-go-on-floors/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022050941/https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/venkatesh-rana-daggubatis-telugu-netflix-series-rana-naidu-go-on-floors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The series was officially wrapped up shooting in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=It's a wrap for Venkatesh-Rana Daggubati starrer web series Rana Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/its-a-wrap-for-venkatesh-daggubati-rana-daggubati-starrer-rana-naidu-7943555/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022050942/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/its-a-wrap-for-venkatesh-daggubati-rana-daggubati-starrer-rana-naidu-7943555/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-05-25 |title=Rana Daggubati, Venkatesh Daggubati's 'Raina Naidu' wraps production |url=https://theprint.in/features/rana-daggubati-venkatesh-daggubatis-raina-naidu-wraps-production/970451/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022051012/https://theprint.in/features/rana-daggubati-venkatesh-daggubatis-raina-naidu-wraps-production/970451/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-05-30 |title=Venkatesh Daggubati, Surveen Chawla, Rana Daggubati wrap up Indian adaptation of Ray Donovan titled Rana Naidu, see pics : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/venkatesh-daggubati-surveen-chawla-rana-daggubati-wrap-indian-adaptation-ray-donovan-titled-rana-naidu-see-pics/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022053944/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/venkatesh-daggubati-surveen-chawla-rana-daggubati-wrap-indian-adaptation-ray-donovan-titled-rana-naidu-see-pics/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
In September 2021, a short clip from the series was released from the [[Tudum|Netflix Tudum]] event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-09-24 |title=Netflix drops first looks from 'Guns & Gulaabs', 'Rana Naidu' at TUDUM India event |url=https://theprint.in/features/netflix-drops-first-looks-from-guns-gulaabs-rana-naidu-at-tudum-india-event/1141339/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022051013/https://theprint.in/features/netflix-drops-first-looks-from-guns-gulaabs-rana-naidu-at-tudum-india-event/1141339/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-09-24 |title=Netflix Tudum 2022 unveils the teaser of Nayanthara – Beyond The Fairy Tale and the Rana Daggubati, Venkatesh Daggubati starrer Rana Naidu : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/netflix-tudum-2022-unveils-teaser-nayanthara-beyond-fairy-tale-rana-daggubati-venkatesh-daggubati-starrer-rana-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022054015/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/netflix-tudum-2022-unveils-teaser-nayanthara-beyond-fairy-tale-rana-daggubati-venkatesh-daggubati-starrer-rana-naidu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The series official teaser was released in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-24 |title=Rana Naidu teaser: Venkatesh Daggubati, Rana Daggubati create mayhem together in this desi Ray Donovan adaptation. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/rana-naidu-teaser-venkatesh-rana-daggubati-create-mayhem-together-watch-101664000757933.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022050940/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/rana-naidu-teaser-venkatesh-rana-daggubati-create-mayhem-together-watch-101664000757933.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rana Naidu {{!}} Official Teaser {{!}} Rana Daggubati, Daggubati Venkatesh, Surveen Chawla {{!}} Netflix India | date=23 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pfYi8r9K6E |language=en |access-date=2022-10-22 |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022050939/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pfYi8r9K6E |url-status=live }}</ref> The official released on February 15, 2023.

== Release ==
The series is streaming on Netflix from March 10, 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavati |first=Ravali |date=2023-02-15 |title=Rana Naidu Trailer: Venkatesh And Rana Daggubati Promise To Entertain With Their Intense Action Drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rana-naidu-trailer-venkatesh-and-rana-daggubati-promise-to-entertain-with-their-intense-action-drama-783092 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216093508/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rana-naidu-trailer-venkatesh-and-rana-daggubati-promise-to-entertain-with-their-intense-action-drama-783092 |url-status=live }}</ref> in both Hindi and Telugu languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana Naidu teaser: Venkatesh Daggubati-Rana Daggubati a troubled father-son duo |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rana-naidu-teaser-venkatesh-daggubati-rana-daggubatis-a-troubled-father-son-duo-in-this-crime-show/b4e2459801304 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022052442/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rana-naidu-teaser-venkatesh-daggubati-rana-daggubatis-a-troubled-father-son-duo-in-this-crime-show/b4e2459801304 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2021-09-22 |title=Rana Daggubati and Venkatesh Daggubati to star in Netflix crime drama series Rana Naidu, official adaptation of Ray Donovan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rana-daggubati-and-venkatesh-daggubati-to-star-in-netflix-crime-drama-series-rana-naidu-official-adaptation-of-ray-donovan/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022054013/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rana-daggubati-and-venkatesh-daggubati-to-star-in-netflix-crime-drama-series-rana-naidu-official-adaptation-of-ray-donovan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Beneath all that dressing up of sex, alcohol and expletives, Rana Naidu has an undercurrent of pathos. Cinematographer Jayakrishna Gummadi uses warm and dark tones to accentuate the grim atmosphere, aided by John Stewart Eduri's background score."<ref>{{cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |title=Rana Naidu series review: Venkatesh and Rana's walk on the wild side |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-naidu-series-review-venkatesh-and-ranas-walk-on-the-wild-side/article66603137.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 March 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Raghu Bandi for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "The overall story-broken family working hard to come together-actually suits Indian sensibilities. But the way it is treated is not to everyone's taste."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bandi |first=Raghu |title=Rana Naidu review: Rana Daggubati and Venkatesh star in an unpalatable series |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/rana-naidu-review-rana-daggubati-and-venkatesh-star-in-an-unpalatable-series-8492607/ |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] for ''[[NDTV]]'' rated 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "As a series of ten episodes of an average of 50 minutes each, it had the potential for significant tonal variations. A lot of it remains unrealised because the show never quite breaks into a canter. Parts of Rana Naidu are monotonous."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Rana Naidu Review: Rana-Venkatesh Daggubati Lend Star Power To Indianised Ray Donovan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rana-naidu-review-rana-venkatesh-daggubati-lend-star-power-to-indianised-ray-donovan-2-5-stars-3851967 |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=March 11, 2023}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] saw a mix of violence and sex in the series and wrote for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' in her review "Profane language is now par for the course for series about gangsters and a liberal sprinkling of cuss words do not even register anymore. But even so, the overuse of the 'G' word is simply annoying."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Rana Naidu Review: Gleeful Mix of Violence And Sex |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rana-naidu-review/20230310.htm |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Vijayalakshmi Narayanan for ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated the series 1 star out of 5 and wrote "With cusswords and sexually explicit scenes hitting you like a ton of bricks, you'd have to wonder how 'Rana Naidu' was approved for viewing despite 'College Romance', a relatively harmless show about youngsters, facing a legal notice from the Delhi High Court for 'obscene and vulgar' language."<ref>{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Vijayalakshmi |title=Rana Naidu Review: Venkatesh-Rana Daggubati web series is exhaustingly crass |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/rana-naidu-review-venkatesh-rana-daggubati-web-series-is-exhaustingly-crass |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=March 15, 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|1|5}}</ref>

Deep Haider of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Rana Naidu could have been a welcome relief from the worldwide wokeness that has afflicted our creative spaces. It does not."<ref>{{cite news |last=Haider |first=Deep |title=Rana Naidu Review: Daddy issues haunt Venkatesh, Rana Daggubati's series. Bad sex, lazy writing kill the story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/rana-naidu-review-daddy-issues-haunt-venkatesh-rana-daagubatis-series-bad-sex-lazy-writing-kill-the-story-2346037-2023-03-13 |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=March 15, 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "It appears as though the creators directed Rana Daggubati to be one-note. If so, he's aced it. He rarely smiles and barely gives his rage a break. In the moments when Rana Naidu quietly, but visibly, masks his judgement or extends a compassionate gesture, you feel a connection with him, but briefly."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |title='Rana Naidu' review: Why so surly? |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1045166/rana-naidu-review-why-so-surly |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=March 10, 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311142810/https://scroll.in/reel/1045166/rana-naidu-review-why-so-surly |url-status=live }}</ref>

Haricharan Pudipeddi for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Rana Naidu takes the whole family dynamics and gives it a sinister twist. Here's a family that's more flawed than one can even imagine."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |title=Rana Naidu review: Netflix series with sinister twist brings out the best in Rana Daggubati, Venkatesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/rana-naidu-review-netflix-series-with-sinister-twist-brings-out-the-best-in-rana-daggubati-venkatesh-101678430738922.html |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310080407/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/rana-naidu-review-netflix-series-with-sinister-twist-brings-out-the-best-in-rana-daggubati-venkatesh-101678430738922.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sanchita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]'' rated the series 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "A well written and directed series is one which has a balance of what it tells us it has to offer. As a crime drama, there's just enough crime going on and at the same time, there's also a lot of drama - be it the family, the kids, or the politics, among other things."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Sanchita |title=Rana Naidu Web Series Review: Rana Daggubati, Venkatesh's Netflix show is a crime drama meant for Bollywood buffs |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/rana-naidu-netflix-series-review-surveen-chawla-rana-daggubati-starrer-series-daggubati-venkatesh-review-98535610 |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |date=March 10, 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Netflix India originals|List of Netflix India Originals]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{Netflix original current series}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian legal television series]]
[[Category:Lesbian-related television shows]]
[[Category:Neo-noir television series]]
[[Category:Fiction about police corruption]]
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:Television series about organized crime]]
[[Category:Television series about show business]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ray Donovan]]

Kasu Iddone Basu

2026-04-29T06:16:03Z

Eurotechconseil: new - done

{{Short description|2003 Kannada comedy film directed by A. R. Babu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasu Iddone Basu
| image =
| caption =
| director = A. R. Babu
| producer = N. Kumar
| story = Sri Lakshmi Films
| writer = A. R. Babu {{small|(''screenplay''/''dialogues'')}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Jaggesh]]
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
* [[Radhika Chaudhari]]
}}
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography =
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Films
| released = {{Film date|2003|08|29|df=yes}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Kasu Iddone Basu''''' ({{Translation|The guy with money is the boss}}) is a 2003 Indian Kannada [[comedy film]] starring [[Jaggesh]] and his younger brother [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] opposite [[Radhika Chaudhari]] in the lead roles. The film directed by A. R. Babu has musical score by [[V. Manohar]]. It marked the second collaboration between Jaggesh and N. Kumar after ''Yaardo Duddu Yellammana Jathre'' released in the same year. ''Kasu Iddone Basu'' was released on 29 August 2003.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jaggesh]]
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
* [[Radhika Chaudhari]]
* [[Hema Choudhary]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Chitra Shenoy]]
* A. R. Babu
* Sridevi
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* M. S. Karanth
* Pushpa Swamy
* Killer Venkatesh
* Keerthiraj
* Roopa
* Budal Krishnamurthy
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[V. Manohar]]<ref>[https://gaana.com/album/kasu-iddone-basu-kannada/]</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Kasu Iddone Basu
| artist = V. Manohar
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| type = Soundtrack
| released = 18 February 2003
| label = Arun Audio
| studio = Ashwini Digital Studios
| length = 22:09
| language = Kannada
| prev_title = Smile
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = Khushi
| next_year = 2003
}}

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Enu Yaake Sumnidiyaa
| extra1 = Rajesh
| length1 = 4:29

| title2 = Kaddu
| extra2 = [[S. L. Shastri]], Sushama Verma
| length2 = 3:31

| title3 = Kasiddone Baasu
| extra3 = Rajesh
| length3 = 4:57

| title4 = Lokanne Baluchenna
| extra4 = Jaggesh, [[Vijay Urs]]
| length4 = 5:43

| title5 = Maduve Aago
| extra5 = Hemanth Kumar, Vijay Urs
| length5 = 3:45
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was originally slated for release on 7 August but was later postponed to 29 August due to a tussle between the producer and the exhibitors after the failure of Jaggesh's previous film ''[[Makeup (2002 film)|Makeup]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2011|accessdate=21 December 2019|title=Kaasu Iddone Baasu of Jaggesh releasing|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_Kasuiddone_basu.asp|work=[[Viggy.com]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''indiainfo'' wrote that "If you are the type who loves watching films that need less of brainwork but makes you laugh then ''Kaasu Iddone Baasu'' is the right film for you".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/kaasu.html|title=KAASU IDDONE BAASU - Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002231111/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/kaasu.html|archive-date=2 October 2003|work=indiainfo|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]

Ballia Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-26T22:13:28Z

Eurotechconseil:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{other uses|Balia (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ballia {{Small|UP-72}}
| type = LS
| reservation = None
| established = 1952
| party = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Samajwadi Party}}
| mp = [[Sanatan Pandey]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Ballia.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ballia Lok Sabha constituency
| alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]]
| latest_election_year = [[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Virendra Singh Mast]], {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Phephana Assembly constituency|Phephana]] [[Ballia Nagar Assembly constituency|Ballia Nagar]] [[Bairia Assembly constituency|Bairia]] [[Zahoorabad Assembly constituency|Zahoorabad]] [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]]
}}
'''Ballia''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in northern India. It is famous for its political history{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} and participation of former PM [[Chandra Shekhar]] in JP Andolan, [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Ballia Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/072_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-72-Ballia|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>

{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
! colspan=2|2024 Lead
|-
|360
|[[Phephana Assembly constituency|Phephana]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|[[Sangram Singh (politician)|Sangram Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|361
|[[Ballia Nagar Assembly constituency|Ballia Nagar]]
|[[Daya Shankar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|363
|[[Bairia Assembly constituency|Bairia]]
|[[Jai Prakash Anchal]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|377
|[[Zahoorabad Assembly constituency|Zahoorabad]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|[[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]
|{{party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}
|-
|378
|[[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]]
| Mannu Ansari
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ballia (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Ballia Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/ballia.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Ram Nagina Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Radha Mohan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Murli Manohar]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Chandrika Prasad]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Chandra Shekhar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Jagannath Chowdhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan="6" |[[Chandra Shekhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|2008^
|rowspan="2" |[[Neeraj Shekhar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Bharat Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Virendra Singh Mast]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Sanatan Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Ballia<ref name="Ballia Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Ballia Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/ballia |accessdate=16 June 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616172557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/ballia |archivedate=16 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ballia">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ballia |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2472.htm |accessdate=16 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616172658/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2472.htm |archivedate=16 June 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Sanatan Pandey]]
|votes = 467,068
|percentage = 46.37
|change ={{increase}}0.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|votes = 423,684
|percentage = 42.06
|change ={{decrease}}5.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lallan Singh Yadav
|votes = 85,205
|percentage = 8.46
|change ={{increase}}8.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,187
|percentage = 0.81
|change ={{decrease}}0.16
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,384
|percentage = 4.30
|change ={{increase}}2.73
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,07,322
|percentage = 52.37
|change ={{decrease}}1.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Virendra Singh Mast]]|votes=4,69,114|percentage=47.40|change=+9.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sanatan Pandey]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=4,53,595|percentage=45.83|change=+22.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vinod|party=Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|votes=35,900|percentage=3.63|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=9,615|percentage=0.97|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,519|percentage=1.57|change=-13.23}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,90,571|percentage=54.35|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||swing=|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party}}{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bharat Singh]]
|votes = 3,59,760
|percentage = 38.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|votes = 2,20,324
|percentage = 23.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Quami Ekta Dal
|candidate = [[Afzal Ansari]]
|votes = 1,63,943
|percentage = 17.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virendra Kumar Pathak
|votes = 1,41,684
|percentage = 15.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudha Rai
|votes = 13,501
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 6,670
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,39,434
|percentage = 14.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,42,275
|percentage = 53.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|votes = 276,649
|percentage = 40.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Sangram Singh Yadav]]
|votes = 2,04,094
|percentage = 30.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Sinha]]
|votes = 1,37,740
|percentage = 20.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramshakal
|votes = 25,865
|percentage = 3.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 72,555
|percentage = 10.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,77,729
|percentage = 40.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 bye-election ===
{{Election box begin | title=2008 bye-elections: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Neeraj Shekhar]]
|votes = 295,786
|percentage = 54.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|votes = 1,64,450
|percentage = 30.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Virendra Singh Mast]]
|votes = 22,723
|percentage = 4.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Uma Shankar Nishad
|votes = 21,449
|percentage = 3.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajeev Upadhyay
|votes = 10,755
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,31,286
|percentage = 14.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,41,620
|percentage = 35.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|votes = 270,136
|percentage = 43.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kapildeo Yadav
|votes = 189,082
|percentage = 30.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = P. N. Tiwari
|votes = 109,499
|percentage = 17.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Omprakash
|votes = 28,266
|percentage = 4.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 81,054
|percentage = 13.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,19,531
|percentage = 43.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|votes = 235,946
|percentage = 38.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Krishna Gopal
|votes = 180,271
|percentage = 29.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramdeo Maurya
|votes = 142,647
|percentage = 23.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Digvijay
|votes = 36,477
|percentage = 5.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 55,675
|percentage = 9.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,19,524
|percentage = 48.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|votes = 260,544
|percentage = 40.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Krishna Gopal
|votes = 231,060
|percentage = 36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Col. Bharat Singh
|votes = 96,884
|percentage = 15.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagannath Chowdhary]]
|votes = 33,764
|percentage = 5.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,484
|percentage = 4.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,42,535
|percentage = 49.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|votes = 305,592
|percentage = 56.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagannath Chowdhary]]
|votes = 118,987
|percentage = 22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra Rajbhar
|votes = 70,366
|percentage = 13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Dharmanand Tiwari
|votes = 7,399
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,86,605
|percentage = 34.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,41,957
|percentage = 42.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Ballia]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|candidate = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|votes = 213,066
|percentage = 44.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagannath Chowdhary]]
|votes = 154,518
|percentage = 32.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra Rajbhar
|votes = 34,781
|percentage = 7.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Rai
|votes = 34,581
|percentage = 7.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 58,548
|percentage = 12.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,76,635
|percentage = 47.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ballia district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Azamgarh division topics}}

{{Coord|25.76|84.15|display=title}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/ballia/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Ballia lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]
*[https://resultuniversity.com/election/ballia-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha Ballia Lok Sabha]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1990–1991}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}}
{{end}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ballia district]]

Lal Salaam (2024 film)

2026-04-24T14:37:45Z

Eurotechconseil: Creating stub...

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language sports action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Lal Salaam 2024 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]]
| screenplay = Vishnu Rangasamy Aishwarya Rajinikanth
| story = Vishnu Rangasamy
| producer = [[Allirajah Subaskaran]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rajinikanth]]
* [[Vishnu Vishal]]
* [[Vikranth]]
}}
| cinematography = Vishnu Rangasamy
| editing = B. Pravin Baaskar
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = [[Lyca Productions]]
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|02|09|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lal Salaam |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/lal-salaam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5mtg2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208174939/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/lal-salaam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5mtg2 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> 163 minutes (extended version)
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR}}80–90 crores<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2024 |title=Lal Salaam Box Office Collection Day 1 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/lal-salaam-box-office-collection-day-1-superstar-rajinikanths-latest-movie-mints-rs-4-44-crore-11707536353757.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210044037/https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/lal-salaam-box-office-collection-day-1-superstar-rajinikanths-latest-movie-mints-rs-4-44-crore-11707536353757.html |archive-date=10 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=Live Mint}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}17.46 crores<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2024 |title='Lal Salaam' producers face criticism for celebrating Rajinikanth's film's box office success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lal-salaam-producers-face-criticism-for-celebrating-rajinikanths-films-box-office-success/articleshow/107952951.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422212009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lal-salaam-producers-face-criticism-for-celebrating-rajinikanths-films-box-office-success/articleshow/107952951.cms |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Lal Salaam''''' ({{Translation|[[Lal Salam|Red Salute]]}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports film|sports]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]] and produced by [[Allirajah Subaskaran]] under [[Lyca Productions]]. The film stars [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Vikranth]], with an ensemble supporting cast including [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Senthil]], [[Jeevitha]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]] and [[Thambi Ramaiah]], while [[Rajinikanth]] appears in an extended cameo role.

The film was officially announced in November 2022. Filming took place between March and August 2023, in several locations including [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Pondicherry]]. The film has music composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], cinematography headed by Vishnu Rangasamy and editing by B. Pravin Baaskar.

''Lal Salaam'' was released theatrically on 9 February 2024 in theatres. The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics and was a [[box-office bomb]], earning {{INR}}19 crore against the budget of {{INR}}80–90 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2024 |title=Lal Salaam box office Day 6: Aishwarya Rajinikanth's film continues its underwhelming run, yet to hit Rs 15 crore mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lal-salaam-box-office-day-6-aishwarya-rajinikanths-film-continues-its-underwhelming-run-yet-to-hit-rs-15-crore-mark-9162609/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215060716/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lal-salaam-box-office-day-6-aishwarya-rajinikanths-film-continues-its-underwhelming-run-yet-to-hit-rs-15-crore-mark-9162609/ |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Aishwarya has since attributed the film's failure to loss of crucial footage during filming.<ref name=":0" /> An extended version, incorporating some rediscovered footage, was released on [[Sun NXT]] on 6 June 2025, to a more positive reception.

==Plot==
Thirunavukarasu "Thiru" gets arrested by the police and recounts his story from jail.

Thiru is a happy-go-lucky jobless man who lives in Murabad, a village where [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] co-exist harmoniously. He later falls for Dhanalakshmi. A politician's son, Maharajan (Raji), argues with Thiru's mother, so Thiru beats up Raji and his men furiously. A competitive [[cricket]] match takes place in the village, featuring two teams, 3 Stars (full of Muslim people) and MCC (full of Hindu people). Maharajan plans to use the cricket match to incite the villagers. The 3 Star team plans to bring Samsuddin from Bombay to their team.

In Bombay, Shamsuddin's father, D. G. Mohideen, also known as Mohideen Bhai, fights with some men after Samsuddin is attacked following a syndicate meeting. Thiru reveals that his father, Manickam, and Mohideen Bhai are good friends, and Samsu is a talented cricket player. Mohideen's friendship with Manickam remained after Manickam's death. Alauddin Bhai calls Samsu to come to Murabad, so Samsu arrives. Thiru reveals that they have had enmity since a young age, as Moideen Bhai forced Thiru into a school he disliked. Samsu is selected to play for the Ranji Trophy but loses to Thiru's team. They hold another cricket match in which Thiru's team loses. Mani, Thiru's friend, starts a fight, leading to a violent scuffle between players and the crowd. In a fit of rage, Thiru injures Shamsuddin's right hand during a match, sparking a serious conflict between Muslims and Hindus in Murabad. Moideen Bhai learns that Samsu's hand must be amputated to save him, and he cries in anguish. Thiru's mother, Rani pleads with her brother, Moideen Bhai, but he ignores her. During a peace meeting, Moideen Bhai decides to leave justice to the system and allows Thiru to go to court. Samikannu, the village priest, pleads with Bhai, but he refuses. Thiru is arrested by the police, which is what happens at the beginning.

Samsu attempts to hang himself, but Bhai slaps him for his cowardice. Samsu tells he could do anything and tells his father to do something, to which Bhai says he will do something. Thiru gets bail, and he decides to reform his ways. Outside the court, Thiru gets attacked by men, but he fights them and defends himself. The villagers discover that Moideen Bhai was behind the attack. Moideen reflects. In a flashback, it is revealed that Moideen Bhai stood by his sister's, Rani side even at Manickam's funeral. They plan to file an FIR against Bhai, but the police will take a written complaint. Thiru lets Rani know that he will not fight and will change his ways. After Dhanalakshmi reveals her love for Thiru, Raji attacks Thiru, but Thiru retaliates by breaking Raji's hand.

At the village festival, Raji insults the low-caste villagers and confiscates the village's chariot. Samikannu passes away after his grandchildren leave due to the festival cancellation. With some guidance from his friends and mentor, he plays cricket for the surrounding villages and wins, while also earning some money for the chariot funding. In need of another ₹1.5 lakh, he and his friends go to Bombay relying on donations. The villagers start building the chariot. Moideen Bhai tries to pacify his son; however, Samsu says he will do something to Thiru. It is revealed that Moideen Bhai orchestrated the attack to make Samsu believe he is doing something. Thiru travels to Bombay and gets caught up in a religious riot between the townsfolk. Thiru watches Samsu get attacked by some men, and Thiru saves him, but they both get injured in the process. The brother of Samsuddin’s attacker, uses the opportunity to attack Samsu, but Moideen Bhai saves Thiru and Samsu.

Mohideen then decides to give the additional funding for their own chariot. However, a jealous Raj destroys it in retaliation. In the end it is revealed that it was Raj who made sure Shamsuddin injured his hand in the clash in Murarbad. Hearing this, his pregnant wife, Ammani, threatens him to surrender to the police for his criminal acts or lose their unborn child. Finally, the Muslim community in Murarbad helps the Hindu community with their Thiruvizha, and the harmony is achieved once again.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as D. G. Mohideen (Mohideen Bhai) (extended cameo)
* [[Vishnu Vishal]] as Thirunavukarasu "Thiru"
* [[Vikranth]] as Shamsuddin "Samsu", son of Mohideen
* [[Senthil]] as Samikkannu
* [[Livingston (actor)|Livingston]] as Manickam, Thirunavukarasu's father and Mohideen's friend
* [[Jeevitha]] as Rani, Manickam's wife and Thirunavukarasu's mother<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=5 August 2023 |title=Vishnu Vishal completes filming his portions for 'Lal Salaam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-completes-filming-his-portions-for-lal-salaam/articleshow/102450844.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811060747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-completes-filming-his-portions-for-lal-salaam/articleshow/102450844.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Ra. Sathyamoorthy
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Kathirvelan, Thirunavukarasu's uncle
* [[Nirosha]] as Fathima, Mohideen's wife and Shamsuddin's mother<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2023 |title=Actress Nirosha to join the cast of 'Lal Salaam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-nirosha-to-join-the-cast-of-lal-salaam/articleshow/101235278.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816021456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-nirosha-to-join-the-cast-of-lal-salaam/articleshow/101235278.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Ananthika Sanilkumar as S. Dhanalakshmi, Thirunavukarasu's love interest
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Maharaja (Raji)
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Thirunavukarasu's friend
* [[Poster Nandakumar]] as Nandakumar
* [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] as Ammani, Raji's wife
* [[Adithya Menon]] as the brother of Shamsuddin's attacker
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Allaudin Bhai
* [[Bharathi Kannan]] as Police Inspector
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Shamsuddin's attacker
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Thiru's Bombay acquaintance
* Jay Parashar as Salim
* [[Kapil Dev]] as himself (cameo appearance)<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=18 May 2023 |title=Kapil Dev in Aishwarya Rajinikanth's 'Lal Salaam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kapil-dev-in-aishwarya-rajinikanths-lal-salaam/articleshow/100334793.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kapil-dev-in-aishwarya-rajinikanths-lal-salaam/articleshow/100334793.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==

=== Development and casting ===
In October 2022, [[Rajinikanth]], who had signed a two-deal film with production house [[Lyca Productions]] after the success of [[2.0 (film)|''2.0'']] (2018), was reported to have signed his daughter [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]] to direct the latter film in the deal, with the former film being ''[[Vettaiyan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2022 |title=Daughter Aishwarya to direct papa Rajinikanth: Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/daughter-aishwarya-to-direct-papa-rajinikanth-reports/articleshow/94738195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009082744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/daughter-aishwarya-to-direct-papa-rajinikanth-reports/articleshow/94738195.cms |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Soon after, Aishwarya reportedly made a new plan with [[Atharvaa]] starring in the lead role, while Rajinikanth would play an extended cameo role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2022 |title=Here's Aishwarya Rajinikanth's comeback directorial plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-aishwarya-rajinikanths-comeback-directorial-plan/articleshow/95033595.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123080954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-aishwarya-rajinikanths-comeback-directorial-plan/articleshow/95033595.cms |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 5 November, the production house made a public announcement, confirming the project. The official title, ''Lal Salaam'', was revealed and a [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held the same day in [[Chennai]]. Instead of Atharvaa, [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Vikranth]] were announced to play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 2022 |title='Thalaivar 170' titled 'Lal Salaam'; Rajinikanth takes a cameo role while Vishnu Vishal and Vikranth play leads in Aishwarya Rajinikanth's directorial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalaivar-170-titled-lal-salaam-rajinikanth-takes-a-cameo-role-while-vishnu-vishal-and-vikranth-play-leads-in-aishwarya-rajinikanths-directorial/articleshow/95315078.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201094343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalaivar-170-titled-lal-salaam-rajinikanth-takes-a-cameo-role-while-vishnu-vishal-and-vikranth-play-leads-in-aishwarya-rajinikanths-directorial/articleshow/95315078.cms |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Jeevitha]] made her comeback into acting after thirty-three years through this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=THIS actress to make her Kollywood comeback after 33 years with 'Lal Salaam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-actress-to-make-her-kollywood-comeback-after-33-years-with-lal-salaam/articleshow/98351980.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214003514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/this-actress-to-make-her-kollywood-comeback-after-33-years-with-lal-salaam/articleshow/98351980.cms |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 7 March 2023 in [[Chennai]], while a muhurat [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] was held in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2023 |title=Aishwarya Rajinikanth's directorial 'Lal Salaam' starts rolling in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajinikanths-directorial-lal-salaam-starts-rolling-in-chennai/articleshow/98468743.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317081343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajinikanths-directorial-lal-salaam-starts-rolling-in-chennai/articleshow/98468743.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first schedule in Chennai was wrapped up in April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2023 |title=Lal Salaam's first shooting schedule wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lal-salaams-first-shooting-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/99375542.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lal-salaams-first-shooting-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/99375542.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second schedule in [[Mumbai]] began in May.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Vishnu Vishal begins the next schedule of 'Lal Salaam' in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-begins-the-next-schedule-of-lal-salaam-in-mumbai/articleshow/99984798.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233802/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-begins-the-next-schedule-of-lal-salaam-in-mumbai/articleshow/99984798.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth joined the schedule that month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=Rajinikanth to join the Mumbai schedule of 'Lal Salaam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-to-join-the-mumbai-schedule-of-lal-salaam/articleshow/100029894.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-to-join-the-mumbai-schedule-of-lal-salaam/articleshow/100029894.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Former cricketer [[Kapil Dev]] also joined the schedule that month.<ref name="auto" /> In June, moved the team to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2023 |title=Fans gather in large at the 'Lal Salaam' shooting spot to meet Rajinikanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fans-gather-in-large-at-the-lal-salaam-shooting-spot-to-meet-rajinikanth/articleshow/100720761.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fans-gather-in-large-at-the-lal-salaam-shooting-spot-to-meet-rajinikanth/articleshow/100720761.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2023 |title=Vishnu Vishal & Vikranth head to Pondicherry for 'Lal Salaam' shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-vikranth-head-to-pondicherry-for-lal-salaam-shooting/articleshow/100784350.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-vikranth-head-to-pondicherry-for-lal-salaam-shooting/articleshow/100784350.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth had wrapped up his portions by 12 July.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2023 |title=Rajinikanth's portions in 'Lal Salaam' wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-portions-in-lal-salaam-wrapped-up/articleshow/101694800.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811060744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-portions-in-lal-salaam-wrapped-up/articleshow/101694800.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team completed shooting the second schedule in July.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2023 |title=Aishwarya Rajinikanth's 'Lal Salaam' second schedule wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajinikanths-lal-salaam-second-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/101820886.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811060726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajinikanths-lal-salaam-second-schedule-wrapped-up/articleshow/101820886.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vishnu also wrapped up his portions by 5 August.<ref name="auto2" /> The principal photography wrapped up by 7 August.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Vishnu Vishal and Vikranth's 'Lal Salaam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-vishnu-vishal-and-vikranths-lal-salaam/article67167968.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809154343/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-vishnu-vishal-and-vikranths-lal-salaam/article67167968.ece |archive-date=9 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> A hard disk containing 21 days worth footage went missing during post-production works and, unable to reshoot all the missing scenes, the team reshot only a few and included them into the final cut.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Aishwarya Rajinikanth: We lost 21 days of 'Lal Salaam' footage, had to compromise |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aishwarya-rajinikanth-we-lost-21-days-of-lal-salaam-footage-had-to-compromise-2513617-2024-03-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312130934/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aishwarya-rajinikanth-we-lost-21-days-of-lal-salaam-footage-had-to-compromise-2513617-2024-03-12 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The [[film score]] and soundtrack are composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], in his maiden feature film collaboration with Aishwarya Rajinikanth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2023 |title=Vishnu Vishal elated about AR Rahman composing music for 'Lal Salaam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-elated-about-ar-rahman-composing-music-for-lal-salaam/articleshow/98906318.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-elated-about-ar-rahman-composing-music-for-lal-salaam/articleshow/98906318.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In November 2023, it was announced that the audio rights for the film were purchased by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1723241739228684572 |user=LycaProductions |title=Happy to bring you the sounds of #LalSalaam 🫡 through @SonyMusicSouth 🎶 |author=Lyca Productions |author-link=Lyca Productions |date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251025005935/https://x.com/LycaProductions/status/1723241739228684572 |archive-date=25 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first single titled "Ther Thiruvizha" was released on 18 December 2023. The second single titled "Ae Pulla" sung by [[Sid Sriram]] was released on 15 January 2024 coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]. However, Sid Sriram was replaced by [[Nakul Abhyankar]] in the film version of the song.{{Cn|date=June 2025}}

The song "Thimiri Yezhuda" which was sung using the voices of late singers [[Bamba Bakya]] and [[Shahul Hameed]] was made possible via artificial intelligence technology, thus making it the first Indian song to recreate a deceased singer's voice.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1751970083944222763|user=sonymusicsouth|title=The mesmerizing voices of Bamba Bakya & Shahul Hameed in #ThimiriYezhuda from #LalSalaam made possible by @timelessvoicesx AI voice models. 🎼 This marks the first time in the industry that a late legend's voice has been brought back to life.|author=Sony Music South India|author-link=Sony Music South|date=29 January 2024|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250507052923/https://x.com/sonymusicsouth/status/1751970083944222763|archive-date=7 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

The audio launch was held at Sri Leo Muthu Indoor Stadium on 26 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1749665801710514545 |user=LycaProductions |title=Celebration awaits! 🤩✨ Join us for the star-studded GRAND AUDIO LAUNCH EVENT of Lal Salaam this Friday, Jan 26 🗓️ at Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, Chennai.📍Get ready for another classic album from our 'Isaipuyal' AR Rahman & of course our Thalaivar's Kutty Kadhai! 😉🎙️💥 |author=Lyca Productions |author-link=Lyca Productions |date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250929020445/https://x.com/LycaProductions/status/1749665801710514545 |archive-date=29 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ther Thiruvizha
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[A. R. Raihanah]], Deepthi Suresh, Yogi Sekar
| length1 = 7:44
| title2 = Ae Pulla
| lyrics2 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]] (Soundtrack Version), [[Nakul Abhyankar]] (Film Version)
| length2 = 4.41
| title3 = Anbalane
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra3 = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| length3 = 6:44
| title4 = Thimiri Yezhuda
| lyrics4 = [[Snehan]]
| extra4 = [[Bamba Bakya]], [[Shahul Hameed]], [[Deepthi Suresh]], Akshaya Shivkumar
| length4 = 2:47
| title5 = Jalali
| lyrics5 = Mashook Rahman, [[A. R. Rahman]]
| length5 = 3:55
| extra5 = [[A. R. Rahman]], Sarath Santosh
}}

== Marketing ==
The theatrical teaser of the film was released on 12 November 2023, on the occasion of [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title='Lal Salaam' teaser: Rajinikanth promises a powerful cameo appearance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lal-salaam-teaser-rajinikanth-vishnu-vishal-vikranth-2461982-2023-11-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113013655/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lal-salaam-teaser-rajinikanth-vishnu-vishal-vikranth-2461982-2023-11-12 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=Lal Salaam teaser: Rajinikanth raises voice against mixing religion with sports |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lal-salaam-teaser-rajinikanth-raises-voice-against-mixing-religion-with-sports-9023545/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113010104/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lal-salaam-teaser-rajinikanth-raises-voice-against-mixing-religion-with-sports-9023545/ |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On Rajinikanth's birthday on 12 December 2023, a promo highlighting his character of Moideen Bhai was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Lal Salaam new promo shows off Rajinikanth's Moideen Bhai, fans are loving his style and swag. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lal-salaam-rajinikanth-new-promo-moideen-bhai-watch-9065531/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216171744/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lal-salaam-rajinikanth-new-promo-moideen-bhai-watch-9065531/ |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
Initially, the film was scheduled for theatrical release on 12 January 2024, coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]. However, in a turn of events, the production house announced that the film will instead release at 9 February 2024 to account for the delay in post-production work and the release of ''[[Mission: Chapter 1]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Vishnu Vishal completes dubbing for 'Lal Salaam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-completes-dubbing-for-lal-salaam/articleshow/106959020.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202120136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-completes-dubbing-for-lal-salaam/articleshow/106959020.cms |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1744683040302158263 |user=LycaProductions |title=Namma THER THIRUVIZHA'ku Alappara kelappa neram vandhachu! 🤩 LAL SALAAM 🫡 hits the big screen 📽️✨ on February 9th 2024! Save the date! 🗓️ |author=Lyca Productions |author-link=Lyca Productions |date=9 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110060941/https://twitter.com/LycaProductions/status/1744683040302158263 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
In December 2024, Aishwarya said an extended cut would be available on streaming as some of the previously lost footage was found.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Lal Salaam lost footage found, to release on OTT: Aishwarya Rajinikanth |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/17/lal-salaam-lost-footage-found-to-release-on-ott-aishwarya-rajinikanth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919003322/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/17/lal-salaam-lost-footage-found-to-release-on-ott-aishwarya-rajinikanth |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Lal Salaam's OTT Cut Will Be Different From Its Theatrical Version, Says Aishwarya Rajinikanth |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/lal-salaams-ott-cut-will-be-different-from-its-theatrical-version-says-aishwarya-rajinikanth-9053806.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919003424/https://www.news18.com/movies/lal-salaams-ott-cut-will-be-different-from-its-theatrical-version-says-aishwarya-rajinikanth-9053806.html |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The extended version began streaming on [[Sun NXT]] from 6 June, coinciding with the [[Eid al-Adha]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=Rajinikanth's Lal Salaam Is Finally Set To Release On OTT! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/lal-salaam-is-finally-set-to-release-on-ott-rajinikanth-article-151759739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613015805/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/lal-salaam-is-finally-set-to-release-on-ott-rajinikanth-article-151759739 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> and was regarded by viewers as an improvement over the theatrical version.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2025 |title='Lal Salaam' OTT version outshines theatrical cut, Rajinikanth shines brighter than ever |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lal-salaam-ott-version-outshines-theatrical-cut-rajinikanth-shines-brighter-than-ever/articleshow/121691425.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250929015525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lal-salaam-ott-version-outshines-theatrical-cut-rajinikanth-shines-brighter-than-ever/articleshow/121691425.cms |archive-date=29 September 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Lal Salaam'' received mixed to negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2024 |title=Lal Salaam Director Aishwarya On Films Failure And The Rajinikanth Factor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lal-salaam-director-aishwarya-on-films-failure-and-the-rajinikanth-factor-5194099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312153249/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lal-salaam-director-aishwarya-on-films-failure-and-the-rajinikanth-factor-5194099 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=40|count=5|average=4.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=19 February 2024}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=lal_salaam |type=m |title=Lal Salaam |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>

Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and stated "The film's politics needs to be applauded. But there could have been more nuance in the way the conflict resolved. It could have been more than just a piece of convenient writing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Lal Salaam Movie Review: Rajinikanth's Presence Elevates This Film That's Dignified But Overlong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lal-salaam/movie-review/107549517.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210123933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lal-salaam/movie-review/107549517.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "Aishwarya Rajinikanth’s ''Lal Salaam'' is a social drama with a message. And the audience will love Rajinikanth as Moideen bhai and hopefully, they’ll take back home and to heart what he says on screen. Humanity above all".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Lal Salaam movie review: Aishwarya Rajinikanth is back with a bang |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/lal-salaam-movie-review-rajinikanth-backbone-of-aishwarya-rajinikanth-relevant-social-drama-101707460738276-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209142310/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/lal-salaam-movie-review-rajinikanth-backbone-of-aishwarya-rajinikanth-relevant-social-drama-101707460738276-amp.html |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and stated "While the first half of the film is uneven due to forced staging, the messaging comes together in the second half, leaving viewers with a satisfying aftertaste".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title='Lal Salaam' Review: Rajinikanth rips apart religious politics in an uneven film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lal-salaam-review-rajinikanth-rips-apart-religious-politics-in-an-uneven-film-2499686-2024-02-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209081431/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/reviews/story/lal-salaam-review-rajinikanth-rips-apart-religious-politics-in-an-uneven-film-2499686-2024-02-09 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' stated "The social message is important, no doubt about it, but it's also important that the strong message exists in an equally strong film. That's where ''Lal Salaam'' misses the mark".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Lal Salaam Review: Rajini Can't Save A Bland, Simplistic And Melodramatic Affair |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/lal-salaam-review-rajini-cant-save-a-bland-simplistic-and-melodramatic-affair-aishwarya-rajinikanth-vishnu-vishal-vikranth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210123911/https://www.filmcompanion.in/amp/story/reviews/tamil-review/lal-salaam-review-rajini-cant-save-a-bland-simplistic-and-melodramatic-affair-aishwarya-rajinikanth-vishnu-vishal-vikranth |archive-date=10 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and stated "''Lal Salaam'' is a winner if films are supposed to be noble message churning machines. But if cinema is considered to be much more than the takeaways and moral of the story, we only have a middling film with a topical and much-needed message for the country".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Lal Salaam movie review: Despite noble themes and Rajinikanth, the film falls short of excellence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lal-salaam-movie-review-despite-noble-themes-and-rajinikanth-the-film-falls-short-of-excellence-9152957/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209122224/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/lal-salaam-movie-review-despite-noble-themes-and-rajinikanth-the-film-falls-short-of-excellence-9152957/ |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and stated that "a film, in which Rajinikanth seems quite willing to shed his star image in pursuit of story-related pleasures, in pursuit of progressive politics, deserves to be more emotional, and more powerful".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Lal Salaam Movie Review: This film about heightened emotions needed to evoke more emotion |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/english/review/2024/feb/09/lal-salaam-movie-review-this-film-about-heightened-emotions-needed-to-evoke-more-emotion-51912.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210123922/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/english/review/2024/feb/09/lal-salaam-movie-review-this-film-about-heightened-emotions-needed-to-evoke-more-emotion-51912.amp |archive-date=10 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "''Lal Salaam'' is the kind of film you wish you liked for how noble its intentions are. But that’s all you are left to feel for a film that doesn’t try enough to give you more, anything refreshing or anything novel".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=9 February 2024 |title='Lal Salaam' movie review: Rajinikanth adds vigour but struggles to save Aishwarya Rajinikanth's sermon on secularism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lal-salaam-movie-review-rajinikanth-adds-vigour-but-struggles-to-save-aishwarya-rajinikanths-sermon-on-secularism/article67829230.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209135352/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lal-salaam-movie-review-rajinikanth-adds-vigour-but-struggles-to-save-aishwarya-rajinikanths-sermon-on-secularism/article67829230.ece/amp/ |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 sports films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aishwarya Rajinikanth]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports drama films]]

Kamangars

2026-04-22T18:10:36Z

Eurotechconseil: adding

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Muslim community in India and Pakistan}}
{{unsourced|date=December 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Kamdangar, a bowmaker - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.357v - BL Add. 27255.jpg|thumb|Kamangar, a bowmaker – ''Tashrih al-aqvam'' (1825)]]

The '''Kamangars''' are a Muslim community found in [[Northern India]] and Pakistan.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Farzad Kamangar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}

Lahowal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:47:35Z

Eurotechconseil: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lahowal
| constituency_no = 117
| type = SLA
| map_image = Lahowal Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| district = [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
| abolished = 2023
}}
'''Lahowal Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Lahowal formed part of the [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
! rowspan="3" |Lily Sengupta
! rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
! rowspan="3" |Dipak Moormoo
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Dipen Tanti
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
![[Haren Bhumij]]
! rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Prithibi Majhi]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
![[Rituparna Baruah]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
![[Binod Hazarika]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Lahowal<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rituparna Baruah
|votes = 59,013
|percentage = 54.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prithibi Majhi
|votes = 39,414
|percentage = 36.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Rajesh Rajput
|votes = 3,022
|percentage = 2.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjit Konwar
|votes = 1,753
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sombhulal Sabor
|votes = 1,568
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Priyanath Gogoi
|votes = 911
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JCP
|candidate = Boga Kumar Nag
|votes = 857
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,039
|percentage = 2.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,599
|percentage = 17.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,09,177
|percentage = 85.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,27,443
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|27.45|95.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]

Rampur-Baghelan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:38:32Z

Eurotechconseil: Started New Entry

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rampur-Baghelan
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 67
| map_image = 67-Rampur-Baghelan.svg
| mla = [[Vikram Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Harsh Singh (politician)|Harsh Singh]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Satna district|Satna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
}}
'''Rampur-Baghelan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=1 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref> This constituency was abolished in 1961 but came into existence again in 1966.

==Overview==
Rampur-Baghelan (constituency number 67) is one of the 7 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Satna district]]. This constituency covers the entire Rampur-Baghelan [[tehsil]] and part of Amarpatan tehsil of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=232, 250}}</ref>

Rampur-Baghelan is part of [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with six other Vidhan Sabha segments of this district, namely, [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]], [[Raigaon Assembly constituency|Raigaon]], [[Satna Assembly constituency|Satna]], [[Nagod Assembly constituency|Nagod]], [[Maihar Assembly constituency|Maihar]] and [[Amarpatan Assembly constituency|Amarpatan]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
Source:

=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="eci2" />
|[[Govind Narayan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2 |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Govind Narayan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Toshan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Prabhakar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harsh Singh (politician)|Harsh Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Toshan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ramlakhan Singh Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election 1998 – Constituency: Rampur-Baghelan |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=708&cid=39 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223010511/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=708&cid=39 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref>
|Prabhakar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite magazine |title=Assembly Elections Madhya Pardesh 2003 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?222226 |accessdate=19 February 2014 |magazine=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>
|[[Harsh Singh (politician)|Harsh Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Samanta Dal}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=1 March 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|Ramlakhan Singh Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Harsh Singh (politician)|Harsh Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Vikram Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rampur-Baghelan<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vikram Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:85287}}
|percentage = 43.66
|change = +5.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramshankar Payasi
|votes = {{formatnum:62706}}
|percentage = 32.1
|change = +8.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Maniraj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:38113}}
|percentage = 19.51
|change = -10.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1265}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change = +0.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22581}}
|percentage = 11.56
|change = +2.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195351}}
|percentage = 74.11
|change = -1.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rampur-Baghelan<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vikram Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:68816}}
|percentage = 38.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramlakhan Singh Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:53129}}
|percentage = 29.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramshankar Payasi
|votes = {{formatnum:42501}}
|percentage = 23.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = K. K. Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:1948}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Bauddh
|votes = {{formatnum:1736}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:590}}
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15687}}
|percentage = 8.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178948}}
|percentage = 75.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rampur Baghelan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.51|81.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Satna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Humnabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:38Z

Eurotechconseil: adding

{{Short description|Constituency of Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Humnabad
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 48
| map_image = 48-Humnabad constituency.svg
| mla =[[Siddu Patil|Dr. Siddu Patil]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Rajashekhar Basavaraj Patil]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:245996}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Humnabad Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is a part of [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

[[Siddu Patil]] is the current MLA from Humnabad.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Srinivas Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[Shankar Dev]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Murlidhar Rao
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Gopal Rao Mudbi
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | V. N. Patil Neelappa || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="4" | [[Basavaraj Havgiappa Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Merajuddin Patel]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Subhash Kallur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 elections in India#Karnataka|2003 By-election]] {{efn|Election of Subhash Kallur declared void.}} || [[Rajashekar Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Merajuddin Patel]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | [[Rajashekar Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Siddu Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Humnabad">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Humnabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1048.htm?ac=48 |accessdate=19 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419074105/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1048.htm?ac=48 |archivedate=19 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Siddu Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,515 |percentage = 42.23% |change = {{increase}}15.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajashekar Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 73,921 |percentage = 41.34% |change = {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Faiz |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,900 |percentage = 14.48% |change = {{decrease}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bank Reddy |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,413 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 729 |percentage = 0.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,594 |percentage = 0.89% |change = {{decrease}}19.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,981 |percentage = 72.76% |change = {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 178,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,996 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajashekar Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,945 |percentage = 47.04% |change = {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,131 |percentage = 27.07% |change = {{increase}}21.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Naseemoddin Patel |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 34,280 |percentage = 21.51% |change = {{decrease}}10.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ankush |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 3,644 |percentage = 2.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,173 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,814 |percentage = 19.97% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,362 |percentage = 66.78% |change = {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,335}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,628 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajashekar Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,694 |percentage = 51.81% |change = {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Naseemoddin Patel |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 40,194 |percentage = 32.19% |change = {{increase}}9.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ankush Lingappa Chitta |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 8,093 |percentage = 6.48% |change = {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padmakar Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,604 |percentage = 5.29% |change = {{decrease}}18.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meer Ashreefali Meer Syedali |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 5,695 |percentage = 4.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankreddy Prabhureddy |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 5,238 |percentage = 4.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravikanth. K. Hugar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,076 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ismail Maheboobsab |party = National People's Party (India) |votes = 1,164 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,500 |percentage = 19.62% |change = {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,134 |percentage = 66.04% |change = {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,857}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,145 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajashekar Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,603 |percentage = 42.97% |change = {{increase}}11.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Kallur |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,867 |percentage = 24.14% |change = {{decrease}}5.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Merajuddin Patel]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,883 |percentage = 22.42% |change = {{decrease}}11.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaganath Ramchander Jamadar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,680 |percentage = 5.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi Kalappa Hugar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,935 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baswaraj Pailwan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Advocate Moulvi Zameeroddin |party = National Development Party |votes = 894 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsappa Lachappa Muttangi |party = Independent politician |votes = 817 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,736 |percentage = 18.83% |change = {{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,656 |percentage = 59.17% |change = {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,446}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,466 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}9.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Merajuddin Patel]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 35,755 |percentage = 33.95% |change = {{decrease}}246.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajashekar Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,586 |percentage = 31.89% |change = {{decrease}}337.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Kallur |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,335 |percentage = 29.76% |change = {{decrease}}246.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nabi Patel Farid Patel |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Kamanna Sirsi |party = Independent politician |votes = 893 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shobha Rani |party = Janata Party |votes = 632 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,169 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{decrease}}86.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,480 |percentage = 58.36% |change = {{increase}}52.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,302}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,737 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}335.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2003 elections in India#Karnataka|2003 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb2003/index.htm |title=Bye Elections 2024 (Jan to June,2024) - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajashekar Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,758 |percentage = 369.33% |change = {{increase}}336.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Merajuddin Patel]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 29,438 |percentage = 280.52% |change = {{increase}}253.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Kallur |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,954 |percentage = 275.91% |change = {{increase}}239.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Moulana Sab |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,238 |percentage = 21.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Ramchander |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,910 |percentage = 18.20% |change = {{increase}}17.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskara Babu. P |party = Independent politician |votes = 947 |percentage = 9.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,320 |percentage = 88.81% |change = {{increase}}85.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 10,494 |percentage = 5.92% |change = {{decrease}}60.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 10,494}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,389 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}332.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Kallur |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,438 |percentage = 36.44% |change = {{increase}}13.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajashekar Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,868 |percentage = 32.77% |change = {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Merajuddin Patel]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 26,099 |percentage = 26.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devendrakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,166 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudershan Madeppa Malge |party = Independent politician |votes = 766 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shakeel Ahmed Shamman |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 643 |percentage = 0.66% |change = {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,570 |percentage = 3.67% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,980 |percentage = 66.49% |change = {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,243}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,520 |percentage = 3.49% |change = {{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,874 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Merajuddin Patel]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 25,704 |percentage = 30.61% |change = {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Havgiappa Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,816 |percentage = 25.98% |change = {{decrease}}16.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Kallur |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,288 |percentage = 22.97% |change = {{increase}}12.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrikant Rai |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 10,465 |percentage = 12.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madivalappa Huche |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 2,042 |percentage = 2.43% |change = {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghaleppa Master |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,025 |percentage = 2.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalyanrao Shamrao Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,318 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,888 |percentage = 4.63% |change = {{decrease}}7.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,271 |percentage = 65.36% |change = {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,981}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,286 |percentage = 2.65% |change = {{decrease}}4.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,003 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Havgiappa Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,610 |percentage = 42.18% |change = {{decrease}}7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basheeruddin Yousufoddin |party = Janata Dal |votes = 20,801 |percentage = 29.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manik Rao Bhim Rao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,501 |percentage = 10.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. N. Patil Neelappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,670 |percentage = 5.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharnappabaswanappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,542 |percentage = 5.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Chandra Tippayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,014 |percentage = 2.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsappa Lachappa Muttangi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,586 |percentage = 2.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohuiddin Shabuddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 480 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veergonda Sharnagonda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 444 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,809 |percentage = 12.55% |change = {{increase}}4.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,461 |percentage = 61.34% |change = {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,200}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,261 |percentage = 6.97% |change = {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,028 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Havgiappa Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,763 |percentage = 49.52% |change = {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayanandrao Chandrabhanu |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,380 |percentage = 41.10% |change = {{increase}}27.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsappa Lachappa Muttangi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,881 |percentage = 3.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Md. Hisamuddin Yeseensab |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,166 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Iseamiyan Syed Yakhubmiyan |party = Independent politician |votes = 889 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhojappa Sambanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 713 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,383 |percentage = 8.42% |change = {{decrease}}15.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,350 |percentage = 55.37% |change = {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,024}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,326 |percentage = 2.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,350 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Havgiappa Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,528 |percentage = 53.73% |change = {{increase}}36.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manik Rao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,611 |percentage = 29.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishan Rao Gunderao |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,667 |percentage = 13.50% |change = {{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Babu Patrapalli |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,128 |percentage = 2.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. N. Vaidyaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 438 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,917 |percentage = 24.14% |change = {{increase}}20.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,730 |percentage = 58.95% |change = {{decrease}}9.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,372}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,358 |percentage = 2.68% |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,056 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}24.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Havgiappa Patil]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,167 |percentage = 29.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. N. Patil Neelappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 14,297 |percentage = 26.24% |change = {{decrease}}7.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narendra Madivalappa Kheni |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,442 |percentage = 17.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilipkumar Baswaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,916 |percentage = 12.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Shukoor Shaikh Mahboob |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,609 |percentage = 8.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsappa Lachappa Muttangi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,084 |percentage = 3.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zereppa Thukappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 465 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 3.43% |change = {{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,942 |percentage = 68.16% |change = {{increase}}10.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,481}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,461 |percentage = 2.61% |change = {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,077 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. N. Patil Neelappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 14,376 |percentage = 33.95% |change = {{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manik Rao Ramanna |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 13,935 |percentage = 32.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Havgiappa Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,175 |percentage = 31.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsappa Lachappa Muttangi |party = Independent politician |votes = 860 |percentage = 2.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 441 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,584 |percentage = 57.27% |change = {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,346}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,097 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. N. Patil Neelappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 16,019 |percentage = 45.93% |change = {{decrease}}3.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Kheny |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,488 |percentage = 41.54% |change = {{decrease}}9.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. G. Rao |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,345 |percentage = 9.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Sangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,025 |percentage = 2.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,531 |percentage = 4.39% |change = {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,225 |percentage = 60.07% |change = {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,877}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,970 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Rao Mudbi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,476 |percentage = 50.61% |change = {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 11,201 |percentage = 49.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 275 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}14.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,047 |percentage = 50.44% |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,677}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,670 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Murlidhar Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,923 |percentage = 45.52% |change = {{decrease}}23.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,229 |percentage = 30.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bidap. R. V |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,253 |percentage = 24.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,694 |percentage = 15.48% |change = {{decrease}}11.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,405 |percentage = 42.97% |change = {{decrease}}47.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,405}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,504 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}56.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Humnabad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,354 |percentage = 34.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shankar Dev]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,058 |percentage = 34.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malikarjun |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 6,715 |percentage = 7.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Vithal Rao Kamble |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 5,661 |percentage = 6.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bidap. R. V |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 4,611 |percentage = 5.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Rao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 3,556 |percentage = 4.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hakikat Rao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 2,893 |percentage = 3.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsing Lalappa |party = HSDCA |votes = 2,316 |percentage = 2.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,639 |percentage = 26.90% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,164 |percentage = 45.20% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,164}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,093 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bidar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coords|17.77|77.13|display=title}}

Constance Bruce, Countess of Elgin

2026-04-09T13:27:48Z

Eurotechconseil: New Stub.

{{Short description|Scottish aristocrat and Vicereine of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Constance, Countess of Elgin (1876), daughter of Sir James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk.jpg|thumb|Constance, Countess of Elgin and Kincardine, 1876]]
'''Constance Mary Bruce, Countess of Elgin''', {{Postnominals|country=UK|CI|size=100%}} (''née'' '''Carnegie''': 17 September 1851 – 24 September 1909) was a British aristocrat and [[Vicereine of India]]. She was the first wife of [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]], who served as [[Viceroy of India]] from 1894 to 1899.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomson |first=Graeme |date=2021-03-05 |title=Notable women of the Bruce Family |url=https://www.broomhallhouse.com/2021/03/notable-women-of-the-bruce-family/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Broomhall House |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=- The Countess of Elgin (Lady Constance Carnegie), 2nd daughter of the Earl of Southesk. [Photographs, English Portraits. Volume 71.] |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2911782/the-countess-of-elgin-lady-constance-carnegie-2nd-daughter-of-the-earl-of |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Dinner at Haddo House, 1884 by Alfred Edward Emslie.jpg|thumb|High tea at [[Haddo House]]]]
She was the daughter of [[James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk]] and his first wife Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel, the daughter of [[Charles Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough]]. Her brother was [[Charles Carnegie, 10th Earl of Southesk|Charles Noel Carnegie]], who succeeded to the [[Earldom of Southesk]].<ref name=":0">Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood'' (107 ed.). Burke’s Peerage & Gentry. pp. 1428–1429. {{ISBN|0-9711966-2-1}}.</ref>

In 1876 she married Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin and 13th Earl of Kincardine, whose prominent father [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]] had formerly also served as a Viceroy of India. They had six sons and five daughters:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Checkland |first=S. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQEhAAAAMAAJ |title=The Elgins, 1766-1917: A Tale of Aristocrats, Proconsuls and Their Wives |date=1988 |publisher=Aberdeen University Press |isbn=978-0-08-036395-0 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref>

* Lady Elizabeth Mary Bruce (11 September 1877{{snd}}13 May 1944)
* Lady Christina Augusta Bruce (25 January 1879{{snd}}12 September 1940)
* Lady Constance Veronica Bruce (24 February 1880{{snd}}7 July 1969)
* [[Edward Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin|Edward James Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin, 14th Earl of Kincardine]] (9 June 1881{{snd}}27 November 1968)
* Hon. Robert Bruce (18 November 1882{{snd}}31 October 1959)
* Hon. Alexander Bruce (29 July 1884{{snd}}October 1917)
* Lady Marjorie Bruce (12 December 1885{{snd}}23 May 1901)
* Col. Hon. David Bruce (11 June 1888{{snd}}26 August 1964)
* Lady Rachel Catherine Bruce (23 February 1890{{snd}}17 December 1964)
* Capt. Hon. John Bernard Bruce (9 April 1892{{snd}}3 August 1971)
* Hon. Victor Alexander Bruce (13 February 1897{{snd}}19 December 1930).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Elgin, Constance Bruce, Countess of}}
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:1890s in British India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:Scottish countesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Daughters of Scottish earls]]
[[Category:Carnegie family|Constance]]
[[Category:Bruce family|Constance]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Gumma Thanuja Rani

2026-04-05T00:09:29Z

Eurotechconseil: New Details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Goddeti Madhavi]]
| constituency = [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Gumma Thanuja Rani''' (born 1993) an Indian [[politician]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was elected to [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S011.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> representing [[Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party]].<ref name="eci"/>

== Early life and education ==
Gumma Thanuja Rani, née Chetti, was born to Gumma Syam Sundar Rao, a native of Addumanda, [[Hukumpeta|Hukumpet]] in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|ASR district]]. She married Chetti Vinay and has a daughter Chetti Yashnaa.<ref>https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/CandidateCustomFilter?_token=mNzTVBX5iK8YCzsTMWLj7KL8Y7Aw37PTEmbVowZF&electionType=24-PC-GENERAL-1-46&election=24-PC-GENERAL-1-46&states=S01&constId=1&submitName=6&page=2</ref> She is the daughter-in-law of [[Chetti Palguna|Chetti Phalguna]]. She did her graduation in medicine at [[International Higher School of Medicine]], [[International University of Kyrgyzstan]], [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan. She also served as an epidemiologist in ASR district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-02 |title=Former deputy collector to take on young doc in Araku LS constituency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/former-deputy-collector-to-take-on-young-doc-in-araku-ls-constituency/articleshow/108956815.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pranathi |first=Laxmi |date=2024-04-29 |title=Two Educated Women in Clash for Araku Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/two-educated-women-in-clash-for-araku-lok-sabha-seat-891695 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|accessdate=9 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109153202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|archivedate=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rani made her political debut winning the [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku Lok Sabha Constituency]], one of the biggest constituencies in India with a population of over 14.5 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gumma Thanuja Rani, YSRCP Candidate from Araku Lok Sabha Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Lok Sabha Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/gumma-thanuja-rani-lok-sabha-candidate-s01led2008p001e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/andhra-pradesh/constituencies/araku-constituency-s01led2008p001/</ref> She polled 4,77,005 votes and defeated [[Kothapalli Geetha]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 50,580 votes.<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S011.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Araku, Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Gumma Thanuja Rani Secures Victory by 50580 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/araku-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547587-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thanuja Rani, Gumma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
{{YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Train station

2026-03-28T23:33:35Z

Eurotechconseil: brief corrected details for accuracy also and added references

{{Short description|Railway facility for loading or unloading trains}}
{{other uses|Train station (disambiguation)|Train depot (disambiguation)|Gare (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Too many images|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Milan CentralStation 016 4294.jpg|thumb|[[Milano Centrale railway station|Milan Centrale]], Italy, the largest railway station in Europe by volume as of 2023<ref name="unitremilano">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unitremilano.it/920/luoghi/stazione-centrale-milano.html|title=La Stazione Centrale di Milano: la più grande in Europa|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923165628/https://www.unitremilano.it/920/luoghi/stazione-centrale-milano.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ]]
{{train topics}}
A '''train station''', '''railroad station''', or '''railway station''' is a [[Rail transport|railway]] facility where [[train]]s stop to load or unload [[passenger train|passengers]], [[freight rail transport|freight]], or both. It generally consists of at least one [[railway platform|platform]], one [[Railway track|track]], and a [[station building]] providing such ancillary services as [[train ticket|ticket]] sales, [[waiting room]]s, and baggage/freight service. Stations on a [[single track (rail)|single-track]] line often have a [[passing loop]] to accommodate trains travelling in the opposite direction.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Wind and train driven air movements in train stations |journal=Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics |date=1998 |volume=74–76 |pages=589–597 |doi=10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00053-1 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167610598000531 |last1=Gerhardt |first1=H.J |last2=Krüger |first2=O. |bibcode=1998JWEIA..74..589G |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Locations at which passengers only occasionally board or leave a train, sometimes consisting of a short platform and a waiting area but sometimes indicated by no more than a sign, are variously referred to as "stops", "[[flag stop]]s", "[[#Halt|halts]]", or "provisional stopping places". The stations themselves may be at ground level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting [[railway line|rail lines]] or other transport modes such as [[bus]]es, [[tram]]s, or other [[rapid transit]] systems.

== Terminology ==
''Train station'' is the terminology typically used in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=train+station%2Crailroad+station%2Crailway+station&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=17&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Ctrain%20station%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Crailroad%20station%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Crailway%20station%3B%2Cc0 |title=Google Books Ngram Viewer. American English Corpus |access-date=10 February 2023 }}</ref> In Europe, the terms ''train station'' and ''railway station'' are both commonly used, with ''railroad'' being obsolete.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fcollegeofjournalism%2Fentries%2F1cbca265-2424-320c-b032-6e6f7974e221 |title=Steamed up about train stations |publisher=BBC |location=London |website=Academy |author=Ian Jolly |date=1 August 2014 |type=blog |access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bridgingtheunbridgeable.com/2014/11/12/railway-station-or-train-station/ |title=Railway station or train station? |author=Morana Lukač |date=12 November 2014 |website=Bridging the Unbridgeable. A project on English usage guides |publisher=Leiden University Centre for Linguistics |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |type=blog |access-date=28 August 2015 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926175559/http://bridgingtheunbridgeable.com/2014/11/12/railway-station-or-train-station/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=train+station%2Crailroad+station%2Crailway+station&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=18&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Ctrain%20station%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Crailroad%20station%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Crailway%20station%3B%2Cc0 |title=Google Books Ngram Viewer. British English Corpus|access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> In [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] usage, where ''railway station'' is the traditional term, the word ''station'' is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise specified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/station_1?q=station |title=station, noun |work=Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=28 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080053/http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/station_1?q=station |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the United States, the term ''depot'' is sometimes used as an alternative name for ''station'', along with the compound forms ''train depot'', ''railway depot'', and ''railroad depot''—it is used for both passenger and freight facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depot|title=Definition of depot by Merriam-Webster|website=merriam-webster.com|access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref> The term ''depot'' is not used in reference to [[motive power depot|vehicle maintenance facilities]] in the U.S., whereas it is used as such in Canada and the United Kingdom.

== History ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Broad Green Station 1912320.jpg
| caption1 = [[Broad Green railway station|Broad Green station]], [[Liverpool, England]], shown in 1962, opened in 1830, is the oldest station ''site'' in the world still in use as a passenger station.
| image2 = BakerStreetOriginalPlatforms1863.jpg
| caption2 = [[Baker Street tube station|Baker Street station]], London, opened in 1863, was  the world's first station to be completely underground. Its original part, seen here, is just below the surface and was constructed by [[cut-and-cover]] tunnelling.
| image3 = North Western Hotel August 01 2010.jpg
| caption3 = [[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Liverpool Lime Street station's]] [[North Western Hotel, Liverpool|hotel frontage]] resembles a château; the station is the world's oldest used terminus.
| image4 = Paris Nord Platform.jpg
| caption4 = [[Gare du Nord]] is one of the six large terminus stations of the [[SNCF]] mainline network for Paris. It is the busiest railway station outside Japan, serving 206.7 million [[commuter rail]], French [[Intercités]] and high-speed [[TGV]], and international ([[Eurostar]], [[Thalys]]) rail passengers a year {{as of|lc=y|2016|post=.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |title=The 51 busiest train stations in the world– All but 6 located in Japan |publisher=Japan Today |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422213423/https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/the-51-busiest-train-stations-in-the-world-all-but-6-located-in-japan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=SNCF>{{cite web |url=https://ressources.data.sncf.com/explore/dataset/frequentation-gares/table/?sort=voyageurs_2016 |title=SNCF Open Data — Fréquentation en gares en 2016 |publisher=[[SNCF]] |location=Paris, France |via=ressources.data.sncf.com – SNCF OPEN DATA |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100037/https://ressources.data.sncf.com/explore/dataset/frequentation-gares/table/?sort=voyageurs_2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=WA/>
| image5 = Penn Station concourse.jpg
| caption5 = [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]] in [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]] [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], is an important railway terminal and transfer hub as well as the busiest railroad station in the [[Western Hemisphere]], serving more than 600,000 passengers a day {{as of|lc=y|2025|post=.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/11/12/nyregion/inertia-penn-station-trump.html|title=Why Can’t New York Fix Penn Station?
|author=Patrick McGeehan|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=12 November 2025|access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>
}}

The world's first recorded railway station, for [[Wagonway|trains drawn by horses]] rather than engined [[locomotive]]s, began passenger service in 1807.<ref name="BBC Wales news">{{cite web |title=Mumbles Railway |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_west/6491379.stm |publisher=BBC |date=25 March 2007 |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-date=22 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222204632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/6491379.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was [[Swansea The Mount railway station|The Mount]] in [[Swansea]], Wales, on the Oystermouth (later the [[Swansea and Mumbles Railway|Swansea and Mumbles]]) Railway.<ref name="Hughes">{{Citation|last=Hughes|first=Stephen|year=1990|title=The Archaeology of an Early Railway System: The Brecon Forest Tramroads|publisher=Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales|page=333|isbn=978-1871184051|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-pzUWrCU5sC&pg=PA333|access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> The world's oldest station for engined trains was at [[Heighington, County Durham|Heighington]], on the [[Stockton and Darlington railway]] in north-east England built by [[George Stephenson]] in the early 19th century, operated by locomotive [[Locomotion No. 1]]. The station opened in 1827 and was in use until the 1970s. The building, [[Listed building|Grade II*-listed]], was in bad condition, but was restored in 1984 as an inn. The inn closed in 2017; in 2024 there were plans to renovate the derelict station in time for the 200th anniversary of the opening of the railway line.<ref>{{cite news| last=Ofori | first=Morgan | title=Appeal to save 'world's oldest' railway station in County Durham |newspaper=The Guardian | date=28 February 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/feb/28/appeal-to-save-worlds-oldest-railway-station-in-county-durham}}</ref>

The two-storey [[B&O Railroad Museum|Mount Clare station]] in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], United States, which survives as a museum, first saw passenger service as the terminus of the horse-drawn [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] on 22 May 1830.<ref>{{cite web|url={{MHT url|id=6}}|title=B & O Transportation Museum & Mount Clare Station|access-date=9 February 2014|work=National Historic Landmarks in Maryland|publisher=Maryland Historical Trust}}</ref>

[[File:Train station with train and coal depot by Gustave Le Gray1.jpg|thumb|Station with train and coal depot by [[Gustave Le Gray]] in the mid-19th century]]
The oldest terminal station in the world was [[Crown Street railway station]] in [[Liverpool, England]], built in 1830, on the locomotive-hauled Liverpool to Manchester line. The station was slightly older than the still extant [[Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)|Liverpool Road railway station]] terminal in Manchester. The station was the first to incorporate a [[train shed]]. Crown Street station was demolished in 1836, as the Liverpool terminal station moved to [[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Lime Street railway station]]. Crown Street station was converted to a [[goods station]] terminal.

The first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]], opened in 1830.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/transport/rail-stations.html| title=Manchester Railway Stations| author=Moss, John| publisher=Papillon| date=5 March 2007| work=Manchester UK| access-date=13 March 2008| archive-date=23 March 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323113813/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/transport/rail-stations.html| url-status=usurped}}</ref> Manchester's [[Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)|Liverpool Road Station]], the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the [[Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester]]. It resembles a row of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] houses.

Early stations were sometimes built with both passenger and [[freight]] facilities, though some railway lines were goods-only or passenger-only, and if a line was dual-purpose there would often be a freight depot apart from the passenger station.<ref>{{cite journal| title=The Inception of the English Railway Station| journal=[[Architectural History (journal)|Architectural History]]| volume=4| year=1961| pages=63–76| doi=10.2307/1568245| jstor=1568245| publisher=SAHGB Publications Limited | s2cid=246043093}}</ref> This type of dual-purpose station can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations.

Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the grandiose architecture of the time, lending prestige to the city as well as to railway operations.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/swissinfo.html?siteSect=105&sid=5050460| title=Stations were gateways to the world| publisher=SwissInfo| date=2 June 2004| author=Miserez, Marc-André| access-date=13 March 2008| archive-date=27 September 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215205/http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/swissinfo.html?siteSect=105&sid=5050460| url-status=dead}}</ref> Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles. Various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, [[Baroque Revival architecture|Baroque]]- or [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]]-style edifices, to plainer [[utilitarian]] or [[Modern architecture|modernist]] styles. Stations in Europe tended to follow British designs and were in some countries, like Italy, financed by British railway companies.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://members.aol.com/Zacarious1/his.italy.html| title=Italian Railroad Stations| work=History of Railroad Stations| access-date=13 March 2008| archive-date=9 October 1999| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991009052002/http://members.aol.com/Zacarious1/his.italy.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

Train stations built more recently often have a similar feel to airports, with a simple, abstract style. Examples of modern stations include those on newer [[high-speed rail]] networks, such as the [[Shinkansen]] in Japan, [[THSR]] in Taiwan, [[TGV]] lines in France, and [[InterCityExpress|ICE]] lines in Germany.

== Facilities ==
[[File:Presto card at Oriole Station (20181011172332).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Presto card|Presto]] [[contactless smart card]] reader and self-serve ticket machine at a suburban train station in Toronto, Canada]]
[[File:Pénztárak a Nyugatiban.jpg|thumb|Ticket counters at the [[Budapest Nyugati railway station|Nyugati Railway Station]] in [[Budapest]], Hungary]]
[[File:Gleisplan Bahnhof Uster.jpg|thumb|Historic track plan of a railway station in Switzerland showing passenger and goods facilities and a small locomotive depot]]
Stations normally have staffed ticket sales offices, automated [[ticket machine]]s, or both, although on some lines tickets are sold on board the trains. Many stations include a shop or [[convenience store]]. Larger stations usually have [[fast-food]] or [[restaurant]] facilities. In some countries, stations may also have a [[bar (establishment)|bar]] or [[pub]]. Other station facilities may include: [[toilet]]s, [[left-luggage]], [[Lost and found|lost-and-found]], [[public transport timetables|departures and arrivals schedules]], luggage carts, [[waiting room]]s, [[taxi rank]]s, [[bus]] bays and even [[car park]]s. Larger or staffed stations tend to have a greater range of facilities including also a station security office. These are usually open for travellers when there is sufficient traffic over a long enough period of time to warrant the cost. In large cities this may mean facilities available around the clock. A basic station might only have platforms, though it may still be distinguished from a '''halt''', a stopping or halting place that may not even have platforms.

Many stations, either larger or smaller, offer interchange with local transportation; this can vary from a simple bus stop across the street to underground rapid-transit urban rail stations.

In many African, South American, and Asian countries, stations are also used as a place for public markets and other informal businesses. This is especially true on [[tourist]] routes or stations near [[tourist destination]]s.

As well as providing services for passengers and loading facilities for goods, stations can sometimes have locomotive and rolling stock depots, usually with facilities for storing and refuelling rolling stock and carrying out minor repairs.

== Configurations ==
The basic configuration of a station and various other features set certain types apart. The first is the [[Rail transport#Right-of-way|level of the tracks]]. Stations are often sited where a road crosses the railway: unless the crossing is a [[level crossing]], the road and railway will be at different levels. The platforms will often be raised or lowered relative to the station entrance: the station buildings may be on either level, or both. The other arrangement, where the station entrance and platforms are on the same level, is also common, but is perhaps rarer in [[urban area]]s, except when the station is a terminus. Stations located at level crossings can be problematic if the train blocks the roadway while it stops, causing road traffic to wait for an extended period of time. Stations also exist where the station buildings are above the tracks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=（4）交通結節点の整備|url=https://www.mlit.go.jp/hakusyo/mlit/h18/hakusho/h19/html/i2323400.html|access-date=1 June 2021|website=www.mlit.go.jp|language=ja}}</ref> An example of this is [[Arbroath railway station|Arbroath]].

Occasionally, a station serves two or more railway lines at differing levels. This may be due to the station's position at a point where two lines cross (example: [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]]), or may be to provide separate station capacity for two types of service, such as intercity and suburban (examples: [[Paris-Gare de Lyon]] and [[30th Street Station|Philadelphia's 30th Street Station]]), or for two different destinations.

Stations may also be classified according to the layout of the platforms. Apart from single-track lines, the most basic arrangement is a pair of tracks for the two directions; there is then a basic choice of an [[island platform]] between, two separate platforms outside the tracks ([[side platforms]]), or a combination of the two. With more tracks, the possibilities expand.

Some stations have unusual platform layouts due to space constraints of the station location, or the alignment of the tracks. Examples include staggered platforms, such as at [[Tutbury and Hatton railway station]] on the [[Crewe–Derby line]], and curved platforms, such as [[Cheadle Hulme railway station]] on the Macclesfield to Manchester Line. Stations at junctions can also have unusual shapes – a ''[[Keilbahnhof]]'' (or "wedge-shaped" station) is sited where two lines split. [[Triangle (railway)|Triangular stations]] also exist where two lines form a three-way junction and platforms are built on all three sides, for example {{rws|Shipley}} and {{rws|Earlestown}} stations.

=== Tracks ===
In a station, there are different types of tracks to serve different purposes. A station may also have a [[passing loop]] with a loop line that comes off the straight [[Main line (railway)|main line]] and merge back to the main line on the other end by [[railroad switch]]es to allow trains to pass.<ref name=cahsr>{{cite web|title=Technical Memorandum: Typical Cross Section for 15% Design (TM 1.1.21)|url=http://www.hsr.ca.gov/docs/programs/eir_memos/Proj_Guidelines_TM1_1_21R00.pdf|publisher=California High-Speed Rail Program|access-date=18 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318061618/http://www.hsr.ca.gov/docs/programs/eir_memos/Proj_Guidelines_TM1_1_21R00.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A track with a spot at the station to board and disembark trains is called station track or house track<ref name=mw>{{cite web|title=Station Track|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/station%20track|publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|access-date=18 March 2014|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606162259/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/station%20track|url-status=live}}</ref> regardless of whether it is a main line or loop line. If such track is served by a [[Railway platform|platform]], the track may be called platform track. A loop line without a platform, which is used to allow a train to clear the main line at the station only, is called passing track.<ref name=cahsr/> A track at the station without a platform which is used for trains to pass the station without stopping is called through track.<ref name=mw/>

There may be other [[Siding (rail)|sidings]] at the station which are lower speed tracks for other purposes. A maintenance track or a maintenance siding, usually connected to a passing track, is used for parking maintenance equipment, trains not in service, [[autorack]]s or [[Sleeping car|sleepers]]. A [[refuge track]] is a dead-end siding that is connected to a station track as a temporary storage of a disabled train.<ref name=cahsr/>

=== Terminus ===

{{Redirect|Terminal station|other uses|Terminal Station (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Turnback|turnback siding|Pocket track|operation style|Short turn}}
{{For|the commuter rail station in Turkey|Terminal railway station}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Railway Office, Liverpool, from Bury's Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1831 - artfinder 267569.jpg
| caption1 = Opened in 1830 and reached through a tunnel, Liverpool's [[Crown Street railway station]] was the first ever railway terminus. The station was demolished after only six years, being replaced by [[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Lime Street station]] in the city centre. The tunnel still exists.
| image2 = Liverpool Road railway station, Manchester.jpg
| caption2 = Opened in 1830, [[Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)|Liverpool Road station]] in [[Manchester]] is the oldest surviving railway terminus building in the world.
| image3 = Spa Road railway station 1836.jpg
| caption3 = Opened in 1836, [[Spa Road railway station]] in London was the city's first terminus and also the world's first elevated station and terminus.
}}

A "terminus" or "terminal" is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains arriving there have to end their journeys (terminate) or reverse out of the station. Depending on the layout of the station, this usually permits travellers to reach all the [[railway platform|platforms]] without the need to cross any [[rail tracks|tracks]] – the public entrance to the station and the main reception facilities being at the far end of the platforms.

Sometimes the track continues for a short distance beyond the station, and terminating trains continue forward after depositing their passengers, before either proceeding to sidings or reversing to the station to pick up departing passengers. [[Bondi Junction railway station|Bondi Junction]], Australia and [[Kristiansand Station]], Norway are examples.

A terminus is frequently, but not always, the final destination of trains arriving at the station. Especially in continental Europe, a city may have a terminus as its main railway station, and all main lines converge on it. In such cases all trains arriving at the terminus must leave in the reverse direction from that of their arrival. There are several ways in which this can be accomplished:
* arranging for the service to be provided by a [[multiple-unit]] or [[push–pull train]], both of which are capable of operating in either direction; the driver simply walks to the other end of the train and takes control from the other cab; this is increasingly the normal method in Europe; and is very common in North America;
* by detaching the locomotive which brought the train into the station and then either
** using another track to "[[Headshunt#Run round|run it around]]" to the other end of the train, to which it then re-attaches;
** attaching a second locomotive to the outbound end of the train; or
* by the use of a "[[Wye (railroad)|wye]]", a roughly triangular arrangement of track and [[Railroad switch|switches]] (points) where a train can reverse direction and back into the terminal;
* historically, [[Railway turntable|turntables]] were used to reverse steam engines.
There may also be a bypass line, used by freight trains that do not need to stop at the terminus.

Some termini have a newer set of through platforms underneath (or above, or alongside) the terminal platforms on the main level. They are used by a cross-city extension of the main line, often for [[Commuter rail|commuter trains]], while the terminal platforms may serve long-distance services. Examples of underground through lines include the [[Thameslink]] platforms at {{stnlnk|St Pancras}} in London, the [[Argyle Line|Argyle]] and [[North Clyde Line|North Clyde]] lines of [[Strathclyde Partnership for Transport|Glasgow's suburban rail network]], in [[Antwerp]] in Belgium, the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] at the [[Gare du Nord]] in Paris, the [[Milan]] [[Milan suburban railway service|suburban railway service]]'s [[Milan Passante railway|Passante railway]], and many of the numerous [[S-Bahn]] lines at terminal stations in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, such as at [[Zürich Hauptbahnhof]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/zuerich-hb--vom-kopf--zum-durchgangsbahnhof/5416864|title = Zürich HB: Vom Kopf- zum Durchgangsbahnhof| date=12 September 2006 }}</ref> Due to the disadvantages of terminus stations there have been multiple cases in which one or several terminus stations were replaced with a new through-station, including the cases of [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]], [[Vienna Hauptbahnhof]] and numerous examples throughout the first century of railroading. [[Stuttgart 21]] is a controversial project involving the replacement of a terminus station by a through-station.

An American example of a terminal with this feature is [[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station in Washington, DC]], where there are bay platforms on the main concourse level to serve terminating trains and standard island platforms one level below to serve trains continuing southward. The lower tracks run in a tunnel beneath the concourse and emerge a few blocks away to cross the Potomac River into Virginia.

Terminus stations in large cities are by far the biggest stations, with the largest being [[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/new-york/new-york-city/review-56720.html|title=Grand Central Terminal|work=Fodor's: New York City|access-date=26 December 2010|archive-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207103410/http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/new-york/new-york-city/review-56720.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other major cities, such as London, [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], Paris, [[Istanbul]], Tokyo, and [[Milan]] have more than one terminus, rather than routes straight through the city. Train journeys through such cities often require alternative transport ([[rapid transit|metro]], [[bus]], [[taxicab|taxi]] or [[ferry]]) from one terminus to the other. For instance, in Istanbul transfers from the [[İstanbul Sirkeci Terminal|Sirkeci Terminal]] (the European terminus) and the [[Haydarpaşa Terminal]] (the Asian terminus) historically required crossing the [[Bosphorus]] via alternative means, before the [[Marmaray]] railway tunnel linking Europe and Asia was completed. Some cities, including New York, have both termini and through lines.

Terminals that have competing rail lines using the station frequently set up a jointly owned [[terminal railroad]] to own and operate the station and its associated tracks and switching operations.

== Stop ==
During a journey, the term '''station stop''' may be used in announcements, to differentiate halts during which passengers may alight and halts for another reasons, such as a [[locomotive change]].

While a junction or [[interlocking]] usually divides two or more lines or routes, and thus has remotely or locally operated [[railway signal|signals]], a station stop does not. A station stop usually does not have any tracks other than the main tracks, and may or may not have [[railroad switch|switches]] (points, crossovers).

=== Intermediate station ===
An intermediate station does not have any other connecting route,<ref name="transpress">keyword: ''Zwischenbahnhof'' [intermediate station], in: ''Lexikon der Eisenbahn'', Transpress; Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-344-00160-4, p. 928.</ref><ref name="Röll383">{{Röll|1|383 ff.|Bahnhöfe}}</ref> unlike [[branch-off station]]s, connecting stations, [[Interchange station|transfer stations]] and [[railway junction]]s. In a broader sense, an intermediate station is generally any station on the route between its two [[terminal station]]s.<ref name="transpress" /><ref name="Röll383" /><ref name="pachl">Jörn Pachl, ''Systemtechnik des Eisenbahnverkehrs'', Glossary, [http://www.joernpachl.de/glossar.htm digital version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173916/http://www.joernpachl.de/glossar.htm |date=27 June 2015 }} in the ''Glossar der Systemtechnik des Eisenbahnverkehrs'', retrieved 16 February 2014</ref>

The majority of stations are, in practice, intermediate stations. They are mostly designed as [[through station]]s; there are only a few intermediate stations that take the form of a stub-end station, for example at some [[Zig zag (railway)|zigzags]]. If there is a [[station building]], it is usually located to the side of the tracks. In the case of intermediate stations used for both passenger and freight traffic, there is a distinction between those where the station building and goods facilities are on the same side of the tracks and those in which the goods facilities are on the opposite side of the tracks from the station building.<ref name="transpress" />

Intermediate stations also occur on some [[funicular]] and [[Aerial lift|cable car]] routes.

==== Infill station ====
[[File:The new Reston station on the day of its opening, 3. 23-05-2022.jpg|thumb|[[Reston railway station]] is an example of an infill station.]]
An '''infill station''' (sometimes '''in-fill station''') is a train station built on an existing [[passenger rail]], [[rapid transit]], or [[light rail]] line to address demand in a location between existing stations. Such stations take advantage of existing train service and encourage new riders by providing a more convenient location. Many older transit systems have widely spaced stations and can benefit from infill stations,<ref>{{Cite news
| first = Yonah
| last = Freemark
| title = With Infill Stations, Older Transit Agencies Extend Their Reach
| url = http://www.nationalcorridors.org/df3/df09082014.shtml
| work = Destination:Freedom
| date = 2008-09-08
| access-date = 2008-09-09
| quote = The advantages of infill stations result from the fact that people are simply more likely to use transit when they’re closer to it — and from the fact that the older transit systems in many cities have widely spaced stations that are under-serving potentially significant markets.
| archive-date = 2014-09-11
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001903/http://www.nationalcorridors.org/df3/df09082014.shtml
| url-status = usurped
}}</ref> at the cost of a small slowdown of trains from the additional stop. In some cases, new infill stations are built at sites where a station had once existed many years ago, for example the {{cta|Cermak–McCormick Place}} station on the [[Chicago "L"|Chicago 'L']]'s [[Green Line (CTA)|Green Line]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

=== Halt ===

A '''halt''', in railway parlance in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Portugal]], is a small passenger station, usually unstaffed or with very few staff, and with few or no facilities. A halt is usually equipped with a platform or platforms on the through track(s) and the appropriate signage, but not with [[Railroad switch|switches]]. In some cases, trains stop only on [[Request stop|request]], when passengers on the platform indicate that they wish to board, or passengers on the train inform the crew that they wish to alight. These can sometimes appear with signals and sometimes without.

====United Kingdom====
[[File:St Keyne 1533361.jpg|thumb|[[St Keyne Wishing Well Halt railway station|The Wishing Well halt]] at [[St Keyne]], [[Cornwall]], one of only two stopping places bearing the name "halt" in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]]]
The [[Great Western Railway]] in Great Britain began opening ''haltes'' on 12 October 1903; from 1905, the French spelling was Anglicised to "halt". These GWR halts had the most basic facilities, with platforms long enough for just one or two carriages; some had no raised platform at all, necessitating the provision of steps on the carriages. Halts were normally unstaffed, tickets being sold on the train. On 1 September 1904, a larger version, known on the GWR as a "platform" instead of a "halt", was introduced; these had longer platforms, and were usually staffed by a senior grade porter, who sold tickets and sometimes booked parcels or milk consignments.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacDermot |first=E.T. |title=History of the Great Western Railway |volume=II |publisher=[[Great Western Railway]] |location=Paddington |edition=1st |year=1931 |page=428 |chapter=Chapter XI: The Great Awakening |oclc=4106652 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreatwe0000etma }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Booker |first=Frank |title=The Great Western Railway: A New History |edition=2nd |orig-year=1977 |year=1985 |publisher=[[David & Charles]] |location=Newton Abbot |isbn=978-0-946537-16-7 |pages=112–113 }}</ref>

From 1903 to 1947 the GWR built 379 halts and inherited a further 40 from other companies at the [[Railways Act 1921|Grouping]] of 1923. Peak building periods were before the [[First World War]] (145 built) and 1928–1939 (198 built).{{sfn|Coleford|2010|p=509}} Ten more were opened by [[British Rail]] on ex-GWR lines. The GWR also built 34 "platforms".{{sfn|Reade|1983|loc=Section: In praise of halts}}

Many such stops remain on the national railway networks in the United Kingdom, such as {{stnlnk|Penmaenmawr}} in [[North Wales]], {{stnlnk|Yorton}} in [[Shropshire]], and {{stnlnk|The Lakes}} in [[Warwickshire]], where passengers are requested to inform a member of on-board train staff if they wish to alight, or, if catching a train from the station, to make themselves clearly visible to the driver and use a hand signal as the train approaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Rail Enquiries |url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/pmw.aspx |access-date=30 July 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703025115/https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/pmw.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Most have had "Halt" removed from their names. Two publicly advertised and publicly accessible National Rail stations retain it: {{stnlnk|Coombe Junction Halt}} and {{stnlnk|St Keyne Wishing Well Halt}}.<ref>GB Rail Timetable Winter Edition 8 December 2013</ref><ref name="railchronology.free-online.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.railchronology.free-online.co.uk/Halts%20and%20Platforms.htm|title=Rail Chronology: Halts and Platforms|access-date=25 February 2014|archive-date=10 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110201240/http://www.railchronology.free-online.co.uk/Halts%20and%20Platforms.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Secret station near Wimbledon train depot.jpg|thumb|upright|Staff halt at Durnsford Road, Wimbledon]]
A number of other halts are still open and operational on privately owned, heritage, and preserved railways throughout the British Isles. The word is often used informally to describe national rail network stations with limited service and low usage, such as the ''Oxfordshire Halts'' on the [[Cotswold Line]]. It has also sometimes been used for stations served by public services but accessible only by persons travelling to/from an associated factory (for example [[IBM railway station|IBM]] near Greenock and [[British Steel Redcar railway station|British Steel Redcar]]– although neither of these is any longer served by trains), or military base (such as [[Lympstone Commando railway station|Lympstone Commando]]) or railway yard. The only two such "private" stopping places on the national system, where the "halt" designation is still officially used, seem to be Staff Halt (at Durnsford Road, Wimbledon) and Battersea Pier Sidings Staff Halt, both of which are solely for railway staff.<ref name="railchronology.free-online.co.uk"/>

====Other countries====
[[File:30th Street Station Philadelphia July 2016 002 edit.jpg|thumb|[[30th Street Station]] in [[Philadelphia]], one of the busiest train stations in the United States]]
[[File:Niger, Koygorou (06), children at the railway station.jpg|thumb|A halt at Koygorou on the Niamey-Dosso railway in [[Railway stations in Niger|Niger]]]]
In [[Portugal]], [[halt (railway)|railway stops]] are called halts ({{Langx|pt|apeadeiro}}).<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Priberam Informática S.A |title=apeadeiro |url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/apeadeiro |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Dicionário Priberam |language=pt-br}}</ref>

In [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], a few small railway stations are designated as "halts" ({{Langx|ga|stadanna}}, sing. {{Lang|ga|stad}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teanglann.ie/ga/eid/halt|title=English–Irish Dictionary (de Bhaldraithe): halt|website=www.teanglann.ie|access-date=31 July 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817081212/http://www.teanglann.ie/ga/eid/halt|url-status=live}}</ref>

In some [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries the term "halt" is used.

{{anchor|Australia}}
In Australia, with its sparse rural populations, such stopping places were common on lines that were still open for passenger traffic. In the state of [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], for example, a location on a railway line where a small diesel railcar or [[railmotor]] could stop on request, allowing passengers to board or alight, was called a "rail motor stopping place" (RMSP). Usually situated near a [[level crossing]], it was often designated solely by a sign beside the railway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.prov.vic.gov.au/index.php/VPRS_12800_P1_H_4877 |title=Public Records Office Victoria |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223421/http://wiki.prov.vic.gov.au/index.php/VPRS_12800_P1_H_4877 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The passenger could hail the driver to stop, and could buy a ticket from the train guard or conductor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://museumsvictoria.com.au/railways/theme.aspx?lvl=3&IRN=503&gall=680 |title=Museum Victoria, Railmotors |access-date=16 May 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801130558/http://museumvictoria.com.au/railways/theme.aspx?lvl=3&IRN=503&gall=680 |url-status=live }}</ref> In South Australia, such facilities were called "provisional stopping places".<ref>South Australian Railways working timetable 1964, Table 35</ref> They were often placed on routes on which "school trains" (services conveying children from rural localities to and from school) operated.<ref>{{cite conference |title= The Copper Coast |first= Bill |last= Lewis |date=2002 |book-title= Proceedings of the Modelling the Railways of South Australia Convention 2002 |pages=1–244 |location= Adelaide |conference= Modelling the Railways of South Australia Convention}}</ref>

In West [[Malaysia]], halts are commonplace along the less developed [[KTM East Coast railway line]] to serve rural 'kampongs' (villages), that require train services to stay connected to important nodes, but do not have a need for staff. People boarding at halts who have not bought tickets online can buy it through staff on board.

In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, passengers wanting to board the train at such places had to flag the train down to stop it, hence the name "[[flag stop#United States|flag stops]]" or "flag stations".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gatineau/stations.html|title=Stations of the Gatineau Railway|work=Historical Society of the Gatineau|access-date=11 May 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216195803/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gatineau/stations.html|archive-date=16 December 2005}}</ref>

== Accessibility ==
[[File:Union Station Train Platform.jpg|thumb|Yellow tactile paving on the train platform at [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] in [[Toronto]]]]
Accessibility for disabled people is mandated by law in some countries. Considerations include:

* [[Elevator]]s or [[Inclined plane|ramps]] to every platform are necessary for people in [[wheelchair]]s who cannot use stairs, and also allow those with [[Baby transport|prams]], [[bicycle]]s, and luggage to reach the platform more easily and safely
* Minimising the [[platform gap]] in both height and width. This also requires rolling stock with appropriate dimensions. At some stations, a railway worker can install a temporary ramp to allow people in wheelchairs to board. Relying on temporary ramps can lead to people in wheelchairs becoming stranded on a train or platform if a staff member fails to show up to deploy the ramp.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 April 2014|title=When rail travel for disabled people goes wrong|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-ouch-26875081|access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
* Station facilities such as [[accessible toilet]]s, payphones, and audible announcements
* [[Tactile paving]] to warn [[Visual impairment|visually impaired]] people that they are approaching a platform edge.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Southworth|first1=Phoebe|last2=Roberts|first2=Lizzie|date=17 April 2020|title=Blind man who walked off train platform prompts government investigation|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/04/17/blind-man-walked-train-platform-prompts-government-investigation/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/04/17/blind-man-walked-train-platform-prompts-government-investigation/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=6 February 2021|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Platform screen doors]] also physically prevent people from falling from the platform edge.
In the United Kingdom, rail operators will arrange alternative transport (typically a [[Taxicab|taxi]]) at no extra cost to the ticket holder if the station they intend to travel to or from is inaccessible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rights of disabled passengers on transport|url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rights-of-disabled-passengers-on-transport|access-date=6 February 2021|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref>

== Goods stations ==
{{Main|Goods station}}
[[File:09 Warehouses etc at the end of the Tunnel towards Wapping, from Bury's Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1831 - artfinder 267568.jpg|thumb|Reached by a {{convert|1.24|mi|0|adj=on}} long tunnel, the 1830 [[Park Lane railway goods station|Park Lane Goods Terminus]] at Liverpool's docks was the world's first station built entirely for freight.]]

Goods or freight stations deal exclusively or predominantly with the loading and unloading of goods and may well have [[marshalling yards]] (classification yards) for the sorting of wagons. The world's first goods terminal was the 1830 [[Park Lane railway goods station|Park Lane Goods Station]] at the South End Liverpool Docks. Built in 1830, the terminal was reached by a {{convert|1.24|mi|0|adj=on}} tunnel.

As goods are increasingly moved by road, many former goods stations, as well as the goods sheds at passenger stations, have closed. Many are used purely for the cross-loading of freight and may be known as transshipment stations, where they primarily handle containers. They are also known as container stations or terminals.

==Records==
{{Stack|
[[File:Historical Photos of Grand Central Terminal (52663238267).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York City is the largest station by number of platforms, with 44 on two levels.]]
[[File:Clapham Junction Platforms.jpeg|thumb|{{stnlnk|Clapham Junction}} in London is the busiest station in terms of rail traffic with an average of one train every 20 seconds at peak times.]]
}}

=== Worldwide ===
{{see also|List of busiest railway stations|List of highest railways}}
* The world's busiest passenger station, with a passenger throughput of 3.5 million passengers per day (1.27 billion per year), is [[Shinjuku Station]] in Tokyo.<ref name="Discovery Channel Busiest Railway">{{cite web|year=2008|title=Machines & Engineering: Building the Biggest|url=http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/building_the_biggest/busiest_railway/index.shtml|access-date=13 March 2008|publisher=Discovery Channel|archive-date=18 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318103611/http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/building_the_biggest/busiest_railway/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The world's station with most platforms is [[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York City with 44 platforms.<ref name="AutoDR-6">{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-railway-station-(no-of-platforms)|title=Largest railway station (no. of platforms)|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304083103/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-railway-station-(no-of-platforms)|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The world's station with the longest platform is [[Hubballi Junction railway station]] with a platform length of {{convert|1505|m}} and is located in Karnataka, India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huralimath |first1=Arunkumar |title=World's longest railway platform in Hubballi in its final stage of construction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/mar/21/worlds-longest-railway-platform-in-hubballiin-its-final-stage-of-construction-2279648.html |access-date=31 March 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228000438/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/mar/21/worlds-longest-railway-platform-in-hubballiin-its-final-stage-of-construction-2279648.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The world's highest station above ground level (not above sea level) is [[Hualongqiao station]] in [[Chongqing]] with Line 9 trains stopping 48 meters above the surface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=关于轨道交通9号线一期，你想知道的，都在这儿啦！_重庆市人民政府网 |url=https://www.cq.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkml/hygq/202201/t20220125_10339096.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.cq.gov.cn |language=zh |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315143152/https://www.cq.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkml/hygq/202201/t20220125_10339096.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=重庆9号线一期开通化龙桥站再现"轨道穿楼"-中国科技网 |url=http://www.stdaily.com/index/kejixinwen/202201/7bff78271f0e4b8eb898406da76290ea.shtml |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.stdaily.com |language=zh |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315141718/http://www.stdaily.com/index/kejixinwen/202201/7bff78271f0e4b8eb898406da76290ea.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station]] in New York City is the world's largest elevated terminal with 8 tracks and 4 island platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/28/nyregion/28subway.html|title=And Now for the Good News From the Subway System; New Terminal in Coney Island Rivals the Great Train Sheds of Europe|date=28 May 2005|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Shanghai South railway station]], opened in June 2006, has the world's largest circular transparent roof.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.people.com.cn/200606/26/eng20060626_277464.html |title=The railway station with world's largest transparent roof |date=26 June 2006 |newspaper=People's Daily |location=Beijing |access-date=13 March 2008 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095951/http://english.people.com.cn/200606/26/eng20060626_277464.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Europe ===
{{see also|List of busiest railway stations in Europe|List of highest railway stations in Europe}}Busiest
* [[Gare du Nord]], in Paris, is by the number of travellers, at around 214 million per year, the busiest railway station in Europe, the 24th busiest in the world and the busiest outside Japan.<ref name=WA>{{cite news |website=WorldAtlas.com |location=Quebec, Canada |title=Europe's Record-Holding Railway Stations. |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/europe-s-record-holding-railway-stations.html |date=23 October 2017 |author=Oishimaya Sen Nag |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127035732/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/europe-s-record-holding-railway-stations.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{stnlnk|Clapham Junction}}, in London, is Europe's busiest station by daily rail traffic with 100 to 180 trains per hour passing through.<ref name=WA/>{{unreliable source?|reason=180 trains per hour though a platform is 3 trains every minute, a clear impossiblilty. Probably meant to say station which is, more or less, supported by the on-line timetables.|date=September 2018}}
* [[Zürich HB]] is the busiest terminus in Europe by the volume of rail traffic.<ref name=WA/>

Largest
* [[Leipzig Hbf]] is the biggest railway station in Europe in terms of floor area ({{convert|83460|m2}}).<ref name=WA/>
* [[München Hbf]] and [[Roma Termini railway station|Rome Termini]] are the largest railway station by number of platforms (32).<ref name=WA/>
* [[Milano Centrale railway station|Milan Centrale]] is the largest railway station in Europe by volume.<ref name="unitremilano"/>
* [[Nuremberg Central Station]] is the largest through station by number of platforms (22)

Highest
* [[Jungfraujoch railway station]] is the highest railway station in the European continent ({{convert|3453|m}}).<ref name=WA/>

=== North America ===
* [[New York Penn Station]] is the busiest station in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Symonds |first1=Alexandria |last2=Lucas |first2=Jake |last3=Syckle |first3=Katie Van |last4=McGinley |first4=Terence |last5=Niemann |first5=Christoph |title=79 of Our Favorite Facts of 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=31 December 2019 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/31/reader-center/2019-best-facts.html}}</ref>
* [[Toronto]]'s [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] is the busiest station in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Union Station|url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/stations/aboutunionstation.aspx|publisher=GO Transit|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507235950/http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/stations/aboutunionstation.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== South America ===
* [[Constitución railway station]] in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] is the busiest station in [[South America]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Centro de Transbordo Constitución {{!}} Buenos Aires Ciudad - Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires |url=https://buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/el-detalle-de-las-obras-0 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=buenosaires.gob.ar}}</ref>
* [[:es:Estación_Temperley|Temperley Station]] is the largest intermediate station in South America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lapegue |first=Sergio |date=2022-08-01 |title=Los orígenes de la estación de Temperley, la más importante de la zona |url=https://sergiolapegue.com/site/2022/08/01/los-origenes-de-la-estacion-de-temperley-la-mas-importante-de-la-zona/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Sergio Lapegue |language=es-AR}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{anl|Bus station}}
* {{anl|Bus terminus}}
* {{anl|Freight station}}
* [[List of IATA-indexed railway stations]]
* [[List of railway stations]]
* {{anl|Metro station}}
* {{anl|Running in board}}
* {{anl|Station building}}
{{div col end}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last=Coleford |first=I. C. |editor1-first=Martin |editor1-last=Smith |date=October 2010 |title=By GWR to Blaenau Ffestiniog (Part One) |journal=Railway Bylines |volume=15|issue=11 |publisher=Irwell Press Limited |location= Radstock }}
* {{Cite book |last=Reade |first=Lewis |year=1983 |title=Branch Line Memories Vol 1 |location=Redruth, Cornwall |publisher=Atlantic Transport & Historical Publishers |isbn=978-0-90-689906-9 }}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|Railway station|Train stations}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070609114225/http://www.railway-technical.com/stations.shtml A comprehensive technical article about stations] from Railway Technical Web Pages

{{Public transport}}
{{Rail tracks}}
{{Railway_track layouts}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

[[Category:Railway stations| ]]
[[Category:Passenger rail transport]]

Antony Kattiparambil

2026-03-28T21:19:17Z

Eurotechconseil: creating new entry - done

{{Short description|Indian Catholic prelate (born 1970)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific_prefix = Most. Rev. Dr.
| name = Antony Kattiparambil
| title = [[Diocese of Cochin| 36th Bishop of Cochin]]
| image = Bishop Antony Kattiparambil official (cropped).jpg
| church = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of Cochin|Cochin]]
| appointed = 25 October 2025
| predecessor = [[Joseph Kariyil]]

| ordination = 15 August 1998
| ordained_by = [[Joseph Kureethara]]
| consecration = 7 December 2025
| consecrated_by = [[Filipe Neri Ferrão]]

| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|14 October 1970}}
| birth_place = [[Mundamveli]], [[Kochi]], India
| education = {{ubil
| St. Joseph Pontifical Seminary, [[Alwaye]]
| [[Pontifical Urbaniana University]], Rome
}}
| residence = Bishop's House Bp Joseph Kureethara Road, P.B. No. 11
| motto = {{langnf|la|Gratia Dei Sum Id Quod Sum|By the grace of God, I am what I am|break=yes}}
| coat_of_arms = CoA of Antony Kattiparambil.png
| module = {{Ordination
| embed = yes
| expand = History
| denomination =
| ordained priest by = [[Joseph Kureethara]]
| date of priestly ordination = 15 August 1998
| consecrated by = [[Filipe Neri Ferrão]]
| co-consecrators = {{ubl | [[Joseph Kalathiparambil]], | [[Joseph Kariyil]]}}
| date of consecration = 7 December 2025
| place of consecration = [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi|Santa Cruz]] Square Parade Ground, [[Fort Cochin]]
| sources = <ref name="ch.bkattip"/>
}}
}}
{{Infobox bishop styles
| name = Antony Kattiprambil
| dipstyle = {{blist
| [[Grace (style)|His Grace]]
| [[The Most Reverend]]
| [[The Right Reverend]]
}}
| offstyle = [[Your Grace]]
| relstyle = [[Bishop]]
| image =
}}

'''Antony Kattiparambil''' (born 14 October 1970) is an Indian prelate of the [[Catholic Church]] serving as the bishop of the [[Diocese of Cochin]] from October 2025.

== Biography ==
Antony Kattiparambil was born on 14 October 1970 in [[Mundamveli]], [[Kochi]]<ref name="ch.bkattip"/> as the son of the Jacob and Treesa Kattiparambil and the youngest among seven siblings.<ref name="Onmanorama.2025.10.25"/> He began his priestly formation at Mount Carmel Petit Seminary, Fort Kochi, in 1986 and pursued philosophical studies at St. Joseph Pontifical Seminary, Alwaye (1990–1993). Later, he moved to Rome for theological formation at the [[Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide|Collegio Urbano]] and was ordained a priest on 15 August 1998, by then Bishop [[Joseph Kureethara]]. He holds licentiates in Biblical Theology (1998) and Canon Law (2016) from the Università Urbaniana, Rome.<ref name="Onmanorama.2025.10.25">{{Cite news |title=Fr Antony Kattiparambil appointed Bishop of Kochi Diocese |date=25 October 2025 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/10/25/fr-antony-kattiparambil-bishop-kochi.html |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=ml:ഫാ. ആന്റണി കാട്ടിപറമ്പില്‍ കൊച്ചി മെത്രാന്‍ |trans-title=Antony Kattiparambil, Bishop of Kochi |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2025/10/25/father-antony-kattiparambil-appointed-as-new-bishop-of-kochi.html |date=25 October 2025 |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=[[ManoramaOnline]] |language=ml}}</ref>

After his ordination, he served as an assistant parish priest at [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi|Santa Cruz Basilica]], Fort Kochi (1998–2002), and St Sebastian's Church, Thoppumpady (2002). He later worked in Italy under various pastoral and academic roles, including at San Francesco, Prato, and San Pio V, Rome. He returned to India in 2016 as parish priest of St Martin's Church, Kallanchery, and since 2023 had been serving at St Joseph's Church, Kumbalam.

Within the diocese, he has held key responsibilities, including Judicial Vicar (since 2016), diocesan contact person for the Synod (2021–2023), and Episcopal Vicar for Religious (2023–2024).<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2025 |title=Antony Kattiparambil appointed new Bishop of Kochi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/antony-kattiparambil-appointed-new-bishop-of-kochi/article70201645.ece |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=registration |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Priesthood ==
{{Resume-like|date=December 2025|section}}
Kattiparambil was ordained as priest on 15 August 1998 for the Diocese of Cochin by Bishop Joseph Kureethara. During his 27 years of priestly ministry, he held various pastoral and administrative roles within the diocese and Italy,

His positions include:

Pastoral life
* 1998–2002 Assistant parish priest, [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi|Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica]], Fort Cochin
* 2002 Assistant parish priest, St Sebastian's Church, Thoppumpady
* 2002–2005 Assistant parish priest, Chiesa di San Francesco, Prato, Italy
* 2005–2010 Parish administrator, St Joseph Church, N. Kumbalanghi
* 2010–2013 Assistant parish priest, Sts. Sisino, Martirio e Alessandro, Brivio, Milan, Italy
* 2013–2016 Assistant parish priest, San Pio V, Rome, Italy
* 2016–2021 Parish priest, St Martin's Church, Kallancherry
* 2023–2025 Parish priest, St Joseph's Church, Kumbalam
Offices
* 2000–2002 Notary at Cochin Diocesan Marriage Tribunal, Fort Cochin
* 2002–2006 Assistant Director, Cochin E-Land Computer Studies, Perumpadappu
* 2002–2005 Director of IT Project in Italia, Multi-data, Prato, Italy
* 2016–2025 Judicial Vicar, Diocese of Cochin
* 2021–2023 Diocesan Organizer of the Synod
* 2023–2024 Episcopal Vicar for the Religious

== Episcopate ==
On 25 November, [[Pope Leo XIV]] appointed Kattiparambil as the bishop of the [[Diocese of Cochin]], succeeding [[Joseph Kariyil]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2025 |title=Fr Antony Kattiparambil appointed new Bishop of Cochin Diocese |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Oct/25/fr-antony-kattiparambil-appointed-new-bishop-of-cochin-diocese |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Resignations and Appointments, 25.10.2025 |date=25 October 2025 |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2025/10/25/251025c.html |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Stephen |last1=Alathara |date=25 October 2025 |title=Fr. Antony Kattiparambil Appointed New Bishop of Cochin |url=https://www.ccbi.in/post/fr-antony-kattiparambil-appointed-new-bishop-of-cochin |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=[[Conference of Catholic Bishops of India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He was ordained as a bishop on 7 December 2025 and was installed as the Bishop of Cochin on 8 December 2025 at [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi]].<ref name="ch.bkattip">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkattip.html |title=Bishop Antony Kattiparambil |publisher=David M. Cheney |date=9 December 2025}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = CoA of Antony Kattiparambil.png
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = The coat of arms was designed by Fr Febin Rebello and adopted when he was appointed as the Bishop of Cochin.
|year_adopted = 7 December 2025
|crest =
|torse =
|helm =
|escutcheon = Coonan Cross Mattancherry,First [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica]] of 1505,Scallop of Apostle Jacob, Bread of St Antony, Anchor and Waves
|supporters =
|compartment =
|motto = {{langnf|la|Gratia Dei Sum Id Quod Sum|By the grace of God, I am what I am}}
|orders =
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism = ''Coonan Cross'': symbolises historical [[Coonan Cross Oath]] of 1653 at [[Mattancherry]]; ''First Cathedral'': The historic [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica]] built on 1505; ''Scallop of Apostle Jacob'': St Jacob of [[St Louis Church, Mundamveli]].; ''Bread of St Antony'': stands for his patron saint.; ''Anchor and Waves'': stands for [[Church of Our Lady of Hope]] in Fort Vypeen.
|previous_versions =
}}

==See also==
* [[Catholic Church in India]]
* [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops in India]]
* [[Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkattip.html Antony Kattiparambil profile] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]
* [https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/coch1?focus=77158&tab=bishops Antony Kattiparambil profile] at GCatholic.org

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Diocese of Cochin|Bishop of Cochin]]
| years = 2025–present
| before = [[Joseph Kariyil]]
| after = Incumbent|
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Catholic Church footer}}
{{portal bar | Biography | Christianity | Catholic Church | India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kattiparambil, Antony}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Pontifical Urban University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]

French colonial empire

2026-03-27T15:27:01Z

Eurotechconseil: brief improve citations for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Overseas territories controlled by France (1534–1980)}}
{{Not to be confused|First French Empire|Second French Empire}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = Empire Colonial Français
| conventional_long_name = French colonial empire
| common_name = France
| status = [[Colonial empire]]
| year_start = 1534
| event_start = [[Jacques Cartier|Cartier]] claimed [[Gaspé Bay]]
| year_end = 1980<ref>Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) p 304</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Melvin E. Page|title=Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA218|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=218|isbn=9781576073353}}</ref>
| event_end = Independence of [[Vanuatu]]
| event1 = [[Louisiana Purchase|Sale of Louisiana]]
| date_event1 = 1803
| event2 = [[French North Africa|Conquest of Algeria]]
| date_event2 = 1830–1903
| event3 = Creation of the [[French Union]]
| date_event3 = 1946
| event4 =
| date_event4 =
| s1 = French Union{{!}}French Union
| flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
| image_flag = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| width = 150px
| image1= Royal Standard of the King of France.svg
| image2= Flag of France.svg
| caption1= [[Flag of France#Kingdom of France|Royal Standard of France]] (before [[French Revolution|1792]])
| caption2 = [[Flag of France#The Tricolore|Flag of the French Empire and the French Republic]]
}}
| image_map_caption = French colonial empires: {{legend inline|#118cb4|First}}{{space}} {{legend inline|#002c74|Second}}
| image_map = EmpireFrench.png
| image_map_size = 350px
| capital = [[Paris]]
| currency = [[French franc]] and various other currencies
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]],<ref name=":JD">{{Cite book|title=The Jews of modern France|last=Hyman|first=Paula|date=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520919297|location=Berkeley|oclc=44955842}}</ref> [[Louisiana Voodoo]],<ref>{{citation |last1=Hinson|first1=Glenn|last2=Ferris|first2= William |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|year=2010|isbn= 9780807898550|title=The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife|page=241}}</ref> [[Haitian Vodou]],<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Gordon |first1 = Leah|year = 2000| title = The Book of Vodou|publisher = Barron's Educational Series|isbn=0-7641-5249-1}}</ref> [[Buddhism]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism
|last=Jerryson|first=Michael K.|isbn=9780199362387|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2017|page=279}}</ref> [[Hinduism]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMG2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA318|page=318|title=The South America Handbook|editor1-first=Patrick|editor1-last=Heenan|editor2-first=Monique|editor2-last=Lamontagne|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9781135973216}}</ref>
}}

The '''French colonial empire''' ({{Langx|fr|Empire colonial français}}) consisted of the overseas [[Colony|colonies]], [[protectorate]]s, and [[League of Nations mandate|mandate territories]] that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "'''first French colonial empire'''", that existed until 1814, by which time most of it had been lost or sold, and the "'''second French colonial empire'''", which began with the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algiers]] in 1830. On the eve of [[World War I]], France's colonial empire was [[List of largest empires|the second-largest in the world]] after the [[British Empire]].

France began to establish colonies in the [[French colonization of the Americas|Americas]], the [[Caribbean]], and [[French India|India]] in the 16th century but lost most of its possessions after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]]. The North American possessions were lost to Britain and Spain, but [[Louisiana (New France)|Spain later returned Louisiana to France]] in 1800. The territory was then [[Louisiana Purchase|sold to the United States in 1803]]. France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, concentrating chiefly [[French African colonies|in Africa]] as well as [[French Indochina|Indochina]] and the South [[Pacific]]. As it developed, the new French empire took on roles of trade with the [[metropole]], supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. Especially after the disastrous [[Franco-Prussian War]], which saw Germany become the leading economic and military power of the continent of Europe, acquiring colonies and rebuilding an empire was seen as a way to restore French prestige in the world. It was also to provide manpower during the world wars.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tony Chafer |title=The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GseKljgaW0C&pg=PA84 |year=2002 |publisher=Berg |pages=84–85 |isbn=9781859735572 }}</ref>

A central ideological foundation of French [[colonialism]] was the ''Mission civilisatrice'', or "[[civilizing mission]]",<ref>{{cite book |author=Herbert Ingram Priestley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3dZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT192 |title=France Overseas: A Study of Modern Imperialism |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=9781351002417 |page=192}}</ref><ref>Mathew Burrows, "'Mission civilisatrice': French cultural policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914." ''Historical Journal'' 29.1 (1986): 109–135.</ref> which aimed to spread French language, institutions, and values. Promoted by figures like [[Jules Ferry]], who spoke of a "duty to civilize", this vision framed colonialism as a universalist and progressive project. It was nonetheless contested, including by prominent politicians such as [[Georges Leygues]], who rejected the policy of [[Assimilation (French colonialism)|assimilation]]: "when faced with Muslim, Hindu, Annamite populations, all with a long history of brilliant civilizations, the policy of assimilation would be the most disastrous and absurd."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1911-04-16 |title=Akhbar : journal de l'Algérie |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t511414162 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Gallica |language=EN |quote=Nous ne devons pas oublier que nous sommes une grande nation musulmane, et que par conséquent nous devons avoir une politique islamique afin de ne pas faire dans notre immense empire africain qu’une politique d’expédients, au jour le jour, sans lendemain, sans base, sans solidité, sans espoir. (Applaudissements à droite.) De toutes les religions, l’islam est la seule qui se développe grâce à la simplicité de ses rites et à l’évidence de ses doctrines. (Très bien ! très bien !) Il a raison : évitons aussi de faire une politique d’uniformité écrasante. (Très bien ! très bien !) Il est déjà étrange de vouloir imposer à des barbares vos conceptions de la vie ; mais en face de populations musulmanes, hindoues, annamites, qui ont tout un passé de civilisation brillante, la politique d’assimilation serait la plus funeste et la plus absurde. (Applaudissements.) Pourquoi couler tous les cerveaux dans le même moule ? Avec ces peuples, nous devons faire une politique d’association et de collaboration, respectant toutes leurs traditions et toutes les religions des divers peuples avec lesquels nous sommes en rapport. (Applaudissements à droite.) |trans-quote=We must not forget that we are a great Muslim nation, and therefore we must have an Islamic policy so as not to conduct, in our vast African empire, merely a makeshift, day-to-day policy, without future, without foundation, without solidity, without hope. (Applause from the right.) Of all religions, Islam is the only one that develops through the simplicity of its rites and the clarity of its doctrines. (Hear, hear!) He is right: let us also avoid pursuing a policy of crushing uniformity. (Hear, hear!) It is already strange to want to impose your views on life upon "barbarians"; but when faced with Muslim, Hindu, Annamite populations, all with a long history of brilliant civilizations, the policy of assimilation would be the most disastrous and absurd. (Applause.) Why force all minds into the same mold? With these peoples, we must pursue a policy of association and cooperation, respecting all their traditions and all the religions of the diverse peoples with whom we are engaged. (Applause from the right.)}}</ref>

In practice, colonial subjects were governed under unequal legal systems and only rarely granted full citizenship, despite the universalist principles of the French Republic.<ref>Julian Jackson, ''The Other Empire'', Radio 3</ref> While the French empire sometimes provided greater access to citizenship<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diouf |first=Mamadou |date=1998 |title=The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes (Senegal): A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-7660.00095 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=671–696 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00095 |issn=1467-7660|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or education<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Bob W. |date=1996 |title=Talk about School: Education and the Colonial Project in French and British Africa, (1860-1960) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3099598 |journal=Comparative Education |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=9–25 |doi=10.1080/03050069628902 |jstor=3099598 |issn=0305-0068}}</ref> than other colonial powers, efforts to extend republican institution, such as the possibility of naturalization for Algerian Muslims,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sartor |first=J.-E. Auteur du texte |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5789907p |title=De la Naturalisation en Algérie, sénatus-consulte du 5 juillet 1865... Musulmans, Israélites, Européens, par J.-E. Sartor,... |date=1865 |language=EN}}</ref> largely failed, facing both internal divisions and widespread refusal by colonized populations to fully submit to the laws of the French Republic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blévis |first=Laure |date=2012-11-26 |title=En marge du décret Crémieux. Les Juifs naturalisés français en Algérie (1865 - 1919) |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-archives-juives1-2012-2-page-47 |journal=Archives Juives |language=fr |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=47–67 |doi=10.3917/aj.452.0047 |issn=0003-9837}}</ref>

In [[World War II]], [[Charles de Gaulle]] and the [[Free French]] used the colonies as a base from which they prepared to [[Liberation of France|liberate France]]. Historian Tony Chafer argues that: "In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation, France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War."<ref>Tony Chafer, ''The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization?'' (2002)[http://eprints.port.ac.uk/3567/ see Chafer abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314200825/http://eprints.port.ac.uk/3567/ |date=14 March 2017 }}</ref> However, after 1945, [[Anti-colonial liberation movements|anti-colonial movements]] began to challenge European authority. Revolts in [[First Indochina War|Indochina]] and [[Algerian War|Algeria]] proved costly and France lost both colonies. After these conflicts, a relatively peaceful [[Decolonization of Africa|decolonization]] took place elsewhere after 1960. The [[French Constitution of 27 October 1946]] (Fourth French Republic) established the [[French Union]], which endured until 1958. Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as [[Overseas departments and territories of France|overseas departments and territories]] within the French Republic. These now total altogether 119,394 km2 (46,098 sq. miles), with 2.8 million people in 2021. Links between France and its former colonies persist through [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La francophonie]], the [[CFA franc]], and joint military operations such as [[Operation Serval]].

France sent few settlers to most colonies, with the notable exception of [[Algeria]], where Europeans, though a minority, held political and economic dominance. The empire generated both collaboration and resistance, and many future anti-colonial leaders were educated in France, drawing on its [[Republicanism|republican]] ideals to challenge colonial rule.

== First French colonial empire (16th century to 1814) ==
{{anchor|First French colonial empire|First French Colonial Empire}}

=== The Americas ===
{{See also|New France}}
[[File:New France (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|upright=1.15|The French colonial empire in the [[Americas]] comprised [[New France]] (including [[Canada (New France)|Canada]] and [[French Louisiana|Louisiana]]), [[French West Indies]] (including [[Saint-Domingue]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[History of Dominica|Dominica]], [[History of Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]], [[History of Grenada|Grenada]], [[History of Tobago|Tobago]] and other islands) and [[French Guiana]].]]
[[File:Quebec nouvelle france.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|French North America was known as ''Nouvelle France'' or New France.]]

During the 16th century, the [[French colonization of the Americas]] began. Excursions of [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] and [[Jacques Cartier]] in the early 16th century, as well as the frequent voyages of French boats and fishermen to the [[Grand Banks]] off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] throughout that century, were the precursors to the story of France's colonial expansion.<ref>{{cite book |author=Singer, Barnett |author2=Langdon, John|title=Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2008|isbn=9780299199043|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAzkoxSB4MwC&pg=PA24}}</ref> But Spain's defense of its American monopoly, and the further distractions caused in France itself in the later 16th century by the [[French Wars of Religion]], prevented any constant efforts by France to settle colonies. Early French attempts to found colonies in Brazil, in 1555 at [[Rio de Janeiro]] ("[[France Antarctique]]") and in Florida (including [[Fort Caroline]] in 1562), and in 1612 at [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]] ("[[France Équinoxiale]]"), were not successful, due to a lack of official interest and to Portuguese and Spanish vigilance.<ref>Steven R. Pendery, "A Survey of French Fortifications in the New World, 1530–1650." in ''First Forts: Essays on the Archaeology of Proto-colonial Fortifications'' ed by Eric Klingelhofer (Brill 2010) pp. 41–64.</ref>

The story of France's colonial empire truly began on 27 July 1605, with the foundation of [[Habitation at Port-Royal|Port Royal]] in the colony of [[Acadia]] in North America, in what is now [[Nova Scotia]], Canada. A few years later, in 1608, [[Samuel de Champlain]] founded [[Quebec City|Quebec]], which was to become the capital of the enormous, but sparsely settled, fur-trading colony of [[New France]] (also called Canada).<ref>Marcel Trudel, ''The Beginnings of New France, 1524–1663'' (McClelland & Stewart, 1973).</ref>

New France had a rather small population, which resulted from more emphasis being placed on the fur trade rather than agricultural settlements. Due to this emphasis, the French relied heavily on creating friendly contacts with the local First Nations community. Without the appetite of New England for land, and by relying solely on Aboriginals to supply them with fur at the trading posts, the French composed a complex series of military, commercial, and diplomatic connections. These became the most enduring alliances between the French and the First Nation community. The French were, however, under pressure from religious orders to convert them to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]].<ref>James R. Miller, ''Skyscrapers hide the heavens: A history of Indian-white relations in Canada'' (University of Toronto Press, 2000).</ref>

Through alliances with various Native American tribes, the French were able to exert a loose control over much of the North American continent. Areas of French settlement were generally limited to the [[St. Lawrence River]] Valley. Prior to the establishment of the 1663 [[Sovereign Council of New France|Sovereign Council]], the territories of New France were developed as [[mercantilism|mercantile colonies]]. It is only after the arrival of intendant [[Jean Talon]] in 1665 that France gave its American colonies the proper means to develop population colonies comparable to that of the British. Acadia itself was lost to the British in the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht]] in 1713. Back in France, there was relatively little interest in colonialism, which concentrated rather on dominance within Europe, and for most of its history, New France was far behind the [[British North America]]n colonies in both population and economic development.<ref>[[Edward Robert Adair]], "France and the Beginnings of New France." ''Canadian Historical Review'' 25.3 (1944): 246–278.</ref><ref>Helen Dewar, "Canada or Guadeloupe?: French and British Perceptions of Empire, 1760–1762." ''Canadian Historical Review'' 91.4 (2010): 637–660.</ref>

In 1699, French territorial claims in North America expanded still further, with the foundation of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] in the basin of the [[Mississippi River]]. The extensive trading network throughout the region connected to Canada through the [[Great Lakes]], was maintained through a vast system of fortifications, many of them centred in the [[Illinois Country]] and in present-day Arkansas.<ref>Carl J. Ekberg, ''French roots in the Illinois country: The Mississippi frontier in colonial times'' (U of Illinois Press, 2000).</ref>

[[File:1767 Colonies François 12 Diniers with RF Counterstamp.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|1767 Louis XV ''Colonies Françoises'' (West Indies) 12 Diniers copper Sous (w/1793 "RF" counterstamp)]]As the French empire in North America grew, the French also began to build a smaller but more profitable empire in the [[West Indies]]. Settlement along the South American coast in what is today [[French Guiana]] began in 1624, and a colony was founded on [[Saint Kitts]] in 1625 (the island had to be shared with the English until the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht]] in 1713, when it was ceded outright). The current isle of the [[Commonwealth of Dominica]] in the eastern Caribbean also fell under increasing French settlement from the early 1630s. The ''[[Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique]]'' founded colonies in [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]] in 1635, and a colony was later founded on [[Saint Lucia]] by (1650). The food-producing plantations of these colonies were built and sustained through slavery, with the supply of slaves dependent on the [[African slave trade]]. Local resistance by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] resulted in the [[Carib Expulsion]] of 1660.<ref>Paul Cheney, ''Revolutionary Commerce: Globalization and the French Monarchy'' (2010)</ref> France's most important Caribbean colonial possession was established in 1664, when the colony of [[Saint-Domingue]] (today's [[Haiti]]) was founded on the western half of the Spanish island of [[Hispaniola]]. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue grew to be the richest sugar colony in the Caribbean. The eastern half of Hispaniola (today's [[Dominican Republic]]) also came under French rule for a short period, after being given to France by Spain in 1795.<ref>H.P.Davis, ''Black Democracy The Story of Haiti'' (1928) pp 16–86 [https://archive.org/details/blackdemocracyth008705mbp online free]</ref>

=== Asia ===
[[File:1751 map of India from "Historical Atlas of India", by Charles Joppen.jpg|thumb|180px|India at the height of [[French India|French influence]] in 1751]]
With the end of the [[French Wars of Religion]], in 1598, King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] encouraged various enterprises to establish trade with the Africa and Asia due to their relations at the time. In December 1600, a company was formed through the association of [[Saint-Malo]], [[Laval, Mayenne|Laval]], and [[Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine|Vitré]] to trade with the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]] and Japan.<ref name="Lach2">''Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 1'', [[Donald F. Lach]] pp. 93–94 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PjVKjJ-WgOYC&pg=PA94]</ref> Two ships, the ''Croissant'' and the ''Corbin'', were sent around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in May 1601. One was wrecked in the [[Maldives]], leading to the adventure of [[François Pyrard de Laval]], who managed to return to France in 1611.<ref name="Lach2" /><ref name="Cambridge2">{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=Arthur Percival |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA61 |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire, volume 2 |year=1936 |page=61 |access-date=19 December 2010}}</ref> The second ship, carrying [[François Martin de Vitré]], reached [[Ceylon]] and traded with [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]] in [[Sumatra]], but was captured by the Dutch on the return leg at [[Cape Finisterre]].<ref name="Lach2" /><ref name="Cambridge2" /> François Martin de Vitré was the first Frenchman to write an account of travels to the Far East in 1604, at the request of Henry IV, and from that time numerous accounts on Asia would be published.<ref name="Making2">{{cite book |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqTQjve2VLsC&pg=RA1-PA393 |title=Asia in the Making of Europe |last2=Van Kley |first2=Edwin J |date=1998-12-15 |isbn=9780226467658 |page=393 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |access-date=19 December 2010}}</ref>

From 1604 to 1609, following the return of François Martin de Vitré, Henry developed a strong enthusiasm for travel to Asia and attempted to set up a [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] on the model of England and the Netherlands.<ref name="Cambridge2" /><ref name="Making2" /><ref>A history of modern India, 1480–1950'', Claude Markovits p. 144: The account of the experiences of François Martin de Vitré "incited the king to create a company in the image of that of the United Provinces"''</ref> On 1 June 1604, he issued letters patent to [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]] merchants to form the [[first French East Indies Company]], giving them exclusive rights to Asian trade for 15 years. No ships were sent, however, until 1616.<ref name="Lach2" /> In 1609, another adventurer, [[Pierre-Olivier Malherbe]], returned from a circumnavigation of the globe and informed Henry of his adventures.<ref name="Making2" /> He had visited China and India and had an encounter with [[Akbar]].<ref name="Making2" />

Colonies were established in India's [[Chandernagore]] (1673) and [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]] in the south east (1674), and later at [[Yanam, French India|Yanam]] (1723), [[Mahé, India|Mahe]] (1725), and [[Karikal]] (1739) (see [[French India]]).

In 1664, the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] was established to compete for trade in the east.

=== Africa ===
{{category see also|French colonisation in Africa}}
{{see also|Françafrique}}
Although initial French colonization primarily occurred in the [[European colonization of the Americas|Americas]] and in [[Western imperialism in Asia|Asia]], the French did establish a few colonies and trading posts on the African continent. Initial French colonization in Africa began in modern-day [[Senegal]], [[Madagascar]], and along the [[Mascarene Islands]]. Initial French colonial projects, partially administered by the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]], prioritized [[Plantation economy|plantation economies]] and slave labor. These economies were based on monoculture agriculture and forced African labor. Poor living conditions, famines, and disease made enslaved labor conditions particularly lethal across French colonies. French presence in [[Senegal]] began in 1626, although formal colonies and trading posts were not established until 1659 with the founding of [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]], and 1677 with the founding of [[Gorée]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Empire colonial français |url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/empire_fran%C3%A7ais.htm |access-date=2023-05-03 |publisher=www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca}}</ref> Additionally, the first settlement of [[Madagascar]] began in 1642 with the establishment of [[Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar)|Fort Dauphin]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Éditions Larousse |title=Empire colonial français - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Empire_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais/120109 |access-date=2023-05-03 |language=fr}}</ref>
[[File:Attack on Goree, 29 December 1758 RMG BHC0386.jpg|thumb|[[Capture of Gorée|British attack]] on the French-controlled island of [[Gorée]] off the coast of Senegal during the [[Seven Years' War]] in 1758]]
Initial French colonial expansion in [[Senegal]] and [[Madagascar]] was primarily motivated by desires to secure access to natural resources including gum arabic, groundnuts (or peanuts) and other raw materials.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=French in West Africa |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/K-12/French_16178.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |publisher=www.africa.upenn.edu}}</ref> In addition they were further motivated by desires throughout the 17th and 19th century to secure access to and control the slave trade.<ref name=":0" /> Through an emphasis on controlling seaports, the French sought to forcibly extract enslaved people to send them abroad for profit.

Colonial development prioritized export oriented production while local industry remained very underdeveloped.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=K. E. |date=1951 |title=French West Africa |journal=African Affairs |volume=50 |issue=199 |pages=123–132 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093967 |jstor=718942 |issn=0001-9909}}</ref> There was high development of production for export oriented production, notably of ground nuts in [[Senegal]].<ref name=":1" /> In additional coastal areas, the French set up slave plantations. Initial French development prioritized the building of roads to connect natural resources to harbors and ports.<ref name=":1" />

Additional initial French settlements were established on the [[Mascarene Islands]] which include [[Réunion|Reunion Island]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Rodrigues]]. Reunion Island was first settled in 1642 and was administered by the French East India Company starting in 1665.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bernier |first=Isabelle |title=La France et les Mascareignes au XVIIIe siècle |date=7 February 2019 |url=https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/questions-reponses/madagascar-france-mascareignes-xviiie-siecle-10651/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |publisher=Futura |language=fr}}</ref>

After initial settlement by the [[Netherlands]], France took control of Mauritius, which it renamed the Island of France in 1721.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bertile |first=Wilfrid |date=2013-07-01 |title=Mascareignes et Seychelles, archipels créoles de l'océan Indien |url=https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/1811 |journal=Études Océan Indien |language=fr |issue=49–50 |doi=10.4000/oceanindien.1811 |issn=0246-0092|doi-access=free }}</ref> Furthermore, France took control of [[Rodrigues]] in 1735 and [[Seychelles]] in 1756.<ref name=":3" />

On Reunion Island ([[Réunion|Bourbon Island]]), the French East India Company first introduced the slave trade in the 1730s.<ref name=":2" /> The French East India Company additionally introduced coffee and sought to create a plantation economy centered around forced labor.<ref name=":2" />

Characteristic of plantation colonies, the French colonists were a minority on Reunion Island. In 1763 there were only 4,000 French colonists while there were over 18,000 African enslaved people.<ref name=":2" /> The majority of enslaved people on Reunion Island worked on coffee plantations. They primarily came from Madagascar, Mozambique, and Senegal.<ref name=":2" />

The economy of the Mauritius (Island of France) was similarly based on an exploitative plantation system dependent on forced African labor. The monoculture plantations farmed sugar cane, cotton, indigo, rice, and wheat.<ref name=":2" /> Around 2,000 colonists and enslaved people from Reunion Island migrated to Mauritius.<ref name=":2" />

Conditions for enslaved people on the Mascarene Island plantations were very poor. Enslaved labor was highly lethal because of poor living conditions and famines.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Hooper |first=Jane |date=2009 |title=Flux du sang et sauterelles: How the People and Environment of Madagascar Thwarted French Commercial Expansion[1] |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0642292.0037.004 |journal=Proceedings of the Western Society for French History |volume=37 |hdl=2027/spo.0642292.0037.004 |issn=2573-5012}}</ref> After a series of crop failures from 1725 to 1737, as much as 10% of the islands' enslaved populations died due to famine and disease.<ref name=":5" />

=== Collapse of First French colonial empire ===

==== Colonial conflict with Britain ====
{{further|France in the Seven Years' War|France in the American Revolutionary War}}

[[File:European settlements in India 1501-1739.png|thumb|upright=1.75|French and other European settlements in [[Colonial India]]]]
[[File:Martinique 1809.jpg|thumb|The British [[Invasion of Martinique (1809)|invasion of Martinique]] in 1809]]
In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire and the near-complete expulsion of France from the Americas. These wars were the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740–1748), the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763), the [[American Revolution]] (1775–1783), the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1793–1802) and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815). It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the [[French and Indian Wars]]. This cyclic conflict is sometimes known as the [[Second Hundred Years' War]].

Although the War of the Austrian Succession was indecisive – despite French successes in India under the French Governor-General [[Joseph François Dupleix]] and Europe under [[Marshal Saxe]] – the Seven Years' War, after early French successes in [[Menorca]] and North America, saw a French defeat, with the numerically superior British (over one million to about 50 thousand French settlers) conquering not only [[New France]] (excluding the small islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]), but also most of France's West Indian (Caribbean) colonies, and all of the [[French India|French Indian outposts]].

While the peace treaty saw France's Indian outposts, and the Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe restored to France, the competition for influence in India had been won by the British, and North America was entirely lost – most of [[New France]] was taken by Britain (also referred to as [[British North America]]), except [[Louisiana]], which France ceded to Spain as payment for Spain's late entrance into the war (and as compensation for Britain's annexation of Spanish Florida). Also ceded to the British were [[Grenada]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the West Indies. Although the loss of Canada would cause much regret in future generations, it excited little unhappiness at the time; colonialism was widely regarded as both unimportant to France, and immoral.<ref>Colin Gordon Calloway, ''The scratch of a pen: 1763 and the transformation of North America'' (2006). pp 165–69</ref>

Some recovery of the French colonial empire was made during the [[France in the American Revolutionary War|French intervention in the American Revolution]], with Saint Lucia being returned to France by the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783, but not nearly as much as had been hoped for at the time of French intervention.

==== Haitian Revolution ====
{{See also|Haitian Revolution}}
[[File:Fire in Saint-Domingo 1791, German copper engraving.jpg|thumb|Saint-Domingue [[slave revolt]] in 1791]]
[[File:Battle for Palm Tree Hill.jpg|thumb|Napoleon's [[Saint-Domingue expedition]] in 1801–1803]]
True disaster came to what remained of France's colonial empire in 1791 when Saint Domingue (the Western third of the Caribbean island of [[Hispaniola]]), France's richest and most important colony, was riven by a [[Haitian Revolution|massive slave revolt]], caused partly by the divisions among the island's elite, which had resulted from the [[French Revolution]] of 1789.

The slaves, led eventually by [[Toussaint L'Ouverture]] and then, following his capture by the French in 1801, by [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], held their own against French and British opponents. The French launched a [[Saint-Domingue expedition|failed expedition]] in 1802, and were up against a crippling [[Blockade of Saint-Domingue|Royal Naval blockade]] the following year. As a result, the [[First Empire of Haiti|Empire of Haiti]] ultimately achieved independence in 1804 (becoming the first black republic in the world, followed by Liberia in 1847).<ref>Mimi Sheller, "The 'Haytian Fear': Racial Projects and Competing Reactions to the First Black Republic." ''Research in Politics and Society'' 6 (1999): 285–304.</ref> The black and mulatto population of the island (including the Spanish east) had declined from 700,000 in 1789 to 351,819 in 1804. About 80,000 Haitians died in the 1802–03 campaign alone. Of the 55,131 French soldiers dispatched to Haiti in 1802–03, 45,000, including 18 generals, died, along with 10,000 sailors, the great majority from disease.<ref>{{cite book|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.|date=9 May 2017|publisher=McFarland|page=142}}</ref> Captain [first name unknown] Sorrell of the British navy observed, "France lost there one of the finest armies she ever sent forth, composed of picked veterans, the conquerors of Italy and of German legions. She is now entirely deprived of her influence and her power in the West Indies."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scheina|title=Latin America's Wars}}</ref>

Meanwhile, France's newly resumed war with Britain resulted in the British capture of practically all remaining French colonies. These were restored at the [[Treaty of Amiens]] in 1802, but when war resumed in 1803, the British soon recaptured them. France's 1800 recovery of Louisiana from Spain in the secret [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso]] came to nothing, as the success of the [[Haitian Revolution]] convinced [[Napoleon]] that holding Louisiana would not be worth the cost, leading to [[Louisiana Purchase|its sale to the United States]] in 1803.

==== Failed invasion of Egypt ====
The [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|French attempt to establish a colony in Egypt]] in 1798–1801 was not successful. Battle casualties for the campaign were at least 15,000 killed or wounded and 8,500 prisoners for France; 50,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 prisoners for Turkey, Egypt, other Ottoman lands, and Britain.<ref>{{cite book|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.|date=9 May 2017|publisher=McFarland|page=106}}</ref>

{{anchor|Second French colonial empire}}

== Second French colonial empire (post-1830) ==
[[File:French Empire evolution.gif|thumb|upright=1.5|Animated map showing the growth and decline of the first and second French colonial empires]]
At the close of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], most of France's colonies were restored to it by Britain, notably [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]] in the [[West Indies]], [[French Guiana]] on the coast of [[South America]], various trading posts in [[Senegal]], the ''Île Bourbon'' ([[Réunion]]) in the [[Indian Ocean]], and France's tiny Indian possessions; however, [[British Empire|Britain]] finally annexed [[Saint Lucia]], [[Tobago]], the [[Seychelles]], and the ''Isle de France'' (now [[Mauritius]]).

In 1825 [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] sent an expedition to [[Haïti]], resulting in the [[Haiti indemnity controversy]].<ref>{{cite book|author=David Patrick Geggus|title=Haitian Revolutionary Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAy4XwFE3AsC&pg=PA28|year=2002|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=28|isbn=9780253109262}}</ref>

The beginnings of the second French colonial empire were laid in 1830 with the [[French conquest of Algeria|French invasion of Algeria]], which was fully conquered by 1903. Historian [[Ben Kiernan]] estimates that 825,000 Algerians died during the conquest by 1875.<ref>{{cite book|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.|date=9 May 2017|publisher=McFarland|page=199}}</ref>

=== Africa ===

==== Morocco ====
{{See also|Morocco|French protectorate in Morocco|French conquest of Morocco}}
[[File:Pacification.jpg|thumb|Map depicting the staged [[French conquest of Morocco|French pacification of Morocco]] through to 1934]]
The French Colonial Empire established a protectorate in Morocco between the years of 1912 to 1956. France's general approach to governing the protectorate of Morocco was a policy of in-direct rule where they co-opted existing governance systems to control the protectorate.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Morocco - Decline of traditional government (1830–1912) {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco/Decline-of-traditional-government-1830-1912 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Specifically, the Moroccan elite and Sultan were both left in control while being strongly influenced by the French government.<ref name=":6" />

French colonialism in Morocco was discriminatory against native Moroccans and highly detrimental to the Moroccan economy. Moroccans were treated as second class citizens and discriminated against in all aspects of colonial life.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=News |first=Samir Bennis-Morocco World |title=What Moroccan Schools Do Not Teach About the Toxic Legacy of France's Protectorate |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/03/354257/what-moroccan-schools-do-not-teach-about-the-toxic-legacy-of-frances-protectorate |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.moroccoworldnews.com/ |date=March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Infrastructure was discriminatory in colonial Morocco. The French colonial government built 36.5 kilometers of sewers in the new neighborhoods created to accommodate new French settlers while only 4.3 kilometers of sewers were built in indigenous Moroccan communities.<ref name=":7" /> Additionally, land in Morocco was far more expensive for Moroccans than for French settlers. For example, while the average Moroccan had a plot of land 50 times smaller than their French settler counterparts, Moroccans were forced to pay 24% more per hectare.<ref name=":7" /> Moroccans were additionally prohibited from buying land from French settlers.<ref name=":7" />

Colonial Morocco's economy was designed to benefit French businesses at the detriment of Moroccan laborers. Morocco was forced to import all of its goods from France despite higher costs.<ref name=":7" /> Additionally, improvements to agriculture and irrigation systems in Morocco exclusively benefited colonial agriculturalists while leaving Moroccan farms at a technological disadvantage.<ref name=":7" />
[[File:Le Petit Journal - Au Maroc, la colonne du général Baumgarten occupe Taza.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Le Petit Journal (newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'': French occupation of [[Taza]] in May 1914]]
Between the years of 1914 to 1921 the Zaian Confederation of Berber Tribes, primarily from the Atlas Mountain region of Morocco, staged an [[Zaian War|armed resistance against French colonial control]]. The outbreak of World War One prevented the French from committing fully to the conflict, and thus the French forces suffered high losses.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Francia 3 (1975) |url=https://francia.digitale-sammlungen.de/Blatt_bsb00016278,00451.html?prozent=1 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=francia.digitale-sammlungen.de}}</ref> For example, at the Battle of El Herri in 1914, 600 French soldiers were killed.<ref name=":8" /> The fighting was primarily characterized by Guerrilla warfare. The Zaian forces additionally received military and economic support from the Central Powers.<ref name=":8" />

The Berber independence leader [[Abd el-Krim]] (1882–1963) organized [[Rif War|armed resistance against the Spanish and French for control of Morocco]]. The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921 Spanish forces were massacred at the [[Battle of Annual]]. El-Krim founded an independent [[Rif Republic]] that operated until 1926 but had no international recognition. Paris and Madrid agreed to collaborate to destroy it. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing el-Krim to surrender in 1926; he was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Morocco became quiet, and in 1936 became the base from which [[Francisco Franco]] launched his revolt against Madrid.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alexander Mikaberidze |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&pg=PA15 |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598843361 |page=15}}</ref>

==== Tunisia ====
{{See also|Tunisia|French protectorate of Tunisia|French conquest of Tunisia}}

The French protectorate of Tunisia lasted from 1881 to 1956. The protectorate was initially established after the successful invasion of Tunisia in 1881. The groundwork for occupation was laid on April 24, 1881, when the French deployed 35,000 troops from Algeria to invade several Tunisian cities.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=The Colonial and Neo-Colonial Experience in Tunisia |date=2019 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/colonialism-neocolonialism-and-antiterrorism-law-in-the-arab-world/colonial-and-neocolonial-experience-in-tunisia/6183DCEA01E14695B25D0F9DE2A21CB3 |work=Colonialism, Neo-Colonialism, and Anti-Terrorism Law in the Arab World |pages=163–176 |editor-last=Alzubairi |editor-first=Fatemah |access-date=2023-05-08 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108569262.007 |isbn=978-1-108-47692-8|s2cid=216739164 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As in Morocco, the French governed indirectly and preserved the existing government structure. The bey remained an absolute monarch, Tunisian ministers were still appointed, although they were both subject to French authority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia - The protectorate (1881–1956) {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia/The-protectorate-1881-1956 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Over time, the French gradually weakened the existing structures of power and centralized power into a French colonial administration.<ref name=":9" />

==== French West Africa ====
[[File:Le prince de Joinville sur l'île de Gorée en 1842.jpg|thumb|French trading post on [[Gorée]], an island offshore of [[Senegal]]]]
{{See also|French West Africa|West Africa}}
French West Africa was a confederation of eight other French colonial territories including [[French Mauritania]], [[French Senegal]], [[French Guinea]], [[French Ivory Coast]], [[French Niger]], [[French Upper Volta]], [[French Dahomey]], [[French Togoland]], and [[French Sudan]].

At the beginning of Napoleon III's reign, the presence of France in [[French Senegal|Senegal]] was limited to a trading post on the island of [[Gorée]], a narrow strip on the coast, the town of [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]], and a handful of trading posts in the interior. The economy had largely been based on the [[Slavery in Africa|slave trade]], carried out by the rulers of the small kingdoms of the interior, as well as elite families, until France [[abolition of slavery|abolished slavery]] in its colonies in 1848. In 1854, Napoleon III named an enterprising [[French Army|French]] officer, [[Louis Faidherbe]], to govern and expand the colony, and to give it the beginning of a modern economy. Faidherbe built a series of forts along the Senegal River, formed alliances with leaders in the interior, and sent expeditions against those who resisted French rule. He built a new port at [[Dakar]], established and protected telegraph lines and roads, followed these with a [[Dakar-Saint-Louis railway|rail line between Dakar and Saint-Louis]] and [[Dakar–Niger Railway|another into the interior]]. He built schools, bridges, and systems to supply fresh water to the towns. He also introduced the large-scale cultivation of [[Bambara groundnuts]] and peanuts as a commercial crop. Reaching into the [[Niger River|Niger]] valley, Senegal became the primary French base in [[French West Africa|West Africa]] and a model colony. Dakar became one of the most important cities of the French Empire and of Africa.<ref>G. Wesley Johnson, ''Double Impact: France and Africa in the age of imperialism'' (Greenwood 1985).</ref>
[[File:Mission Foureau-Lamy.jpg|thumb|The [[Amédée-François Lamy|Foureau-Lamy]] military expedition sent out from [[Algiers]] in 1898 to conquer the [[Chad Basin]] and unify all French territories in West Africa.]]
==== French Equatorial Africa ====
{{See also|French Equatorial Africa|Equatorial Africa}}French Equatorial Africa was a confederation of French colonial possessions in the Sahel and Congo River regions of Africa. Colonies included in French Equatorial Africa include [[French Gabon]], [[French Congo]], [[Ubangui-Shari]], and [[French Chad]].

==== Cameroon ====
{{See also|Cameroon|French Cameroon}}Cameroon was initially colonized by the German Empire in 1884. The indigenous people of Cameroon refused to work on German related projects, which turned into force labor. However, after World War One, the colony was partitioned by France and Britain. The French colony lasted from 1916 to until self-rule was achieved in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon Embassy in Washington DC, USA |url=https://www.cameroonembassyusa.org/mainFolder/history.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.cameroonembassyusa.org}}</ref>

==== Madagascar ====
[[File:LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg|thumb|Engraving celebrating the conquest of Madagascar in 1895]]
{{See also|Madagascar|French Madagascar}}French colonialism in Madagascar began in 1896 when France established a protectorate by force and ended in the 1960s with the beginning of self-rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MADAGASCAR: Colonial Era, 1894-1960 |url=https://www.wildmadagascar.org/overview/loc/14-history_1894-1960.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.wildmadagascar.org}}</ref> Under French control, the colony of Madagascar included the dependencies of [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], [[Réunion]], [[Kerguelen]], [[Île Saint-Paul]], [[Amsterdam Island]], [[Crozet Islands]], [[Bassas da India]], [[Europa Island]], [[Juan de Nova Island]], [[Glorioso Islands]], and [[Tromelin Island|Tromelin]].

==== Algeria ====
The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers, and was mostly completed by 1852. Not until 1903 was the conquest fully complete. French colonization of Algeria was undertaken through military conquest and the overthrow of existing structures of government. French colonial rule lasted until [[Algerian war|Algerian independence]] in 1962. French colonization of Algeria was defined by its lethality for indigenous Algerians, the dissolution of the Algerian government, and the creation of oppressive and segregationist structures which discriminated against the indigenous population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lazreg |first=Marnia |title=The Emergence of Classes in Algeria: A Study of Colonialism and Socio-Political Change |publisher=Westview Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-367-02081-1 |location=New York}}</ref>
{{See also||French Algeria|Algeria}}[[File:Vernet-Combat de Somah.jpg|thumb|The [[French conquest of Algeria]]]]
The French military invasion of Algeria began in 1830 with a naval blockade around Algeria followed by the landing of 37,000 French soldiers in Algeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lange |first=Erik De |date=September 2021 |title=THE CONGRESS SYSTEM AND THE FRENCH INVASION OF ALGIERS, 1827–1830 |journal=The Historical Journal |language=en |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=940–962 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X2000062X |s2cid=233913915 |issn=0018-246X|doi-access=free }}</ref> The French captured the strategic port of Algiers in 1830 deposing [[Hussein Dey]], the ruler of the [[Deylik of Algiers]]. They also seized other coastal communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swain |first=J. E. |date=1933 |title=The Occupation of Algiers in 1830: A Study in Anglo-French Diplomacy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2143152 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=359–366 |doi=10.2307/2143152 |jstor=2143152 |issn=0032-3195|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Around 100,000 French soldiers were deployed in the conquest of Algeria. Algerian armed resistance against the French invasion<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-13 |title=L'Algérie, le temps colonial |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/la-marche-de-l-histoire/l-algerie-le-temps-colonial-4157976 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=France Inter |language=fr}}</ref> was mainly divided between forces of [[Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif]] at [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] in the east, who was seeking to reinstate the Deylik of Algiers, and nationalist forces in the west and center. Treaties with the nationalists under [[Emir Abdelkader]] enabled the French to focus on the defeating of the remnants of the Deylik during the 1837 [[Siege of Constantine]]. Abdelkader continued to fight the French in the west until 1847. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, were killed during the French conquest as a result of war, massacres, disease and famine.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Jalata |first=Asafa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCjxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-1-137-55234-1 |pages=92–3 |quote=Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.}}</ref><ref name="Kiernan2007">{{cite book |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/364 364]–ff |quote=In Algeria, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. From 1830 to 1847, its European settler population quadrupled to 104,000. Of the native Algerian population of approximately 3 million in 1830, about 500,000 to 1 million perished in the first three decades of the French conquest. |author-link=Ben Kiernan |url-access=registration}}</ref> Famines and disease epidemics were partially caused by French confiscation of farmland from Algerians and the "scorched earth" tactics of razing farms and villages to quell Algerian resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ufheil-Somers |first=Amanda |date=1981-01-28 |title=Origins of the Algerian Proletariat |url=https://merip.org/1981/01/origins-of-the-algerian-proletariat/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=MERIP |language=en-US}}</ref> French losses from 1830 to 1851 were 3,336 killed in action and 92,329 dead in the hospital.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennoune |first1=Mahfoud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nXl7h8i5scC&pg=PA42 |title=The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987 |date=2002-08-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521524322}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=French Conquest of Algeria (1829–47) |url=http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#Algeria1830}}</ref>

There were about 100,000 European settlers in the country in 1852, at that time, about half of them French. Under the Second Republic the country was ruled by a civilian government, but Louis Napoleon re-established a military government, much to the annoyance of the colonists. By 1857 the army had conquered Kabyle Province, and pacified the country. By 1860 the European population had grown to 200,000, and lands of native Algerians were being rapidly bought and farmed by the new arrivals.<ref>Girard, 1986, p. 320</ref>

In the first eight years of his rule Napoleon III paid little attention to Algeria. In September 1860, however, he and Empress Eugénie visited Algeria, and the trip made a deep impression upon them. Eugénie was invited to attend a traditional Arab wedding, and the Emperor met many of the local leaders. The Emperor gradually conceived the idea that Algeria should be governed differently from other colonies. In February 1863, he wrote a public letter to Pelissier, the Military Governor, saying: "Algeria is not a colony in the traditional sense, but an Arab kingdom; the local people have, like the colonists, a legal right to my protection. I am just as much the Emperor of the Arabs of Algeria as I am of the French." He intended to rule Algeria through a government of Arab aristocrats. Toward this end he invited the chiefs of main Algerian tribal groups to his chateau at Compiegne for hunting and festivities.<ref>Girard, 1986, p. 321-322</ref>

Compared to previous administrations, Napoleon III was far more sympathetic to the native Algerians.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PA264 |title=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-521-33767-0 |page=264 |access-date=10 November 2017}}</ref> He halted European migration inland, restricting them to the coastal zone. He also freed the Algerian rebel leader [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|Abd al Qadir]] (who had been promised freedom on surrender but was imprisoned by the previous administration) and gave him a stipend of 150,000 francs. He allowed Muslims to serve in the military and civil service on theoretically equal terms and allowed them to migrate to France. In addition, he gave the option of citizenship; however, for Muslims to take this option they had to accept all of the French civil code, including parts governing inheritance and marriage which conflicted with Muslim laws, and they had to reject the competence of religious [[Sharia]] courts. This was interpreted by some Muslims as requiring them to give up parts of their religion to obtain citizenship and was resented.
[[File:Arrival of Marshal Randon in Algier-Ernest-Francis Vacherot mg 5120.jpg|thumb|Arrival of Marshal [[Jacques Louis Randon|Randon]] in [[Algiers]] in 1857 by Ernest Francis Vacherot]]
More importantly, Napoleon III changed the system of land tenure. While ostensibly well-intentioned, in effect this move destroyed the traditional system of land management and deprived many Algerians of land. While Napoleon did renounce state claims to tribal lands, he also began a process of dismantling tribal land ownership in favour of individual land ownership. This process was corrupted by French officials sympathetic to the French in Algeria who took much of the land they surveyed into public domain. In addition, many tribal leaders, chosen for loyalty to the French rather than influence in their tribe, immediately sold communal land for cash.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jamil M. Abun-Nasr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PA264 |title=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period |publisher=Cambridge U.P. |year=1987 |isbn=9780521337670 |page=264}}</ref>

His attempted reforms were interrupted in 1864 by an Arab insurrection, which required more than a year and an army of 85,000 soldiers to suppress. Nonetheless, he did not give up his idea of making Algeria a model where French colonists and Arabs could live and work together as equals. He traveled to Algiers for a second time on 3 May 1865, and this time he remained for a month, meeting with tribal leaders and local officials. He offered a wide amnesty to participants of the insurrection, and promised to name Arabs to high positions in his government. He also promised a large public works program of new ports, railroads, and roads. However, once again his plans met a major natural obstacle in 1866 and 1868, Algeria was struck by an epidemic of cholera, clouds of locusts, drought and famine, and his reforms were hindered by the French colonists, who voted massively against him in the plebiscites of his late reign.<ref>Girard, 1986, p. 322-23</ref> Up to 500,000 people died from the famine and epidemics.<ref name=":02" />

In 1871, in response to prolonged famine and the French authorities' discriminatory treatment of Algerians, the [[Mokrani Revolt]] in the Kabylia erupted, which spread through much of Algeria. By April 1871, 250 tribes were rebelling. The uprising was defeated in 1872.<ref>Bernard Droz, « Insurrection de 1871: la révolte de Mokrani », dans Jeannine Verdès-Leroux (dir.), ''L'Algérie et la France'', Paris, Robert Laffont 2009, pp. 474–475 {{isbn|978-2-221-10946-5}}</ref> There were roughly 130,000 colonists in Algeria in 1871 and by 1900, there were one million.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shillington |first1=Kevin |title=History of Africa |chapter=North and north-east Africa in the nineteenth century |edition=2 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995 |page=276 }}</ref> In 1902, a French military expedition entered [[Hoggar Mountains]] and defeated the kingdom of [[Kel Ahaggar]]. The conquest of Algeria was completed in 1920 when the [[Kel Ajjer]] gave up their resistance to the French colonial power.<ref>''Historique des Compagnies Méharistes'', chapter V, section 76 [http://sitelimafox.free.fr/HistoCM/HCMc05b.htm], retrieved April 7 2025</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Porch |first=Douglas |title=The Dark Side of Beau Geste -- the invasion of the Sahara |date=1985 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42952165 |journal=Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society |volume=10 |pages=219–230 |jstor=42952165 |issn=0362-7055}}</ref>

====Summary of additional colonization in Africa====
[[File:Aouabou-Traité-1892.jpg|thumb|[[Louis-Gustave Binger]] signing treaty with [[Famienkro]] leaders, 1892, in present-day Ivory Coast]]
France also extended its influence in [[North Africa]] after 1870, establishing a protectorate in [[Tunisia]] in 1881 with the [[Bardo Treaty]]. Gradually, French control crystallised over much of North, [[West Africa|West]], and [[Central Africa]] by around the start of the 20th century (including the modern states of [[Mauritania]], [[Senegal]], [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Benin]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Gabon]], [[Cameroon]], the [[east Africa]]n coastal enclave of [[Djibouti]] ([[Obock Territory]]), and the island of [[Madagascar]].

[[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] helped to formalise French control in Gabon and on the northern banks of the [[Congo River]] from the early 1880s. The explorer Colonel [[Parfait-Louis Monteil]] traveled from Senegal to [[Lake Chad]] in 1890–1892, signing treaties of friendship and protection with the rulers of several of the countries he passed through, and gaining much knowledge of the geography and politics of the region.<ref name="Hirshfield">{{cite book |author=Claire Hirshfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDGCuqGon0gC&pg=PA37 |title=The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890–1898 |publisher=Springer |year=1979 |isbn=978-90-247-2099-6 |page=37ff}}</ref>

The [[Voulet–Chanoine Mission]], a military expedition, set out from Senegal in 1898 to conquer the [[Chad Basin]] and to unify [[French West Africa|all French territories in West Africa]]. This expedition operated jointly with two other expeditions, the [[Foureau–Lamy Mission|Foureau–Lamy]] and [[Gentil Mission]]s, which advanced from [[Algeria]] and [[Middle Congo]] respectively. With the death (April 1900) of the Muslim warlord [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], the greatest ruler in the region, and the creation of the Military Territory of Chad (September 1900), the Voulet–Chanoine Mission had accomplished all its goals. The ruthlessness of the mission provoked a scandal in Paris.<ref>Bertrand Taithe, ''The Killer Trail: A Colonial Scandal in the Heart of Africa'' (2009)</ref>
[[File:Fashoda Incident map - en.svg|thumb|left|upright 1.45|Central and east Africa, 1898, during the [[Fashoda Incident]]]]
As a part of the [[Scramble for Africa]], France aimed to establish a continuous west–east axis across the continent, in contrast with [[Cape to Cairo Red Line|the proposed British north–south axis]]. Tensions between Britain and France heightened in Africa. At several points war seemed possible, but no outbreak occurred.<ref>T. G. Otte, "From 'War-in-Sight' to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898", ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' (2006) 17#4 pp 693–714.</ref> The most serious episode was the [[Fashoda Incident]] of 1898. French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan, and a British force purporting to act in the interests of the [[Khedive of Egypt]] arrived to confront them. Under heavy pressure, the French withdrew, implicitly acknowledging Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. An agreement between the two states recognised the ''status quo''. The British were to maintain control over Egypt, while France remained the dominant power in [[Morocco]]. Still, it is commonly believed that France suffered a humiliating defeat overall.<ref>D. W. Brogan, ''France under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1930)'' (1940) pp 321–26</ref><ref>William L. Langer, ''The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902'' (1951) pp 537–80</ref>

During the [[Agadir Crisis]] in 1911, Britain supported France against [[German Empire|Germany]], and [[Morocco]] became a [[French protectorate in Morocco|French protectorate]].

The French made their last major colonial gains after [[World War I]], when they gained [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|mandates]] over the former territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]] that make up what is now [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], as well as most of the former German colonies of [[Togo]] and [[Cameroon]].

=== Pacific Islands ===
[[File:Parade of the Kanaks districts before Queen Pomare in 1860.jpg|thumb|Queen [[Pōmare IV]] in 1860. [[Kingdom of Tahiti|Tahiti]] was made a French protectorate in 1842, and annexed as a colony of France in 1880.]]
In 1838, the French naval commander [[Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] responded to complaints of the mistreatment of French Catholic missionary in the [[Kingdom of Tahiti]] ruled by Queen [[Pōmare IV]]. Dupetit Thouars forced the native government to pay an indemnity and sign a treaty of friendship with France respecting the rights of French subjects in the islands including any future Catholic missionaries. Four years later, claiming the Tahitians had violated the treaty, a French protectorate was forcibly installed and the queen made to sign a request for French protection.<ref name="Garrett1982">{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=John|title=To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7HYexAnWCoC|year=1982|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies, [[University of the South Pacific]]|location=Suva, Fiji|isbn=978-2-8254-0692-2|oclc=17485209|pages=253–256}}</ref><ref name="Gonschor2008">{{cite thesis|last=Gonschor|first=Lorenz Rudolf|title=Law as a Tool of Oppression and Liberation: Institutional Histories and Perspectives on Political Independence in Hawaiʻi, Tahiti Nui/French Polynesia and Rapa Nui|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/20375/HAWN%20CB5.H3_3524_r.pdf|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|date=August 2008|hdl=10125/20375|oclc=798846333|type=MA thesis|pages=32–51|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102030644/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/20375/HAWN%20CB5.H3_3524_r.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Queen Pōmare left her kingdom and exiled herself to [[Raiatea]] in protest against the French and tried to enlist the help of [[Queen Victoria]]. The [[Franco-Tahitian War]] broke out between the [[Tahitians|Tahitian]] people and the French from 1844 to 1847 as France attempted to consolidate their rule and extend their rule into the [[Leeward Islands (Society Islands)|Leeward Islands]] where Queen Pōmare sought refuge with her relatives. The British remained officially neutral during the war but diplomatic tensions existed between the French and British. The French succeeded in subduing the guerilla forces on Tahiti but failed to hold the other islands. In February 1847, Queen Pōmare IV returned from her self-imposed exile and acquiesced to rule under the protectorate. Although victorious, the French were not able to annex the islands due to diplomatic pressure from Great Britain, so Tahiti and its dependency [[Moorea]] continued to be ruled under the protectorate. A clause to the war settlement, known as the [[Jarnac Convention]] or the Anglo-French Convention of 1847, was signed by France and Great Britain, in which the two powers agreed to respect the independence of Queen Pōmare's allies in Leeward Islands. The French continued the guise of protection until the 1880s when they formally annexed Tahiti with the abdication of King [[Pōmare V]] on 29 June 1880. The Leeward Islands were [[annexation of the Leeward Islands|annexed through the Leewards War]] which ended in 1897. These conflicts and the annexation of other Pacific islands formed [[French Polynesia|French Oceania]].<ref name="Gonschor2008" /><ref name="Matsuda2005">{{cite book|last=Matsuda|first=Matt K.|chapter=Society Islands: Tahitian Archives|title=Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_BBr0sZM5kC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-534747-0|oclc=191036857|pages=91–112}}</ref>

On 24 September 1853, Admiral [[Auguste Febvrier Despointes|Febvrier Despointes]] took formal possession of [[New Caledonia]] and [[Port-de-France]] (Nouméa) was founded 25 June 1854. A few dozen free settlers settled on the west coast in the following years, but New Caledonia became a [[penal colony]] and, from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, about 22,000 criminals and political prisoners were sent to New Caledonia.<ref name="gb-1">{{cite book|author1=Robert Aldrich|author2=John Connell|title=France's Overseas Frontier: Départements et territoires d'outre-mer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRB3woPa7LAC&pg=PA46|year= 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03036-6|page=46}}</ref>

[[File:Rebelles de Raïatéa, 1897.jpg|thumb|The captured rebels of Raiatea, 1897]]
In contravention of the Jarnac Convention of 1847, the French placed the Leeward Islands under a provisional protectorate by falsely convincing the ruling chiefs that the [[German Empire]] planned to take over their island kingdoms. After years of diplomatic negotiation, Britain and France agreed to abrogate the convention in 1887 and the French formally annexed all the Leeward Islands without official treaties of cession from the islands' sovereign governments. From 1888 to 1897, the natives of the kingdom of [[Raiatea]] and [[Tahaa]] led by a minor chief, [[Teraupo'o]], fought off French rule and the [[annexation of the Leeward Islands]]. Anti-French factions in the kingdom of [[Huahine]] also attempted to fight off the French under Queen [[Teuhe]] while the kingdom of [[Bora Bora]] remained neutral but hostile to the French. The conflict ended in 1897 with the capture and exile of rebel leaders to New Caledonia and more than one hundred rebels to the Marquesas. These conflicts and the annexation of other Pacific islands formed French Polynesia.<ref name="Gonschor2008" /><ref name="Matsuda2005" />

At this time, the French also established colonies in the [[South Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], including [[New Caledonia]], the various island groups which make up [[French Polynesia]] (including the [[Society Islands]], the [[Marquesas]], the [[Gambier Islands]], the [[Austral Islands]] and the [[Tuamotus]]), and established joint control of the [[New Hebrides]] with Britain.<ref>Linden A. Mander, "The New Hebrides Condominium". ''Pacific Historical Review'' 13.2 (1944): 151-167 [https://online.ucpress.edu/phr/article-pdf/13/2/151/215890/3634610.pdf online].</ref>

====Napoleon III: 1852–1870====
[[File:Abd-EL-Kader-And-Napoleon-III.jpg|thumb|Napoleon III and [[Abdelkader El Djezairi]], the Algerian military leader who led a struggle against the [[French conquest of Algeria|French invasion of Algeria]]]]
[[Napoleon III]] doubled the area of the French overseas Empire; he established French rule in [[New Caledonia]], and [[Cochinchina]], established a protectorate in [[Cambodia]] (1863); and colonized parts of Africa.

To carry out his new overseas projects, Napoleon III created a new Ministry of the Navy and the Colonies and appointed an energetic minister, [[Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat|Prosper, Marquis of Chasseloup-Laubat]], to head it. A key part of the enterprise was the modernization of the French Navy; he began the construction of 15 powerful new battle cruisers powered by steam and driven by propellers; and a fleet of steam-powered troop transports. The [[French Navy]] became the second most powerful in the world, after Britain's. He also created a new force of colonial troops, including elite units of naval infantry, [[Zouaves]], the Chasseurs d'Afrique, and Algerian sharpshooters, and he expanded the Foreign Legion, which had been founded in 1831 and won fame in the Crimea, Italy and Mexico. By the end of Napoleon III's reign, the French overseas territories had tripled in the area; in 1870 they covered a {{cvt|1,000,000|km2}}, with more than 5 million inhabitants.<ref>Pierre Milza, ''Napoléon III'' (in French, Paris: 2006), pp. 626–636</ref>

=== Asia ===
{{see also|French conquest of Vietnam}}
Napoleon III also acted to increase the French presence in Indochina. An important factor in his decision was the belief that France risked becoming a second-rate power by not expanding its influence in East Asia. Deeper down was the sense that France owed the world a civilizing mission.<ref>Arthur J. Dommen, ''The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans'' (2001) p. 4</ref>

French missionaries had been active in Vietnam since the 17th century, when the Jesuit priest [[Alexandre de Rhodes]] opened a mission there. In 1858 the Vietnamese emperor of the [[Nguyen dynasty]] felt threatened by the French influence and tried to expel the missionaries. Napoleon III sent a naval force of fourteen gunships, carrying three thousand French and three thousand Filipino troops provided by Spain, under [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]], to compel the government to accept the missionaries and to stop the persecution of Catholics. In September 1858 the expeditionary force captured and occupied the port of [[Da Nang]], and then in February 1859 moved south and captured [[Saigon]]. The Vietnamese ruler was compelled to cede three provinces to France, and to offer protection to the Catholics. The French troops departed for a time to take part in the expedition to China, but in 1862, when the agreements were not fully followed by the Vietnamese emperor, they returned. The Emperor was forced to open treaty ports in [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin]], and all of [[Cochinchina]] became a French territory in 1864.

In 1863, the ruler of [[Cambodia]], King [[Norodom of Cambodia|Norodom]], who had been placed in power by the government of [[Thailand]], rebelled against his sponsors and sought the protection of France. The Thai king granted authority over Cambodia to France, in exchange for two provinces of [[Laos]], which were ceded by Cambodia to Thailand. In 1867, Cambodia formally became a protectorate of France.

<gallery widths="220px" heights="150px">
File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859, painted by [[Antoine Morel-Fatio]]
File:Reception of Siamese Ambassadors by Napoleon III 1861 Gerome.png|Napoleon III receiving the [[France-Thailand relations|Siamese embassy]] at the palace of Fontainebleau in 1864
File:Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg|The [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace of Vietnam]], in Hanoi, was built between 1900 and 1906 to house the French Governor-General of Indochina.
</gallery>
It was only after its defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870–1871 and the founding of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] (1871–1940) that most of France's later colonial possessions were acquired. From their base in Cochinchina, the French took over [[Tonkin]] (in modern [[northern Vietnam]]) and [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] (in modern [[central Vietnam]]) and made them become French protectorates with the [[Treaty of Huế (1883)|Treaty of Hue]] between France and Vietnam's Nguyen dynasty in 1883. These, together with Cambodia and Cochinchina, formed [[French Indochina]] in 1887 (to which [[Laos]] was [[Franco-Siamese War|added in 1893]] and [[Guangzhouwan]]in 1900).<ref>"Kwangchow Bay" . ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th ed. 1911) p. 957.</ref>
[[File:French Colonial Infantry Marching through the French Concession, Tientsin.jpg|thumb|French colonial infantry marching through the French Concession in Tianjin during the [[Boxer Rebellion]]]]
In 1849, the [[Shanghai French Concession|French Concession in Shanghai]] was established, and in 1860, the [[Concessions in Tianjin|French Concession in Tientsin]] (now called [[Tianjin]]) was set up. Both concessions lasted until 1946.<ref>{{cite book |author=Paul French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-8TGS600gQC&pg=PA215 |title=The Old Shanghai A-Z |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9789888028894 |page=215}}</ref> The French also had smaller [[concession (territory)|concessions]] in [[Guangzhou]] and [[Hankou]] (now part of [[Wuhan]]).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=USFD_d-d7FhgC&dq=french+Guangzhouwan&pg=PA83 ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'', Google Print, p. 83]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Robert Aldrich, Palgrave Macmillan, 1996, {{ISBN|0-312-16000-3}}</ref>

The [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]], in which Britain conquered and annexed the hitherto independent [[Upper Burma]], was in part motivated by British apprehension at France advancing and gaining possession of territories near to Burma.

=== Middle East ===
In the spring of 1860, [[1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus|a war broke out]] in [[Lebanon]], then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], between the [[Druze]] population and the [[Maronite Christians]]. The Ottoman authorities in Lebanon could not stop the violence, and it spread into neighboring [[Syria]], with the massacre of many Christians. In [[Damascus]], the Emir Abd-el-Kadr protected the Christians there against the Muslim rioters. Napoleon III felt obliged to intervene on behalf of the Christians, despite the opposition of London, which feared it would lead to a wider French presence in the Middle East. After long and difficult negotiations to obtain the approval of the British government, Napoleon III sent a French contingent of seven thousand men for a period of six months. The troops arrived in Beirut in August 1860, and took positions in the mountains between the Christian and Muslim communities. Napoleon III organized an international conference in Paris, where the country was placed under the rule of a Christian governor named by the Ottoman Sultan, which restored a fragile peace. The French troops departed in June 1861, after just under one year. The French intervention alarmed the British, but was highly popular with the powerful [[History of the Catholic Church in France#Vocation for the care of the poor in the Industrial Revolution|Catholic political faction]] in France, which had been alarmed by [[Napoleon III#Prince-President (1848–1851)|Louis Napoleon's dispute with the Pope]] over his territories in Italy.<ref>Girard, 1986, p. 313</ref>
[[File:French expeditionary corps landing in Beyrouth 16 August 1860.jpg|thumb|The [[Règlement Organique (Mount Lebanon)|French expedition in Syria]] led by General [[Beaufort d'Hautpoul]], landing in Beyrouth on 16 August 1860]]
Despite the signing of the 1860 [[Cobden–Chevalier Treaty]], a historic free trade agreement between Britain and France, and the joint operations conducted by France and Britain in the Crimea, China and Mexico, diplomatic relations between Britain and France never became close during the colonial era. [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], the British foreign minister from 1846 to 1851 and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] from 1855 to 1865, sought to maintain the balance of power in Europe; this rarely involved an alignment with France. In 1859 there were even briefly fears that France might try to invade Britain.<ref>{{cite book|author=Desmond Gregory|title=No Ordinary General: Lt. General Sir Henry Bunbury (1778–1860) : the Best Soldier Historian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sun7wEcRw_YC&pg=PA103|year=1999|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson U.P.|page=103|isbn=9780838637913}}</ref> Palmerston was suspicious of France's interventions in Lebanon, Southeast Asia and Mexico. Palmerston was also concerned that France might intervene in the [[American Civil War]] (1861–65) on the side of the South.<ref>David Brown, "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865", ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' (2006) 17#4 pp. 675–692</ref> The British also felt threatened by the construction of the [[Suez Canal]] (1859–1869) by [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] in Egypt. They tried to oppose its completion by diplomatic pressures and by promoting revolts among workers.<ref>K. Bell, "British Policy towards the Construction of the Suez Canal, 1859–65", ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' (1965) Vol. 15, pp 121–143.</ref>

The Suez Canal was successfully built by a French-backed company, which was to remain under French control even after the British government acquired almost half of the shares.<ref>"Whilst 46 per cent of the shares [...] are in the hands of the British Treasury, almost all the remainder are held by French citizens. The British shares carry next to no voting rights, for the Articles of Association provide that twenty-five shares give the right to a vote, but no shareholder may have more than ten votes. The management of the Canal is almost exclusively French," Sir Arnold T. Wilson, ''The Suez Canal, its Past, Present, and Future'', Oxford University Press, (2nd ed. 1939), p. e-f.</ref> Both nations saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and respective empire in East Africa and Asia. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. France's leading expansionist [[Jules Ferry]] was out of office, and Paris allowed London to take effective control of Egypt.<ref>A.J.P. Taylor, ''The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918'' (1954) pp 286–92</ref>

===Evolution in the use of the term Empire between the years of 1870–1939===
After the downfall of Napoleon III, few writers used the word 'empire', which had become associated with despotism, decadence, and weakness, preferring the word 'colonies'. However, by the 1880s and 1890s, as Republicans consolidated their control over the political system, increasing numbers of politicians, intellectuals and writers began using the phrase "colonial empire", linking it to republicanism and the French nation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christina Carroll |title=Republican Imperialisms: Narrating the History of "Empire" in France, 1885–1900 |journal=French Politics, Culture & Society |date=Winter 2018 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=118–142|doi=10.3167/fpcs.2018.360308 |s2cid=151103630 }}</ref>

Most Frenchmen ignored foreign affairs and colonial issues. In 1914 the chief pressure group was the ''Parti colonial'', a coalition of 50 organizations with a combined total of only 5,000 members.<ref>Anthony Adamthwaite, ''Grandeur And Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914–1940'' (1995) p 6</ref><ref>L. Abrams and D. J. Miller, "Who Were the French Colonialists? A Reassessment of the Parti Colonial, 1890-1914" ''Historical Journal'' 19#3 (1976), pp. 685-725 [https://www.jstor.com/stable/2638226 online]</ref>

[[File:Colonies of the second French colonial empire.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|French colonies in 1891 (from ''[[Le Monde illustré]]'') 
1. Panorama of ''Lac-Kaï'', French outpost in China 
2. ''Yun-nan'', in the quay of [[Hanoi]] 
3. Flooded street of Hanoi 
4. Landing stage of Hanoi]]

===Causes and justifications for colonialism===

==== Civilizing mission ====
[[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913]]
A hallmark of the French colonial project in the late 19th century and early 20th century was the [[civilising mission]] (''mission civilisatrice''), the principle that it was Europe's duty to bring civilisation to benighted peoples.<ref>{{cite book|author=Betts, Raymond F.|title=Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2005|isbn=9780803262478|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qykx505NU1oC&pg=PA10}}</ref> As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco-Europeanisation in French colonies, most notably [[French West Africa]] and [[French Madagascar|Madagascar]]. During the 19th century, French citizenship along with the right to elect a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies was granted to the four old colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyanne and Réunion as well as to the residents of [[French India]] and the "[[Four Communes]]" in Senegal. In most cases, the elected deputies were white Frenchmen, although there were some blacks, such as the Senegalese [[Blaise Diagne]], who was elected in 1914.<ref name="Segalla 2009">Segalla, Spencer. 2009, ''The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956''. Nebraska University Press</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winnacker |first1=Rudolph A. |title=Elections in Algeria and the French Colonies under the Third Republic |journal=The American Political Science Review |date=1938 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=261–277 |doi=10.2307/1948669|jstor=1948669 |s2cid=145758088 }}</ref>

Racism and notions of [[white supremacy]] were integral to justifying the concept of the civilizing mission. French colonialists viewed non-European societies as uncivilized, and their colonial subjects as needing European re-education.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Le colonialisme : épisode 1/2 du podcast Colonialisme, l'idée noire de la République |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/en-quete-de-politique/en-quete-de-politique-du-samedi-04-mars-2023-3885926 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=France Inter |date=4 March 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> Racial darwinists like [[Arthur de Gobineau]], justified this ideology by falsely claiming that people of color were biologically inferior to white people.<ref name=":4" />

Elsewhere, in the largest and most populous colonies, a [[Code Noir|strict separation]] between "sujets français" ("French subjects", natives) and "citoyens français" ("French citizens", people of European extraction) with different rights and duties was maintained until 1946. As was pointed out in a 1927 treatise on French colonial law, the granting of French citizenship to natives "was not a right, but rather a privilege".<ref>Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, ''De l'Indigénat. Anatomie d'un monstre juridique: Le Droit colonial en Algérie et dans l'Empire français'', Éditions La Découverte, Paris, 2010, p. 59.</ref> Two 1912 decrees dealing with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa enumerated the conditions that a native had to meet in order to be granted French citizenship (they included speaking and writing French, earning a decent living and displaying good moral standards). From 1830 to 1946, only between 3,000 and 6,000 Muslim native Algerians were granted French citizenship. In French West Africa, outside of the Four Communes, there were 2,500 "citoyens indigènes" out of a total population of 15 million.<ref>Le Cour Grandmaison, p. 60, note 9.</ref>
[[File:Desembarco en Cotonou de tropas senegalesas. Le Petit Journal, 21may1892.jpg|thumb|French colonial troops, led by Colonel [[Alfred-Amédée Dodds]], a Senegalese mulatto, conquered and annexed [[Second Franco-Dahomean War|Dahomey]] in 1894.]]

French conservatives had been denouncing the assimilationist policies as products of a dangerous liberal fantasy. In the Protectorate of Morocco, the French administration attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration, with mixed results. After World War II, the segregationist approach modeled in Morocco had been discredited by its connections to Vichyism, and assimilationism enjoyed a brief renaissance.<ref name="Segalla 2009"/>

David P. Forsythe wrote: "From Senegal and Mauritania in the west to Niger in the east (what became French Africa), there was a parallel series of ruinous wars, resulting in tremendous numbers of people being violently enslaved. At the beginning of the twentieth century there may have been between 3 and 3.5 million slaves, representing over 30 percent of the total population, within this sparsely populated region."<ref>David P. Forsythe (2009). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1]''". Oxford University Press. p. 464. {{ISBN|0195334027}}</ref> In 1905, the French abolished [[African slave trade|slavery]] in most of French West Africa.<ref>"[http://www.yale.edu/agrarianstudies/colloqpapers/16peterson.pdf Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam, 1905–1914] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161407/http://www.yale.edu/agrarianstudies/colloqpapers/16peterson.pdf |date=2 May 2013 }}". p.11.</ref> From 1906 to 1911, over a million slaves in French West Africa fled from their masters to earlier homes.<ref>Martin Klein, ‘Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan’, in Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009), 29.</ref> In [[Madagascar]] over 500,000 slaves were freed following French abolition in 1896.<ref>Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press, p. 878</ref>

====Education====
French colonial officials, influenced by the revolutionary ideal of equality, standardized schools, curricula, and teaching methods as much as possible. They did not establish colonial school systems with the idea of furthering the ambitions of the local people, but rather simply exported the systems and methods in vogue in the mother nation.<ref>Remi Clignet, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/158852 Inadequacies of the notion of assimilation in African education]". ''Journal of Modern African Studies'' 8.3 (1970): 425-444.</ref> Having a moderately trained lower bureaucracy was of great use to colonial officials.<ref>B. Olatunji Oloruntimehin, "Education for Colonial Dominance in French West Africa from 1900 to the Second World War." ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria'' 7.2 (1974): 347-356.</ref> The emerging French-educated indigenous elite saw little value in educating rural peoples.<ref>James E. Genova, "Conflicted missionaries: power and identity in French West Africa during the 1930s". ''The Historian'' 66.1 (2004): 45-66.</ref> After 1946 the policy was to bring the best students to Paris for advanced training. The result was to immerse the next generation of leaders in the growing anti-colonial diaspora centered in Paris. Impressionistic colonials could mingle with studious scholars or radical revolutionaries or so everything in between. [[Ho Chi Minh#Political education in France|Ho Chi Minh]] and other young radicals in Paris formed the French Communist party in 1920.<ref>Louisa Rice, "Between empire and nation: francophone West African students and decolonization." ''Atlantic Studies'' 10.1 (2013): 131-147.</ref>

Tunisia was exceptional. The colony was administered by [[Paul Cambon]], who built an educational system for colonists and indigenous people alike that was closely modeled on mainland France. He emphasized female and vocational education. By independence, the quality of Tunisian education nearly equalled that in France.<ref>Barbara DeGorge, "The modernization of education: A case study of Tunisia and Morocco". ''European Legacy'' 7.5 (2002): 579-596.</ref>

African nationalists rejected such a public education system, which they perceived as an attempt to retard African development and maintain colonial superiority. One of the first demands of the emerging nationalist movement after World War II was the introduction of full metropolitan-style education in French West Africa with its promise of equality with Europeans.<ref>Tony Chafer, "Teaching Africans To Be French?: France's 'civilising mission' and the establishment of a public education system in French West Africa, 1903-30". ''Africa'' (2001): 190-209 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40761537 online].</ref><ref>David E. Gardinier, "Schooling in the states of equatorial Africa". ''Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines'' 8.3 (1974): 517-538.</ref>

In Algeria, the debate was polarized. The French set up schools based on the scientific method and French culture. The [[Pied-Noir|''pieds-noirs'']] (Catholic migrants from Europe) welcomed this. Those goals were rejected by the Moslem Arabs, who prized mental agility and their distinctive religious tradition. The Arabs refused to become patriotic and a unified educational system became impossible until the ''pieds-noirs'' and their Arab allies went into exile after 1962.<ref>Alf Andrew Heggoy, and Paul J. Zingg, "French education in revolutionary North Africa". ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' 7.4 (1976): 571-578.</ref>

===Critics of French colonialism===
[[File:Combat de Dogba-1892.jpg|thumb|The [[Second Franco-Dahomean War]] in 1892–1894]]
Critics of French colonialism gained an international audience in the 1920s, and often used documentary reportage and access to agencies such as the [[League of Nations]] and the [[International Labour Organization]] to make their protests heard. The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives. Major critics included [[Albert Londres]], Félicien Challaye, and Paul Monet, whose books and articles were widely read.<ref>[[J.P. Daughton]], "Behind the Imperial Curtain: International Humanitarian Efforts and the Critique of French Colonialism in the Interwar Years", ''French Historical Studies,'' (2011) 34#3 pp 503–528</ref>

== Decolonization ==
{{further|Decolonization in Africa}}
The French colonial empire began to fall during the [[Second World War]], when various parts were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in [[Syria]], Lebanon, and [[Madagascar]], the United States and Britain in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]], and Germany and Italy in [[Tunisia]]). However, control was gradually reestablished by [[Charles de Gaulle]]. The [[French Union]], included in the [[French Constitution of 1946|Constitution of 1946]], nominally replaced the former colonial empire, but officials in Paris remained in full control. The colonies were given local assemblies with only limited local power and budgets. There emerged a group of elites, known as "evolués", who were natives of the overseas territories but lived in metropolitan France.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wITHtDxnUI8C&pg=PA285 | title=Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention|first=Alfred William Brian |last=Simpson|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2004|isbn=978-0199267897|pages=285–86}}</ref>

===World War II===
{{campaignbox Free French}}
[[File:Vichy france map.png|upright=1.5|thumb|The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to Free France and the Allies by 1943. [[:File:Vichy france map.png|Legend.]]]]
{{campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II}}
During World War II, allied [[Free France]], often with British support, and Axis-aligned [[Vichy France]] struggled for control of the colonies, sometimes with outright military combat. By 1943, all of the colonies, except for Indochina under Japanese control, had joined the Free French cause.<ref>Martin Thomas, ''The French Empire at War, 1940–1945'' (Manchester University Press, 2007)</ref>

The overseas empire helped liberate France as 300,000 North African Arabs fought in the ranks of the Free French.<ref>Robert Gildea, ''France since 1945'' (1996) p 17</ref> However [[Charles de Gaulle]] had no intention of liberating the colonies. He assembled the [[Brazzaville Conference|conference of colonial governors]] (excluding the nationalist leaders) in Brazzaville in January 1944 to announce plans for postwar Union that would replace the Empire.<ref>Joseph R. De Benoist, "The Brazzaville Conference, or Involuntary Decolonization". ''Africana Journal'' 15 (1990) pp: 39–58.</ref> The Brazzaville manifesto proclaimed:
: the goals of the work of civilization undertaken by France in the colonies exclude all idea of autonomy, all possibility of development outside the French block of the Empire; the possible constitutional self-government in the colonies is to be dismissed.<ref>Gildea, ''France since 1945'' (1996) p 16</ref>

The manifesto angered nationalists across the Empire, and set the stage for long-term wars in Indochina and Algeria that France would lose in humiliating fashion.

===Conflict===
France was immediately confronted with the beginnings of the [[decolonisation]] movement. In Algeria demonstrations in May 1945 were [[Setif and Guelma massacre|repressed]] with an estimated 6,000 to 45,000 Algerians killed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Horne |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Horne |year=1977 |title=A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 |location=New York |publisher=The Viking Press |page=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=70 ans de déni|last=Bouaricha|first=Nadjia|date=7 May 2015|work=El Watan}}</ref> Unrest in Haiphong, Indochina, in November 1946 was met by a warship bombarding the city.<ref>J.F.V. Keiger, ''France and the World since 1870'' (Arnold, 2001) p 207.</ref> [[Paul Ramadier]]'s ([[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]) cabinet repressed the [[Malagasy Uprising]] in Madagascar in 1947. The French blamed education. French officials estimated the number of Malagasy killed from a low of 11,000 to a French Army estimate of 89,000.<ref>Anthony Clayton, ''The Wars of French Decolonization'' (1994) p 85</ref>

Also in Indochina, [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s [[Vietminh|Viet Minh]], which was backed by the Soviet Union and China, declared [[Vietnam]]'s independence, which started the [[First Indochina War]]. The war dragged on until 1954, when the Viet Minh decisively defeated the French at the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] in northern Vietnam, which was the last major battle between the French and the Vietnamese in the First Indochina War.

[[File:Dien Bien Phu 1954 French prisoners.jpg|thumb|Captured French soldiers from Dien Bien Phu, escorted by Vietnamese troops, walk to a prisoner-of-war camp.]]

Following the Vietnamese victory at Điện Biên Phủ and the signing of the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|1954 Geneva Accords]], France agreed to withdraw its forces from all its colonies in [[French Indochina]], while stipulating that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|17th parallel]], with control of the north given to the Soviet-backed Viet Minh as the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] under [[Ho Chi Minh]], and the south becoming the [[State of Vietnam]] under former Nguyen-dynasty Emperor [[Bảo Đại]], who [[Abdication|abdicated]] following the [[August Revolution|1945 August Revolution]] under pressure from Ho.<ref>Nash, Gary B., Julie Roy Jeffrey, John R. Howe, Peter J. Frederick, Allen F. Davis, Allan M. Winkler, Charlene Mires, and Carla Gardina Pestana. ''The American People, Concise Edition Creating a Nation and a Society,'' Combined Volume (6th Edition). New York: Longman, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Playboy, bon vivant and the last emperor of Vietnam: Bao Dai|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2104334/playboy-bon-vivant-and-last-emperor-vietnam-bao|date=2017-07-30|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref> However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister, [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraud-ridden [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] and proclaimed himself president of the new [[Republic of Vietnam]]. The refusal of [[Ngô Đình Diệm]], the US-supported president of the first Republic of Vietnam [RVN], to allow elections in 1956 – as had been stipulated by the Geneva Conference – in fear of Ho Chi Minh's victory and subsequently a total communist takeover,<ref>''Chapman'', p. 699.</ref> eventually led to the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fear |first1=Sean |title=The Ambiguous Legacy of Ngô Đình Diệm in South Vietnam's Second Republic (1967–1975) |journal=Journal of Vietnamese Studies |year=2016 |volume=11 |pages=1–75 |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jvs/article-pdf/11/1/1/184976/jvs_2016_11_1_1.pdf |publisher=University of California|doi=10.1525/jvs.2016.11.1.1 }}</ref>

In France's African colonies, the [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]]'s insurrection, which started in 1955 and headed by [[Ruben Um Nyobé]], was violently repressed over a two-year period, with perhaps as many as 100 people killed. However, France formally relinquished its protectorate over [[Tunisia]] and [[Morocco]] and granted them independence in 1956.

French involvement in [[Algeria]] stretched back a century. The movements of [[Ferhat Abbas]] and [[Messali Hadj]] had marked the period between the two world wars, but both sides radicalised after the Second World War. In 1945, the [[Sétif massacre]] was carried out by the French army. The [[Algerian War of Independence|Algerian War]] started in 1954. [[Torture during the Algerian War of Independence|Atrocities characterized both sides]], and the number killed became highly controversial estimates that were made for propaganda purposes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin S. Alexander|display-authors=etal|title=Algerian War and the French Army, 1954–62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLGHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|page=6|isbn=9780230500952}}</ref> Algeria was a three-way conflict due to the large number of "[[pieds-noirs]]" (Europeans who had settled there in [[French rule in Algeria|the 125 years of French rule]]). The political crisis in France caused the collapse of the Fourth Republic, as [[Charles de Gaulle]] returned to power in 1958 and finally pulled the French soldiers and settlers out of Algeria by 1962.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Spencer C. Tucker|title=The Roots and Consequences of Independence Wars: Conflicts that Changed World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r59MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA356|year=2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|pages=355–57|isbn=9781440855993}}</ref><ref>[[James McDougall (academic)|James McDougall]], "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962", ''Journal of Modern History'' 89#4 (2017) pp 772–811 [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694427 excerpt]</ref>
[[File:Point d'eau.jpg|thumb|French officer and native [[Spahi]] during the [[Algerian War]] in the 1950s]]
The [[French Union]] was replaced in the [[French Constitution of 1958|Constitution of 1958]] by the [[French Community]]. Only [[Guinea]] refused by referendum to take part in the new organisation. However, the French Community ceased to operate before the end of the Algerian War. Almost all of the other former African colonies achieved independence in 1960. The French government refused to allow the populations of the former colonies the right they had in the new French Constitution of 1958, as French citizens with equal rights, to choose for their territories to become full ''départements'' of France. The French government had ensured that a constitutional law (60-525) was passed which removed the need for a referendum in a territory to confirm a change in status towards independence or départementalisation, so the voters who had rejected independence in 1958 were not consulted about it in 1960.<ref>Sanmarco, Louis ''Le colonisateur colonisé'', Ed. Pierre-Marcel Favre-ABC, 1983, p.211, Mbajum, Samuel and Sanmarco, Louis ''Entretiens sur les non-dits de la décolonisation'', Ed. de l’Officine, 2007, p.64, Gerbi, Alexandre ''Histoire occultée de la décolonisation franco-africaine: Imposture, refoulements et névroses'', L'Harmattan 2006.</ref> There are still a few former colonies that chose to remain part of France, under the status of [[French overseas departments and territories|overseas ''départements'' or territories]].

Critics of [[neocolonialism]] claimed that the {{lang|fr|[[Françafrique]]}} had replaced formal direct rule. They argued that while de Gaulle was granting independence on one hand, he was maintaining French dominance through the operations of [[Jacques Foccart]], his counsellor for African matters. Foccart supported in particular Biafra in the [[Nigerian Civil War]] during the late 1960s.<ref>Dorothy Shipley White, ''Black Africa and de Gaulle: From the French Empire to Independence'' (1979).</ref>

Robert Aldrich argues that with Algerian independence in 1962, it appeared that the Empire practically had come to an end, as the remaining colonies were quite small and lacked active nationalist movements. However, there was trouble in French Somaliland ([[Djibouti]]), which became independent in 1977. There also were complications and delays in the New Hebrides [[Vanuatu]], which was the last to gain independence in 1980. [[New Caledonia]] remains a special case under French suzerainty.<ref>Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion'' (1996) pp 303–6</ref> The Indian Ocean island of [[Mayotte]] voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with France and not become independent like the other three islands of the Comoro archipelago.<ref>"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/comorosandmayotte/5072354/Mayotte-votes-to-become-Frances-101st-dpartement.html Mayotte votes to become France's 101st département]". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 29 March 2009.</ref>

==Demographics==

French census statistics from 1936 show an imperial population, outside of [[Metropolitan France]] itself, of 69.1 million people.<ref name=Code_Officiel_Géographique /> Of the total population, 16.1 million lived in North Africa, 25.5 million in sub-Saharan Africa, 3.2 million in the Middle East, 0.3 million in the Indian subcontinent, 23.2 million in East and South-East Asia, 0.15 million in the South Pacific, and 0.6 million in the Caribbean.<ref name=pop_1936>{{cite book |date=1939|title=Annuaire statistique|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65806080/f272.item |publisher=Statistique générale de la France (SGF)|page=258}}</ref>

The largest colonies were the general governorate of [[French Indochina]] (grouping five separate colonies and protectorates), with 23.0 million, the general governorate of [[French West Africa]] (grouping eight separate colonies), with 14.9 million, the general governorate of [[French Algeria|Algeria]] (grouping three [[Departments of France#Departments of Algeria (Départements d'Algérie)|departments]] and four Saharan territories), with 7.2 million, the [[French protectorate in Morocco|protectorate of Morocco]], with 6.3 million, the general governorate of [[French Equatorial Africa]] (grouping four separate colonies), with 3.9 million, and [[French Madagascar|Madagascar and Dependencies]] (incl. the [[Comoro Islands]]), with 3.8 million.<ref name=pop_1936 />

2.7 million Europeans (French and non-French citizens) and assimilated natives (non-European French citizens) lived in the French colonial empire in 1936 besides 66.4 million non-assimilated natives (French subjects but not citizens).<ref name=pop_1936 /> The majority of Europeans lived in North Africa. Non-European French citizens lived essentially in the four "old colonies" ([[Réunion]], [[Martinique]], [[Guadeloupe]], and [[French Guiana]]), as well as in the [[Four Communes]] of Senegal ([[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]], [[Dakar]], [[Gorée]], and [[Rufisque]]) and in the colonies of the South Pacific.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| [[File:French Empire 1919-1939.png|520px]] Population of the French Empire between 1919 and 1939
! !!  1921  !!  1926  !!  1931  !!  1936 
|-
|align=center| [[Metropolitan France]] || align=center| 39,140,000 || align=center| 40,710,000 || align=center| 41,550,000 || align=center| 41,500,000
|-
|align=center| Colonies, protectorates, and mandates || align=center| 55,556,000 || align=center| 59,474,000 || align=center| 64,293,000 || align=center| 69,131,000
|-
|align=center| '''Total''' || align=center| '''94,696,000''' || align=center| '''100,184,000''' || align=center| '''105,843,000''' || align=center| '''110,631,000'''
|-
|align=center| Percentage of the world population || align=center| 5.02% || align=center| 5.01% || align=center| 5.11% || align=center| 5.15%
|-
| colspan=5 align=center| Sources: INSEE,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5390418?sommaire=5390468 |title=T1 – Évolution générale de la situation démographique - Séries depuis 1901|author=INSEE|access-date=2022-03-12|language=fr}}</ref> SGF<ref name=Code_Officiel_Géographique>{{cite web|url=http://projetbabel.org/gl/cog_2009.pdf |title=Le code officiel géographique (COG), avant, pendant et autour|author=[[INSEE]], Direction de la coordination statistique et des relations internationales, Département de la coordination statistique, Division Environnement Juridique de la Statistique (DEJS)|date=2009|page=108|accessdate=2022-03-12}}</ref>
|}

===French settlers===
[[File:Foire_chevaux.JPG|thumb|[[Caldoche]]s, French people born in [[New Caledonia]]]]
Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the Americas, except for the [[Huguenots]] in British or Dutch colonies. France generally had close to the slowest natural population growth in Europe, and emigration pressures were therefore quite small{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}. A small but significant emigration, numbering only in the tens of thousands, of mainly [[Roman Catholic]] French populations led to the settlement of the provinces of [[Acadia]], Canada, and [[Louisiana]], both (at the time) French possessions, and colonies in the [[West Indies]], [[Mascarene]] islands and Africa. In New France, Huguenots were banned from settling in the territory, and Quebec was one of the most staunchly Catholic areas in the world until the [[Quiet Revolution]]. The current [[French Canadians|French Canadian]] population, which numbers in the millions, is descended almost entirely from New France's small settler population.

On 31 December 1687 a community of French [[Huguenots in South Africa|Huguenots]] settled in South Africa. Most of these originally settled in the [[Cape Colony]], but have since been quickly absorbed into the [[Afrikaner]] population. After Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608, it became the capital of [[New France]]. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=British North America: 1763–1841 |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563379_21/canada.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031124234/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563379_21/Canada.html |archive-date=31 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1787, there were 30,000 white colonists on France's colony of [[Saint-Domingue]]. In 1804 [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|Dessalines]], the first ruler of an independent Haiti (St. Domingue), ordered the [[1804 Haiti massacre|massacre of whites]] remaining on the island.<ref>{{Citation | first = Philippe R. | last = Girard | year = 2011 | title = The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801–1804 | location = Tuscaloosa, Alabama | publisher = The University of Alabama Press | isbn = 978-0-8173-1732-4 | pages = 319–322 }}</ref> Out of the 40,000 inhabitants on [[Guadeloupe]], at the end of the 17th century, there were more than 26,000 blacks and 9,000 whites.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/label-france_2554/label-france-issues_2555/label-france-no.-41_4201/tourism-and-discovery_4252/guadeloupe-the-mosaic-island_6508.html |title=Guadeloupe : the mosaic island |access-date=12 February 2009 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041339/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/label-france_2554/label-france-issues_2555/label-france-no.-41_4201/tourism-and-discovery_4252/guadeloupe-the-mosaic-island_6508.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bill Marshall wrote, "The first French effort to colonize [[French Guiana|Guiana]], in 1763, failed utterly when tropical diseases and climate killed all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers."<ref>Bill Marshall (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C France and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia. N – Z, index]''. ABC-CLIO. Pp. 372–373. {{ISBN|1851094113}}.</ref>

French law made it easy for thousands of ''colons'', ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India and [[Indochina]], to live in mainland France. It is estimated that 20,000 ''colons'' were living in [[Saigon]] in 1945. 1.6 million European ''[[pieds noirs]]'' migrated from [[Algeria]], Tunisia and [[Morocco]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDE1539F935A35757C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures|date=6 April 1988|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 [[pied-noir|French Algerians]] left [[Algeria]] in the largest relocation of population in Europe since [[World War II]].<ref name="Naylor">{{Cite book |last=Naylor |first=Phillip Chiviges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMUb8R3Cs-MC&q=pied+noir+alienation&pg=PA9 |title=France and Algeria: A History of Decolonization and Transformation |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8130-3096-8 |pages=9–23, 14}}</ref> In the 1970s, over 30,000 French ''colons'' left [[Cambodia]] during the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime as the [[Pol Pot]] government confiscated their farms and land properties. In November 2004, several thousand of the estimated 14,000 French nationals in [[Ivory Coast]] left the country after days of anti-white violence.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,138116,00.html France, U.N. Start Ivory Coast Evacuation], Fox News Channel</ref>

Apart from [[French-Canadians]] ([[French-speaking Quebecer|Québécois]] and [[Acadians]]), francophone Louisianians ([[Cajuns]] and [[Louisiana Creole people|Louisiana Creoles]]), and [[Métis people|Métis]], other populations of French ancestry outside metropolitan France include the ''[[Caldoche]]s'' of [[New Caledonia]], the so-called ''[[Zoreilles]]'', ''Petits-blancs'' with the [[Franco-Mauritian]] of various [[List of islands in the Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean islands]] and the [[Beke people]] of the French West Indies.

==Territories==

=== Africa ===
[[File:Carte de l'Afrique-Occidentale française, 1935.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the colonies in [[French West Africa]] in 1935]]
{{div col|small=yes}}
* [[French Algeria]] (1830–1961)
* [[Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory|French Military Territory in Libya]] (1943–1951)
* [[French Protectorate in Morocco]] (1912–1956)
* [[French Protectorate of Tunisia]] (1881–1956)
* [[French West Africa]] (1895–1958)
** [[French Mauritania]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Senegal]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Guinea]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Ivory Coast]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Niger]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Upper Volta]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Dahomey]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Togoland]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Sudan]] (1959–1960)
* [[French Equatorial Africa]] (1910–1958)
** [[French Gabon]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Congo]] (1958–1960)
** [[Ubangui-Shari]] (1958–1960)
** [[French Chad]] (1958–1960)
* [[French Cameroon]] (1920–1960)
* [[French Madagascar]] (1897–1958)
** [[Seychelles]] (1756–1794)
** [[Île de France (Mauritius)]] (1715–1810)
** [[Comoros]] (1841–1975)
** [[Mayotte]] (1843–)
** [[Réunion]] (1665–)
** [[Kerguelen]] (1924–)
** [[Île Saint-Paul]] (1924–)
** [[Amsterdam Island]] (1924–)
** [[Crozet Islands]] (1772–)
** [[Bassas da India]] (1897–)
** [[Europa Island]] (1897 )
** [[Juan de Nova Island]] (1897–)
** [[Glorioso Islands]] (1892–)
** [[Tromelin Island|Tromelin]] (1722–)
* [[French Somalia]] (1896–1967)
* [[French domains of St Helena]] (1854–)
{{div col end}}

===Asia===
{{div col|small=yes}}
* [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French mandate of Syria]] (1923–1946)
* [[Greater Lebanon]] (1923–1943)
* [[French India]] (1673–1950)
* [[French Indochina]] (1887–1954)
** [[French Cochinchina]] (1862–1946)
** [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] (1883–1887)
** [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] (1883–1950)
** [[French protectorate of Cambodia]] (1863–1956)
** [[French protectorate of Laos]] (1893–1953)
** [[Guangzhouwan|Leased territory of Guangzhouwan]] (1898–1945)
* [[China]] concessions
** [[Foreign concessions in Tianjin|French concession in Tianjin]] (1896–1943)
** [[Shanghai French Concession]] (1896–1943)
** [[Shamian Island]], [[Guangzhou]] (1896–1943)
{{div col end}}

===The Caribbean===
{{div col|small=yes}}
* [[Commonwealth of Dominica]] (1690–1763)
* [[Grenada]] (1649–1763)
* [[Guadeloupe]] (1635–)
* [[Haiti]] (1697–1804)
* [[Martinique]] (1635–)
* [[Saint Barthélemy]] (1878–)
* [[Saint Lucia]] (1674–1814)
* [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] (1648–)
* [[Dominican Republic]] (1795–1815)
* [[Virgin Islands]]
** [[Saint Croix]] (1664–1733)
** [[Vieques]] (1698–1811)
{{div col end}}

===South America===
* [[France Antarctique]] (1555–1567)
* [[French Guiana]] (1503–)
* [[Equinoctial France]] (1612–1615)

===North America===
{{div col|small=yes}}
* [[New France]] (1534–1763)
** [[Acadia]] (1604–1763)
*** [[New Brunswick|Acadie continentale (Continental Acadia)]] (1604–1763)
**** [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie]] (1672–1763)
*** [[Nova Scotia|Acadie péninsulaire (Peninsular Acadia)]] (1605–1713)
*** [[Île-Royale]] (1713–1763)
**** [[Saint Croix Island, Maine|Île Sainte-Croix]] (1604–1713), (1713–1763)
**** [[Cape Breton Island|Île-Royale]] (1629–1713), (1713–1763)
**** [[Magdalen Islands]] (1660–1713), (1713–1763)
**** [[Isle Saint-Jean]] (1720–1763)
** [[Canada (New France)|Canada]] (1535–1763)
*** [[Pays d'en Haut|Pays d'en Haut (Upper Country)]] (1610–1763)
**** [[Red River Valley|Vallée de la rivière Rouge (Red River Valley)]] (1734–1763)
*** [[Domaine du roy|Domaine du roy (King's Domain)]] (1652–1763)
*** [[Illinois Country]] (1675–1722)
*** [[Rupert's Land|Baie du Nord (Hudson's Bay)]] (1686–1713)
*** [[Labrador]] (1710-1763)
*** [[French presence in the Ohio Valley|Vallée de la rivière Belle (Ohio River Valley)]] (1753–1763)
** [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] (1682–1762), (1801–1803)
*** [[French colonization of Texas|Texas]] (1684–1689)
*** Illinois Country (1722–1763), (1801–1803)
**** [[Wabash Valley|Vallée de la rivière Ouabache (Wabash Valley)]] (1723–1763)
** [[Terre-Neuve (New France)|Terre-Neuve]] (1658–1713)
*** [[French Shore]] (1713–1904)
*** [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] (1536–)
* [[French Florida|Florida]] (1562–1565)
** [[Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site|Charlesfort]] (1562–1563)
** [[Fort Caroline]] (1564–1565)
{{div col end}}

===Oceania===
{{div col|small=yes}}
* [[New Caledonia]] (1853–)
* [[New Zealand]] (1840–1849)
* [[French Polynesia]] (1842–)
** [[Windward Islands (Society Islands)|Windward Islands]]
** [[Leeward Islands (Society Islands)|Leeward Islands]]
** [[Marquesas Islands]]
** [[Austral Islands]]
** [[Îles Tuamotu-Gambier|Tuamotu-Gambier]]
* [[Wallis and Futuna]] (1887–)
* [[Clipperton Island]] (1858–)
* [[New Hebrides]] (1887–1980)
{{div col end}}

===Antarctica===
*[[Adélie Land]] (1840–)

==See also==
{{Portal|History|France}}
* [[Army of the Levant]]
* [[CFA franc]]
* [[Colonialism]]
* [[Decolonization]]
* [[Evolution of the French Empire]]
* [[Francization]]
* [[French Army]] units with a tradition of service overseas
** 1900–1958: [[Troupes de marine]]
** 1900–1958: [[Troupes coloniales]]
** [[Tirailleurs]]
** [[Spahis]]
** [[Zouaves]]
* [[French colonial flags]]
* [[French colonisation of the Americas]]
* [[French law on colonialism]] (for teachers, 2005)
* [[History of France]]
** [[Second French Empire]]
** [[French Third Republic]]
** [[Kingdom of France]]
* [[International relations (1814–1919)]]
* [[List of French possessions and colonies]]
* [[New France]]
* {{lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}}
* [[Overseas France]]
* [[Postage stamps of the French colonies]]
* [[Scramble for Africa]]
* [[Timeline of imperialism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Langley, Michael. "Bizerta to the Bight: The French in Africa". ''History Today.'' (Oct 1972), pp 733–739. covers 1798 to 1900.
* Horne, Alistair. (1977). ''[[A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962]]''. Viking Press.
* Hutton, Patrick H. ed. ''Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940'' (2 vol 1986).
* McDougall, James. (2017). ''[[A History of Algeria]]''. Cambridge University Press.
* McDougall, James. (2006). ''[[History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria]]''. Cambridge University Press.
* Northcutt, Wayne, ed. ''Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991'' (1992).

===Policies and colonies===
* Aldrich, Robert. ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996)
* Aldrich, Robert. ''The French Presence in the South Pacific, 1842–1940'' (1989).
* Anderson, Fred. ''Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766'' (2001), covers New France in Canada
* Baumgart, Winfried. ''Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914'' (1982)
* Betts, Raymond. ''Tricouleur: The French Overseas Empire'' (1978), 174pp
* Betts, Raymond. ''Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Assimilation-Association-French-Colonial-1890-1914/dp/0803262477/ excerpt and text search]
* {{cite journal |first=Mathew |last=Burrows |title='Mission civilisatrice': French Cultural Policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=1986 |pages=109–135 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00018641|s2cid=154801621 }}.
* {{cite book|author=Chafer, Tony |title=The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GseKljgaW0C|year=2002|publisher=Berg|isbn=9781859735572}}
* Clayton, Anthony. ''The Wars of French Decolonization'' (1995)
* Cogneau, Denis, et al. "Taxation in Africa from Colonial Times to Present Evidence from former French colonies 1900-2018." (2021): [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03420664/document online]
* Conklin, Alice L. ''A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930'' (1997)
* Curtis, Sarah A. ''Civilizing habits: Women missionaries and the revival of French empire'' (Oxford UP, 2010); role of nuns
* Evans, Martin. "From colonialism to post-colonialism: the French empire since Napoleon". in Martin S. Alexander, ed., ''French History since Napoleon'' (1999) pp: 391–415.
* Gamble, Harry. ''Contesting French West Africa: Battles over Schools and the Colonial Order, 1900–1950'' (U of Nebraska Press, 2017). 378 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53876 online review]
* Jennings, Eric T. ''Imperial Heights: Dalat and the Making and Undoing of French Indochina'' (2010).
* {{cite book|last=Kang|first=Mathilde|translator=Martin Munro|chapter=II The affirmation of the French presence in Asia|title=Francophonie and the Orient: French-Asian Transcultural Crossings (1840-1940) |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]]|year=2018|doi=10.2307/j.ctv80cd6t |jstor=j.ctv80cd6t|isbn=9789048540273|s2cid=240251838}}
* Lawrence, Adria. ''Imperial rule and the politics of nationalism: anti-colonial protest in the French empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013).
* {{cite journal |first1=C. W. |last1=Newbury |first2=A. S. |last2=Kanya-Forstner |title=French Policy and the Origins of the Scramble for West Africa |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=1969 |pages=253–276 |jstor=179514 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700009518 |s2cid=162656377 }}.
* Klein, Martin A. ''Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
* Manning, Patrick. ''Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995'' (Cambridge UP, 1998).
* Neres, Philip. ''French-speaking West Africa: From Colonial Status to Independence'' (1962)
* Priestley, Herbert Ingram. ''France overseas: a study of modern imperialism'' (1938) 464pp.
* Quinn, Frederick. ''The French Overseas Empire'' (2000)
* {{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Pakenham |title=The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric00pake |url-access=registration |year=1991 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-51576-2}}.
* Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., ''A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires'' (Edinburgh UP, 2008), [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Companion-Postcolonial-Literatures-Continental/dp/0748623949/ excerpt] also [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g0b6vw entire text online]
* {{cite book |first=Maria |last=Petringa |title=Brazza, A Life for Africa |year=2006 |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4259-1198-0}}.
* Priestley, Herbert Ingram. (1938) ''France overseas;: A study of modern imperialism'' 463pp; encyclopedic coverage as of late 1930s
* Roberts, Stephen H. ''History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925)'' (2 vol 1929) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84402 vol 1 online] also [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89866 vol 2 online]; Comprehensive scholarly history
* Schnerb, Robert. "Napoleon III and the Second French Empire." ''Journal of Modern History'' 8#3 (1936), pp. 338–55. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1881540 online]
* {{cite book |first=Spencer |last=Segalla |title=The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956|year=2009 |location=Lincoln|publisher=Nebraska UP|isbn=978-0-8032-1778-2}}.
* Strother, Christian. "Waging War on Mosquitoes: Scientific Research and the Formation of Mosquito Brigades in French West Africa, 1899–1920". ''Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences'' (2016): jrw005.
* Thomas, Martin. ''The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society'' (2007) covers 1919–1939
* Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. ''French West Africa'' (Stanford UP, 1958).
* Wellington, Donald C. ''French East India companies: A historical account and record of trade'' (Hamilton Books, 2006)
* Wesseling, H.L. and [[Arnold J. Pomerans]]. ''Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914'' (Praeger, 1996.)
* Wesseling, H.L. ''The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919'' (Routledge, 2015).
* White, Owen, and [[James Patrick Daughton]], eds. ''In God's Empire: French Missionaries in the Modern World'' (Oxford University Press, 2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NLzuDmjV_h4C&dq=French+catholic+missionaries&pg=PP1 online]
*Winnacker, R. A. (1938). "Elections in Algeria and the French Colonies under the Third Republic." ''The American Political Science Review'', 32(2), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.2307/1948669

===Decolonization===
* Betts, Raymond F. ''Decolonization'' (2nd ed. 2004)
* Betts, Raymond F. ''France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960'' (1991)
* Chafer, Tony. ''The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002).
* [[Chamberlain, Muriel E.]] ed. ''Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century'' (Routledge, 2014)
* Clayton, Anthony. ''The wars of French decolonization'' (Routledge, 2014).
* Cooper, Frederick. "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation". ''Critical Inquiry'' (2014) 40#4 pp: 466–478. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676416 in JSTOR]
* Ikeda, Ryo. ''The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)
* Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. ''Decolonization: A Short History'' (princeton UP, 2017). [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10963.html online]
* Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France". ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 42#5 (2014): 787–825.
* Lawrence, Adria K. ''Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013) [https://issforum.org/roundtables/7-18-imperial-rule-nationalism online reviews]
* [[James McDougall (academic)|McDougall, James]]. "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962", ''The Journal of Modern History'' 89#4 (December 2017) pp 772–811 [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694427 excerpt]
* Rothermund, Dietmar. ''Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Memories-Post-Imperial-Nations-Aftermath-Decolonization/dp/1107102294/ excerpt]; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan
* Rothermund, Dietmar. ''The Routledge companion to decolonization'' (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp
* Shepard, Todd. ''The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France'' (2006)
* Simpson, Alfred William Brian. ''Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention'' (Oxford University Press, 2004).
* Smith, Tony. "A comparative study of French and British decolonization". ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' (1978) 20#1 pp: 70–102. [http://w3.salemstate.edu/~cmauriello/pdfEuropean/Smith%20Compartive%20French%20and%20British%20Decolonization.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614085733/http://w3.salemstate.edu/~cmauriello/pdfEuropean/Smith%20Compartive%20French%20and%20British%20Decolonization.pdf |date=14 June 2015 }}
* Smith, Tony. "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946–58." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (1974): 217–247. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260298 in JSTOR]
* Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. ''Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe's imperial states'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015)
* Von Albertini, Rudolf. ''Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960'' (Doubleday, 1971), scholarly analysis of French policies, pp 265–469..

===Images and impact on France===
* Andrew, Christopher M., and Alexander Sydney Kanya-Forstner. "France, Africa, and the First World War". ''Journal of African History'' 19.1 (1978): 11–23.
* {{cite journal |first1=C. M. |last1=Andrew |first2=A. S. |last2=Kanya-Forstner |title=French Business and the French Colonialists |journal=Historical Journal |volume=19 |issue=4 |year=1976 |pages=981–1000 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00010803|s2cid=159812995 }}. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638246 online]
* Andrew, C. M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. "The French 'Colonial Party': Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885–1914". ''Historical Journal'' 14#1 (1971): 99–128. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637903 online].
* August, Thomas G. ''The Selling of the Empire: British and French Imperialist Propaganda, 1890–1940'' (1985)
* Chafer, Tony, and Amanda Sackur. ''Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France'' (2002)
* {{cite journal |first=Vincent |last=Confer |title=French Colonial Ideas before 1789 |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1964 |pages=338–359 |doi=10.2307/285947|jstor=285947 }}.
* Conkin, Alice L. ''A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930'' (1997) * Dobie, Madeleine. ''Trading Places: Colonization & Slavery in 18th-Century French Culture'' (2010)
* {{cite journal |first=Guy |last=Martin |title=The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=1985 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00000148|s2cid=154727976 }}.
* Rosenblum, Mort. ''Mission to Civilize: The French Way'' (1986) [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-05-bk-2118-story.html online review]
* Rothermund, Dietmar. ''Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Memories-Post-Imperial-Nations-Aftermath-Decolonization/dp/1107102294/ excerpt]; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan.
* Singer, Barnett, and John Langdon. ''Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire'' (2008)
* Thomas, Martin, ed. ''The French Colonial Mind, Volume 1: Mental Maps of Empire and Colonial Encounters'' (France Overseas: Studies in Empire and D) (2012); ''The French Colonial Mind, Volume 2: Violence, Military Encounters, and Colonialism'' (2012).

===Historiography and memoir===
* Bennington, Alice. "Writing Empire? The Reception of Post-Colonial Studies in France". ''Historical Journal'' (2016) 59#4: 1157–1186. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/div-classtitlerewriting-empire-the-reception-of-post-colonial-studies-in-francea-hreffns01-ref-typefnadiv/32DA3F5C79BF6B46BE39A67840BF1D36 abstract]
* Dubois, Laurent. "The French Atlantic", in ''Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal,'' ed. by Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, (Oxford UP, 2009) pp. 137–61.
* Dwyer, Philip. "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars", ''French Politics, Culture & Society'' (2008) 26#3 pp 110–122.
* {{cite journal |first=Rupert |last=Emerson |s2cid=220878619 |title=Colonialism |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=1969 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1177/002200946900400101}}.
* Greer, Allan. "National, Transnational, and Hypernational Historiographies: New France Meets Early American History", ''Canadian Historical Review,'' (2010) 91#4 pp 695–724, [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/canadian_historical_review/v091/91.4.greer.html in Project MUSE]
* Hodson, Christopher, and Brett Rushforth, "Absolutely Atlantic: Colonialism and the Early Modern French State in Recent Historiography", ''History Compass,'' (January 2010) 8#1 pp 101–117
* Pernsteiner, Alexis (translator). (2017). ''The Colonial Legacy in France: Fracture, Rupture, and Apartheid'' (N. Bancel, P. Blanchard, & D. Thomas, Eds.). Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20060bg.
* Lawrence, Adria K. ''Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013) [https://issforum.org/roundtables/7-18-imperial-rule-nationalism online reviews]

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q179023|c=Category:Empire colonial français|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=French Colonial Empire|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.frenchcolonial.org/ French Colonial Historical Society]
* [http://www.h-france.net/mobile.html H-FRANCE, daily discussions and book reviews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715023028/http://www.h-france.net/mobile.html |date=15 July 2021 }}
* [http://www.frenchcolonial.org/ French Colonial Historical Society]
* [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/french_colonial_history/ ''French Colonial History'']—an annual volume of refereed, scholarly articles

{{Former French colonies|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Colonialism}}
{{New France}}
{{French Indochina}}
{{French colonial campaigns}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:French Colonial Empire}}
[[Category:French colonial empire| ]]
[[Category:Former French colonies| ]]
[[Category:1534 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1977 disestablishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:Former empires]]
[[Category:Former transcontinental empires]]
[[Category:History of European colonialism]]
[[Category:Overseas empires]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1534]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1980]]

Raj & DK

2026-03-27T01:20:58Z

Eurotechconseil: minor correct page and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian film-making duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raj & DK
| image = Raj & DK.jpg
| landscape = yes
| birth_place = '''Raj Nidimoru''' [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India {{hr}} '''Krishna Dasarakothapalli''' [[Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| caption = Raj (left) and DK (right) in 2019
| occupation = {{hlist|Directors|screenwriters|producers}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| alma_mater = [[Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering]]
| spouse = '''Raj Nidimoru:''' {{marriage|Shhyamali De|2015|end=divorce|2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raj-nidimoru-and-shhyamali-de-have-been-divorced-since-2022-9215885|title=Raj Nidimoru And Shhyamali De Have Been Divorced Since 2022}}</ref> {{marriage|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]|2025}}<ref name="IE">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2025 |title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu marries The Family Man director Raj Nidimoru at Sadhguru's Isha Yoga Centre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/samantha-ruth-prabhu-raj-nidimoru-wedding-sadhguru-isha-yoga-centre-10395486/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> {{hr}} '''Krishna Dasarakothapalli:''' {{marriage|Anuradha Sharma|2013}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/080621/the-family-men-on-their-success.html|title=The family men on their success | The family men on their success|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=8 June 2021|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
}}
'''Raj Nidimoru''' and '''Krishna Dasarakothapalli''', collectively credited as '''Raj & DK''', are an Indian filmmaker duo known for their work as writers, directors, and producers in [[Hindi cinema]]. They are noted for creating, directing, and producing the Hindi-language thriller series ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' (2019–present), ''[[Farzi]]'' (2023), and ''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]]'' for [[Amazon Prime Video]], as well as the Hindi-language crime comedy series ''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]'' (2023) for [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thaker |first1=Naini |last2=Jain |first2=Samidha |title=Raj & DK: The blockbuster duo |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/raj-dk-the-blockbuster-duo/88231/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=September 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Uday |title=Raj & DK: Maximum guys |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/raj-dk-maximum-guys-111678443553604.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=March 11, 2023}}</ref>

They have also directed the films ''[[99 (2009 film)|99]]'' (2009), ''[[Shor in the City]]'' (2011), ''[[Go Goa Gone]]'' (2013), ''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]'' (2014) and ''[[A Gentleman]]'' (2017), and written ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news |title=Go Goa Gone to Farzi, 7 movies & shows by Raj & DK that bring unconventional stories in the most entertaining way |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/5-raj-dk-movies-add-filmography-watch-amazon-prime-videos-disneyhotstar-youtube |publisher=[[GQ India]] |date=May 10, 2023}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Raj Nidimoru and Krishna Dasarakothapalli (DK) were born and brought up in [[Tirupati]] and [[Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], respectively, into [[Telugu people|Telugu]] families.<ref name="idlebrain.com">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Raj and DK about Stree Manu by Bala Tirumalasetty - Telugu cinema directors |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rajdk-stree.html |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> They both graduated from [[Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering|SVU College of Engineering]], where they met each other. After graduation, they emigrated to the [[United States]] to pursue a career in software engineering.<ref name="idlebrain.com"/>

==Career==
Raj & DK worked on the short ''Shaadi.com'' (2002) before working on the English-language feature film ''[[Flavors (film)|Flavors]]'' (2003) about Indian immigrants.<ref name="I">{{cite web |url= http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview-rajkrishna.html |title= Interview with Raj Nidimoru and Krishna DK |author= Bala Subramanyam |publisher=Idle Brain.com |access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref> Their first Hindi feature film, ''[[99 (2009 film)|99]]'', was an original crime-comic-thriller-historical-fiction set in Mumbai and Delhi. ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "funny, inventive, refreshing"; Box Office magazine (USA) acclaimed that the film "sets new standards in Hindi cinema!"; and a number of Indian publications gave it four star reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/may/18/review-99.htm|title=99 is a very funny film|date=18 May 2009|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/movies/15nine.html|title=Bollywood Without the Song and Dance|last=Saltz|first=Rachel|date=2009-05-14|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-04-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Rediff.com gave the film 4 stars and told the viewers that "they will leave the theater laughing and entertained".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/review/2009/may/18/review-99.htm|title=99 is a very funny film|first=Aseem|last=Chhabra|website=Movies.rediff.com|access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref> Indiatimes gave it 3.5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/moviereview/4529230.cms |title=99: Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 May 2009 |access-date=16 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518161402/http://movies.indiatimes.com/moviereview/4529230.cms |archive-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Their next, ''[[Shor in the City]]'', was the acclaimed Hindi film of the year. It has received glowing reviews from across media publications. The film was made at a micro-budget, making it profitable even before the film's release. The film was also selected to various high-profile film festivals across the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/people-had-trust-issues-with-us-initially-raj-nidimoru-and-krishna-dk/articleshow/60190521.cms|title=Raj Nidimoru and Krishna DK: People had trust issues with us initially|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref> Nikhat Kazmi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' awarded it four stars out of five and stated "With a zany screenplay (Raj Nidimoru and Krishna DK), excellent cinematography by Tushar Kanti Ray and peppy music by Sachin-Jigar, ''Shor in the City'' is another breaking-norm film from Ekta Kapoor".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|title=Shor in the City Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Shor-in-the-City/movie-review/8107098.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 May 2011|author-link=Nikhat Kazmi|date=28 April 2011}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it three and a half stars and wrote "''Shor in the City'' belongs to one of those rare categories of movies with sensibilities that would not only entice the festival crowd and the cinema literate, but also lure the ardent moviegoer".<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Shor in the City: Movie Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14018/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202004416/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14018/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2009|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=8 May 2011|author-link=Taran Adarsh|date=25 April 2011}}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of the ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave it three stars and said "''Shor in the City'' is the kind of reassuring film you yearn to watch amid, well, what 'Bollywood' has to offer every week. Also, it articulates something you have only probably thought before – 'Karma IS a bitch.'"<ref>{{cite web|last=Guha|first=Aniruddha|title=Shor in the City is funny and engrossing|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_shor-in-the-city-is-funny-and-engrossing_1537293|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=8 May 2011|date=29 April 2011}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] awarded three and a half stars saying "A delicious mix of quirky humor, gruesome violence, and surprising sensitivity, ''Shor in the City'' works on the strength of its smart script and consistent performances from its ensemble cast".<ref>{{cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Masand: 'Shor in ...' is surprisingly enjoyable|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shor-in-the-city-is-surprisingly-fun/150785-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502011541/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shor-in-the-city-is-surprisingly-fun/150785-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2011|publisher=[[IBN Live]]|access-date=8 May 2011|author-link=Rajeev Masand|date=6 May 2011}}</ref> [[Rediff]] awarded the film four stars and said "Raj-Krishna's Shor in the City robotically registers itself in Indian cinema's history".<ref>{{cite web|last=Pathak|first=Ankur|title=Review: Shor In The City is brilliant stuff!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-shor-in-the-city/20110428.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=8 May 2011|date=28 April 2011}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of [[NDTV]] gave the movie four stars and wrote "''Shor in the City'' is a terrific film. It’s surprising and disturbing and has a vein of rich, dark humor coursing through it".<ref>{{cite web|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|title=Review: Shor In The City|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=615|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=8 May 2011|author-link=Anupama Chopra|date=29 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921090536/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=615|archive-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' gave it a three star rating and commented "What makes ''Shor in the City'' an instant clutter-breaker is its darkly comic treatment. It makes you smile because its humour comes from within. It’s not grafted. And it’s got heart : we feel for the characters".<ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|title=Shor in the City|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shor-in-the-city/783513/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=8 May 2011|date=29 April 2011}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of [[MiD DAY]] gave it a four star rating and wrote "Loaded with humor, sarcasm and wit. That truly is the beauty of the makers who succeed in arresting you with their tales. The spectacular climax is easily one of the best written in recent times".<ref>{{cite web|last=Joshi|first=Tushar|title=Shor in the City – Movie Review|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/apr/300411-Shor-in-the-City-Movie-review.htm|publisher=[[MiD DAY]]|access-date=20 May 2011|date=30 April 2011}}</ref> [[Karan Anshuman]] of [[Mumbai Mirror]] gave it a four star rating, saying "Three stories, eleven days, myriad layers, believable characters, fine performances, spirited direction, taut script, momentary explosions of originality".<ref>{{cite web|last=Anshuman|first=Karan|title=Shor in the City Review|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/20110430201104300203475158a923671/Worth-the-ticket-price.html|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=20 May 2011|date=30 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513034845/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/20110430201104300203475158a923671/Worth-the-ticket-price.html|archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref>

Two years later, they came back with ''[[Go Goa Gone]]'', which was a clutter-breaking film that introduced to India the first of its kind of a genre-bending film - a stoner/slacker comedy combined with horror and comedy. It became a cult film, especially among the younger audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood-2013/story/go-goa-gone-raj-nidimoru-and-krishna-dk-saif-ali-khan-162517-2013-05-10|title=Go Goa Gone is our kind of film: Raj Nidimoru and Krishna DK|date=2013-05-10|website=[[India Today]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=With D2R Films (Sorted by Popularity Ascending)|url=http://www.imdb.com/search/title/?companies=co0298364|access-date=2020-06-12|website=IMDb}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raj Nidimoru Krishna DK working on two micro-series|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/04/26/ent19-series-raj-and-dk.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|language=en}}</ref>

They returned to production with the Telugu-language film ''[[D for Dopidi]]'', ten years after their debut project. Their next two projects, ''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]'' and ''[[A Gentleman]]'' both received mixed reviews and failed commercially.<ref name="BH gross">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-gentleman/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of A Gentleman |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 August 2017 |accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="BOI Report">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2410 |title=Happy Ending – Movie – Worldwide Gross |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

Their next production, [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']], released in 2018, to positive reviews to critics. Based on the urban legend ''[[Nale Ba|Naale Baa]]'', it starred [[Shraddha Kapoor]] and [[Rajkummar Rao]], alongside [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]] and [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]. It was the first film to spawn a series of installments in the [[Maddock Horror Comedy Universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Stree 2 and Bhediya 2 to take Dinesh Vijan's horror-comedy universe to new heights |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/stree-2-and-bhediya-2-to-take-dinesh-vijans-horror-comedy-universe-to-new-heights-deets-inside-1216497 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507155157/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/stree-2-and-bhediya-2-to-take-dinesh-vijans-horror-comedy-universe-to-new-heights-deets-inside-1216497 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

They made their television debut with the [[Amazon Prime Video]] series [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']] in 2019. Featuring [[Manoj Bajpayee]] in the titular role as intelligence officer Srikant Tiwari, it was showcased at the [[Television Critics Association]]'s summer press tour held in [[Los Angeles]] in July 2019,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=13 June 2018 |title=India's Manoj Bajpayee to Star in 'Family Man' for Amazon |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/asia/india-manoj-bajpayee-family-man-for-amazon-1202844209/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830092040/https://variety.com/2018/digital/asia/india-manoj-bajpayee-family-man-for-amazon-1202844209/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=Variety}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=31 July 2019 |title=Manoj Bajpayee starrer Amazon Prime series The Family Man showcased at The Television Critics Association in Los Angeles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/manoj-bajpayee-debut-series-the-family-man-showcased-television-critics-association-los-angeles-1575631-2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830092041/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/manoj-bajpayee-debut-series-the-family-man-showcased-television-critics-association-los-angeles-1575631-2019-07-31 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and was eventually premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 20 September 2019.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Akhil |date=30 July 2019 |title=The Family Man, Amazon's Next Indian Series With Manoj Bajpayee, to Release in September on Prime Video |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/family-man-september-release-amazon-prime-video-india-manoj-bajpayee-2077444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731003034/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/family-man-september-release-amazon-prime-video-india-manoj-bajpayee-2077444 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |website=[[NDTV|NDTV Gadgets]]}}</ref> It received acclaim from critics and audiences alike, praising the performance of the cast members, and writing and execution.<ref>Rohan Naahar (20 September 2019), [https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/the-family-man-review-lighthearted-but-not-lightweight-amazon-and-manoj-bajpayee-have-a-winner-on-their-hands/story-Md1nRWexIIh7ogxifIrUHM.html "The Family Man review: Lighthearted but not lightweight; Amazon and Manoj Bajpayee have a winner on their hands"], ''Hindustan Times''. Retrieved 21 September 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191012163135/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/the-family-man-review-lighthearted-but-not-lightweight-amazon-and-manoj-bajpayee-have-a-winner-on-their-hands/story-Md1nRWexIIh7ogxifIrUHM.html Archived] from the original on 12 October 2019.</ref> The second season was scheduled to be aired on 12 February 2021 but was delayed, and finally released on 4 June 2021.<ref name="season2">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2021 |title=The Family Man season 2 arriving on February 12, Raj and DK share teaser. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/the-family-man-season-2-arriving-on-february-12-raj-and-dk-share-teaser-watch/story-xJe7JLFaPflnsD0E7PpeyM.html |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Raj and DK announce The Family Man season 2 to be aired this summer |url=https://twitter.com/rajndk/status/1357595166186459136 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> The third season was released on 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-28 |title='The Family Man' Season 3 release date: Manoj Bajpayee's action-packed series to stream from November 21 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/the-family-man-season-3-release-date-manoj-bajpayees-action-packed-series-to-stream-from-november-21/articleshow/124868702.cms |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2021, they started subsidiary of their production company, D2R Indie to produce indie films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=Cinema Bandi Trailer: Everyone Is a Filmmaker at Heart|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/cinema-bandi-trailer-everyone-is-a-filmmaker-at-heart-raj-dk-film|access-date=2021-04-30|website=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref> The first project produced under the banner was the 2021 Telugu film ''[[Cinema Bandi]]'' by debutant director [[Praveen Kandregula]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=Cinema Bandi trailer: Raj and DK present an innocent take on filmmaking|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cinema-bandi-trailer-raj-and-dk-present-an-innocent-take-on-filmmaking-7296514/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> It received positive response from critics and audience. LetsOTT cited the film as "an utterly delectable, charming, that rises a toast to the magic of cinema". Another reviewer writing to [[NTV (Indian TV channel)|''NTV'']], stated "''Cinema Bandi'' toys with themes like hope and redemption. While the premise is heart-warming, the treatment could have been way better".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Codingest|title=Review: Cinema Bandi|url=http://www.ntvtelugu.com/post/review-cinema-bandi|access-date=2021-05-14|website=NTV Telugu|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot link inactive |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ramnath Nandini of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote that "the [film] has a winning set-up, oodles of heart and snarky humour, which compensate for the unstructured and rambling narrative and simplistic approach".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='Cinema Bandi' review: A rollicking and rambling ode to the magic of the movies|url=https://scroll.in/reel/994769/cinema-bandi-review-a-rollicking-and-rambling-ode-to-the-magic-of-the-movies|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Scroll.in|date=14 May 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[News18]]'' agave a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote that "Cinema Bandi has a very interesting message about how video cameras have afforded splendid opportunities for especially short moviemakers, the film appears rather raw".<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 May 2021|title=Cinema Bandi Movie Review: Honest Effort to Explore an Autorickshaw Driver's Passion for Filmmaking|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/cinema-bandi-movie-review-honest-effort-to-explore-an-autorickshaw-drivers-passion-for-filmmaking-3737573.html|access-date=2021-05-14|website=[http://News18.com]|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''{{'}}s Haricharan Pudipeddi said that the film is rooted in reality and it brims with the kind of energy we rarely witness in mainstream cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 May 2021|title=Cinema Bandi movie review: Slice-of-life drama about the joy and pain of making films|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/cinema-bandi-movie-review-slice-of-life-drama-about-the-joy-and-pain-of-making-films-101620985843511.html|access-date=2021-05-14|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

Sharing continuity with ''The Family Man,'' their series ''[[Farzi]]'', starring [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Raashii Khanna]] and [[Bhuvan Arora]], premiered in 2023.<ref name=":03">{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=11 January 2023 |title=Amazon Prime Video to stream Shahid Kapoor's 'Farzi' on 10 February |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-to-stream-shahid-kapoor-s-farzi-on-10-february-11673414595903.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205070607/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-to-stream-shahid-kapoor-s-farzi-on-10-february-11673414595903.html |archive-date=5 February 2023 |accessdate=5 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It tells the story of a disillusioned artist who decides to make [[counterfeit money]]. The series received positive reviews, and emerged as the most-watched Indian streaming series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=10 February 2023 |title=Farzi Review: Vijay Sethupathi Sets The Bar High, Shahid Kapoor's Performance Is Remarkable In Its Restraint |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/farzi-review-vijay-sethupathi-sets-the-bar-high-shahid-kapoors-performance-is-remarkable-in-its-restraint-3-5-stars-3769665 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210043807/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/farzi-review-vijay-sethupathi-sets-the-bar-high-shahid-kapoors-performance-is-remarkable-in-its-restraint-3-5-stars-3769665 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |accessdate=10 February 2023 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

They signed a multi-year deal with [[Netflix]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-04-09 |title=Raj and DK wrap up shoot of Netflix series 'Guns & Gulaabs' |url=https://theprint.in/features/raj-and-dk-wrap-up-shoot-of-netflix-series-guns-gulaabs/909526/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2022 |title=Rajkummar Rao wraps 'Guns and Gulaabs' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/rajkummar-rao-wraps-guns-and-gulaabs/articleshow/90745388.cms |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Raj Nidimoru & Krishna DK form multi-year creative partnership with Netflix; first project would be Guns & Gulaabs |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/raj-nidimoru-first-project-would-be-guns-gulaabs/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> under which they released the series ''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]'', starring [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], and [[Adarsh Gourav]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Guns And Gulaabs: Rajkummar Rao, Dulquer Salmaan unveil their first looks from Netflix show, see pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/guns-and-gulaabs-rajkummar-rao-dulquer-salmaan-unveil-their-first-looks-from-netflix-show-see-pics-101647924020856.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Netflix unveils posters of Rajkummar Rao, Dulquer Salmaan, Adarsh Gourav from 'Guns & Gulaabs' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/mar/22/netflix-unveils-posters-of-rajkummar-rao-dulquer-salmaan-adarsh-gourav-from-guns--gulaabs-2432940.html |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2022 |title=Netflix unveils first looks of Rajkummar Rao, Dulquer Salmaan from 'Guns & Gulaabs' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflix-unveils-first-looks-of-rajkummar-rao-dulquer-salmaan-from-guns-gulaabs/article65248832.ece |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

They signed for the Indian segment of ''[[Citadel (TV series)|Citadel]]'' by [[Russo brothers]] whose production began in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Narman |title=Russo Brothers' Amazon Multi-Series 'Citadel' India Details Revealed, 'The Family Man' Season 2 Unpacked (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/citadel-russo-brothers-family-man-priyanka-chopra-shahid-kapoor-1235006568/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=28 June 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref> Titled ''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]],'' it starred [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as the title characters. The series was released on 6 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2024 |title=Raj Nidimoru and Krishna DK drop photos with Citadel team, Varun Dhawan and Samantha Ruth Prabhu; spark speculations about a teaser |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/raj-nidimoru-krishna-dk-drop-photos-citadel-team-varun-dhawan-samantha-ruth-prabhu-spark-speculations-teaser/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 80% of 15 critics' reviews were positive, with an average rating of 6.1/10.

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"; sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
|-

! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="3" | Functioned as
! rowspan="2" | Language
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! Directors
! Writers
! Producers
|-
|2003
|''[[Flavors (film)|Flavors]]''||{{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[English language|English]]
|Also actors and playback singer for "Love Pyar Etc." (Raj only)
|-
|2009
|''[[99 (2009 film)|99]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{no}}
|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Inkosaari]]'' ||{{no}}||{{yes}}||{{no}}
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Shor in the City|Shor In The City]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{no}}
|rowspan="2"|Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Go Goa Gone]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{no}}
|Also lyricists for "I Keel Ded Peepul"
|-
|''[[D for Dopidi]]'' ||{{no}}||{{no}}||{{yes}}
|Telugu
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{no}}
|rowspan="4"|Hindi
|
|-
|2017
|''[[A Gentleman]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{no}}
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' ||{{no}}||{{yes}}||{{yes}}
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Unpaused]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{yes}}
| Anthology film; {{no wrap|Segment: "Glitch"}}
|-
|2021
|''[[Cinema Bandi]]'' || {{no}}||{{no}}||{{yes}}
| Telugu
|
|}

===Television===
{{Pending series key}}
{| class="wikitable"; sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="4" | Functioned as
! rowspan="2" | Language
! rowspan="2" | Platform
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Creators
! Directors
! Writers
! Producers
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2019–present
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="6"|Hindi
| rowspan="2" | [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Also actor (DK)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| 2023–present
|''[[Farzi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[Netflix]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2024
| ''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| rowspan="2" | Amazon Prime Video
|Executive Producers
|-
| rowspan="2"{{TBA}}
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Gulkanda Tales'' {{Dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''[[Rakt Brahmand: The Bloody Kingdom]]''{{Dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Netflix
|
|-
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"; sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Language
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2002 || ''Shaadi.com'' || [[English language|English]] || <ref name="I"/>
|-
| 2008 || ''Shor'' || [[Hindi]] || <ref name="I2">{{Cite web |title=Raj and DK interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film directors |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rajdk-99.html |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and honours ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan=3 | ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
| [[Star Screen Awards]]
| Best Film
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Screen Awards 2018 full list of winners: Stree, Raazi and Badhaai Ho win laurels|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/dec/18/stree-raazi-and-badhaai-ho--win-big-at-star-screen-awards-2018-1912855.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Family Man Season 2 Review|url=https://www.xappie.com/ott/webseries-review/the-family-man-season-2-review-manoj-bajpayee-and-samantha-akkineni-steal-the-show-87|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Xappie|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181931/https://www.xappie.com/ott/webseries-review/the-family-man-season-2-review-manoj-bajpayee-and-samantha-akkineni-steal-the-show-87|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards|Zee ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
| Box Office Surprise of the Year
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8108202/awards|title=Stree (2018) Awards|website=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| 100 Crore Club
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=6 | ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
| rowspan=2 | [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] 2020
| Best Director (Critics)
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-20|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: 'Paatal Lok', 'The Family Man' Win Big|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/filmfare-ott-awards-2020-paatal-lok-the-family-man-win-big|access-date=2020-12-30|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Dialogue (Series)
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Mid-Day|Mid Day]] Hitlist Web Awards
| Best Creator
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/radio-city-mid-day-announce-the-winners-of-hitlist-web-awards-98970.html|title=Radio City & Mid-Day announce the winners of Hitlist Web Awards|website=Adgully|date=December 9, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Best Writing
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Critics' Choice Shorts and Series Awards
| Best Writing
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2 | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0036701/2022/1|title=Critics' Choice Shorts and Series Awards 2022|website=IMDb}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=The Family Man, Little Things season 2, Manoj Bajpayee, Shefali Shah win top honours at Critics' Choice Shorts and Series Awards |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-family-man-little-things-season-2-manoj-bajpayee-shefali-shah-win-top-honours-at-critics-choice-shorts-and-series-awards-7773691.html |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=December 13, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Best Series (Drama)
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' (Season 2)
| rowspan=2 | IWM Digital Awards
| Best Web Series
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0026600/2022/1|title=IWM Digital Awards 2022|website=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| Best Dialogues in a Web Series
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Mid Day Hitlist Web Awards
| Best Season
| {{won}}
| rowspan=2 |<ref>{{cite news |title=Radio City & Mid-Day successfully culminate Season 3 of Hitlist OTT Awards |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/04/radio-city-midday-successfully-culminate-season-3-of-hitlist-ott-awards |publisher=BestMediaInfo |date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
|-
| Best Creator
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | ''[[Farzi]]''
| Critics' Choice Shorts and Series Awards
| Best Web Series
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0036701/2024/1|title=Critics' Choice Shorts and Series Awards 2024|website=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| [[News18 Reel Awards|News18 Showsha Reel Awards]]
| Best Director (OTT)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-raj-and-dk-take-home-the-best-director-for-farzi-8806300.html|title=News18 Showsha Reel Awards 2024: Raj and DK Take Home the Best Director For Farzi|website=[[News18]]|date=March 9, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Behindwoods Gold Icon Awards
| Best Directors in an OTT Series
| {{won}}
| <ref name=Behindwoods>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/behindwoods/status/1808001565946769503|title=Behindwoods Gold Icon Awards 2024|website=Behindwoods|date=July 2, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]''
| rowspan="2" |[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2024/ Filmfare OTT Awards 2024]
|Best Series Critics'
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Complete List! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2024/winners |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Original Screenplay Series
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Complete List! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2024/winners |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Yellowstone International Film Festival
| Achievement in Direction (Series)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Ajay |title=Tabu To Babil Khan, Here Are The List Of Winners Of Yellowstone International Film Festival |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2023/11/06/tabu-to-babil-khan-here-are-the-list-of-winners-of-yellowstone-international-film-festival/amp |publisher=[[MissMalini.com]] |date=November 6, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screenwriters Association|SWA Awards]]
| Best Screenplay – Web Comedy/Musical/Romance
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/writers-honoured-at-swa-awards-nite-9-august-2024|title=Writers Honoured at SWA Awards Nite|date=9 August 2024|website=Film Information}}</ref>
|-
| Behindwoods Gold Icon Awards
| Best Directors in an OTT Series
| {{won}}
| <ref name=Behindwoods/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]]''
| [[News18 Reel Awards|News18 Reels Showsha Awards]]
| Best Director (Popular Choice)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/raj-dk-win-best-director-popular-choice-for-citadel-honey-bunny-at-showsha-reel-awards-2025-9269011.html|title=Raj & DK Win Best Director (Popular Choice) For 'Citadel: Honey Bunny' At Showsha Reel Awards 2025|website=[[News18]]|date=March 21, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Talentrack Awards
| Best Director (Drama)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.talentrackawards.in/winners|title=Talentrack Awards Winners|website=Talentrack Awards}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]''
''[[Farzi]]''
''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
| [[Film Companion]] – Ormax Power List of Directors
| Featured Directors
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/power-list-2024/power-list-directors/fc-ormax-power-list-of-directors-2024-raj-dk|title=FC-Ormax Power List of Directors 2024: Raj & DK|website=[[Film Companion]]|date=July 10, 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm1356032|name=Raj Nidimoru}}
*{{IMDb name|nm1354763|name=Krishna D.K.}}
*[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/raj_nidimoru Raj Nidimoru] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
*[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/dk_krishna Krishna D.K] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
{{Raj and DK}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj Nidimoru and Krishna DK}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriting duos]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mallika Sukumaran

2026-03-18T15:11:48Z

Eurotechconseil: quick adjusted citations based on references also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mallika Sukumaran
| image = Mallika_Sukumaran.png
| caption =
| birth_name = Mohamallika Pillai
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|11|04}}
| birth_place = [[Haripad]], [[Central Division (Travancore)|Quilon]], [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quilon Gazetteer |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3214/page/n87/mode/1up?q=Quilon+ |website=Archive.org | date=1975 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|businesswoman|dubbing artist}}
| yearsactive = 1974–present
| spouse = {{ubl|
*{{Marriage|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]|1974|1976|reason=divorced}}
*{{Marriage|[[Sukumaran]]|1978|1997|reason=died}}
}}
| children = {{ubl|[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai]] (uncle)<ref name="Manorama News">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=E_qAFuELnpd0al8Y&v=JJjD6mczrmM&feature=youtu.be |title='ഞാന്‍ ഉദേശിച്ച രീതിയിലുള്ള കുടുംബ ജീവിതമായിരുന്നില്ല അത്'; ജീവിതം പറഞ്ഞ് മല്ലിക |date=2022-04-14 |last=Manorama News |access-date=2025-04-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>|[[Kainikkara Kumara Pillai]] (uncle)<ref name="Manorama News"/>|[[Poornima Indrajith]] (daughter-in-law)|[[Prarthana Indrajith]] (granddaughter)|Supriya Menon (daughter-in-law)}}
| website =
}}

'''Mohamallika Pillai''' (born 4 November 1954<ref name="birthday">{{cite news |author=Entertainment desk |title=മക്കളും കൊച്ചുമക്കളും ചേര്‍ന്ന് ആഘോഷമാക്കിയ പിറന്നാള്‍; ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/mallika-sukumaran-birthday-prithviraj-poornima-indrajith-wishes-432676/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=[[Indian Express Malayalam]] |date=6 November 2020 |language=ml}}</ref>), better known as '''Mallika Sukumaran''', is an Indian actress and businesswoman, known for her works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She debuted in 1974 with the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Utharayanam]]'' by [[G. Aravindan]]. She won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] for her role in the 1974 film ''[[Swapnadanam]]''.

Mallika's first appearance in television was in a tele-serial by [[K. K. Rajeev]] called ''Peythozhiyathe''. She won the Second Best Actress Award in the Kaveri Film Critics Television Awards (2004) for her role in the serial ''American Dreams''. She is well known for playing both comedic and [[Character actor|character]] roles. She made her debut in Tamil cinema with the 2008 film ''[[Vaazhthugal]]''. Mallika has also acted in some advertisements and participated in some talk shows and game shows. She ran a restaurant in [[Doha]].

==Early life and family==
She was born as Mohamallika Pillai to Kainikkara Madhavan Pillai and Shobha as youngest among four children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=17&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |title=CINIDIARY - A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal |website=cinidiary.com}}</ref> Her father was a [[Gandhian]] and political activist, and was the younger brother of [[Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai]] and [[Kainikkara Kumara Pillai]].<ref name="Manorama News">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=E_qAFuELnpd0al8Y&v=JJjD6mczrmM&feature=youtu.be |title='ഞാന്‍ ഉദേശിച്ച രീതിയിലുള്ള കുടുംബ ജീവിതമായിരുന്നില്ല അത്'; ജീവിതം പറഞ്ഞ് മല്ലിക |date=2022-04-14 |last=Manorama News |access-date=2025-04-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref> She has an elder brother, M. Velayudhan Pillai and two elder sisters, Premachandrika and Ragalathika. She had her primary education from [[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls, Cotton Hill]]. She pursued a [[bachelor's degree]] in chemistry from [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=vanitha>{{cite web |author=രൂപാ ദയാബ്ജി |url=http://www.vanitha.in/face-to-face/interview/mallika-sukumaran.html |title=''അതു വിട്ടുകളയുക, എല്ലാം ശരിയാകും! മല്ലിക മടങ്ങിയെത്തിയപ്പോൾ അച്ഛൻ പറഞ്ഞത്'' |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802235529/https://www.vanitha.in/face-to-face/interview/mallika-sukumaran.html |publisher=[[Vanitha]] |archivedate=2 August 2016 |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Family tree ===
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart| || | | | | | |||Jagathy|~|~|~|Mallika|-|v|-|Sukumaran||||Jagathy=[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] |Mallika= Mallika Sukumaran|Sukumaran=[[Sukumaran]]}}
{{tree chart| || | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |Indrajith |-|v|-|Poornima| | | | Prithviraj|v|Supriya|Indrajith=[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]|Poornima=[[Poornima Indrajith]]||
|Prithviraj=[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]|Supriya=Supriya Menon}}
{{tree chart| | | | || | | | | |||||,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | || | | |Prathana| |Nakshatra| | | | | | |Alankritha | | | | |Prathana=[[Prarthana Indrajith]]|Nakshatra=Nakshatra Indrajith|Alankritha=Alankritha Menon Prithviraj|}}
{{tree chart/end}}

== Film career ==
Mallika made her acting debut in 1974 with the Malayalam film ''[[Utharayanam]]'' directed by [[G. Aravindan]] and written by [[Thikkodiyan]]. She played the role of Radha. In the same year, she won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] for her role of Rosy Cherian in ''[[Swapnadanam]]''. Later on, she was known for her antagonistic and comedic roles.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |author1=TimesofIndia.com |title=Prithviraj and Indrajith wishes mom Mallika Sukumaran on her birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-and-indrajith-wishes-mallika-sukumaran-on-her-birthday/articleshow/87509307.cms |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=prithvi_home>{{cite web |url=http://www.prithviraj.co.in/mallika%20sukumaran.html |title=:: Mallika Sukumaran mother of Prithviraj South Indian Bold Actor Malayalam, Tamil, movie, cinema |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-date=25 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125043656/http://www.prithviraj.co.in/mallika%20sukumaran.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1975, she acted in the film ''Boy Friend'' and later in ''Pichathikutappan'' (1979), directed by [[P. Venu]]. When she married the Malayalam actor [[Sukumaran]], she left her acting career. She sang the song "Ormayundo" in P. P. Govindan's 1977 film ''[[Saritha (film)|Saritha]]'', along with [[P. Jayachandran]].<ref name="birthday"/>

After a break, she returned to acting with the television serial ''Peythozhiyathe'' directed by K. K. Rajeev. Her future daughter-in-law [[Poornima Indrajith]] was also part of the cast, it was during its sets that her son [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] and Poornima met.<ref>{{cite news |author1=TimesofIndia.com |title=Did you know Poornima and Indrajith met each other via Mallika Sukumaran? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-poornima-and-indrajith-met-each-other-via-mallika-sukumaran/articleshow/81409455.cms |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 March 2021}}</ref> ''Valayam'', ''Snehadooram'', ''Sthree Oru Santhwanam'', ''Harichandhanam'', ''American Dreams'', ''Indhumukhi Chandhramathi'' and ''Porutham'' are some of her popular tele-serials. She also got a film-TV critics award for her role in the serial ''American Dreams''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/19/stories/2005021908910400.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 February 2005 |title=Kerala News : TV critics' awards announced}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Her first movie in her comeback is the [[Rajasenan]] movie ''Meghasandesham''. [[Suresh Gopi]] was the hero of this movie. Her role in [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith's]] ''Ammakkilikkoodu'' was widely appreciated. Recently she has judged the popular [[reality show]] ''Amma Ammmayiyamma'', telecasting on [[Kairali TV]]. She has acted in some [[advertisements]] also.

Her debut [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] was ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' directed by [[Seeman]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} In 2016, she won the lifetime achievement award, Chalachithra Prathibha Award, by the [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award]].<ref name="PrathibhaAward">{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=Malayalam Actor Innocent gets Chalachithra Rathnam Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/may/27/malayalam-actor-innocent-gets-chalachithra-rathnam-award-908609.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Prithviraj with his mother Mallika Sukumaran (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Mallika with her son [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and granddaughter [[Prarthana Indrajith]] at an event in 2009]]
After romancing for 10 years, she married then struggling actor [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in 1976, eloping with him to [[Madras]] without the consent of her family. Mallika's family was against her decision.<ref name="Manorama News"/> However, the couple legally separated in 1979.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} On 17 October 1978, she married Malayalam actor [[Sukumaran]]. After her second marriage, she retired from acting.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Mathrubhumi |title=എന്തൊരു സുന്ദരിയാണ് അമ്മ, അപൂർവചിത്രം പങ്കുവെച്ച് ഇന്ദ്രജിത്തും പൂർണിമയും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/indrajith-and-poornima-shares-rare-pic-of-mallika-and-sukumaran-1.4545513 |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=20 February 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> Her sons [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] are leading actors in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/38182/ |title=അമ്മയായും അമ്മായിയമ്മയായും, Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219065804/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/38182/ |archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Actress and television anchor [[Poornima Indrajith]] is her daughter-in-law.

In 2012, she opened a beauty and skin clinic in [[Doha]], along with her friend. She holds a [[residence permit]] in Doha.<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |author1=Times News Network |title=Mallika Sukumaran to settle in Doha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mallika-sukumaran-to-settle-in-doha/articleshow/13149623.cms |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 January 2017}}</ref> In 2013, she launched Spice Boat, a multicuisine restaurant at [[West Bay (Doha)|West Bay]], Doha. She is the CEO and the Executive Chairperson of the restaurant. By 2016, the restaurant opened six more outlets around Doha.<ref>{{cite news |work=Gulf Times |title=Restaurant opens five new outlets |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/484903/Restaurant-opens-five-new-outlets |access-date=30 September 2022 |date=16 March 2016}}</ref> She has a [[villa]] in Doha.<ref name=vanitha/> She has a house in her hometown of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] where she grew up. Her sons are settled in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |title=Mallika Sukumaran is not ready to leave Thiruvananthapuram for these reasons |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=387522&u=mallika-sukumaran-is-not-ready-to-leave-thiruvananthapuram-reasons-are%E2%80%A6 |access-date=30 September 2022 |date=9 September 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
==== 1960s ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{nowrap|List of Mallika Sukumaran 1960s film credits}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Karthika (film)|Karthika]]'' || Devaki ||
|-
|}

==== 1970s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mallika Sukumaran 1970s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1974 || ''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]'' || Tourist ||
|-
|| ''Vrindavanam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Durga (1974 film)|Durga]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Karthikavilakku'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Nadeenadanmare Avasyamundu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1975 || ''[[Boy Friend (1975 film)|Boy Friend]]'' || Married, mother of 3, fosters another ||
|-
|| ''[[Raagam]]'' || Blind school teacher ||
|-
|| ''Makkal'' || Patreesha ||
|-
|| ''[[Thaamarathoni]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Omanakkunju]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
|| ''[[Pennpada]]'' || Ammukutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Hello Darling (1975 film)|Hello Darling]]'' || Leela ||
|-
|| ''[[Kottaaram Vilkkaanundu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Priyamulla Sophia]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Uttarayanam]]'' || Radha ||
|-
|| ''[[Love Letter (1975 film)|Love Letter]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Abhimaanam]]'' || Thankam ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1976 || ''[[Anubhavam]]'' || Eali ||
|-
|| ''[[Mohiniyaattam (film)|Mohiniyaattam]]'' || Ranjini ||
|-
|| ''[[Swapnadanam]]'' || Rosy Cheriyan ||
|-
|| ''[[Chirikkudukka]]'' || Appakari Mariya ||
|-
|| ''[[Light House (1976 film)|Light House]]'' || Mallika ||
|-
|| ''[[Vazhivilakku]]'' || Sudha ||
|-
|| ''[[Priyamvada]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Njavalppazhangal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sindhooram (1976 film)|Sindooram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1977 || ''[[Vidarunna Mottukal]]'' || School teacher ||
|-
|| ''[[Poojakkedukkatha Pookkal]]'' || Gomathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Jagadguru Aadisankaran]]'' || [[Saraswati]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Aval Oru Devaalayam]]'' || Annie ||
|-
|| ''[[Sreedevi (film)|Sreedevi]]'' || Valsala ||
|-
|| ''Yudhakandam'' || College girl ||
|-
|| ''[[Sneham (1977 film)|Sneham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaavilamma]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Sujatha'' || Kunjamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ashtamangalyam]]'' || Shosha ||
|-
|| ''[[Agninakshathram (1977 film)|Agninakshathram]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Madhura Swapanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Harshabashpam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sreemad Bhagavad Geetha]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Sooryakanthi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vezhambal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Nizhale Nee Sakshi'' || ||
|-
|| ''Chakravarthini'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1978 || ''[[Aanappaachan]]'' || Girly ||
|-
|| ''[[Premashilpi]]'' || Bindu's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaathirunna Nimisham]]'' || Savithri ||
|-
|| ''[[Jayikkaanaay Janichavan]]'' || Rani ||
|-
|| ''[[Madanolsavam]]'' || Rajasekharan Thampi's wife ||
|-
|| ''[[Kudumbam Namukku Sreekovil]]'' || Sumithra ||
|-
|| ''[[Aval Viswasthayayirunnu]]'' || Lisy ||
|-
|| ''[[Etho Oru Swapnam]]'' || Vijayamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' || Raji's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Mannu]]'' || Naani ||
|-
|| ''[[Samayamaayilla Polum]]'' || Mayavathi ||
|-
|| ''[[Vayanadan Thamban]]'' || Beeyathu ||
|-
|| ''[[Padakuthira]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Uthrada Rathri]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ashtamudikkaayal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mattoru Karnan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vyaamoham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Onappudava]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1979 || ''[[Mochanam]]'' || Karthyayani ||
|-
|| ''[[Maalika Paniyunnavar]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
|| ''[[Raathrikal Ninakku Vendi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Hridayathil Nee Mathram'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Hridhayathinte Nirangal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pichathy Kuttappan]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 1980s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mallika Sukumaran 1980s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Daaliya Pookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Thrishna]]'' || Kannamma ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Pyasa Shaitan'' || Nabeesa || Hindi Dubbed of [[Vayanadan Thamban]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1985 || ''[[Makan Ente Makan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chillu Kottaram]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==== 2000s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mallika Sukumaran 2000s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Megasandesam]]'' || College Professor ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2003 || ''[[Sthithi]]'' || Shakunthala Nair ||
|-
|| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' || Saramma ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Vrindavanam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Romeoo]]'' || Lakshmikutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Chota Mumbai]]'' || Roseley ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' || Kadhiravan's mother || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
|| ''[[Thirakkatha]]'' || Sarojam ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Calendar (2009 film)|Calendar]]'' || Annamma ||
|-
|| ''[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]'' || Treesa's mother ||
|-
|}

==== 2010s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mallika Sukumaran 2010s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''Jayan, the Man behind the Legend'' || Herself || Documentary
|-
|| ''Ammanilavu'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''PSC Balan'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Njanum Ente Familiyum]]'' || Jaininte ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''Oru Yathrayude Anthyam'' || Arjun's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Rockstar (2015 film)|Rockstar]]'' || Alice ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' || Peter's mother ||
|-
|| ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]'' || Kalesh's mother (Sreelatha) ||
|-
|| ''[[Ennaalum Sarath..?]]'' || Dr. Sam's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[My Great Grandfather]]'' || Michael's mother (Mary) ||
|-
|| ''[[Marconi Mathai]]'' || Renu ||
|-
|| ''[[Love Action Drama]]'' || Dinesh's mother - Lalitha ||
|-
|| ''[[Thrissur Pooram (2019 film)|Thrissur Pooram]]'' || Adv. Rajalakshmi (Vakkeelamma) ||
|-
|}

==== 2020s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Sara's]]'' || Reethamma||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=Sara’s choice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/saras-choice/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran On Directing "Greatest Ever Mom" Mallika And "All-Time Great Actor" Mohanlal In Bro Daddy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/prithviraj-sukumaran-on-directing-greatest-ever-mom-mallika-and-all-time-great-actor-mohanlal-in-bro-daddy-2525807 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' || John's Ammachi ||Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-01 |title=Prithviraj is overjoyed to direct Mohanlal and his mother Mallika Sukumaran in Bro Daddy, see photo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-is-overjoyed-to-direct-mohanlal-and-his-mother-mallika-sukumaran-in-bro-daddy-see-photo-7481854/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran On Directing "Greatest Ever Mom" Mallika And "All-Time Great Actor" Mohanlal In Bro Daddy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/prithviraj-sukumaran-on-directing-greatest-ever-mom-mallika-and-all-time-great-actor-mohanlal-in-bro-daddy-2525807 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''Bahumanichu Poyoramma'' || Saraswathi Amma || Short film
|-
|| ''[[Mahaveeryar]]'' || Kaladevi ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mahaveeryar' trailer is out and there is no doubt the film is different |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/07/09/mahaveeryar-trailer-malayalam-film-release.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' || Joshi's mother ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Movie Review: Prithviraj, Nayanthara and Alphonse Puthren's film could have been a short film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gold-movie-review-prithviraj-nayanthara-and-alphonse-puthrens-film-could-have-been-a-short-film-2304042-2022-12-01 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=India Today |date=December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''Thalla'' || Major Sara Mathews || Short film{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
| ''[[Santhosham (2023 film)|Santhosham]]'' || Leelammachi ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anu Sithara is a protective sister like her character in 'Santhosham' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2023/03/05/anu-sithara-protective-sister-character-santhosaham.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kunjamminis Hospital]]'' || Reetha Uthup Paalamattom (Ammamachi) ||
|-
| ''[[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]]'' || Gracy ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meera Jasmine and Narain's Queen Elizabeth gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/13/meera-jasmine-and-narains-queen-elizabeth-gets-a-release-date-50338.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''Jamalinte Punjiri'' || Judge||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Jamalinte Punjiri To Sree Muthappan, 3 Malayalam Films Releasing This Week |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jamalinte-punjiri-to-sree-muthappan-3-malayalam-films-releasing-this-week-8923270.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bad Boyz (film)|Bad Boyz]]'' || Annie Teacher ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=It's a wrap for Omar Lulu's 'Bad Boyz' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-omar-lulus-bad-boyz-see-photos/articleshow/111587908.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Times Of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Njan Kandatha Sare]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-11-08 |title=Indrajith Sukumaran-starrer Njan Kandatha Sare gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/08/indrajith-sukumaran-starrer-njan-kandatha-sare-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4| 2025 || ''[[Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal]]'' ||Savithri Amma ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-11-16 |title=Anaswara, Siju Sunny and others in 'Vysanasametham Bandhumithradhikal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Nov/16/anaswara-siju-sunny-and-others-in-vysanasametham-bandhumithradhikal |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-17 |title=Anaswara Rajan-Siju Sunny Starrer Vysanasametham Bandhumithradhikal Starts Rolling! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/anaswara-rajan-siju-sunny-starrer-vysanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-starts-rolling-article-115380405 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nancy Rani]]'' || Yamuna||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=Ahaana Krishna to play a die-hard Mammootty fan in Nancy Rani, second poster out|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ahaana-krishna-to-play-a-die-hard-mammootty-fan-in-nancy-rani-second-poster-out/d5bcf518bf788 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Cake Story'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Ashokan, Mallika Sukumaran headline Cake Story|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/May/10/ashokan-mallika-sukumaran-headline-cake-story-43272.html|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Valsala Club'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2025|title=Valsala Club OTT release: Here's where to watch Roopesh Peethambaran's latest film online|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/valsala-club-ott-release-heres-where-to-watch-roopesh-peethambarans-latest-film-online/3952e0fb73635 |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| ''[[Prakambanam]]'' || Chembothamma ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Ganapathi and Sagar Surya to lead Prakambanam, title poster unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/04/ganapathi-and-sagar-surya-to-lead-prakambanam-title-poster-unveiled|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-




|}
; Albums as an actress
* 2020 : Ammakkorummma as Herself
* 2022 : Thanal Thedi as Amma{{Citation needed|date=March 2023|reason=do use india.com as it is not a reliable source (see WP:ICTFSOURCES)}}

;As assistant director
* ''[[Madanolsavam]]''
* ''Kanyakumari''
* 2 Sreekumaran Thampi's movies

;As production controller
* Irakal
* Padayani

===Playback singing===
* ''Saritha'' (1977) - Ormayundo
* ''My Great Grandfather'' (2019) - Grandpa

===As dubbing artist===
* Adavukal Pahinettu (1978) for Seema
* Avalude Ravukal (1978) for Seema
* [[Vanisri]]'s other language dubbing movies
* [[Hema Choudhary]]'s other language dubbing movies
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] other language dubbing movies
* ''[[Tamaar Padaar]]'' (2014) as Vanitha; Pouran's mother (Voice only)
* ''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]'' (2022) as Zakariah's mother (Voice only)
* ''[[Kaduva]]'' (2022) for Seema
* ''[[Alone (2023 film)|Alone]]'' (2023) as Neighbourhood aunty of Kalidas
* ''[[Gaganachari]]'' (2024) as voice of Alien Aliyamma<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=ആ സിനിമയില്‍ ശബ്ദം കൊടുത്തത് ഞാനാണ്, പലരും എനിക്ക് മെസേജയച്ചപ്പോള്‍ സന്തോഷം തോന്നി: മല്ലിക സുകുമാരന്‍|url=https://www.doolnews.com/mallika-sukumaran-about-dubbing-in-gaganachari-64-144.html|access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Dool News |language=ml}}</ref>

==Television==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= April 2022}}
• All the programs are television serials, unless otherwise mentioned.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Mallika Sukumaran television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2001||''Peythoriyathe''||[[Surya TV]]||as Mrinalini
|-
|2001||''Porutham''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2001-2004||''Valayam''||[[DD Malayalam]]||as Kanaka
|-
|2001||''Thaali''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2002||''Snehatheeram'' ||[[DD Malayalam]]||
|-
|2002||''Innale''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2002||''Sneha''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Producer
|-
|2002||''American Dreams''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||as Sara
|-
|2002-2003||''Snehadooram''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| ||''Maaya''||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2004||''Sthree Oru Santhwanam''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||as Sethulakshmi
|-
|2004||''Akkare Akkare''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2004-2005||''Life is Beautiful''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2005||''Athira X C''||[[Amrita TV]]||as Principal Telefilm
|-
|2005-2006||''Summer in America''||[[Kairali TV]]||as Reetha
|-
|2005-2006||''Indhumukhi Chandramathi''||[[Surya TV]]||{{br list | as Chandramathi | Dubbed into Tamil in the same name}}
|-
|2006||''Sathi Leelavathi''||[[Amrita TV]]||as Maria
|-
| 2007||''Veendum Chila Veettu Visheshangal''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| as Malathy
|-
|2008||''Koottukudumbam''||[[Kairali TV]]|| as Shailaja
|-
|2008-2009||''Enkilum Ente Gopalakrishna''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||as Gomathiyamma
|-
|2009||''Rahasyam''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2010-2012||''[[Harichandanam]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| as Draupathi
|-
|2012-2013||''Amma Ammayiyamma'' ||[[Kairali TV]]|| Judge
|-
|2013||''Amma Ammayiyamma 2''||[[Kairali TV]]|| Judge
|-
|2014 ||''Kudumbapuranam''|| [[Jaihind TV]]||
|-
|2015-2016||''Indumukhi Chandramathi 2''||[[Surya TV]]||{{br list | Sequel to Indumukhi Chandramthi | as Chandramathi}}
|-
|2017||Comedy stars season 2||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Judge
|-
|2017|| Salt N Pepper||[[Kaumudy TV]]||Celebrity presenter
|-
|2019 ||''Thakarppan Comedy''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Judge
|-
|2019 – 2020||''[[Kabani (TV series)|Kabani]]''||[[Zee Keralam (TV channel)|Zee Keralam]]||as Kottaramuttam Parvathyamma
|-
|2020 ||''[[Koodathayi Cyanide Murders|Koodathayi]]''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||as Achamma Mathew
|-
|2020–2021||''Life is beautiful season 2''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||as Vinodhini
|-
|2021 ||''Parayam Nedam''||[[Amrita TV]]||as Participant
|-
|2021||''[[Ente Maathavu]]''||[[Surya TV]]||as Molly
|-
|2022–present||''[[Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri]]''||Mazhavil Manorama|| Judge (Recurring)
|-
|2022 ||''MY G Flowers Oru Kodi''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||as Participant
|-
|2022 ||''Red Carpet''||[[Amrita TV]]||as Mentor
|-
|2022–2023 ||''[[Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum]]''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||as Suhasini
|-
|2023 ||''Comedy Masters''||[[Amrita TV]]||as Judge
|-
|2023||''[[Aniyathipraavu (TV series)]]''||[[Surya TV]]|| Herself; Guest appearance
|-
|2023||''Entamma Superaa''||Mazhavil Manorama||Grand finale jury
|-
|2024-2025 ||''[[Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum|Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum 2]]''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||as Suhasini<ref>{{cite web|title=9 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് ശേഷം മിനിസ്ക്രീനിലേക്ക് അശ്വതി; ആശംസകളുമായി ആരാധകർ|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-aswathy-thomas-come-back-in-mini-screen-sh7l95|publisher=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1500619}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukumaran, Mallika}}
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Dipti Ranjan Sahoo

2026-03-08T23:39:40Z

Eurotechconseil: New A Post

{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dipti Ranjan Sahoo
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = IIT Kanpur, University of Texas
| occupation = Professor of civil engineering
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Dipti Ranjan Sahoo''' is an Indian professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, [[IIT Delhi]]. He is the recipient of the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] (2022) in Engineering Sciences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odia researcher gets Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/odia-researcher-gets-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize/articleshow/103635915.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Sahoo completed his bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering from [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang|Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology]] (IGIT) Sarang, [[Utkal University]], Odisha. He received an M. Tech. and Ph. D. in Civil Engineering with Structural Engineering specialization from [[IIT Kanpur]] in 2004 and 2008, respectively. He further carried out post-doctoral research in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington, USA. In 2010, he joined as Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at IIT Delhi. He became a full Professor in 2021. Currently, he is the Dean (Infrastructure) at IIT Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Sahoo Profile |url=https://web.iitd.ac.in/~drsahoo |website=IIT Delhi |access-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref>

He is an elected Fellow of [[Indian National Academic of Engineering]] (INAE),<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Sahoo Profile |url= https://www.inae.in/expert-profile-view/?cid=3290 |website=INAE |access-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref> [[Institution of Civil Engineers]], UK,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-07 |title=Find a member |url=https://www.ice.org.uk/about-us/our-members/find-a-member |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) |language=en}}</ref> the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]], the Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, and the [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institute of Engineers (India)]]. He is on editorial board for the International Journal of Steel Structures, Springer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Journal of Steel Structures |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/13296/editorial-board |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=SpringerLink |language=en}}</ref>

Sahoo has contributed to the field of Structural Engineering, Earthquake Engineering, and Structural Fire. His research focuses on seismic design and analysis of concrete, steel and composite structures, and structural fire engineering. development of seismic retrofitting, real-time hybrid simulation techniques, nonlinear finite element modelling, passive vibration control techniques, and other interconnected areas of research. He is credited with developing cost-effective seismic design solutions, passive control devices for seismic-resistant structures, all-steel and self-centering buckling-restrained braces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prized Science, On faster access to molecules, and quake-resistant buildings|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editors-pick/prized-science-on-faster-access-to-molecules-and-quake-resistant-buildings-101695665605332.html |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref>

He has been part of various investigative panels on structural disasters in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railways constitute four-member high-level committee to probe bridge collapse in Mizoram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/railways-constitute-four-member-high-level-committee-to-probe-bridge-collapse-in-mizoram/article67233891.ece |access-date=19 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=25 August 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in Engineering Sciences (2022) for contribution in Structural/Earthquake Engineering<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Dipti Ranjan Sahoo awarded 2022 S S Bhatnagar Prize for contribution in Structural/Earthquake Engineering |url= https://www.nicee.org/DRS.htm |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Proud moment': IIT-D researcher among 12 to bag key science award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/proud-moment-iit-d-researcher-among-12-to-bag-key-science-award/articleshow/103707383.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2023}}</ref>
* Applied Research Award (Prof. P. C. P. Bhatta Faculty Research Award), IIT Delhi (2024)<ref>{{cite news |title=IIT Delhi Releases 'Research Impact Report' to mark 67th Foundation Day |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iit-delhi-releases-research-impact-report-to-mark-67th-foundation-day20250127225103/ |work=[[ANI News]] |date=27 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* Young Engineers Award, [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]], The Institution of Engineers, India

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=66ZJz5YAAAAJ Google Scholar profile]
* [https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=14527743200 Scopus profile]
* [https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/1661583 Web of Science profile]

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan, Sahoo Dipti}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]

Thullatha Manamum Thullum

2026-03-06T08:56:13Z

Eurotechconseil:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thullatha Manamum Thullum.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. Ezhil]]
| writer = {{ubl|N. Prasanna Kumar|Na. Anbharasu (uncredited)}}
| screenplay = S. Ezhil
| story = S. Ezhil
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]|[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]}}
| cinematography = R. Selva
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1999|1|29}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Thullatha Manamum Thullum''''' ({{translation|Even the heart that doesn't bounce, will bounce}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by debutant [[S. Ezhil]]. It stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], while [[Manivannan]], [[Dhamu]] and [[Vaiyapuri]] among others play supporting roles. The film is produced by [[R. B. Choudary]] of [[Super Good Films]] and has its music composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] and cinematography performed by R. Selva.

''Thullatha Manamum Thullum'' was released on 29 January 1999. The film received positive reviews and became a huge commercial success, winning three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|second prize for Best Film]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Simran). It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Nuvvu Vasthavani]]'' (2000), in [[Kannada]] as ''[[O Nanna Nalle]]'' (2000), in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Sathi (2002 film)|Sathi]]'' (2002) and in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''[[I Love You (2004 film)|I Love You]]'' (2004).

== Plot ==
The film starts with Kutty revealing, on a train journey from Pune to Hyderabad, that he just got out of jail after seven years. His past is revealed in a flashback.Kutty is an aspiring but struggling singer who works for a local cable provider Mani. He is unable to get recognition and a stage to exhibit his musical talent. Rukmini "Rukku", a college student, is new to the locality where Kutty stays, and on hearing Kutty's voice, she becomes his fan and decides to seek him and encourage his talent as his voice resembles that of her late father. However, Rukmini always catches Kutty in negative situations and, not knowing that he is Kutty, develops a hatred for him as she thinks that he is a rowdy. Once, when Kutty is pickpocketed, he pursues the pickpocket to Rukmini's college. In the process, he accidentally drops a bottle of acid to the ground, which causes Rukmini, who is present at the spot where the acid bottle fell, to become blind.

Kutty is horrified when he finds out that he is the reason Rukmini had become blind. To make amends, he decides to become her close companion and help her in every way possible. Soon, love blossoms between the two. When Kutty's mother dies, he finds out that her eyes had been donated. He decides to arrange the operation to restore Rukmini’s eyesight with his mother's eyes, but as the price of the operation turns out to be very high, he accepts an offer from a [[Sikh]] man to donate a kidney for his [[Pune]]-based father for {{INR}}40,000. Having paid for Rukmini’s surgery, Kutty leaves for Pune to donate his kidney. While waiting at the [[Pune Junction railway station|railway station]] to return to [[Chennai]], he is framed as a terrorist and arrested. He is then jailed in Pune prison.

Seven years later, Kutty is released from prison and returns to Chennai, only to find out that Rukmini had moved out of their locality and is now a [[District magistrate|collector]], her eyesight having been restored as well. But Rukmini, on seeing Kutty and not knowing that he is Kutty, orders for him to be arrested, in revenge for his "rowdy activities" in the past and for making her blind. But when Kutty begins to sing, Rukmini realises that the "rowdy" she had arrested is none other than Kutty. She apologises for misunderstanding him, and they happily embrace.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Kutty<ref name="D">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dv4AAAAQBAJ&q=Vijay |title=Different Bodies: Essays on Disability in Film and Television |date=2013 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |isbn=978-0-7864-6535-4 |editor-last=Mogk |editor-first=Marja Evelyn |pages=121}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Rukmani<ref name="D" />
* [[Manivannan]] as Mani<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=எழில் இயக்குநராகி 25 வருடங்கள்: சென்னையில் விழா |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1184985-ezhil-25-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321182118/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1184985-ezhil-25-years.html |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Dhamu]] as Madhan<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=மறைந்த நடிகர் டவுசர் பாண்டி… விஜய் செய்த மறைமுக உதவி… 'காக்கா' கோபால் வெளியிடும் சீக்ரெட்ஸ்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/death-of-actor-trouser-pandi-vijay-help-kaka-gopal-publishing-secrets-41601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226011621/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/death-of-actor-trouser-pandi-vijay-help-kaka-gopal-publishing-secrets-41601 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[ABP Nadu]]}}</ref>
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Kalyanasundaram aka Kalyani<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosalairaman |first=Muthu Vinayagam |date=23 October 2024 |title=விவேக்கின் காமெடி பார்ட்னர்..தனித்துவ நடிப்பால் ரசிகர்களை சிரிக்க வைத்த காமெடியன் வையாபுரி |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-comedy-actor-vaiyapuri-celebrating-his-bithdday-today-131729603365835.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113225434/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-comedy-actor-vaiyapuri-celebrating-his-bithdday-today-131729603365835.html |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
* [[Chaplin Balu]] as Nayar
* Thaadi Balaji as Balaji<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=மருத்துவமனையில் இருந்த என் தந்தைக்கு ஓடி போய் உதவிய விஜய்!! உருகிய தாடி பாலாஜி!! வீடியோ... |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/thadi-balaji-emotional-talk-for-actor-vijay-help-in-biggboss-jodigal-show-qz7s3y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910104159/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/thadi-balaji-emotional-talk-for-actor-vijay-help-in-biggboss-jodigal-show-qz7s3y |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Dr. Ganesh
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Rukmani's house owner
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as a henchman
* Radhabhai as Rukmani's grandmother
* [[K. R. Vatsala]] as Mani's wife
* Tharini as Rukmani's professor
* Paari Venkat as Trouser Pandi
* Sri Kala as Anitha
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as the man travelling to Ice House
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Mottai Krishnamoorthy]] as a man in the liquor shop
* [[S. Rajasekar|Rajasekar]] as a doctor (special appearance)
* Raneesh as a bystander in "Innisai Paadivarum" (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4XLEDWUxdE |title=நீ என்ன பெரிய ஆளானு கேட்டாரு 😯 {{!}} Actor Raneesh Interview {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay Movies {{!}} Kumudam |date=22 June 2024 |language=ta |publisher=[[Kumudam]] |time=4:14–7:00 |time-caption=From |access-date=28 December 2025 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
}}


== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film saw director [[S. Ezhil]], an erstwhile assistant to the duo [[Robert–Rajasekar]], Panneer and [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]], make his debut as a filmmaker under [[R. B. Choudary]]'s production house [[Super Good Films]]. The film's concept was inspired from [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s ''[[City Lights]]'' (1931) that Ezhil had watched during a film festival. An earlier version of the script showed the lead character as a painter. The initial title for the film was ''Rukmanikkaga'' (transl. For Rukmani), but Choudary later changed it to ''Thullatha Manamum Thullum'' (transl. Even the heart that doesn't bounce, will bounce).<ref name="te" />

=== Casting ===
Ezhil initially wanted comedian [[Vadivelu]] to play the lead role. [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] was also considered for the lead role before [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] was selected. On the suggestion of his friends, Ezhil decided to make the film with a commercial hero and changed the entire script retaining only the emotional core of ''City Lights''.<ref name="te" /> Prior to its release, the role of Vijay's mother in the film was kept under wraps with the media speculating who would play the role. Eventually, no actress played the role although the character played a pivotal part in the film.<ref name="rediff" /> [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] was initially supposed to do the project, but as the project underwent changes, the actress opted out before she was replaced by [[Simran (actress)|Simran]].<ref name="te" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began with the song "Dhuddu" as the director felt it would give the team some time to gel, this was choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]]. The story takes place in [[Triplicane]] because Ezhil had lived there for a while in his uncle's house. The team scouted for a long time to find a suitable location that fit the story's requirements however a chance visit to the set of a [[Malayalam]] film at Murugalaya Studios convinced Ezhil that erecting a set would be far more cost-effective and thus set resembling Triplicane was erected.<ref name="te" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thullatha Manamum Thullum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = November 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 34:06
| language = Tamil
| label = Star Music
| producer =
| chronology = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| prev_title = [[Suriya Paarvai]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Suyamvaram]]
| next_year = 1999
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1999 |title=Thullatha Manamum Thullum |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thullatha-manamum-thullum/B2MEiqUoH-c_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805061043/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thullatha-manamum-thullum/B2MEiqUoH-c_ |archive-date=5 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> He agreed to compose the music for this film after learning that Ezhil had assisted Robert–Rajasekar, who introduced him in films.<ref name="te" /> The song "Meghamaai Vandhu" which was supposed to be the theme song of the film, was inspired from Urdu song "[[Sayonee]]" sang by the Pakistani band [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]] in 1997; Ezhil wanted a Tamil version of it. After the song was recorded, he learned that [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] had used the same tune for "Salomiya" from ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]''. Rajkumar told him not to worry and gave him the tune of "Innisai Paadi Varum",<ref name="te" /> which is set to the raga [[Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=133 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 34:06
| title1 = Thoda Thodu Enavae Vanavil
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Innisai Paadivarum
| note2 = male
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| extra2 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
| length2 = 4:55
| title3 = Irupathu Kodi
| extra3 = Hariharan
| lyrics3 = Vairamuthu
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Innisai Paadivarum
| note4 = female
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| extra4 = K.S.Chithra
| length4 = 4:55
| title5 = Palapalakkudhu
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| extra5 = Gopal Rao
| length5 = 5:02
| title6 = Megamai Vanthu
| lyrics6 = Muthu Vijayan
| extra6 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length6 = 4:21
| title7 = Kakkai Siraginilae
| lyrics7 = [[Subramania Bharati|Bharathiyar]]
| extra7 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length7 = 1:21
| title8 = Innisai Paadivarum
| note8 = sad
| lyrics8 = Vairamuthu
| extra8 = P. Unnikrishnan, Chorus
| length8 = 5:03
}}

== Release ==
''Thullatha Manamum Thullum'' was released on 29 January 1999. The film received positive reviews and became a huge commercial success, running for over 200 days in theatres across Tamil Nadu.<ref name="timesnownews" />

=== Critical reception ===
Kala Krishnan Ramesh from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' mentioned that "the experience of seeing the film is simply thrilling", mentioning that the success comes from "the naivete, the simplicity, the absolute lack of sophistication, and from the delightful hero (Vijay)".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Kala Krishnan |date=14 February 1999 |title=Film: THULLADA MANAMUM THULLUM (Tamil) |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb14/enter.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990503174613/http://deccanherald.com:80/deccanherald/feb14/enter.htm |archive-date=3 May 1999 |access-date=13 September 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Rajitha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised the "unusual premise" and wrote that Ezhil "makes a strong debut with this film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=1 March 1999 |title=Sounding good |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/01ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128170239/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/01ss.htm |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 41 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Thamarai Manaalan of ''[[Dinakaran]]'' wrote, "Newface director Ezhil thinks in a novel and innovative way" and concluded, "Ezhil who's stepped into direction has come and conquered too".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manaalan |first=Thamarai |date=19 February 1999 |title=Film Review: "Thullaatha Manamum Thullum" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/19-02-99/thullum.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991009220104/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/19-02-99/thullum.htm |archive-date=9 October 1999 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Debutant director S. Ezhil makes his bow on a high note in Super Good Films', ''Thullatha Manamum Thullum'', making a good blend of the entertainment elements through his screenplay based on his story".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=5 February 1999 |title=Film Reviews: ''Thullatha Manamum Thullum''/ ''Naesikkiraen'' |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990205/09/09050223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407074907/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990205/09/09050223.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "This is an entertaining movie, which uses humour effectively. It will serve to further boost the stature of both Vijay and Simran at the box-office".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=1 March 1999 |title=Vijay shines in this love story |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WKJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zRQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4258%2C2168540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614152646/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WKJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zRQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4258%2C2168540 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
The film won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], which include [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|second prize for Best Film]] (R. B. Choudary), [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Simran), and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award#MGR Award|MGR Honorary Award]] (Vijay).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2000 |title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards −1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210034542/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archive-date=10 February 2001 |access-date=20 October 2009 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=29 December 2000 |title=Rajnikant set for best actor? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/29tamil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103135204/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/29tamil.htm |archive-date=3 November 2004 |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The success of ''Thullatha Manamum Thullum'' led to more offers for Simran, who with ''Thullatha Manamum Thullum'' and ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'', established herself among the leading actresses in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=23 January 2009 |title=Ready for the ride? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ready-for-the-ride/article3021054.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804103801/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ready-for-the-ride/article3021054.ece |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vijay and Simran were also paired together in several other films after the film's success, with projects titled ''[[Priyamaanavale]]'' (2000) and ''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]'' (2004) launched weeks after the film's release.<ref name="rediff" /> The film went on to be remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Nuvvu Vasthavani]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=14 June 2000 |title=Nuvvu Vasthavani gives Nagarjuna new life |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/14spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129003006/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/14spice.htm |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=29 December 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> in [[Kannada]] as ''[[O Nanna Nalle]]'',<ref name="timesnownews" /> in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Sathi (2002 film)|Sathi]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |last2=Mazumdar |first2=Shreyanka |date=16 May 2017 |title=Remake Rajas of Tollywood |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=REMAKE-RAJAS-OF-TOLLYWOOD-16052017101007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162825/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=REMAKE-RAJAS-OF-TOLLYWOOD-16052017101007 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''[[I Love You (2004 film)|I Love You]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palit |first=Ashok |date=21 July 2018 |title=Retro Time: I Love You |url=https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2018/07/21/retro-time-i-love-you/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162414/https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2018/07/21/retro-time-i-love-you/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019 |website=Odisha News Times}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="te">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=29 January 2019 |title=Movie Milestone: 20 years of Thullatha Manamum Thullum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-20-years-of-thullatha-manamum-thullum/articleshow/67724538.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815082438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-20-years-of-thullatha-manamum-thullum/articleshow/67724538.cms |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=29 January 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=25 January 1999 |title=Mama's boy |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/25ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123025715/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/25ss.htm |archive-date=23 January 2011 |access-date=29 December 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="timesnownews">{{Cite web |last=Karthikeyan |first=S. |date=30 January 2019 |title=20 years of Thulladha Manamum Thullum: All you need to know about the Tamil movie; see pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/photo-gallery/20-years-of-thulladha-manamum-thullum-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-tamil-movie-see-pics/356073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162141/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/photo-gallery/20-years-of-thulladha-manamum-thullum-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-tamil-movie-see-pics/356073 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Ezhil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Ezhil]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

Thaakath

2026-03-03T21:48:18Z

Eurotechconseil: adding some details w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thaakath
| image =
| caption =
| director = M S Ramesh
| producer = B V Pramod
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Duniya Vijay]]
*[[Shubha Poonja]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = Dasari Srinivas Rao
| editing = S Manohar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|05|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Thaakath''''' ({{Translation|Power}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by M S Ramesh, starring [[Duniya Vijay]] and [[Shubha Poonja]].

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=February 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Duniya Vijay]] as Basiya
* [[Shubha Poonja]] as Bhagya
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Singarappa
* [[Shobaraj]]
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* Malathi Sardeshpande
* [[Padma Vasanthi]]
}}

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Thaakath
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Gurukiran
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:56
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| fTKdah-WECA| Thaakath – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:56
| title1 = Kannambadi Kannambadi
| extra1 = [[Bombay Jayashri]], Vasu Dixit
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = Mara Mara Jo Kumara
| extra2 = Apoorva, Gurukiran
| length2 = 4:42
| title3 = Raiya Rai Rai Raiya
| extra3 = Gurukiran, Vasu Dixit
| length3 = 5:38
| title4 = Doresani Neenu
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length4 = 5:24
| title5 = Alele Savari
| extra5 = Picchalli Srinivas
| length5 = 4:22
}}

== Reception ==
R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1 out of 5 stars and says "Vijay's performance in Taakat is nothing to write home about though he excels in the action sequences. Shubha Poonja's characterisation is weak and except for Avinash's performance, there's nothing much to say here. Even veterans like Rangayana Raghu, Shobharaj, Sathyajit and Sanketh Kashi fail to impress. Surprisingly even music director Guru Kiran has come out with weak numbers. The camera work too is ordinary".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2009 |title=Nothing special about Taakat |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/22nothing-special-about-taakat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830032804/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/22nothing-special-about-taakat.htm |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Mandya Ramesh, as a hijra, has also acted well. Music director Gurukiran has composed lilting music for two songs Bhagavantha Syaana and Kannambaadiya. Thakath is worth watching if you are an action-movie buff".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2009 |title=Thakath : The stunt lovers' film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/tamil/2009/may/23/thakath--the-stunt-lovers-film-51575.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830032753/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/may/23/thakath--the-stunt-lovers-film-51575.amp |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Vijay is brilliant and excels in action sequences. Shubha Punja is impressive. Avinash, Kashi, Sathyajit, Rangayana Raghu, Shobhraj excel. Mandya Ramesh is simply superb. Gurukiran's music and Dasara Seenu's camerawork are good".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2016 |title=TAAKATH MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/taakath/movie-review/4568939.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830032755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/taakath/movie-review/4568939.cms |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Raiyya Rai, with an assortment of voices is a joyful ride! The only track that doesn’t work is the supposedly sensuous Maare maara – ends up being funny, instead. Thaakath has Gurukiran in inspired form!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2009 |title=Thaakath: Thaakath Sakkath maga! |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/thaakath-thaakath-sakkath-maga/articleshow/22150302.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830032755/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/thaakath-thaakath-sakkath-maga/articleshow/22150302.cms |archive-date=30 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Roja Malare

2026-03-03T04:48:16Z

Eurotechconseil: Started New Info

{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Roja Malare.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[T. M. Jayamurugan]]
| producer = Nirmaladevi Jayamurugan
| writer = T. M. Jayamurugan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[Riva Bubber|Reeva]]|[[Arun Pandian]]|[[Anand Babu]] }}
| music = [[Adithyan]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]]
| editing = L. Kesevan
| distributor =
| studio = Kamalam Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|12|05}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Roja Malare''''' ({{translation|Oh, rose}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[T. M. Jayamurugan]]. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Riva Bubber|Reeva]], [[Arun Pandian]] and [[Anand Babu]]. It was released on 5 December 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rojamalare ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=rojamalare |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119074929/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=rojamalare |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=2012-11-04 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==Plot==

Kannan is a singer in a musical ensemble with his friends. Kannan falls in love with, a college student, Malarvizhi but he cannot express his love. Malarvizhi gets engaged with Arun, a strict businessman. Will Malarvizhi accept Kannan's love forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Kannan
*[[Riva Bubber|Reeva]] as Malarvizhi
*[[Arun Pandian]] as Arun
*[[Anand Babu]] as Anbu
*[[Senthil]] as Babu
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Lakshmi
*Kottai Perumal
*Shobaraj
*[[T. M. Jayamurugan]]
}}

==Production==
Songs from the film were shot at [[St. Mary's Islands]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=A-Z Continues... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003725/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |archive-date=24 April 2013 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Indolink}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Adithyan]], with lyrics written by T. M. Jayamurugan.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 April 2013 |title=Rojamalare (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/rojamalare-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/639908790 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240110050343/https://music.apple.com/in/album/rojamalare-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/639908790 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Azhagoviyam" attained popularity.<ref>{{cite web |last=ஜெயந்தன் |first=ஆர்.சி. |date=12 March 2021 |title=இயக்குநரின் குரல்: கார்த்திக் தீ போன்றவர்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/644312-voice-of-the-director-3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110104154/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/644312-voice-of-the-director-3.html |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration !! Lyrics
|-
| "Anandam Vandadhadi" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:41||
|-
| "Azhagoviam (Lovely Lisa Monalisa)" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 5:49 || T. M. Jayamurugan
|-
| "Bombay Reeva" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 5:07||
|-
| "Kettavaram" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:16||
|-
| "Poopupuva" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 6:15||
|-
| "Rojamalarin" || Jeemon KJ || 4:56||
|-
| "Udhayathu" || [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]] || 5:27||
|}

==Reception==
A writer for ''Indolink'' wrote, "The fact that all these stars [Murali, Arunpandian, Anandbabu and Reeva] packed up to picturize the songs in St. Mary's Island seems to be the sole asset to this film".<ref name=":0" /> Two years after release, the producers were given a {{INR}}5 lakh subsidy by the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. Karunanidhi]] along with ten other films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 1999 |title=Subsidy for low budget films distributed |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427180556/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. M. Jayamurugan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Adithyan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Kadhal FM

2026-03-03T04:27:45Z

Eurotechconseil: updated page

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kadhal FM.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[V. Jayaprakash|Jayaprakash]]
| producer = G. Maheswaran
| starring = [[Manikandan]] Shivani Singh [[Aravind Akash]]
| cinematography = Suresh Devan
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = Aravind–Shankar
| studio = S V M Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|03|04}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kadhal FM''''' ({{Translation|Love [[frequency modulation|FM]]}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[V. Jayaprakash|Jayaprakash]], starring [[Manikandan]], Shivani Singh and [[Aravind Akash]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2004 |title=Love on the airwaves |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/love-on-the-airwaves/article28668434.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119014810/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/love-on-the-airwaves/article28668434.ece |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=November 2025}}
==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Manikandan]] as Manikandan
*Shivani Singh as Ruchika
*[[Aravind Akash]] as Aravind
*[[Karunas]] as Chilly Chicken
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Astrologer
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Inspector
*[[Lollu Sabha Balaji]] as Bala
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Principal
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Traffic police officer
*[[Balu Anand]] as Balaji
}}

==Production==
The film is directed by [[V. Jayaprakash|Jayaprakash]] who previously directed ''Sathisanam'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=Tamil film Kuchi Ice is about globalisation |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2019/03/21/tamil-film-kuchi-ice-is-about-globalisation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926214305/https://newstodaynet.com/2019/03/21/tamil-film-kuchi-ice-is-about-globalisation/ |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref> It was shot in and around Chennai, Pondicherry, Tuticorin, Karaikudi, Auroville and Tiruchi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=20 July 2004 |title=Kadhal FM |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/onlocation/kadhalfm.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207192802/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/onlocation/kadhalfm.asp |archive-date=7 December 2005 |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by Aravind–Shankar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadhal FM (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/ie/album/kadhal-fm-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/688151221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008120819/https://music.apple.com/ie/album/kadhal-fm-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/688151221 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adam Eval
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title2 = Bhagyasaali
| extra2 = Timmy
| title3 = Kadale
| extra3 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| title4 = Mugama
| extra4 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| title5 = Un Udal
| extra5 = Sandeep, [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
}}

==Reception==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' opined that "there's not much going for the film with its hotch-potch situations and lacklustre narration. A couple of suggestive lines have been surreptitiously pushed in, and the sound picturisations too border more on the 'sizzling' than the aesthetic".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=4 March 2005 |title=Kadhal FM |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/02kfm.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014120639/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/02kfm.asp |archive-date=14 October 2006 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "There are a couple of double meaning dialogues and a bit of glamour associated with a film aimed at the youth. Karunas as RJ Chilly chicken gives you a stomach ache. Music by debutant Aravind- Shankar is peppy but forgettable. Manikandan is adequate in the role while Shivani has enough glamour to please the masses. The film has nothing new to offer and moves at snail pace".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathal FM |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305025903/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?cid=2429 |archive-date=5 March 2005 |access-date=27 November 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 romance films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]

Lateef (film)

2026-03-02T10:04:49Z

Eurotechconseil: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lateef
| image = Lateef poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Israr Ahmed
| producer = Amina Ahmed
| writer = S Sachindra Badshah Khan
| screenplay = S Sachindra Badshah Khan
| based_on =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| music = Various Artists
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Screenshot Media & Entertainment
| distributor = Screenshot Media & Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|05|15}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|4.6|c}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|0.67|c}}
}}

'''''Lateef''''' is a 2005 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] film directed by Israr Ahmed and produced by Amina Ahmed under the Screenshot Media & Entertainment banner. It was released on 15 May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728786|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302053517/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728786|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2014|title=Lateef|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=9 May 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Lateef
*[[Murli Sharma]] as Zafar Dongri
*[[Mukesh Tiwari]] as ACP Sawant
*[[Kader Khan]] as Police Commissioner Khan
*[[Pratima Kazmi]] as Mafia Boss Lady
*[[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Minister Narayan Dutt Agrawal (NDA)
*[[Sudesh Berry]] as Drug-addict Ajeet
*[[Pawan Singh]]
*[[Raza Murad]] as Narrator
*KANIKA SAHA AS A REPORTER

==Plot==
The plot of the movie revolves around the unholy nexus of Drug Mafia with Corrupt Politicians in power, and their constant struggle with honest police officers ACP Sawant and Commissioner Khan. An innocent and aspiring medical student Lateef is incorrectly implicated by Police in a drug-peddling case.
Lateef is convicted and awarded seven years imprisonment. After getting released from Jail, Lateef tries to search for his ex flame from his college days, who has now become a prostitute in red light area. Depressed and dejected Lateef turns to drugs and becomes a permanent addict.

ACP Sawant at the behest Commissioner Khan, arrests Zafar Dongri from one of his hideouts and then later on proceeds to arrest Minister Narayan Dutt Agrawal, whose own daughter Divya turns police witness in Social Worker Anand Kalsiwal and his son Jeet Kalsiwal's murder cases.

In the end, Lateef's friend Ajeet dies and is taken away by Municipal Hospital Ambulance. Lateef is reunited with his estranged sister and promises to never do drugs again. Minister Narayan Dutt Agrawal is shown taking oath again as a Minister, which infuriates ACP Sawant who is shown breaking his Television set.

==Music==
#" Chain Milta Nahin" – [[Udit Narayan]], Sadhna Singh, [[Shahid Mallya]]
#"Dekhe The Kitne Sapne" – [[Kumar Sanu]]
#"Kash Me" – [[Aishwarya Nigam]], Sonika Sharma
#"Rasme Mohabbat Ki" – [[Adnan Sami]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|lateef}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2015 thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2010s-thriller-film-stub}}

Dewan

2026-03-01T20:22:14Z

Eurotechconseil: typo fix

{{short description|Powerful government official in the context of Islamic history}}
{{other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}

'''''Dewan''''' (also known as '''''diwan''''', sometimes spelled '''''devan''''' or '''''divan''''') designated a powerful government official, minister, or ruler. A ''dewan'' was the head of a state institution of the same name (see [[Divan]]). Diwans belonged to the elite families in the history of Mughal and post-Mughal India and held high posts within the government.

==Etymology==
{{See also|Divan}}

The word is Persian in origin and was loaned into Arabic. The original meaning was "bundle (of written sheets)", hence "book", especially "book of accounts," and hence "office of accounts," "custom house," "council chamber". The meaning of the word, ''[[Divan (furniture)|divan]]'' "long, cushioned seat" is due to such seats having been found along the walls in Middle Eastern council chambers. It is a common surname among Sikhs in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=divan|title = Divan | Origin and meaning of divan by Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref>

==Council==
The word first appears under the [[Caliphate]] of [[Omar|Omar I]] (A.D. 634–644). As the Caliphate state became more complicated, the term was extended over all the government bureaus.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The ''divan of the [[Sublime Porte]]'' was the council or [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] of the state. In the [[Ottoman Empire]], it consisted of the usually (except in the [[Sultan]]'s presence) presiding [[Grand Vizier]] and other [[vizier]]s, and occasionally the [[Janissary]] Ağa.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

In 19th-century [[Romania]], the [[Ad hoc Divan]] was a body which played a role in the country's development towards independence from Ottoman rule.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

In [[Malay language|Malay]] (including [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]) and related languages (such as [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], etc.), the [[borrowing (linguistics)|borrowed]] word "dewan" is the standard word for council, as in the {{Lang|id|[[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat]]}} (or Indonesia's Council of People's Representatives) and Dewan Undangan Negeri ([[State legislative assemblies of Malaysia|State Legislative Assembly of Malaysia]]), Dewan Rakyat ([[Dewan Rakyat|House of Representatives of Malaysia]]), and [[Dewan Negara]] ([[Senate of Malaysia]]).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

{{anchor|Title}} 

==Indian subcontinent==
===Mughal Empire===
During the effective rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], the ''Dewan'' served as the chief revenue officer of a province.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thangjam |first=Homen |date=Summer 2014 |title=Militarism, Human Rights, and Democracy in Northeast India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZErDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |journal=Kangla Lanpung |volume=VIII |issue=II |publisher=RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust, Imphal |pages=27– |issn=2321-2357}}</ref>

Later, when most vassal states gained various degrees of [[self-determination]], the finance — and/or chief minister and leader of many [[princely state]]s (especially [[Muslim]], but also many [[Hindu]], including [[Baroda]], [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]], [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[Travancore]] — referred to as ''Dalawa'' until 1811) became known as a ''dewan''.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Exceptionally, a ruler was himself titled Dewan or a loftier variation, notably:
* in [[Beri State|Beri-Bundelkhand]]
* in [[Dhurwai State|Dhurwai]]
* in [[Jaso State|Jaso]] (Jassu) and in [[Bandhora]] (which was split from the former c. 1750)
* in [[Khilchipur]] until 1873, then [[Rai Bahadur]]
* in [[Junagadh]], where [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]] was the prime minister of the former princely state.
* ''Diwan Sahib'' or ''Diwan Bahadur'' in [[Garrauli State]]

===Maratha period===
As a title used in various Early Modern Indian states, ''Diwan'' denoted the highest officials in the court after the king; the suffix [[-ji]] is added as a mark of respect in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luthar.com/2014/05/06/the-meaning-of-the-term-ji-in-the-indian-culture-by-dr-harsh-k-luthar/|title = The Meaning of the Term "Ji" in the Indian Culture: By Dr. Harsh K. Luthar|date = 6 May 2014}}</ref> In the major [[List of Maratha dynasties and states|Maratha states]] of Baroda (ruled by the Gaekwad), Gwalior (ruled by Scindias or Shinde), Indore (ruled by Holkar), and Nagpur ([[Bhonsles of Nagpur|ruled by Bhonsle, but not from the Chhatrapati Shivaji family]]), the highest officer after the king was called the Diwan.

One of the examples – Shrimant Diwan/Rao Bahadur Atmaram Kulkarni, was the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Maratha [[Jamkhandi State]]. In the 19th century, the British Parliament established in British India a supreme court for revenue matters (non-criminal matters) named the "[[Sudder Dewanny Adawlut]]", which applied Hindu law.<ref>Campbell, Lawrence Dundas (ed), Asiatic Annual Register for 1802, or A View of the History of Hindustan and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia, London, J. Debrett, 1803, footnote pp.97-100, Miscellaneous Tracts [https://books.google.com/books?id=byIoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Dewanny+Adawlut&pg=RA2-PA98]</ref><ref name="mill">Definition per James Mill (1826): "Dewan, Duan: place of assembly. Native minister of the revenue department; and chief justice, in civil causes, within his jurisdiction; receiver-general of a province. The term is also used, to designate the principal revenue servant under a European collector, and even of a Zemindar. By this title, the East India Company are receivers-general of the revenues of Bengal, under a grant from the Great Mogul"..."Dewanny, Duannee: the office, or jurisdiction of a Dewan" (Mill, James, The History of British India, Vol. 1 (of 6), 3rd Edition, London, 1826, Glossary [http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/840])</ref>

===Among Hindus and Sikhs of Punjab and Bengal===
Dewan, Diwan, Divan, or Deo was the hereditary title borne by the [[Chief Minister]] of the Hindu [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch State]] in the [[Bengal region]].

Diwan also became a surname of high-caste Hindus or Sikhs in the [[Punjab region]].

===Chhattisgarhi Rajput-Brahmins===
There is also a community with the surname ''Diwan'' found in [[Chhattisgarh]], near the [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] and [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]] regions. This is a [[Brahmin-Rajput]] community descendant from Deo Brahmin-Rajputs who migrated from [[Purvanchal]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The males in this community take the title Dhar (e.g., Mohan Dhar Diwan, a high-ranked member of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]). They had a fight with the royal family of Ratanpur, defeated the king, and started ruling the Ratanpur estate.

===Diwani in British India===
After the [[Battle of Buxar]], when [[Bengal]] was annexed by the [[East India Company]] in 1764, the [[Mughal Emperor]] granted the Company the ''Diwani'' (the right to collect revenue) in Bengal and Bihar in 1765.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robb |first=Peter |year=2004 |title=A History of India |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=116–147 |isbn=978-0-333-69129-8}} "Chapter 5: Early Modern India II: Company Raj", {{citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |author1-link=Barbara D. Metcalf |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2006 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=56–91 |isbn=978-1-139-45887-0}} "Chapter 3: The East India Company Raj, 1772-1850," {{cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |author1-link=Sugata Bose |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayesha |author2-link=Ayesha Jalal |year=2003 |title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |pages=76–87 |isbn=0-415-30787-2}} "Chapter 7: Company Raj and Indian Society 1757 to 1857, Reinvention and Reform of Tradition."</ref><ref name="mill"/> The term ''Diwani'' thus referred to British (fiscal) [[suzerainty]] over parts of India during the early British Raj.

===Diwani in French India===
In [[French India]], one of its constituent colonies, [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]], had [[Zamindar]] and [[Diwan Bahadur|Diwan]]. They were active in its local and municipal administration during French rule. The Zamindar of Yanam was given a 4-gun salute by French counterparts.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
* [[Zamindar]] — [[Manion]] Canacaya
* [[Diwan Bahadur|Diwan]] — [[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]]
* [[Sovereignty]] — [[French Colonial Empire]]

===Nepal===
The document dated [[Bikram Samvat]] 1833 [[Bhadra (Nepali calendar)|Bhadra]] Vadi 3 Roj 6 (i.e. Friday 2 August 1776), shows that [[Vamsharaj Pande]] and [[Swaroop Singh Karki]] had carried the title of Dewan (equivalent to Prime Minister) of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]].{{sfn|Regmi|1975|p=272}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Books===
* {{Citation|last=Regmi |first=D.R. |title= Modern Nepal|volume= 1|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1975 |isbn= 0883864916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idJBAAAAYAAJ}}

[[Category:Ministerial offices]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indian dewans| ]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]

Vivek Oberoi

2026-02-27T20:30:17Z

Eurotechconseil: quick refine content per sources and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1976)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek Oberoi
| image = Vivek walks ramp.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Oberoi in 2016
| birth_name = Vivek Anand Oberoi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|09|03}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Telangana]]), India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|businessman}}
| years_active = 2002{{endash}}present
| works = [[Vivek Oberoi filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Priyanka Alva Oberoi|2010}}
| children = 2
| father = [[Suresh Oberoi]]
| relatives =
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Oberoi family|Oberoi family]]
}}
'''Vivek Anand Oberoi''' (born 3 September 1976) is an Indian actor and businessman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2025 |title=Vivek Oberoi’s net worth accelerated to Rs 1200 crore after his move to Dubai, says 'family voted to stay in the country' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-net-worth-accelerated-to-rs-1200-crore-after-his-move-to-dubai-family-voted-to-stay-10077672/ |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The son of actor [[Suresh Oberoi]], he began acting in 2002 with starring roles in the [[Hindi]] crime film ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' and romantic drama ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''. His performances in them were praised and he won two [[Filmfare Awards]] for the former. He subsequently had intermittent commercial successes in the comedy ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]'' (2004), horror film ''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]'' (2005) and action film ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' (2007), while his supporting performance in the dramas ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' (2006) and ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' (2009) were praised.

Following a decline, he had commercial success in 2013 with the sequels ''[[Grand Masti]]'' and ''[[Krrish 3]]''. He has since expanded to [[South Indian cinema]], playing villainous roles in the action films ''[[Vivegam]]'' (2017), ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019), ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019), and ''[[Kaduva]]'' (2022).

== Early life and education ==
Vivek Anand Oberoi was born on 3 September 1976<ref>{{cite news |title=Vivek Oberoi turns 44: Riteish Deshmukh, Sujoy Ghosh, Aftab Shivdasani wish the actor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-turns-44-riteish-deshmukh-sujoy-ghosh-aftab-shivdasani-wish-the-actor-8781501.html |work=Firstpost |date=3 September 2020 |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> in [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] father, [[Suresh Oberoi]], an actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/vivek_oberoi/biography.php |title=Vivek Oberoi Biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214020033/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/vivek_oberoi/biography.php |archive-date=14 February 2013 |work=Rotten Tomatoes |date=3 September 1976 |access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Vivek's mother Yashodhara, who married Suresh in 1974, is also a Punjabi, hailing from a business family that has been living in [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sawhney |first=Anubha |date=16 November 2002 |title=Suresh Oberoi, ek baar phir… |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/suresh-oberoi-ek-baar-phir-/articleshow/28492658.cms?mobile=no |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819063405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/suresh-oberoi-ek-baar-phir-/articleshow/28492658.cms?mobile=no |archive-date=19 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 August 2022 |quote="(...) a girl from a Punjabi business family who had lived in the south."}}</ref> Because of such family background, Vivek has a working knowledge of both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vivek Oberoi surprises fans by speaking several languages |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-surprises-fans-by-speaking-several-languages_72244.html |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=Zee News |date=4 October 2010 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006021230/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-surprises-fans-by-speaking-several-languages_72244.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Oberoi went on to study at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]] and [[Mithibai College]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>[http://www.apunkachoice.com/names/viv/vivek_oberoi/cid_502/biography Vivek Oberoi Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201034506/http://www.apunkachoice.com/names/viv/vivek_oberoi/cid_502/biography |date=1 December 2011 }}. Apunkachoice.com. Retrieved on 2 July 2012.</ref> At an actors' workshop in [[London]], he was spotted by the director of [[New York University]] who took Oberoi to [[New York City|New York]], where he completed his master's degree in film acting.<ref>[http://www.ukbbcnews.com/vivek-oberoi-biography.html Vivek Oberoi Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428161932/http://www.ukbbcnews.com/vivek-oberoi-biography.html |date=28 April 2014 }}. UK BBC News. Retrieved on 2 July 2012.</ref>

== Career ==
=== 2002–2004: Early success ===
Oberoi made his debut with [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s gangster film ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''. The film emerged as a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/2197-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724075340/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/2197-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2010 |title=Vivek Oberoi as Chhota Rajan|publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref> Jyoti Shukla of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called it a "fast-paced film anchored by brilliant performances." She praised the performances of [[Mohanlal]], [[Ajay Devgn]], and Oberoi in particular, and said they are "a treat to watch."<ref name="jyoti">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Jyoti |date=12 April 2002 |title=And Company belongs to |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/12comp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230326/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/12comp.htm |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Derek Elley of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote: "By Bollywood standards, a dark and realistic look at the Mumbai underworld through the battle between a powerful don and his vengeful former sidekick, ''Company'' manages to cater to Hindi cinema norms while feeding the viewer something a little different."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=21 February 2003 |title=Company |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/company-10-1200543223/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723065850/http://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/company-10-1200543223/ |archive-date=23 July 2015}}</ref> In 2010, [[Raja Sen]] wrote in his review: "This finely plotted duel between two gangsters left us battered, bruised and craving more".<ref name="raja">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=3 February 2003 |title=Company |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/03/slide-show-1-raja-sen-picks-best-films-of-the-decade.htm#6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323084031/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/03/slide-show-1-raja-sen-picks-best-films-of-the-decade.htm#6 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The film earned him two [[Filmfare Awards]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]. The same year, he starred in the action films ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]'' and ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/27road.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: The Rediff Review: Road|work=rediff.com|access-date=24 December 2022|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131719/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/27road.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He ended 2002 with the romantic drama ''Saathiya'' alongside [[Rani Mukerji]]. The film was a critical and commercial success and earned him a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Saathiya Awards: List of Awards won by Hindi movie Saathiya |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/saathiya/movieawards/61304144.cms |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114081849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/saathiya/movieawards/61304144.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004, he starred in the comedy ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]'' and the political thriller ''[[Yuva]]'', both of which emerged as critical and commercial successes.

=== 2005–2009: Career fluctuations ===
In 2005, he played the title character in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s ''[[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]''.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/01/21/stories/2005012101740100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406145747/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/01/21/stories/2005012101740100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 April 2005|title=Back with a big budget dream | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=21 January 2005}}</ref> In 2006, Oberoi appeared in the crime drama ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'', [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Othello]]'',<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080225100301/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/04/stories/2006080400010200.htm Friday Review Chennai – Othello with desi nuances: Omkara]}}. The Hindu</ref> playing the character of Kesu, based on the character [[Michael Cassio]] in the original play. After seeing Oberoi's performance, [[Gulzar]] congratulated him.<ref>{{cite web|title= Vivek has played nuances of his character with such great intellect that Gulzaar Saab after seeing his performance congratulated him|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/24114.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219010929/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/24114.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2007|date=29 July 2006 |author = Joginder Tuteja|access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref>

In 2007, Oberoi played the gangster [[Maya Dolas]] in ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gangster-and-real-life-characters-excite-me-vivek-oberoi-2793768/|title=Gangster and real life characters excite me: Vivek Oberoi|date=10 May 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109063838/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gangster-and-real-life-characters-excite-me-vivek-oberoi-2793768/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/gangster-and-real-life-characters-excite-me-vivek-oberoi-1174953/|title=Gangster and real life characters excite me: Vivek Oberoi|agency=Press Trust of India|date=10 May 2016|work=India.com|access-date=10 January 2018|language=en|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110234114/http://www.india.com/showbiz/gangster-and-real-life-characters-excite-me-vivek-oberoi-1174953/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film earned him a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Award for Best Villain]].

In 2008, Oberoi starred in ''[[Mission Istanbul]]'', directed by [[Apoorva Lakhia]] and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]]. He performed to the song "Apun Ke Saath", produced for the film by [[Vikas Kohli]], at the 2008 [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Elizabeth Gibson|title=Indian drama scoops Bollywood honors|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/art/2008/06/10/160392/Indian-drama.htm|newspaper=China Post|date=10 June 2008|access-date=22 April 2011|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207145656/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/art/2008/06/10/160392/Indian-drama.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It received negative reviews from critics. ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' critic [[Taran Adarsh]] gave it 1.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/435|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214102934/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/435|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2013|title=Mission Istaanbul - Latest Hindi Movie Review by Taran Adarsh - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that ''Mission Istaanbul'' has no sting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article1435189.ece|title=Banal theme, boring acting - Mission Istaanbul|date=8 August 2008|work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] gave it 1 star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/25mission.htm|title=This Mission is a Turkey|access-date=24 December 2022|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041558/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/25mission.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/khalidmohamed/review-mission-istanbul/article1-326614.aspx |title=Review: Mission Istanbul - Hindustan Times |access-date=11 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224195623/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/khalidmohamed/review-mission-istanbul/article1-326614.aspx |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2009, Oberoi starred with [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Om Puri]], [[Kirron Kher]] and [[Dia Mirza]] in the romantic thriller ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'', directed by [[Rensil D'Silva]] and produced by [[Dharma Productions]]. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its direction, screenplay, soundtrack, and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kapoor's performance. However, despite critical acclaim, it was declared a flop by ''Box Office India''.

=== 2010–2013: Revival attempts ===
[[File:Vivek Oberoi.jpg|thumb|250px|Oberoi along with [[Suriya]] and [[Priyamani]] during the press meet of ''[[Rakta Charitra 2]]'']]
In 2010, Oberoi appeared in ''[[Prince (2010 film)|Prince]]'', which failed to receive a good response from the audience, despite a good opening.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2010|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA==|access-date=26 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209083536/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA%3D%3D|archive-date=9 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flops galore at the box office|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/17/flops-galore-at-the-box-office.htm|author=Vinod Mirani|date=17 March 2010|access-date=12 July 2010|archive-date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520023750/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/17/flops-galore-at-the-box-office.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Taran Adarsh of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 3 out of 5, saying "''Prince'' has all merits to strike a chord with the youth", praising Oberoi's 'bravura' performance, the film's 'Hollywood style' look and action sequences, as well as the music. Noyon Jyoti Parasara of ''AOL India'' gave 3 out of 5, saying, "once you are willing to let go off your beliefs and logic – like you really can't jump off a cliff on your bike and remain unscratched – you would like the film."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aol.in/bollywood-story/prince-moview-review/863577 |title=Prince review – by Noyon Jyoti Parasara |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629060045/http://www.aol.in/bollywood-story/prince-moview-review/863577 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, Omar Qureshi of [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|''Zoom'']] rated ''Prince'' 2.5 out of 5, saying, "The film is over-the-top and unrealistic." ''Indiatimes.com'' rated it 2 out of 5 stars saying, "The film has taken the audience for granted, which shows us gadgets hard to believe and futuristic and that such futuristic shows should be limited to Hollywood.". Subhash K. Jha gave 2 out of 5 stars, and said, "''Prince'' wears its super-cool shirt with the slogan 'Come Watch Me' with a little bit too much aggression. But if you love popcorn crunching adventure stories watch Vivek Oberoi play the hero from the hemisphere of hijinks." He praised Oberoi's acting and the action sequences, saying that "To his credit, Oberoi carries off the ceaseless stint with the stunt with arresting aplomb[...]The expertly-executed stunts frequently see our hero jumping down high-rise buildings in breathtaking leaps of fate, with the camera pulling back in respectful awe."<ref>[http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=22100&z=4 Prince – The Review – Subhash K. Jha]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

In the same year, he appeared in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Rakht Charitra]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Rakht Charitra – I: Movie Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14096/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130202745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14096/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2009|author=Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 October 2010}}</ref> playing the role of the Telugu politician [[Paritala Ravi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vivek-uneasy-romancing-Chitrangada/articleshow/5947956.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104055419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-20/news-interviews/28296722_1_chitrangada-singh-vivek-oberoi-genelia-d-souza |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=The Times of India, May 20, 2010 |date=20 May 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref> Oberoi's performance in the role of Paritala Ravi drew widespread praise, while Abhimanyu Singh's devious turn as Bukka Reddy, modelled on the real-life Obul Reddy, was regarded as one of the most terrifying villainous acts captured on celluloid in a long time. Renuka Rao of [[DNA India]] gave the movie 4 stars in a scale of 5, concluding that RGV has surprisingly thrown at the audience a film that could actually evoke some emotions in you. A must, must watch."<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|title=Review: Rakht Charitra is replete with violence, yet blows you away!|work=DNA India |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-rakht-charitra-is-replete-with-violence-yet-blows-you-away_1456579|publisher=DNA|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-date=25 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225142421/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-rakht-charitra-is-replete-with-violence-yet-blows-you-away_1456579|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 4 stars in a scale of 5, saying that "On the whole, RAKHT CHARITRA is not for the faint-hearted or the lily-livered. The violence, the blood and gore depicted in the film will shock and disconcert you, which only goes to establish as to how proficiently the subject material has been treated."<ref>{{cite web|title=Rakht Charitra Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14096/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130202745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14096/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2009|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> Nikhat Kazmi of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the movie 3 stars out of 5, stating that "Rakta Charitra holds up a brutal mirror on the muck that masquerades as democracy in India."<ref>{{cite news|title=Rakta Charitra Times of India Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Rakta-Charitra/movie-review/6793440.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=20 March 2012|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918180742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Rakta-Charitra/movie-review/6793440.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of [[CNN-IBN]] gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars, noting that "Rakta Charitra is a bold, disturbing film that's bursting with the kind of confidence we haven't seen from the filmmaker recently. If the sight of blood doesn't make you uncomfortable, chances are you'll enjoy this film."<ref>{{cite web|title='Rakta Charitra' is bold and disturbing |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-rakta-charitra-is-bold-and-disturbing/133565-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025215529/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-rakta-charitra-is-bold-and-disturbing/133565-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2010|publisher=IBN|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>

Oberoi produced a film named ''[[Dekh Indian Circus]]'' in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It was my proudest moment: Vivek Oberoi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/it-was-my-proudest-moment-vivek-oberoi/articleshow/10462932.cms |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=24 October 2011 |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711164732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/it-was-my-proudest-moment-vivek-oberoi/articleshow/10462932.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was featured in the 16th [[Busan International Film Festival|Busan Film festival]], winning the Audience Choice Award for Best Film from 3000 films worldwide and among 380 films screened. In 16 years of the history of Busan, this is the First Indian Film to win the award. The film has already received rave reviews from international critics and reporters from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', ''Variety'' and ''Screen International''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bollywood Hungama News network |date=24 November 2011 |title=Watch Indian Circus or Dekh Indian circus won top honors at 16th Busan Film Festival |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2011-2/ |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202210355/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2011-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from the critics. Richard Kuipers of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' praised it for "bringing the themes of inequality and class divisions together in the highly entertaining visit to the big top."<ref name=variety>{{cite news|last=Kuipers|first=Richard|title=Watch Indian Circus - Variety Review|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117946378/|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=18 October 2011|date=17 October 2011|archive-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025081559/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117946378/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kirk Honeycutt in his review for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', praised director Mangesh Hadawale for portraying third-world issues through a family comedy that contains a stinging satire of contemporary India and its rampant corruption.<ref name=hwreview>{{cite news|last=Honeycutt|first=Kirk|title=Watch Indian Circus: Busan Film Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/watch-indian-circus-busan-film-246675|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=11 October 2011|date=11 October 2011|archive-date=25 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725005031/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/watch-indian-circus-busan-film-246675|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oberoi's film ''[[Kismat Love Paisa Dilli]]'', which was released in October 2012, failed to impress the audience and was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vivek-oberoi-signed-for-gyarah-challis-ki-last-metro/859429/ |title=Vivek Oberoi signed for 'Kismat Love Paisa Dilli' |publisher=Indian Express |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011230832/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vivek-oberoi-signed-for-gyarah-challis-ki-last-metro/859429 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He also played supervillain Kaal in ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013). Critics directed praise towards cast performances (particularly [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]] and Oberoi), [[visual effects|VFX]], cinematography, background score, direction and entertainment value, but criticism has been directed towards the film's lack of originality, soundtrack and writing.<ref name="sumreviews">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-krrish-3-entertains-but-lacks-originality/story-IXdtmKJEbxrDuC2edbHMAK.html |title=Movie review: Krrish 3 entertains, but lacks originality |work=Hindustan Times |date=November 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510113057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-krrish-3-entertains-but-lacks-originality/story-IXdtmKJEbxrDuC2edbHMAK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and stated that "the film has all the ingredients that make a splendid superhero film, besides being Rakesh Roshan's most accomplished work so far."<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Taran Adarsh review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/525408|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421045941/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/525408|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> Madhureeta Mukherjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 4.5 stars while commenting "For sheer vision, bravado and superlative execution, this one soars to new orbits. Latch on to this cape for an exhilarating ride."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Madhureeta|title=Madhureeta Mukherjee review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/krrish-3-krrish-3-movie-review/movie-review/24993490.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 October 2013|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031113011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Krrish-3-Krrish-3-movie-review/movie-review/24993490.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Raedita Tandan of ''[[Filmfare]]'' awarded it 4 out of 5 stars, remarking "Hats off to Rakesh Roshan for dreaming big and actually pulling off this risky proposition. It's not perfect. But it has all the elements a good, entertaining film must have. All you Marvel superheroes, better watch out. Krrish is here to stay."<ref>{{cite web|last=Tandan|first=Raedita|title=Raedita Tandan review|url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/movie-review-krrish-3_-4553.html|publisher=Filmfare.com|access-date=31 October 2013|archive-date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031140854/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/movie-review-krrish-3_-4553.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anupama Chopra of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 3.5 stars and said, "Filmmaker Rakesh Roshan deserves a round of applause for giving us a homegrown superhero. Krrish 3 is ambitious and exciting."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-krrish-3-by-anupama-chopra/article1-1146252.aspx?htsw0023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109041522/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-krrish-3-by-anupama-chopra/article1-1146252.aspx?htsw0023 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2014 |title=Film review HT |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> Sarita Tanwar of ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' gave it 3.5 stars and wrote, "Krrish 3 is fast-paced and the VFX effects are smashing."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-krrish-3-is-an-entertaining-mix-of-spectacle-and-human-scale-drama-1912095 |title=Film review: Krrish 3 is an entertaining mix of spectacle and human-scale drama – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103194055/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-krrish-3-is-an-entertaining-mix-of-spectacle-and-human-scale-drama-1912095 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rohit Khilnani of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 3.5 stars noting, "The only part where the movie dips are during the songs. The music sounds too dated for this action-packed film."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/krrish-3-review-starring-hrithik-roshan-priyanka-chopra-kangana-ranaut-216085-2013-10-30 |title=Movie Review: Krrish 3 : Reviews, News |work=India Today |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101085058/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/krrish-3-review-starring-hrithik-roshan-priyanka-chopra-kangana-ranaut/1/321092.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned him his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.

=== 2014–present: Professional expansion and commercial decline ===
Oberoi dubbed the voice of [[Electro (Marvel Comics)|Electro]] in the Hindi-dubbed version of ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'', which was released in May 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/Bollywood/News-Interviews/Vivek-is-the-voice-of-the-Spider-Man-villain/articleshow/32304254.cms | title=Vivek is the voice of the Spider-Man villain | date=20 March 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Meena | last=Iyer | access-date=22 August 2015 | archive-date=10 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810154004/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/Bollywood/News-Interviews/Vivek-is-the-voice-of-the-Spider-Man-villain/articleshow/32304254.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, Oberoi made his Tamil debut in supporting role alongside [[Ajith Kumar]] in action thriller film ''[[Vivegam]]''. The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/blue-sattais-vivegam-review-should-respecting-hard-work-be-reviewers-priority-67487|title=Blue Sattai's 'Vivegam' review: Should respecting 'hard work' be a reviewer's priority?|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=28 August 2017|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921181104/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/blue-sattais-vivegam-review-should-respecting-hard-work-be-reviewers-priority-67487|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and said "Vivegam is an over-the-top but engaging action thriller with a calculated mix of brawn and brain, action and sentiment, smartly pandering to fans while giving families something to connect with." [[NDTV]] rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and cited "Ajith Is Charismatic But Let Down By Silly Scenes".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vivegam-movie-review-ajith-is-charismatic-but-let-down-by-silly-scenes-1741529|title=Vivegam Movie Review: Ajith Is Charismatic But Let Down By Silly Scenes|work=NDTV.com|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505205134/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vivegam-movie-review-ajith-is-charismatic-but-let-down-by-silly-scenes-1741529|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the film 2.25 out of 5, stating, "Vivegam – High on production value and action. Heavily dependent on Ajith's persona, engagement factor takes a beating".<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vivegam/vivegam-review.html Vivegam (aka) Vivekam review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210141042/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vivegam/vivegam-review.html |date=10 December 2022 }}. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved on 31 October 2018.</ref> [[Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi9]] gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, saying "Overall, Vivekam is for the fans and fans alone for whom just watching the star on screen is enough. There is ample style and punch dialogues with a healthy dose of action. For everyone else, it is an utterly boring film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirchi9.com/reviews/vivegam-movie-review-vivekam-movie-review-ratings/|title=Vivegam Movie Review, Vivekam Movie Review Ratings|last=Toleti|first=Siddartha|website=www.mirchi9.com|date=24 August 2017|language=en-US|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505205310/https://www.mirchi9.com/reviews/vivegam-movie-review-vivekam-movie-review-ratings/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Nowrunning'' rated the film 1.5/5 and said "Director Siva had collected a bunch of Spy movies from Hollywood and made a mashup of them. He picked up all the action blocks and combined it with loud background score which will only irk the audience. Even the action is also missing in the second half and there is no logic at all. The climax is stretched further which disappoints the audience".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/21241/telugu/vivekam/5977/review/|title=Vivekam Review – Telugu Movie Vivekam Review|work=NOWRUNNING|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223242/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/21241/telugu/vivekam/5977/review/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film earned him a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]].

Oberoi worked with [[Yash Raj Films|YRF]] banner's film ''[[Bank Chor]]'', with [[Rhea Chakraborty]] and [[Riteish Deshmukh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vivek Oberoi Has Teamed Up With Riteish For Bank Chor|url=http://www.patrika.com/article/vivek-oberoi-has-teamed-up-with-ritesh-for-bank-chor/48095|access-date=29 July 2014|work=Patrika Group|issue=29 July 2014|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729161637/http://www.patrika.com/article/vivek-oberoi-has-teamed-up-with-ritesh-for-bank-chor/48095|url-status=live}}</ref>

He also appeared in [[Ram Charan]] starrer Telugu film ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019), It received negative reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]], which prompted Charan to issue an apology letter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vinaya-vindheya-rama-disaster-ram-charan-pens-emotional-apology-for-fans-1448378-2019-02-05|title=Ram charan pens an apology letter for first time|website=www.indiatoday.in|date=5 February 2019|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708122335/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vinaya-vindheya-rama-disaster-ram-charan-pens-emotional-apology-for-fans-1448378-2019-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1 out of 5 stars stating "Vinaya Vidheya Rama is like watching a Balakrishna action film on steroids. Clumsy and unconvincing screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vinaya-vidheya-rama-movie-review-rating-ram-charan-5533430/|title=Vinaya Vidheya Rama movie review: We didn't need this Ram Charan starrer|website=The Indian Express|date=11 January 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117004758/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vinaya-vidheya-rama-movie-review-rating-ram-charan-5533430/|url-status=live}}{{Rating|1|5}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars stating "If there is a plot and a story that is worth a notice, then it is lost between all the fights, songs, dances and random elevation dialogues".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jan/12/unreal-heroics-never-end-in-vinaya-vidheya-rama-1923942.html|title='Vinaya Vidheya Rama' review: Unreal heroics that never end make for a tiresome film|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 January 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216111204/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jan/12/unreal-heroics-never-end-in-vinaya-vidheya-rama-1923942.html|url-status=dead}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 0.5 out of 5 stars stating "The film itself feels dated. It is a mess that even Ram Charan – with all the weird stunts -- cannot punch his way out of".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vinaya-vidheya-rama-movie-review-ram-charan-cannot-punch-his-way-out-of-this-mess/story-6pH6XNSMcHSMxbFotFVpuN.html|title=Vinaya Vidheya Rama movie review: Ram Charan cannot punch his way out of this mess|website=Hindustan Times|date=11 January 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216111200/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vinaya-vidheya-rama-movie-review-ram-charan-cannot-punch-his-way-out-of-this-mess/story-6pH6XNSMcHSMxbFotFVpuN.html|url-status=live}}{{Rating|0.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars stating "Realism has absolutely no place in the world of Vinaya Vidheya Rama".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vinaya-vidheya-rama-movie-review-ram-charan-kiara-advanis-action-drama-is-an-assault-on-the-senses-5877961.html|title=Vinaya Vidheya Rama movie review: Ram Charan, Kiara Advani's action drama is an assault on the senses|website=Firstpost|date=11 January 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031085956/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vinaya-vidheya-rama-movie-review-ram-charan-kiara-advanis-action-drama-is-an-assault-on-the-senses-5877961.html|url-status=live}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

In 2019, Oberoi made his Malayalam debut with [[Mohanlal]] in [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]'s directorial debut, ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'', as the main antagonist, Bobby, in which his performance as a villain was well received by critics and the audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/jul/11/vivek-oberoi-joins-lucifer-1841310.html|title=Vivek Oberoi joins Lucifer|date=11 July 2018 |publisher=New Indian Express|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075304/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/jul/11/vivek-oberoi-joins-lucifer-1841310.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] gave the film 3.5 out of 5 writing "Lucifer is a 'mass entertainer' that is sure to please the fans and has enough going for to make it an engaging thriller as well. And apart from the mandatory [[Stan Lee]], correction, Antony Perumbavoor cameo, watch out for Stephen's second avatar in the film."<ref>{{Citation|title=Lucifer Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Lucifer by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/lucifer/movie-review/68608873.cms|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

He has featured as a talent judge for three seasons of the reality show [[India's Best Dramebaaz]]. He portrayed the role of India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in ''[[PM Narendra Modi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/917454/what-the-pm-narendra-modi-trailer-tells-us-about-bollywood-politics-and-propaganda|title=PM Narendra Modi:What the 'PM Narendra Modi' trailer tells us about Bollywood, politics and propaganda|date=23 March 2019|website=Scroll.in|language=en|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323175512/https://scroll.in/reel/917454/what-the-pm-narendra-modi-trailer-tells-us-about-bollywood-politics-and-propaganda|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was universally panned by critics, who termed it a [[hagiography]] and criticised Oberoi's performance.<ref name=news182157687>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pm-narendra-modi-biopic-reviews-critics-call-it-a-hagiography-vivek-oberois-acting-panned-2157687.html|title=PM Narendra Modi Biopic Reviews: Critics Call it a Hagiography, Vivek Oberoi's Acting Panned|date=24 May 2019 |publisher=[[News18]]|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524170949/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pm-narendra-modi-biopic-reviews-critics-call-it-a-hagiography-vivek-oberois-acting-panned-2157687.html|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film two and a half stars out of five and criticised the script, opining, "This one is too lopsided for you to appreciate. It leaves a lot unanswered. While it firmly believes 'Modi ek insaan nahi, soch hai', we wish the script was as thoughtful". However, she was among the few who appreciated Oberoi's performance- "He gets the mannerisms, accent and tone right and thankfully doesn't overdo it".<ref name=indiatimes69465852>{{Citation|title=PM Narendra Modi Movie Review {2.5/5}: While it firmly believes 'Modi ek insaan nahi, soch hai', we wish the script was as thoughtful.|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/pm-narendra-modi/movie-review/69465852.cms|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Shubhra Gupta gave the movie two stars out of five and stated, "The film is not a mere bio-pic, it is a full-fledged, unabashed, unapologetic hagiography".<ref name=indianexpress5745742>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/pm-narendra-modi-movie-review-rating-5745742/|title=PM Narendra Modi movie review: An unabashed hagiography|date=24 May 2019|website=The Indian Express|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524045816/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/pm-narendra-modi-movie-review-rating-5745742/|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Kennith Rosario of ''[[The Hindu]]'' summarised the movie's narrative as "a obsequious love letter" to the protagonist which tells the audience "how sincere, hardworking, fair and honest Modi is, [and] that it makes you wonder if life is a parody of this film".<ref name=thehindu27235458>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pm-narendra-modi-movie-review-an-obsequious-love-letter/article27235458.ece|title='PM Narendra Modi' movie review: An obsequious love letter|last=Rosario|first=Kennith|date=24 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 May 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524120331/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pm-narendra-modi-movie-review-an-obsequious-love-letter/article27235458.ece|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, he starred in Malayalam language film ''[[Kaduva]]'' opposite [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]. Despite receiving mixed reviews, it was a commercial success. Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' found Oberoi's character to be "basic".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/08/kaduva-movie-review-director-shaji-kailasreturns-to-form-with-prithviraj-starrer-2474074.html|title='Kaduva' movie review: Director Shaji Kailas returns to form with Prithviraj-starrer|date=9 July 2022 |access-date=24 December 2022|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224173612/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jul/08/kaduva-movie-review-director-shaji-kailasreturns-to-form-with-prithviraj-starrer-2474074.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also starred in a short film, ''Verses of War''.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2022 |title='Verses of War' review: Vivek Oberoi, Rohit Roy lead a one-time-watch war film |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-verses-of-war-review-vivek-oberoi-rohit-roy-lead-a-one-time-watch-war-film-448971 |website=WION |access-date=24 December 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224173613/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-verses-of-war-review-vivek-oberoi-rohit-roy-lead-a-one-time-watch-war-film-448971 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He then starred in [[MX Player]] series ''[[Dharavi Bank (2022 web series)|Dharavi Bank]]'' alongside [[Suniel Shetty]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Dharavi Bank' Director Samit Kakkad: Vivek Oberoi Is A 'One-Take Actor' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-dharavi-bank-director-samit-kakkad-vivek-oberoi-is-a-one-take-actor--news-239588 |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=23 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213070017/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-dharavi-bank-director-samit-kakkad-vivek-oberoi-is-a-one-take-actor--news-239588 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Suniel Shetty To Make His OTT Debut With 'Dharavi Bank', Impresses All With His First Look |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suniel-shetty-to-make-his-ott-debut-with-dharavi-bank-impresses-all-with-his-first-look-5498821.html |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=6 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213070928/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suniel-shetty-to-make-his-ott-debut-with-dharavi-bank-impresses-all-with-his-first-look-5498821.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Lipika |title=Suniel Shetty on his OTT debut Dharavi Bank, 'When I shot in Dharavi, I was flabbergasted' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/suniel-shetty-on-his-ott-debut-dharavi-bank-when-i-shot-in-dharavi-i-was-flabbergasted |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=17 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213070923/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/suniel-shetty-on-his-ott-debut-dharavi-bank-when-i-shot-in-dharavi-i-was-flabbergasted |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dharavi Bank trailer out! Vivek Oberoi prepares for a face off with Suniel Shetty. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dharavi-bank-trailer-vivek-oberoi-prepares-for-a-face-off-with-suniel-shetty-2294768-2022-11-08 |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=8 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065643/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dharavi-bank-trailer-vivek-oberoi-prepares-for-a-face-off-with-suniel-shetty-2294768-2022-11-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable "
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!{{Refh|multi=Ref.}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002
| ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''
| Chandrakanth Nagre
|
|
|-
| ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]''
| Arvind Chauhan
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
| Aditya Sehgal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''
| Uday Shinde
|
|
|-
| ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]''
| Amar
| Segment: ''Ghostly Lift''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''[[Yuva]]''
| Arjun Balachandran
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]''
| Arjun Khanna
| Also screenwriter
|
|-
| ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]''
| Meet Mehta
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
| ''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]''
| Dev Malhotra
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]''
| Kisna Singh
|
|
|-
| ''[[Deewane Huye Paagal]]''
| {{Dash}}
| Narrator
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006
| ''[[Home Delivery: Aapko... Ghar Tak]]''
| Sunny Chopra
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyare Mohan]]''
| Mohan
|
|
|-
| ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''
| [[Michael Cassio|Keshav "Kesu" Firangi]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naksha]]''
| Vicky Malhotra
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
| [[Maya Dolas]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Fool n Final]]''
| Lucky
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Mission Istaanbul]]''
| Rizwan Khan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Luck by Chance]]''
| Himself
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''
| Riyaz Masood
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Prince (2010 film)|Prince]]''
| Prince
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rakta Charitra]]''
| rowspan="2" | Kattula Pratap Ravi
| rowspan=2 | Bilingual film
|
|-
| ''[[Rakta Charitra 2|Rakta Charitra II]]''
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Kismet Love Paisa Dilli]]''
| Lucky
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013
| ''[[Zila Ghaziabad]]''
| Satbir Gujjar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jayantabhai Ki Luv Story]]''
| Jayanta Bhai
|
|
|-
| ''[[Grand Masti]]''
| Meet Mehta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Krrish 3]]''
| [[Krrish (franchise)|Kaal]]
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Great Grand Masti]]''
| Meet Mehta
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bank Chor]]''
| Amjad Khan
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[PM Narendra Modi (film)|PM Narendra Modi]]''
| [[Narendra Modi]]
| Also screenwriter
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Versus of War''
| Major Sunil Bhatia
| {{no wrap|Short film}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| ''[[Kesari Veer]]''
|Zafar Khan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vivek Oberoi to portray a negative role in historical drama Kesari Veer alongside Sooraj Pancholi and Suniel Shetty; exciting details inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/exclusive-vivek-oberoi-to-portray-a-negative-role-in-historical-drama-kesari-veer-alongside-sooraj-pancholi-and-suniel-shetty-exciting-details-inside-1368557 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mastiii 4]]''
| Meet Mehta
|
|
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|Ramayana: Part 1}}
|Vidyutjiva
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ramayana is India's answer to Hollywood epics': Vivek Oberoi on being a part of Ranbir Kapoor-Yash starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramayana-is-indias-answer-to-hollywood-epics-vivek-oberoi-on-being-a-part-of-ranbir-kapoor-yash-starrer/articleshow/124861968.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=4 November 2025 |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

==== Other languages ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!{{Refh|multi=Ref.}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Rakta Charitra]]''
| rowspan="2" |Kattula Pratap Ravi
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
|
|-
|''[[Rakta Charitra II]]''
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Vivegam]]''
|Aryan Singhania
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''
|Raja Bhai Munna
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|''Lucifer'']]
|Bimal <nowiki>''Bobby''</nowiki> Nair
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|
|-
|[[Rustum (2019 film)|''Rustum'']]
|DCP Bharath Raj
|[[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Kaduva]]''
|IG Joseph Chandy
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|[[Khudiram Bose (film)|''Khudiram Bose'']]
|Narendra Kumar Basu
|rowspan="2"| Telugu
|
|
|-
|2027
|{{Pending film|Spirit}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prabhas, Sandeep Reddy Vanga's Film Spirit Commences Shooting
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/prabhas-sandeep-reddy-vangas-film-spirit-commences-shooting-79483.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=24 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2013–2018
| ''[[India's Best Dramebaaz]]''
| Judge
| 31 episodes
|-
| 2017–present
| ''[[Inside Edge (2017 TV series)|Inside Edge]]''
| Vikrant Dhawan
| 28 episodes
|-
| 2022
|''[[Dharavi Bank (2022 web series)|Dharavi Bank]]''
| JCP Jayant Gavaskar
| 10 episodes
|-
| 2024
|''[[Indian Police Force (web series)|Indian Police Force]]''
| IG Vikram Bakshi
| 7 episodes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/indian-police-force-vivek-oberoi-joins-rohit-shetty-cop-universe-as-senior-office-of-squad-2920521|title=Indian Police Force: Vivek Oberoi Is "Most Experienced" Officer In Rohit Shetty's Squad|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Artist
!{{Refh|multi=Ref.}}
|-
|2022
|"Dhokebaaz" ({{small|featuring [[Tridha Choudhury]]}})
|[[Afsana Khan]]
|{{centre|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2022 |title=Vivek Oberoi and Tridha Choudhury come together for Jaani's new song Dhokebaaz |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-and-tridha-choudhury-come-together-for-jaanis-new-song-dhokebaaz-10615541.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>}}
|}

===Dubbing===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role (actor)
!Notes
!{{Refh|multi=Ref.}}
|-
|2014
|''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]''
|[[Electro (Marvel Comics)|Max Dillon/Electro]] ([[Jamie Foxx]])
| rowspan="3" |Hindi dubbed version
|{{centre|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2014 |title=Vivek Oberoi: Dubbed for The Amazing Spiderman 2 due to Jamie Foxx |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-dubbed-for-the-amazing-spiderman-2-due-to-jamie-foxx-638723 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|2020
|''[[Dhira (film)|Dhira]]''
|[[Tenali Rama]]
|{{centre|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2020 |title=Vivek Oberoi 'proud' to voice Tenali Rama character in 'Dhira' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-proud-to-voice-tenali-rama-character-in-dhira20201113191136/ |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Heads of State (film)|Heads of State]]''
|Will Derringer ([[John Cena]])
|{{centre|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.primevideo.com/-/hi/detail/0Q0ZD7AIZGM4ISJE4J5T9AF9FA |title=Heads of State |language=hi |publisher=[[Amazon MGM Studios]] |year=2025 |place=United States |access-date=9 July 2025 |via=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
|}

== Personal life ==
Oberoi's full first name, Vivekanand,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/after-the-accidental-prime-minister-a-film-on-pm-narendra-modi-to-go-on-floors-with-vivek-oberoi-in-the-lead/339599 | title=After The Accidental Prime Minister, a film on PM Narendra Modi to go on floors with Vivek Oberoi in the lead? | date=31 December 2018 | access-date=2 January 2019 | work=Times Now | archive-date=2 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193333/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/after-the-accidental-prime-minister-a-film-on-pm-narendra-modi-to-go-on-floors-with-vivek-oberoi-in-the-lead/339599 | url-status=live }}</ref> is based on that of the Hindu monk [[Swami Vivekananda]]; his father and grandfathers were followers of the monk.<ref name="vivek_anand">{{cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=What made Vivek Oberoi drop Anand from his name |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/what-made-vivek-oberoi-drop-anand-from-his-name-2790069/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004814/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/what-made-vivek-oberoi-drop-anand-from-his-name-2790069/ |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=2 January 2019 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> He says he dropped Anand when he joined Film out of respect for Vivekananda, as he considered it would be embarrassing romancing and dancing on screen with the name of the monk.<ref name="vivek_anand" /> Oberoi credits [[Kareena Kapoor]] as his inspiration for adopting a [[Vegetarian Diet Pyramid|vegetarian diet]].<ref>"[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vivek-oberoi-left-meat-because-of-kareena-kapoor/544115/ Vivek Oberoi Left Meat Because of Kareena Kapoor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224032517/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vivek-oberoi-left-meat-because-of-kareena-kapoor/544115 |date=24 February 2010 }}," ''The Indian Express'', 20 November 2009.</ref>

Oberoi dated his ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]'' co-star [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]. In 2003, Oberoi claimed that Rai's former boyfriend, [[Salman Khan]], had threatened him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/vivek-oberoi-salman-khan-fight-aishwarya-rai-ex-boyfriend-threat-kill-329052-2016-07-13 |title=Vivek Oberoi on fight with Salman Khan: Some people are stuck in a time warp |date=13 July 2016 |work=India Today |author=Ananya Bhattacharya |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202002111/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vivek-oberoi-salman-khan-fight-aishwarya-rai-ex-boyfriend-threat-kill/1/713908.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Oberoi and Rai broke up.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya and Vivek finally break up |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/12/10/aishwarya-and-vivek-finally-break-up |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |location=Malaysia |access-date=11 October 2020 |date=10 December 2005 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711164645/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/12/10/aishwarya-and-vivek-finally-break-up |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Vivek Oberoi with his wife Priyanka Oberoi at Mushtaq Sheikh's birthday bash (8).jpg|thumb|Oberoi with his wife Priyanka in 2012]]
On 29 October 2010, Oberoi married Priyanka Alva, daughter of Karnataka minister [[Jeevaraj Alva]], in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zestvine.com/vivek-oberoi-priyanka-alva-love-story/ |title=Arranged Meeting Turned Into Love Marriage: Vivek Oberoi and Priyanka Alva Oberoi |author=Vanchha |publisher=Zestvine |date=12 July 2020 |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424070734/https://www.zestvine.com/vivek-oberoi-priyanka-alva-love-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple have a son and a daughter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivek Oberoi still to decide on newborn daughter's name|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2015|date=26 April 2015|author=Hiren Kotwani|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vivek-Oberoi-still-to-decide-on-newborn-daughters-name/articleshow/47026484.cms|archive-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424130653/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vivek-Oberoi-still-to-decide-on-newborn-daughters-name/articleshow/47026484.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Just married|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Just-married/Article1-619955.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=31 October 2010|date=30 October 2010|archive-date=1 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101222511/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Just-married/Article1-619955.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Oberoi's company, Karrm Infrastructure Pvt Ltd., has donated 25 flats in the [[Thane district]] of Maharashtra to the families of [[Central Reserve Police Force]] officers killed in action.<ref>"[http://www.thegenxtimes.com/showbiz/bollywood-actor-vivek-oberoi-donates-25-flats-to-families-of-crpf-martyrs-in-thane/ Bollywood actor Vivek Oberoi donates 25 flats to families of CRPF martyrs in Thane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608040944/http://www.thegenxtimes.com/showbiz/bollywood-actor-vivek-oberoi-donates-25-flats-to-families-of-crpf-martyrs-in-thane/ |date=8 June 2017 }}," ''The GenX Times'', 14 May 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vivegam-tamil-movie-rating-audience-review/|title=Vivegam Tamil Movie Rating [4/5], Audience Review – QuintDaily|last=quintdaily|date=23 August 2017|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012624/https://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vivegam-tamil-movie-rating-audience-review/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In all, Oberoi has donated about {{INR}} 3 million and helped raise {{INR}} 25 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Vivek-Oberoi-makes-it-to-philanthropy-list/Article1-714594.aspx |title=Vivek Oberoi makes it to 'philanthropy' list |author=Priyanka Jain |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2011 |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726004220/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Vivek-Oberoi-makes-it-to-philanthropy-list/Article1-714594.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The alleged housing scam<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Mumbai: Another housing scam, involving 11,500 homes, hangs fire in high court |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-another-housing-scam-involving-11500-homes-hangs-fire-in-high-court-23304679 |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> involving Karrm Infrastructure Pvt Ltd<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Details {{!}} National Company Law Tribunal |url=https://nclt.gov.in/case-details?bench=bXVtYmFp&filing_no=MjcwOTEzODAyNzM4MjAyMw== |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=nclt.gov.in}}</ref> has impacted over 11,500<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Over 11,000 Properties in Mumbai Involved In Housing Scam |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/crime/over-11000-properties-in-mumbai-involved-in-housing-scam-80425 |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref> homebuyers across Mumbai, Shahapur, and Palghar. The Enforcement Directorate has provisionally attached assets worth ₹19.61 crore, citing misappropriation of ₹320 crore collected from buyers, which was diverted for personal use and lavish expenditures. The Bombay High Court has criticised the police's investigation and ordered the case to be transferred to the state CID's Economic Offences Wing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=Maharashtra: CID to investigate Karrm developers housing scam |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maharashtra-cid-to-investigate-karrm-developers-housing-scam-23326722 |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Buyers have reported being misled by attractive advertisements and endorsements from celebrities, leading to financial distress and damaged credit scores due to unauthorised loans taken in their names. Despite legal actions and court interventions, many affected individuals are still awaiting justice and the fulfilment of promised housing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=ED attaches assets worth Rs 19 crore of companies who duped Mumbai flat-buyers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/enforcement-directorate-assets-rs-19-crore-karrm-infrastructure-duped-mumbai-flat-buyers-2701060-2025-03-29 |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Oberoi is the only Indian actor<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2011 |title=Vivek Oberoi a top philanthropist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vivek-Oberoi-a-top-philanthropist/articleshow/8976868.cms |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=24 June 2011 |title=Vivek Oberoi makes it to Forbes Asian Heroes of Philanthropy list : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vivek-oberoi-makes-it-to-forbes-asian-heroes-of-philanthropy-list/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> to be featured by ''Forbes''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivek Oberoi makes it to Forbes Asian Heroes of Philanthropy list |url=https://m.imdb.com/news/ni12114115/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2011 |title=Vivek Oberoi makes it to 'philanthropy' list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-makes-it-to-philanthropy-list/story-aG24ay8EaGv73XbxAyRKxH.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120120326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-makes-it-to-philanthropy-list/story-aG24ay8EaGv73XbxAyRKxH.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> for his philanthropic contributions in the areas of health, education, and disaster relief. His recognition highlights<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=Azim Premji, Vivek Oberoi among 4 Indians in Forbes' 'Heroes of Philanthropy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Azim-Premji-Vivek-Oberoi-among-4-Indians-in-Forbes-Heroes-of-Philanthropy/articleshow/8960830.cms |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a sustained commitment to social impact beyond his film career. Oberoi's work<ref name="Bollywood Bounty">{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Bounty |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2011/1010/philanthropy-bollywood-movie-oberoi-charitable-saritha-rai.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> includes support for cancer patients, initiatives in rural education, and active involvement in disaster relief efforts. This acknowledgment placed him among a select group of global celebrities noted for their humanitarian efforts.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Entrepreneur Middle East |date=1 March 2025 |title=Indian Visionaries 2025: Vivek Anand Oberoi, Managing Director and Co-Founder, BNW Developments |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-ae/leadership/indian-visionaries-2025-vivek-anand-oberoi-managing/488100 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

As part of ''Project DEVI'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=21 February 2010 |title=My social endeavors are a part of me: Vivek Oberoi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/my-social-endeavors-part-me-2475602 |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="giftofhope.in">{{Cite web |title='Project Devi for the underprivileged girls of Vrindavan |url=http://giftofhope.in/GiftofHope/Project_DEVI.html |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=giftofhope.in}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood Bounty"/> thousands of girls were rescued from child labour and poverty in Vrindavan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2024 |title=भगवान कृष्ण के बड़े भक्त हैं विवेक ओबेरॉय, बताया बांकेबिहारी के दर्शन के बाद चाइल्ड प्रॉस्टिट्यूशन से कैसे बचाई थी बच्चियों की जान |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-is-a-great-devotee-of-lord-krishna-told-how-he-started-devi-project/3746559/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> The initiative, led by the Yashodhara Oberoi Foundation,<ref name="giftofhope.in"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |first=Web |title=Vivek Oberoi's Holi-day with li'l Devis |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Vivek-Oberoi-s-Holi-day-with-li-l-Devis-73993?button=next |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> focused on promoting girls’ education and empowering women to achieve economic self-sufficiency. However, the absence of a social audit makes it difficult to verify how many beneficiaries were actually impacted on the ground. In 2021, he donated Rs 25 lakh to the fund created to overcome the shortage of oxygen cylinders in hospitals.<ref>
{{cite web|url= https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-secretly-donated-lakhs-of-rupees-is-raising-money-for-the-treatment-of-the-needy/|title= Vivek Oberoi secretly donated lakhs of rupees, is raising money for the treatment of the needy|website= News NCR|date= 3 June 2021|access-date= 24 December 2022|archive-date= 24 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221224175001/https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/vivek-oberoi-secretly-donated-lakhs-of-rupees-is-raising-money-for-the-treatment-of-the-needy/|url-status= live}}
</ref>

== Accolades ==

{{Incomplete list|date=December 2022}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| 2020
|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
|''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''||{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=7 February 2020 |title=Asianet Film Awards 2020 announced |url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/asianet-film-awards-announced-2020-heres-complete-list-winners/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=OnlookersMedia |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014143627/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/asianet-film-awards-announced-2020-heres-complete-list-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| {{no wrap|[[AXN Action Awards]]}}|| [[AXN Action Award for Best Action Actor in a Negative Role|Best Action Actor in a Negative Role]] || ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
| 2003
| rowspan="2" | [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]|| {{no wrap|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]}} || ''[[2002 film|Company]]'' || {{won}}

| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="BMA 2003">{{Cite web |title=Z Gold Bollywood Awards Nominees |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/Nominees/Nominees2002page.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602061342/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/Nominees/Nominees2002page.html |archive-date=2 June 2002 |access-date=29 January 2022 |publisher=Bollywood Movie Awards}}</ref>

|-
| 2007|| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] || ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]] '' || {{won}}

| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bollyspice.com/bollywood-movie-awards-nominees-announced/|title=Bollywood Movie Awards Nominees Announced|website=Bollyspice.Com|date=30 April 2007|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812085645/https://bollyspice.com/bollywood-movie-awards-nominees-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="3" | [[48th Filmfare Awards|2003]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Filmfare Awards]]|| [[Filmfare Best Debut Award|Best Debut]] || rowspan="2" | ''Company'' || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000245/2003/1/|title=48th Filmfare Awards winner|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713160915/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000245/2003/1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] || ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'' || {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008]] || [[Filmfare Best Villain Award|Best Villain]] || ''Shootout at Lokhandwala'' || {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095338/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[59th Filmfare Awards|2013]] || Best Supporting Actor || ''[[Krrish 3]]'' || {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]||[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]||''[[Vivegam]]''||{{Nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=4 June 2018|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830181056/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[9th IIFA Awards|2008]]
| rowspan="2" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]] || [[IIFA Best Villain Award|Best Villain]] || ''Shootout at Lokhandwala'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/iifa-awards-2008-winners/
|publisher=indicine.com
|title=IIFA Awards 2008 winners
|date=10 June 2008
|access-date=12 June 2012
|archive-date=23 August 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823080832/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/iifa-awards-2008-winners/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || Green Global Award || {{N/A}} ||{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100609081104/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/06/05/6323/index.html Winners of the IIFA Awards 2010], Bollywood Hungama (5 June 2010).</ref>
|-
| 2003
| rowspan="2" | [[Screen Awards]]|| [[Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] || ''Company'' || {{won}}

| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/star-screen-awards-2003-130.html|title=Star Screen Awards 2003|website=Awards and shows|access-date=31 December 2022|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053006/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/star-screen-awards-2003-130.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
| [[14th Screen Awards|2008]] || [[Star Screen Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] || ''Shootout at Lokhandwala'' ||{{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html|title=Nominees for 14th Annual Screen Awards|date=2 January 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429081517/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html|archive-date=29 April 2009|agency=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
| rowspan="3" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| ''Vivegam''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012|title=SIIMA 2018 Nominations|website=NDTV|date=15 August 2018|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910171301/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-beats-madhavan-and-vijay-sethupathis-vikram-vedha-1901012|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
| rowspan=2| Best Actor in a Negative Role
|''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''||{{Nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=Mohanlal, Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Samantha Akkineni among big winners at SIIMA 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923163929/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Lucifer''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| rowspan="5" | [[Stardust Awards]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Stardust Superstar of Tomorrow – Male|Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]] || ''Saathiya'' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"rowspan= 2|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001934/2003/1/|title= Stardust Awards 2003|website= [[IMDb]]|access-date= 31 December 2022|archive-date= 31 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221231045503/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001934/2003/1/|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Road (2002 film)|Road]]'' || {{won}}
|-

| 2004 || [[Stardust Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]] || ''[[Yuva]] '' || {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Motwani |first=Ashok |url=https://www.dnnworld.com/stardust.php |title=Stardust Awards – Celebrating New Talent |date=21 February 2005 |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=Diaspora News & Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212160237/http://www.dnnworld.com/stardust.php |archive-date=12 February 2007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || Standout Performance of the Year || rowspan="2" | ''Shootout at Lokhandwala'' || {{won}}

|style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2008|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/26/3514/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129133208/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/26/3514/index.html|archive-date=29 January 2008|date=26 January 2008}}</ref>

|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role || {{nominated}}
|-
| 2020
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| ''Lucifer''
| {{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=Vanitha film awards 2020 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928051410/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| rowspan="3" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]|| [[Zee Cine Award Best Male Debut- Male|Best Male Debut]] || rowspan="2" | ''Company'' || {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com:80/year2003.html |title=6th Zee Cine Awards – Year 2003 |publisher=Zee Cine Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224182337/http://www.zeecineawards.com/year2003.html |archive-date=24 December 2005 |access-date=12 February 2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Supporting Role- Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[2008 Zee Cine Awards|2008]] || [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]] || ''Shootout at Lokhandwala'' ||{{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Zee 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2008/winners/|title=ZCA 2008: Winners & nominees |publisher=Zee Cine Awards |access-date=12 February 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063344/http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2008/winners/ |archive-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref>
|-

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1059103}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|vivek-oberoi}}
*{{Twitter|vivekoberoi}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Vivek Oberoi
| list =
{{IIFAAwardBestNegativeRole}}
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActorAward 2001–2020}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{ScreenAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorMale}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberoi, Vivek}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

Erode

2026-02-24T15:22:50Z

Eurotechconseil: general fixed formatting based on references and added references

{{Short description|City in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|the city in Tamil Nadu, India|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Erode
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a=Cauvery at Erode.JPG
| photo1b=Erode District Collector's Office.jpg
| photo2a=Erode-Junction-Railway-Station-ED.JPG
| photo2b=Erode brough road.JPG
| photo3a=Thindal4.jpg
| spacing = 1
| size = 250
| position = center
| border = 0
| foot_montage = From top, left to right: [[Kaveri river]], [[Erode district|District collectorate]], [[Erode Junction railway station]], Meenakshi Sundaranar Salai and [[Thindal Murugan Temple]]
}}
| nicknames = Turmeric city Textile city
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|20|27.2|N|77|43|01.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_type3 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Erode District|Erode]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Erode Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Erode|Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = S. Nagarathinam ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 109.52
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 175.3<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earth.google.com|title=Coordinates and Elevation|publisher=[[Google Earth]]|access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>
| elevation_ft = 575.1
| population_total = 157,101
| population_metro = 521,776
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank = [[List of urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu|7th in Tamil Nadu]]
| population_urban =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 6380xx
| area_code = 91 (424)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN 33 (East), TN 86 (West)
| blank_name_sec1 = [[GDP]] (2020)
| blank_info_sec1 = {{USD|4.70|year=2020|link=yes}} billion<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/8188/overview|title=City overview|work=Metroverse|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://erodecorporation.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Erode''' ({{IPA|ta|iːɾoːɽɯ|lang}}; īrōṭu), is a city in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located on the banks of the [[Kaveri river]] and is surrounded by the [[Western Ghats]]. It is the [[List of urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu|seventh largest]] urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative capital of [[Erode district]] and is administered by the [[Erode Municipal Corporation]] which was established in 2008.

Erode formed part of the [[Kongu Nadu]] region ruled by the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] during the [[Sangam period]] between the 1st and the 4th centuries CE. The [[medieval Cholas]] conquered the region in the 10th century CE. The region was ruled by [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the 15th century followed by the [[Madurai Nayaks|Nayaks]] who introduced the [[Polygar|Polygar system]]. In the later part of the 18th century, the it came under the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and following the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], the [[British East India Company]] annexed it to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1799. The region played a prominent role in the second [[Poligar War]] (1801) when it was the area of operations of [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]].

Post [[Independence of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947, Erode was part of [[Coimbatore district]]. It was established as the capital of the newly formed Erode district in 1979. It forms part of [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects its [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]]. The city is a major agricultural, industrial and educational hub. It is amongst the largest producers of [[turmeric]] in the state and [[Erode Turmeric]] is recognized as a [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] by the [[Government of India]]. The textile boom in the early 20th century and rapid growth due to industrialization has seen Erode becoming a major producer of [[handloom]] and [[knitwear]].

== Etymology ==
There are two theories regarding the origin of the name Erode. It might have its origin in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] phrase ''Eeru Odai'' meaning ''two streams'' based on the water courses [[Perumpallam Canal|Perumpallam]] and [[Pichaikaranpallam Canal|Pichaikaranpallam canals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erode.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/|title=History of Erode district|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Alternatively, it might have been derived from the Tamil phrase ''Eera Odu'' meaning 'wet skull', based on the temple of [[Shiva]] in the city and the [[Hindu mythology|mythology]] associated with it.<ref>{{cite book|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities, and Historic Sights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&q=erode+wet+skull&pg=PA119|page=119|last=Room|first=Adrian|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|author=John Everett-Heath|year=2017|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19255-646-2|page=655}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Madras Geographical Association: Volumes 5-6|year=1931|publisher=[[Indian Geographical Society]]|page=31-32}}</ref>

== History ==
During [[Sangam period]], the region formed a part of the [[Kongu Nadu]] region ruled by [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]] and then by [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhras]]. The region came under the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] around 590 [[Common Era|CE]]. Afterward, it was ruled by [[Rashtrakutas]] and by [[Cholas]] from the 10th to early 13th century. Erode was annexed by [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in 1378 CE till 1559 CE. After the Vijayanagara Empire fell in the 17th century, the [[Madurai Nayaks]] established their state as an independent kingdom introducing the [[Polygar|Palayakkarar system]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The land called Kongunad|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111902090200.htm|access-date=9 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 November 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528171005/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111902090200.htm|archive-date=28 May 2011}}</ref> Erode became a part of the Hindu [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wodeyar]]-ruled [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]] in the early 1700s CE before coming under the control of the [[British East India Company]] with [[Maharaja of Mysore]] still as a nominal ruler. Erode remained under [[British Raj|British Colonial]] rule until the Indian independence in 1947.<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Historical moments|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/abt_Historical%20moments.htm |publisher=Erode Corporation|access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224145248/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/abt_Historical%20moments.htm |archive-date=24 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Historical moments of Erode district|url=http://erode.nic.in/aboutdist.htm|publisher=Erode District Administration|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011}}</ref>

==Climate==
Erode has a [[semi-arid climate]] with hot to sweltering temperatures throughout the year and relatively low rainfall. Temperatures range from {{cvt|80|to(-)|96|°F|°C|order=flip}} with an average rainfall of {{convert|543|mm|in|1}}. Like the rest of Tamil Nadu, March to June are the hottest and December to January the mildest months of the year. Because [[Monsoon of South Asia|the Southwest monsoon]] (June to August) brings scanty rainfall, the bulk of Erode's rainfall is received during [[Monsoon of South Asia|the Northeast monsoon]] in October and November. The city covers an area of {{cvt|8.44|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/abt_About%20City.htm|title=About Erode|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726001227/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/abt_About%20City.htm|archive-date=26 July 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

{{Weather box|width = auto
|location = Erode (1991–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes

| Jan record high C = 37.0
| Feb record high C = 37.2
| Mar record high C = 40.6
| Apr record high C = 42.8
| May record high C = 41.8
| Jun record high C = 42.0
| Jul record high C = 39.0
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 39.6
| Oct record high C = 38.6
| Nov record high C = 36.2
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| year record high C = 42.8
| Jan high C = 32.7
| Feb high C = 34.5
| Mar high C = 36.8
| Apr high C = 37.8
| May high C = 38.1
| Jun high C = 37.1
| Jul high C = 36.1
| Aug high C = 35.6
| Sep high C = 35.3
| Oct high C = 33.2
| Nov high C = 31.5
| Dec high C = 31.4
| year high C = 35.0
| Jan low C = 20.4
| Feb low C = 20.5
| Mar low C = 22.2
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 23.3
| Jun low C = 23.1
| Jul low C = 22.8
| Aug low C = 22.8
| Sep low C = 22.8
| Oct low C = 22.1
| Nov low C = 21.5
| Dec low C = 20.7
| year low C = 22.1
| Jan record low C = 13.0
| Feb record low C = 13.0
| Mar record low C = 17.0
| Apr record low C = 19.0
| May record low C = 19.0
| Jun record low C = 19.0
| Jul record low C = 19.0
| Aug record low C = 19.0
| Sep record low C = 18.0
| Oct record low C = 17.6
| Nov record low C = 14.4
| Dec record low C = 14.0
| year record low C = 13.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.6
| Feb rain mm = 5.4
| Mar rain mm = 12.5
| Apr rain mm = 46.4
| May rain mm = 84.6
| Jun rain mm = 15.1
| Jul rain mm = 19.7
| Aug rain mm = 71.3
| Sep rain mm = 66.5
| Oct rain mm = 146.0
| Nov rain mm = 118.6
| Dec rain mm = 18.7
| year rain mm = 606.5
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 0.4
| Apr rain days = 2.2
| May rain days = 4.2
| Jun rain days = 1.2
| Jul rain days = 1.5
| Aug rain days = 3.8
| Sep rain days = 4.5
| Oct rain days = 9.2
| Nov rain days = 7.0
| Dec rain days = 2.3
| year rain days = 36.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 56
| Feb humidity = 45
| Mar humidity = 46
| Apr humidity = 49
| May humidity = 54
| Jun humidity = 53
| Jul humidity = 57
| Aug humidity = 58
| Sep humidity = 57
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 69
| Dec humidity = 63
|year humidity = 56
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Erode Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 265–266
| access-date = 15 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|align = right
|state=collapsed
|1901|15529
|1911|16701
|1921|22911
|1931|33672
|1941|39483
|1951|57576
|1961|73762
|1971|105111
|1981|142252
|1991|159232
|2001|173600
|2011|498129
|footnote=Sources:
* 1901 – 2001<ref>{{cite web|title=Census population by towns and urban agglomerations|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/census-population-by-towns-and-urban-agglomerations-tamil-nadu/census-population-tamil-nadu-erode|work=CEIC|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
* 2011<ref name="Smart">{{cite web|title=Smart City Challenge-Erode|url=http://www.smartcitieschallenge.in/city/erode|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110080349/https://www.bloomberg.org/press/releases/bloomberg-philanthropies-partners-with-the-government-on-india-to-encourage-smarter-urban-development-that-improves-peoples-lives/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

{{bar box|title=Religion in Erode city<ref name=religion2011/>|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|DarkOrange|83.15}}{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|12.37}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|purple|3.94}}}}

As of 2011, Erode has 521,776<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|year=2013|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> in population with a sex-ratio of 996, above the national average of 929. A literacy rate of 85% compares favorably to the national average of 73%.<ref name="dashboard" /> The city had 43,184 households, with [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounting for 11% and 0.15% of the population respectively. Of its 66,135 workers, 61,382 are classified as other workers and the rest in agriculture and household industries.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Erode|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=686226|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] was the majority religion with 83% adherents followed by [[Islam]] (12%) and [[Christianity]] (4%).<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|format=XLS|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the major spoken language in the city.<ref>{{cite report|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105145137/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Erode rugs.jpg|right|thumb|[[Textiles]] is a major industry in the city]]

The economy of Erode is dependent majorly on [[agriculture]] and [[textiles]]. It is a major textile hub specializing in [[handloom]] and [[knitwear]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Erode has potential to become textile heaven says Narendra Modi|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-elections-2014-erode-has-potential-to-become-a-textile-heaven-says-narendra-modi-1979317|newspaper=DNA India|date=17 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/possibilities-for-improving-vehicular-traffic-flow-explored/article7627408.ece|title=Possibilities for improving vehicular traffic flow explored|date=8 September 2015|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Erode is among the largest producers of [[turmeric]] in the state.<ref>Prasad S., Aggarwal, B., Turmeric, the Golden Spice; in: Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects; editors: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S.; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; Boca Raton, 2011. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92752/]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-29/news/28384976_1_turmeric-lakh-bags-quintal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118233819/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-12-29/news/28384976_1_turmeric-lakh-bags-quintal|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2015|title=Turmeric at an all-time high price|date=29 December 2009|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> [[Erode Turmeric]] is recognized as a [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/070319/erode-turmeric-gets-gi-tag.html|title=Erode turmeric gets GI tag|date=6 March 2019|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Several food processing industries and [[poultry]] farms operate in and around the city.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Erode-a-destination-for-food-processing-sector/article14385160.ece| title = Erode, a destination for food processing sector| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]| date = 5 June 2016| last1 = Kathiresan| first1 = Kaviya}}</ref> It is one of the largest markets for [[coconut]] and [[coconut oil]] in South India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Industries.htm|title=Industries Erode|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004816/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Industries.htm|archive-date=21 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

The [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of Erode district grew at 15.5% in 2008 ahead of the state's [[GDP]] growth by 4%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/15/stories/2007121553460300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218190238/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/15/stories/2007121553460300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2007|title=Erode GDP is better than that of the State|date=15 December 2007|access-date=1 July 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> According to [[Census of India|Indian Census]] of 2001, urban [[Employment-to-population ratio|workforce participation rate]] for Erode is 35% with growth in [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary]] and [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sectors]] and a corresponding decrease in the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]]. Major employment is provided by [[textile industry]], [[Turmeric|turmeric industry]] and oil and [[Rice huller|rice mills]] with 69% of its workforce employed in tertiary sector. Nethaji Market is a wholesale, and retail central market for vegetables and fruits with plans to establish a new wholesale market in the outskirts of the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/erode/tomato-glut-dips-prices-in-market/articleshow/62186164.cms|title=Tomato glut dips prices in market |newspaper=The Times of India|date=21 December 2017|access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Shifting-of-market-on-the-anvil/article14426815.ece|title=Shifting of market on the anvil|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 June 2016|access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref>

==Administration and politics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#fff; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; width:300px"
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#a8bdec; text-align:center;"|'''Administration'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Mayor||S. Nagarathinam<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/erode/whos-who/chairman/|title=Erode, Mayor|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Commissioner||V. Sivakrishnamurthy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://erode.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|title=Erode, Who is Who|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Parliament||[[K. E. Prakash]]<ref name="Rit2">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba|title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu|year=2014|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[S. Muthusamy]] (Erode West)<ref name="MLA2 of Erode2">{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/099.htm|title=MLA of Erode West|year=2011|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113153/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/099.htm|archive-date=28 January 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[V. C. Chandhirakumar|V. C. Chandrakumar]] (Erode East)<ref name="MLA1 of Erode2">{{cite web|year=2011|title=Take oath as MLA|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/223-take-oath-as-newly-elected-mlas-of-tamil-nadu-assembly/article34534723.ece|access-date=|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|}
Erode is the headquarters of [[Erode District]] which was bifurcated from [[Coimbatore District]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Erode district|url=https://erode.nic.in/about-district|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410145843/https://erode.nic.in/about-district/|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is administered by [[Erode Municipal Corporation]]. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1871, promoted to special-grade during 1980 and upgraded as a corporation in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/abs_municipality.htm|title=About the municipality|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926001900/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/abs_municipality.htm|archive-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> The city is sub-divided into 60 wards represented by elected councillors, who form part of the city council headed by a mayor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/who_Councilors.htm|title=Councillors of municipality|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614172753/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/who_Councilors.htm|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> The functions of the corporation are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|year=2006|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

Law and order is maintained by Erode sub division of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]]. There are seven police stations located at [[Karungalpalayam]], Bazaar, [[Surampatti]], [[Veerappanchatram]], Rangampalayam, [[Chithode]] and Government hospital. There are special units like armed reserve, prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a special branch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Police%20stations,%20Fire%20service%20and%20Rescue.htm|title=Erode Police|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004052/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Police%20stations%2C%20Fire%20service%20and%20Rescue.htm|archive-date=21 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> Erode has two state assembly constituencies namely [[Erode East (State Assembly Constituency)|Erode East]] and [[Erode West (State Assembly Constituency)|Erode West]], which elect members to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years and forms part of the [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|year=2010|work=Tamil Nadu|publisher=Tamil Nadu state government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

==Public services==
{{see|List of Educational Institutions in Erode}}

Electricity supply is regulated and distributed by [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]]. The city along with its suburbs form a part of Erode Electricity Distribution Circle, headed by a chief distribution engineer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|title=Important Address|year=2011|publisher=Indian Wind Power Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> Water supply is provided by Erode Municipality, and is drawn from the [[Kaveri]] river and stored across eight reservoirs. For 2000–01, 14 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Water%20Supply.htm|title=Water Supply Details|year=2011|publisher=Erode Municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926235346/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Water%20Supply.htm|archive-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> About 110-125 metric tonnes of solid waste were processed by the sanitary department in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm|title=Waste management programme|year=2011|publisher=Erode Municipality|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701061019/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm|archive-date=1 July 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> As there is no underground [[drainage]] system, disposal of [[Greywater|sullage]] is through [[septic tank]]s, [[Open collector|open drains]] and public conveniences<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_UGSS.htm|title=Erode sewarage|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701060918/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_UGSS.htm|archive-date=1 July 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> with its {{convert|192|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[Storm drain|storm water drains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Strom%20water%20drains.htm|title=Storm water drains of Erode|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701060918/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Strom%20water%20drains.htm|archive-date=1 July 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> Government General Hospital serves as primary center of healthcare with several private hospitals providing supporting care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Hospitals.htm|title=Erode hospitals|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802023538/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Hospitals.htm|archive-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> As of 2011, municipality maintained 4,678 [[Street light|street lamps]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Street%20lights.htm|title=Erode street lights|year=2011|publisher=Erode Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908064918/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Street%20lights.htm|archive-date=8 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> The corporation operates two vegetable markets and a textile market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Markets.htm|title=Erode markets|year=2011|publisher=Erode Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113023418/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Markets.htm|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

As of 2006, there were 46 [[Education in India|public]] and [[private school]]s with four technical institutes. These include government run schools, schools funded by the government (aided schools) and private schools. These schools come under the purview of the Erode education district and follow Tamil Nadu Anglo Indian School Board, Tamil Nadu State Board, Matriculation or [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] syllabus. There are four playgrounds in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Education%20Institutions.htm|title=Educational Institutions|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004152/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Education%20Institutions.htm|archive-date=21 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===
[[File:Erode street life.jpg|thumb|200px|One of the arterial roads in the city]]
Erode maintains {{convert|102|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[Hierarchy of roads|local roads]] with {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[concrete]] and rest [[Asphalt concrete|bituminous]]. Additionally, {{convert|16.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[state highway]]s is maintained by [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|State Highways Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Roads.htm|title=Erode roads|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926235341/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Roads.htm|archive-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> [[National Highway 544 (India)|NH]] 544 connecting [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Coimbatore]] bypasses the city and the National Highway [[NH 381A]] and NH 544H pass through the city. The [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] has a sub-divisional headquarters at Erode (jeeva) under the Coimbatore division. [[Erode Central Bus Terminus]], is the second Largest main bus station complex for Tamil Nadu [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation]] and is well connected with the major cities in Tamil Nadu and neighboring states. Private carriers operate long-distance buses connecting to major cities like [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|title=S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres|year=2011|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327113121/http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-cbe.pdf|title=Transport Handbook|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011}}</ref> The main arterial roads include:
* [[State Highway 15 (Tamil Nadu)|SH-15]]: Erode – [[Gobichettipalayam]] – [[Sathy]] – [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] – [[Kotagiri]] – [[Ooty]]
* [[State Highway 83A (Tamil Nadu)|SH-83A]]: Erode – [[Arachalur]] – [[Kangeyam]] – [[Dharapuram]]
* [[State Highway 79 (Tamil Nadu)|SH-79]]: Erode – [[Tiruchengode]] – [[Rasipuram]] – [[Attur]]
* SH-79A: Erode – [[Pallipalayam]] – [[Sankagiri]]
* [[State Highway 84 (Tamil Nadu)|SH-84]]: Erode – [[Kodumudi]] – [[Karur]]
* SH-84A: Erode – [[Modakurichi]] – [[Vellakoil]] – [[Mulanur]]
* [[State Highway 96 (Tamil Nadu)|SH-96]]: Erode – [[Perundurai]] – [[Chennimalai]] – [[Kangeyam]] – [[Dharapuram]]
* [[State Highway 20 (Tamil Nadu)|SH-20]]: Erode – [[Bhavani]]

===Rail===
[[Erode Junction]] railway station is a major rail junction in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] division of [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]] with a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|diesel locomotive]] shed and an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|electric locomotive]] shed attached. It also serves as a hub for water filling facilities, food provisions and cleaning services for long-distance trains that run via Erode.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/use-of-water-in-trains-for-bathing-leads-to-shortage/article4190405.ece|title=Use of water in trains for bathing leads to shortage|date=12 December 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref> The following are the lines running from Erode junction:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Line No.
!Towards
!Passing Through Station
!Type / Track
|-
|1
|Salem Junction
|[[Sankagiri]]
|Broad, Electrified – Double Track<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/29/stories/2008012954330600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202160105/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/29/stories/2008012954330600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2008|title=Re-schedule train timings|date=29 January 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Coimbatore Junction
|[[Tiruppur]]
|Broad, Electrified – Double Track<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palakkaderode-train-commences-service/article4710920.ece|title=Palakkad-Erode train commences service|date=13 May 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|3
|Trichy Junction
|[[Karur]]
|Broad, Electrified - Single Track<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/trains-partially-cancelled/article4371486.ece|title=Trains partially cancelled|date=2 February 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref>
|}

===Air===
The nearest airport to Erode is [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]] at a distance of {{cvt|84|km}} which is connected to and from Chennai. The major international airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]] at a distance of {{cvt|91|km}} with regular flights to domestic destinations and select international destinations including [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-airport-to-get-more-facilities/article4097670.ece|title=Coimbatore airport to get more facilities|date=15 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
[[File:PERIYAR MEMORIAL HOUSE.jpg|thumb|Periyar Memorial House in Erode]]
The [[Thindal Murugan Temple]], situated {{cvt|6|km}} from the city center, [[Periya Mariamman Temple]], and [[Natadreeswarar Temple]], are prominent religious destinations in the city. While the city was built around a demolished fort, a temple for Arudra Kabaleeswar ([[Shiva]]) praising the [[Saiva]] and one for Kasthuri Ranganatha Perumal ([[Vishnu]]) praising the [[Vaishnava]] aspects of [[Hinduism]] were built. The E.V.R. Museum, [[Vellode Bird Sanctuary]], and Thanthai Periyar Memorial House, the former residence of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], who was born in the city, are other major attractions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visitor attracts at Erode |publisher=Erode municipality |url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Place%20of%20Tourist.htm |year=2011|access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004047/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Place%20of%20Tourist.htm |archive-date=21 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Erode museum to host exhibition on A.W. Brough |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/19/stories/2009111951740500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123190042/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/19/stories/2009111951740500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2009|date=19 November 2009|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date= 29 December 2012}}</ref> [[Brough Memorial Church|CSI Brough Memorial Church]], located on Meenatchi Sundaranar Road was consecrated in 1933 by Antony Watson Brough (1861 -1936), an Australian missionary.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 November 2019|title=Renaming of Brough Road opposed|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/renaming-of-brough-road-opposed/article30054745.ece|access-date=1 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


* [[Iswarya Menon]] (born 1995), actress
* [[J.Prabu]] (born 1986), actor and film director
* [[Erode Mahesh|Mahesh]] (born 1981), TV artist and comedian
* [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], (1879 - 1973), social reformer
* [[Rio Raj]] (born 1989), actor
* [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] (1887 - 1920), mathematician
* [[Sundar C]] (born 1968), actor and film director

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|Erode}}
* [http://erodecorporation.gov.in Erode City - Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909031201/http://erodecorporation.gov.in/ |date=9 September 2019 }}
* [http://erode.nic.in Erode District - Official site]

{{Erode district}}
{{Municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Erode| ]]
[[Category:Textile industry in India]]

Kalpana (TV series)

2026-02-18T17:53:39Z

Eurotechconseil: stub - done

{{Unreferenced|date=February 2026}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Balraj Sahni Productions]]
| director = Parikshet Sahni
| starring = [[Kalpana (TV series)#Cast|see below]]
| producer = Parikshet Sahni Aneesh Dev
| opentheme = "Kalpana" by
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = Varies
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 25 minutes
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2009|2|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Kalpana''''' is an Indian television series of [[DD National]] channel, based on the story of a girl who supports her family, especially her drunkard father through her talent of singing. Besides, the series is noted as one of the popular television shows of [[Doordarshan]] network, and has received 4.22 TVR rating from its third episode.

==Cast==
* [[Ekta Saraiya]] ... Kalpana
* [[Parikshit Sahni]]
* [[Kuldeep Dubey]]
* [[Suresh Chatwal]]
* [[Brij Sawhney]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Babu Singh Kushwaha

2026-02-15T13:08:33Z

Eurotechconseil:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babu Singh Kushwaha
| office = Deputy Leader, [[Samajwadi Party]] in [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 30 July 2024
| image = Kushwaha.JPG
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| 1blankname1 =
| 1namedata1 =
| office2 = Cabinet Minister [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| termstart1 = 4 June 2024
| termend1 =
| constituency1 = [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry & Department's
| 2namedata2 = * Family Welfare.
* Panchayati Raj.
* Mining.
* Geology.
* Cooperative.
| termstart2 = 13 May 2007
| termend2 = 8 April 2011
| party = [[Jan Adhikar Party]]
(2016-Present)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|5|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pakhrauli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| profession = Politician
| spouse = Shivkanya Kushwaha
| children = 4
| otherparty = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
(1984-2011)

[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]]
(2024-Present)
| caption = 
| status =
| website = https://www.janadhikarparty.org/
| order =
| source =
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Mayawati]]
| office3 =
| termstart3 = 11 October 2002
| termend3 = 28 May 2003
| constituency3 =
| leader = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| predecessor1 = [[Shyam Singh Yadav]]
| office4 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| termstart4 = 6 May 2000
| termend4 = 5 May 2012
| constituency4 = ''elected by MLA'S''
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 2blankname3 = Ministry & Department's
| 1namedata3 = [[Mayawati]]
| 2namedata3 = * Mining.
* Geology.
}}
''' Babu Singh Kushwaha''' (born 7 May 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]], serving as chief of the Jan Adhikar Party and former Family Welfare Minister in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] under [[Mayawati]]. He was also one of [[Mayawati|Behenji’s]] trusted backroom boys, who besides working at the grassroots looked after the party’s administrative affairs. In the [[2024 Indian general election]], he won from the [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency]] on a [[Samajwadi Party]] ticket, becoming a member of [[Lok Sabha]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/news/jaunpur-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-update-bjp-sp-kripashankar-singh-babu-singh-kushwaha-133117209.html|title=जौनपुर लोकसभा सीट पर बाबू सिंह कुशवाहा जीते:भाजपा के कृपाशंकर सिंह को 99335 वोट से हराया, कहा- विकास के लिए काम करूंगा|website=Bhaskar|accessdate=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605032335/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur/news/jaunpur-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-update-bjp-sp-kripashankar-singh-babu-singh-kushwaha-133117209.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Kushwaha belongs to a farming family in Pakhrauli village of [[Banda district, India|Banda district]], and graduated in 1985. After this, he started his life by putting a dump in [[Atarra]]. In April 1988, he came in contact with [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] founder [[Kanshi Ram]]. Kanshi Ram called him to Delhi.<ref name=IE>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/from-kanshiram-s-ward-to-mayawati-s-right-ha/|title=From Kanshiram's ward to Mayawati's right hand to a man without a party|website=Indian express|date=30 November 2011 |accessdate=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605073650/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/from-kanshiram-s-ward-to-mayawati-s-right-ha/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Within six months, he was promoted and sent to do organisation work in the Lucknow office. He became the District President of Banda in 1993. In 2003, he was made the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of Panchayati Raj]] in the BSP government.<ref name=IE/>

In 2007, when BSP came to power with an absolute majority, Kushwaha was appointed to important departments like minerals, appointments, and cooperatives. When the Department of Family Welfare was formed, this department was also handed over to him.<ref name=IE/> He was one of the three pillars of the Bahujan Samaj Party when Mayawati was at the peak of her political career along with [[Swami Prasad Maurya]] and [[Nasimuddin Siddiqui]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyWUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|page=55|title=Political Communication in Contemporary India: Locating Democracy and Governance|date=23 November 2022|place=India|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781000801392|editor1=Pratip Chattopadhyay|editor2=Yatindra Singh Sisodia|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyWUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political journey ==

Kushwaha had been a member of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] for 27 years. He was for years perceived as the closest to Mayawati. He was a member of the [[:Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] and was also appointed as a cabinet minister twice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2012 |title=I'm being trapped into NRHM scam: Kushwaha-India News |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/im-being-trapped-into-nrhm-scam-kushwaha-197582.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929065151/https://www.firstpost.com/india/im-being-trapped-into-nrhm-scam-kushwaha-197582.html |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Kushwaha was the second most powerful person in the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2018|title=Mayawati May Bring Back Scam-Tainted Ex-BSP Strongman Babu Singh Kushwaha Before 2019|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mayawati-may-bring-back-scam-tainted-ex-bsp-strongman-babu-singh-kushwaha-before-2019-1707077.html|access-date=29 September 2021|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=4 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704105312/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mayawati-may-bring-back-scam-tainted-ex-bsp-strongman-babu-singh-kushwaha-before-2019-1707077.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the successive murders of two medical officers in Lucknow he blew the lid off the giant [[Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam|National Rural Health Mission scam]]. He had held the portfolio of the Family Welfare, Mining, Panchayati Raj and several other departments before resigning.<ref name="times of India">{{Cite web|date=22 May 2017|title=BSP bid to take NRHM tainted Kushwaha back in|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bsp-bid-to-take-nrhm-tainted-kushwaha-back-in/articleshow/58780644.cms|access-date=29 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119172010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bsp-bid-to-take-nrhm-tainted-kushwaha-back-in/articleshow/58780644.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kushwaha joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in the presence of senior leaders [[Vinay Katiyar]] and [[Surya Pratap Shahi]], but his induction resulted in voices of dissent in the party, after which he wrote a letter to BJP national president [[Nitin Gadkari]] requesting him to suspend his membership until proven innocent. Kushwaha formed the political party Jan Adhikar Party in 2016.<ref name="times of India" />

His wife Shivkanya Kushwaha contested for [[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency]] from the Samajwadi Party (SP) in 2014. She placed second, receiving 27.82% of votes, and losing by 32,452 votes to [[Manoj Sinha]] of BJP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/induction-of-kushwaha-kin-in-sp-may-affect-probe-against-him-lokayukta/|title=Induction of Kushwaha kin in SP may affect probe against him: Lokayukta|website=Indian express|date=16 July 2013 |access-date=9 May 2024|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430075245/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/induction-of-kushwaha-kin-in-sp-may-affect-probe-against-him-lokayukta/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|party_name = Jan Adhikar Party
|colorcode = {{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|party_logo =
| abbreviation = JAP
|president = [[Babu Singh Kushwaha]]
|secretary =
|loksabha_leader = Babu Singh Kushwaha
|rajyasabha_leader =
| colours = {{color box|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[Red (colour)|Dark Red]] {{color box|#ffca00}} [[Yellow]]
|foundation = {{start date and age|2016|12|09|df=yes}}
|rajyasabha_seats =
|position = [[Centre-left]]
|ideology = [[Kushwah]]s Interest
|alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]]
(2024-Present)
|headquarters =
| eci = registered unrecognised party
|publication =
|students =
|youth =
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|hex={{party color|Jan Adhikar Party}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|403|hex={{Party color|Jan Adhikar Party}}}}
|state2_seats_name = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad]]
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|
0|100|hex={{Party color|Jan Adhikar Party}}}}
|electoral_symbol =

|flag =
|website = https://www.janadhikarparty.org
}}

== Jan Adhikar Party ==

Babu Singh Kushwaha founded the Jan Adhikar party on 9 December 2016, with the ideology to provide equal rights to all sections of society according to their population. The party aims to empower all the deprived, exploited, labourers, farmers, poor, and women and to provide them with their rights. The main objective of the party is to release the caste census report and to give a share in all the resources of the country to all the sections in proportion to the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janadhikarparty.org/|title=Manifesto of Jan Adhikar Party|accessdate=5 June 2024|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322005446/http://janadhikarparty.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Babu Singh Kushwaha2.JPG|200px|Babu Singh Kushwaha in a rally in Uttar Pradesh.]]

His Jan Adhikar Party was a part of the coalition [[Bhagidari Parivartan Morcha]] in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s. The party did not manage to win any seats in the elections of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=नोटा के वोट प्रतिशत का आंकड़ा तोड़ नही पाए छोटे दल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shravasti/small-parties-could-not-break-the-vote-percentage-of-nota-srawasti-news-lko621368445 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914233319/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shravasti/small-parties-could-not-break-the-vote-percentage-of-nota-srawasti-news-lko621368445 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha election trends |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24279.htm?ac=279 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=results.eci.gov.in |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310093119/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24279.htm?ac=279 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== 2024 General elections ==

Kushwaha won the 2024 general election from Jaunpur Lok Sabha Constituency on [[Samajwadi Alliance|Samajwadi]] Party Symbol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Babu Singh Kushwaha Wins by a Margin of 99335 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/jaunpur-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548052-2024-06-04 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> His Jan Adhikar Party is a part of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA Alliance]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/up-sp-declares-7-candidates-babu-singh-kushwaha-to-contest-from-jaunpur/north/news/3179714.html|title=Babu Singh Kushwaha to contest from Jaunpur|access-date=9 May 2024|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430075234/http://www.uniindia.com/up-sp-declares-7-candidates-babu-singh-kushwaha-to-contest-from-jaunpur/north/news/3179714.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/jaunpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news|title=Jaunpur Election Result 2024 Live Updates: SP's Babu Singh Kushwaha Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat|website=The quint|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605151606/https://www.thequint.com/news/jaunpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news|url-status=live}}</ref>

After his victory, it was reported that despite being supported by muscleman politician [[Dhananjay Singh]], Bharatiya Janata Party candidate [[Kripashankar Singh|Kripa Shankar Singh]] was unable to take an edge over Kushwaha. He was defeated by over 99,000 votes. Sitting member of parliament and Bahujan Samaj Party candidate Shyam Singh Yadav finished in third position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-jaunpur-lok-sabha-results-2024-winner-counting-trend-lead-bjp-kripa-shanker-singh-samajwadi-party-babu-singh-kushwaha-bsp-shyam-singh-yadav-10147396.html|title=Jaunpur Results 2024: जौनपुर लोकसभा सीट पर धनंजय सिंह का साथ भी नहीं आया काम, भाजपा के कृपाशंकर सिंह हारे, सपा के बाबू जीते|website=Hindustan|accessdate=5 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605151708/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-jaunpur-lok-sabha-results-2024-winner-counting-trend-lead-bjp-kripa-shanker-singh-samajwadi-party-babu-singh-kushwaha-bsp-shyam-singh-yadav-10147396.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Soon after his election to Lok Sabha, he was made the deputy leader of Samajwadi Party in the Lok Sabha by [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-akhilesh-made-babu-singh-kushwaha-the-deputy-leader-in-the-lok-sabha-10585256.html|title=Babu Singh Kushwaha made the deputy leader of Samajwadi Party|accessdate=10 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nrhm-scam-2-former-up-ministers-to-appear-before-cbi/892257/ | title=NRHM scam: 2 former UP ministers to appear before CBI | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=26 December 2011 | location=New Delhi, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Babu Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]

Carrier Mortar Tracked

2026-02-11T21:37:56Z

Eurotechconseil: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian self-propelled mortar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2021}}
[[File:The Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|thumb|Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle]]

The '''Carrier Mortar Tracked''' (CMT)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carrier Mortar Tracked, Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited, India |url=https://avnl.co.in/products/carrier-mortar-tracked |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=avnl.co.in}}</ref> vehicle is a [[self-propelled mortar]] system developed by the [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) in [[India]]. It is manufactured by [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVANI]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carrier Mortar Tracked on BMP-2 {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/carrier-mortar-tracked-bmp-2|access-date=2021-05-04|website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

==Description==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
The Carrier Mortar Tracked vehicle is based on "Sarath" ("Chariot of Victory") Indian licence-produced variant of BMP-2. This turret-less version has an 81 mm mortar mounted in the modified troop compartment. The mortar is fired through an opening in the hull roof that has two hinged doors. It has a maximum range of 5,000 m, a normal rate of fire of 6-8 rds/min and capacity to fire from 40° to 85° and traverse 24° on either side. There is also a long-range version of the mortar. The vehicle carries 108 mortar rounds and is also fitted with a 7.62 mm machine gun with 2,350 rounds. It can be operated by all mechanised infantry battalions moves along with the leading mechanised elements providing instantaneous fire support up to a depth of five km behind enemy lines. It can also provide protection to crew and mortar fires. Besides providing services like aerial targets, the vehicle also has amphibious capabilities.
[[File:Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle model.jpg|thumb|200x200px]]

==Deployment==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
The first prototype was complete in 1997 and it is currently in production at the Ordnance Factory Board, India.
India manufactured around 220 CMT.

==Specification==
* Crew infantry: 2 + 4
* Weight (tonnes): 13<ref name="medak">{{Cite web|title=Carrier Mortar Tracked|url=https://www.ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/OFPM/carrier-mortar-tracked|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2021|website=Ordnance Factory Medak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813170946/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/OFPM/carrier-mortar-tracked |archive-date=13 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Performance==
* Engine power (HP): 300
* Power to weight ratio (HP/T): 23
* Maximum speed (km/h):
** On road: 65
** Cross country: 48
** In water (km/h): 7
* Trench crossing (metres): 2.3
* Maximum gradient (degrees): 35<ref name="medak" />

==Weapon system==
* '''81 mm mortar'''
* Traverse: 24 degrees to either side of mean position
* Elevation: 40 degrees to 85 degrees
* Ammunition: 108 rounds
* '''84 mm RCL Gun''' (shoulder fired)
* Ammunition: 12 rounds
* '''7.62 mm M/C Gun''' in A/D role (for aerial targets)
* Ammunition: 2350 rounds<ref name="medak" />

==Other==
* Drinking water: 320 litres
* Mortar base plate stowed for ground firing

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201006204052/http://ofmedak.gov.in/products.php]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Military vehicles of India]]
[[Category:Tracked mortars]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s]]
[[Category:AVANI vehicles]]

{{Mil-vehicle-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

Bhusandapur

2026-02-10T09:39:15Z

Eurotechconseil:

{{orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Short description|Village in Odisha, India}}
{{more references|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhusandapur
| native_name = ଭୁଷଣ୍ଡପୁର
| native_name_lang = or
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = BSDP RailwayStation 02.jpg
| image_caption = Bhusandapur Railway Station in Entry Front

| pushpin_map = India Odisha
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.9518|N|85.4765|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khordha district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 752036
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Indian Railways|Station Code]]
| blank_info_sec1 = BSDP
}}

'''Bhusandapur''' (also spelled '''Bhusandpur''') is a village located in the [[Tangi, Odisha|Tangi]] block of the [[Khordha district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]]. It is situated near the northern banks of [[Chilika Lake]]. The village is served by the [[Bhusandpur railway station]], which falls under the jurisdiction of the [[East Coast Railway zone]].<ref name="IndRail">{{cite web |title=Bhusandpur (BSDP) Railway Station: Time Table, Schedule & Train Fares |url=https://www.easemytrip.com/railways/bhusandpur-bsdp-railway-station/ |publisher=EaseMyTrip |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Bhusandapur is located at {{coord|19.9518|N|85.4765|E}}. It is approximately {{convert|65|km}} from the state capital, [[Bhubaneswar]].

== Transport ==
The village is connected to the Indian railway network via the [[Bhusandpur railway station]] (Station code: BSDP). This station lies on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] and is a stopping point for several passenger and express trains managed by the [[Khurda Road railway division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhusandpur Railway Station Map/Atlas ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bhusandpur-bsdp/1684 |website=India Rail Info |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

== Culture and landmarks ==
The village is known for its proximity to the [[Maa Ugra Tara|Maa Ugra Tara Temple]] located in the nearby Mulajharigarh village. The temple is a significant [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]] and a major pilgrimage site for the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maa Ugra Tara |url=https://khordha.odisha.gov.in/tourist-place/maa-ugra-tara/ |publisher=Government of Odisha (Khordha District Administration) |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
In March 2023, the village received significant media coverage following a firecracker explosion that resulted in four fatalities. The incident drew attention to illegal firecracker manufacturing units in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohapatra |first=Debabrata |title=Four killed in cracker explosion in Odisha's Khurda |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/four-killed-in-cracker-explosion-in-odishas-khurda/articleshow/98448333.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 March 2023 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=4 Killed, 4 Critical In Firecracker Explosion In Odisha's Khordha |url= https://odishatv.in/videos/odisha/4-killed-4-critical-in-firecracker-explosion-in-odisha-s-khordha-198561 |publisher=[[Odisha TV]] |date=6 March 2023 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khordha district}}

[[Category:Villages in Khordha district]]

Koriyahi

2026-02-05T04:31:33Z

Eurotechconseil: reworked information for consistency

{{Short description|Village in Sitamarhi,Bihar}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koriyahi
| subdivision_type6 = Police Station
| subdivision_name6 = Bhittha
| subdivision_name5 = 843331
| subdivision_name4 = [[Mithila (region)|Maithili]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sursand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sitamarhi]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type5 = Pin Code
| official_name =
| subdivision_type4 = Language
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_type2 = District
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |photo1a = koriyahi.jpg |photo2a = Koriyahi, Sitamarhi.jpg |width=350px}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| settlement_type = Village
| population_total = 4263
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = BR 30
| elevation_m = 63
| area_code = 06228
}}
'''Koriyahi''' previously known as '''Kalyanpatti''' is an Indian village located in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of Bihar. This village is about 38 kilometres away from its district [[Sitamarhi]] and is about 5 kilometres away from [[Shrikhandi Bhittha|Bhitthamore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=हर साल बाढ़ की विभीषिका से जूझती हजारों की आबादी, चचरी पुल के सहारे होता आवागमन|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-chahchri-pul-21262404.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128015346/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-chahchri-pul-21262404.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=कोरियाही गांव में दारोगा, पुलिस कर्मी और बालगृह के अधिकारी की पिटाई|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-police-officer-and-child-house-officer-beaten-up-by-the-inspector-in-koriyahi-village-19594722.html|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The village has tolas{{explain|date=March 2023}} named Gachi tola, Dacchinwari tola (North), Uttarwari tola (South), Purwari tola (East), tirpit nagar, Kumhar toli, etc.<ref name=":0" />

== Transportation ==

Koriyahi village is well connected with sitamarhi via Bhitthamore by bus transportation.

== Festivals ==
[[Durga Pooja]] and [[Kali]] Pooja are the village's primary festivals. The other major festival of this area is [[Chhath Puja]] in which people offer prayers to the Sun. [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Dussehra]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Eid al-Fitr]] and Christmas are celebrated.<ref>{{Cite news |title=मिथिलांचल का महत्वपूर्ण पर्व चौथ चंद्र व हरितालिका तीज आज |trans-title=Important festival of Mithilanchal Chauth Chandra and Haritalika Teej today |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/darbhanga/news/important-festival-of-mithilanchal-chauth-chandra-and-haritalika-teej-today-130249929.html}}</ref>

== Trade and economy ==
The main source of trading for villagers is from Yaddupatti bazar market which was previously known as Koriyahi bazaar.

== Landmarks ==
*Durga Mata mandir
*Dayal baba
*Munsi baba

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Sitamarhi district]]

{{Sitamarhi-geo-stub}}

Aintharuviar River

2026-02-05T01:32:45Z

Eurotechconseil: corrected section and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=December 2018}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2018}}}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Aintharuviar
| native_name = 
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| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
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| tributaries_left =
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The '''Aintharuviar River''' is a [[river]] flowing in the [[Tirunelveli district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamil Nadu Water Supply And Drainage Board. |title=Tirunelvelli {{!}} TWAD |url=https://www.twadboard.tn.gov.in/content/tirunelvelli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201061914/https://www.twadboard.tn.gov.in/content/tirunelvelli |archive-date=2024-12-01 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=twadboard.tn.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> It is a tributary of the [[Chittar River]], which itself is a major tributary of the [[Thamirabarani River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers of Western Ghats - Rivers of Western Ghats |url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/rivers.htm |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in}}</ref> Its source is in the eastern slopes of the [[Eastern Ghats]], and merges with the Chittar River near the Gajamajorpuram village. Through the Thamirabarani River, it eventually flows into the [[Gulf of Mannar]].

It is named for the fact that it gives rise to a group of five waterfalls, which are themselves known as the [[Aintharuvi]]. The name is a portmanteau of the words ஐந்து (pronounced ''ainthu'', meaning five) and அருவி (pronounced ''aruvi'', meaning waterfall), thus being a literal meaning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Falls / Aintharuvi, Tenkasi - Timings, Entry Fee, Swimming, Best Season to Visit |url=https://www.trawell.in/tamilnadu/tenkasi/five-falls-aintharuvi |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Trawell.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
[[List of rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|8.931608|77.237907|display=title}}
{{ Tirunelveli district}}

[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Tirunelveli district]]

{{Tirunelveli-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Khortha cinema

2026-01-23T10:24:00Z

Eurotechconseil: adjust layout to improve readability also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Khortha-language films of Jharkhand, India}}
'''Khortha cinema''' refers to films produced in the [[Khortha language]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

== History ==
Khortha cinema was predated in the 1990s by a growing interest in Khortha music. Widespread interest emerged around 1997 to 1998, when the song "Phoolal Phoolal Rotiya" by singer Gautam Kumar Mahato became a hit. After the partition of Jharkhand in 2000, competition increased. The first Khortha music studio was established in [[Katras]] under the name Deshwali Studio. The second studio was established in [[Nirsa]] under the name Lovely Music. The third studio was called The Music Company. Lens Music then followed.

=== Film ===
In the mid-2000s, the CD and DVD business crashed. Looking to transfer the interest in Khortha art to other media, filmmakers were inspired to shoot films in Jharkhand. The first feature film shot in Jharkhand was filmed in [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], and is titled ''Jharkhandi Hero''. After its release, several other films followed: ''Pyar kar khatir, Hamer dehati babu, Gaon ke gori,'' and ''Goriya tor kariya''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/khortha-film-hogs-limelight-at-cine-show/cid/526484 |title=Khortha film hogs limelight at cine show |publisher= m.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.huffingtonpost.in/2016/01/08/chauranga-bikas-mishra_n_8936650.html|title='Chauranga' Director Bikas Mishra's Journey, From Hazaribagh To Film Festivals|publisher=m.huffingtonpost.in}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/jiffa-concludes-with-supplementary-awards.html|title=JIFFA concludes with supplementary awards|publisher=www.dailypioneer.com|access-date=2019-03-27|archive-date=2023-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311101029/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/jiffa-concludes-with-supplementary-awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/ranchi/jharkhand-khortha-film-jharkhand-moti-ranchi-audition/1143797.html|title=खोरठा फिल्म झारखंडेक माटी का रांची में हुआ ऑडिशन|publisher=www.prabhatkhabar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/regional-language-films-shooting-complete-in-jharkhand-nagpuri-khortha/1248949.html|title=झारखंड : क्षेत्रीय भाषा में बनी कई फिल्मों की शूटिंग पूरी, जल्द होगी रिलीज|publisher=www.prabhatkhabar.com}}</ref>
==Film==
*''Jharkhandi Hero'' (2007): notable as the first Khortha film.
* ''Litia Dhunda'' (2008)
* ''Goria Tor Kirya'' (2008)
*''Hamar Dehati babu'' (2008)
* ''Day debo jan gori'' (2009)
*''Sajan'' (2015)
* ''Chauranga'' (2016)
* ''Gaon'' (2018)
* ''Jharkhandek Mati'' (2018)
*''Pita ka maan Betiyan'' (2019): first khortha short film
*''Gaon ke gori'' (2006): short film.
* ''Naxalite'' (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/naxalite-the-second-film-of-jharkhand-s-first-woman-director-payal-kashyap-to-be-release-01667177.html|title=पहली वुमन डायरेक्टर पायल कश्यप की दूसरी फिल्म 'नक्सलाइट' रिलीज होगी 18 को|publisher=bhaskar}}</ref>

==Notables==
===Writers===
*[[Anand Kishore Dangi]]

===Actors===
*[[Dinesh Deva]]
*[[Raman Gupta]]
*[[Supriya Kumari]]
*Jiy Mansooria
*Aman Rathore
*Vikram Rawani
*Sushil Sanwariya
*Pinki Singh

=== Lyricists ===
*Binay Tewary

== See also ==
*[[Cinema of Jharkhand]]
*[https://lyricsbazzi.blogspot.com/p/khortha-song-lyrics.html Khortha Songs] Lyricist - Binay Tewary.
*[https://lyricsbazzi.blogspot.com/p/nagpuri-songs.html Nagpuri Songs]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of India}}
[[Category:Cinema by language of India]]
[[Category:Cinema of Jharkhand]]

Nilima Arun Kshirsagar

2026-01-22T04:00:33Z

Eurotechconseil: Started New Data

{{Short description|Indian clinical pharmacologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox medical person
| name = Nilima Arun Kshirsagar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1949}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| profession = Clinical Pharmacologists
|specialism =
|research_field = Liposomal Formulations
| known_for =
| years_active =
| education = [[Doctor of Medicine]] [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]]
| work_institutions =
| prizes =
| relations =
}}
'''Nilima Arun Kshirsagar''' (born 1949) is an Indian [[Clinical pharmacology|clinical pharmacologist]] who developed and patented [[Liposome|liposomal]] [[amphotericin B]] and its [[drug delivery]] system in 1993.<ref name="Liposomal drug delivery system from laboratory to clinic">{{cite journal |last1=SK Pandya, BG Kirodian, S Sanath |first1=NA Kshirsagar |title=Liposomal drug delivery system from laboratory to clinic |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=2005 |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=S5-15 |pmid=16519249 |url=https://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2005;volume=51;issue=5;spage=5;epage=15;aulast=Kshirsagar |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> She is the former dean of [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]].<ref name="KEM Hospital gets private touch"/> She is the national chairperson in clinical pharmacology at [[Indian Council of Medical Research|Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)]] and president of the South Asian chapter of the American college of clinical pharmacology. She is a Member of the WHO Committees on Product development and Drug statistics Methodology.

Kshirsagar is a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India, a fellow of the Searle Research Center, England, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine UK and Fellow of American College of Clinical Pharmacology, USA. She is the Chair of the core training Panel of [[Pharmacovigilance Programme of India]].<ref name=chapter>{{cite web |title=South Asian chapter of American college of clinical Pharmacology |url=http://www.sacaccp.org/team/clinical-pharmacology-dr-nilima-kshirsagar/ |website= |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi).">{{cite web |title="Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi)." |url=https://dndi.org/our-people/nilima-kshirsagar/ |website=Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi). |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712073930/https://dndi.org/our-people/nilima-kshirsagar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=fdc>{{cite news|date=15 December 2017|title=SC refers 349 FDC medicines to Drug Advisory Board for relook|work=Economic Times|publisher=|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/sc-refers-349-fdc-medicines-to-drug-advisory-board-for-relook/articleshow/62089147.cms?from=mdr|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

She established departments of Clinical Pharmacology at [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM Hospital]] and at [[Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai|Nair Hospital]] Mumbai. The drug [[Liposome|Liposomal]] Amphotericin-b, used to treat the [[Black fungus (COVID-19 condition)|Indian Mucormycosis epidemic of 2021]] was developed and patented in India by Nalini Kshirsagar in 1993.<ref name="Liposomal drug delivery system from laboratory to clinic" />

== Career==
In 1977, after her doctorate she became assistant professor at [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]] and she was promoted to associate professor in 1985. In 1993 she become a Professor and a Member of the steering committee of [[World Health Organization]] and a member of the advisory commission on product development and evaluate science program at [[Haffkine Institute]]. In 1993 she become the founding Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology at [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM]], Mumbai, India.<ref name=ref55>{{cite web |title=मराठी विश्वकोश |date=11 February 2021 |url=https://marathivishwakosh.org/48411/ |publisher=मराठी विश्वकोश |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>

Kshirsagar was later made the Dean, the Professor and the Head of the Clinical Pharmacology department at King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College.<ref name="ias">{{Cite web |title=Women Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Women_Fellows_of_NASI }}</ref>

== Notable work ==
[[Bimal Kumar Bachhawat]], Kshirsagar and [[Uttamchand Khimchand Sheth]] are credited with creating the research and academic structure for teaching pharmacology in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patil|first=Popat N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqmEQIxqEs0C&q=nilima+Kshirsagar&pg=PA733|title=Discoveries in Pharmacological Sciences|page=733|date=2012|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4355-07-0|language=en}}</ref>

Bachhawat encouraged Kshirsagar and Sunil Pandya to set up a liposome research laboratory. Under the leadership of Kshirsagar a new department of clinical pharmacology was set up at the [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|KEM]] and at [[Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai|Nair Hospital]] Mumbai with financial help from the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]].<ref>Kshirsagar N A, Pandya S K, Kirodian B G, Sanath S. Liposomal drug delivery system from laboratory to clinic. J Postgrad Med [serial online] 2005 [cited 2021 May 28];51, Suppl S1:5-15. Available from: https://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2005/51/5/5/19808</ref><ref name="Drug couriers">{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Anjani |title=Drug couriers – Artificial fat globules called liposomes can reduce the side-effects of drugs |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/drug-couriers-27361 |access-date=28 May 2021 |publisher=Down to earth |date=15 January 1995}}</ref>

Conventional amphotericin B was developed in the 1950s and for many decades it was the only [[antifungal]] agent available for the treatment of invasive fungal diseases. It was a standard care for a range of [[pathogenic fungus]], however [[nephrotoxicity]] and infusion-related reactions was a major constraint.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neil RH Stone, Tihana Bicanic, Rahuman Salim, William Hop |title=Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome®): A review of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical experience and future directions |journal= Drugs|year=2016 |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=485–500 |doi=10.1007/s40265-016-0538-7 |pmid=26818726 |pmc=4856207 }}</ref> Kshirsagar and her team improved the techniques of the production of liposomes derived from [[soyabean]] [[Lecithin]] to make them usable in human beings. Liposomal amphotericin B, a lipid formulation of amphotericin B, was developed in India. Pharmacological and preclinical tests of liposomal amphotericin B drug delivery system were successful.<ref name="Liposomal drug delivery system from laboratory to clinic" /><ref name="म्युकरमायकोसिसवरील औषध उत्पादनाचे केईएमकडून प्रयत्न">{{cite news |last1=कलगुटकर |first1=शर्मिला कलगुटकर |title=म्युकरमायकोसिसवरील औषध उत्पादनाचे केईएमकडून प्रयत्न |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/kem-hospital-has-decided-to-reproduce-the-injection-on-mucormycosis/articleshow/82928114.cms |access-date=31 May 2021 |publisher=Maharashtra Times |date=25 May 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Periorbital fungal infection of mucormycosis, or phycomycosis PHIL 2831 lores (cropped).jpg|thumb|Eye infected with mucormycosis]]
Use of liposomes as a delivery system for Amphotericin B was highly effective and less toxic as it carries the drug to the specific site and so it is required in much lower concentrations.<ref name="Case Study 2: Lipoosomal Amphotericin-b">{{cite journal |last1=Mehra |first1=Kavita |title=Case Study 2: Lipoosomal Amphotericin-b |journal=India, Science & Technology:2008 |issue=S&T Structure, Infrastructure and Public Space |url=https://www.nistads.res.in/all-html/Technology%20Transfer.html |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> After completion of the human trials, Kshirsagar defined the administration and dosing schedules. The product was patented and the technology was transferred through the [[National Research Development Corporation]] (NRDC) to a pharmaceutical company for marketing. This was the first drug development initiative of a [[Public–private partnership|Public–private partnership model]] in India.<ref name="Case Study 2: Lipoosomal Amphotericin-b" /><ref name="KEM doctor puts drugs, dosage under microscope">{{cite news |last1=Minwalla |first1=Shabnam |title=KEM doctor puts drugs, dosage under microscope |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/kem-doctor-puts-drugs-dosage-under-microscope/articleshow/42200945.cms |access-date=29 May 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=2 April 2003}}</ref> Liposomal Amphotericin-b was used as the primary treatment in the [[Mucormycosis]] epidemic of 2021 in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varghese |first1=Anuja Susan |title=Kerala running short of medication to meet black fungus threat? Shortage of Liposomal Amphotericin B, used widely for treatment, has hit hosps across state |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/may/30/kerala-running-short-of-medication-to-meet-black-fungus-threat-2309322.html |access-date=30 May 2021 |publisher=The New Indian express |date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Celon Laboratories comes up with an alternative formulation of Amphotericin B">{{cite news |title=Celon Laboratories comes up with an alternative formulation of Amphotericin B |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/celon-laboratories-comes-up-with-an-alternative-formulation-of-amphotericin-b-688893?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=3 June 2021 |publisher=Hans News Service |date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] there was a large increase of cases of what was named "black fungus" or [[mucormycosis]] in affected patients. Surgeons had to remove eyes after they were infected.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dyer|first=Owen|date=13 May 2021|title=Covid-19: India sees record deaths as "black fungus" spreads fear|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1238|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=373|article-number=n1238|doi=10.1136/bmj.n1238|issn=1756-1833|pmid=33985993|doi-access=free}}</ref> One treatment was a daily injection for eight weeks of anti-fungal intravenous injection of amphotericin B. The injection could be standard [[amphotericin B deoxycholate]] or the liposomal form. Kshirsagar's liposomal form cost more but it was considered "safer, more effective and [with] lesser side effects".<ref name=bfungusbbc>{{Cite news|date=19 May 2021|title=Black fungus in India: Concern over drug shortage as cases rise|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57167322|access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) launched a global program to eliminate [[Lymphatic Filariasis]] in 2000. Kshirsagar's team of Indian scientists worked in two villages, Kurzadi and Selukate in [[Wardha]], Maharashtra ensuring the safety and efficacy of the drugs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MALIK |first1=SHIKHA T |title=SCIENTISTS DISCOVER THAT ADDITION OF DRUG ALBENDAZOLE HAS NO ADVANTAGES IN THE TREATMENT OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/scientists-discover-addition-of-drug-albendazole-is-not-effective-against-lymphatic-filariasis-4171587.html |access-date=30 May 2021 |publisher=First post |date=24 October 2017}}</ref>

During her tenure as dean of [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]] capacity was increased from 1,800 to 2,400 beds and the capacity of [[Intensive care unit]] beds was enhanced from 160 to 300.<ref name="KEM Hospital gets private touch">{{cite news |title=KEM Hospital gets private touch |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kem-hospital-gets-private-touch-1095743 |access-date=30 May 2021 |publisher=DNA |date=9 May 2007}}</ref>

In 2017 Kshirsagar was appointed as chairperson of the expert committee constituted by the [[Drugs Controller General of India]] to elaborate on the parameters set out in section 26A of the [[Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940|Drugs and Cosmetics Act]] of India to decide whether to regulate, restrict or prohibit the sale of over 300 [[Combination drug|fixed-dose combination drugs]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=New committee to examine safety, rationality of over 300 drugs banned since 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/new-committee-to-examine-safety-rationality-of-over-300-drugs-banned-since-2016/articleshow/63001708.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 May 2021 |publisher=economic-times |date=20 February 2018}}</ref> Based on a 700-page report submitted by the committee, the Supreme Court of India banned 328 fixed-dose combination drugs in September 2018.<ref name="Saridon exempted from list of banned drugs by Supreme Court">{{cite news |last1=Kohli |first1=Namita |title=Saridon exempted from list of banned drugs by Supreme Court |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2019/02/21/saridon-exempted-list-banned-drugs-supreme-court.html |access-date=3 June 2021 |publisher=The Week |date=22 February 2019}}</ref>

== Awards==
* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] for her work with drugs combating malaria, epilepsy, elephantiasis and heart diseases – (2002).<ref name="LIST OF FELLOWS - B C Roy">{{cite web |title=LIST OF FELLOWS |url=https://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf |website=www.nams-india.in |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="KEM doctor puts drugs, dosage under microscope" />
* Nathaniel T. Kwit memorial Awarde – (2018).<ref>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/pharmacology_molecular_sciences/_pdf/Hendrix_2018ACCP_Award_Winner.pdf {{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref>
* Professor Archana Sharma Memorial Lecture Awardees – (2018).<ref name="Workshop on Trends in Healthcare Innovations in India 29th February-1st March 2020">{{cite web |title=Workshop on Trends in Healthcare Innovations in India 29th February-1st March 2020 |url=http://www.nirrh.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Combined-programme-abstract-book.pdf |publisher=ICMR |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714012106/http://www.nirrh.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Combined-programme-abstract-book.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]]- Smt. Chandaben Mohanbhai Patel Industrial Research Award for Women Scientists – (1997).<ref name="Smt. Chandaben Mohanbhai Patel Industrial Research Award for Women Scientists">{{cite web |title=Smt. Chandaben Mohanbhai Patel Industrial Research Award for Women Scientists |url=http://www.vasvik.org/Women%27s_Award.html |publisher=Vividhlaxi Audyogik Samshodhan Vikas Kendra |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226070926/http://www.vasvik.org/Women%27s_Award.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Mumbai Mayors award for societal contribution.<ref name="Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi)."/>

== Publications ==

Nilima has produced over 200 publications:-<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 from Public Health Perspective |url=https://iipsindia.ac.in/sites/default/files/news_documents/Covid_Webinar_17Oct2020.pdf |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kshirsagar |first=Nilima Arun |title=Different liposomal amphotericin B formulations for visceral leishmaniasis–Author's reply |journal=The Lancet Global Health |date=August 2014 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=e450 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70270-0 |pmid=25103516 |oclc=|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kshirsagar |first=Nilima Arun, Shinde RR, Mehta S. |title= Floods in Mumbai: impact of public health service by hospital staff and medical students |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=August 2006 |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=312–314 |pmid=17102558 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=Aparna A |last2=Mehta |first2=Sanjay |last3=Kshirsagar |first3=Nilima A |title=Hospital management of Mumbai train blast victims |journal=The Lancet |date=24 February 2007 |volume=369 |issue=9562 |pages=639–640 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60305-5 |pmid=17321304 |s2cid=5241646 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.16943/ptinsa/2017/49232|title=Tropical Diseases|year=2017|last1=Kshirsagar|first1=Nilima|journal=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|volume=95|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70011-7|title=Single-dose liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis|year=2014|last1=Kshirsagar|first1=Nilima A.|journal=The Lancet Global Health|volume=2|issue=4|pages=e203|pmid=25103058|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.3233/JRS-130601|title=Comparative regulatory performance on introduction & withdrawal of drugs in India and EU/Internationally|year=2013|last1=Kshirsagar|first1=Nilima A.|last2=Bachhav|first2=Sagar S.|journal=International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine|volume=25|issue=4|pages=235–238|pmid=24305562}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.4103/2229-3485.106410|title=Endnote: Vision of research ethics|year=2013|last1=Kshirsagar|first1=Nilimaa|journal=Perspectives in Clinical Research|volume=4|issue=1|pages=108–111|pmid=23533993|pmc=3601695 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.84946|title=Clinical pharmacology: Prospects and development in India|year=2011|last1=Kshirsagar|first1=Nilima|last2=Kumar|first2=Vijay|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology|volume=43|issue=5|pages=489–491|pmid=22021987|pmc=3195114 |doi-access=free }}
* NA, Kshirsagar. (2021). Symposium- Malaria: Antimalarial resistance and policy ramificationsand challenges. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (ISSN: 0022-3859) Vol 52 Num 4.
* Kshirsagar, N & Sheth, U. (1977). Drug protein binding: relevance to treatment. Journal of postgraduate medicine. 23. 50-2.
{{Refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |last1=Swati |first1=Lokhande |title= मराठी किमयागार! 10 फुटांच्या खोलीत झाला Mucormycosis वरील इंजेक्शनचा शोध; पाहा VIDEO |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/maharashtra/nilima-shirsargar-invented-injection-on-black-fungus-kem-hospital-has-its-patent-557339.html |access-date=31 May 2021 |publisher=IBN lokmat TV. |date=28 May 2021 |ref=TV Report in Marathi.}}
* {{cite news |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Shreya |title=Vaccines – A Lemon and Spoon Race (Podcast with Dr Nilima Kshirsagar & Dr Dhvani Mehta) – Ep 1, Healthy Dose |url=https://soundcloud.com/vidhi-legal-policy/vaccines-a-lemon-and-spoon-race-with-dr-nilima-kshirsagar-dr-dhvani-mehta-ep-1-healthy-dose |publisher=[[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kshirsagar, Nilima Arun}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Indian pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Clinical pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bamba Bakya

2026-01-15T08:29:21Z

Eurotechconseil:

{{Short description|Indian playback singer and musician (1972–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bamba Bakya
| image = Bamba Bakya.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Bakya
| birth_name = Bhakkiyaraj
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1972|10|31}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|09|02|1972|10|31}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback singer]]|musician}}
| spouse = Sivagami
}}

'''Bhakkiyaraj''' (31 October 1972 – 2 September 2022), popularly known by his stage name, '''Bamba Bakya''', was an Indian [[Tamils|Tamil]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil playback singer Bamba Bakya passes away at 41 in Chennai |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/tamil-playback-singer-bamba-bakya-passes-away-at-41-in-chennai/articleshow/93943506.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-03}}</ref> playback singer and musician. He predominantly worked alongside music composer [[A. R. Rahman]] on numerous collaborations in films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bamba Bakya who sang opening lines of 'Ponni Nadhi' from 'Ponniyin Selvan' passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/02/bamba-bakya-who-sang-opening-lines-of-ponni-nadhi-from-ponniyin-selvan-passes-away-2494093.html |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 September 2022 }}</ref> He received the name Bamba Bakya after A. R. Rahman asked him to sing songs for him just like popular South African musician Bamba. It later went onto become a stage name as well as an identity of him. He was well known for his unique [[baritone]].

[[A. R. Rahman]] included him in the 2010 film ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'', during which he sang in the song "Kedakkari" (at the time he was credited as Bhakyaraj).

In 2024 [[A. R. Rahman]] revealed that with the help of AI, voice models of Bamba Bakya and other Late singer [[Shahul Hameed]] were used in composing the track '<nowiki/>''Thimiri Yezhuda''' from the upcoming film ''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]''.<ref name="AR Rahman uses AI voice models of late singers Bamba Bakya and Shahul Hameed for ‘Lal Salaam’ song">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=AR Rahman uses AI voice models of late singers Bamba Bakya and Shahul Hameed for 'Lal Salaam' song |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-uses-ai-voice-models-of-late-singers-bamba-bakya-and-shahul-hameed-for-lal-salaam-song/article67792296.ece |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424142635/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-uses-ai-voice-models-of-late-singers-bamba-bakya-and-shahul-hameed-for-lal-salaam-song/article67792296.ece |archive-date=24 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bakya made his debut as a playback singer in [[S. Shankar]]'s directorial ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' and sang his first single titled "Pullinangal" which became an instant hit and became a chartbuster. Prior to his entry into film industry, he mostly sang devotional songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-02 |title='Simtaangaran' singer Bamba Bakya passes away, he was 41 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/simtaangaran-singer-bamba-bakya-passes-away-he-was-41-167486 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Prior to his untimely demise, he also rendered his voice for [[Mani Ratnam]]'s historical drama film ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Bakya died on 2 September 2022, at age 41 due to cardiac arrest.<ref name="Singer Bamba Bakya passes away at 49">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Singer Bamba Bakya passes away at 49 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singer-bamba-bakya-passes-away/article65839723.ece |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424141507/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/singer-bamba-bakya-passes-away/article65839723.ece |archive-date=24 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He had been admitted to a hospital at [[Chennai]] after he complained of having a severe chest pain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-02 |title=Singer Bamba Bakya, known for songs Pullinangal and Simtaangaran, dies at 41 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/singer-bamba-bakya-known-for-songs-pullinangal-and-simtaangaran-dies-at-41/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%;border=1"
!Year
!Song title
!Film name
!Language
!Music director
|-
|2010
|"[[Raavanan (soundtrack)|Kedakkari]]"
|''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''
| rowspan="16" |Tamil
| rowspan="4" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|"[[2.0 (soundtrack)|Pullinangal]]"
|''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
|-
|"[[Sarkar (soundtrack)|Simtaangaran]]"
|''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]''
|-
|"[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam (soundtrack)|Dingu Dongu]]"
|''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
|-
|"Raati"
|''Raati (Independent)''
|[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|-
|-
|"Ey Dummy Pattaasu"
|''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]''
|Leon James
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|"Kaalame"
|''[[Bigil]]''
|A. R. Rahman
|-
|-
|"Kondattam"
|''[[Raatchasi]]''
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|-
|"Maula Maula"
|''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]''
|[[Hiphop Thamizha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|"Or Inam"
|''Or Inam (Independent)''
|John A. Alexis
|-
|"Kanmani Anbodu"
|''Time Up''
|Dheepan Chakravarthy
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|"Middle Class"
|''[[Sivakumarin Sabadham]]''
|[[Hiphop Thamizha]]
|-
|"Kaasu"
|''[[Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum]]''
|[[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|"Kalangathey"
|''[[Anbarivu]]''
|Hiphop Thamizha
|-
|"Bejara"
|''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
| rowspan="4" |A.R. Rahman
|-
|"Ponni Nadhi"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|-
|"Ponge Nadhi" '''(D)'''
|Telugu
|-
|2024
|"Thimiri Yezhuda"
(AI Generated Voice)
|[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)]]
|Tamil
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb name|9544069}}
* {{discogs artist|Bamba Bakya}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakya, Bamba}}
[[Category:1972 births]]

[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tamil Nadu]]

List of GSLV launches

2025-12-25T11:04:55Z

Eurotechconseil: added references per standard format to improve readability

{{Short description|Launches made by the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk I and Mk II}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[File:GSLV-F14, INSAT-3DS - Lift off from SLP 01.jpg|thumb|Liftoff of [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk. II]] F14 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Second Launch Pad|SDSC SLP]], carrying [[INSAT-3DS]].]]
This is a list of launches conducted by [[ISRO]] using [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV) rockets. This list does not include [[LVM3]] (formerly known as GSLV Mk III) launches, which can be found [[List of LVM3 launches|here]].

== Notable missions ==
=== GSLV MK. I flight D1 ===
{{main|GSLV}}

This was the first developmental flight of the [[GSLV]] Mk.I featuring Russian cryogenic engine [[KVD-1]]. It was used to place an experimental satellite [[GSAT-1]] into the orbit. However, due to sub-optimal performance and lack of fuel the vehicle did not achieve the intended orbit and the satellite had to maneuver itself using onboard fuel to correct the shortfall. ISRO claims the launch to be successful.<ref name="kyle-failures">{{cite web |last=Kyle |first=Ed |date=28 December 2010 |title=Page 2 of 2: Comprehensive Orbital Launch Failure List |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/slvfail.txt |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913053550/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/slvfail.txt |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=14 August 2013 |work=India (SLV/ASLV/PSLV/GSLV) Flight History by Variant/Year (1979–2010)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-apr-2001/press-brief-gslv-d1-gsat-1|title=Press Brief on GSLV-D1/GSAT-1|date=24 April 2001|publisher=ISRO}}</ref> In a 2014 interview, ISRO Chairman [[K. Radhakrishnan]] attributed the failure to incorrect mixture ratio used in the cryogenic upper stage.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran|first1=R.|title=GSLV Mk III, the next milestone|url=http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/gslv-mkiii-the-next-milestone/article5596588.ece|publisher=Frontline|date=22 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="kyle-failures"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-clears-launch-of-gslv-d5-113123000189_1.html|title=ISRO clears launch of GSLV-D5|publisher=Business Standard|date=31 December 2013|access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref>

=== GSLV MK. II flight D5 ===
{{main|GSLV-D5}}

This was the second test flight with indigenous cryogenic stage [[CE-7.5]] and the first successful launch with the [[CE-7.5]]. The flight lifted and successfully placed the {{convert|1982|kg|lb}} [[GSAT-14]] into the orbit. This flight became the harbinger of successful launch with the indigenous cryogenic stage.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isro-successfully-launches-indigenous-cryogenic-engine-powered-GSLV-D5/articleshow/28437867.cms | title=Isro successfully launches indigenous cryogenic engine-powered GSLV-D5 | access-date=5 January 2014 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref name=GSLV-D5-Success>{{cite web| title=GSLV-D5-Success| url=http://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-d5/d5-updates.aspx| publisher=ISRO| access-date=5 January 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204430/http://isro.gov.in/gslv-d5/d5-updates.aspx| archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="GSLV-D5 Launch Success">{{cite news| title=GSLV-D5 Launch Success| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gslvd5-with-indigenous-cryogenic-engine-launched-successfully/article5541607.ece?homepage=true| work=The Hindu| access-date=5 January 2014| location=Chennai, India| first=T.S.| last=Subramanian| date=5 January 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031909/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gslvd5-with-indigenous-cryogenic-engine-launched-successfully/article5541607.ece?homepage=true| archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

=== GSLV MK. II flight F09 ===
{{main|South Asia Satellite}}

This was the fourth consecutive successful flight of GSLV Mk. II with indigenous cryogenic engine. The flight placed the regional satellite [[South Asia Satellite]] was previously named as [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) Satellite.<ref>{{cite news|title=Made in India South Asia Satellite to be launched on 5 May 2017 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Science/hbsHovfU7ngFqoPec9KQML/Indias-priceless-gift-Isros-South-Asia-Satellite-to-be.html|agency=PTI|date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="pib-5may2017">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161601|title=Official Press Release: GSLV Successfully Launches South Asia Satellite|date=5 May 2017|publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha|first1=Amitabh|title=South Asian diplomacy lifts off on 2230-kg ISRO satellite GSAT-9|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-gsat-9-satellite-launch-propels-modi-govts-satellite-diplomacy-in-the-neighbourhood-4642042/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Spaceflight Now">{{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=India launches satellite linking its South Asian neighbors |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/05/06/india-launches-satellite-linking-its-south-asian-neighbors/|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=6 May 2017}}</ref> The satellite was a gift from India to its neighbors to bolster [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government|neighborhood first policy]].<ref name="The Space Review">{{cite news |url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2579/1|title=India's SAARC satellite proposal: a boost to a multilateral space agenda|publisher=The Space Review|date=18 August 2014|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]] are the users of the multi-dimensional facilities provided by the satellite.

== Statistics ==
{{columns-start}}
{{column}}

===Rocket configurations===
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 300
| width = 500
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 1:0:1:1:0:1:1:0:0:1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
| group 2 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0:1:1:1:1:2:0:0:1:0:1:1:2:0
| colors = #9966CC : #77B5FE
| group names = GSLV MK. I : GSLV MK. II
| x legends = 2001 :::: 2005 ::::: 2010 ::::: 2015 ::::: 2020 ::::: 2025 :
| y tick marks = 2
}}

{{column}}

=== Launch sites ===
{{#invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 300
| width = 500
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 1:0:1:1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
| group 2 = 0:0:0:0:0:1:1:0:0:2:0:0:0:1:1:1:1:2:0:0:1:0:1:1:2:0
| colors = Wheat : #FFA07A
| group names = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First LP]] : [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second LP]]
| x legends = 2001 :::: 2005 ::::: 2010 ::::: 2015 ::::: 2020 ::::: 2025 :
| y tick marks = 2
}}

{{columns-end}}



{{columns-start}}
{{column}}

=== Mission outcome ===
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 300
| width = 500
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 0:0:1:1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:1:1:1:2:0:0:0:0:1:1:2:0
| group 2 = 1:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
| group 3 = 0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0:2:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0:0:0
| group 4 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:3
| colors = ForestGreen : Orange : FireBrick: LightBlue
| group names = Success : Partial failure : Failure : Planned
| x legends = 2001 :::: 2005 ::::: 2010 :::: 2015 ::::: 2020 ::::: 2025:
| y tick marks = 3
}}

{{column}}
{{columns-end}}

== Launch history ==
<onlyinclude>{{as of|2025|07|30}}, rockets from the GSLV family have made 18 launches, resulting in 12 successes, four failures, and two partial failures.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/list-of-gslv-launches|title=List of GSLV launches|website=isro.org|publisher=ISRO|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813014242/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/list-of-gslv-launches|url-status=dead}}</ref> All launches have occurred from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, known before 2002 as the Sriharikota Range (SHAR).</onlyinclude>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"
|-
| colspan=9 style="background:white;" |

=== 2001–2009 ===
|-
! scope="col" | Flight No.
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Payload mass
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
! scope="col" | Launch outcome
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| D1
| 18 April 2001 10:13
| Mk I
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-1]]
| 1540 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Partial failure}}
|-
| colspan="8"| Developmental flight, payload placed into lower than planned orbit, and did not have sufficient fuel to reach a usable orbit.<ref name="kyle-failures" />
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| D2
| 8 May 2003 11:28
| Mk I
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-2]]
| 1825 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8"| Developmental flight.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314174842/http://isro.org/gslvd2/gslvd2.htm|archive-date=14 March 2009|title=GSLV-D2 Mission|publisher=ISRO
|url=http://isro.org/gslvd2/gslvd2.htm}}</ref>
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| F01
| 20 September 2004 10:31
| Mk I
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad|First]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-3]]
| 1950 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8"| First operational flight.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318132656/http://isro.org/Edusat/Page4.htm|archive-date=18 March 2009|title=EDUSAT mission |publisher=ISRO |url=http://isro.org/Edusat/Page4.htm}}</ref>
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| F02
| 10 July 2006 12:08
| Mk I
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[INSAT-4C]]
| 2168 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Failure}}
|-
| colspan="8"| One of the L40 strap-on engines failed at lift-off. Both rocket and satellite had to be destroyed over the Bay of Bengal after the rocket's trajectory veered outside permitted limits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GSLV-F02 Failure Analysis Committee Report|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=20769|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524115033/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=20769|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2012|access-date=2021-08-20|website=www.spaceref.com}}</ref>
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| F04
| 2 September 2007 12:51
| Mk I
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| nowrap | {{flagicon|India}} [[INSAT-4CR]]
| 2160 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Partial failure}}
|-
| colspan="8"| High roll rate build-up due control system malfunction on one L40 strapon resulted in premature shutdown of other strap-on stages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey|date=15 December 2015 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9789351776895}}</ref> Due to an error in the guidance subsystem achieved orbit had lower apogee and inclination higher than expected.<ref name="SFN-GSLV04">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0709/02insat4cr |title=India's large satellite launcher returns to flight|last=Clark|first=Stephen|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=2 September 2007}}</ref> Orbit corrected through satellite, eventually the INSAT-4CR was placed in its slot.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/INSAT-4CR_successfully_placed_in_orbit/articleshow/2331752.cms|title=INSAT-4CR successfully placed in orbit|newspaper=Times of India
|date=2 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GSLV-F04 Launch Successful – Places INSAT-4CR in orbit|publisher=ISRO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301180426/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Sep02_2007.htm|archive-date=1 March 2009|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2007/gslv-f04-launch-successful-places-insat-4cr-orbit}}</ref><ref name="isro_4crlost">{{cite web|title=ISRO refutes INSAT-4CR "disappearance" story|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-refutes-insat-vanishing-story/article1-263347.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112232031/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-refutes-insat-vanishing-story/article1-263347.aspx|archive-date=2013-11-12}}</ref> Satellite completed its planned design life while it was fully operational. ISRO claims this GSLV flight to be successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1904902.ece|title=First manoeuvre to raise satellite's orbit|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=19 November 2015|location=Sriharikota}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=9 style="background:white;" |

=== 2010–2017 ===
|-
! scope="col" | Flight No.
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Payload mass
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
! scope="col" | Launch outcome
|-
! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| D3
| 15 April 2010 10:57
| Mk II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-4]]
| 2220 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Failure}}
|-
| colspan="8"| First flight test of the ISRO designed and built Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS). Failed to reach orbit due to malfunction of the Fuel Booster Turbo Pump (FBTP) of the cryogenic upper stage.<ref name=gslvD3-failurePressRelease>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/09-jul-2010/gslv-d3-failure-analysis-report|title=GSLV-D3 Failure Analysis Report|publisher=ISRO|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823151911/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/09-jul-2010/gslv-d3-failure-analysis-report|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| F06
| 25 December 2010 10:34
| Mk I
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-5P]]
| 2310 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Failure}}
|-
| colspan="8"| First flight of GSLV Mk.I (c). Aft shroud of upper stage engine bay disintegrated due to aerodynamic loads, snapping the electrical continuity to L40 strapons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GSLV-F06 Failure-Preliminary findings and Further steps - ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/31-dec-2010/gslv-f06-failure-preliminary-findings-and-further-steps|access-date=2021-08-20|website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Vehicle was destroyed by [[Range safety|range safety officer]] after loss of control over liquid-fueled boosters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rocket failed after 45 seconds, says ISRO |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Rocket-failed-after-45-seconds-says-ISRO/Article1-642792.aspx|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 December 2010|date=25 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226220924/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rocket-failed-after-45-seconds-says-isro/article1-642792.aspx|archive-date=26 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| D5
| 5 January 2014 10:48
| Mk II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-14]]
| 1980 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8"| The flight was scheduled for 19 August 2013, but one hour and 14 minutes before the lift off, a leakage was reported and the launch was halted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/gslv-d5-rocket-launch-delayed-countdown-clock-stopped-due-to-leak-407665|title=GSLV-D5 rocket launch delayed, countdown clock stopped due to leak in second stage |publisher=NDTV|access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> Second flight of GSLV with indigenous cryogenic upper stage (CUS) developed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) was launched successfully on 5 January 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/another-shot-at-gslv-with-indigenous-cryogenic-engine/article5298156.ece|title=Another shot at GSLV with indigenous cryogenic engine |newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=27 November 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=M. Dinesh|last=Varma|date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/preparations-in-full-swing-for-dec-15-gslv-mission/article1-1147438.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106013414/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/preparations-in-full-swing-for-dec-15-gslv-mission/article1-1147438.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2013|title=Preparations in full swing for December 15 GSLV mission|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> It was a launch with precision of {{cvt|40|m}}. All the three stages performed successfully.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ISROOFFICIAL/status/419786787297300480/photo/1|title=GSAT-14 Separated|publisher=Twitter |date=5 January 2014 |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ISROOFFICIAL/statuses/419784120307159042|title=Performance of Cryogenic stage of GSLV D5 normal. Ignition sustained.|publisher=Twitter|date=5 January 2014|access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> This was the first successful flight of the cryogenic stage which was developed indigenously in India.
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| D6
| 27 August 2015 11:22
| Mk II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[GSAT-6]]
| 2117 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8"| GSLV Mk II D6 with an Indigenous Cryogenic Engine (ICE) successfully ferried GSAT-6 payload into [[Geostationary Transfer Orbit]] (GTO) with injection parameters of 170 km x 35945 km, 19.96° inclination. The cuboid-shaped GSAT-6 satellite includes a technology demonstrator [[S band|S-Band]] unfurlable antenna with a diameter of six metre which will provide S-band communication services during its expected mission life of nine years.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO's GSLV D-6 puts GSAT-6 satellite in orbit|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/geostationary-satellite-launch-vehicle-gslvd6-successfully-launched/article7587039.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gsat-6.htm|title=GSAT 6|access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gsat6-slated-for-march-launch/article6545929.ece|title=GSAT-6 slated for March launch|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 October 2014 |access-date=27 August 2015}}</ref>
|-

! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| F05
| 8 September 2016 11:20
| MK II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[INSAT-3DR]]
| 2211 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8"| First operational flight of GSLV Mk II. The injection parameters were met with extreme precision. Perigee was within 300m (within 0.18%) of the expected value whereas apogee was within 0.2% (80 km). The difference between expected and actual inclination degree was 0.

INSAT-3DR is an advanced atmospheric weather satellite. as well as the second heaviest satellite placed in orbit by an indigenous cryogenic engine propelled GSLV<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isros-desi-cryo-enginepowered-GSLV-F05-places-INSAT-3DR-weather-satellite-in-orbit/articleshow/54181283.cms|title=ISRO's desi cryo engine–powered GSLV-F05 places INSAT-3DR weather satellite in orbit|newspaper=Times of India|date=8 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/09/08/gslv-counting-down-to-launch-advanced-indian-weather-satellite/|title=GSLV puts advanced Indian weather satellite in orbit|publisher=Spaceflight Now|last=Clark|first=Stephen|access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/live-updates-isros-gslvf05-launch/article9085403.ece|title=GSLV-F05 lobs advanced weather satellite INSAT-3DR into orbit|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"|F09
| 5 May 2017 11:27
| Mk II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[South Asia Satellite|GSAT-9 / South Asia Satellite]]
| 2230 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8"| [[South Asia Satellite]] was previously named as [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) Satellite.<ref>{{cite news|title=Made in India South Asia Satellite to be launched on 5 May 2017|url=https://www.livemint.com/Science/hbsHovfU7ngFqoPec9KQML/Indias-priceless-gift-Isros-South-Asia-Satellite-to-be.html|agency=PTI|date=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinha |first1=Amitabh|title=South Asian diplomacy lifts off on 2230-kg ISRO satellite GSAT-9|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/isro-gsat-9-satellite-launch-propels-modi-govts-satellite-diplomacy-in-the-neighbourhood-4642042/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Spaceflight Now"/>
|-
| colspan=9 style="background:white;" |

=== 2018 ===
|-
! scope="col" | Flight No.
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Payload mass
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
! scope="col" | Launch Outcome
|-
! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| F08
| 29 March 2018 11:26
| Mk II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[GSAT-6A]]
| 2140 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8"| Used an enhanced version of the Vikas engine called High Thrust Vikas Engine (HTVE) which had a thrust of {{cvt|848|kN}} in GS2 stage. Electro-hydraulic Actuation used for gimballing in GS2 stage was replaced by more reliable Electro-Mechanical Actuation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-f08-gsat-6a-mission/gslv-f08-gsat6a-brochure|title=GSLV F08-GSAT-6A Brochure|website=isro.gov.in|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710162623/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-f08-gsat-6a-mission/gslv-f08-gsat6a-brochure|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-says-contact-with-gsat-6a-lost-second-setback-in-seven-months/articleshow/63565348.cms|title=ISRO Loses communication with GSAT-6A|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=April 2018 |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-apr-2018/status-update-of-gsat-6a|title=Status Update of GSAT-6A|website=isro.gov.in|access-date=2018-04-01|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401065043/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-apr-2018/status-update-of-gsat-6a|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-loses-contact-with-communication-satellite-gsat-6a/articleshow/63565033.cms|title=ISRO confirms losing contact with communication satellite GSAT-6A |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref><ref name="pib-29mar18">{{cite web|title=GSLV Successfully Launches GSAT-6A Satellite|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1527070 |publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/BreakingNews/2014966|title=29న జిఎస్‌ఎల్వీ- ఎఫ్‌08 ప్రయోగం|publisher=Prajasakti News|access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-f08-gsat-6a-mission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118185141/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-f08-gsat-6a-mission|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-11-18|title=GSLV-F08/GSAT-6A Mission|publisher=ISRO|date=2017-11-18|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| F11
| 19 December 2018 10:40
| Mk II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[GSAT-7A]]
| 2250 kg
| GTO
| [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8"| Used an enhanced version of the Vikas engine called High Thrust Vikas Engine (HTVE) along with uprated cryogenic engine C15.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spacetechasia.com/indias-19-upcoming-missions-and-isros-small-satellite-launch-vehicle-sslv/|title=India's 19 upcoming missions, and ISRO's Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)|date=2018-08-28|publisher=SpaceTech Asia|access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/isro-lines-up-3-rocket-launches-in-two-months/articleshow/66538316.cms|title=Isro lines up 3 rocket launches in two months|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhrabhoomi.net/content/state-andhra-pradesh-440|title=19న నింగిలోకి జీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-ఎఫ్ 11 రాకెట్ {{!}} Daily Newspaper in Telugu {{!}} Telugu News Headlines {{!}} Andhrabhoomi|website=andhrabhoomi.netn|access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-gslv-f11/gsat-7a-mission-successful-satellite-meant-for-military-applications-placed-in-orbit/articleshow/67161406.cms|title=ISRO's GSLV-F11/Gsat-7A mission successful, satellite meant for military applications placed in orbit|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=9 style="background:white;" |

=== 2021 ===
|-
! scope="col" | Flight No.
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Payload mass
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
! scope="col" | Launch Outcome
|-
! scope="row" rowspan = 2 style="text-align:center;"| F10
|12 August 2021 00:13<ref>{{cite web|date=10 July 2021|title=ISRO plans to launch geo imaging satellite on August 12|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-plans-to-launch-geo-imaging-satellite-on-august-12/article35249440.ece|access-date=10 July 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SDSC-SHAR - Upcoming Missions|url=https://www.shar.gov.in/sdscshar/index.jsp|access-date=23 March 2021|work=[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]}}</ref>
| Mk II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[GEO Imaging Satellite|GISAT-1]] / EOS-03
| 2268 kg
| GTO
| ISRO
| {{Failure}}
|-
| colspan="8"|Carried EOS-03, a geostationary multi-spectral imaging satellite. The third stage failed to ignite, leading to the loss of the mission. The cause of failure was found to be a 50 millibar drop in pressure in the Liquid Hydrogen tank of the Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS)<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1425631254913843202|user=isro|title=GSLV-F10 launch took place today at 0543 Hrs IST as scheduled. Performance of first and second stages was normal. However, Cryogenic Upper Stage ignition did not happen due to technical anomaly. The mission couldn't be accomplished as intended.|author=[[Indian Space Research Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=India's GSLV fails on long-delayed EOS-03 mission|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/08/eos-03-launch/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=NASASpaceFlight.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-12|title=GSLV failure to have an impact on India's human space mission|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gslv-failure-to-have-an-impact-on-india-s-human-space-mission-121081200178_1.html|access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GSLV-F10 / GISAT-1|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-f10-gisat-1|access-date=25 February 2020|work=[[ISRO]]|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428080046/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-f10-gisat-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="gslv2020">{{cite web|title=Planned Launches of GSLV|url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC/images/GSLV/LaunchesPlanned.pdf|access-date=22 December 2019|publisher=VSSC}}</ref><ref name="ar-2021">{{cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=Annual Report 2022-2023 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2022_23_Eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325172013/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2022_23_Eng.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=[[ISRO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SDSC-SHAR Website|url=https://www.shar.gov.in/sdscshar/index.jsp|access-date=2021-07-16|website=www.shar.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 GSLV mission failed due to loss of pressure in fuel tank:Isro|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2021-gslv-mission-failed-due-to-loss-of-pressure-in-fuel-tank-isro-101637346913901.html|access-date=2021-11-20|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=20 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV-F10/EOS-03 Mission Failure: Failure Analysis Committee submits conclusions & recommendations - ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/25-mar-2022/gslv-f10-eos-03-mission-failure-failure-analysis-committee-submits-conclusions |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=9 style="background:white;" |

=== 2023 ===
|-
! scope="col" | Flight No.
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Payload mass
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
! scope="col" | Launch Outcome
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[GSLV F12|F12]]
|29 May 2023 10:42<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-29 |title=ISRO's GSLV-F12 successfully places navigation satellite NVS-01 into intended orbit |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-launches-gslv-mission-to-deploy-the-nvs-01-navigation-satellite/article66906942.ece |access-date=2023-06-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=India's navigation system gets a boost after ISRO successfully launches NVS-01 satellite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-isro-successfully-launches-nvs-01-navigation-satellite-plans-for-chandrayaan-3-and-aditya-l1-missions-101685386977377.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|Mk II
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Second]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NVS-01]]
|2232 kg
|GTO
|ISRO
|{{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8" |NVS-01 is the first in the second generation navigational satellites. It carried navigational payload operating in L1,L5 and s bands. For the first time, an indigenous atomic clock was flown in NVS-01.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-29 |title=Isro's GSLV-F12 successfully places navigation satellite NVS-01 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-gslv-f12-successfully-places-navigation-satellite-nvs-01/articleshow/100583132.cms |access-date=2023-05-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV-F12/NVS-01 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLV_F12_Landingpage.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

|-
| colspan=9 style="background:white;" |

=== 2024 ===
|-
! scope="col" | Flight No.
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Payload mass
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
! scope="col" | Launch Outcome
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[GSLV F14|F14]]
|17 February 2024 12:05
|Mk II
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Second]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[INSAT-3DS]]
|2275 kg
|GTO
|[[ISRO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8" |Follow on mission to [[INSAT-3DR]]. In this mission, a new white coloured C15 stage was introduced which has more environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSLV-F14/INSAT-3DS Gallery |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLV_F14_INSAT_3DS_gallery.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=9 style="background:white;" |

=== 2025 ===
|-
! scope="col" | Flight No.
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Payload mass
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
! scope="col" | Launch Outcome
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[GSLV F15|F15]]
|29 January 2025 00:53<ref>{{Cite news |title=Isro gears up for multiple launches; Spadex to demonstrate space docking on December 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/isro-gears-up-for-multiple-launches-spadex-to-demonstrate-space-docking-on-december-20/articleshow/115623777.cms |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-01|title=2024 to be a year of Gaganyaan readiness: ISRO Chairman |work=New India Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/01/2024-to-be-a-year-of-gaganyaan-readiness-isro-chairman-2646795.html}}</ref>
|Mk II
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Second]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NVS-02]] (IRNSS-1K)
|2250 kg
|GTO
|[[ISRO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8" |Second generation NAVIC satellite. Also known IRNSS-1K.
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[GSLV-F16|F16]]
| 30 July 2025 12:10<ref name="roses25-a33">{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/solicitations/roses-2024/amendment-33-a-27-nisar-research-and-applications-science-team-deferred-to-roses-25/ |title=Amendment 33: A.27 NISAR Research and Applications Science Team Deferred to ROSES-25 |work=[[Science Mission Directorate]] |date=18 July 2024 |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>
|Mk II
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Second]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|IND}} [[NISAR (satellite)|NISAR]]
|2393 kg
|SSO
|[[NASA]] / [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
| colspan="8" | A [[NASA]] - [[ISRO]] joint mission to co-develop and launch a dual-frequency [[synthetic aperture radar]] on an [[Earth observation satellite]].
|}

== Future launches ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
|-

| rowspan=2 | By Q1 2026<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-04 |title=ISRO reveals new schedule, 7 launches planned in next 5 months |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/isro-reveals-new-schedule-7-launches-planned-in-next-5-months-2901874 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
| Mk II
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Second]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NVS-03]]
| GTO
| [[ISRO]]
|-
| colspan="5" | Flight F17, Second generation NAVIC satellite. Also known IRNSS-1L
|-

| rowspan=2 |By Q1 2026<ref name=":2" />
| Mk II
| Second
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[EOS-05]] ([[GEO Imaging Satellite|GISAT-1A]])
| TBD
| ISRO
|-
| colspan=5 | Flight F18, Follow mission to [[GEO Imaging Satellite|GISAT-1]] 2268 kg<ref name="hindu_isro">{{cite web |last=D.S. |first=Madhumathi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/starting-may-isro-to-launch-a-string-of-defence-satellites/article26714439.ece |title=Starting May, ISRO to launch a string of "defence" satellites |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="ar-2021"/><ref name="gunter-gisat1">{{cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gisat-1.htm |title=GISAT 1, 2 (EOS 03, 05) |publisher=Gunter's Space Page |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan=2 | 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-30 |title=ISRO 'going to have exciting missions' in 2023, says Chairman Somanath |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/isro-going-to-have-exciting-missions-in-2023-including-gslv-launch-chairman-somanath-chandrayaan-space-projects-here-11690700558256.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaganyaan: More than 2 uncrewed missions on cards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-more-than-2-uncrewed-missions-on-cards/articleshow/84738013.cms |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="toi-20210312">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-aims-for-7-more-launches-from-india-in-2021/articleshow/81455856.cms |title=Isro aims for 7 more launches from India in 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 March 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |first=Chethan |last=Kumar |title=2 Gaganyaan abort tests in August, December; relay satellites next year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-gaganyaan-abort-tests-in-august-december-relay-satellites-next-year/articleshow/90688885.cms |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| Mk II
| Second
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Data Relay Satellite System|IDRSS-1]] (CMS-04)
| GTO
| ISRO
|-
| colspan=5 |<ref name="idrss">{{cite web |last=D.S. |first=Madhumathi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-satellites-will-help-gaganyaan-crew/article30496759.ece|title=New data relay satellites to keep Gaganyaan crew in touch with Earth |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 January 2020 |access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="ar-2021"/>
|-

| rowspan=2 | 2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-01|title=2024 to be a year of Gaganyaan readiness: ISRO Chairman |work=New India Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/01/2024-to-be-a-year-of-gaganyaan-readiness-isro-chairman-2646795.html}}</ref>
| Mk II
| Second
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NVS-04]]
| GTO
| ISRO
|-
| colspan="5" | Second generation NAVIC satellite. Also known IRNSS-1M
|-

| rowspan=2 | 2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-01|title=2024 to be a year of Gaganyaan readiness: ISRO Chairman |work=New India Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/01/2024-to-be-a-year-of-gaganyaan-readiness-isro-chairman-2646795.html}}</ref>
| Mk II
| Second
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NVS-05]]
| GTO
| ISRO
|-
| colspan="5" | Second generation NAVIC satellite. Also known IRNSS-1N
|-

| rowspan=2 | 2026-27<ref name="toi-20210312" /><ref name=":1" />
| Mk II
| Second
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Data Relay Satellite System|IDRSS-2]]
| GTO
| ISRO
|-
| colspan=5 |<ref name="idrss" />
|-

| rowspan=2 |TBA<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Annual Report, Department of Space 2020-2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304095412/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2021 |quote=GEV for Orbital Re-entry Experiment (ORE): Launch with 1:8 scale RLV, targeted in first quarter of 2022.}}</ref>
| GEV
| Second
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[RLV-TD|RLV-ORV]]
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| ISRO
|-
| colspan=5 | Orbital Reentry Experiment (OREX) of [[RLV-TD]] will use the existing GSLV launch vehicle with [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Fourth stage|PS-4]] stage instead of its [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle#Third stage|CUS]] [[upper stage]]s (due to decreased performance unlike a regular GSLV launch) and [[RLV-TD|Orbital Re-entry vehicle (ORV)]] in place of its [[ogive]] [[payload fairing]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reusable Launch Vehicle |url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/Reusable_launch_Vehicle.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.vssc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Major Activities of ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav/75-major-events-of-isro-coffee-table-book/coffee_table_book_-_05-02-22_-_fv.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218074246/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav/75-major-events-of-isro-coffee-table-book/coffee_table_book_-_05-02-22_-_fv.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
|}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|File:GSLV Mk.II D6 lifting off with GSAT-6.jpg
|[[GSAT-6]] launch
|File:GSLV-F01 Blasting off from the Sathish Dawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, to place EDUSAT- India's first full-fledged educational sattellite- in orbit on September 20, 2004.jpg
|EDUSAT launch
|File:Fully integrated GSLV-F05 coming out of the Vehicle Assembly Building.jpg
|Fully integrated GSLV-F05 coming out of the Vehicle Assembly Building.
|File:GSLV F05 INSAT 3DR.jpg
|[[INSAT-3DR]] launch
|File:GSLV-F05 take off.jpg
|GSLV F05 take off
|File:Fully Integrated GSLV-F08 inside the Vehicle Assembly Building.jpg
|Top view of a fully Integrated GSLV-F08 inside the Vehicle Assembly Building.
|File:GSLV-F08 Liftoff 5.jpg
|GSLV F08 lift off.
|File:GSLV F11 GSAT-7A campaign- Vehicle at Second Launch Pad 01.jpg
|GSLV F11 vehicle at Second Launch Pad.
|File:Launch of GSLV F11 GSAT-7A from Second Launch Pad of SDSC SHAR 05.jpg
|[[GSAT-7A]] launch
|File:Launch of GSLV F11 GSAT-7A from Second Launch Pad of SDSC SHAR 01.jpg
|Launch of GSLV F11 from Second Launch Pad.
|File:GSLV-F10, EOS-3 - Lift off from Second Launch Pad, SDSC-SHAR 002.jpg
|[[GISAT|EOS-03]] launch
|File:GSLV-F12, NVS-01 - Lift-off 02.webp
|[[NVS-01]] launch
|File:GSLV-F14, INSAT-3DS - Lift off from SLP 01.jpg
|[[INSAT-3DS]] launch
|File:GSLV-F15, NVS-02 — Pre launch images of integration campaign 45.webp
|[[NVS-02]] at SLP before launch
|File:GSLVF16 at SLP.webp
|[[NISAR]] at SLP before launch
|File:GSLV F16 during Liftoff carrying NISAR.webp
|NISAR during Liftoff
}}

== See also ==
*[[List of PSLV launches]]
*[[List of LVM3 launches]]
*[[List of SSLV launches]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Department of Space}}
{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}

[[Category:Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle| ]]
[[Category:ISRO space launch vehicles]]
[[Category:Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
[[Category:Lists of rocket launches|GSLV]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2001]]
[[Category:Expendable space launch systems]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]

Kupamanduka

2025-12-06T09:39:11Z

Eurotechconseil: new - done

{{Short description|Sanskrit language expression}}
{{wiktionary|frog in a well}}
'''Kupamanduka'''/ '''Kupamanduka-nyaya''' (कूपमण्डूक) is a [[Sanskrit]] language expression, meaning "frog in a well".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaniquotes.org/wiki/Kupa-manduka-nyaya:_the_logic_of_the_frog_in_the_well_(Books)|title=Kupa-manduka-nyaya: the logic of the frog in the well (Books) - Vaniquotes|website=www.vaniquotes.org|accessdate=29 December 2020}}</ref> In Sanskrit, ''Kupa'' means a well and ''Manduka'' means a frog. The phrase is used for a small-minded person who foolishly imagines the limits of his knowledge to form the limit of all human knowledge (much as a frog might imagine the well in which it lived to be the largest body of water possible, being completely unable to conceive of anything as vast as an ocean). Equally, if such a frog looked up from its well, and saw but a small circle of sky, it might imagine this tiny disc to be the entirety of the heavens, unaware of the existence of other beings existing beyond the walls of the well and able to see the whole sky bounded by the true horizon.<ref name="TOI-20110908">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/faith-and-ritual/29730836_1_horizon-frog-objective-truth|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628023953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/faith-and-ritual/29730836_1_horizon-frog-objective-truth|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-28|title=Frog in the well|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt|date=2011-09-08|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Amartya Sen]] opines that its meaning carries a caution in opposition to insularity.<ref name="Sen2005">{{cite book|author=Amartya Kumar Sen|title=The argumentative Indian: writings on Indian history, culture and identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HIMAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|date=1 July 2005|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9687-6|pages=85–86}}</ref> Kupamanduka denotes a propensity to bigotry and intolerance and the inability to be positive,<ref name="Musa2002">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Bakri Musa|title=Malaysia in the Era of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nn9LaNtS8oC&pg=PA459|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=2002|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-23258-1|page=459}}</ref> or paranoia.<ref name="Zaccaria2001">{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Zaccaria|title=International Justice and Interpretation / Internationale Gerechtigkeit Und Interpretation: Yearbook of Legal Hermeneutics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsxYFtblOyEC&pg=PA25|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=2001|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-5766-0|page=25}}</ref> Mohammad Bakri Musa likens it to the [[Malay language]] phrase ''katak di bawah tempurong'' (frogs under a coconut shell).<ref name="Musa2002" /> The story of the Koopamanduka is often told to children in India and forms a part of many folktales.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramanujan|first1=A.K.|title=Folktales from India (The Pantheon Fairy Tale and Folklore Library|date=13 January 1994|publisher=Pantheon books|location=New York|isbn=0679748326}}</ref> A similar idiom ([[chengyu]]), [[:zh:井底之蛙]] by Chinese philosopher [[Zhuang Zhou]] is also used in [[Chinese folklore]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tsai|first1=Irene|title=The Frog in the Well (Chinese - English bilingual book) (Chinese Edition) (English and Chinese Edition)|date=28 July 2008|publisher=CE Bilingual Books LLC|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-0980130515|edition=1st}}</ref>

The "frog in the well" narrative gained traction in [[Western world|the West]] following [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s [[Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions|speech]] at the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in [[Chicago]] on 15th September 1893, where he used the parable to explain the origins of [[religious intolerance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=donationsbm |title=Swami Vivekananda's Speeches at the World 's Parliament of Religions, Chicago, 1893 |url=https://belurmath.org/swami-vivekananda-speeches-at-the-parliament-of-religions-chicago-1893/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Belur Math - Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=I am a Hindu. I am sitting in my own little well and thinking that the whole world is my little well. The Christian sits in his little well and thinks the whole world is his well. The Mohammedan sits in his little well and thinks that is the whole world. I have to thank you of [[USA|America]] for the great attempt you are making to break down the barriers of this little world of ours, and hope that, in the future, the Lord will help you to accomplish your purpose.|author=Swami Vivekananda}}

==Examples of usage==
* "But due to the acute paucity of scientific psychological publications in India, we often suffer the disadvantages of a kupa manduka (frog in the well) existence."<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgMWAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=1959|publisher=Indian Science Congress Association.|page=206}}</ref>
* "Arrogance and infinite faith in their own wisdom are attributes of the kupa manduka,..."<ref name="Khan2004">{{cite book|author=Shaukat Ullah Khan|title=Saffronisation of education: instruments and strategies : an analytical critique of NCERT's national curriculum framework for school education syllabus & textbooks (history)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guGbAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Institute of Objective Studies|isbn=978-81-85220-58-1}}</ref>
* "I think it is not that we see ourselves as a kind of flourishing Kupamanduka, a well-frog confined to a little well but a culture, a civilization, a people that has soared in the world, interacted with the world and not been afraid of interaction."<ref name="TheTelegraph-20050222">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050222/asp/opinion/story_4410015.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628023937/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050222/asp/opinion/story_4410015.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 28, 2013|title=TWO WINTER CONCLAVES - Having a Travelling Indians' Day is perhaps not a bad idea|last=Desai|first=Ashok V.|date=2005-02-22|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Allegory of the cave]]
* [[Frogs in culture]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Frogs in culture]]

Amiruddin Shah

2025-11-20T02:21:29Z

Eurotechconseil: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian ballet dancer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=August 2021}}
{{No footnotes|date=August 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amiruddin Shah
| image = File:Headshot of Shah.jpg
| caption = Photography by Amber Hunt
| education = [[Royal Ballet School]], [[Oregon Ballet Theatre]]
| alma_mater = University of Roehampton London [[University of Cambridge]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Ballet dancer|actor|writer|director}}
| employer = [[Miami City Ballet]]
| organization = [[TAD Pictures Releasing]], short for "THEARTDOOR"
| known_for = India's 'Billy Elliot'
| notable_works = North American Premiere of Swan Lake

The Royal Ballet’s: Elite Syncopations.
| title =
| awards = Lynn Seymour Award for Expressive Dance
| website = https://www.instagram.com/amiruddinshah_official/
}}

'''Amiruddin Shah''' is the first truly classical male ballet dancer from India. He has been compared to the protagonist of "Billy Elliot" by the [[BBC News|BBC World Service]]. He became the first Indian ballet dancer to dance with a major company, [[Miami City Ballet]]. in Miami he worked with superstar ballet choreographer [[Alexei Ratmansky]], in the North American premiere of Swan Lake. Shah currently has two upcoming fantasy dance films ''The Red Dress'' and ''A Stranger in New York'' and ''Balanchine's Protege: John Clifford'', a feature-length documentary film.

==The Royal Ballet School==
Shah was the first and only native born Indian dancer to train and graduate from the world-renowned [[Royal Ballet School]] in London.

==Lynn Seymour Award==
Shah was awarded the Lynn Seymour Award in 2019.

==Netflix original film "Yeh Ballet"==
Additionally, Shah's life story has inspired a Netflix original movie "Yeh Ballet," which showcases his journey and influence. Amiruddin Shah's accomplishments and dedication to his craft serve as an inspiration to aspiring dancers and artists worldwide. Although he did not appear in the film, Shah's influence on its creation is significant.

==The Royal Opera House==
Shah has performed as a leading soloist in the Royal Ballet's "Elite Syncopations" at the Royal Opera House Covent Garden.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Writer
! Producer
! Actor
! Company
! Credit
! Notes
! Award
! Won
|-
|2016
|''[[Tea Time]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{Yes}}
| Viacome18 Motion Pictures / Viacome18 Studios
| Distributor
| Lead Actor
| Cineshorts Season - 1
|{{Yes}}
|-
|-
|2023
|''[[A Stranger in New York]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| TAD Pictures Releasing and RUMUR Films
| Production company/distributor
| In association with All Street Production.
|-
|2024
|''[[The Red Dress (2024 film)|The Red Dress]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| TAD Pictures Releasing in association with RUMUR Films
| Production company/distributor
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Balanchine's Protege: John Clifford]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| TAD Pictures Releasing in association with Trashy Studios
| Production company/distributor
|Documentary film
|}

==References==
# https://www.braingainmag.com/how-amiruddin-shah-pirouetted-his-way-from-mumbais-slums-to-the-royal-ballet-school.htm
# https://www.facebook.com/royal.ballet.school/posts/today-we-announce-that-the-2017-20-recipient-of-the-rbs-nadia-nerina-scholarship/2130197543672413/
# https://m.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20170707052530-241-226257/ujung-kaki-anak-tukang-las-melangkah-ke-new-york
# https://www.royalballetschool.org.uk/2017/10/17/nadia-nerina-scholar-announced/
# https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2020/02/28/stage-meets-screen.html
# https://scroll.in/reel/894084/sooni-taraporevala-to-make-ballet-boys-about-mumbais-homegrown-ballet-dancers
# https://www.globalindian.com/youth/story/global-indian-exclusive/an-indian-ballet-star-in-the-miami-city-ballet-amiruddin-shah-pirouettes-to-glory/
# https://www.dancemagazine.com/indian-ballet-dancer/
# https://www.instagram.com/amiruddinshah_official/?hl=en
# https://www.thebetterindia.com/283490/yeh-ballet-netflix-real-life-true-story-amiruddin-shah-manish-chauhan-mumbai/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Amiruddin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century ballet dancers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]

{{Dance-bio-stub}}

Mallick Brothers

2025-11-17T19:48:03Z

Eurotechconseil: Creating new article

{{Short description|Indian classical musicians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mallick Brothers
| image = Mallick Brothers.jpg
| caption = Pandit Prashant Mallick (Left) and Pandit Nishant Mallick (Right)
| othername = Mallick Bandhu
Prashant Mallick and Nishant Mallick
| occupation = Indian Classical musician
| yearsactive = 1999–present
| known for = [[Hindustani music]], [[Dhrupad]]
| parents = Pandit Prem Kumar Mallick
| awards = [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]]
| website = {{URL|dhrupadmusic.org}}
| imagesize =
}}
'''Mallick Brothers''' are Indian classical musicians from the [[Darbhanga]] [[gharana]] of the [[Dhrupad]] tradition, one of the oldest genres of [[Hindustani music|Hindustani vocal music]].<ref name="Dhrupad Music">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Dhrupad Music |url=http://www.dhrupadmusic.org/darbhanga.html |access-date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Dhrupad Music}}</ref> Composed of brothers Pandit Prashant Mallick and Pandit Nishant Mallick, sons of Pandit Prem Kumar Mallick.

They were honoured by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 2013-2014 with [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/events/UKB%20Card_02.12.2015.pdf |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Mallick Brothers are from 13th generation of [[Darbhanga gharana|Darbhanga Gharana]].<ref name=":0" /> They are presently considered one of the powerful exponents of [[Dhrupad]] tradition, both nationally and internationally.<ref name=":0" />

They both have been trained under their father Pandit Prem Kumar Mallick, and grandfather Late Pandit Vidur Mallick.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dhrupad Music : Mallick Brothers:: Biography |url=http://dhrupadmusic.org/biography.html |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=dhrupadmusic.org}}</ref> They belong to Mallick family of musicians, where the legends like [[Padma Shri]] [[Ram Chatur Mallick|Pandit Ram Chatur Mallick]] have created the aura of Gauharbani and Khandarbani style.

Apart from performances India and abroad, they also sang a song 'Amrita Narmada' in [[Basant (raga)|Raag Basant]] in hindi movie ''[[Who Am I (2023 film)|Who Am I]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Citation |title=Amrita Narmada - Raga Basant Song{{!}}Mallick Brothers{{!}}Amrita Narmada - Raga Basant (From "Who am I"){{!}} Listen to new songs and mp3 song download Amrita Narmada - Raga Basantonline on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/song/amrita-narmada-raga-basant-1 |access-date=2025-08-07 |language=en}}</ref>

== Singing style ==
The duo are known for their soulful voice with depth, and elaboration of four stages of [[Alap|Alaap]] and rhythmic improvisation (Layakari) in different meters (Laya) of music.<ref name=":0" /> They sing traditionally, accompanied by a [[Pakhavaj|pakhawaj]] player. One of the prime characteristics in their singing is the smooth glide from one note to another, also called [[meend]] and soot.<ref name=":0" /> Both of them have introduced a new repertoire of bandishes in [[Darbhanga gharana|Darbhanga Gharana]], by singing poetic renditions of ancient poets like [[Kabir|Kabir Das]] to modern poets like Ashok Jamnani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallick |first=Prem Kumar |title=Darbhanga Gharana Evam Bandishen |publisher=[[Kashyap Publication]] |year=2016 |isbn=9789382422457 |edition=1st |location=Ghaziabad |pages=107–108 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]], [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], 2013-2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 2013 & 2014 - Festival of Music, Dance and Drama {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/ustad-bismillah-khan-yuva-puraskar-2013-2014-festival-music-dance-and-drama |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref>
* Top grade, [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]<ref name=":0" />
* Bihar Kala Puraskar

== Discography ==

* [https://www.discogs.com/release/11272294-Prashant-Mallik-Eternal-Bliss Eternal Bliss]. Bihaan Music. 2014

== See also ==

* [[Dhrupad]]
* [[Hindustani music]]
{{portal|India|Music
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

# [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/meet-the-brothers-who-are-on-a-mission-to-popularise-dhrupad/article68872388.ece Meet the brothers who are on a mission to popularise dhrupad]. The Hindu. Retrieved 7 August 2025.

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Sibling musical duos]]
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:Singers from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mithavaadi Krishnan

2025-10-24T04:50:36Z

Eurotechconseil: added info

{{short description|Indian journalist and social reformer (1867-1938)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{sources exist|date=February 2021}}
{{single source|date=February 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mithavaadi Krishnan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = C Krishnan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1867|06|11}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1938|11|29|1867|11|06}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = Presidency college chennai
| occupation = Advocate, social reformer, socialist, periodical publisher
}}
'''Changaramkumarath Krishnan Vakkeel''' was a community leader, banker, social reformer, and journalist from [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शेखर |first=Dr Ajay S. Sekher डॉ अजय एस |date=2021-06-10 |title=Remembering Mithavadi Krishnan and his multi-pronged socio-cultural intervention in Kerala |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2021/06/remembering-mithavadi-krishnan-and-his-multi-pronged-socio-cultural-intervention-in-kerala/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref> He was a champion of implementing the revolutionary socialist reforms proposed by Sree Narayana Guru for the upliftment of the downtrodden people of Kerala. He was called Mithavathi―a minimalist―after the newspaper he published from 1913 to 1938 to spread the message of the reformist movement. He was well-educated and hailed from an influential family. Although he could have entered the government service and risen to higher positions with his education and wealth, he renounced all these for the liberation of the backward classes from the clutch of pathological social system. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://keralamediaacademy.org/archives/?q=content/mithavadi-c-krishnan|title = Mithavadi C. Krishnan | Kerala Media Academy}}</ref>

When the kings and the ruling class passed oppressive laws against the weak sections of the people, ''[[Mithavadi]]'' protested through its editorials that their judgments were against poor people. It also pointed out that the true owners of the land were the people and not the kings or the people in power. It reminded the King of Travancore of the Russian rulers who were overthrown by the revolutionaries and asked his highness to take this as an indication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nastiknation.org/product/mithavadi-c-krishnan-kranthadarsiyaya-karmayogi/|title=Mithavadi C Krishnan – Kranthadarsiyaya Karmayogi – Nastik Nation}}</ref>

==Biography==
C. Krishnan was born in [[Mullassery]], [[Thrissur]] on 11 June 1867.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शेखर |first=Dr Ajay S. Sekher डॉ अजय एस |date=2021-06-10 |title=Remembering Mithavadi Krishnan and his multi-pronged socio-cultural intervention in Kerala |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2021/06/remembering-mithavadi-krishnan-and-his-multi-pronged-socio-cultural-intervention-in-kerala/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref> He took over the ''[[Mithavadi]]'' in 1913 which was initially started as a monthly newspaper(Magazine) from Thalassery. It featured articles and writings regarding the socially depressed classes and was a voice for the rights of the depressed classes.It was known as the "Bible of the socially oppressed". [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]] a great social reformer of Kerala, during those times, was the one who gave C. Krishnan the impetus, advice to take over Mithavadi and helped him to start this as a newspaper. Mithavadi started its publication from Calicut as a monthly from 1913 to 1921 through empire press Calicut and then as a weekly until 1938.
C. Krishnan was initially a follower of Dr. [[Ayyathan Gopalan]] and Brahmosamaj and worked together with Dr. [[Ayyathan Gopalan]] in his social reform activities. He worked as the secretary of Calicut Brahmosamaj for many years. Later on he got interest in the philosophy of Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nastiknation.org/product/mithavadi-c-krishnan-kranthadarsiyaya-karmayogi/|title=Mithavadi C Krishnan – Kranthadarsiyaya Karmayogi – Nastik Nation}}</ref>

The Kochi metro entrance has the history of the Kerala press and C. Krishnan is listed amongst the first under 1907. It says "''[[Mithavadi]]'' – From Tellicherry marks the next important milestone in the history of the press in Kerala. It published a daily news sheet featuring the latest news from the war front during the First World War. Separately, the Government of Kerala states "The Mitavadi was in the forefront of the movement for social reforms and the uplift of the weaker sections of society".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gurudevan.info/forum/great-people-thought-about-guru-part-1-t371.html|title = Ezimenus, menus and cooking tips}}</ref>

C. Krishnan was a follower of [[Sree Narayana Guru]]. He was a leader of the [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana]] Yogam and was active in organizing the meetings of the northern [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] district his area of [[Kerala]]. He participated in many SNDP yogam conventions and chaired its 9th anniversary at sivagiri along with the consecration ceremony of ‘Sharada’ temple there. He was an excellent organizer and fund raiser for the SNDP. He was appointed the Dharmakartha of all the Ashram properties. He actively participated in [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]. In 1907 Krishnan (along with [[Kalingalmadom Rarichan Moopan]] of the famous Kallingal Madom) invited [[Sree Narayana Guru]] to Malabar. The guru accepted the invitation and visited many places in Malabar.

C. Krishnan however did not support the freedom movement, and was against the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He supported the British rule because he believed that freedom for rule without freedom from [[serfdom]] was meaningless. He blamed Gandhiji for his failure to prevent the [[Malabar rebellion]]. He wanted the freedom of the oppressed classes to be attained before the nation achieved freedom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://keralamediaacademy.org/archives/?q=content/mithavadi-c-krishnan|title = Mithavadi C. Krishnan | Kerala Media Academy}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayana Guru]]
* [[Padmanabhan Palpu|Dr. Palpu]]
* [[Kumaran Asan|Kumaranasan]]
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Rao Sahib Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]]
* [[Moorkoth Kumaran]]
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]]
* [[Vagbhatananda|Vaghbhatananda gurudevar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.snaofna.org Sree Narayana Association]
* [https://mithavadi-ckrishnan.blogspot.com Blog on C. Krishnan]

{{Narayana Guru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Mithavaadi}}
[[Category:Narayana Guru]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thrissur]]

Telangana Public Service Commission

2025-09-24T13:32:32Z

Eurotechconseil:

{{Short description|State government agency in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Telangana Public Service Commission (TGPSC)
| native_name =
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| type = [[Constitutional body]]
| seal =
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| image_caption = Telangana State Public Service Commission Office, Hyderabad
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| formed = {{Start date and age|2014|08|18|df=y|p=y}}, [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India
| preceding1 = Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission (until 2014)
| preceding2 = 
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| jurisdiction = [[Telangana]]
| status = Active
| headquarters = Prathibha Bhavan, M. J. Road, Nampally, Hyderabad-500001, Telangana
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| chief1_name = [[Burra Venkatesham]]
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| chief2_name = Dr. E. Naveen Nicolas, IAS
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The '''Telangana Public Service Commission''' ('''TGPSC''') is a [[government body]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India, established under the provisions of the [[Constitution of India]], to select applicants for various state government jobs through [[competitive examination]]s,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141218/nation-current-affairs/article/telangana-start-hiring-picks-panel-chief |title=Telangana to start hiring, picks panel chief |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |date=2014-12-18 |access-date=2015-05-14}}</ref> and according to the rules of reservation.

It is a constitutional body established under Article 315 of Constitution of India which provides a smooth and efficient functioning of the [[Government of Telangana]] by providing suitable candidates for various government posts and offer advice on various service matters like formulation of recruitment rules, promotions, transfers and disciplinary actions, etc.

The commission was formed on 2 June 2014 as per [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]], as the [[Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission]] bifurcated into APPSC and TSPSC. The official website was launched on 11 April 2015 by governor [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.myinfoindia.com/tspsc-official-website-launch/ |title=TSPSC official Website Launch |publisher=Myinfoindia.com |date=2015-04-12 |access-date=2015-05-14 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519134148/http://www.myinfoindia.com/tspsc-official-website-launch/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ghanta Chakrapani]] was appointed the first chairman of TSPSC, who is a professor at [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University]]. The current chairman is Burra Venkatesham IAS (Retd VRS) and the commission's secretary is Priyanka Ala.

==History==

===Hyderabad Public Service Commission===
The early [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Asaf Jahi]] rulers of the [[Hyderabad State]] followed the Mughal administrative traditions, practices and appointed public servants on the basis of nomination and representation. [[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I|Sir Salar Jung I]], the Diwan (Prime Minister) was the creator of modern Hyderabad Civil Service. In 1882, Salar Jung issued the extraordinary Jareeda and emphasized the need of educating and training the young Hyderabadis for recruitment in the Nizam's Services. He propounded the idea of building an efficient administrative system on the model of British India and introduced several administrative reforms. He dismantled the old/archaic administrative structure and streamlined the public institutions by creating a distinct civil service class. The establishment of Zilabandi system, creation of Subedari and Taluqdari system, Revenue, Police and Judicial reforms by Salar Jung facilitated the formation of Hyderabad Civil Service. Subsequently, the proclamation of Qanuncha Mubarik of 1892, the Cabinet Council, and the Executive Council (1919) framed rules and regulations governing the services as well as regulated and institutionalized the Hyderabad civil services.

In 1938, through a resolution of the Executive Council a committee was constituted composed of all Secretaries to Government with the Finance Member as the President and an officer of the Finance Department as Secretary to examine the possibility and role of an agency or agencies for recruitment and appointment and its/their sphere(s) of action. After detailed discussion, it was recommended to establish an independent and impartial recruitment agency, known as the Hyderabad Public Service Commission. The committee opined that "the efficiency of an administration depends on its personnel. It is therefore evident that the procedure of recruitment especially for the higher services of the administration, play an important role in creating and maintaining its standard and efficiency. Accordingly, the Hyderabad Public Service Commission was established by a Firman on 27 April 1947. It brought the entire administrative machinery of civil services of the Nizam's State in tune with modern times. The Hyderabad Civil Service, was a coveted service in the State of Hyderabad. It was considered to be an elite service, and the best of the government officers were inducted into it through a competitive examination. It was abolished after the police action in 1948 and its officers were absorbed into the Indian government civil services. Hyderabad Civil Service Committee was established and as a personnel agency it played a significant role in the management of civil services. It was independent in its functioning and no attempt was made to bring pressure on the decision-making process of the committee. It was a multifunctional agency and closely associated with all aspects of Hyderabad civil service. It had to conduct examinations for the selection and placement of the candidates for the various vacancies in different departments.

The Hyderabad Public Service Commission was constituted on the model of British Provincial Public Service Commission with similar functions. It consisted of a chairman and members not exceeding four in number. They were appointed by His Highness the Nizam on the recommendation of the president of the Executive Council. The chairman and members of the Hyderabad Public Service Commission were not permitted further employment after relinquishing their office.

The public commission established by the last Nizam, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] in 1947 became the forerunner of the Hyderabad Public Service Commission under the Constitution of India, during the period of [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]], the first elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. The Hyderabad Public Service Commission was finally merged into the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission in 1956. Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission was in existence until the united Andhra Pradesh State was bifurcated into Telangana State and AP State in accordance with AP Reorganization Act, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tspsc.gov.in/history.jsp |title=Telangana State Public Service Commission |publisher=Tspsc.gov.in |date= |access-date=2015-05-14 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103033/http://www.tspsc.gov.in/history.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Formation of Telangana State and constitution of TSPSC===
According to the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] the Telangana State came into existence with effect from the appointed day i.e., 2 June 2014. Constitution of Telangana State Public Service Commission (TSPSC) Section 83(2) of the Andhra Pradesh Re-Organisation Act, 2014 (Central Act.6/2014) provides for constitution of a Public Service Commission in the Successor State of Telangana.

In exercise of the powers conferred under Article 316 (1) & (2) of the Constitution of India, [[Governor of Telangana]] appointed Prof. Ghanta Chakrapani, a well known academician and journalist as the first chairman of the newly constituted Telangana State Public Service Commission.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ghanta-chakrapani-is-first-chairman-of-tspsc/article6701760.ece |title=Ghanta Chakrapani is first Chairman of TSPSC |work=The Hindu |date=2014-12-18 |access-date=2015-05-14}}</ref>

==Organisation==
Articles 316 to 319 deal with the structure of state public service commissions. Telangana State Public Service Commission is headed by the chairman with three additional members, all appointed by the [[Governor of Telangana]], in accordance with the above provisions of the Constitution of India.

==First Commission==
After the formation of Telangana State in 2014 the governor of Telangana appointed the commission consisting of a chairman and three members. The names of the members are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tspsc.gov.in/presentcommission.jsp |title=Telangana State Public Service Commission |publisher=Tspsc.gov.in |date= |access-date=2015-05-14}}</ref>
# [[Ghanta Chakrapani]] (Chairman),<ref name="Ghanta Chakrapani is first Chairman of TSPSC">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Ghanta Chakrapani is first Chairman of TSPSC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Ghanta-Chakrapani-is-first-Chairman-of-TSPSC/article60388261.ece |access-date=26 January 2024 |date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126205425/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Ghanta-Chakrapani-is-first-Chairman-of-TSPSC/article60388261.ece |archive-date=26 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> 18 December 2014 - 17 December 2020
# Ch. Vittal (Telangana Activist)
# [[Banoth Chandravathi]] (Former MLA)
# Mohd. Mateenuddin Quadri (Social Activist)
# T. Vivek
# D. Krishna Reddy
# K. Rammohan Reddy
# M. Rajender
# Ch. Vidya Sagar Rao
# Prof Ch. Sailu
# Banala Manmadha Reddy

==Second Commission==
# Dr B. Janardhan Reddy (Chairman)<ref name="Dr. B Janardhan Reddy appointed TSPSC Chairman">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Dr. B Janardhan Reddy appointed TSPSC Chairman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/dr-b-janardhan-reddy-appointed-tspsc-chairman-7321344/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126210448/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/dr-b-janardhan-reddy-appointed-tspsc-chairman-7321344/ |archive-date=26 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
# Kotla Aruna Kumari
# Sumithra Anand Tanoba
# Karam Ravinder Reddy
# Ramavath Dhan Singh
# Prof.B.Linga Reddy
# Dr.Aravelli Chandrashekar Rao
# R.Satyanarayana

==Third Commission==
On 25 January 2024, the governor of Telangana appointed the new commission consisting of six members.<ref name="Telangana Governor approves ex-DGP Mahender Reddy's name to head TSPSC, five others named members">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=25 January 2024 |title=Telangana Governor approves ex-DGP Mahender Reddy's name to head TSPSC, five others named members |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-governor-approves-the-name-of-former-dgp-mahender-reddy-for-the-tspsc-chairperson-post/article67775719.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126080252/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-governor-approves-the-name-of-former-dgp-mahender-reddy-for-the-tspsc-chairperson-post/article67775719.ece |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
# [[M. Mahender Reddy]] (Chairman)
# Dr. E. Naveen Nicolas, IAS, SECRETARY, TSPSC
#
# Smt Anita Rajendra ( IAS Retd.)<ref name="New TSPSC members come with good track record">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=New TSPSC members come with good track record |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/new-telangana-state-public-service-commission-tspsc-members-come-with-good-track-record/article67777029.ece |access-date=27 January 2024 |date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127181906/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/new-telangana-state-public-service-commission-tspsc-members-come-with-good-track-record/article67777029.ece |archive-date=27 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
# Dr [[Amir Ullah Khan]], Economist
# Prof Narri Yadaiah
# Sri Yarabadi Ram Mohana Rao
# Smt Palavai Rajani Kumari

==Fourth Commission==
The Telangana government has appointed [[Burra Venkatesham]] as the new chairman of the Telangana Public Service Commission on 30 November 2024 after the term of the previous chairman [[M. Mahender Reddy]] ended as he attained 62 years.<ref name="Burra Venkatesham to be the new chairman of Telangana Public Service Commission">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=30 November 2024 |title=Burra Venkatesham to be the new chairman of Telangana Public Service Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/burra-venkatesham-to-be-the-new-chairman-of-telangana-public-service-commission/article68930408.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130070423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/burra-venkatesham-to-be-the-new-chairman-of-telangana-public-service-commission/article68930408.ece |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He assumed charge as the Telangana Public Service Commission (TGPSC) Chairman on 5 December 2024.<ref name="Burra Venkatesham takes charge as chairperson of Telangana Public Service Commission">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=6 December 2024 |title=Burra Venkatesham takes charge as chairperson of Telangana Public Service Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/burra-venkatesham-takes-charge-as-chairperson-of-telangana-public-service-commission/article68954093.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206164417/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/burra-venkatesham-takes-charge-as-chairperson-of-telangana-public-service-commission/article68954093.ece |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
# [[Burra Venkatesham]] (Chairman)
# Smt Anita Rajendra (IAS Retd)
# Dr [[Amir Ullah Khan]], Economist
# Prof Narri Yadaiah
# Sri Yarabadi Ram Mohana Rao
# Smt Palavai Rajani Kumari
# Sri P. Vishwa Prasad (IPS)
# Sri C. Chandrakanth Reddy
# Sri Prof. Laxmikanth Rathod

==Functions==
One of the primary functions of the commission is to select the best suitable candidates for various government posts in Telangana State.
Important statutory functions of the commission are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tspsc.gov.in/Functions.jsp?id=2 |title=Telangana State Public Service Commission |publisher=Tspsc.gov.in |date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2015-05-14 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103043/http://www.tspsc.gov.in/Functions.jsp?id=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Direct Recruitment
*Approval of Statutory Rules relating to State and Subordinate Services
*Concurrence for Compassionate Appointments in Special Cases
*Recruitment by Transfer / Promotion
*Disciplinary Cases
*Conduct of Departmental Examinations to State Government Employees
*Half Yearly Examinations
*Temporary Appointments - Concurrence of the Commission

==Awards==
* Skoch Order of Merit Award-2015 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-12-08/Skoch-Order-of-Merit-Award-for-TSPSC/191746 | title=Skoch Order of Merit Award for TSPSC | date=8 December 2015 | publisher=The Hans India | access-date=14 September 2019 }}</ref>
* 13 awards in National Panchayat Awards 2023

==See also==
*[[Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission]]
*[[Union Public Service Commission]]
*[[Staff Selection Commission]]
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.tgpsc.gov.in/}}

{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}

[[Category:State agencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:State public service commissions of India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2014]]

Banjaria (community development block)

2025-08-26T04:47:25Z

Eurotechconseil: creating a info - done

{{Short description|Block in Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox place
| name = Banjaria
| settlement_type = [[Community development block]]
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|40|08|N|84|54|59|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
| government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti]]
| area_total_km2 = 138
| elevation_m = 68
| population_total = 162684
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi & Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 845401
| area_code = 06252
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = BR-05
}}
'''Banjaria''' is a [[community development block]] in [[East Champaran district|East Champaran District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub-division & Block {{!}} An Official Website of East Champaran, Motihari {{!}} India |url=https://eastchamparan.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> The administrative center of the block is the town of Banjaria. In the year 2011, the block has a population of 162,684.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Banjaria is located on the northern portion of [[East Champaran district|East Champaran District]]. Its average elecation is 68 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banjaria topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-fslqzs/Banjaria/?center=26.73396,84.88689 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
There are 30 villages under Banjaria Block:<ref name=":0" />
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Ajgari
* Banjaria
* Banjaria (part)
* Bhela Chhapra
* Burhwa
* Chailaha
* Chichurahia
* Chitaha
* Gamharia
* Ghormarwa
* Janerwa
* Jatwa
* Kaparsandi
* Kukurjari
* Loknath Pur
* [[Pachrukha, East Champaran|Pachrukha]]
* Pakaria
* Patkhaulia
* Phulwar
* Pipra
* Ratanpur
* Rohinia
* Semra Khas
* Semra Tola Bhola
* Semra Tola Hat
* Singhia Sagar
* Singia Hiban
* Siswa
* Sukhi Dih
* Tarkulwa
{{div col end}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religion in Dhamdaha|titlebar=#F6F6F6|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|66.77}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|33.03}}
{{bar percent|other|grey|0.20}}}}According to [[2011 Census of India]], there are 32,464 households and 162,684 residents within Banjaria. The male population is 86,088, and female population is 76,596. The total literacy rate is 42.45%, with 49.90% of the male population and 34.08% of the female population being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[East Champaran district|East Champaran District]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in East Champaran district]]

Vande Mataram (album)

2025-08-23T13:07:44Z

Eurotechconseil: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Vande Mataram
| type = [[Studio album]]
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = vandemataramcover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 12 August 1997<ref name="IT"/>
| recorded = 1997 [[Panchathan Record Inn]] ([[Chennai, India]]) [[Sarm West Studios]] ([[London, UK]]) [[Metropolis Studios]] ([[London, UK]]) Reaktor Studios ([[London, UK]]) Sargam Studios ([[Lahore, Pakistan]]) XIC Studios ([[Mumbai, India]])
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[World music]], [[Indian pop]], {{nowrap|[[Folk rock]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=A.R. Rahman – Vande Mataram|url=http://www.discogs.com/AR-Rahman-Vande-Mataram/release/1842385|publisher=[[Discogs]]|access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref>
| length = 55:25
| label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]/[[SME Records]] (1997) CK 68525 (North America) 488709 (international) [[Varese Sarabande]] (2009)
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]] Kanika Myer Bharat [[Bharatbala]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
'''''Vande Mataram''''' is a 1997 studio album by [[Music of India|Indian]] musician [[A. R. Rahman]]. It is [[Sony Music India]]'s largest-selling non-film album to date.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/msw.htm|author=Salma Khatib|title=Indi-pop: Down But Not Out|date=22 September 2000|magazine=[[Screen India]]|access-date=2011-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120045620/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/msw.htm|archive-date=20 January 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It released on 12 August 1997 by [[Sony]]'s music labels [[Columbia Records]] and [[SME Records]]. The timing of the release commemorated the [[Golden Jubilee|50th anniversary]] of [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]] and has been instrumental in instilling a sense of patriotic pride and national unity amongst the people of India. Ever since release, both the album and its title song "Maa Tujhe Salaam" have had a profoundly positive and unifying impact on the nationalistic and patriotic mood of the country.

A critical and commercial hit, the title song from the album is one of India's most popular songs of all time. Sung by Rahman himself, the song has come to represent a feeling of patriotic unity for India and has been performed or played at several national and regional events in the country. The track also holds two [[Guinness World Record]]s for being the song performed in the most languages. Indian singer Sai "Psychuck" Manapragada performed the track in 265 different languages (individually) and again in 277 languages (with chorus) to achieve this feat twice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article583836.ece|title=NRI songster storms into Guinness|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2010-08-20|access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref> Rahman was also issued an Guinness World Record certificate for being the composer of the original song which was ceremoniously presented to Rahman after his concert in Oakland, CA, USA on 12 September 2010.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3B7DcMMGr-I|title=AR Rahman Guinness World Record}}</ref>

The album won the 1998 [[Star Screen Awards|Screen Videocon Award]] for Best Non-Film Album.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan23/films2.htm|title=Screen Videocon Award Winners|magazine=[[Screen India]]|date=1998-01-23|access-date=2011-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703055056/http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan23/films2.htm|archive-date=2009-07-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also features "Gurus of Peace" which Rahman recorded with the late Pakistani [[Qawwali]] singer [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] who died 4 days after the album's release.

==Background==
In 1997, when Rahman had gone to [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) to attend the [[Star Screen Awards|Screen Awards]] ceremony, he met his childhood friend [[Bharat Bala]]. During this meeting both had discussed a proposal for an album to commemorate 50 years of Indian Independence in 1997. In 1997, the International music label, [[Sony Music]], entered the Indian market in a big way. They were looking to promote Indian artistes internationally. And the first person to be signed up by Sony Music from the Indian sub-continent was A.R.Rahman, on a three-album contract. The financial details of the contract were not disclosed but Industry experts believe it to be the largest of its kind in India. Rahman suggested the idea that he had discussed with Bharat to Sony Music India and was immediately accepted. Called ''Vande Mataram'', it was a tribute to the motherland and featured songs to mark the three colours of the Indian Flag .<ref name="TFM">{{cite web
|url=http://tfmmagazine.mayyam.com/jan06/?t=5568
|title=Artist of the Month: AR Rahman
|publisher=TFM
|date=January 2006
|access-date=11 December 2010
|archive-date=4 May 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504133424/http://tfmmagazine.mayyam.com/jan06/?t=5568
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Development==
Sony asked him to choose from any of its international stars to work with and supposedly even suggested the name of [[Celine Dion]]. But Rahman settled, very appropriately, for the Pakistani Sufi music singer [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] and [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]'s guitarist [[Dominic Miller]]. Rahman had decided that he would definitely work with Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan after he attended his performance in Delhi. Explaining his choice, "I don't want to collaborate with just a name. I must feel something for the person and relate with his work. I've seen several famous names collaborating on songs and albums, but they remain just two names. There's no chemistry. It's like oil and water. They can't come together." He went all the way to Pakistan to record the "Gurus of Peace" number with Khan.<ref name="TFM"/> This is supposedly the first time that an Indian and Pakistani artiste have come together to create this kind of music.<ref name="Rediff"/>
Rahman worked overtime for this prestigious project that his film assignments went behind schedule.<ref name="TFM"/><ref name="IT">{{cite magazine
|url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/01091997/vande.html
|title = A Song for India
|magazine = [[India Today]]
|date = 1 September 1997
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990302025128/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/01091997/vande.html
|archive-date = 2 March 1999
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]] was originally composed for the album. But as it didn't fit it, it was replaced for the film [[Dil Se..]]

==Release==
When the songs from the album were played, pre-release, at the Sony Music conference in Manila, Sony Music executives representing various Sony Music sub-labels reportedly went berserk and clamoured for the international rights of the album. They played the song; pandemonium reigned. The head of [[Columbia records]] (a Sony label) said, "It's unbelievable, I want it." The head of [[Epic records]] (another Sony label) said, "I don't care, I want it." Says Subramaniam: "It was the hit of the conference."<ref name="IT"/>

Amid great hype, the album was released on 12 August 1997, three days before the 50th anniversary of Indian independence. The Indian release had only 7 songs while the international release had two additional songs "Masoom" and "Musafir". Later "Masoom" was released in India in the album ''Gurus of Peace'' and "Musafir" in the album ''MTV Total Mix''.

In 2009, The international version of album with 9 songs was re-issued by [[Varèse Sarabande]] in North America.

==Reception==
The album was met with overwhelming responses. Rahman became the first Indian artist of popular music to go international when ''Vande Mataram'' was released simultaneously in 28 countries across the world. Rahman himself performed live at [[Vijay Chowk]] in [[New Delhi]] on August 14, 1997, the eve of the Golden Jubilee of [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]], to a packed audience that comprised the Prime Minister of India, [[I. K. Gujral|Inder Kumar Gujral]]. The album was a big success, selling over 500,000 copies in the first week, and over 1.5 million copies in India during 1997.<ref name="IT"/> It also did very well internationally, selling millions worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mathai|first=Kamini|title=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm|date=2009|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|isbn=9788184758238|page=160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnMh7K0CEqoC&pg=PT160}}</ref>

''[[Screen India]]'''s reviewer said, "A. R. Rahman's tribute to India in its 50th year of independence was a well-synchronised effort. Both, Rahman's music and singing, were appreciated, and the lead track "Maa Tujhe Salaam", with its brilliant orchestration, is a befitting '90s ode to the motherland. Another highlight is Rahman's duet with Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, "Gurus of Peace"."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan02/music2.htm|title=Audio Reviews: The Best of 1997|year=1997|magazine=[[Screen India]]|access-date=28 April 2011}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Allmusic]]'s Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album a rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars, describing it as "a vibrant, exciting album that has the potential to reach beyond the traditional world music fan."<ref>{{cite web|title=A.R. Rahman - Vande Mataram|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/vande-mataram-mw0000031271|website=[[Allmusic]]|access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref>

Initially there was some negative criticism against Rahman for using phrases of India's national song "[[Vande Mataram]]" in the title track; "Maa Tujhe Salaam". With the immense popularity and widespread appeal for the song from all over India, much of this criticism was ignored. The song "Maa Tujhe Salaam" got repeated airplay in the world music category on radio and television channels across the world.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}"Maa Tujhe Salaam" was also nominated for International Viewer's Choice Award for MTV India in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_International_Viewer%27s_Choice|title=Nominations for International Viewer's Choice Award for MTV India,1998}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=July 2021}}

"Maa Tujhe Salaam" is commonly used as an [[Stadium anthem|anthem]] by India's national sports teams. It is especially considered iconic for [[India national cricket team|India's national cricket team]] as cricket is the most popular spectator sport in the country. The song's patriotic theme helps to unite everyone, boost morale, and represent pride in the team and the country. It is often played at matches, celebrations, events, and used in video packages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/39131756/moment-year-2023-kanteerava-stadium-vande-mataram-indian-football-saff-championship|title=Moment of the Year: Kanteerava singing 'Vande Mataram' permeates into Indian football history|work=ESPN|date=December 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/goosebumps-over-30000-fans-sing-vande-mataram-during-india-vs-new-zealand-at-wankhede-stadium-watch-8664708.html|title=‘Goosebumps’: Over 30,000 Fans Sing Vande Mataram During India vs New Zealand at Wankhede Stadium - WATCH|work=news18|date=November 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/maa-tujhe-salaam-virat-kohli-hardik-pandya-singing-vande-mataram-post-t20-world-cup-win-leaves-fans-tearyeyed-101720161970053.html|title='Maa Tujhe Salaam': Virat Kohli, Hardik Pandya singing Vande Mataram post T20 World Cup win leaves fans teary-eyed|work=Hindustan Times|date=July 5, 2024}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Maa Tujhe Salaam
| length1 = 6:11
| lyrics1 = [[Mehboob Kotwal|Mehboob]]
| extra1 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| title2 = Revival
| length2 = 7:40
| lyrics2 = [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
| extra2 = A. R. Rahman
| title3 = Gurus of Peace
| length3 = 6:27
| lyrics3 = Mehboob, Tim Cody & Dinesh Kapoor
| extra3 = [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], A. R. Rahman
| title4 = Tauba Tauba
| length4 = 6:11
| lyrics4 = Mehboob
| extra4 = A. R. Rahman
| title5 = Only You
| length5 = 5:40
| lyrics5 = Mehboob
| extra5 = A. R. Rahman
| title6 = Missing (Vande Mataram)
| length6 = 5:11
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Instrumental
| title7 = Thai Manne Vanakkam
| note7 = Tamil version of "Maa Tujhe Salaam"
| length7 = 6:11
| lyrics7 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra7 = A. R. Rahman
| title8 = Masoom
| length8 = 6:08
| lyrics8 = [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]
| extra8 = A. R. Rahman
| title9 = Musafir
| length9 = 5:43
| lyrics9 = Tim Kody, Kanika Myer Bharat
| extra9 = A. R. Rahman, Faye
}}
* The tracks "Maa Tujhe Salaam", "Revival", and "Gurus of Peace" represent the three colours - saffron, white and green respectively - of the [[Flag of India|national flag]].<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web
|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/aug/08indy.htm
|title=Sony to launch A R Rahman as international artiste on Independence Day
|publisher=[[Rediff]]
|date=August 1997
|access-date=31 August 2008
}}</ref>

* "Revival" and "Missing" are both arrangements of [[Vande Mataram]].
* "Musafir" and "Gurus of Peace" were partial reuses of Rahman's earlier film songs, "[[Ottagathai Kattiko]]" (from ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'') and "Porale Ponnuthayi" (from ''[[Karuththamma]]'') respectively.
* "Gurus of Peace" was the only song sung by [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] for Rahman and was one of his final songs as he died soon after the album's release. As a tribute to him, Rahman released an album titled ''Gurus of Peace'' in 1998.

==Album credits==

===Personnel===
*[[A. R. Rahman]] – [[Singing|vocals]]
*[[Pete Lockett]] – [[Percussion]]
*[[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]] – [[Percussion]]
*Mark James – [[Guitar]]
*Sara Prosser – [[Oboe]]
*Ganesh Rajagopalan - [[Violin]]
*Srinivasalu - [[Santoor]]
*[[Dominic Miller]] - [[Acoustic guitar]]
*Mahesh Tinaikar - [[Acoustic guitar]]
*Keith Peters - [[Bass guitar]]
*Appa Rao - [[Shehnai]]
*Chris "Snake" Davis - [[Saxophone]]
*Janardhanan - [[Sitar]]

===Production===
*Producers: [[A. R. Rahman]], Kanika Myer Bharat, [[Bharatbala]]
*Engineers: [[H. Sridhar]], Paul Wright, Shivakumar
*Mixing: [[H. Sridhar]]
*Programming: [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Yak Bondy]]

===Post production===
*Chetan Desai

===Design===
* [[Art Director|Art direction]]: Sunil Mahadik
*Oil on canvas: [[Thotta Tharani]]
*[[Photography]]: Thejal Patni
*Inlay design: Manjiri Rajopadhye

==Covers==
[[Stanford Raagapella]], a South Asian fusion a cappella group, has created an acappella version of the song Maa Tujhe Salaam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanford Raagapella |url=http://www.raagapella.com |access-date=2012-08-25 }}</ref>

[[Esther Hnamte]], a four-year-old girl from [[Mizoram]] published a music video cover on Youtube in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-01|title=4-year-old girl's rendition of 'Maa Tujhe Salaam' has a new fan: PM Modi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/4-year-old-mizo-girls-maa-tujhe-salaam-cover-has-left-netizens-mesmerised-6908278/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It became a media sensation leading to praising comments from [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]] and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-01|title=Adorable and admirable: PM Modi lauds 4-year-old girl's rendition of 'Vande Mataram'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/adorable-and-admirable-pm-modi-lauds-4-year-old-girls-rendition-of-vande-mataram-909763.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Achom|first=Debanish|date=2020-10-31|title="Adorable, Admirable": PM On 4-Year-Old Singing "Vande Mataram"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/adorable-admirable-says-pm-narendra-modi-on-4-year-old-esther-hnamte-singing-vande-mataram-2318758|access-date=2021-06-02|website=NDTV}}</ref> Rahman also tweeted, saying, "When you are showered with cuteness and love."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Jaiswal|first=Umanand|date=2020-11-03|title=Child singer wins Netizens' admiration|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/video-of-mizo-girls-maa-tujhe-salaam-attracts-over-9-lakh-views/cid/1796351|access-date=2021-06-03|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{A. R. Rahman}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1997 albums]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]

Nalta, Dum Dum

2025-08-22T02:56:42Z

Eurotechconseil:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Nalta
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = Nalta Kalibari.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Nalta Kalibari
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = {{Bulleted list|[[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station|Dum Dum Cantonment]]|[[Durganagar railway station|Durganagar]]}}
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[Dum Dum Municipality]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6464|N|88.4198|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700028
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Nalta''' is a locality in [[Dum Dum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Adjoined localities are Badra, [[Kumarpara, Dum Dum|Kumarpara]] and [[Italgacha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sylhetiyouthwelfareassociation.wordpress.com/2013/10/11/dum-dum-cantonment/|title=History of Dum Dum Cantonment|publisher=|access-date=28 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Post office===
Dum Dum has a delivery Head post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700028 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Kumarpara, Ordnance Factory, Kamalapur and Rajabagan.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/KOLKATA/D/DUMDUM | title = Dum Dum Head Post Office | publisher = pincode.net.in |access-date = 22 Feb 2025}}</ref>

===Police station===

Dum Dum police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Nalta areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=22 Feb 2025|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814175228/http://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Markets==
Markets near Nalta area are:
* Kumarpara Market
* Durganagar Market

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengal]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
*[https://dumdummunicipality.wordpress.com/ Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{North24Parganas-geo-stub}}

Encyclopedia of Hinduism

2025-07-28T21:33:01Z

Eurotechconseil: New Data

{{Short description|Encyclopedia}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
'''''Encyclopedia of Hinduism''''', 1st ed., 2012, is a comprehensive, multi-volume, English language encyclopedia of [[Hinduism]], comprising ''{{IAST|Sanātana Dharma}}'', a [[Sanskrit]] phrase, meaning "the eternal [[dharma|law]]", or the "eternal way", that is used to refer to Hinduism, [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Hinduism-is-an-intellectual-system-not-religion/Article1-899317.aspx|title=Hinduism is an intellectual system, not religion|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423060143/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Hinduism-is-an-intellectual-system-not-religion/Article1-899317.aspx|archivedate=23 April 2013|url-status=dead|accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> It is a 7,184 page, 11-volume publication with full-color illustrations of temples, places, thinkers, rituals and festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rupapublications.com/client/Book/Encyclopedia-of-Hinduism.aspx|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism Ed. Dr. Kapil Kapoor|publisher=[[Rupa & Co.]]|accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref> ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'' is an inspiration and dream project of [[Chidanand Saraswati]], President of [[Parmarth Niketan]] and India Heritage Research Foundation. Under preparation for 25 years, it has been edited by [[Kapil Kapoor]] with contribution from over 2000 scholars.<ref>{{cite web | title =The Sunday Tribune – Books | url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120219/spectrum/book1.htm | accessdate = 5 March 2013| work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh}}</ref>

The encyclopedia provides conceptual perspective and a general understanding of the different facets of Hinduism. It does not confine itself to religion alone, and has in it entries on art, history, language, literature, philosophy, polity, sciences, and women's studies. The editorial introduction records:

:"This encyclopaedia has been prepared to give a fairly comprehensive idea of an ancient way of life, a culture that has roots going back thousands of years and has been called 'Hinduism' in the last two hundred years of English discourse. It is a book of knowledge about facts, theories, systems, practices, institutions, beliefs, texts, thinkers and values of, what in fact is, a continuity of one of the two living knowledge cultures of the world, the Vedic (Semitic being the other). Hindu society has been a 'knowledge society' in its proper sense for at least 5000 years: the word 'Veda' itself means 'knowledge'."

On 3–4 April 2010, a preview and blessings ceremony for the ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'' was held at Parmarth Niketan, attended by [[14th Dalai Lama|the Dalai Lama]], M.M. Swami Gurusharananand, [[Swami Avdheshanand Giri]], [[Ramesh Oza]], [[Ramdev]], [[Morari Bapu]] and other religious leaders as well as top political leaders, including [[L. K. Advani]] and then-Chief Minister of Uttarakhand [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]], and IHRF board members and trustees.<ref>[http://www.parmarth.com/updates/april2010.pdf April 2010 Special Newsletter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117005423/http://www.parmarth.com/updates/april2010.pdf |date=17 November 2011 }} Parmarth Niketan</ref>

The International Edition of the ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'' was launched at the [[University of South Carolina]] on 26 September 2013.<ref>[http://www.sc.edu/news/newsarticle.php?nid=6353#.VA7HJ2O6-Yg "USC to launch ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'' Aug. 26"] University of South Carolina News</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/multimedia/2013/08/130827_encyclopedia_hinduism_gal_sb.shtml 25 बरसों में संजोया हिन्दू धर्म का विश्वकोश] BBC</ref><ref>[http://bigstory.ap.org/article/25-years-making-hindu-encyclopedia-complete 25 Years in Making, Hindu Encyclopedia Complete] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002116/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/25-years-making-hindu-encyclopedia-complete |date=11 September 2014 }} Associated Press</ref>

The ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'' was presented to the President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on 23 June 2014.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=0 President of India receives a copy of ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism''] Press Information Bureau, Government of India, President's Secretariat, Press Release 23-06-2014</ref>

== Inception ==
The idea was conceived by [[Chidanand Saraswati]], president of [[Parmarth Niketan]] Ashram, at a Hindu-Jain Temple in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1987. Subsequently, in November of the same year, the India Heritage Research Foundation was formed to execute the idea of preparing an authoritative, comprehensive and up-to-date ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism''.<ref>{{cite web | title =A Landmark Publication – Shri L. K. Advani | url =http://blog.lkadvani.in/blog-in-english/a-landmark-publication | accessdate =5 March 2013 | publisher =[[L. K. Advani]] | archive-date =29 January 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130129215531/http://blog.lkadvani.in/blog-in-english/a-landmark-publication | url-status =dead }}</ref> Dr. K. L. Seshagiri Rao, Professor Emeritus in Religious Studies at University of Virginia, was appointed the Chief Editor.

== Development ==
Over the next five years, Swami Chidanand Saraswati and Dr. K. L. Seshagiri Rao assembled an international team of scholars. In 1998, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Prime Minister of India at the time, spoke effusively in praise of the project:

:"Your undertaking is rightly called the 'Project of the Third Millennium.' This is a monumental undertaking. It is indeed a [[Jnana]] [[Yajna]]. Hence, all those who have offered their time, talent and scholarship as ahuti for the success of this [[Yajna]] deserve our heartiest applause and felicitations."

In early 2006, [[Kapil Kapoor]], Professor of English and Concurrent Professor of Sanskrit Studies who had retired as rector for [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], Delhi the previous year, was appointed chief editor of the project. Physicist [[Varadaraja V. Raman]] served as one of four executive editors, for which Raman wrote on Hinduism and Science,<ref>K. L. Sheshagiri Rao and Kapil Kapoor, ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol 1, Indian Heritage Research Foundation, and [[Rupa & Co.]], 2010, p. cii.</ref> and otherwise "served diligently, reviewing, editing, and even rewriting articles where necessary."<ref>K. L. Sheshagiri Rao and Kapil Kapoor, ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Vol 1, Indian Heritage Research Foundation, and [[Rupa & Co.]], 2010, p. xv.</ref>

== Foreword ==
The first volume of the encyclopedia contains a 44-page foreword by [[Karan Singh]]. In the opening paragraph, he writes:

:"Hinduism calls itself the Sanatana Dharma, the eternal faith, because it is based not upon the teachings of a single preceptor but on the collective wisdom and inspiration of great seers and sages from the very dawn of Indian civilization."

The closing comments of Dr. Singh's forward begin with the following note:

:"The long awaited publication of a massive eleven-volume ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'' is a major publishing event. Many years of scholarship, organization and devotion have gone into the preparation of what will be a landmark in the history of Hindu research."

== Reviews ==
Indrajit Hazra, writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', said its "entries are crisp, provide background and foreground, and come with a bibliography." The review goes on to add:

:"The production is excellent, as is the quality of images that are scattered across the volumes. With entries that include the ''Dhammapada'' (the main text of Theravada Buddhism), the 'Chipko movement' (the organised environmental movement to resist the destruction of forests in India'), as well as the 'Saura Mandala' (solar system), clearly, this is an encyclopedia that doesn't define 'Hinduism' in any narrow, proselytising way."

Hazra concludes his review by calling the encyclopedia "a startlingly good treasure trunk for anyone interested in the history of ideas to dip into." Former Home Minister of India [[L.K. Advani]] called the work "a landmark publication."

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://theencyclopediaofhinduism.com/}}

{{Hindudharma|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian encyclopedias|Hinduism]]
[[Category:Encyclopedias of religion|Hinduism]]
[[Category:Encyclopedias in English|Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu studies]]
[[Category:Hinduism studies books]]
[[Category:Rupa Publications books]]
[[Category:21st-century encyclopedias]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Specialized encyclopedias]]

Kangarh, Rupnagar

2025-05-09T23:30:41Z

Eurotechconseil: stub

{{Short description|Human settlement in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

'''Kangarh''' is a village in the tehsil/mandal of Nurpur Bedi in the [[Rupnagar]] district of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is situated near the hills of Shivalik. It is around 3 km from [[Nurpur Bedi]]. It is under the Lok Sabha constituency of Anandpur Sahib, as well as under the Vidhan sabha constituency of Ropar. It is located on Nurpur Bedi- Ropar road. This village is dominated by [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] [[gurjars]].

== History ==
After 17 battles between Chauhan King Prithviraj and Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori, Ghori won with false tactics. Afterward, Delhi was destroyed and plundered, so many people from nearby villages migrated to other places. One major group of Chauhans shifted to places near Rupnagar and settled there. They established village Kalar in the suburb of Balachor, but the land was not fertile so some of them shifted near Nurpur Bedi and built villages - Kangarh, Tedewal and Jhandian Khurd. One of them was Kangarh. Kangarh was thus constructed by Chauhans and they managed to make it prosperous in a short span. Kangarh is approximately 300 years old.

== Prominent people ==
Kangarh is known for village of late Chaudhary Dhani Ram Chauhan, late Chaudhary Lalchand Chauhan DFO Gurdass Chaudhary and Late Inspector Radha Krishan Chauhan coined the name of Kangarh in Rupnagar.

== Environment ==

The foothills of the Shiwalik Range are forested. Some areas are protected. There are areas of public (village council) and private ownership. Local fauna includes: sambar, muntjacs (barking deer), woodpeckers, peacocks, parrots and forest pigs.

== Climate ==
Kangarh has a humid subtropical climate characterized by a seasonal rhythm with very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (-1 °C to 41.2 °C). The average annual rainfall is 1110.7 mm. Spring temperatures vary between a maximum of 16 °C to 25 °C and minimums 9 °C to 18 °C and the climate is pleasant. Summer is from mid-May to mid-June. Rarely there are very hot days to 45 °C. Temperatures generally remain between {{convert|35|and|40|C|F}}. The monsoon season lasts from mid-June to mid-September. Knagarh receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during the month of August or September). Usually, the rain bearing monsoon winds blow from south-west / south-east. The maximum amount of rain received by Kangarh in a single day was 200.5 mm in a single day. Autumn is from mid-March to April. The temperature may rise to a maximum of 36 °C. Temperatures usually remain between 16° and 27°. The minimum temperature is around 11 °C. Winters last from November to mid-March. The temperature is mild but can get chilly. Average temperatures in the winter are (max) 7 °C to 15 °C and (min) -3 °C to 5 °C. Rain comes from the west and usually a lasts for 2–3 days, sometimes with hail.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

== Famous and sacred places ==
Kangarh village has many sacred places like Lakh Data peer mandir, Shah Meer mandir, Kutia Bhuriwale and Lord Shiva mandir.

It has one of the best and biggest government senior secondary schools in the area.

Along with this, jungle resort Kikar Lodge is also in the suburb of this village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rupnagar district}}

[[Category:Rupnagar district]]

List of Hindi films of 1942

2025-03-09T20:10:06Z

Eurotechconseil: improved article

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1942:

==Highest-grossing films==
The five highest-grossing films at the Indian Box Office in 1942:<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1942|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=147&catName=MTk0Mg==|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=10 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016214548/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=147&catName=MTk0Mg==|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0"
|- style="background:silver; text-align:center;"
|| '''1942''' '''Rank'''
|| '''Title'''
|| '''Notes'''
|-
| 1.
| '''''[[Basant (1942 film)|Basant]]'''''
|
|-
| 2.
| '''''[[Khandan (1942 film)|Khandan]]'''''
|
|-
| 3.
| '''''[[Bhukt Surdas]]'''''
|
|-
| 4.
| '''''[[Jawab (1942 film)|Jawab]]'''''
|
|-
| 5.
| '''''[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]'''''
|
|}

==A-C==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Aankh Michouli]]'' || R. S. Choudhury || [[Nalini Jaywant]], Satish, Anand Prasad Kapoor, Sulochana, [[Jilloo]], Pratima Devi, Hadi ||Social ||Music: [[Gyan Dutt]] Lyrics: Pandit Indra, Satyakam Sharma, Shatir Ghaznavi
|-
|''[[Amar Asha (1942 film)|Amar Asha]]'' ||Shailen Ghosh ||Navin Yagnik, Kamla Varerkar, Devaskar, Bhim ||Social ||Music: Rattan Lal Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Apna Ghar]]'' || [[Debaki Bose]] ||Shanta Apte, Mahesh Kaul, [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi film actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Vimla Vashishta, Maruti, Maya Bannerji, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Jagdish Sethi, Nimbalkar, Mishra ||Social Family Drama ||Music: Harishchandra Bali Lyrics: Narottam Vyas
|-
|''[[Apna Paraya]]'' ||Ramchandra Thakur ||[[Shahu Modak]], [[Hansa Wadkar]], [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]], Kayam Ali, Sankatha Prasad, Shakuntala, Pesi Patel, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Rajrani ||Social ||Music: [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Armaan (1942 film)|Armaan]]'' ||[[Kidar Nath Sharma]] ||[[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]], Meera, A. Shah, Shamim, Nagendra, Bhagwandas, Nazir Bedi, Rajinder Singh, Rajkumari A. Shah ||Social ||Music: [[Gyan Dutt]] Lyrics: Kidar Sharma
|-
| ''[[Arzoo (1942 film)|Arzoo]]'' ||M. Issa, R.M. Vaidya ||[[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], [[Purnima (Hindi actress)|Purnima]], Panna ||Social ||Music: Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Awaaz (1942 film)|Awaaz]]'' ||Rafiq Rizvi ||Maya Banerjee, Swarnalata, [[Wasti (actor)|Wasti]], Danve, Kailash, Anwaribai ||Social ||Music: K C Verma, S Navrekar Lyrics: Ramesh Gupta, Kabil Amritsari
|-
| ''[[Bahana (1942 film)|Bahana]]'' ||A. M. Khan || Alaknanda, Yusuf Effendi, Benjamin, Ameena, Ansari, Rafiq, Nawaz, Shahzadi, Anwaribai, Haroon ||Social ||Music: M. Sagir Asif Lyrics: A. M. Khan
|-
| ''[[Barat (film)|Barat]]'' || Gunjal ||[[Shobhana Samarth]], Harish, Prakash, Kaushalya, Manmohan, Rampyari, Sankatha Prasad, Nayampalli, Mirza Musharraf, Vatsala Kumtekar||Social ||Music: Master Ratanlal, Khemraj Lyrics: Raghunath Brahmbhatt
|-
| ''[[Basant (film)|Basant]]'' ||[[Amiya Chakravarty (director)|Amiya Chakravarty]] || [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], [[Mumtaz Shanti]], [[Suresh (Hindi actor)|Suresh]], [[Kanu Roy]], Pithawala, Baby [[Madhubala]], Pramila ||Social ||Music: [[Pannalal Ghosh]] Lyrics: [[Pyare Lal Santoshi]]
|-
| ''[[Bhakta Kabir]]'' || Rameshwar Sharma||[[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], Ramesh Sinha, Padma Devi, Vanmali Das, Gyani, Rai Mohan || Biopic Devotional ||Music: Himanshu Dutta Lyrics: [[Kabir]], Pandit Shivkumar
|-
| ''[[Bharat Milap]]'' || [[Vijay Bhatt]] ||[[Prem Adib]], [[Shahu Modak]], [[Shobhana Samarth]], [[Durga Khote]], Umakant, Vimala Vashishta, Shanta Kumari, [[Amirbai Karnataki]], Ratanmala||Epic Religious Drama ||Music: Shankar Rao Vyas Lyrics: [[Tulsidas]], Pandit Indra, Pandit Anuj, Baalam Pardesi
|-
|''[[Bhakta Surdas]]'' ||[[Chaturbhuj Doshi]] ||[[K. L. Saigal]], [[Khursheed Bano|Khursheed]], Monica Desai, Nagendra, Gharpure, Kesarbai, B, Sharma, Bashir, M. Saigal ||Biopic, Drama ||Music: [[Gyan Dutt]] Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
| ''[[Blackout (1942 film)|Blackout]]'' || Nari Ghadiali ||Sadiq Ali, Benjamin, Sardar Mansur, Shobha, Bibìjan, Mukhtar, Mehdi Raza, Nazira, Habib ||Action ||Music: [[Ninu Majumdar]] Lyrics: Waheed Qureshi
|-
| ''[[Bolti Bulbul]]'' ||Dhirubhai Desai ||Anil Kumar, Zebunissa, Mumtaz Begum, Sardar Mansur, Alaknanda, Mehr Sultana, Shahzadi, Mirajkar, S, Nazir, Samson ||Action ||Music: K. C. Verma Lyrics: Safdar Aah, Kabil Amritsari, Shams Lakhnavi
|-
| ''[[Bombay Calling (1942 film)|Bombay Calling]]'' ||Raja Yagnik ||Navin Yagnik, Shirin, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Bhim, Vatsala Kumtekar, Janardhan, Anant, Ghulam Rasool ||Action ||Music: Pratap Mukherjee Lyrics: A Karim
|-
| ''[[Chandni (1942 film)|Chandni]]'' ||[[Jayant Desai]] ||[[Khursheed Bano|Khursheed]], [[Ishwarlal]], Kesari, [[Dixit (actor)|Dixit]], Noorjahan, Rajkumari Shukla, Baby Kamla||Social ||Music: [[Khemchand Prakash]] Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
| ''[[Chauranghee]]'' || Sibtain Fazli, Nabendusundar ||[[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Nazir Kashmiri]], Anees Khatoon, Amjad, || ||Music: Hanuman Prasad Sharma, Kazi Nazrul Islam Lyrics: [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Jigar Moradabadi]], Kazi Nazrul Islam, Arzu Lakhnavi
|-
| ''[[Chudiyan]]'' || L.J. Bhatt, K.J. Parmar||[[Prem Adib]], Maya Bannerji, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], Mehr Sultana, Gulab|| ||Music: [[S N Tripathi]] Lyrics: Neelkanth Tiwari, Pandit Indra, Ramesh Gupta, Sharma
|-
|}

==D-J==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Das Baje]]'' a.k.a. ''10 O'Clock'' ||Raja Nene ||Paresh Bannerjee, Urmila Vasant Thengdi, Baby Shakuntala, Manaji Rao, Devraj, Shiraz ||Romantic drama ||Music: Keshavrao Bhole Lyrics: [[Mukhram Sharma]] Ashant
|-
|''[[Daughter of the Jungle (1942 film)|Daughter of the Jungle]]'' a.k.a. ''Vanasundari'' ||Ramanlal Desai ||Sunetra, Baburao Pehalwan, Brijrani, Mirajkar, Bose, Amir Bano, Ali ||Action Adventure || Music: Shantaram Manjrekar Lyrics: Ehsan Rizvi
|-
| ''[[Dhiraj]]'' || Chaturbhuj Doshi||[[Sitara Devi]], [[Ishwarlal]], Rajkumari Shukla, Kesari, Khatoon, Bhagwandas ||Social ||Music: [[Gyan Dutt]] Lyrics: [[Pandit Indra]]
|-
| ''[[Dillagi (1942 film)|Dillagi]]'' ||Balwant Bhatt ||[[Hansa Wadkar]], [[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]], Sushil Kumar, Anuradha, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] ||Social || Music: Pratap Mukherjee Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Dukh Sukh]]'' || Ram Daryani||[[Sitara Devi]], Vasanti, Rama Shukul, Pratima Devi, Mukesh (actor), A, Shah, Khatoon, Mukesh ||Social || Music: [[Khemchand Prakash]] Lyrics: Wali Sahab
|-
| ''[[Duniya Ek Tamasha]]'' || Dwarka Khosla ||[[Sardar Akhtar]], [[W. M. Khan]], Urmila, [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Shyam Sunder, Minoo Cooper, Devaskar ||Social || Music: Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Duniya Tumhari Hai]]'' ||G.P. Pawar ||Nandrekar, Kanta Kumari, Sadiq, Madhukar Gupte, [[N. A. Ansari]] ||Social ||Music: [[S. N. Tripathi]] Lyrics: I. C. Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Ek Raat]]'' || Wahid-ud-din Zia-ud-din Ahmed ||[[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Nina, [[K. N. Singh]], [[Mubarak (actor)|Mubarak]], Prakash, Rajkumari Shukla, Firoza Begum, Gulab, Bibijan, Yusuf, Mumtaz ||Social ||Music: S. K. Pal Lyrics: Pandit Indra
|-
| ''[[Fariyaad]]'' || Jayant Desai ||[[Noor Jehan]], [[Mubarak (actor)|Mubarak]], [[Ishwarlal]], Rama Shukal, Shamim, Alaknanda ||Social ||Music: [[Khemchand Prakash]] Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
|''[[Farman (film)|Farman]]'' ||[[Nanubhai Vakil]] ||Anil Kumar, Sarojini, [[W. M. Khan]], Ranibala, Anwaribai, S. Nazir, Sadiq ||Social ||Music: Damodar Sharma Lyrics: Ramesh Chandra Pandey, I. C. Kapoor, Harbans, Safdar Aah, Gaskar Delahari, Roopbani
|-
| ''[[Garib (film)|Garib]]'' || Ramchandra Thakur ||[[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], Veena Kumari, [[N. A. Ansari]], Rose, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] ||Social || Music: [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]], Ashok Ghosh Lyrics: Safdar Aah, Pandit Indra (1)
|-
| ''[[Ghar Sansar (1942 film)|Ghar Sansar]]'' a.k.a. ''Homelife'' ||V.M. Vyas ||[[Sardar Akhtar]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], [[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]], Kajjan, Kalyani, Mirza Musharaf ||Family Social Drama || Music: Shyam Babu Pathak Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Gora Kumbhar (1942 film)|Gora Kumbhar]]'' ||Anand Kumar || [[Lalita Pawar]]||Biopic Drama ||Music: Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Haso Haso Ai Duniyawallaon]]'' (''Haso Haso Ae Duniya Walo'') || Dwarka Khosla||Rattanbai, Devaskar, [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Shahzadi, Samson ||Social ||Music: First film as independent MD [[C. Ramchandra]] Lyrics: Waheed Qureshi
|-
|''[[Huma Gun Anmogaldi]]''|| || || ||
|-
| ''[[Jawab (1942 film)|Jawab]]'' || P.C. Barua ||Jamuna, Kanan Devi, Ratin Banerjee, P.C. Barua, Ahindra Choudhury, Devbala, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], Asit Baran, Bikram Kapoor ||Social ||Music: Kamal Dasgupta Lyrics: Bekal, Buddhi Chandra Agrawal Madhur
|-
| ''[[Jawan Ki Pukar]]'' a.k.a. ''Call of Youth'' ||[[Dinshaw Billimoria]] ||D. Bilimoria, Urmila, Harish, Kalyani, Benjamin, [[W. M. Khan]], Alaknanda, Afghan Sandow, Samson ||Action ||Music: Vasant Kumar Naidu Lyrics: A. K. Sindhi
|-
| ''[[Jawani (film)|Jawani]]'' ||[[Wajahat Mirza]] ||[[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], Husn Banu, Kayam Ali, Sankatha Prasad, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], A. R. Kabuli, Nawab, [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]], Laddan ||Social ||Music: [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] Lyrics: Mirza, Hazrat Aarzoo
|-
|''[[Jhankar (1942 film)|Jhankar]]'' ||S. Khalil ||[[Chandra Mohan (Hindi film actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Pramila, [[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Shahzadi, Altaf, [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]], Shaukat, Ghulam Mohammed ||Social ||Music: Bashir Dehlvi Lyrics: Arzu Lakhnavi, [[D. N. Madhok]], Hasrat Lakhnavi
|-
| ''[[The Jungle Princess (1942 film)|The Jungle Princess]]'' ||Homi Wadia ||[[Fearless Nadia]], [[John Cawas]], Shahzadi, Radharani ||Action || Music: Madholal Damodar Master Lyrics: Pandit Indra
|-
|}

==K-M==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Kalakar (1942 film)|Kalakar]]'' ||A. Karim ||Maya Devi, Jal Merchant, Ranibala, Anant Marathe, Mehar Sultana, Fazlu, Saiyyad Ahmed, Fakir Mohammed ||Social ||Music: Bashir Dehlvi Lyrics: A. Karim
|-
|''[[Kaljug]]'' ||Nazir ||[[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]], [[Sitara Devi]], [[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Anuradha, Majid, [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]]||Social Drama ||Music: [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]] Lyrics: Hasrat Lakhnavi
|-
| ''[[Khamoshi (1942 film)|Khamoshi]]'' ||R. C. Talwar ||[[Ramola (actress)|Ramola]], [[Amarnath (actor)|Amarnath]], Gyani, Shyam Sunder (actor), [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Nand Kishore, [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Leela Mishra]], Himmat Rai ||Social ||Music: [[G.A. Chishti]] Lyrics: Himmat Rai Sharma
|-
| ''[[Khandaan (1942 film)|Khandaan]]'' ||Shaukat Hussain Rizvi ||[[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Noor Jehan]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Ajmal. Durga Mota, Ghulam Mohammed, G. N. Butt, Ibrahim ||Family Drama ||Music: Ghulam Haider Lyrics: M. D. Taseer, Nazim Panipat and [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
| ''[[Khilona (1942 film)|Khilona]]'' a.k.a. Khilauna/The Toy ||[[Sarvottam Badami]] || Snehprabha Pradhan, [[P. Jairaj]], Prabha, Satish, [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], Nagendra, Pratima Devi, Pesi Patel ||Social ||Music: [[Khemchand Prakash]] Lyrics: Pandit Indra
|-
| ''[[Kirti (1942 film)|Kirti]]'' ||Gunjal ||[[P. Jairaj]], [[Lalita Pawar]], Sunalini Devi, Jagdish Sethi, Sushil Kumar, Ghulam Rasool, Devaskar, Manchi Thuthi, Mithu Miya ||Social ||Music: Harishchandra Bali Lyrics: Pandit Phani
|-
| ''[[Kisise Na Kehna (1942 film)|Kisise Na Kehna]]'' ||Keshavrao Date, Krishna Gopal ||[[Leela Chitnis]], [[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Keshavrao Date]], Sunetra, [[Hari Shivdasani]], Shukla, Ghory ||Social ||Music: Pratap Mukherjee Lyrics: Amritlal Nagar
|-
| ''[[Kiski Biwi]]'' ||M. A. Mirza ||E. Bilimoria, Kalyani Das, Anuradha, [[Himalayawala]], Vatsala Kumtekar, Fenty Prasad, Gulab, Saiyad Ahmed, Afghan Sandow ||Social ||Music: [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]] Lyrics: Balam
|-
| ''[[Kunwara Baap (1942 film)|Kunwara Baap]]'' ||[[Kishore Sahu]] ||Protima Das Gupta, Baby Lal, Anjali Devi, [[Nana Palsikar]], Amritlal Nagar, [[Moni Chatterjee]], Dhulia, Hadi || ||Music: Ramchandra Pal Lyrics: Amritlal Nagar, Baalam Pardesi, Satyakam Sharma
|-
| ''[[Lajwanti (1942 film)|Lajwanti]]'' ||Hiralal Doctor ||Rattanbai, Anuradha, [[W. M. Khan]], Ashiq Hussain, Fakir Mohammed ||Social ||Music: Shyam Babu Pathak Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Lalaji]]'' ||Chamankant Gandhi, Lalit Mehta ||[[Yashodhara Katju]], Krishnakant, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Amar (actor)|Amar]], Maya Devi, Abdul Rehman Kabuli, Sunalini Devi, Jagdish Dethi, [[Badri Prasad]], Vatsala Kumtekar ||Social Drama ||Music: Vasant Kumar Naidu Lyrics: [[Mirza Ghalib]], Arzu Lakhnavi, Neelkanth Tiwari
|-
| ''[[Mahakavi Kalidas]]'' ||Niren Lahiri ||Karunu Bannerjee, [[Chhabi Biswas]], Ulhas, Menaka Devi, Padma Devi ||Biopic ||Music: Hariprasanna Das Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Maheman]]'' a.k.a. ''Guest'' || Chaturbhuj Doshi||Madhuri, [[Ishwarlal]], Shamim, Rama Shukla, Kesari, Bhagwandas ||Social ||Music: Khemchand Prakash Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
| ''[[Malan (film)|Malan]]'' ||V. M. Vyas ||Shanta Hublikar, Rattanbai, Balwant Singh, Jagdish Sethi, But Kashar, Kalyani, Mirza Musharraf, Alaknanda, ||Social ||Music: Shyam Babu Pathak Lyrics: Ehsan Rizvi
|-
| ''[[Mamaji (1942 film)|Mamaji]]'' || Narottam Vyas ||[[Lalita Pawar]], Nandrekar, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], Maruti, Misra, [[Nana Palsikar]], Leela Pawar ||Family Social ||Music: Harishchandra Bali Lyrics: Narottam Vyas
|-
|''[[Mamta (1942 film)|Mamta]]'' || I.A. Hafizji ||Prince Dara, Pushpa Rani, Kalawati, Padma Devi, Akbar, N. Mohammed, Puttan ||Social||Music: R. A. Atra Lyrics: G Shadani
|-
| ''[[Mata (1942 film)|Mata]]'' ||Gunjal ||[[Shobhana Samarth]], [[Chandrakant Gaur|Chandrakant]], [[Mubarak (actor)|Mubarak]], Urmila, [[Himalayawala]], Munshi Khanjar, [[Bhudo Advani]], Moti, Bibijan ||Family Drama || Music: Vasant Kumar Naidu Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
| ''[[Meenakshi (1942 film)|Meenakshi]]'' ||Modhu Bose ||Sadhona Bose, Ahindra Choudhury, Rajlakshmi Devi, [[K. C. Dey]], Najmal Hussain, Devbala, Sandhya Rani, Priti Majumdar, Panna Devi ||Romantic melodrama ||Music: Pankaj Mullick Lyrics: Pandit Bhushan
|-
| ''[[Motorwali]]'' ||A. M. Khan ||Radharani, Prakash, Ameena, Sardar Mansur, Nazira, Haroon, Ranibala, Anwaribai, Rafiq ||Action ||Music: Damodar Sharma Lyrics: Gaskar Delahari
|-
| ''[[Muqabala]]'' ||[[Babubhai Mistri]], Batuk Bhatt ||[[Fearless Nadia]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Dalpat, Shrinivas, Rajni, Nazira, Jal Khambatta, Khan Mastana, Baby Madhuri ||Double-role Action Drama ||Music: Khan Mastana Lyrics: A. Karim
|-
| ''[[My Village]]'' a.k.a. ''[[My Village|Mera Gaon]]'' ||Prafulla Roy ||[[Hansa Wadkar]], [[P. Jairaj]], K. C. Dey, Chhaya Devi, Amir Banu, S. L. Puri, Jagdish Sethi, Moti, Aghajani||Social ||Music: [[K. C. Dey]] Lyrics: Kavi Raghunath
|-
|}

==N-R==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Nai Duniya]]'' || [[Abdul Rashid Kardar]] ||[[P. Jairaj]], [[Shobhana Samarth]], [[Wasti (actor)|Wasti]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], Hari Shivdasani, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Ram Avtar]], [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]]||Social ||Music: [[Naushad]] Lyrics: Tanveer Naqvi, Rammurti Chaturvedi (1), A Shah Aziz (1)
|-
| ''[[Nari (1942 film)|Nari]]'' ||Raja Yagnik || [[Trilok Kapoor]], [[Lalita Pawar]], Kamla Warekar, [[Anant Marathe]], Urmila, [[Jilloo]], Ghulam Rasool ||Social ||Music: Harishchandra Bali Lyrics: Basheer Jamali, Pandit Phani
|-
| ''[[Nazrana (1942 film)|Nazrana]]'' ||G. P. Kapoor ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], Anuradha, Lalita Devi, Ashiq Hussain, Jugal Kishore ||Costume ||Music: G. P. Kapoor Lyrics: L. S, Mishra
|-
|''[[Nishani (film)|Nishani]]'' ||[[Roop K. Shorey]] ||Ragini, Majnu, Rooplekha, Ranibala, Ghulam Qadir ||Social ||Music: Master Amarnath Lyrics: Aziz Kashmiri
|-
|''[[Parda Nasheen]]'' ||I. A. Hafizji ||Ram Dulari, Haseena, Girdhari, Nargis, Hanuman Prasad, Ganesh ||Social ||Music: R. A. Atra Lyrics: A. W. Razi
|-
| ''[[Phir Milenge (1942 film)|Phir Milenge]]'' || [[Sohrab Modi]] ||[[Sardar Akhtar]], Sohrab Modi, [[Meena Shorey]], [[K. N. Singh]], Sadiq Ali, Athavale, Abu Bakar, E. Tarapore, Ghulam Hussain ||Social ||Music: Mir Sahib Lyrics: Pandit Sudarshan
|-
| ''[[Pritam (1942 film)|Pritam]]'' ||[[Mohan Sinha]] ||Maya Banerji, Shyam Sunder, Shanti, Ghulam Rasool, Munshi Khanjar, Rajinder Singh ||Social ||Music: Bhojak Lyrics: Mohan Sinha
|-
|''[[Pyara Watan (1942 film)|Pyara Watan]]'' ||M. Udwadia ||Benjamin, Alaknanda, Yashwant Dave, Samson, But Kashar, Kalyani ||Costume Action ||Music: Shyam Babu Pathak Lyrics: Kabil Amritsari
|-
|''[[Raisaheb]]'' ||S. M. Yusuf ||[[Trilok Kapoor]], Kaushalya, Rattanbai, [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Dalpat, Mirza Musharraf, Jagdish Sethi, Kesarbai, Mustafa, Bibijan ||Social ||Music: Baldev Nayak, Madhav Lal Lyrics: Waheed Qureshi
|-
| ''[[Raja Rani (1942 film)|Raja Rani]]'' ||Najam Naqvi ||Trilok Kapoor, [[Vanamala Pawar|Vanamala]], Maya Devi, Sunalini Devi, Navin Yagnik, [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], [[David (actor)|David]] || ||Music: Khan Mastana Lyrics: Pandit Anand Kumar
|-
| ''[[Return of Toofan Mail]]'' || Aspi Irani || Arun, Shamim, Brijmala, Jagdish Sethi, [[Dixit (actor)|Dixit]], Hari Shivdasani, Mehdi Raza, Bibijan, Azurie, Rewashankar, Firoz Dastur ||Action ||Music: [[Gyan Dutt]] Lyrics: Pandit Indra
|-
|''[[Roti (1942 film)|Roti]]'' || Mehboob Akhtar || [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi film actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Akhtaribai Faizabadi]], [[Sheikh Mukhtar]], [[Sitara Devi]], Ashraf Khan, Kayam Ali, Mirza, Nawab, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] ||Social||Music: [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] Lyrics: Safdar Aah
|-
|}

==S==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Sachcha Sapna]]'' ||Madhav Kale ||Rajkumari, Madhav Kale, [[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]], Ashalata ||Social||Music: Annasaheb Mainkar Lyrics: Ehsan Rizvi
|-
|''[[Saheli (1942 film)|Saheli]]'' ||S. M. Yusuf || [[Pahari Sanyal]], Rattanbai, Pramila, [[Jilloo]], Rekha Devi, Aziz, Shahzadi, Sayed Ahmed ||Social Drama || Music: Bashir Khan Dehlvi Lyrics: Waheed Qureshi
|-
|''[[Sarovar Ki Sundari]]'' a.k.a. ''Lady of the Lake'' ||A. M. Khan ||Romila, Zebunissa, Ameena, Prakash, Benjamin, [[N. A. Ansari]], Rafique, Shhzadi, Anwaribai, Haroon, S. Alam ||Action, Costume || Music: Damodar Sharma, Bashir Khan Dehlvi Lyrics: Munshi Aashiq
|-
| ''[[Saugandh (1942 film)|Saugandh]]'' || Hemchandra Chunder ||[[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], Bharati Devi, Asit Baran, Dar Kashmiri, Jahar Ganguly, Nemo, Supriya Mukherjee, Puttan ||Social ||Music: [[R. C. Boral]] Lyrics: Pandit Natwar
|-
| ''[[Savera (1942 film)|Savera]]'' || V. C. Desai ||[[Shobhana Samarth]], Arun Kumar, Nirmala Devi, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Brijmala, Kesari, Nagendra, Kesari||Social ||Music: [[Gyan Dutt]] Lyrics: B. R. Sharma
|-
| ''[[Sewa (film)|Sewa]]'' || Dhirubhai Desai || Shanta Kumari, Zahur Raja, Shyam Sunder, Radharanu, Anwaribai, Prabhashankar ||Social ||Music: [[S. N. Tripathi]], Biri Singh Dukha Lyrics: G. S. Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Sharda (1942 film)|Sharda]]'' ||[[Abdul Rashid Kardar]] ||[[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], [[Nirmala Devi]], [[Wasti (actor)|Wasti]], [[Badri Prasad]], Amir Banu, Shyam Kumar|| Drama, Family||Music: [[Naushad]] Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
| ''[[Sheikh Chilli (film)|Sheikh Chilli]]'' ||Kikubhai Desai ||Moti, Navinchandra, Bose, Vasantrao Pehalwan, Kamala, Dhulia, S. L. Puri Ali, Azoorie, Bose||Comedy ||Music: Khan Mastana, Damodar Sharma Lyrics: Kikubhai Desai
|-
|[[Shobha (1942 film)|Shobha]] ||Kumarsen Samarth || [[Shobhana Samarth]], [[Shahu Modak]], [[Karan Dewan]], Sulochana Chatterjee, [[Mubarak (actor)|Mubarak]], [[David (actor)|David]], Kusum Deshpande, Jal Khambata, Vimal Sardesai ||Social ||Music: [[Vasant Desai]] lyrics: [[Pandit Indra]]
|-
| ''[[Society (1942 film)|Society]]'' ||[[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]] ||[[Sitara Devi]], Nazir, Rajkumari Shukla, [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Alaknanda, Janardhan Sharma ||Social ||Music: [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]] Lyrics: Hasrat Lakhnavi
|-
| ''[[Station Master (1942 film)|Station Master]]'' ||Chimanlal Luhar ||[[Prem Adib]], Kaushalya, Suraiya, Jagdish Sethi, Ratnamala, [[Amirbai Karnataki]], Umakant, Gulab, Shakir, Pratima Devi, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] ||Social ||Music: [[Naushad]] Lyrics: Rammurti Chaturvedi, [[Pyare Lal Santoshi]], Pandit Indra, B. R. Sharma
|-
| ''[[Suhagan (1942 film)|Suhagan]]'' || Jagatrai Pesumal Advani||[[Jehanara Kajjan]], [[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]], Radharani, Kalyani Das, [[Jilloo]], [[Bhudo Advani]], Kesarbai, Mirza Musharraf ||Social Family Drama ||Music: Shanti Kumar Desai Lyrics: M. R. Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Sukhi Jeevan]]'' ||[[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]], Harishchandra ||Bhagwan, Ashalata, Harishchandra, Nazira, Bibijan, [[W. M. Khan]], Shyam Kumar, Samson || Social ||Music: Ram Chitalkar Lyrics: M. R. Kapoor
|-
| ''[[Swaminath]]'' || Wajahat Mirza ||[[Shobhana Samarth]], [[Prem Adib]], Keki Adajania, Majid, [[K. N. Singh]], Bibjan, [[Jilloo]] ||Social ||Music: B. N. Bali Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Swapna (1942 film)|Swapna]]'' ||[[Zia Sarhadi]] ||[[E. Billimoria]], Kaushalya, Balwant Singh, Alaknanda, [[Bhudo Advani]] ||Social ||Music: Shanti Kumar Lyrics: Tanveer Naqvi
|-
|}

==T-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Tamanna (1942 film)|Tamanna]]'' ||[[Phani Majumdar]] || [[Nargis]], [[Suraiya]], [[P. Jairaj]], [[Leela Desai]], [[Karan Dewan]], Jagdish Sethi, K C Dey, Shanta Kumari ||Social || Music: [[K. C. Dey]] Lyrics: S K Kalla
|-
| ''[[Tamasha (1942 film)|Tamasha]]'' || Dwarka Khosla||[[Sardar Akhtar]], Devaskar, [[W. M. Khan]], Urmila Devi, [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Minoo Cooper, Samson ||Social || Music: Pratap Mukherjee Lyrics: Waheed Qureshi
|-
| ''[[Ujala (1942 film)|Ujala]]'' ||K. M. Multani ||[[Naseem Banu]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Mubarak (actor)|Mubarak]], Jillani, Rattanbai, Mirza Musharraf, Khan Mastana ||Social ||Music: Bashir Dehlvi Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Uljhan (1942 film)|Uljhan]]'' || N.R. Acharya ||[[Sardar Akhtar]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], Anjali Devi, Bhim, Amritlal, Rajkumari Shukla, Krishnakant Amir Banu ||Social || Music: Ramchandra Pal Lyrics:
|-
| ''[[Ulti Ganga]]'' ||Keshavrao Dhaiber ||Paresh Bannerjee, E. Tarapore, Brijrani, Sadat Ali, [[Mehboob Khan]], Gulab, Pramila, Abu Bakar, Athavale, Putlibai ||Social || Music: G. D. Kapoor Lyrics: Munshi Abdul Baki
|-
| ''[[Vasantsena (1942 film)|Vasantsena]]'' ||[[Gajanan Jagirdar]] || Gajanan Jagirdar, [[Shahu Modak]], [[Vanamala Pawar|Vanamala]], Sunalini Devi, Vimla Tripathi, E. Tarapore, Navin Yagnik, Raj Vishwas, Nazir Bedi ||Drama ||Based on the play [[Mricchakatika]] (The Toy Cart) around 2nd to 5th century. Music: Master Krishnarao Lyrics: Neelkanth Tiwari, [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
| ''[[Vijay (1942 film)|Vijay]]'' ||[[Mohan Sinha]] || [[Durga Khote]], Harish, Husn Banu, [[N. A. Ansari]], Maya Devi, Sankatha Prasad, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] ||Social || Music: [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] Lyrics: Safdar Aah
|-
| ''[[Yaad (1942 film)|Yaad]]'' ||[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]] ||[[Veena (actress)|Veena]], Satish Batra, Mazhar Khan, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Azurie, Shahzadi, Devaskar, [[Ram Avtar]], Hadi ||Social || Music: [[Datta Naik]] Lyrics: Arzu Lakhnavi
|-
| ''[[Zamindar (1942 film)|Zamindar]]'' || Moti B. Gidwani ||[[Shanta Apte]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Ghulam Mohammed, Azmal, M. Esmail, [[S. D. Narang]], Khairati, Durga Mota ||Social || Music: [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]] Lyrics: [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]
|-
| ''[[Zevar]]'' ||[[K. Amarnath]] ||[[E. Bilimoria]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], Indurani, [[Veena (actress)|Veena]], Rajkumari, Jagan, Mirajkar, [[Badri Prasad]], Rama Shukal ||Action || Music: Pandit Badri Prasad Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1942&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1942;Hindi&&related=9;1942;1942;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1942/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1942] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
*[http://aflatune.com/#/albums?g=year&v=1942&page=1 Listen to songs from Bollywood films of 1942]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1942 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1942]]
[[Category:Lists of 1942 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1942 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Chinmaya Sisters

2025-03-06T23:34:50Z

Eurotechconseil: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| background = group_or_band
| name = Chinmaya Sisters
| image = Uma ra.jpg
| native_name = Uma & Radhika
| genre = Carnatic music
| occupation = singers
| instrument = vocal
| website = http://chinmayasisters.com
}}

The '''Chinmaya Sisters''', '''Uma''' and '''Radhika''', are a [[Carnatic music]] singing duo.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/chennai-margazhi-season/chinmaya-sisters-fresh-perspectives/article6745042.ece | title=Fresh perspectives | first=H. | last=Ramakrishnan | date=1 January 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/siblings-enthrall-a-full-house/article2738219.ece | title=Siblings enthrall a full house | first=H. | last=Ramakrishnan | date=22 December 2011 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiapulse.sulekha.com/carnatic-music/chinmaya-sisters-smt-uma-and-smt-radhika-at-chettinad-vidhyasram_post_3127|title = Chinmaya Sisters (SMT Uma and SMT Radhika) at Chettinad Vidhyasram - Carnatic Music - Indian Events & Articles|date = 13 December 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
The sisters were taught [[Carnatic music]] by their mother Bhavani Natesan, and went on to receive training from [[T. N. Seshagopalan]] and [[Neyveli Santhanagopalan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chinmaya sisters, and the story of their unique ‘shruti’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/22/chinmaya-sisters-and-the-story-of-their-unique-shruti-1804976.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Musical career==
Their first concert was in 1992 in the "Spirit of Youth" Series of the Music Academy. {{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} In 2003 they were invited by Carnatic Music Association of North America-New Jersey for a concert to perform in USA.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lakshmansruthi.com |url=https://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index1.php?uid=695 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127070337/http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index1.php?uid=695 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=profiles.lakshmansruthi.com}}</ref> They have also performed in the music series organised by Kamban Kazhagam in Colombo-SriLanka. later in 2018 the duo performed in Navarasam, a thematic concert organised by Rasikapriya Fine Arts Academy.<ref name=":0" /> later they have performed at the Swaralaya Samanwayam Festival held in Palakkad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chinmaya Sisters perform at Swaralaya Samanwayam festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/chinmaya-sisters-perform-at-swaralaya-samanwayam-festival/articleshow/67252887.cms |access-date=2023-03-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> they have become a regular performer and part of the Margazhi season music festival.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sah |first=Purnima |title=Our preparations are never concert-based: Chinmaya Sisters |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/preparations-are-never-concert-based-chinmaya-sisters/articleshow/62096442.cms |access-date=2023-03-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They have also given performance in [[Doordarshan]] & they are ‘A’ graded artists of All India Radio.<ref name=":1" />

==Discography==
Performed for "Naada Vaibavam" of "Art of Living" in which 5000 musicians group rendition<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naadha Vaibhavam concert brings 5000 carnatic musicians on a single stage |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/naadha-vaibhavam-concert-brings-5000-carnatic-musicians-on-a-single-stage-364987-2011-02-01 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* "Vani Kala Nipuna" from Sri Thyaga Brahma Gana Sabha in 2012<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-30 |title=Honour for artists |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/honour-for-artists/article3841902.ece |access-date=2023-03-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* "Yuva Kala Bharathi" from Bharath Kalachar in 2006<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-10-05 |title=Bharat Kalachar awards |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/bharat-kalachar-awards/article3230881.ece |access-date=2023-03-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://chinmayasisters.com/}}

[[Category:Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]

Brajamohan Jamatia

2024-11-21T21:28:09Z

Eurotechconseil: basic enhanced page after review additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Brajamohan Jamatia
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Legislative Assembly of Tripura]]
| termstart = 1977
| termend = 1983
| office2 =
| termstart2 = 1988
| termend2 = 1993
| constituency2 = [[Jolaibari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jolaibari]]
| birth_date = {{birth year|1905}}
| birth_place = [[Tripura (princely state)]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|03|02|1905}}
| death_place = [[Santirbazar]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}

'''Brajamohan Jamatia''' (1905 – 2 March 2012) was an Indian politician. He was born and died in Manu.<ref name="a">People's Democracy. ''[http://pd.cpim.org/2012/0311_pd/03112012_17.html Comrade Brajamohan Jamatia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808202504/http://pd.cpim.org/2012/0311_pd/03112012_17.html |date=8 August 2012 }}''</ref>

== Career ==
Jamatia was born in a tribal peasant family in southern Tripura. Being illiterate, he came into contact with the ''[[Tripura Janasiksha Samiti|Janasiksha Samiti]]'' literacy movement.<ref name="a"/> In 1950 he became a member of the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was active in the struggle of [[Ganamukti Parishad]], and became a member of the Central Committee of the organization. In the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|1964 split in the party]], he sided with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He became a member of the Tripura State Committee of CPI(M).<ref name="a"/>

He was elected to the Tripura Legislative Assembly in 1977 and, again, in 1988.<ref name="a"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Jolaibari Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jolaibari-tripura-assembly-constituency |website=resultuniversity.com |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1988 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1988-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

Jamatia spent several years underground. He was imprisoned eight times. He learned to read and write in prison. In total his jail terms lasted for close to a decade.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news|title = Veteran Communist leader Brajamohan Jamatiya, 106, died|publisher = Bengal Newz|date = 2012-03-03|url = http://www.bengalnewz.com/tripura/agartala/03033861.html|accessdate = 2012-04-18}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamatia, Brajamohan}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1977–1983]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1988–1993]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Tarn Taran Junction railway station

2024-07-29T03:15:09Z

Eurotechconseil: adding initial details basic info

{{short description|Train station in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Tarn Taran Jn.
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Station Rd, [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], [[Tarn Taran district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.4553|N|74.9322|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|226|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = Amritsar–Khemkaran line Beas–Tarn Taran line
| platform = 1
| tracks = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TTO
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| opened =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Punjab#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]##Location in India
| map_dot_label =Tarn Taran Junction
}}

'''Tarn Taran Junction''' (station code: '''TTO''') is a railway station located in [[Tarn Taran district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Tarn Taran Sahib]] city. Tarn Taran station falls under [[Firozpur railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarn Taran railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/tarn-taran-junction-tto/5508|accessdate=1 September 2020|publisher=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== The railway station ==
Tarn Taran railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|226|m|ft}} and was assigned the station code – TTO. This station is located on the single track, {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], Amritsar–Khemkaran line. It is also terminal station on Beas–Tarn Taran line. It is well connected to a number of major cities via Amritsar and Beas railway stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to reach Tarn Taran|url=https://tarntaran.nic.in/how-to-reach/|accessdate=1 September 2020|publisher=Tarn Taran district official website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Tarn Taran Train Station|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/TTO/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1 September 2020|website=Total Train Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Trains passing Tarn Taran Station|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/tarn-taran-tto-station|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1 September 2020|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Electrification ==
Tarn Taran Junction railway station tracks are electrified.<ref name=":0" />

== Amenities ==
Tarn Taran railway station has booking window and all basic amenities like drinking water, public toilets, sheltered area with adequate seating. There is one platform at the station.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities details of Tarn Taran railway station|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=TTO|accessdate=4 September 2020|publisher=Rail Drishti}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/raildrishtiv3/initiativeGallery.jsp?initid=48&locid=TTO&locname=TARN%20TARAN Pictures of Tarn Taran Junction railway station]

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tarn Taran district]]